Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2665 883092 882532 2026-07-14T21:40:04Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Yadda aka kashe Sardauna */ 883092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Ahmadu bello university senate.jpg|thumb|Jami'ar Ahmadu bello]] [[File:Ahmadu Bello Premier of the Northern Region of Nigeria 1960 Oak Ridge (24650572060).jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardauna tare da wasu mutane]] [[File:ASC Leiden - NSAG - van Dis 4 - 202 - Prime minister of Northern Nigeria Ahmadu Bello opens Sultan Bello Hall - Ibadan, Oyo State, South West Nigeria - 1-13 February 1962.tif|thumb|hoton sardauna lokacin da yake kaddamar da dakin taro a jihar oyo]] [[Fayil:Sir Ahmadu Bello (1959).jpg|thumb|sir ahmadu bello]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello Sardaunan Sokoto Estate Katsina Stae 02.jpg|thumb|Estate Katsina steta Ahmedu Bello Sardaunan sokoto]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello.ogg|thumb|right]] Sir '''Ahmadu Bello''' (An haife shi ranar 12 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 1910) a karamar hukumar Rada da ke a jihar Sokoto.<ref>Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle.p.1 [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]].</ref> '''Sardauna''' shi ne tsohon Firimiyan [[Arewacin Najeriya]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] kuma ya rike sarautar '''Sardauna''' a jihar Sokoto. A shekara ta 1949, ya sami zuwa majalisar dokoki ta yankin [[Arewa]], yana kuma daga cikin mutum uku da aka zaba acikin kungiyar da ta rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.<ref>http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,2846635,00.html</ref>'''Sardauna''' mutum ne dake da mahimmanci sosai ga mutanen arewacin Najeriya, dama fadin kasar baki daya, saboda irin ayyukan cigaba daya kirkiro a yankin arewa harma da kudancin kasar gaba daya. Kamar Jami'ar [[Ahmadu Bello]], Gidan Rediyo dake Jihar [[Kaduna]], da sauransu. Duk da cewa '''Sardaunan''' Sokoto Sarauta ce tashi a Jihar Sokoto, amma sunan ya zama kamar wani inkiya a gareshi inda ya shahara wajen amsa shi a ciki da wajen Najeriya. == Farkon Rayuwarsa == Ahmadu Bello Sardauna, an haife shi ne a garin Raba, shekara ta (1909), a Gidan Malam Ibrahim Bello. Mahaifinsa shi ne Sarkin [[Rabah|Raba]].<ref name="tunde">cite news |last=Savage |first=Babatunde |date=1959-03-16 |title=Profile of a Fearless Leader |url= |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Lagos |access-date= </ref> kuma zuri'ar [[Uthman Dan Fodio|Usman Dan Fodio]] ne, kuma tattaba kunnen Sultan [[Muhammed Bello|Muhammad Bello]] kuma jikan Sultan Atiku na Raba. Yayi makarantar Sokoto Provincial School da kuma Katsina Training College. Lokacin karatun sa an sansa da Ahmadu Raba.<ref name="tunde"/> Ya kammala karatun sa ne a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da daya (1931), Sannan yazama babban Malamin harshen [[turanci]] a Sokoto Middle School. == Siyasa == [[File:Sa'adu Alanamu Sardauna of Sokoto.jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardaunan sokoto da sa'adu alanamu da kuma wani mutumi]] A shekara ta (1934), an nada Ahmadu Bello [[hakimi]]n garin [[Rabah|Raba]] daga Sultan Hassan dan Mu'azu, inda yagaji dan uwansa. A shekara ta (1938), an masa karin girma a matsayin Shugaban [[Gusau]] dake jihar [[Zamfara]] a yau, kuma yazama mabiyi a masarautar Sultan's council. A shekara ta (1938), yana da shekara 28, yayi kokarin zama sarkin sokoto amma bai samu nasara ba, yasha Kaye a hannun Sir [[Siddiq Abubakar II]] wanda yayi mulki na tsawon shekaru hamsin (50), har sai sanda yarasu a (1988). Sai sabon Sarkin yayi maza ya naɗa Sir Ahmadu Bello da Sardaunan [[Sokoto]], sarautan girmamawa kuma yakaisa ga matsayin Sokoto Native Authority Council. Wadannan muka man ne suka kai shi har ya zama babban mai bawa sultan shawara akan harkokin siyasa. Daga bisani, aka bashi ikon duba gundumomi arba'in (47) ashekara ta (1944), ya dawo fadar maimartaba Sultan danyin aiki a matsayin babban mai kula da jaha akan al-amura na gargajiya (Chief Secretary of the State Native Administration). === Jam'iyya === A kuma shekara ta (1940s), sai ya shiga cikin Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa wanda daga baya takoma NPC a shekara ta 1951. Zuwa shekara ta 1948, yasamu tallafin karatu daga Gwamnati zuwa kasar [[Ingila]] Dan yin karatun Local Government Administration wanda ya kara masa karin ilimi da fahimtar gwamnati. [[File:Nigerian Public Domain 363.jpg|thumb|Sardauna na gaisawa da Queen Elizabeth ta biyu]]. Bayan dawowarsa daga [[United Kingdom|Britain]], an zabe shi ya wakilci yankin [[Sokoto]] a ''regional House of Assembly''. A matsayinsa na ''member of the assembly'', ya kasance dakare wajen kare hakkin arewacin Najeriya da kuma hakin kan wakilan yankin wadanda suka fito daga manyan masarautun arewa, wato [[Kano]], [[Masarautar Borno]] da [[Sokoto]]. An zabeshi da wasu a matsayin member of a committee wadanda sukayi Richards Constitution kuma yaje general conference a [[Ibadan]]. Aikin sa a assembly da kuma gun tsarin constitution drafting committee ya janyo masa yarda da kauna a arewa, hakane yasa aka zabe shi da yayi mulki a karkashin Jam'iyyar Mutanen [[Arewa]].<ref name="tunde" /> A zabukan da aka gudanar na farko a arewacin Najeriya a shekara 1952, Sir Ahmadu Bello yasamu nasarar zuwa a Northern House of Assembly, kuma yazama member of the regional [[Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)|executive council]] as [[minister (government)|minister]] of works. Ahmadu Bello ya rike ministan ayyuka, dana Local Government, da minister of Community Development in the [[Northern Nigeria|Northern Region of Nigeria]]. A shekara ta 1954, Bello yazama [[Premier]] na farko a [[Northern Nigeria]]. A kuma shekara ta 1959 a zabukan yancin kai, Ahmadu Bello ya jagoranci jam'iyar NPC har ya samu nasara da yawan kujeru a majalisar kasa. NPCn da Bello ke jagoranta ta kulla kawance da jam'iyar Dr. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] NCNC ([[National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons]]) to form Nigeria's first indigenous federal government which led to independence from [[United Kingdom|Britain]]. In forming the 1960 independence federal government of the [[Nigeria]], Bello a matsayinsa na shugaban NPC, ya zaɓi yaci gaba da zama Premier na [[Arewacin Nijeriya]] sannan ya bayar da matsayi. == Yadda aka kashe Sardauna == Kafin ya tafi Umara a Janairun shekarar 1966, sai da ya kai ziyara zuwa Sokoto domin yiwa yan' uwa sallama. Wadanda suke tare da shi duk sun kula da alamomin sarewa da duniya a tattare da shi. An ce kafin kisan sa, har wasika ya karba na bankado asirin kisan sa daga shugaban Misra, Jamal Abdul Nasser, amma sardauna yayi burus,yace mutum baya tsallake kaddarar sa. Duk da dai cewa gwamnan Yamma Dr. Awolowo ya zo ya samu Sardauna akan kishin-kishin din cewa sojoji suna shirin yi musu juyin mulki, amma Sardauna ya ki basu damar daukan wani mataki. A ranar 15 ga watan Janairu, wajen karfe 10 na dare, Major Nzeogu Kaduna da yaransa suka shiga gidan firemiya suka same shi yana lazimi, suka harbe shi da bindiga har lahira.Hakazalika har ɗaya daga cikin matan sa suka kashe. Bayan nan suka sanya wa gidan wuta. Sheikh Abubakar Gumi ne ya shirya jana'izar, sannan ya sallaci firemiya washegari. Daga cikin wadanda suka halarci jana'izar akwai minista Ibrahim Musa Gashash, Usman Kafin Baki, Turai Aliyu,Dr. Dikko da manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati. An binne shi wajen karfe 12-1 na ranar 16 ga wata. Duk wadanda suka kitsa juyin mulkin dukkan su kananan sojojin inyamurai ne. Daga dalilan wadanda suka kashe shi har da cewa suna zargin sa da raba kan kasa da maida hankali kan Arewacin Najeriya. Bayan wannan bai ma yarda da kasar Isra'ila ba da take jaririya a lokacin. == Bibiliyo == * Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710'' *''The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004''. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-135-166-7</nowiki>. OCLC 156890366 *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Sardauna media coverage, 1950-1966 : His Excellency Sir Ahmadu Bello ... Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern NigeriaISBN978-978-49000-2-7OCLC696110889'' *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (2009). ''Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern Nigeria : selected speeches and quotes, 1953-1966''. Kaduna, Nigeria: Sir Ahmadu Bello Memorial Foundation. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-49000-1-0</nowiki>. OCLC 696220895. *. Paden J.N (1986). Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto: Values and Leadership in Nigeria. Hudahuda publishing company, Zaria. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bello, Ahmadu}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1910]] ghehm7hg9dqs13jptvwh5t27a9qbuyr 883095 883092 2026-07-14T21:46:44Z Adamu Sani Muhammad 20906 /* Bibiliyo */ 883095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Ahmadu bello university senate.jpg|thumb|Jami'ar Ahmadu bello]] [[File:Ahmadu Bello Premier of the Northern Region of Nigeria 1960 Oak Ridge (24650572060).jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardauna tare da wasu mutane]] [[File:ASC Leiden - NSAG - van Dis 4 - 202 - Prime minister of Northern Nigeria Ahmadu Bello opens Sultan Bello Hall - Ibadan, Oyo State, South West Nigeria - 1-13 February 1962.tif|thumb|hoton sardauna lokacin da yake kaddamar da dakin taro a jihar oyo]] [[Fayil:Sir Ahmadu Bello (1959).jpg|thumb|sir ahmadu bello]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello Sardaunan Sokoto Estate Katsina Stae 02.jpg|thumb|Estate Katsina steta Ahmedu Bello Sardaunan sokoto]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello.ogg|thumb|right]] Sir '''Ahmadu Bello''' (An haife shi ranar 12 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 1910) a karamar hukumar Rada da ke a jihar Sokoto.<ref>Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle.p.1 [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]].</ref> '''Sardauna''' shi ne tsohon Firimiyan [[Arewacin Najeriya]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] kuma ya rike sarautar '''Sardauna''' a jihar Sokoto. A shekara ta 1949, ya sami zuwa majalisar dokoki ta yankin [[Arewa]], yana kuma daga cikin mutum uku da aka zaba acikin kungiyar da ta rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.<ref>http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,2846635,00.html</ref>'''Sardauna''' mutum ne dake da mahimmanci sosai ga mutanen arewacin Najeriya, dama fadin kasar baki daya, saboda irin ayyukan cigaba daya kirkiro a yankin arewa harma da kudancin kasar gaba daya. Kamar Jami'ar [[Ahmadu Bello]], Gidan Rediyo dake Jihar [[Kaduna]], da sauransu. Duk da cewa '''Sardaunan''' Sokoto Sarauta ce tashi a Jihar Sokoto, amma sunan ya zama kamar wani inkiya a gareshi inda ya shahara wajen amsa shi a ciki da wajen Najeriya. == Farkon Rayuwarsa == Ahmadu Bello Sardauna, an haife shi ne a garin Raba, shekara ta (1909), a Gidan Malam Ibrahim Bello. Mahaifinsa shi ne Sarkin [[Rabah|Raba]].<ref name="tunde">cite news |last=Savage |first=Babatunde |date=1959-03-16 |title=Profile of a Fearless Leader |url= |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Lagos |access-date= </ref> kuma zuri'ar [[Uthman Dan Fodio|Usman Dan Fodio]] ne, kuma tattaba kunnen Sultan [[Muhammed Bello|Muhammad Bello]] kuma jikan Sultan Atiku na Raba. Yayi makarantar Sokoto Provincial School da kuma Katsina Training College. Lokacin karatun sa an sansa da Ahmadu Raba.<ref name="tunde"/> Ya kammala karatun sa ne a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da daya (1931), Sannan yazama babban Malamin harshen [[turanci]] a Sokoto Middle School. == Siyasa == [[File:Sa'adu Alanamu Sardauna of Sokoto.jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardaunan sokoto da sa'adu alanamu da kuma wani mutumi]] A shekara ta (1934), an nada Ahmadu Bello [[hakimi]]n garin [[Rabah|Raba]] daga Sultan Hassan dan Mu'azu, inda yagaji dan uwansa. A shekara ta (1938), an masa karin girma a matsayin Shugaban [[Gusau]] dake jihar [[Zamfara]] a yau, kuma yazama mabiyi a masarautar Sultan's council. A shekara ta (1938), yana da shekara 28, yayi kokarin zama sarkin sokoto amma bai samu nasara ba, yasha Kaye a hannun Sir [[Siddiq Abubakar II]] wanda yayi mulki na tsawon shekaru hamsin (50), har sai sanda yarasu a (1988). Sai sabon Sarkin yayi maza ya naɗa Sir Ahmadu Bello da Sardaunan [[Sokoto]], sarautan girmamawa kuma yakaisa ga matsayin Sokoto Native Authority Council. Wadannan muka man ne suka kai shi har ya zama babban mai bawa sultan shawara akan harkokin siyasa. Daga bisani, aka bashi ikon duba gundumomi arba'in (47) ashekara ta (1944), ya dawo fadar maimartaba Sultan danyin aiki a matsayin babban mai kula da jaha akan al-amura na gargajiya (Chief Secretary of the State Native Administration). === Jam'iyya === A kuma shekara ta (1940s), sai ya shiga cikin Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa wanda daga baya takoma NPC a shekara ta 1951. Zuwa shekara ta 1948, yasamu tallafin karatu daga Gwamnati zuwa kasar [[Ingila]] Dan yin karatun Local Government Administration wanda ya kara masa karin ilimi da fahimtar gwamnati. [[File:Nigerian Public Domain 363.jpg|thumb|Sardauna na gaisawa da Queen Elizabeth ta biyu]]. Bayan dawowarsa daga [[United Kingdom|Britain]], an zabe shi ya wakilci yankin [[Sokoto]] a ''regional House of Assembly''. A matsayinsa na ''member of the assembly'', ya kasance dakare wajen kare hakkin arewacin Najeriya da kuma hakin kan wakilan yankin wadanda suka fito daga manyan masarautun arewa, wato [[Kano]], [[Masarautar Borno]] da [[Sokoto]]. An zabeshi da wasu a matsayin member of a committee wadanda sukayi Richards Constitution kuma yaje general conference a [[Ibadan]]. Aikin sa a assembly da kuma gun tsarin constitution drafting committee ya janyo masa yarda da kauna a arewa, hakane yasa aka zabe shi da yayi mulki a karkashin Jam'iyyar Mutanen [[Arewa]].<ref name="tunde" /> A zabukan da aka gudanar na farko a arewacin Najeriya a shekara 1952, Sir Ahmadu Bello yasamu nasarar zuwa a Northern House of Assembly, kuma yazama member of the regional [[Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)|executive council]] as [[minister (government)|minister]] of works. Ahmadu Bello ya rike ministan ayyuka, dana Local Government, da minister of Community Development in the [[Northern Nigeria|Northern Region of Nigeria]]. A shekara ta 1954, Bello yazama [[Premier]] na farko a [[Northern Nigeria]]. A kuma shekara ta 1959 a zabukan yancin kai, Ahmadu Bello ya jagoranci jam'iyar NPC har ya samu nasara da yawan kujeru a majalisar kasa. NPCn da Bello ke jagoranta ta kulla kawance da jam'iyar Dr. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] NCNC ([[National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons]]) to form Nigeria's first indigenous federal government which led to independence from [[United Kingdom|Britain]]. In forming the 1960 independence federal government of the [[Nigeria]], Bello a matsayinsa na shugaban NPC, ya zaɓi yaci gaba da zama Premier na [[Arewacin Nijeriya]] sannan ya bayar da matsayi. == Yadda aka kashe Sardauna == Kafin ya tafi Umara a Janairun shekarar 1966, sai da ya kai ziyara zuwa Sokoto domin yiwa yan' uwa sallama. Wadanda suke tare da shi duk sun kula da alamomin sarewa da duniya a tattare da shi. An ce kafin kisan sa, har wasika ya karba na bankado asirin kisan sa daga shugaban Misra, Jamal Abdul Nasser, amma sardauna yayi burus,yace mutum baya tsallake kaddarar sa. Duk da dai cewa gwamnan Yamma Dr. Awolowo ya zo ya samu Sardauna akan kishin-kishin din cewa sojoji suna shirin yi musu juyin mulki, amma Sardauna ya ki basu damar daukan wani mataki. A ranar 15 ga watan Janairu, wajen karfe 10 na dare, Major Nzeogu Kaduna da yaransa suka shiga gidan firemiya suka same shi yana lazimi, suka harbe shi da bindiga har lahira.Hakazalika har ɗaya daga cikin matan sa suka kashe. Bayan nan suka sanya wa gidan wuta. Sheikh Abubakar Gumi ne ya shirya jana'izar, sannan ya sallaci firemiya washegari. Daga cikin wadanda suka halarci jana'izar akwai minista Ibrahim Musa Gashash, Usman Kafin Baki, Turai Aliyu,Dr. Dikko da manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati. An binne shi wajen karfe 12-1 na ranar 16 ga wata. Duk wadanda suka kitsa juyin mulkin dukkan su kananan sojojin inyamurai ne. Daga dalilan wadanda suka kashe shi har da cewa suna zargin sa da raba kan kasa da maida hankali kan Arewacin Najeriya. Bayan wannan bai ma yarda da kasar Isra'ila ba da take jaririya a lokacin. == Bibiliyo == * sir ahmadi Bello, 1910 zuwa1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710'' *''The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004''. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-135-166-7</nowiki>. OCLC 156890366 *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Sardauna media coverage, 1950-1966 : His Excellency Sir Ahmadu Bello ... Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern NigeriaISBN978-978-49000-2-7OCLC696110889'' *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (2009). ''Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern Nigeria : selected speeches and quotes, 1953-1966''. Kaduna, Nigeria: Sir Ahmadu Bello Memorial Foundation. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-49000-1-0</nowiki>. OCLC 696220895. *. Paden J.N (1986). Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto: Values and Leadership in Nigeria. Hudahuda publishing company, Zaria. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bello, Ahmadu}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1910]] 5j7mnkhvcq8d7syg6nbue45uo1k8ja7 0 3954 883116 470325 2026-07-14T23:23:37Z Usman saadu 46863 883116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Marek_Grechuta.jpg |thumb| Marek Michał Grechuta]] [[File:Marek_grechuta_Opole.jpg |thumb|Mutum-Mutumimsa]] '''Marek Michał Grechuta''' (10 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1945 - 09ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2006), ya Yaren mutanen Poland singer, Mawãƙi, mai zane-zane. An haife shi a Zamość. A 1966 ya kafa kungiyar music Anawa. Ya fi kowa sani songs su ne: "Niepewność", "Będziesz moją panią", "Korowód", "Dni, których nie znamy". A 1971 ya kafa sabuwar kungiyar da ake kira WIEM. ==Mutuwa== Marek Grechuta ya mutu a shekara ta 2006 a [[Krakow]]. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Haifaffun 1945]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2006]] ceg5ayx5ert4ehsd2syhbkug3u6joyo 883117 883116 2026-07-14T23:24:48Z Usman saadu 46863 883117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Marek_Grechuta.jpg |thumb| Marek Michał Grechuta]] [[File:Marek_grechuta_Opole.jpg |thumb|Mutum-Mutumimsa]] '''Marek Michał Grechuta''' (10 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1945 - 09ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2006), ya Yaren mutanen Poland singer, Mawãƙi, mai zane-zane. An haife shi a Zamość. A shekara ta 1966 ya kafa kungiyar music Anawa. Ya fi kowa sani songs su ne: "Niepewność", "Będziesz moją panią", "Korowód", "Dni, których nie znamy". A shekara ta 1971 ya kafa sabuwar kungiyar da ake kira WIEM. ==Mutuwa== Marek Grechuta ya mutu a shekara ta 2006 a [[Krakow]]. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Haifaffun 1945]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2006]] muzy7tnotgvpk9v7wopy5a9z4uybs83 0 4039 882961 882872 2026-07-14T16:28:29Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yamma, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a cikin She 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A cikin Shekara 1932-1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A cikin 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A cikin 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] 8xoddnxs9tifblxn9o34m6nsbevlgns 882962 882961 2026-07-14T16:29:27Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yamma, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a cikin Shekara 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A cikin Shekara 1932-1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A cikin 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A cikin 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] 5l655gdsb2dvddkp0sk797ornvo5bu7 882963 882962 2026-07-14T16:29:55Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yamma, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a cikin Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A cikin Shekara 1932-1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A cikin 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A cikin 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] shebp6dxljdkx01jif3umr3zs13np40 882964 882963 2026-07-14T16:30:36Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yamma, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A cikin Shekara 1932-1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A cikin 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A cikin 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] s9zaond4skyn29b36e014s19j0ttrnx 882965 882964 2026-07-14T16:31:17Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yamma, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A cikin Shekara 1932-1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A cikin 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A cikin 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] kestivc7uhxjdr6wtyhyu7c6ei6l5jl 882967 882965 2026-07-14T16:32:26Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yamma, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shek 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A cikin Shekara 1932-1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A cikin 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A cikin 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] 7oovhr9752m78xjtm2iqpe8di18g3mt 882968 882967 2026-07-14T16:36:23Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shek 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A cikin Shekara 1932-1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shek1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A cikin 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] 6bfcg8bgjwqm5fxclk72c69sdxsm7xi 882977 882968 2026-07-14T17:04:20Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shek 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A cikin Shekara 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shek1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A cikin 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] bvd2o4wqji4hd6cdkevq2wpc3af2le5 882978 882977 2026-07-14T17:05:10Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shek 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shek1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A cikin 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] h6qopk0syaogjfpa5tdkn5be23pfcik 882980 882978 2026-07-14T17:06:00Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shek 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A cikin 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] s2djjkvlhmtxowfhd4q0t6c6ycwqtlt 882981 882980 2026-07-14T17:06:52Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shek 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shek 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] q9zprl7gj37uwjyxn5zd526zv28kqee 882983 882981 2026-07-14T17:07:47Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shek 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shek 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] e56yg35j0a7axfufdngk6x8zk470vco 882984 882983 2026-07-14T17:08:37Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shek 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da kasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shek 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] ghcz026w8atoq6im824qidqub80yj9g 882985 882984 2026-07-14T17:09:26Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|Kabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shek 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shek 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] o48jaozd74w74dbyy25zr2buqt7w9qf 882987 882985 2026-07-14T17:10:00Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, kabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shek 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shek 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] 8cp4nryf9vg4mq3s8uwup0l1vkagqlp 882988 882987 2026-07-14T17:10:28Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin karni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shek 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shek 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] jsw1507km5bpv9ih1ptqp7dg6ga65kg 882989 882988 2026-07-14T17:11:07Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shek 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shek 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] o96v56pna8t9s9ceoc32iiz6td8h651 882991 882989 2026-07-14T17:11:32Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar karni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shek 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shek 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] eg4uxabz2a29jbjkenzynhkplox80bu 882992 882991 2026-07-14T17:12:22Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin karni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shek 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shek 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] rletxx9gbahd32xqgkrsjajf711vbg4 882993 882992 2026-07-14T17:13:20Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shek 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shek 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] 1zecp5dy3v6mpdszwm9mtosb5a91fp3 882994 882993 2026-07-14T17:14:02Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shekara ta 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yakin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shek 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] egwhfasp2qe3hessgfoj0qnactv4ntt 882996 882994 2026-07-14T17:16:06Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shekara ta 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu karkashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yaƙin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shek 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] bdey0vzvacuedb7li1m0x7ackax3yae 882997 882996 2026-07-14T17:17:43Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shekara ta 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yaƙin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shek 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarinsa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] 397d5h64ks7vgrvgog5g4bkogbek996 882999 882997 2026-07-14T17:18:32Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 882999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin karni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shekara ta 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yaƙin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shek 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarin sa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukiraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] fufal5n8de3mbdis0f9v24t5mubcwxu 883000 882999 2026-07-14T17:19:16Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin ƙarni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen karni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland karkashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shekara ta 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yaƙin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shek 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarin sa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukiraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] 11ewc4s2cd1u8kq8mjhb8mnpqkh2wep 883002 883000 2026-07-14T17:21:14Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin ƙarni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen ƙarni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga kabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na kasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shekara ta 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yaƙin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shek 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarin sa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukiraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] feubdp2qwjmxink16q2vr7zf1pxpkgy 883003 883002 2026-07-14T17:22:34Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin ƙarni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen ƙarni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na ƙasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shekara ta 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian (1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yaƙin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shek 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarin sa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukiraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] p3dv7nju5yx0go2umrdtdu565p0f03t 883005 883003 2026-07-14T17:35:16Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin ƙarni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen ƙarni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na ƙasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shekara ta 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian Shekara ta1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yaƙin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shek 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye kasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke karkashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarin sa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukiraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] meem0zyu4n3tjd0irqh7fus0b8affie 883006 883005 2026-07-14T17:36:22Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin ƙarni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen ƙarni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na ƙasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shekara ta 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian Shekara ta1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yaƙin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shek 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === Karni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara kanana saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye ƙasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarin sa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukiraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] 2k9pgfup4219b9uppzkxloy08pamr6t 883007 883006 2026-07-14T17:39:41Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin ƙarni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen ƙarni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na ƙasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shekara ta 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian Shekara ta1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yaƙin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941-1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shek 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === ƙarni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara ƙana nan saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye ƙasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarin sa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukiraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] nsgqq45fhvpaz0y75bt99237k20c8il 883008 883007 2026-07-14T17:41:36Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin ƙarni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen ƙarni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na ƙasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shekara ta 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian Shekara ta1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yaƙin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A cikin 1941 Zuwa 1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shekara 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === ƙarni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara ƙana nan saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye ƙasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarin sa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukiraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] ejqml1691z54m0nkt0g7iplvqh0ryta 883009 883008 2026-07-14T17:42:53Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin ƙarni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen ƙarni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na ƙasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shekara ta 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian Shekara ta1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yaƙin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A Shekara ta 1941 Zuwa 1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shekara 1960s-1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === ƙarni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara ƙana nan saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye ƙasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarin sa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukiraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] fg7l7ax74nln5mca07jsr2tx6kntywr 883010 883009 2026-07-14T17:44:50Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin ƙarni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen ƙarni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na ƙasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shekara ta 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian Shekara ta1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yaƙin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A Shekara ta 1941 Zuwa 1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shekara ta 1960s zuwa 1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A cikin 1985-1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === ƙarni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara ƙana nan saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye ƙasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarin sa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukiraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] 2ohrnwt6y5ryxag5u6tigsb34ubncgd 883011 883010 2026-07-14T17:45:39Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin ƙarni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A karshen ƙarni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata kasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a karni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na ƙasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shekara ta 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian Shekara ta1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yaƙin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A Shekara ta 1941 Zuwa 1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shekara ta 1960s zuwa 1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1985 zuwa 1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === ƙarni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara ƙana nan saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye ƙasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarin sa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukiraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] mj6p8af5vaxfma1ablmsk58obsm90h4 883013 883011 2026-07-14T17:47:00Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin ƙarni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A ƙarshen ƙarni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata ƙasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a ƙarni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na ƙasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shekara ta 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian Shekara ta1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hambarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yaƙin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A Shekara ta 1941 Zuwa 1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shekara ta 1960s zuwa 1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1985 zuwa 1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === ƙarni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara ƙana nan saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye ƙasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarin sa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukiraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] 4or5rzpi4mv44976xxqa9edqmsq62we 883016 883013 2026-07-14T17:48:55Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin ƙarni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A ƙarshen ƙarni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata ƙasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a ƙarni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na ƙasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shekara ta 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian Shekara ta1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hamɓarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yaƙin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A Shekara ta 1941 Zuwa 1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shekara ta 1960s zuwa 1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shine Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1985 zuwa 1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === ƙarni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara ƙana nan saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye ƙasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarin sa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukiraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] bbq8dq6mugybz5znavwygkhomxrh45h 883017 883016 2026-07-14T17:49:40Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin ƙarni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A ƙarshen ƙarni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata ƙasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a ƙarni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na ƙasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shekara ta 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian Shekara ta1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hamɓarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yaƙin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A Shekara ta 1941 Zuwa 1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shekara ta 1960s zuwa 1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shi ne Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1985 zuwa 1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === ƙarni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara ƙana nan saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye ƙasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarin sa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukiraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] 63lqst5c633k54m4mmljop52finfo4y 883018 883017 2026-07-14T17:50:14Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin ƙarni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A ƙarshen ƙarni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata ƙasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a ƙarni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na ƙasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shekara ta 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian Shekara ta 1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hamɓarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yaƙin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A Shekara ta 1941 Zuwa 1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shekara ta 1960s zuwa 1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shi ne Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1985 zuwa 1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === ƙarni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara ƙana nan saboda yunkurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban kasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye ƙasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar kasar a shekarar 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarin sa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukiraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] smstt4fo5n6xa8lp1tyfwhpq3j1qpz1 883019 883018 2026-07-14T17:53:20Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin ƙarni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A ƙarshen ƙarni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata ƙasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a ƙarni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na ƙasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shekara ta 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian Shekara ta 1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hamɓarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yaƙin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A Shekara ta 1941 Zuwa 1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shekara ta 1960s zuwa 1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shi ne Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1985 zuwa 1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === ƙarni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara ƙana nan saboda yunƙurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban ƙasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye ƙasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar ƙasar a shekarar ta 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarin sa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukiraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani gui mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin kasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] t1p9hj6o6vwnuj0y7quyuu5pcp2cgn8 883020 883019 2026-07-14T17:54:38Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin ƙarni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A ƙarshen ƙarni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata ƙasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a ƙarni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na ƙasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shekara ta 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian Shekara ta 1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hamɓarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yaƙin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A Shekara ta 1941 Zuwa 1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shekara ta 1960s zuwa 1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shi ne Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1985 zuwa 1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === ƙarni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara ƙana nan saboda yunƙurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban ƙasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye ƙasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar ƙasar a shekarar ta 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarin sa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukiraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan kare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani guri mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin ƙasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] pbr5weljhwb4acobxkm5sbqsowppdoc 883021 883020 2026-07-14T17:56:34Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Ukrania.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ukraniya.|link=Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Ukrania.svg]] [[File:Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg|thumb|kasar ukraine]] '''Ukraniya''' ko '''Yukuren'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> (da harshen Ukraniya '''Україна'''; da kuma harsunan Turanci da Faransanci '''Ukraine''') ƙasa ce dake a Nahiyar [[Turai]]. Babban birnin ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Kiev]]. Ukraniya tana fadin kasa kimanin kilomita dubu dari shida da uku da dari biyar da arba'in da tara ({{formatnum:603549}}). Ukraniya tana da yawan jama'ar da suka kai milyan arba'in da hudu da dari tara da tamanin da uku da goma sha tara ({{formatnum:44983019}}), bisa ga ƙidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2019. Ukraniya tana da iyaka da ƙasashen bakwai: [[Rasha]] a Arewa da Arewa maso Gabas, [[Belarus]] a Arewa, [[Poland]] a Arewa maso Yammah, [[Slofakiya]] da [[Hungariya]] a Yammah, [[Romainiya]] da [[Moldufiniya]] a Kudu maso Gabas. Ukraniya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Ukraniya shi ne [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. Firaministan ƙasar Ukraniya kuwa shi ne [[Denys Chmyhal]] daga shekara ta 2020. == Tarihi == === Tsakanin Zamani === A cikin ƙarni na 7-9th, ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas sun zauna a nan, wadanda kuma suka yi hijira daga yankin Ukraine na zamani zuwa yammacin Rasha na zamani. A tsakiyar zamanai, ƙasashen biyu sun kasance ɓangare na ƙasa ɗaya, babban birnin wanda shi ne Kyiv.A cikin karni na 12, Kievan Rus ya fara tarwatse a cikin manyan hukumomi daban-daban. A cikin ƙarni na 12, Yuri Drohoruky, ɗan 6th na Kiev yarima Volodymyr Monomakh, bai yi da'awar kursiyin ba, don haka ya tashi ya mamaye ƙasashe a arewa maso gabas. Don haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 12, kabilun Slavic sun sami kansu a cikin ƙasashen tsakiyar Rasha. Kafin isowarsu, ƙabilun da ke kusa da Finn na zamani sun zauna a yankin Moscow, wanda Dolgoruky ya kafa a matsayin ƙaramin yanki. Yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Masarautar Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus ta Tsakiya) da Kyiv, wanda ya kai ga rabuwar Moscow da Kyivan Rus' <ref>Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.</ref>। [[File:Muromian-map.png|thumb|180px|ƙabilun Slavic a cikin karni na 9]] Bayan da Batu ya mamaye a Shekara ta 1240, shugaban na arewa principalities, Alexander Nevsky, ya zama Batu ta renon ɗa, da kuma Alexander shiga cikin yaki a gefen Horde kai ga dansa Daniil mai shekaru 16 ya zama sarki na farko na Moscow, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban Rasha ta zamani. Wani babban birni na zamanin da a cikin Rasha na zamani shi ne Veliky Novgorod, wanda kullum yana yaƙi da Moscow kuma Moscow ta ci nasara a Shekara ta 1478 kawai. Mutanen Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci na gaba a ƙarshe sun rabu da Russia na gaba a cikin karni na 14, sun zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania (har zuwa karni na 18, waɗannan mutanen biyu sun kasance kusa, kuma kalmomin Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci har ma yanzu sun zo daidai da 84%).A ƙarshen ƙarni na 15, Golden Horde ya tarwatsa zuwa cikin Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan da Kazan Khanates, da kuma Muscovite jihar, wanda ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na ta'addanci ga tsoffin abokanta da makwabta, da farko a kan Grand Duchy na Lithuania. An yi yaƙe-yaƙe na birnin Smolensk akai-akai. Mutanen Rasha sun fito ne daga ƙabilun Slavic na Gabas kuma suka kafa wata ƙasa ta daban a lokacin mulkin Muscovite a ƙarni na 15-17. A lokacin ne hanyoyin Ukraine da Rasha suka rabu<ref>Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800</ref><ref>Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907</ref><ref>Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.</ref><ref>Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.</ref>. === Sabon Zamani === [[File:Kirovograd B.Khmelnyts'kogo Ploscha Pam'yatnyk B.Khmel'nyts'komu 02 (YDS 5421).jpg|thumb|200px|Daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da Bohdan Khmelnytsky - gwarzo na ƙasa, shugaban Cossacks kuma jagoran gwagwarmayar 'yanci na mutanen Ukrainian a Shekara ta 1648 Zuwa 1654.]] A cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16, an kafa tushe da fitattun mutanen Ukrainian - Zaporizhian Cossacks, mayaƙan da suka kare al'ummah daga hare-haren da makwabta. Mutanen Rasha na zamani sun zo Ukraine ne a karni na 17, kuma a lokacin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ukraine da juriya ga mamayewar Poland ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da Rasha a shekara ta 1654<ref>[http://litopys.org.ua/ohienko/oh14.htm XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sirio007/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater Собственноручное наставление Екатерины II князю Вяземскому при вступлении им в должность генерал-прокурора (1764 года)]</ref>. Ba a ƙidaya 'yan Ukrain a cikin 'yan ƙasa a hukumance ba kuma ana aika su akai-akai, duka Cossacks da manoma, don tilasta yin aiki a cikin Rasha, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Shekara ta 1654. ('Yan Ukrain 10,000 sun mutu daga yanayin rashin tsabta yayin ginin Canal Ladoga). Wannan ya haifar da boren Hetman Ivan Mazepa a shekara ta 1708, wanda ya yanke dangantaka da Rasha kuma yana so ya shiga ƙarƙashin kariyar Sweden<ref>[https://archive.org/details/OtmStMalPechSl1905/1905/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова]</ref>. A Shekara ta 1775, Rasha ta lalata Ukrainian Cossacks da sansaninsu, Sich, wanda ya haifar da bautar da jama'a na Ukrainian da tsarin Russification - lalatar da harshen Ukrainian da al'ada. [[File:Валуєвський циркуляр. Valuev Circular.jpg|thumb|200px|Dokar da Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Rasha Pyotr Valuev ya ba da umarnin haramta amfani da harshen Ukrainian Shekara ta 1863).]] Misalai mafi ban mamaki na irin waɗannan manufofin sune Dokar Ems (Эмский указ) da dokar Minista Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), wanda ya haramta wa Ukrainiyawa amfani da harshensu na asali<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Valuievskyj_tsyrkuliar ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР]</ref>. === Karni na 20 === 1914 Emperor Nicholas II ya hana bikin cika shekaru 100 na haifuwar fitaccen marubucin Ukrainian Taras Shevchenko a cikin Daular Rasha<ref>[https://kpi.ua/shevchenko-revolt Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому]</ref>. [[File:Світовий мир на Україні!.jpg|thumb|220px|Poster daga Soviet-Ukrainiy yaki]] A farkon shekara ta 1917 juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alexander Kerchsky ya hamɓarar da mulkin masarautu ya mai da ƙasar Rasha jamhuriya, wanda ya baiwa al'ummomin da aka zalunta a baya damar yin fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu<ref>Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.</ref> <ref> Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.</ref>. Bayan hawansa mulki, Lenin ya shelanta yaƙin basasa a tsohuwar daular Rasha, wanda ya hada da yakin 1917-1921 tsakanin Ukraine da Soviet Rasha, wanda ya kai ga raba Ukraine tsakanin Poland da Rasha (daga 1922, Tarayyar Soviet)<ref>Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1932 zuwa 1933, gwamnatin Soviet karkashin Joseph Stalin ta gabatar da [[Holodomor]] (yunwa), wanda yawancin ƙasashe a duniya suka amince da kisan kare dangi na mutanen Ukrainian, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 10<ref>Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1937, NKVD (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Tarayyar Soviet) ta harbe mafi yawan masu hankali, al'adu da kimiyya na Ukrainian, kuma a asirce sun binne gawarwakin su a cikin dajin Bykivnyan, inda aka gina wani abin tunawa bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet <ref>Українська література XX століття: навч.-метод. посіб. для студентів 2-го курсу, які навчаються за спец. 035 — Філологія (заоч. форма) / Нар. укр. акад., каф. українознавства; упоряд. О. В. Слюніна. — Харків: Вид-во НУА, 2018. — 128 с.</ref>. [[File:Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду, скульптура дівчинки «Гірка пам'ять дитинства».jpg|thumb|200px|Museum na Holodomor da Soviet danniya a Kyiv]] A Shekara ta 1941 Zuwa 1945, Nazis sun mamaye ƙasar gaba ɗaya, kuma kowane 5th farar hula Ukrainian ya mutu. A Shekara ta 1960s zuwa 1980s, gwamnatin Soviet ta aiwatar da danniya a kan 'yan adawa, ta tura su gidajen yari tare da sanya su a asibitocin tabin hankali, shahararren ɗan adawa daga Ukraine shi ne Vasyl Stus <ref>Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995</ref> <ref>Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.</ref>. A Shekara ta 1985 zuwa 1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1991, Ukraine ta ayyana 'yancin kai. === ƙarni na 21 === Bayan wa'adi na uku na Vladimir Putin, wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2012, Rasha ta fara aiwatar da mugunyar murkushe 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, lamarin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne wani yaro dan birnin Ufa da aka tura gidan yarin da ake tsare da yara ƙana nan saboda yunƙurin lalata fadar Kremlin a wani wasan kwamfuta.Bugu da kari, jim kadan bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya fara tattara sojoji a kusa da kan iyaka da gabashin Ukraine tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin yakin neman bayanai kan kasar. Don ci gaba da rike madafun iko, shugaban ƙasar Ukraine na lokacin Viktor Yanukovych ya bukaci Putin da ya aika da sojoji tare da mamaye ƙasar Ukraine, bayan da ya fara kwance damarar iyakar ƙasar a shekarar ta 2013, lamarin da ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da Euromaidan. [[File:Ruins of Donetsk International airport (16).jpg|thumb|250px|Sojojin Rasha sun lalata filin jirgin saman Donetsk a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, yayin da Yanukovych ke Kyiv, Rasha ta fara aikin mamaye Crimea a kudancin Ukraine, sannan ta ba da tsaro ga Yanukovych a cikin jirginsa. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2014, Rasha ta fara yaƙi a gabashin Ukraine lokacin da dakarun da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin jami'in Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha na Rasha Igor Girkin suka mamaye birnin Sloviansk. A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2014, Ukraine ta kaddamar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci <ref> [https://nikvesti.com/news/incidents/59805 Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе]</ref> <ref> [https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/80167-popavshij-v-plen-boets-ato-rasskazal-ob-izdevatelstvah-tolpyi-u-stolba-pozora.htm Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"]</ref><ref> [https://www.5.ua/suspilstvo/nezlamni-iryna-dovhan-istoriia-donechchanky-katovanoi-okupantamy-za-dopomohu-ukrainskym-biitsiam-197262.html НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям ]</ref><ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20160902091720/http://uapress.info/uk/news/show/37843 Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею]</ref>. Har zuwa 2022, Rasha, ta hanyar 'yar tsana "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk", ta kaddamar da yakin basasa da Ukraniya, wanda a shekarar 2022 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa. A shekarar 2022, an gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da yaki da dama a duk fadin kasar Rasha, wadanda jami'an tsaro suka dakile<ref>Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.</ref> <ref>Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. </ref> <ref>Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.</ref>..A Ukraniya, Rasha na aikata munanan laifukan yaki, kamar harba wuraren da jama'a ke zaune, [[Kewaye Mariupol|da lalata gaba daya garuruwa irin su Mariupol]], da kuma azabtar da fararen hula saboda ra'ayinsu na goyon bayan Ukraniya, ciki har da azabtarwa a cikin ginshiki na gine-ginen da aka mamaye a Kherson. Babban laifi kan fararen hula a Ukraine shine harbin da aka yi a Bucha, wanda aka yi a watan Maris 2022<ref>[https://memopzk.org/figurant/moskalyov-aleksej-vladimirovich/ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович]</ref>.<ref>[https://suspilne.media/kyiv/785809-poskodzena-budivla-med-zakladu-e-zagibli-rf-zavdala-povtornogo-udaru-po-kievu/ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву]</ref>. [[File:Движение техники по понтонной переправе через Северский Донец 002.png|thumb|220px|Tankin Rasha mai alamar Z ana aika zuwa Ukraine]] Masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Rasha Timofey Sergeytsev, a cikin labarin sa mai suna "Abin da Ya Kamata Rasha Ta Yi da Ukiraine," ({{Lang-ru|Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной ?}}) ya yi kira ga kashe-kashen jama'a. Amurka Timothy Snyder ya kira "littafin Rasha game da kisan ƙare dangi.<ref>[https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook Russia's genocide handbook]</ref> <ref>[https://kanaldim.tv/ru/eto-nastoyashhij-konczlager-21-filtraczionnyj-lager-sozdali-okkupanty-na-donetchine/ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61208404 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps]</ref> <ref>[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/filtration-camps-russia-ukraine-war_n_624ac8b9e4b0e44de9c485ea Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps']</ref> <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/12/ukrainians-who-fled-to-georgia-reveal-details-of-russias-filtration-camps Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’]</ref>." == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|Tutar kasar File:The water transfer.jpg|Al'ada a ƙasar Ukraniya, diban ruwa domin kaiwa wani guri mai nisan gaske a wani gari da'ake kira da Kiev File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80.jpg|Daya daga cikin temples na Kiev File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8.jpg|Babban birnin Cherkasy File:Фортечні вали.jpg|[[Kagara Saint Elizabeth]], Kropyvnytskyi birni File:Украина, Одесса - Оперный театр 04.jpg|Tarihi cibiyar Odesa File:Будинок держпромисловості, Харків DJI 0068.jpg|c)Cibiyar Kharkiv File:Volodymyr Zelenskyy took part in hoisting the State Flag of Ukraine in liberated Kherson. (52501582571).jpg|Tsakiyar Kherson File:Nuzp-photo(2020)-001.jpg|Birnin Zaporizhya File:Bank of the Dnieper River in the Obolon area. Kiev, Ukraine.jpg|Manyan gine gine, wani babban bankin ƙasar ukrainiya wanda ke kusa da ruwa </gallery> == Birnin, tare da yawan mutane fiye da 1000000 == *[[Kyiv]] *[[Kharkiv]] *[[Lviv]] *[[Odessa]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Turai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ukraniya}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Turai]] cojwbc8bem9usmnqkv0ruvvr2aailj5 3 6214 883115 879259 2026-07-14T23:17:34Z ~2026-39619-81 46964 /* 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 */ sabon sashe 883115 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa == Hi, Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia. Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived. Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!), --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC) :Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. :Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC) ::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Help == I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ==Translation of three sentences== Dear Ammarpad, I hope this finds you well. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) *@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Facebook page == Dear Ammar, Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia] Thanks a lot, Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Neman Admin == Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]] :[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC) ::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]]. :::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == [[AuwalAzare]] == This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Auwal Azare == Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == help == Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles. It's hard to me. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''<nowiki><ref> .......</ref> </nowiki>''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (<ref>misali</ref>). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Databox == Hi Ammar, Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this! By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles). I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the "labels" system. Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and do the appropriate thing. By the way, I am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki == I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of "Abubakar A Gwanki" why is being deleted? Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Translation request == Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) :Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) ::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) == Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif == Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. :Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) == Godiya == Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode :{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune Lamba: 08160956607 Gari: kano Nigeria == [[Kira]] == Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) :Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) == David oyedepo == Wanene crista == WAM 2018 == Salam Ammarpad, Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) == Hausa Wikimedians User Group == Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) :Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) :Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) ::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) ::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) == Moustapha == Hakananna sai nayi nazari == I-mel == Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. Na gode. [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) narda == Gyara == Barka da rana! Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa "Babban shafi" da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) == gidanhaki == Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa Assalam == Kwankwaso,s wife == Kwankwaso,s wife == Various requests == Hello, Could you please: *Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes. *Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]]. *Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): **[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]]. Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC) == Alijos A Shehu == Sunan DUNiYA == Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa == Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia :{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina <code>ammar@wikimedia.org.ng</code>. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC) == Muhamadu == Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL == yusuf == Ibrahim == sa idu musa == riji yan gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu kano == sa idu musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu IP == Yayi daidai kobaiyiba awayar mindakai == 88465702 == Kaka ari == layisantara == lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura sunwajan gari shadam bu == Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai == Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna == babani == 112202 == Translation == I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks. == ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state == barkanku DA fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire == Neman taimako == Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode. Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC) == Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi == Facebook Wkslm lafiya kalau == 0852 == Aa == Aliyu iliyasu dangada == Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin muna jinjina maka matuka very good, [[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == ismail == Labaran duniya == Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun == Barkan muda warhaka! :Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) == na kirkira mukala == Ya zan sanya reference ::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) == From == Ghy == J k musa yaro == Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa == mansir isah == unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state Crawle == aminuidris0808811 == aminuiris == Auwal dalladi kargi == An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000 == Databox == Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ==Neman shawara== Masha Allah Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad. Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka. A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame. Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka. :Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia. :Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) <u>ja layi</u> COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC) == Jami u lawal == Allah yajikan zulaihatu == Databox == Barka da safe, Ammar, Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add "databox" to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) :Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf == Kaura ne katsina SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG RUGGAR MONDE AR == Abia == Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == FUNAKAA == FUNAKAA agaskiya inada tambaya to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki == Gaisuwa == Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC) :Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Usman abubakar == Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita == ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar == Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == maganin daji == maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Ali musa == An haife shi Chida ga watan Oktoba 1986 cikin@ gari gidan kube @ dake jahar maradi [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Rigar kusa == "Rigar kusa" kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state. Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne. Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu. Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury. == Ghana Boy 055 == Chapiou @ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) == ALIYO == BORNO == Namespaces == Hi! You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&diff=213527&oldid=181184 emptied] the page "Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma" some time ago. There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&oldid=181178#Namespaces You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good? Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) :I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) == Shehu gibirima == Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Salisu garba == Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC) == ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA == KADUNA == Bbca == A == HAUSA RIGAR SILKE == DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) == shaaibu == JIGAWA == SHEHU USMANU == GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA == AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia == Hello brother, I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country. I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. :I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email. [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == 7 == uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2025-29458-90|&#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Taba nono na mace == Lawan abdulhamid == Lawan abdulhamid kano MIYzansa == Nakasa yin rijista == Nakasa yin rajista miyasane == SLM == SLM == Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa == 08142754552 Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11554-74|&#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji == suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11940-32|&#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Dodik == imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12770-62|&#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Tarihin fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == NURA FADA MUHAMMED == assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku == inason zuwa gambiya == neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13669-78|&#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13801-80|&#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Usmanisah01234@gmail.com == Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14055-73|&#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == AISHA ABDULLAHI == assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa == Abdul Aziz == Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14413-94|&#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == YAHAYA MUSA == 6/3/2026 Ni atemakeni bandasanaa == Isah Abubakar == kaduna steste nigeria inaneman temaku kudi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14783-76|&#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Help == Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14911-34|&#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == INASONASHIGA == WALLAHI == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15494-30|&#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Auwalu mansur gaya == A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata == Block review == Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block. The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block. :I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Jimi boi gk == Washer boi == (Ibrahim bako) == Bissimillahi rahamani rahim == Zanshuga == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17709-67|&#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17806-26|&#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == I need to edit == yusuf bin shaik [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-18422-17|&#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Dari daya == Litafi dari daya == Gali == Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu == ALI ISA JC NAWA == CHAM == Sai anjima == sai anjima [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19045-00|&#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == xxwxx == pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19636-09|&#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Masaudu == Ina son koyon NAHAWU [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20180-81|&#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ina bukatar taimakonku == Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20156-98|&#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20503-90|&#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Learning physics topics == Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20678-19|&#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == ١٢٣٤٥ == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20875-04|&#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Chrome == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20860-61|&#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Inason shiga kasara == yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21619-45|&#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Fty == Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21613-47|&#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Jibril auwal hamza == Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan == Usseni. Ibbirashim == 08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23155-49|&#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Correction == The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area. Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-39|&#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ahmad Rufai == Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23571-21|&#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Sutura == Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Misali kasa ko bishyu haka == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alhamdu lillah == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24815-45|&#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Itaciyyar zamani == shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-25442-87|&#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Ahamad Abba == Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29423-27|&#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29619-62|&#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci == Abdulrrhaman [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29631-59|&#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Brk == a [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-30415-61|&#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == 9044000454 == abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32331-29|&#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Taya zanbude account dazan temaka == ina neman Karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32735-01|&#126;2026-32735-01]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32735-01|talk]]) 07:13, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne wanda ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifi bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifina bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32562-31|&#126;2026-32562-31]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32562-31|talk]]) 12:49, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Reuben lover gwamma == [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32944-08|&#126;2026-32944-08]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32944-08|talk]]) 05:26, 4 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Bala sani == sani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:44, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Umar m sharif == yane [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:48, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == oumr sama == Gazaou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-34357-62|&#126;2026-34357-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-34357-62|talk]]) 20:05, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim Abdullah dangamau == kusada lg katsina state [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:55, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == 8126141543 opay bank Ibrahim Abdullahi == 8126141543 opay Ibrahim Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:58, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ina tambaya ne game da cikakken tarihin masarautar Jama'are == tarihin masarautar Jama'are [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36511-04|&#126;2026-36511-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36511-04|talk]]) 21:29, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim sani == nace ina da tambaya ne game da littafin tarin hausa barbie in same shi ne akwai yadda zan yi in samu littafan tarin hausa kamar taya na gizo zaku iya gano ta yadda zan samu shi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37548-11|&#126;2026-37548-11]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37548-11|talk]]) 11:58, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Mai bincike == idan nasadu damai hiv da condom bayan hiv wani gwaji yadace nayi idan inajin badaidaiba Ajikina [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37555-93|&#126;2026-37555-93]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37555-93|talk]]) 12:20, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim haruna == azare [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37948-19|&#126;2026-37948-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37948-19|talk]]) 17:18, 2 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Maradi == bonne nuit [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:33, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Assalam alaikoum barkamu da warhaka == helle [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:39, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 49565314543 == Saifuallhi usaini [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 00:51, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Nin nombadinayasamumsala == Nin nombadinayasamumsala [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:01, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:03, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == bak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:17, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 2uxinpu6p4cshr0npa35b3yebg5j8t0 883118 883115 2026-07-14T23:24:48Z ~2026-39619-81 46964 /* 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 */ sabon sashe 883118 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa == Hi, Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia. Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived. Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!), --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC) :Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. :Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC) ::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Help == I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ==Translation of three sentences== Dear Ammarpad, I hope this finds you well. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) *@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Facebook page == Dear Ammar, Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia] Thanks a lot, Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Neman Admin == Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]] :[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC) ::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]]. :::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == [[AuwalAzare]] == This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Auwal Azare == Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == help == Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles. It's hard to me. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''<nowiki><ref> .......</ref> </nowiki>''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (<ref>misali</ref>). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Databox == Hi Ammar, Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this! By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles). I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the "labels" system. Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and do the appropriate thing. By the way, I am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki == I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of "Abubakar A Gwanki" why is being deleted? Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Translation request == Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) :Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) ::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) == Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif == Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. :Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) == Godiya == Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode :{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune Lamba: 08160956607 Gari: kano Nigeria == [[Kira]] == Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) :Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) == David oyedepo == Wanene crista == WAM 2018 == Salam Ammarpad, Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) == Hausa Wikimedians User Group == Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) :Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) :Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) ::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) ::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) == Moustapha == Hakananna sai nayi nazari == I-mel == Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. Na gode. [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) narda == Gyara == Barka da rana! Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa "Babban shafi" da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) == gidanhaki == Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa Assalam == Kwankwaso,s wife == Kwankwaso,s wife == Various requests == Hello, Could you please: *Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes. *Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]]. *Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): **[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]]. Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC) == Alijos A Shehu == Sunan DUNiYA == Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa == Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia :{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina <code>ammar@wikimedia.org.ng</code>. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC) == Muhamadu == Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL == yusuf == Ibrahim == sa idu musa == riji yan gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu kano == sa idu musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu IP == Yayi daidai kobaiyiba awayar mindakai == 88465702 == Kaka ari == layisantara == lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura sunwajan gari shadam bu == Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai == Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna == babani == 112202 == Translation == I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks. == ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state == barkanku DA fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire == Neman taimako == Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode. Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC) == Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi == Facebook Wkslm lafiya kalau == 0852 == Aa == Aliyu iliyasu dangada == Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin muna jinjina maka matuka very good, [[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == ismail == Labaran duniya == Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun == Barkan muda warhaka! :Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) == na kirkira mukala == Ya zan sanya reference ::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) == From == Ghy == J k musa yaro == Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa == mansir isah == unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state Crawle == aminuidris0808811 == aminuiris == Auwal dalladi kargi == An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000 == Databox == Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ==Neman shawara== Masha Allah Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad. Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka. A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame. Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka. :Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia. :Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) <u>ja layi</u> COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC) == Jami u lawal == Allah yajikan zulaihatu == Databox == Barka da safe, Ammar, Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add "databox" to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) :Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf == Kaura ne katsina SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG RUGGAR MONDE AR == Abia == Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == FUNAKAA == FUNAKAA agaskiya inada tambaya to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki == Gaisuwa == Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC) :Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Usman abubakar == Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita == ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar == Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == maganin daji == maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Ali musa == An haife shi Chida ga watan Oktoba 1986 cikin@ gari gidan kube @ dake jahar maradi [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Rigar kusa == "Rigar kusa" kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state. Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne. Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu. Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury. == Ghana Boy 055 == Chapiou @ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) == ALIYO == BORNO == Namespaces == Hi! You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&diff=213527&oldid=181184 emptied] the page "Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma" some time ago. There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&oldid=181178#Namespaces You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good? Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) :I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) == Shehu gibirima == Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Salisu garba == Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC) == ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA == KADUNA == Bbca == A == HAUSA RIGAR SILKE == DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) == shaaibu == JIGAWA == SHEHU USMANU == GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA == AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia == Hello brother, I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country. I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. :I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email. [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == 7 == uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2025-29458-90|&#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Taba nono na mace == Lawan abdulhamid == Lawan abdulhamid kano MIYzansa == Nakasa yin rijista == Nakasa yin rajista miyasane == SLM == SLM == Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa == 08142754552 Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11554-74|&#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji == suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11940-32|&#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Dodik == imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12770-62|&#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Tarihin fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == NURA FADA MUHAMMED == assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku == inason zuwa gambiya == neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13669-78|&#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13801-80|&#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Usmanisah01234@gmail.com == Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14055-73|&#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == AISHA ABDULLAHI == assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa == Abdul Aziz == Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14413-94|&#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == YAHAYA MUSA == 6/3/2026 Ni atemakeni bandasanaa == Isah Abubakar == kaduna steste nigeria inaneman temaku kudi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14783-76|&#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Help == Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14911-34|&#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == INASONASHIGA == WALLAHI == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15494-30|&#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Auwalu mansur gaya == A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata == Block review == Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block. The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block. :I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Jimi boi gk == Washer boi == (Ibrahim bako) == Bissimillahi rahamani rahim == Zanshuga == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17709-67|&#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17806-26|&#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == I need to edit == yusuf bin shaik [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-18422-17|&#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Dari daya == Litafi dari daya == Gali == Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu == ALI ISA JC NAWA == CHAM == Sai anjima == sai anjima [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19045-00|&#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == xxwxx == pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19636-09|&#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Masaudu == Ina son koyon NAHAWU [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20180-81|&#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ina bukatar taimakonku == Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20156-98|&#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20503-90|&#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Learning physics topics == Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20678-19|&#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == ١٢٣٤٥ == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20875-04|&#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Chrome == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20860-61|&#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Inason shiga kasara == yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21619-45|&#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Fty == Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21613-47|&#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Jibril auwal hamza == Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan == Usseni. Ibbirashim == 08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23155-49|&#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Correction == The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area. Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-39|&#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ahmad Rufai == Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23571-21|&#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Sutura == Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Misali kasa ko bishyu haka == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alhamdu lillah == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24815-45|&#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Itaciyyar zamani == shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-25442-87|&#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Ahamad Abba == Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29423-27|&#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29619-62|&#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci == Abdulrrhaman [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29631-59|&#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Brk == a [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-30415-61|&#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == 9044000454 == abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32331-29|&#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Taya zanbude account dazan temaka == ina neman Karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32735-01|&#126;2026-32735-01]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32735-01|talk]]) 07:13, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne wanda ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifi bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifina bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32562-31|&#126;2026-32562-31]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32562-31|talk]]) 12:49, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Reuben lover gwamma == [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32944-08|&#126;2026-32944-08]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32944-08|talk]]) 05:26, 4 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Bala sani == sani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:44, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Umar m sharif == yane [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:48, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == oumr sama == Gazaou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-34357-62|&#126;2026-34357-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-34357-62|talk]]) 20:05, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim Abdullah dangamau == kusada lg katsina state [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:55, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == 8126141543 opay bank Ibrahim Abdullahi == 8126141543 opay Ibrahim Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:58, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ina tambaya ne game da cikakken tarihin masarautar Jama'are == tarihin masarautar Jama'are [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36511-04|&#126;2026-36511-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36511-04|talk]]) 21:29, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim sani == nace ina da tambaya ne game da littafin tarin hausa barbie in same shi ne akwai yadda zan yi in samu littafan tarin hausa kamar taya na gizo zaku iya gano ta yadda zan samu shi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37548-11|&#126;2026-37548-11]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37548-11|talk]]) 11:58, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Mai bincike == idan nasadu damai hiv da condom bayan hiv wani gwaji yadace nayi idan inajin badaidaiba Ajikina [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37555-93|&#126;2026-37555-93]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37555-93|talk]]) 12:20, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim haruna == azare [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37948-19|&#126;2026-37948-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37948-19|talk]]) 17:18, 2 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Maradi == bonne nuit [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:33, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Assalam alaikoum barkamu da warhaka == helle [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:39, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 49565314543 == Saifuallhi usaini [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 00:51, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Nin nombadinayasamumsala == Nin nombadinayasamumsala [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:01, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:03, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == bak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:17, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == @ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:24, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) p783hcdv2b8tnf00hbgix3sgzkjjbct 883121 883118 2026-07-14T23:49:30Z ~2026-39619-81 46964 /* 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 */ Mayarwa 883121 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa == Hi, Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia. Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived. Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!), --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC) :Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. :Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC) ::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Help == I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ==Translation of three sentences== Dear Ammarpad, I hope this finds you well. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) *@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Facebook page == Dear Ammar, Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia] Thanks a lot, Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Neman Admin == Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]] :[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC) ::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]]. :::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == [[AuwalAzare]] == This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Auwal Azare == Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == help == Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles. It's hard to me. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''<nowiki><ref> .......</ref> </nowiki>''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (<ref>misali</ref>). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Databox == Hi Ammar, Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this! By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles). I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the "labels" system. Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and do the appropriate thing. By the way, I am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki == I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of "Abubakar A Gwanki" why is being deleted? Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Translation request == Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) :Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) ::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) == Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif == Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. :Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) == Godiya == Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode :{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune Lamba: 08160956607 Gari: kano Nigeria == [[Kira]] == Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) :Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) == David oyedepo == Wanene crista == WAM 2018 == Salam Ammarpad, Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) == Hausa Wikimedians User Group == Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) :Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) :Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) ::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) ::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) == Moustapha == Hakananna sai nayi nazari == I-mel == Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. Na gode. [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) narda == Gyara == Barka da rana! Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa "Babban shafi" da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) == gidanhaki == Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa Assalam == Kwankwaso,s wife == Kwankwaso,s wife == Various requests == Hello, Could you please: *Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes. *Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]]. *Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): **[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]]. Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC) == Alijos A Shehu == Sunan DUNiYA == Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa == Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia :{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina <code>ammar@wikimedia.org.ng</code>. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC) == Muhamadu == Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL == yusuf == Ibrahim == sa idu musa == riji yan gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu kano == sa idu musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu IP == Yayi daidai kobaiyiba awayar mindakai == 88465702 == Kaka ari == layisantara == lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura sunwajan gari shadam bu == Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai == Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna == babani == 112202 == Translation == I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks. == ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state == barkanku DA fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire == Neman taimako == Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode. Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC) == Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi == Facebook Wkslm lafiya kalau == 0852 == Aa == Aliyu iliyasu dangada == Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin muna jinjina maka matuka very good, [[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == ismail == Labaran duniya == Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun == Barkan muda warhaka! :Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) == na kirkira mukala == Ya zan sanya reference ::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) == From == Ghy == J k musa yaro == Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa == mansir isah == unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state Crawle == aminuidris0808811 == aminuiris == Auwal dalladi kargi == An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000 == Databox == Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ==Neman shawara== Masha Allah Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad. Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka. A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame. Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka. :Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia. :Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) <u>ja layi</u> COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC) == Jami u lawal == Allah yajikan zulaihatu == Databox == Barka da safe, Ammar, Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add "databox" to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) :Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf == Kaura ne katsina SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG RUGGAR MONDE AR == Abia == Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == FUNAKAA == FUNAKAA agaskiya inada tambaya to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki == Gaisuwa == Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC) :Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Usman abubakar == Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita == ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar == Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == maganin daji == maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Ali musa == An haife shi Chida ga watan Oktoba 1986 cikin@ gari gidan kube @ dake jahar maradi [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Rigar kusa == "Rigar kusa" kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state. Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne. Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu. Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury. == Ghana Boy 055 == Chapiou @ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) == ALIYO == BORNO == Namespaces == Hi! You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&diff=213527&oldid=181184 emptied] the page "Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma" some time ago. There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&oldid=181178#Namespaces You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good? Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) :I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) == Shehu gibirima == Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Salisu garba == Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC) == ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA == KADUNA == Bbca == A == HAUSA RIGAR SILKE == DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) == shaaibu == JIGAWA == SHEHU USMANU == GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA == AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia == Hello brother, I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country. I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. :I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email. [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == 7 == uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2025-29458-90|&#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Taba nono na mace == Lawan abdulhamid == Lawan abdulhamid kano MIYzansa == Nakasa yin rijista == Nakasa yin rajista miyasane == SLM == SLM == Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa == 08142754552 Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11554-74|&#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji == suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11940-32|&#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Dodik == imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12770-62|&#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Tarihin fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == NURA FADA MUHAMMED == assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku == inason zuwa gambiya == neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13669-78|&#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13801-80|&#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Usmanisah01234@gmail.com == Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14055-73|&#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == AISHA ABDULLAHI == assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa == Abdul Aziz == Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14413-94|&#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == YAHAYA MUSA == 6/3/2026 Ni atemakeni bandasanaa == Isah Abubakar == kaduna steste nigeria inaneman temaku kudi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14783-76|&#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Help == Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14911-34|&#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == INASONASHIGA == WALLAHI == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15494-30|&#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Auwalu mansur gaya == A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata == Block review == Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block. The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block. :I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Jimi boi gk == Washer boi == (Ibrahim bako) == Bissimillahi rahamani rahim == Zanshuga == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17709-67|&#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17806-26|&#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == I need to edit == yusuf bin shaik [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-18422-17|&#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Dari daya == Litafi dari daya == Gali == Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu == ALI ISA JC NAWA == CHAM == Sai anjima == sai anjima [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19045-00|&#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == xxwxx == pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19636-09|&#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Masaudu == Ina son koyon NAHAWU [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20180-81|&#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ina bukatar taimakonku == Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20156-98|&#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20503-90|&#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Learning physics topics == Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20678-19|&#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == ١٢٣٤٥ == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20875-04|&#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Chrome == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20860-61|&#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Inason shiga kasara == yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21619-45|&#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Fty == Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21613-47|&#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Jibril auwal hamza == Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan == Usseni. Ibbirashim == 08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23155-49|&#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Correction == The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area. Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-39|&#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ahmad Rufai == Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23571-21|&#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Sutura == Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Misali kasa ko bishyu haka == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alhamdu lillah == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24815-45|&#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Itaciyyar zamani == shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-25442-87|&#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Ahamad Abba == Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29423-27|&#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29619-62|&#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci == Abdulrrhaman [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29631-59|&#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Brk == a [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-30415-61|&#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == 9044000454 == abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32331-29|&#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Taya zanbude account dazan temaka == ina neman Karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32735-01|&#126;2026-32735-01]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32735-01|talk]]) 07:13, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne wanda ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifi bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifina bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32562-31|&#126;2026-32562-31]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32562-31|talk]]) 12:49, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Reuben lover gwamma == [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32944-08|&#126;2026-32944-08]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32944-08|talk]]) 05:26, 4 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Bala sani == sani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:44, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Umar m sharif == yane [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:48, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == oumr sama == Gazaou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-34357-62|&#126;2026-34357-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-34357-62|talk]]) 20:05, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim Abdullah dangamau == kusada lg katsina state [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:55, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == 8126141543 opay bank Ibrahim Abdullahi == 8126141543 opay Ibrahim Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:58, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ina tambaya ne game da cikakken tarihin masarautar Jama'are == tarihin masarautar Jama'are [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36511-04|&#126;2026-36511-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36511-04|talk]]) 21:29, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim sani == nace ina da tambaya ne game da littafin tarin hausa barbie in same shi ne akwai yadda zan yi in samu littafan tarin hausa kamar taya na gizo zaku iya gano ta yadda zan samu shi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37548-11|&#126;2026-37548-11]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37548-11|talk]]) 11:58, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Mai bincike == idan nasadu damai hiv da condom bayan hiv wani gwaji yadace nayi idan inajin badaidaiba Ajikina [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37555-93|&#126;2026-37555-93]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37555-93|talk]]) 12:20, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim haruna == azare [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37948-19|&#126;2026-37948-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37948-19|talk]]) 17:18, 2 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Maradi == bonne nuit [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:33, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Assalam alaikoum barkamu da warhaka == helle [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:39, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 49565314543 == Saifuallhi usaini [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 00:51, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Nin nombadinayasamumsala == Nin nombadinayasamumsala [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:01, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:03, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == bak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:17, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:49, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == @ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:24, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) bvyubqp9j7xv7zq7i96718l1fua3jnq 883125 883121 2026-07-14T23:58:20Z ~2026-39619-81 46964 3233746702,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 883125 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa == Hi, Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia. Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived. Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!), --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC) :Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. :Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC) ::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Help == I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ==Translation of three sentences== Dear Ammarpad, I hope this finds you well. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) *@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Facebook page == Dear Ammar, Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia] Thanks a lot, Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Neman Admin == Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]] :[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC) ::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]]. :::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == [[AuwalAzare]] == This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Auwal Azare == Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == help == Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles. It's hard to me. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''<nowiki><ref> .......</ref> </nowiki>''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (<ref>misali</ref>). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Databox == Hi Ammar, Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this! By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles). I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the "labels" system. Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and do the appropriate thing. By the way, I am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki == I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of "Abubakar A Gwanki" why is being deleted? Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Translation request == Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) :Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) ::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) == Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif == Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. :Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) == Godiya == Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode :{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune Lamba: 08160956607 Gari: kano Nigeria == [[Kira]] == Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) :Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) == David oyedepo == Wanene crista == WAM 2018 == Salam Ammarpad, Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) == Hausa Wikimedians User Group == Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) :Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) :Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) ::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) ::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) == Moustapha == Hakananna sai nayi nazari == I-mel == Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. Na gode. [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) narda == Gyara == Barka da rana! Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa "Babban shafi" da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) == gidanhaki == Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa Assalam == Kwankwaso,s wife == Kwankwaso,s wife == Various requests == Hello, Could you please: *Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes. *Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]]. *Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): **[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]]. Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC) == Alijos A Shehu == Sunan DUNiYA == Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa == Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia :{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina <code>ammar@wikimedia.org.ng</code>. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC) == Muhamadu == Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL == yusuf == Ibrahim == sa idu musa == riji yan gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu kano == sa idu musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu IP == Yayi daidai kobaiyiba awayar mindakai == 88465702 == Kaka ari == layisantara == lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura sunwajan gari shadam bu == Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai == Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna == babani == 112202 == Translation == I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks. == ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state == barkanku DA fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire == Neman taimako == Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode. Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC) == Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi == Facebook Wkslm lafiya kalau == 0852 == Aa == Aliyu iliyasu dangada == Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin muna jinjina maka matuka very good, [[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == ismail == Labaran duniya == Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun == Barkan muda warhaka! :Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) == na kirkira mukala == Ya zan sanya reference ::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) == From == Ghy == J k musa yaro == Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa == mansir isah == unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state Crawle == aminuidris0808811 == aminuiris == Auwal dalladi kargi == An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000 == Databox == Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ==Neman shawara== Masha Allah Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad. Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka. A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame. Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka. :Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia. :Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) <u>ja layi</u> COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC) == Jami u lawal == Allah yajikan zulaihatu == Databox == Barka da safe, Ammar, Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add "databox" to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) :Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf == Kaura ne katsina SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG RUGGAR MONDE AR == Abia == Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == FUNAKAA == FUNAKAA agaskiya inada tambaya to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki == Gaisuwa == Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC) :Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Usman abubakar == Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita == ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar == Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == maganin daji == maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Ali musa == An haife shi Chida ga watan Oktoba 1986 cikin@ gari gidan kube @ dake jahar maradi [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Rigar kusa == "Rigar kusa" kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state. Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne. Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu. Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury. == Ghana Boy 055 == Chapiou @ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) == ALIYO == BORNO == Namespaces == Hi! You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&diff=213527&oldid=181184 emptied] the page "Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma" some time ago. There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&oldid=181178#Namespaces You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good? Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) :I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) == Shehu gibirima == Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Salisu garba == Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC) == ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA == KADUNA == Bbca == A == HAUSA RIGAR SILKE == DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) == shaaibu == JIGAWA == SHEHU USMANU == GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA == AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia == Hello brother, I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country. I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. :I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email. [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == 7 == uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2025-29458-90|&#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Taba nono na mace == Lawan abdulhamid == Lawan abdulhamid kano MIYzansa == Nakasa yin rijista == Nakasa yin rajista miyasane == SLM == SLM == Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa == 08142754552 Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11554-74|&#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji == suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11940-32|&#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Dodik == imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12770-62|&#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Tarihin fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == NURA FADA MUHAMMED == assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku == inason zuwa gambiya == neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13669-78|&#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13801-80|&#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Usmanisah01234@gmail.com == Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14055-73|&#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == AISHA ABDULLAHI == assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa == Abdul Aziz == Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14413-94|&#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == YAHAYA MUSA == 6/3/2026 Ni atemakeni bandasanaa == Isah Abubakar == kaduna steste nigeria inaneman temaku kudi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14783-76|&#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Help == Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14911-34|&#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == INASONASHIGA == WALLAHI == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15494-30|&#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Auwalu mansur gaya == A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata == Block review == Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block. The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block. :I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Jimi boi gk == Washer boi == (Ibrahim bako) == Bissimillahi rahamani rahim == Zanshuga == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17709-67|&#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17806-26|&#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == I need to edit == yusuf bin shaik [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-18422-17|&#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Dari daya == Litafi dari daya == Gali == Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu == ALI ISA JC NAWA == CHAM == Sai anjima == sai anjima [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19045-00|&#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == xxwxx == pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19636-09|&#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Masaudu == Ina son koyon NAHAWU [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20180-81|&#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ina bukatar taimakonku == Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20156-98|&#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20503-90|&#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Learning physics topics == Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20678-19|&#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == ١٢٣٤٥ == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20875-04|&#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Chrome == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20860-61|&#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Inason shiga kasara == yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21619-45|&#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Fty == Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21613-47|&#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Jibril auwal hamza == Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan == Usseni. Ibbirashim == 08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23155-49|&#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Correction == The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area. Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-39|&#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ahmad Rufai == Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23571-21|&#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Sutura == Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Misali kasa ko bishyu haka == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alhamdu lillah == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24815-45|&#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Itaciyyar zamani == shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-25442-87|&#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Ahamad Abba == Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29423-27|&#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29619-62|&#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci == Abdulrrhaman [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29631-59|&#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Brk == a [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-30415-61|&#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == 9044000454 == abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32331-29|&#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Taya zanbude account dazan temaka == ina neman Karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32735-01|&#126;2026-32735-01]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32735-01|talk]]) 07:13, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne wanda ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifi bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifina bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32562-31|&#126;2026-32562-31]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32562-31|talk]]) 12:49, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Reuben lover gwamma == [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32944-08|&#126;2026-32944-08]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32944-08|talk]]) 05:26, 4 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Bala sani == sani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:44, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Umar m sharif == yane [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:48, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == oumr sama == Gazaou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-34357-62|&#126;2026-34357-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-34357-62|talk]]) 20:05, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim Abdullah dangamau == kusada lg katsina state [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:55, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == 8126141543 opay bank Ibrahim Abdullahi == 8126141543 opay Ibrahim Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:58, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ina tambaya ne game da cikakken tarihin masarautar Jama'are == tarihin masarautar Jama'are [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36511-04|&#126;2026-36511-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36511-04|talk]]) 21:29, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim sani == nace ina da tambaya ne game da littafin tarin hausa barbie in same shi ne akwai yadda zan yi in samu littafan tarin hausa kamar taya na gizo zaku iya gano ta yadda zan samu shi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37548-11|&#126;2026-37548-11]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37548-11|talk]]) 11:58, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Mai bincike == idan nasadu damai hiv da condom bayan hiv wani gwaji yadace nayi idan inajin badaidaiba Ajikina [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37555-93|&#126;2026-37555-93]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37555-93|talk]]) 12:20, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim haruna == azare [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37948-19|&#126;2026-37948-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37948-19|talk]]) 17:18, 2 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Maradi == bonne nuit [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:33, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Assalam alaikoum barkamu da warhaka == helle [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:39, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 49565314543 == Saifuallhi usaini [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 00:51, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Nin nombadinayasamumsala == Nin nombadinayasamumsala [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:01, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:03, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == bak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:17, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:49, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == @ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:24, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:58, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) fnegfrmh0pw5yowkg6y14ylenb3ryhy 883127 883125 2026-07-15T00:02:00Z ~2026-39619-81 46964 /* 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 2 */ Mayarwa 883127 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa == Hi, Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia. Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived. Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!), --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC) :Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. :Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC) ::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Help == I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ==Translation of three sentences== Dear Ammarpad, I hope this finds you well. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) *@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Facebook page == Dear Ammar, Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia] Thanks a lot, Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Neman Admin == Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]] :[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC) ::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]]. :::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == [[AuwalAzare]] == This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Auwal Azare == Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == help == Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles. It's hard to me. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''<nowiki><ref> .......</ref> </nowiki>''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (<ref>misali</ref>). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Databox == Hi Ammar, Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this! By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles). I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the "labels" system. Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and do the appropriate thing. By the way, I am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki == I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of "Abubakar A Gwanki" why is being deleted? Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Translation request == Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) :Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) ::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) == Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif == Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. :Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) == Godiya == Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode :{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune Lamba: 08160956607 Gari: kano Nigeria == [[Kira]] == Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) :Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) == David oyedepo == Wanene crista == WAM 2018 == Salam Ammarpad, Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) == Hausa Wikimedians User Group == Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) :Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) :Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) ::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) ::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) == Moustapha == Hakananna sai nayi nazari == I-mel == Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. Na gode. [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) narda == Gyara == Barka da rana! Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa "Babban shafi" da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) == gidanhaki == Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa Assalam == Kwankwaso,s wife == Kwankwaso,s wife == Various requests == Hello, Could you please: *Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes. *Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]]. *Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): **[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]]. Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC) == Alijos A Shehu == Sunan DUNiYA == Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa == Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia :{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina <code>ammar@wikimedia.org.ng</code>. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC) == Muhamadu == Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL == yusuf == Ibrahim == sa idu musa == riji yan gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu kano == sa idu musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu IP == Yayi daidai kobaiyiba awayar mindakai == 88465702 == Kaka ari == layisantara == lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura sunwajan gari shadam bu == Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai == Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna == babani == 112202 == Translation == I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks. == ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state == barkanku DA fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire == Neman taimako == Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode. Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC) == Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi == Facebook Wkslm lafiya kalau == 0852 == Aa == Aliyu iliyasu dangada == Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin muna jinjina maka matuka very good, [[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == ismail == Labaran duniya == Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun == Barkan muda warhaka! :Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) == na kirkira mukala == Ya zan sanya reference ::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) == From == Ghy == J k musa yaro == Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa == mansir isah == unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state Crawle == aminuidris0808811 == aminuiris == Auwal dalladi kargi == An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000 == Databox == Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ==Neman shawara== Masha Allah Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad. Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka. A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame. Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka. :Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia. :Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) <u>ja layi</u> COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC) == Jami u lawal == Allah yajikan zulaihatu == Databox == Barka da safe, Ammar, Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add "databox" to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) :Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf == Kaura ne katsina SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG RUGGAR MONDE AR == Abia == Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == FUNAKAA == FUNAKAA agaskiya inada tambaya to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki == Gaisuwa == Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC) :Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Usman abubakar == Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita == ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar == Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == maganin daji == maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Ali musa == An haife shi Chida ga watan Oktoba 1986 cikin@ gari gidan kube @ dake jahar maradi [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Rigar kusa == "Rigar kusa" kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state. Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne. Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu. Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury. == Ghana Boy 055 == Chapiou @ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) == ALIYO == BORNO == Namespaces == Hi! You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&diff=213527&oldid=181184 emptied] the page "Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma" some time ago. There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&oldid=181178#Namespaces You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good? Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) :I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) == Shehu gibirima == Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Salisu garba == Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC) == ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA == KADUNA == Bbca == A == HAUSA RIGAR SILKE == DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) == shaaibu == JIGAWA == SHEHU USMANU == GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA == AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia == Hello brother, I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country. I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. :I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email. [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == 7 == uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2025-29458-90|&#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Taba nono na mace == Lawan abdulhamid == Lawan abdulhamid kano MIYzansa == Nakasa yin rijista == Nakasa yin rajista miyasane == SLM == SLM == Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa == 08142754552 Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11554-74|&#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji == suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11940-32|&#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Dodik == imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12770-62|&#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Tarihin fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == NURA FADA MUHAMMED == assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku == inason zuwa gambiya == neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13669-78|&#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13801-80|&#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Usmanisah01234@gmail.com == Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14055-73|&#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == AISHA ABDULLAHI == assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa == Abdul Aziz == Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14413-94|&#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == YAHAYA MUSA == 6/3/2026 Ni atemakeni bandasanaa == Isah Abubakar == kaduna steste nigeria inaneman temaku kudi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14783-76|&#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Help == Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14911-34|&#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == INASONASHIGA == WALLAHI == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15494-30|&#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Auwalu mansur gaya == A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata == Block review == Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block. The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block. :I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Jimi boi gk == Washer boi == (Ibrahim bako) == Bissimillahi rahamani rahim == Zanshuga == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17709-67|&#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17806-26|&#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == I need to edit == yusuf bin shaik [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-18422-17|&#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Dari daya == Litafi dari daya == Gali == Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu == ALI ISA JC NAWA == CHAM == Sai anjima == sai anjima [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19045-00|&#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == xxwxx == pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19636-09|&#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Masaudu == Ina son koyon NAHAWU [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20180-81|&#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ina bukatar taimakonku == Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20156-98|&#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20503-90|&#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Learning physics topics == Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20678-19|&#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == ١٢٣٤٥ == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20875-04|&#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Chrome == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20860-61|&#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Inason shiga kasara == yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21619-45|&#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Fty == Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21613-47|&#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Jibril auwal hamza == Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan == Usseni. Ibbirashim == 08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23155-49|&#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Correction == The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area. Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-39|&#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ahmad Rufai == Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23571-21|&#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Sutura == Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Misali kasa ko bishyu haka == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alhamdu lillah == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24815-45|&#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Itaciyyar zamani == shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-25442-87|&#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Ahamad Abba == Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29423-27|&#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29619-62|&#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci == Abdulrrhaman [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29631-59|&#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Brk == a [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-30415-61|&#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == 9044000454 == abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32331-29|&#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Taya zanbude account dazan temaka == ina neman Karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32735-01|&#126;2026-32735-01]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32735-01|talk]]) 07:13, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne wanda ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifi bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifina bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32562-31|&#126;2026-32562-31]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32562-31|talk]]) 12:49, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Reuben lover gwamma == [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32944-08|&#126;2026-32944-08]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32944-08|talk]]) 05:26, 4 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Bala sani == sani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:44, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Umar m sharif == yane [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:48, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == oumr sama == Gazaou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-34357-62|&#126;2026-34357-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-34357-62|talk]]) 20:05, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim Abdullah dangamau == kusada lg katsina state [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:55, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == 8126141543 opay bank Ibrahim Abdullahi == 8126141543 opay Ibrahim Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:58, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ina tambaya ne game da cikakken tarihin masarautar Jama'are == tarihin masarautar Jama'are [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36511-04|&#126;2026-36511-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36511-04|talk]]) 21:29, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim sani == nace ina da tambaya ne game da littafin tarin hausa barbie in same shi ne akwai yadda zan yi in samu littafan tarin hausa kamar taya na gizo zaku iya gano ta yadda zan samu shi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37548-11|&#126;2026-37548-11]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37548-11|talk]]) 11:58, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Mai bincike == idan nasadu damai hiv da condom bayan hiv wani gwaji yadace nayi idan inajin badaidaiba Ajikina [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37555-93|&#126;2026-37555-93]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37555-93|talk]]) 12:20, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim haruna == azare [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37948-19|&#126;2026-37948-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37948-19|talk]]) 17:18, 2 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Maradi == bonne nuit [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:33, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Assalam alaikoum barkamu da warhaka == helle [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:39, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 49565314543 == Saifuallhi usaini [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 00:51, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Nin nombadinayasamumsala == Nin nombadinayasamumsala [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:01, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:03, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == bak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:17, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:49, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == @ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:24, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:58, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :@ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 00:02, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 6huyrjqqxv5hhf7rl9f9wkiaw12hjbr 0 7474 883099 564353 2026-07-14T21:56:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Awka247.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Awka.]] '''Awka''' (Harshen Igbo: Ọka)<ref>{{cite book|title=Harmonization and standardization of Nigerian languages |first1=Francis O. |last1=Egbokhare |first2=S. Oluwole |last2=Oyetade |page=106 |publisher=CASAS |year=2002 |isbn=1-919799-70-2}}</ref> birni ne, da ke a [[Anambra|jihar Anambra]], a ƙasar [[Nijeriya]]. Shi ne babban birnin jihar Anambra. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2006, jimilar mutane 301,657 (dubu dari uku da ɗaya da dari shida da hamsin da bakwai). An ayyana yawan jama'a a 2018 akalla mutum miliyan 2.5. An gina birnin Awka a karni na 19. Birnin na da nisan kilomita 199.1 (123.7 mi) ta titi kai tsaye har zuwa arewacin Portharcourt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Nigeria_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Port%20Harcourt&toplace=Awka&dt1=ChlJ40gsn6P0aRAR2zKIfd0rVIM&dt2=ChIJU-eUi72CQxARU0e9iuuRI88|publisher=Globalfeed.com|access-date=2016-12-05|title=Map Showing Port Harcourt And Awka with Distance Indicator}}</ref> Babban titin West-East Federal highway ta hade Birnin Awka da garuruwa kamar Lagos, Benin City, Asaba da Enugu, sannan wasu kananan hanyoyi sun hada birnin da garuruwa da dama kamar [[Oko]] ,[[Ekwulobia]], [[Agulu]], [[Enugu Ukwu|Enugwu-Ukwu]], Abagana da kuma [[Nnewi]]. A tsarence, Awka na nan a tsakiyar muhimman garuruwan Inyamurai guda biya na arewacin kasar Igbo, watau Onitsha da Enugu, wanda suka taka muhimmin rawa a zabenta a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa na lokacin turawan mulkin mallaka da kuma a yanzu a matsayin babban birnin jihar Anambara. == Tarihi == Awka tana daya daga cikin tsaffin garuruwan inyamurai, wacce aka samar zamanin ganiyar Nri, wacce ta zamo daya daga cikin yankunan farko na harkokin hake-haken tagulla a nahiyar Afurka, a tsakanin shekara ta 800AD., kuma tana daya daga cikin ginshikan garuruwan Inyamurai. Asalin mutanen da suka fara zama a birnin Awka sune mutanen Ifiteana, sun kasance shahararrun manoma ne, mafarauta kuma makera wanda suke zaune a gabar rafin Ogwugwu, wanda aka fi sani da yankin Nkwelle a yau (wato Awka a rubuce).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-07|title=Anambra State|url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/anambra-state/|access-date=2021-03-06|website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416210608/https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria-states/anambra-state/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Abun bautar Ifiteana wanda aka fi sani da Ọkịka-na-ube ko kuma ubangiji mai kibiya, su kuma mutanen ana kiransu da Ụmụ-Ọkanube wato "mabiya Ọkanube,” wanda daga baya aka hade su Ụmụ-Ọka A zamunan baya, Awka cike take da giwaye, wanda ake kiran yankin da Ama-enyi, sannan kuma akwai tafki "Iyi-Enyi" inda giwaye ke taruwa don shan ruwa. Ana farautar giwayen saboda kahunansu masu tsada wanda ake ajiyewa a gidaje a matsayin tambarin abun bauta Ọkanube a kowanne gida a Awka, ana ajiye magungunan farauta a cikin kahunan giwayen. Garin tayi fice a fannin sarrafa karafuna kuma makeranta na samun yabo iri-iri a yankin ta fannin samar da kayan aikin noma, bindigun gargajiya da kuma sandunan Oji da Ngwuagilija (sandan mutanen Ozo).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Awka {{!}} History & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Awka|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Kafin zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka, Ọka ta zamo wajen jin surkullen Agbala (oracle), wacce aka fi sani a matsayin ubangijiya diyar wurin bautar juju na Arochukwu (bokanyar da Chinua Achebe yayi amfani da ita a littafinsa na "Things Fall apart").<ref>{{cite web|last=Achebe|first=Chinua|url=http://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/t/things-fall-apart/study-help/full-glossary-for-things-fall-apart|title=Full Glossary for Things Fall Apart|publisher=Cliffsnotes.com|access-date=2014-02-25}}</ref> Ana tuntubar ta a duk lokacin da rikici ya faru har zuwa rusa ta a lokacin turawan mulkin mallaka. Kafin mulkin turawa, masu mulkin Ọka sun kasance mutane da akafi sani da "Ozo" da "Ndichie" wanda mutane ne masu daraja a yankin. Suna riqe zama da ake kira Izu-Ọka, kodai a gidan wanda yafi kowa tsufa acikinsu (Otochal Ọka) ko kuma a wani waje da suka zaba tsakaninsu. A yanzu, Awka ta fara shigar da tsarin mulkin republica a cikin harkokin siyasarta tare da Awka South a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa. Duk da haka basu yada salonsu na gargajiya ba, da dattijan Ozo wanda ake tuntuba akan lamuran gari da sauran al'amurran yau da kullum. Birnin Awka ba daya bace da Awka-Etiti, saboda akan samu mushkilan bambanta su.<ref name="britannica-geoanalyzer">{{cite web| url=http://geoanalyzer.britannica.com/ebc/article-9011472| title=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia| publisher=Geoanalyzer.britannica.com| access-date=2007-02-20| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112080945/http://geoanalyzer.britannica.com/ebc/article-9011472| archive-date=2016-01-12| url-status=dead}}</ref> == Mutane == Awka na dauke da kungiyoyin yaren Igbo guda bakwai wanda suka samo asali daga tsatso guda, wanda aka rarrabasu zuwa sassa biyu; sashin Ifite da kuma sashin manya. Sa'annan sun kasu kashi hudu: Ayom-na-Okpala, Nkwelle, Amachalla da kuma Ifite-Oka. Sashin Ezinator sun kasu kashi uku; wanda suka hada da Amikwo, Ezi-Oka da kuma Agulu. Kowanne daga cikin wadannan birane suna da kaso uku wanda suka hada adadin kauyuka 33 a Awka. Sashin Ifite {| class="wikitable" |- ! Ayom-na-Okpala ! Nkwelle ! Amachalla ! Ifite-Oka |- | Umuayom, Umunnoke, Umuoramma, Umuokpu | Achallaoji, Umunamoke, Agbana, Umudiaba | Amachalla, Amudo, Umuzocha | Enu-Ifite, Ezinato-Ifite, Agbana-Ifite |} Sashin Ezinator {| class="wikitable" |- ! Amikwo ! Ezi-Oka ! Agulu |- | Umudiana, Okperi, Igweogige, Isiagu, Obunagu | Omuko, Umueri, Umuogwali, Umuogbunu 1, Umuogbunu 2, Umudioka, Umukwa |Umuogbu, Umubele, Umuanaga, Umuike, Umujagwo, Umuenechi, Umuoruka |} A yau, za'a iya samun mutanen Awka a sassa daban-daban na duniya mafi akasarinsu suna ayyuka a matsayin kwararru a sassa daban-daban na duniya. Hakan ya sa, akwai kungiyoyin mutanen Awka da dama a kasashen Turai da kuma Amurka USA. Sun kafa kungiyoyin sadarwa na mutanen Awka a can kamar "Awka Union USA and Canada", "Awka Town Social Community UK" da kuma "Ireland and other community associations". An samar da wadannan kungiyoyi ne don tallafawa juna da kuma samun damar wanzar da al'adunsu na gargajiya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-23|title=Agony of Awka master blacksmiths|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/agony-of-awka-master-blacksmiths/|access-date=2021-03-07|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> Acikin 'yan shekarun nan, Birnin Awka ta samu bakuncin mutane daga sassa daban daban na Najeriya wanda a yanzu sun zama asalin 'yan gari. == Labarin Kasa == Awka tana kan bisa na mita 300m daga saman teku akan yankin rafin "Mamu River". Awka na da kasa mai kyau na noma wanda daga bisani ta rasa dazukanta na "rainforest" a dalilin share wuraren noma.<ref>Chukwuogo Diaries</ref> === Yanayi === Awka na daga cikin yankin ''"tropical rainforest"'' a Najeriya sannan tana da yanayi iri biyu southwestern monsoon winds daga "tekun Atlantika" da kuma northeastern winds daga sahara. Shi iskar monsoon shi yake samar da ruwan sama mai karfi na watannin shida, wanda ke faruwa a tsakanin watannin April da July, wanda ke biye da gajeren yanayin na karancin ruwan sama na sati biyu zuwa uku acikin watan Augusta sai ruwan sama ya dawo a watan Satumba da October. Sai kuma lokacin zafi wanda ke kwashe tsawon watanni biyar (November–March) tare da guguwar Harmattan mai zuwa a bushe da kura da ke iya rage gani da kuma hasken wanda ke shigowa Najeriya cikin watan December wanda ake kira Ugulu da inyamuranci. Wannan iska na jawo zafi a watanni dake gaba kamar Febreru da March. Yanayin zafi/sanyi na Awka kan kai 27–30°C a tsakanin watannin June da December, sannan yakan karu zuwa 32–34 °C tsakanin watannin Juneru da Aprelu. {{Weather box |metric first= Yes |single line= Yes |location= Awka |Jan high C= 33 |Feb high C= 34 |Mar high C= 33 |Apr high C= 33 |May high C= 32 |Jun high C= 30 |Jul high C= 29 |Aug high C= 28 |Sep high C= 29 |Oct high C= 30 |Nov high C= 31 |Dec high C= 32 |Jan low C= 24 |Feb low C= 25 |Mar low C= 25 |Apr low C= 25 |May low C= 24 |Jun low C= 24 |Jul low C= 23 |Aug low C= 23 |Sep low C= 23 |Oct low C= 23 |Nov low C= 23 |Dec low C= 23 |Jan rain days= 2 |Feb rain days= 2 |Mar rain days= 4 |Apr rain days= 5 |May rain days= 5 |Jun rain days= 5 |Jul rain days= 10 |Aug rain days= 7 |Sep rain days= 5 |Oct rain days= 12 |Nov rain days= 6 |Dec rain days= 0 |Jan precipitation mm = 3 |Feb precipitation mm = 35 |Mar precipitation mm = 17 |Apr precipitation mm = 100 |May precipitation mm = 150 |Jun precipitation mm = 78 |Jul precipitation mm = 125 |Aug precipitation mm = 80 |Sep precipitation mm = 50 |Oct precipitation mm = 222 |Nov precipitation mm = 106 |Dec precipitation mm = 0 |source 1= Sunmap.Eu<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sunmap.eu/weather/africa/nigeria/anambra-state/awka |title=Weather in Africa, Nigeria, Anambra State, Awka Weather and Climate |publisher=Sunmap.eu |access-date=2014-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301095542/http://www.sunmap.eu/weather/africa/nigeria/anambra-state/awka |archive-date=2014-03-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} == Tattalin arziki == Tattalin arzikin Awka ya ta'allaka ne mafi akasari kan ayyukan gwamnati tunda ma'aikatun gwamnatin jiha da na tarayya da dama na cikin birnin. Akwai gidan hutawan gwamnatin jiha a Awka, majalisar dokoki na jiha, ministiri na lafiya, hedikwatan shari'a na jiha, masana'antun ilimi, kasa da ruwa. Akwai gidajen telabijin da rediyo a birnin kamar Anambra Broadcasting Service (ABS), da babban banki Najeriya "Central Bank of Nigeria" da rassan Federal Inland Revenue Service da Federal Road Safety Commission, Nigerian Immigration Service, da kuma Corporate Affairs Commission duk suna nan acikin birnin. An samu sabbin gine-gine na wuraren kasuwanci sun samu bunkasa kuma sun canza sifar fuskar birni. Manya-manyan bankunan Najeriya wanda suka hada da Access Bank, Bank PHB, Diamond Bank, Ecobank, FCMB, Fidelity Bank, First Bank, GTB, Intercontinental, Oceanic Bank, UBA, Union Bank da kuma Zenith Bank duk suna nan a cikin birnin. === Tsarin Birane === Kafin yakin basasan Najeriya, mutanen Awka ke kula da tsaftar garin. 'Yan kasuwa ke share harabar shagunansu da sauransu. Mutanen gari ke kula da kwatocin garin. Gwamnatin Peter Obi ta fara yunkurin kula da harkokin tsaftar birnin wanda ya rattaba yarjejeniyar kulawa da garin da kungiyar UN-HABITAT a shekara ta 2007. Tsarin Awka Capital Territory (2009–2028) an kaddamar dashi da kula da yankunan Awka, Amawbia and Umuokpu a matsayin yankuna masu bukatar muhimmin kula da kuma yankunan Adazi-Nnukwu, Agulu, ABBA, Abagana, Agukwu-Nri, Amansea, Enugwu-Ukwu, Enugwu-Agidi, Isiagu, Isu-Aniocha, Mgbakwu, Nawfia, Nawgu, Nibo, Nimo, Nise, Okpuno da kuma Umuawulu. == Midiya == Akwai kungiyoyin yada labarai da dama wanda suka hada da gidajen jaridu biyu masu zaman kansu na duk rana, akwai gidan rediyon gwamnatin tarayya wato "Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria" na ofisoshin watsa labarai na jihar Anambara, gidan telebijin na Najeriya wato (NTA). === Gidajen Jaridu === * Fides Communications * [[National Light]] * Orient Daily ===Gidajen Rediyon FM=== * 88.5 ABS(Anambra Broadcasting Service) * 94.1 UNIZIK FM (Nnamdi Azikiwe University) * 95.7 Rhythm FM (Silverbird) * 102.5 Purity FM (Radio Nigeria) === Gidajen Telebijin === * Channel 5 NTA Awka * Channel 27 ABS (Anambra Broadcasting Service) * Channel 39 Silverbird TV Awka == Cinikayya == === Kasuwannin Gargajiya === Awka kamar kowacce gari tana da kasuwanninta na gargajiya inda ake samun kusan komai kaman kayan abinci, kayan sakawa, kayan kwalliya da makamantan su. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Awka}} [[Category:Biranen Najeriya]] 2vaxedwxnqp0afeapz0zax2wxpabioe 0 8696 882934 780986 2026-07-14T15:28:37Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 882934 wikitext text/x-wiki Afrilu Phaedra Douglas "Kim" Campbell (an haife ta a ranar 10 ga Maris, 1947) 'yar siyasar Kanada ce wacce ta kasance Firayim Minista na 19 na Kanada daga Yuni zuwa Nuwamban shekarar 1993. Campbell ita ce Firayim Minista ta farko kuma ita kaɗai ce mace a Kanada. Kafin ta zama Firayim Minista na karshe na Progressive Conservative (PC), ita ce kuma mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan shari'a a tarihin Kanada kuma mace ta fara zama Ministan Tsaro a cikin memba na NATO.[1] An fara zabar Campbell a Majalisar Dokokin British Columbia a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Social Credit Party ta British Columbia a shekarar 1986 kafin a zabe shi a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kanada a matsayin PC a shekarar 1988. A karkashin Firayim Minista [[Brian Mulroney]], ta rike mukamai da yawa na majalisa ciki har da Ministan shari'a da babban lauya, Ministan Harkokin Tsohon Sojoji da Ministan Tsaro na Kasa daga 1990 zuwa 1993. Campbell ya zama sabon Firayim Minista a watan Yunin 1993 bayan Mulroney ya yi murabus bayan raguwar shahara. A cikin Zaben tarayya na Kanada na 1993 a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, an kashe 'yan Conservative, sun rasa dukkan kujeru sai dai biyu daga mafi rinjaye na baya, tare da Campbell ta rasa nata. Matsayinta na kwanaki 132 shine na uku mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihin Kanada. {{Efn|See [[List of prime ministers of Canada]]. The two prime ministers with shorter times in office were [[Charles Tupper]] in 1896 and [[John Turner]] in 1984. [[Arthur Meighen]] also served a shorter time in 1926, but his total time was longer including his first term in 1920–1921.}} Campbell kuma shine jariri na farko da ya rike mukamin, da kuma Firayim Minista daya tilo da aka haifa a [[British Columbia]]. Ta kasance shugabar kwamitin ba da shawara na Kotun Koli ta Kanada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2, 2016 |title=Kim Campbell to chair Supreme Court advisory board |url=http://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/kim-campbell-to-chair-supreme-court-advisory-board/ |website=[[Maclean's]] |agency=[[The Canadian Press]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Campbell a Port Alberni, British Columbia, 'yar Phyllis "Lissa" Margaret (née Cook; 1923-2013) da George Thomas Campbell (1920-2002), lauya wanda ya yi aiki tare da Seaforth Highlanders na Kanada a Italiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 19, 2021 |title=Biographical notes: Independent Advisory Board members |url=https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/backgrounders/2021/02/19/biographical-notes-independent-advisory-board-members |access-date=January 20, 2022 |website=Prime Minister of Canada}}</ref> An haifi mahaifinta ne a [[Montréal|Montreal]], ga iyayen Scotland daga [[Glasgow]]. Yayinda take cikin shekarunta, Campbell da iyalinta sun koma [[Vancouver]]. Campbell na ɗaya daga cikin masu karɓar bakuncin biyar da manema labarai a shirin yara na CBC Junior Television Club, wanda aka watsa a watan Mayu da Yuni na shekara ta 1957. Mahaifiyarta ta tafi lokacin da Campbell ke da shekaru 12, ta bar Kim da 'yar'uwarta Alix su kasance ta wurin mahaifin su. Yayinda take matashiya, Campbell ta ba kanta lakabi da Kim. A Vancouver, Campbell ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Prince of Wales kuma ta kasance babban ɗalibi. Ta zama shugabar dalibai ta farko a makarantar, kuma ta kammala a shekarar 1964. == Jami'a da farkon aiki == Campbell ta sami digirin girmamawa na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar British Columbia, inda ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1969. Ta kasance mai himma a gwamnatin ɗalibai kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar mata ta farko a makarantar ajin farko. Daga nan ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a wannan makarantar, don cancantar karatun digiri na uku. [ba a fayyace ba] Campbell ta shiga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta [[Landan|London]] a shekarar 1970 don yin karatu don samun digiri na uku a gwamnatin Soviet kuma ta shafe watanni uku tana yawon shakatawa a [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] daga Afrilu zuwa Yuni 1972. Ta shafe shekaru da yawa tana nazarin harshen Rashanci kuma ta yi ikirarin cewa tana da ƙwarewa sosai,[1] kodayake lokacin da wani ɗan jarida ya nemi ta yi wa Boris Yeltsin wasu kalmomi na maraba a lokacin ziyararsa zuwa Kanada a 1993, ba za ta iya ba kuma za ta iya cewa "Sannu Mr. Yeltsin" ne kawai.[2] Campbell a ƙarshe ta bar karatun digiri na uku, ta koma zaune a Vancouver bayan ta auri Nathan Divinsky, abokin aikinta na dogon lokaci, a 1972. Ta sami digiri na LL.B. daga Jami'ar British Columbia a shekarar 1983. An kira ta zuwa Lauyan British Columbia a shekarar 1984, kuma ta yi aikin lauya a Vancouver har zuwa shekarar 1986. == Iyali da farkon aikin siyasa == A lokacin aurenta da Divinsky, Campbell ta ba da lacca na ɗan lokaci a kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar British Columbia da kuma Kwalejin Jama'a ta Vancouver. Yayinda take halartar makarantar shari'a, ta shiga siyasa a matsayin mai kula da Hukumar Makarantar Vancouver, ta zama, a 1983, shugaban wannan kwamitin kuma ta yi aiki a 1984 a matsayin mataimakin shugabanta. Ta taɓa yi iƙirarin cewa ta gaya wa hukumar ta "daidaita", kodayake wasu sun yi zargin cewa ta ce "ta yi watsi da ita". Gabaɗaya, ta kasance mai kula da ita daga 1980 zuwa 1984. Campbell da Divinsky sun sake aure a 1983, kuma Campbell ta auri Howard Eddy a 1986, auren da ya kasance har zuwa jim kadan kafin ta zama Firayim Minista. Campbell shine Firayim Minista na biyu na Kanada da aka sake shi, bayan Pierre Trudeau . Ta ɗan yi jima'i da Gregory Lekhtman, wanda ya kirkiro Exerlopers, a lokacin da take Firayim Minista, amma dangantakar ta kasance mai zaman kanta kuma ba ta haɗa shi cikin yakin neman zabe na 1993 ba. A halin yanzu ta auri Hershey Felder, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙi, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na kide-kide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 19, 2021 |title=Biographical notes: Independent Advisory Board members |url=https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/backgrounders/2021/02/19/biographical-notes-independent-advisory-board-members |access-date=January 20, 2022 |website=Prime Minister of Canada}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2022, ta zauna a wajen Florence, Italiya. == Siyasa ta lardin == === Ƙoƙarin da aka yi wa majalisar dokoki === A cikin Zaben lardin British Columbia na 1983, Campbell da magajin garin Vancouver na gaba Philip Owen sun yi hamayya da gundumar zaɓe mai mambobi biyu na Cibiyar Vancouver a matsayin 'yan takarar jam'iyyar British Columbia Social Credit Party. Sun yi hasara sosai, kowannensu ya sami kasa da kuri'u 12,500 a kan kusan kuri'u 19,000 na kowane daga cikin masu mulki na NDP, tsohon ministan NDP Gary Lauk da kuma mai magana da yawun nan gaba Emery Barnes. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] h7hc0b3z6sk5aavm15dktvhk2qe9fsw 0 10996 883173 647849 2026-07-15T06:29:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:08-08-01_Fløyen_utsikt.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bergen.]] '''Bergen''' birni ne, da ke a yankin Yammacin Nowe, a ƙasar [[Nowe]]. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2018, jimilar mutane 280,216. An gina birnin Bergen a karni na sha ɗaya bayan haifuwan Annabi Issa.<ref>https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/aar-berekna/2018-12-18</ref><ref>https://ugeo.urbistat.com/AdminStat/en/no/demografia/popolazione/bergen/20461503/4</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bergen.kommune.no/english/about-the-city-of-bergen/about-the-city-of-bergen |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-26 |archive-date=2025-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626230501/https://www.bergen.kommune.no/english/about-the-city-of-bergen/about-the-city-of-bergen |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.citypopulation.de/en/norway/vestland/4601__bergen/</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Loevstakkens.jpg|Rundunar Mafarauta na Foliage File:Bergen-Drone-20160728-4.jpg|Birnin File:Leif_Larsen_Bergen.jpg|Mutum-Mutumin Leif Larsen "Shetlands-Larsen" File:Bergenhus_Fortress_Bergen_Norway_2009_1_HDR.JPG|Bergen, Norway File:Bergen_city_centre_April4_09.jpg|Birnin na daya daga cikin manyan biranen ƙasar Norway File:Ludvig-Holberg-Denkmal.jpg|Mutum-mutumin Ludvig Holberg File:Troldhaugen_in_Bergen.jpg|Troldhaugen in Bergen File:BergenHordalandNorwayVagen.jpg|Bergen daga tsakanin 1890 zuwa 1905 File:Fridomsstriden.JPG|Memorial of the fallen denizens of Åsane during World War II </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Bergen}} [[Category:Biranen Nowe]] 4nx074ghkl6v8832tjdn1lvltwcrl6v 0 11034 883100 880900 2026-07-14T21:57:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:General Post Office Awka, Awka South, Awka South.jpg|thumb|hoton karamar hulumar auta]] {{Stub}} '''Awka ta Kudu''' wata [[Ƙaramar hukuma|Ƙaramar Hukuma]] ce dake cikin Jihar [[Anambra]], a [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]]. Ƙaramar hukumar ta ƙunshi garuruwa tara (9), wato Amawbia, Awka, Ezinato, Isiagu, Mbaukwu, Nibo, Nise, Okpuno da Umuawulu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Postcodes.NG - Rural Areas in Awka South L.G.A. |url=http://postcodes.naijaz.com/directory/states/anambra/lgas/awka-south/ruralAreas |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=postcodes.naijaz.com |archive-date=2025-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629101714/http://postcodes.naijaz.com/directory/states/anambra/lgas/awka-south/ruralAreas |url-status=dead }}</ref> Awka ta Kudu tana ƙarƙashin [[Majalisar dattawa ta arewacin Anambra|mazabar sanatoci ta Anambra ta Arewa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anambra Senatorial Districts |url=https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Centre for Community and Rural Development |language=en-US}}</ref> Akwai manyan tituna uku da suka ratsa yankin, waɗanda suka haɗa da Zik Avenue, Works Road da Arthur Eze Avenue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OBI CONTINUES TO MAKE IMPACT IN AWKA |url=http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/blog/obi-continues-to-make-impact-in-awka/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |archive-date=2023-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005001637/http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/blog/obi-continues-to-make-impact-in-awka/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A da, mutanen Awka ta Kudu sun shahara sosai wajen sana’ar ƙira da sarrafa ƙarfe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Headliners |date=2022-01-02 |title=Build blacksmith village in Awka, Monarch tells Anambra, Federal govts {{!}} Nigeria News Headlines Today |url=https://www.newsheadlines.com.ng/vanguard-newspaper/2022/01/02/build-blacksmith-village-in-awka-monarch-tells-anambra-federal-govts/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929105611/https://www.newsheadlines.com.ng/vanguard-newspaper/2022/01/02/build-blacksmith-village-in-awka-monarch-tells-anambra-federal-govts/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A yau kuma ana girmama su a tsakanin al’ummar Igbo na Najeriya saboda ƙwarewarsu a fannoni na fasaha da kasuwanci. Bisa ƙidayar jama’a ta shekarar 2006, jimillar mutanen yankin ta kai 189,654.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> '''Awka''' wani gari ne da ke cikin Ƙaramar Hukumar Awka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Media |date=2018-04-18 |title=List Of Towns And Villages In Awka South L.G.A, Anambra State |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/list-of-towns-and-villages-in-awka-south-anambra-state/ |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=Media Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ce cibiyar gwamnatin jihar kuma tana da fitattun mutane da dama a ciki da wajen Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anambra State – SEREDEC |url=https://southeast.ng/the-region/anambra-state/ |access-date=2023-06-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-11-09 |title=List of Local Government Areas in Anambra State with Headquarters |url=https://xplorer.ng/anambra/list-of-local-government-areas-in-anambra-state-with-headquarters/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Xplorer.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> Amawbia kuma ita ce cibiyar gidan gwamnatin jihar, wato gidan gwamna da kuma gidan yarin jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ene |date=2022-08-31 |title=Towns & Villages in Akwa South « Anambra State « Nigeria. |url=https://townsvillages.com/ng/akwa-south/ |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=Towns & Villages |language=en-US}}</ref> Garin Nise yana da muhimman cibiyoyi irin su babban ofishin WAEC (West African Examinations Council) na jihar da kuma St. Paul University College. Al’ummar Isiagu wata gari ce da ke cikin Ƙaramar Hukumar Awka ta Kudu. Yankin yana daga cikin wuraren noma a jihar saboda yalwar ƙasa mai ni’ima da ta dace da noma. Ana kuma kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin garuruwan yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya (ƙasar Igbo). Al’ummar Isiagu sun taɓa samun sarakunan gargajiya guda biyu kacal zuwa yanzu. Sarkin gargajiyar yankin na yanzu shi ne Igwe Augustine Nwankwo, wanda ake kira Igwe Agu I na Isiagu. Isiagu na da makarantu firamare guda biyu da makarantar sakandare guda ɗaya. Garin ya shahara da zaman lafiya da kuma ƙarfi wajen kiyaye al’adu da gargajiyarsa, kuma har zuwa yau al’ummar Isiagu suna ci gaba da riƙe al’adunsu da gargajiyarsu. ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Awka ta Kudu}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Anambra]] amm0sucxgh7m316baesrjnupu8nk898 0 11035 882895 853761 2026-07-14T12:14:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|official_name=Anambra East|other_name=|native_name=|nickname=|settlement_type=[[Local Government Areas of Nigeria|LGA]]|motto=|image_skyline=|imagesize=|image_caption=|image_flag=|flag_size=|image_seal=|seal_size=|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|pushpin_map=|pushpin_label_position=|pushpin_mapsize=|pushpin_map_caption=|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name={{flag|Nigeria}}|subdivision_type1=[[States of Nigeria|State]]|subdivision_name1=[[Anambra State]]|subdivision_type2=Capital|subdivision_name2=|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|government_footnotes=|government_type=[[Local Government Areas of Nigeria|Local Government]]|leader_title=Local Government Chairman|leader_name=Ifeanyi Chiweze<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nigerianleaders.com/local-government-areas-anambra-state-chairmen/|title=List Of Local Government Areas In Anambra State, And Their Chairmen|date=27 September 2024}}</ref>|established_title=|established_date=|area_magnitude=|unit_pref=Metric|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=616.4|area_land_km2=|population_as_of=2022|population_footnotes=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anambra State: Subdivision |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/NGA004__anambra/|access-date=2024-02-05 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>|population_note=|population_total=659,380|population_density_km2=auto|timezone=[[West Africa Time|WAT]]|utc_offset=+1|timezone_DST=|utc_offset_DST=|coordinates={{coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}|mapframe=yes|mapframe-zoom=9|mapframe-wikidata=yes|mapframe-marker=village|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=|elevation_ft=|postal_code_type=|postal_code=|area_code=|blank_name=|blank_info=|website=|footnotes=}} {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Anambra Gabas</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[Local Government Areas of Nigeria|LGA]]</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="9" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Anambra East","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q3509614"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Anambra East"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q3509614"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[6.86283945,6.3356799],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Anambra East","marker-symbol":"village"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">Taswirar hulɗa ta Gabashin Anambra</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hanyar daidaitawa: 6°20′08′′N 6°51′46′′E / 6.3356799°N 6.86283945°E / 6.6356799; 6.86283745<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Anambra_East&params=6.3356799_N_6.86283945_E_type:city(659380)_region:NG-AN <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°20′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">6°51′46″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.3356799°N 6.86283945°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">6.3356799; 6.86283945</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Nigeria|Najeriya]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[States of Nigeria|Jiha]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Anambra State|Jihar Anambra]] |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Gwamnati<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Irin wannan&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[Local Government Areas of Nigeria|Karamar Hukumar]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Shugaban Karamar Hukumar&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Ifeanyi Chiweze <ref><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="145">[https://nigerianleaders.com/local-government-areas-anambra-state-chairmen/ "List Of Local Government Areas In Anambra State, And Their Chairmen"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="146">27 September 2024.</span></cite></ref> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yankin<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |616.4 km² (238.0 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yawan jama'a (2022) [2]<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022)<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/NGA004__anambra/ "Anambra State: Subdivision"]. </cite></ref><span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |659,380 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Ƙarƙashin jama'a&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1,070/km² (2,771/sq mi) &nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Time zone|Yankin lokaci]] | class="infobox-data" |[[UTC+1]] ([[West Africa Time|WAT]]) |} '''Anambra ta Gabas''' wata Ƙaramar Hukuma ce da ke Anambra State, a yankin tsakiyar kudancin Nigeria.<ref name=":0" /> Hedikwatarta tana garin Otuocha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-11-09 |title=List of Local Government Areas in Anambra State with Headquarters |url=https://xplorer.ng/anambra/list-of-local-government-areas-in-anambra-state-with-headquarters/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Xplorer.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> Garuruwan da suka haɗa Ƙaramar Hukumar sun haɗa da: Aguleri, Enugwu Aguleri, Eziagulu Otu Aguleri, Enugwu Otu Aguleri, Mkpunando-Otu Aguleri, Ikem Ivite, Igbariam, Umuoba Anam, Nando, Umueri, da Nsugbe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Local Government Area & Towns |url=https://anambrastate.gov.ng/local-government-communities/ |website=Anambra State Government |access-date=2026-05-29 |archive-date=2021-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017160202/https://anambrastate.gov.ng/local-government-communities/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yankin na daga cikin Babban Birnin Onitsha (Greater Onitsha Metropolis). Ƙaramar Hukumar Anambra ta Gabas tana ƙarƙashin mazabar sanatoci ta Anambra ta Tsakiya a Jihar Anambra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anambra Senatorial Districts |url=https://ccrd.unizik.edu.ng/anambra-senatorial-districts/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Centre for Community and Rural Development |language=en-US}}</ref> Bisa ƙidayar jama’a ta shekarar 2006, jimillar mutanen yankin ta kai 152,149.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> A Ƙaramar Hukumar Anambra ta Gabas, an gano dimbin albarkatun man fetur da iskar gas a bakin garin Aguleri. Shugaban ƙasa ya ƙaddamar da aikin bincike da haƙar man a yankin, kuma kamfanin 'Orient Petroleum Resources' na shirin kafa babban ofishinsa na gudanarwa tare da wani sabon rukunin gidaje a garin Aguleri. A halin yanzu, Ƙaramar Hukumar Anambra ta Gabas ta kafa tarihi bayan jirgin sama kirar <nowiki>'''Embraer ERJ 145''' na kamfanin Air Peace ya samu nasarar sauka da kuma tashi daga yankin. Haka kuma, gwamnatin Anambra State ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna mai darajar dala biliyan biyu tare da kamfanonin '''Orient Petroleum Resources''' da '''Elite International Investment Limited'''</nowiki> domin gina wani birnin filin jirgin sama na ƙasa da ƙasa a Umueri da ke Ƙaramar Hukumar Anambra ta Gabas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anambra East local government area – Channels Television |url=https://www.channelstv.com/tag/anambra-east-local-government-area/ |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Obiano Signs Two Billion Dollars Airport City MoU |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2017/04/12/obiano-signs-two-billion-dollars-airport-city-mou/ |access-date=25 November 2022 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> == Tattalin Arziki == Doya, shinkafa, rogo da ƙocoyam su ne manyan amfanin gonar da ake nomawa a Ƙaramar Hukumar Anambra ta Gabas, wadda ta shahara a fannonin noma da kasuwanci. Kasuwanni irin su Kasuwar Otuocha, New Parts Market da Kasuwar Afia Ama suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa tattalin arzikin yankin. Baya ga noma da kasuwanci, Ƙaramar Hukumar Anambra ta Gabas tana kuma da yalwar albarkatun ma’adinai, musamman bayan gano dimbin ɗanyen mai a garin Aguleri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anambra East Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/109/anambra-east |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> == Yanayi == Ƙaramar Hukumar Anambra ta Gabas na da matsakaicin zafin jiki da ya kai digiri 27.5 a ma’aunin Celsius (81.5 °F), tare da matsakaicin danshin iska na kashi 79 cikin 100. Yankin na da manyan yanayi biyu, wato lokacin rani wanda ke gudana daga watan Nuwamba zuwa Maris, da kuma lokacin damina wanda yake daga watan Afrilu zuwa Oktoba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anambra East Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/109/anambra-east |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> == Shahararrun mutane a Anambra ta Gabas == * [[Willie Obiano]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anambra State Governor |url=https://www.nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/568-anambra-state-governor |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=www.nggovernorsforum.org |archive-date=14 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260314230528/https://nggovernorsforum.org/index.php/the-ngf/governors/568-anambra-state-governor |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Tony Nwoye]] * Emeka Idu * HRM Igwe Benneth Izuchukwu Emeka == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Kananan hukumomin jihar Anambra]] kern9h3l8qy3ux13b5t6qjwcvbg8nc7 0 11082 882902 814184 2026-07-14T13:18:21Z Ammarpad 4826 - 882902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Muhammadu Inuwa Yahaya''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan [[Oktoba]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.voahausa.com/amp/manuniya-batun-kudin-da-aka-ce-yan-majalisar-najeriya-ke-samu-oktoba-20-2024/7318926.html&ved=2ahUKEwj988iH9PaGAxVpX_EDHaOsAb0QyM8BKAB6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw3ZjbJTPcUOiqDfPkQOAmUZ</nowiki></ref>, a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da sittin da ɗaya, 1961)<ref>https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=5cdf3e006abedfeeJmltdHM9MTcxOTAxNDQwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTIyOA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&psq=Alhaji+Muhammadu+Inuwa+Yahaya+biography&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9wb2xpdGljaWFuc2RhdGEuY29tL2NvbnRlbnQvbXVoYW1tYWQtaW51d2EteWFoYXlhLw&ntb=1</ref> [[ɗan Nijeriya|Dan kasar Najeriya]] ne, [[Ɗan kasuwa|Dan kasuwa]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cx7l9925de2o.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiWru3O9PaGAxVpQUEAHbOnBeQQyM8BKAB6BAgMEAI&usg=AOvVaw0CDqBUZoAJ4auqFshjWUYO</nowiki></ref>, kuma [[ɗan siyasa|Dan siyasa]]. Yana riƙe da muƙamin gwamnan [[Jihar Gombe]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://dailynigerian.com/low-rainfall-forces-gombe/&ved=2ahUKEwiunpis9PaGAxXVRPEDHZ8WCzAQxfQBKAB6BAgNEAI&usg=AOvVaw27FMzYM3puOixfqOK9Fet3</nowiki></ref> wanda aka zaɓa a ranar 9 ga watan Maris a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha tara, 2019 ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressive Congress]] (APC).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-inec-declares-apcs-inuwa-yahaya-gombe-gov-elect/|title=INEC declares APC’s Inuwa Yahaya Gombe Gov-elect|last=Published|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Farkon Rayuwa== An haifi Muhammadu Inuwa Yahaya a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da sittin da ɗaya (1961) a anguwar Jekadafari, a garin [[Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]]. Mahaifinsa, Alhaji Yahaya Umaru, shahararren ɗan kasuwa ne a garin [[Gombe]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/brief-biography-of-gombe-state-governor-elect.html|title=Brief biography of Gombe State Governor-Elect|date=2019-03-19|website=Daily Trust|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-16|archive-date=2019-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320220737/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/brief-biography-of-gombe-state-governor-elect.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Karatu== Bayan kammala karatun sa na firamare da sakandare, Muhammadu Inuwa yasamu gurbin cigaba da karatu a babban makarantar gaba da sakandare a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Zaria]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/06/21/abu-zaria-honours-apitainment-ceo-with-distinguished-personality-award/&ved=2ahUKEwji4c3q9PaGAxXwXUEAHeh8B2UQxfQBKAB6BAgSEAI&usg=AOvVaw0LOhdutn5Qtd-GGtbLIy5s</nowiki></ref>, inda ya karanta lissafi na kuɗi (''Accounting'') a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da uku, 1983.<ref name=":0" /> Ya samu shaidar Bachelor's degree.<ref>https://dailytrust.com/brief-biography-of-gombe-state-governor-elect/</ref> ==Siyasa== Alhaji Muhammadu Inuwa Yahaya ya tsunduma cikin siyasa a shekara ta dubu biyu da uku, 2003. Amma ya yi suna ne a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyar (2015), inda ya zama ɗan takarar gwamna a jam'iyar [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressive Congress]] (APC) na jihar Gombe. A ɗaya ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwas (2018) ya sake lashe zaɓen cikin gidan jam'iyar [[All Progressives Congress|All Progressive Congress]] (APC), a karo na biyu dan yin takarar gwamnan [[Jihar Gombe]] a babban zaɓen Najeriya na shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha tara, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/10/01/apc-votes-yahaya-as-gombe-guber-candidate/|title=APC Votes Yahaya as Gombe Guber Candidate|last=editor|date=2018-10-01|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/165816/|title=Gombe 2019: The game changers|date=2018-09-25|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-16|archive-date=2019-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616132904/https://tribuneonlineng.com/165816/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alhaji Muhammadu Inuwa Yahaya yayi nasara a zaɓen shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha tara 2019 wanda ya gudana ranan 9 ga watan Maris, shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha tara, 2019. Ya samu adadin ƙuri'u 364,179, inda ya buge abokin takararsa na jam'iyar [[Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP), Sen. [[Usman Bayero Nafada]] wanda yasamu tashi adadin ƙuri'un 222,868.<ref>https://dailytrust.com/brief-biography-of-gombe-state-governor-elect/</ref> [[Fayil:Governor Muhammadu Inuwa Yahya.jpg|thumb|Muhammad Inuwa Yahaya]] Yanzu haka gomna ne a jihar Gombe. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yahaya, Muhammad Inuwa}} 707o3mca72ol1tazyowocshbrkeepa3 0 16346 883166 707342 2026-07-15T05:37:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bella Awa Gassama''' yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ƴar ƙasar [[Gambiya]]. == Tarihin rayuwa == Gassama ita ce ƴar'uwar sanannen alkalin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa nan Bakary "Papa" Gassama Ta kammala karatun ta na O a matakin kimiyya a makarantar Marina ta Duniya a 2004. Ta yi fim dinta na farko a wannan shekarar, a cikin ''Arrou (Rigakafin)''. An nuna fim din a bikin nuna finafinai na Pan-Afirka a Los Angeles, kuma an zabi Gassama a matsayin ta na Jarumar da ta fi dacewa a Matsayin Tallafawa a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na [[Afirka]] na Fim na 2. An kuma zaba ta a matsayin fitacciyar ‘yar wasan Gambiya a bikin fim din Vinasha.<ref name=standard/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wally |first1=Omar |title=Gambia: 'The Mirror Boy' Launched in Gambia |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201106062042.html |accessdate=16 October 2020 |work=[[The Daily Observer]] |date=6 June 2011}}</ref> Ta kammala takaddun ta na Certified Accounting Technician (CAT) a Jollof Tutors College a 2008. Haka kuma a shekara ta 2008, Gassama ta fara fitowa a fim dinta na farko a Najeriya, ''My Gambian Holiday'' tare da Desmond Elliot da [[Oge Okoye]]. Tana da rawar tallafi a cikin fim ɗin fim mai suna ''Mirror Boy'' tare da Fatima Jabbe da [[Genevieve Nnaji]]. A shekara ta 2012, Gassama ta kammala karatun banki da hada-hadar kudi a Kwalejin Task Crown.<ref name=standard>{{cite news |title=Introducing (Bella Awa Gassama) |url=https://standard.gm/introducing-bella-awa-gassama/ |accessdate=16 October 2020 |work=The Standard |date=5 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Obi |first1=Ikenna |title=THE SOUL premiers: 26th of April 2014 at the LightHouse in Camberwell. |url=https://www.fabafriq.com/articles/the-soul-premiere |website=FabAfriq |accessdate=16 October 2020 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928204622/https://www.fabafriq.com/articles/the-soul-premiere |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gassama ta taka rawa a fim din Sidy Diallo na 2014 ''The Soul'' . An tsayar da ita ne a matsayin Jarumi Mai Tallafawa a Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fim na Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |title=ZAFFA Unveils 2014 Nominees |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/meet-the-nominees-zaffa-unveils-2014-nominees/8xx1fhl |website=Pulse |accessdate=16 October 2020 |date=25 August 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222022538/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/meet-the-nominees-zaffa-unveils-2014-nominees/8xx1fhl |url-status=dead }}</ref> She starred in the 2019 TV series ''Nakala''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Come and get it! Bella Gassama shows some leg in promo photo |url=http://whatson-gambia.com/index.php/news/510-come-and-get-it-bella-gassama-shows-some-leg-in-promo-photo |website=What's On Gambia |accessdate=16 October 2020 |date=30 November 2019 |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017220901/http://whatson-gambia.com/index.php/news/510-come-and-get-it-bella-gassama-shows-some-leg-in-promo-photo |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta yi fice a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na 2019 ''Nakala'' . A watan Nuwamba na 2019, Gasstaa ya auri Ba'amurke mai fafutukar siyasa ta yanar gizo Pa Lie Low.<ref>{{cite web |title=Congratulations! Nollywood Actress Bella Gassama gets married to US-based Pa Lie Low |url=http://www.whatson-gambia.com/index.php/news/596-congratulations-nollywood-actress-bella-gassama-gets-married-to-us-based-pa-lie-low |website=What's On Gambia |accessdate=16 October 2020 |date=30 November 2019 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020015716/http://www.whatson-gambia.com/index.php/news/596-congratulations-nollywood-actress-bella-gassama-gets-married-to-us-based-pa-lie-low |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Wasu Fina-finai == * 2004: ''Arrou (Rigakafin)'' * 2008: ''Hutun Gambiya na'' * 2011: ''Madubin Yaro'' * 2013: ''Ba daidai ba'' * 2014: ''Kurwa'' * 2019: ''Nakala'' (jerin talabijin) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [[imdbname:4501374|Awa Gassama]] a [[IMDb|Database na Fim ɗin Intanet]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1980]] qmz5jbp82z33ztq2kpv8w7geil0ax34 0 16386 882900 879760 2026-07-14T13:16:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Andy Amadi Okoroafor''' listen ⓘ fitaccen [[Filmmaker|mai shirya fina-finai]] ne na Najeriya kuma mai magana da yawun TED. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor: Director, screenwriter |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4f4b952e049c8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128034515/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4f4b952e049c8 |archive-date=November 28, 2021 |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> Shi ne ya fi shahara a matsayin daraktan fim ɗin 2010 ''Relentless'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/andy_amadi_okoroafor |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> Baya ga shugabanci, shi ma marubuci ne, furodusa kuma daraktan fasaha. Shi ne wanda ya kafa ɗakin studio mai ƙirƙira 'Clam'. == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haife shi a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 1966 a [[Bauchi (birni)|Bauchi]], Arewacin Najeriya. Yana da shekara ɗaya lokacin da yaƙin ya ɓarke a Biafra. Daga baya ya koma Paris, Faransa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan fasaha a fannin talla, bidiyon salon zamani da kiɗa. Shi ma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na TED. <ref name="ted">{{Cite web |title=Fellows Friday with Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=TED}}</ref> == Sana'a == A Faransa, Okoroafor ya shafe shekaru biyar yana shirya bidiyon kiɗa da kuma hotunansu, tun daga murfin kundin waƙoƙi har zuwa bidiyon kiɗa. Ya kafa ɗakin zane mai suna 'Clam' da kuma 'Mujallar Clam' a shekarar 1999. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PASS in Paris: Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://panafricanspacestation.org.za/pass-in-paris-profile-andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=Pan African Space Station |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613203712/https://panafricanspacestation.org.za/pass-in-paris-profile-andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana buga mujallar sau biyu a shekara a Japan, Amurka, Turai, da Brazil. <ref name="ted2">{{Cite web |title=Fellows Friday with Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=TED}}</ref> A bikin baje kolin 2017, ya jagoranci shirin ''Never Surrender'', a M. Bassy da ke Hamburg, Jamus. Shirin ya haɗa da ɗaukar hoto da shigarwa bidiyo a cikin shirin, ''More Aphrike'' . Tare da shirin, ya yi aiki tare da abokin aikinsa mai ɗaukar hoto kuma mai shirya fina-finai, Andrew Dosunmu. <ref name="Andy Amadi Okoroafor">{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=African Filmny}}</ref> A shekarar 2010, Okoroafor ya yi fim ɗin ''Relentless'', fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor. Relentless. 2010. 95 min. With Gideon Okeke, Nneka Egbuna, and Jimmy Jean-Louis. France and Nigeria. English. Clam Films. No price reported. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/andy-amadi-okoroafor-relentless-2010-95-min-with-gideon-okeke-nneka-egbuna-and-jimmy-jeanlouis-france-and-nigeria-english-clam-films-no-price-reported/AF4AE386A7D6EEE44E781FFB6953395A |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=African Studies Review}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na 2010, an zaɓi fim ɗin don bikin fina-finai na London, kuma an nuna shi a ranar 6 ga Disamba na 2010 a [[Africa International Film Festival|bikin fina-finai na Afirka na duniya]] da aka yi a [[Port Harcourt]] a karon farko a Afirka. [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==Manazarta == Rayuwarta == . <ref name="ted"/>An haife shi a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 1966 a Bauchi, Arewacin Najeriya. Yana da shekara ɗaya a duniya lokacin da yaƙin Biafra ya fara. Daga baya ya koma Paris a ƙasar Faransa, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin daraktan fasaha a fannonin talla, kayan kwalliya (fashion), da bidiyon waƙoƙi. Haka kuma shi memba ne na shirin TED-Fellow. pvcet7a40cz6264wty2cufmnotx97p0 0 16388 883053 274146 2026-07-14T19:03:36Z Usman saadu 46863 883053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shyaka Kagame''' (haihuwa 1983), ɗan kasar [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da [[Switzerland]] ne kuma mai shirya fina-finai. Ya kasance sananne sosai a matsayin daraktan da ake yaba masa Dan fim dinsa na ''Bounty'' . == Rayuwar mutum == An haife shi a shekara ta 1983 a Geneva, Switzerland ga iyaye yan asalin Rwanda. == Ayyuka == Kafin shiga sinima, ya karanci kimiyyar siyasa. A shekarar 2009, Kagame ya fara aikin fim dinsa a matsayin mataimakin darakta a fim din Geneva Frédéric Baillif. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2017, Kagame ya fara gabatar da darajarsa ta ''Bounty'' . Fim ɗin ya sami yabo sosai kuma an nuna shi a bukukuwan fim da yawa. Takaddun shirin na musamman ne saboda rashin sautin murya, hira ko fuskokin kyamara. Fim ɗin yana magana ne da tambayoyi game da asalin baƙar fata Afro – Switzerland. == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayi ! Nau'i ! Ref. |- | 2011 | ''Muminai: Wanene Baya?'' | Mataimakin Darakta | Takardar bayani | |- | 2017 | ''Kyauta'' | Darakta | Takardar bayani | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Shyaka Kagame on IMDb [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1983]] kolyi8dsi3d5azmweovf0hhfnww0pwk 0 18092 882940 774144 2026-07-14T15:34:34Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 882940 wikitext text/x-wiki Ahmed Ben Bella (Larabci: أحمد بن بلّة, an fassara shi da roman: Aḥmad bin Billah; 25 Disamba 1916 - 11 Afrilu 2012) ɗan siyasa ne na Algeria, soja kuma mai juyin juya hali wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban gwamnatin Algeria daga 27 Satumba 1962 zuwa 15 Satumba 1963 sannan kuma shugaban farko na Algeria daga 15 Satumba 1963 har zuwa juyin mulkinsa a ranar 19 Yuni 1965. Ben Bella ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin yakin neman 'yancin [[Aljeriya]] da Faransa, inda ya jagoranci National Liberation Front (FLN), inda ya shirya jigilar makamai na kasashen waje da kuma daidaita dabarun siyasa daga Alkahira. Duk da cewa bai kasance a Aljeriya ba, hukumomin Faransa sun yi ƙoƙari su kashe shi sau da yawa. Da zarar Aljeriya ta sami 'yancin kai a 1962, Kungiyar Oujda ta Ben Bella ta kwace mulki daga Gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Benyoucef Benkhedda, kuma Ben Bella ya zama Firayim Minista na Aljeriya tare da Ferhat Abbas a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban kasa. Ben Bella ya gaji Ferhat Abbas a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1963 bayan da ya yi saurin ya rabu da shi, kuma an zabe shi shugaban kasa bayan ya lashe zaben da kashi 99.6 cikin dari na kuri'un. Ben Bella ya bi manufofin gurguzu na Larabawa da na Larabawa kuma ya zo ya bayyana kansa a matsayin Nasserist. Ya kafa masana'antu da yawa kuma ya kafa kyakkyawar dangantaka da sauran jihohin Larabawa masu adawa da Zionist da jihohin hagu kamar [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]'s Egypt da Fidel Castro's Cuba. Ya gamu da rikice-rikicen siyasa a lokacin shugabancinsa, kuma ya fuskanci rikice-rikice na kan iyaka a cikin Sand War da Morocco a 1963 da kuma tawaye da Socialist Forces Front ta yi a kan mulkinsa a 1963-1964. An kore shi daga mulki kuma an tsare shi a gida bayan juyin mulki da Ministan Tsaro [[Houari Boumédiène|Houari Boumédiéne]] ya yi a shekarar 1965. An sake shi daga tsare-tsare a gidan a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 1980 kuma ya mutu a shekarar 2012. An haifi Ahmed Ben Bella a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba 1916 a cikin garin Maghnia . Mahaifinsa manomi ne kuma ɗan kasuwa ne. Yana da 'yan'uwa maza huɗu da mata biyu. Babban ɗan'uwansa ya mutu daga raunukan da ya samu a [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]], a lokacin da ya yi yaƙi don Faransa. Wani ɗan'uwa ya mutu daga rashin lafiya kuma na uku ya ɓace a Faransa a 1940, a lokacin rikici na nasarar Nazi. == Hidima tare da Sojojin Faransa == Ben Bella ya fara ba da kansa don yin hidima a cikin Sojojin Faransa a 1936. Sojoji na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hanyoyin ci gaba ga Aljeriyawa a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka kuma shiga cikin son rai ya zama ruwan dare. An tura shi [[Marseille]], ya buga wasan tsakiya na tsakiya na Olympique de Marseille a 1939-1940. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-04-11 |title=Mort de Ben Bella, héros de l'indépendance algérienne |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2012/04/11/ben-bella-heros-de-l-independance-algerienne_1684031_3382.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111192535/https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2012/04/11/ben-bella-heros-de-l-independance-algerienne_1684031_3382.html |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=2023-05-01 |work=Le Monde.fr |language=fr}}</ref> Abinda kawai ya buga wa kulob din ya kasance a wasan da ya yi da FC Antibes a gasar cin Kofin Faransa a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1940 a Cannes, a lokacin da ya zira kwallaye. Jami'an kulob din sun ba shi matsayi na kwararru a cikin tawagar, amma ya ki amincewa da tayin. Ya kuma buga wa IRB Maghnia wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2007 |title=Jubilé Cherfaoui Ali à Maghnia Un hommage mérité |url=http://www.vitaminedz.com/jubile-cherfaoui-ali-a-maghnia-un-hommage-merite/Articles_15688_19073_31_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324115304/http://www.vitaminedz.com/jubile-cherfaoui-ali-a-maghnia-un-hommage-merite/Articles_15688_19073_31_1.html |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=12 April 2012 |publisher=Vitaminedz |language=fr}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] klwuqa66wm72ove7uvuh303ybnm87uv 0 19318 883054 508308 2026-07-14T19:05:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Artiglio.jpg|thumb|artigilo jirgin ruwa]] [[Fayil:ArtiglioOrPlymouth.jpg|thumb|Lokacin yiwa artihlio plyomouth]] '''''Artiglio''''' ("Talon") wani steamship amfani da wani salvage jirgin da shipping kamfanin SO. RI. MA. (Society for Maritime Recovery) na [[Genoa]], wanda aka kafa a 1926 ta Commendatore Giovanni Quaglia . ''A lokacin rashinta'' a cikin 1930, Artiglio shi ne jirgi mai ceto na zamani a duniya.<ref name="Bozzo">{{cite web|url=http://www.agenziabozzo.it/vecchie_navi/B-Vapore/Navi_1850-1950_B018_Navi_recupero_ARTIGLIO_e_RAFFIO_davanti_al_porto_di_Camogli_1926.htm|title=Piroscafo Artiglio e Raffio - davanti a Camogli 1928|trans-title= Steamship ''Artiglio'' and ''Raffio'' - in Camogli 1928|publisher=Agenzia Immobiliare Bozzo|language=it|access-date=16 October 2012}} This page incorrectly states that the explosion of the ''Florence H.'' was caused by recovery work on the ''Egypt''.</ref><ref name="Time 1">{{cite journal|journal=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740833,00.html|date=22 December 1930|title=ITALY: Artiglio|access-date=14 October 2012|archive-date=14 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814051219/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740833,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gina ''Artiglio'' [[Glasgow|a Glasgow]] a cikin shekarar 1906. Da farko an sanya masa suna ''Macbeth'' sannan daga baya aka kira shi ''Ideale''.<ref name="Bozzo"/> A da flagship na karamin rundunar wanda ya hada da Rostro, ''Raffio'' da ''Arpione,'' outfitted a twenties da kuma amfani ga dawo da sunken jiragen ruwa ya fi a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|yakin duniya na farko]] da kuma bayan da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], da kuma crewed da wani rukuni na gogaggen iri iri . Jirgin ruwan sanye yake da kayan aiki na zamani da kuma na gaba a lokacin, godiya ga kwazon mai gidanta wanda ya sayi rigar ruwa ta farko ta zamani da aiki, da kuma kirkirar Alberto Gianni, wanda aka san shi da ƙirƙirar "torretta butoscopica", wurin bincike. ana amfani dasu don dawo dasu a zurfin zurfi, sannan har yanzu yana da haɗari ga masu yawa tare da kayan aikin gargajiya.<ref name="Ulderico">{{cite book|last=Tegani |first=Ulderico |title=Viaggi nel mondo sommerso |trans-title=Travel in the underwater world |language=it |publisher=[[Mondadori]] |location=[[Milan]] |year=1931 |url=http://www.okeanos.it/storia/hds_agianni.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012170817/http://www.okeanos.it/storia/hds_agianni.htm |archive-date=2008-10-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Seventy Fathoms Deep|first=David|last=Scott|publisher=[[Faber & Faber Limited]]|location=[[London]]|year=1931}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Egypt gold|first=David|last=Scott|publisher=Faber & Faber|location=London|year=1932}}</ref> ''Musamman Artiglio ya'' sami kulawa sosai a cikin labaran duniya yayin da aka aika shi, a madadin Lloyd na Landan, zuwa [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] da ke gefen Brest, Faransa, don neman jirgin ruwan teku, ya tashi da tutar Burtaniya, ɗauke da kaya masu daraja waɗanda suka ƙunshi tsabar kuɗi da zinare na zinariya don bankunan [[Indiya]], sannan har yanzu mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Biyo bayan gazawar abubuwa da yawa daga wasu manyan kamfanoni na Ingilishi da Yaren mutanen Holland, an ba da kwangilar bincike da farfadowa ga SO. RI. MA. na Genoa. Shugaban da ke karkatar da ruwa Alberto Gianni shi ne ke jagorantar ayyukan. An gano tarkacen jirgin na ''Masar'' a ranar 29 ga Agusta 1930 a zurfin -130m amma mummunan yanayin hunturu ya tilasta dage farfadowar zuwa bazara mai zuwa. A halin yanzu, an aika ''Artiglio'' zuwa tsibirin Belle Île, a arewa maso yammacin [[Faransa]], don dawo da jirgin Florence H, wanda ya nitse a cikin 1917, ɗauke da tarin abubuwa masu fashewa, a gaban tashar jirgin da ke hana hanyar wucewa. A lokacin rushewar ''Florence H.'', an yi kuskuren ɗauka cewa fashewar, nutsar da fiye da shekaru 13, ba ta da amsa. A ranar 8 ga Disamba 1930, sakamakon cajin rusau, yawan biya a cikin jirgin shima ya fashe. ''Artiglio'', wanda aka kafa ta kuskuren kuskure na kimantawa a wata tazarar da ba ta isa ba, fashewar ta lalata kuma ta nitse a cikin Bay of Biscay tsakanin Belle Île da Houat, Morbihan, Faransa. Ma’aikatan jirgin 12 suka mutu a cikin hatsarin, hada da Alberto Gianni iri iri, Aristide Franceschi, da Alberto Bargellini, dukkansu daga Viareggio, da kwamandan jirgin, Kyaftin Bertolotto di Camogli. Wadanda suka tsira sun sami ceto daga ''Rostro'' . == ''Artiglio na II'' == Don dawo da dukiyar ''Masar'', Commendatore Quaglia da sauri ya sanya jirgi na biyu, wanda asalinsa aka ba shi suna ''Maurétanie'', kuma aka sake masa suna da ''Artiglio II'' ; ya kasance, duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba ake kira "Artiglio". Tare da wannan jirgin, wanda aka gyara da kuma dawo dashi ta ma'aikatan SO. RI. ''MA., Galibi'' sanye take da kayan da aka kwato daga Artiglio, saboda abubuwan kirkira da tsarawar da Alberto Gianni ya bari, kuma a gaban manyan hadayu a ɓangaren ma'aikata a cikin ruwan guguwa da ke gabar Brest, duk dukiyar ''Masar.'' a ƙarshe an dawo da su, galibi sun yi tsabar kudi, sanduna da zinare gwal gami da sanduna na azurfa da yawa. Saukewarwar ya faru ne a zurfin da ake ganin ba zai yiwu a kai shi a lokacin ba daga wasu masu ruwa da tsaki, wadanda suka yi amfani da shahararriyar "torretta butoscopica" da Gianni ta kirkira, ya sauka zuwa -130 mita, don jagorantar aikin ''guga da ake'' sarrafawa a cikin Artiglio. Wannan taron ya kawo babbar daraja ga [[Italiya]], nasarar da shugabannin ƙasashe da gwamnatocin lokacin suke yabawa a duk duniya. An aika da sakon taya murna daga ko'ina cikin duniya, gami da daga George V ( Sarkin Ingila ), Benito Mussolini ,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2012}} sannan ministan sadarwa na wancan lokacin Costanzo Ciano . == Giovanni Quaglia == Commendatore Giovanni Quaglia, mutum ne mai matukar hazakar kasuwanci da hangen nesa, ya kasance mai share fagen duk ayyukan zurfin jiragen ruwa na zamani da kuma ayyukan sake ruwa. ''Godiya gareshi, duk kamfanonin mai da sojojin ruwa na duniya suma'' an tanada musu ababen hawa da kayan aiki masu bin falsafar aiki ta Artiglio da SO. RI. MA. wanda ya kafa kuma ya jagoranta, kamfani wanda ya kammala ayyukan ceto da yawa na teku, kuma wanda godiya ga ci gaban nasarorin da aka ɗauka shine mafi kyau da gasa a matakin duniya. Ya kuma kasance mai mallakar Italiya na farko da ya kafa rundunar jiragen ruwa na dakon mai . Abin takaici, an kuma dauke shi a matsayin mutumin da ba shi da katutu kuma ba ya girmama alkawurra tare da masu yawa da ma'aikatan da suka sami daraja da kuɗi, ba tare da ba da lambobin yabo da yin alkawarin biyan diyya ba. Tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatin Fascist ya sami nasarar gujewa bukatun kungiyar ta kungiyar hadin kan teku. == David Scott == A kan ''Artiglio'' ne dan jaridar kuma marubuci David Scott ya rayu, wakili na musamman na ''The Times'' na [[Landan|London]], wanda ya aika da labarai ta hanyar rediyo nan da nan. A ranar nutsar da shi yana cikin ƙasa, amma ya kasance a lokacin kamfen don kwato dukiyar ''Masar'', duk matakan da ya bayyana dalla-dalla. Ya kasance kusa da ƙungiya kuma daga baya ya rubuta littattafai da yawa akan abubuwan da suka shafi kamfanin SO. RI. MA. hakan yana da nasarorin ƙasa da ƙasa, don haka ya taimaka ƙirƙirar labarin tarko na diversasar Italiya. Littattafan da ya rubuta suna da mahimmin abin duba ga masu sha’awa da masana tarihi, saboda suna da yawa kuma suna ba da cikakkun bayanai game da abubuwan tarihin da suka shafi duniyar Turawan Italiya a wancan lokacin. == Viareggio == Don tunawa da jirgin da masu ba da labarin daga garin Viareggio, an kafa Gidauniyar Artiglio Turai a Viareggio. Tana ba da lambar yabo ta Artiglio ta Duniya ga waɗanda suka bambanta kansu a cikin duniyar ruwa da nazari da kariya ga yanayin ruwan. Hakanan akwai makarantar sakandare a Viareggio, ''Istituto Tecnico Nautico Artiglio'' (Nautical State School "Artiglio"), wanda ke shirya ɗalibai don aiki a cikin inungiyar Sojan Ruwa da kuma masu ginin jirgi . Tun daga 1966, garin ya sarrafa "kulob din subacqueo Artiglio" (" ''Kulob'' din ruwa na Artiglio"). Gidan kayan gargajiya na teku yana da babban sashi wanda aka keɓe don ayyukan masu bautar Viareggio da kayan aikin ruwa waɗanda mambobin ƙungiyar suka samar. * * * * * * * ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:ArtiglioOrPlymouth.jpg|Artiglio (jirgin, 1906) File:L%27Artiglio_et_la_Fid%C3%A8le.jpeg|Artiglio (ship, 1906) </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Diungiyar Ruwa ta Tarihi * Jirgin Ruwa * Ruwa cikin ruwa == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://lugnad.ie/italian-salvage-at-galley-head/ Jirgin Ruwa na Italiya a Galley Head]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.lookandlearn.com/blog/31247/the-sunken-p-o-liner-egypt-was-called-the-impossible-salvage/ Sunan P & O Liner 'Misira' ana kiransa "rashi mai yuwuwa"] * [http://www.pandosnco.co.uk/egypt.html SS Misira na 1897] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140715014310/http://www.deepimage.co.uk/wrecks/egypt/egypt_mainpages/egypt_history.htm Tarihin Misira akan Deepimage.co.uk] * * * * * * * * * * * * * kwatancin kwatankwacin ''tsira na SS Egypt'' == Manazarta == 9kqyxfnugje833bdze7z3jqtyjfdcqm 0 19521 883181 644109 2026-07-15T08:10:23Z Hafsah3639 35826 Gyara 883181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Juwayriyya bint al-Harith.png|thumb|zanan Juwayriya bint Al-Harith]] '''Juwayriya bint al-Harith''' ( {{Lang-ar|جويرية بنت الحارث|Juwayriya bint al-Ḥārith}} ; c. 608 - 676) matar [[Muhammad|Muhammadu (S A W) ce]] kuma [[Matan Annabi|Uwar Muminai]]. Ta auri [[Annabawa a Musulunci|Annabi musulinci]] [[Muhammad|Muhammad (S A W)]] yana da shekara 58 kuma tana da shekara 20, <ref name="jba1">[http://islam.ru/en/content/story/juwayriyya-bint-al-harith Juwayriyya bint al-Harith]</ref> don haka sanya auren a 627/8. <ref name="jba2">[http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1224?_hi=0&_pos=3964 Juwayriyya bint al-Harith] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113603/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1224?_hi=0&_pos=3964 |date=2016-03-04 }} - ''The Oxford Dictionary of Islam''</ref> == Asalin iyali == Ita 'yar al-Hārith ibn Abi Dirar, shugaban Banu Mustaliq, wanda aka ci shi da ƙabilarsa a yaƙi. == Rikici tsakanin Musulmi da Banu Mustaliq == Watanni biyu da Annabi Muhammad d ( S A W) ya dawo daga balaguron Dhū Qarad, ya fara jin jita-jita cewa Banu al-Muṣṭaliq suna shirin kai masa hari, don haka ya aika wani ɗan leƙen asiri, Buraydah ibn Al-Ḥasīb Al-Aslamī, ya tabbatar da hakan. Banū al-Muṣṭaliq kuma sun yi amannar cewa Muḥammad (S A W) na shirin kai musu hari. Don haka su ma sai suka aika wani dan leken asiri dan gano matsayin musulmai, amma sai suka kama shi suka kashe shi. Rundunonin biyu suna jibge a wata rijiya da ake kira Al-Muraysī ', kusa da teku, da ɗan tazara daga Makka. Sun yi yaƙi da baka da kibau na awa ɗaya, sannan kuma musulmai suka ci gaba cikin sauri, suka kewaye al-Muṣṭaliq kuma suka ɗauki ƙabilun duka fursunoni, tare da danginsu, garkensu da garkensu. Yakin ya kare cikakkiyar nasara ga musulmai. An kwashe iyalai dari biyu a matsayin kamammu, rakuma dari biyu, tumaki dubu biyar, awaki, da kuma kayan gida da yawa wadanda aka kama ganima. An sayar da kayan gidan cikin gwanjo ga mai siyarwa mafi girma. Mustaliq ya rasa mazaje goma. Musulmi daya ne aka kashe bisa kuskure da Mataimaki. Juwayrīyah bint al-Ḥārith, diyar shugaban Banū al-Muṣṭaliq na daya daga cikin wadanda aka kama. == Juwayriya an kama ta a matsayin baiwa, an sake ta kuma an yi mata aure == Bayan raunuka kaɗan, sojojin musulmai suka yi nasara. Daga cikin dimbin wadanda aka kama akwai Juwayriya, wanda aka kashe mijinta, Mustafa bin Safwan a yakin. Da farko ta faɗi cikin abokin Muhammad Thabit b. Qays b. Al-Shammas. Juwayriya ta firgita da wannan, ta nemi aikin fansa daga Muhammad. Muhammad ya nemi aurenta kuma, sakamakon haka, ya 'yanta ta daga bautar Thabit b. Qais kuma saboda haka ya inganta yanayin ƙabilarta da aka kama. <ref>Alfred Guillaume, The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah, p. 490-493.</ref> Dama ta farko da ta samu bayan an kamata, sai taje gurin Annabi Muḥammad S A W tana son wato rikicin ya koma hannun shi , sai ta gaya mashi cewa ita fa Yar manya ce wato yar command, kuma saboda haka ne ta samu kanta a wannan mummunan halin da take ciki. Ta Fadi daga gadon sarauta na zinari zuwa na kaskqnci. Sai take ganin taya zata iya rayuwa a matsayin baiwa ita kuma can da ta kasance sarauniya, sai ta roki Annabi Muḥammad (S A W) da ya kalla halin da ta samu kanta a ciki. Annabi, ya damu da roƙon da take yi na baƙin ciki kuma ya tambaye ta idan za ta so ta rayu a matsayin mace mai 'yanci kuma ta kasance cikin gidansa idan ya biya fansarta. Ba ta taɓa tsammanin cikin wannan mafarkin ba. Matsayi sosai game da wannan matsayin da ba zato ba tsammani a matsayinta, sai ta ce za ta fi farin ciki da karɓa. <ref>Mahmood Ahmad Ghadanfar, Great Woman of Islam, p.108-109.</ref> .Wani lokaci daga baya mahaifinta da duk mazajen ƙabilarta da aka 'yanta suma sun karɓi Musulunci a matsayin addininsu. A sakamakon haka ne, ta auri [[Muhammad|Muhammad (S A W)]], [[Manzo|Annabin]] [[Musulunci|Islama]] yana da shekara 58 kuma tana da shekara 20, don haka ya sanya auren a shekarar 628. <ref name="jba1"/> <ref name="jba2"/> Bayan aurenta, an ambata  cewa ta kasance mai yawan ibada kuma mafi yawan lokacinta ta shagaltu da addu'a.{{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=Your explanation here|date=October 2014}} == Mutuwa da binnewa == Ta rasu tana da shekara sittin da biyar a shekara ta 50 bayan hijira kuma an binne ta tare da sauran matan Annabi Muḥammad (S A W) a Jannatul Baqi '. <ref>Ghadanfar, p.110</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=Your explanation here|date=November 2014}} == Halayenta == An bayyana Juwayriya da cewa kyakkyawa ce kuma mai kyau: * An haife ta a cikin halin yalwa da alatu, kuma tana da duk gyare-gyare da alherin gimbiya. Mai hankali da hikima, ta kware a yare da salon adabi. Wannan nasara ce wacce Larabawa sukeyi a wannan zamanin. <ref>Ghadanfar, p. 107.</ref> * Duk wanda ya ga [Juwayriya] ya yi mamakin kyawawan halayenta. Yawo kamar yadda ta kasance a cikin ɗayan manyan magabata na wannan lokacin, ba kyakkyawa ba ce kawai amma tana da kyawu, da ladabi, da iya magana. <ref>Ghadanfar, p.108.</ref> * Lokacin da matar Muhammadu 'Aisha' ta fara ganinta sai aka ce tayi ihu cewa Juwayriyah "kyakkyawa ce kamar almara". <ref>Ghadanfar, p. 109.</ref> == Legacy == Juwayriyah bint Al-Harith{{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=Your explanation here|date=November 2014}} ruwaito: Annabi ya fito daga daki da safe kamar yadda na kasance ina shagaltuwa da yin sallar alfijir. Ya dawo da hantsi ya same ni zaune. Annabi ya ce, "Shin har yanzu kuna matsayin daya kamar yadda na bar ku.''Na amsa da amin.'' ''Sai Annabi ya ce,'' "Na karanta kalmomi hudu sau uku bayan na bar ku. Idan za a auna waɗannan da duk abin da kuka karanta tun da safe, waɗannan za su yi nauyi. Wadannan su ne: َسُبْحَانَ اللهِ وَ بِحَمْدِهِ عَدَدَ خَلقِهِ وَرِضَا نَفْسِهِ وَزِنَةَ عَرْشِهِ وَ مِدَادَ كَلِمَاتِهِ ''Subhan-Allahi wa bihamdihi, `adada khalqihi, wa rida nafsihi, wa zinatah` arshihi, wa midada kalimatihi'' Allah ya barranta daga ajizanci kuma na fara da yabonsa, sau dayawa kamar adadin halittunsa, gwargwadon yardarsa, yayi daidai da nauyin Al'arshinsa kuma daidai yake da tawada da za'a iya amfani da shi wajen nadar kalmomin ( domin yabon). " - Muslim  == Manazartai ==  A duba a cikin littafin رجال ونساء حول الرسول [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 03yddard02syiqq8hg1v2hqeb3m1djo 0 20591 882955 740456 2026-07-14T16:06:33Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882955 wikitext text/x-wiki   Michael Oluwadurotimi Obafemi (born 6 July 2000) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a striker for 2. Bundesliga club Bochum, on loan from Premier League club Burnley and the Republic of Ireland national team. == Rayuwansa ta farko == An haifi Obafemi ne a [[Dublin]] ga iyayen Najeriya. Yayinda yake jariri, iyalinsa sun koma Ingila, kuma ya girma a yankin [[Landan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hehir |first=Paul |date=4 April 2019 |title=It was never a choice for Michael Obafemi - he only wanted to play for Ireland |url=https://www.dublinlive.ie/sport/never-choice-michael-obafemi-only-16075461 |access-date=30 September 2022 |publisher=Dublin Live}}</ref> Babban ɗan'uwansa Afolabi Obafemi shi ma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. == Ayyukan kulob din == Watford ta saki Obafemi kafin ranar haihuwarsa ta 14 a shekarar 2014. Ya dauki shekara guda daga wasan kafin ya shiga Leyton Orient a shekarar 2015, ya koma [[Southampton]] a shekarar 2016. === Birnin Southampton === Obafemi ya fara bugawa Southampton wasa a matsayin mai maye gurbin a minti na 82 na 1-1 tare da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] a ranar 21 ga Janairun 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul Fennessy |title=17-year-old Irish striker makes debut in Southampton's Premier League clash |url=http://www.the42.ie/ireland-u19-youngster-makes-the-bench-for-southamptons-premier-league-clash-3809610-Jan2018/ |access-date=21 January 2018 |website=The42 |publisher=Journal Media}}</ref> Yana da shekaru 17 da kwanaki 199, Obafemi ya zama dan wasa na biyu mafi ƙanƙanta da ya buga wasan Firimiya a Southampton bayan Luke Shaw, wanda ke da shekaru 17 kuma yana da kwanaki 116.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Henson |first=Mike |date=21 January 2018 |title=Southampton 1–1 Tottenham |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/42679252 |access-date=21 January 2018 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko na sana'a tare da kwallaye ta uku a nasarar 3-1 a Huddersfield a ranar 22 ga Disamba 2018; yana da shekaru 18 da kwanaki 169, ya zama dan wasan Southampton mafi ƙanƙanta a Premier League. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oscroft |first=Tim |date=22 December 2018 |title=Huddersfield Town 1 Southampton 3 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/46576164 |access-date=22 December 2018 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> === Birnin Swansea === A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2021, Obafemi ya koma Swansea City don kuɗin da aka ruwaito tsakanin £ 1.5 da £ 2 miliyan, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. A ranar 23 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2021, Obafemi ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Swansea a nasarar da suka yi 2-1 ga [[Birmingham]] City.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=Gareth |date=23 October 2021 |title=Birmingham City 2–1 Swansea City |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58935824 |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar ƙarshe ta bazara don taga na canja wurin 2022, Swansea ta ki amincewa da wasu buƙatu daga Burnley don Obafemi tare da barin dan wasan gaba daga cikin tawagar tare da damuwa daga kocin Russell Martin game da halin dan wasan gaba. === Burnley === A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2023, Obafemi ya koma Burnley kan aro don sauran kakar, tare da sashi don sanya canjin na dindindin a ƙarshen kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2023 |title=Michael Obafemi leaves Swansea City to join Burnley on loan |url=https://www.swanseacity.com/news/michael-obafemi-leaves-swansea-city-join-burnley-loan |access-date=29 January 2023 |publisher=Swansea City AFC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2023 |title=Michael Obafemi: Burnley sign Republic of Ireland striker from Swansea City |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64445191 |access-date=29 January 2023 |website=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yulin 2023, an sanya canjin na dindindin. ==== Millwall (rashin kuɗi) ==== A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun 2024, Obafemi ya sanya hannu ga Millwall a kan aro har zuwa karshen kakar. ==== Plymouth Argyle (an ba da rancen) ==== A ranar 22 ga watan Agustan 2024, Obafemi ya sanya hannu a kan Plymouth Argyle a kan rancen dogon lokaci. ==== VFL Bochum (rashin kuɗi) ==== A ranar 1 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2025 Obafemi ya sanya hannu don [[2. Bundesliga|Bundesliga]]" id="mwmw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="2. Bundesliga">2. Kungiyar Bundesliga ta VFL Bochum a kan rancen dogon lokaci, ya zama dan wasan Irish na farko da ya taba buga wa kulob din wasa. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Obafemi ya cancanci wakiltar Ingila, Najeriya, da Jamhuriyar Ireland. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2018 |title=Michael Obafemi: Martin O'Neill won't rush Southampton player to make international decision |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/46210415 |access-date=16 November 2018 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018 ya himmatu ga Jamhuriyar Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2018 |title=Michael Obafemi: Southampton starlet commits to the Republic of Ireland |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/46226854 |access-date=16 November 2018 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Obafemi ta wakilci Jamhuriyar Ireland a matakin kasa da shekara 19, ta fara ne a lokacin yakin neman cancantar gasar cin kofin Turai ta kasa da shekaru 19 ta 2019 . <ref>{{UEFA player|250115156}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2018, an ambaci Obafemi a cikin manyan 'yan wasan Jamhuriyar Ireland a karo na farko don wasan sada zumunci da Arewacin Ireland a ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba da kuma wasan UEFA Nations League da [[Denmark]] a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2018 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul Fennessy |date=6 November 2018 |title=18-year-old Southampton striker earns praise after first Ireland call-up |url=https://www.the42.ie/martin-oneill-on-michael-obafemi-4326098-Nov2018/ |access-date=7 November 2018 |website=The42}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ben Blake |date=6 November 2018 |title=Nigerian-eligible Southampton teenager among four new call-ups in Ireland squad |url=https://www.the42.ie/ireland-squad-denmark-northern-ireland-4324713-Nov2018/ |access-date=7 November 2018 |website=The42}}</ref> Yazo a matsayin mai maye gurbin a rabi na biyu na 0-0 draw a kan Denmark don yin karon farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2018 |title=Denmark 0 Republic of Ireland 0 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/46256127 |access-date=20 November 2018 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya kuma zama dan wasa na farko da aka haifa a cikin 2000s don lashe babban kwallo ga Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul Dollery |date=19 November 2018 |title=Proud Obafemi 'never had any doubts' about representing Ireland |url=https://www.the42.ie/michael-obafemi-reaction-denmark-november-2018-4348604-Nov2018/ |access-date=20 November 2018 |website=The42}}</ref> Obafemi ya fara bugawa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara 21 ta Jamhuriyar Ireland a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 2019, yana fitowa daga benci, a wasan 0-0 tare da Italiya 'yan kasa le shekara 21 a Filin wasa na Tallaght . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2019 |title='Michael got the crowd on the edge of their seats, he was running 70 yards with the ball' |url=https://www.the42.ie/stephen-kenny-on-michael-obafemi-2-4846686-Oct2019/ |access-date=28 December 2019 |website=The 42}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Yunin 2022, ya fara wasan farko na kasa da kasa a babban matakin, a wasan UEFA Nations League da Scotland, ya ba da taimako daya (ga Troy Parrott) kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko, kafin wani nau'i ya ga Obafemi ya maye gurbin minti biyar bayan ya zira kwando, Scott Hogan ya maye gurbi shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brewin |first=John |date=11 June 2022 |title=Ireland 3-0 Scotland: minute-by-minute |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2022/jun/11/republic-of-ireland-v-scotland-nations-league-live-score-updates |access-date=11 June 2022 |website=www.guardian.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gault |first=Matt |date=11 June 2022 |title=Republic of Ireland 3 Scotland 0 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61675617 |access-date=11 June 2022 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya fara ne a ranar 22 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2023 a wasan sada zumunci na gida 3-2 da Jamhuriyar ta yi a kan Latvia, ya ga Obafemi ya ba da taimako ga burin farko na [[Evan Ferguson]] na kasa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leahy |first=Ed |date=22 March 2023 |title=Chiedozie Ogbene secures hard-fought Ireland win against Latvia as Evan Ferguson opens his account |url=https://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/2023/0322/1365672-ferguson-opens-account-as-ogbene-secures-ireland-win/ |access-date=23 March 2023 |website=[[RTE Sport]] |language=en}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|match played 28 October 2025}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin burin kasa da kasa da Michael Obafemi ya zira ! scope="col" |A'a. ! scope="col" |Ranar ! scope="col" |Wurin da ake ciki ! scope="col" |Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Gasar |- | align="center" |1 |11 Yuni 2022 |Filin wasa na Aviva, [[Dublin]], Jamhuriyar Ireland |{{Fb|SCO}} | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |3–0 |2022-23 UEFA Nations League B |- | align="center" |2 |27 Satumba 2022 |Filin wasa na Aviva, [[Dublin]], Jamhuriyar Ireland |{{Fb|ARM}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |3–2 |2022-23 UEFA Nations League B |} == Daraja == * Gasar cin kofin EFL: 2022-23 <ref name="eflwin">{{Cite web |last=Hurcom |first=Sophie |date=25 April 2023 |title=Blackburn Rovers 0–1 Burnley: Clarets seal Championship title with east Lancashire derby win |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/65307371 |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * Michael Obafemia filin wasan kwallon kafa * Michael Obafemi a Swansea City AFC [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fxkksj14gqsze3q3ujnf3lsl88mj6ap 4 21908 883088 882529 2026-07-14T21:25:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 883088 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. 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Yemen|url=http://www.whitr-ap.org/index.php?classid=1490&newsid=2010&t=show|access-date=2020-12-09|website=www.whitr-ap.org}}</ref> An kafa masallacin ne a farkon zamanin Musulunci, wanda aka ce zai kasance a shekara ta 633.<ref>{{Cite book|last=al-Mad'aj|first='Abd al-Muhsin|title=New Arabian Studies Volume 1|publisher=University of Exeter Press|year=1994|isbn=9780859894081|pages=175–188}}</ref><ref name=":1">Smith, G.R., “Ṣanʿāʾ”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 08 December 2020 {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0998}} First published online: 2012 First print edition: {{ISBN|9789004161214}}, 1960-2007</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Jami' al-Kabir {{!}} Aerial view over the Great Mosque of Sana'a|url=https://archnet.org/sites/3800/media_contents/264|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Archnet|archive-date=2021-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131212007/https://archnet.org/sites/3800/media_contents/264|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Old City of Sana'a|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/385/|access-date=2020-12-09|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> Yayin da ba a san takamaiman ranar da za a gina masallacin ba, gyare-gyaren farko da aka rubuta ya faru ne a karkashin Halifa Al-Alid I a farkon karni na 8, wanda ke nuna mai yiwuwa a baya. kwanan watan gini.<ref name=":5" /> Rahotanni sun ce an gina masallacin ne a wani bangare na spolia daga fadar Ghumdan ta zamanin Himyarite da kuma cocin Kirista na Axumite na al-Qalis wanda a da ya mamaye wurin.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> Babban Masallacin shi ne mafi girma kuma mafi shahara a cikin masallatai sama da dari a cikin tsohon birnin Sana'a.<ref name=":1" /> An gudanar da gyare-gyare a cikin karni na 8, karni na 13, da kuma a zamanin Ottoman.<ref name=":0"/> Wani muhimmin abin da aka gano na kayan tarihi shi ne rubutun Sana'a, wanda aka gano a wurin lokacin da aka sake gyarawa a shekara ta 1972. A yau, babban masallacin Sana'a yana cikin wurin tarihi na UNESCO na tsohon birnin Sana'a.<ref name=":2"/> [[File:Sanaa_PICT0013_(14569535198).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanaa_PICT0013_(14569535198).jpg|left|thumb|290x290px|Babban Masallacin Sana'a a 2001]] == Wuri == Birnin Sana'a shi ne cibiyar soji na daular Sabeawa kafin zuwan musulunci kuma ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar daular Himyari.<ref name=":1">Smith, G.R., “Ṣanʿāʾ”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 08 December 2020 {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0998}} First published online: 2012 First print edition: {{ISBN|9789004161214}}, 1960-2007</ref> Masallacin, wanda Annabi Muhammad ya ba da umarni a gina shi a cikin lambun gwamnonin Farisa,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=The Old City of Sana'a|url=https://archnet.org/publications/2656|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Archnet|archive-date=2024-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405141755/https://www.archnet.org/publications/2656|url-status=dead}}</ref> an gina shi ne a kan rugujewar fadar Ghumdan ta Sheba,<ref name=":0"/> tsakanin yankuna biyu na Sana'a, Al-Quati da Al-Sailah.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Elsheshtawy|first=Yasser|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6csl35cPCcC&pg=PA91|title=Planning Middle Eastern Cities: An Urban Kaleidoscope|date=2004-08-02|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-41010-1|language=en}}</ref> An gina Babban Masallaci a kusa da Suq, wanda tuni aka yi shi a lokacin da aka gina shi.<ref name=":3" /> [[File:Yemen,_sanah.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yemen,_sanah.jpg|right|thumb|290x290px|Farar minare guda biyu a gefen hagu na babban Masallaci ne.]] A shekarun baya-bayan nan, tsarin gine-ginen birni, fadadawa da kuma wayar da kan jama'a ya yi tasiri matuka, sakamakon gina babban masallacin da aka yi da wasu masallatai biyu a bangaren arewa na birnin.<ref name=":4"/> == Gine-gine == An gina babban masallacin ne da wani salo na tsakuwa, wanda ke da nasaba da irin wannan tsohon aikin dutsen Axumite na Abyssiniya.<ref name=":3"/> An sassaƙa da fenti na katako da aka yi da itacen lacunari. Tsakar gida tana auna mita 80 zuwa 60 (260 ft × 200 ft), tare da wuraren addu'o'in da aka tsara su ta hanyar arewa zuwa kudu.<ref name=":5" /> Zauren da ke da hanyoyi guda uku masu daidaita gabas zuwa yamma an gina su ne da kayayyakin zamanin jahiliyya da aka kawo daga wasu wurare.<ref name=":5" /> A cikin tsakar gida akwai wani tsari mai zaman kansa tun daga karni na 16.<ref name=":5" /> Ginin daular Usmaniyya ne da ya yi kama da dakin Ka'aba a Makka, duk da haka, ana zargin cewa ba a hade su biyun ba saboda sauye-sauyen kayan kayyakin launi, wanda wata dabara ce ta ablaq, tun kafin Musulunci a yankin.<ref name=":5" /> Wannan ginin da farko ya zama taskar masallacin, sannan ya zama wurin ajiyar wakafi<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" /> kuma yana da babban dakin karatu da sauran tsoffin rubuce-rubucen.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> Watakila tun asali wannan ginin ya kasance yana da sigar ruwa kamar tafkin alwala a karkashinsa ga masu son yin tsarki yayin ziyartar masallaci.<ref name=":3" /> Wuraren dutse na ciki na rufin masallacin an ba da shawarar su zama fasalin gine-gine na Byzantine na Daular Axumite.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" /> Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa daular Axumite ta kafa babban cocinta a cikin birnin Sana'a da kuma ragowar wannan majami'ar, da kuma daga fadar Gumdan da wuraren ibada na Kirista da Yahudawa a cikin babban masallacin.<ref name=":5" /> Ƙarin shaida na wannan alaƙa wani rubutu ne a cikin yare kafin zuwan Musulunci na yankin, Sabaic,<ref name=":1" /> a cikin tallafin baka na dutse da aka sake amfani da shi yana nuna yana da alaƙa da gine-ginen Byzantine.<ref name=":5" /> Minaret yammacin kasar da aka gina a lokacin da Sarauniya Arwa bint Ahmad ta sake ginawa, ta yi kama da na masallatan zamanin da aka gina a birnin Alkahira, saboda alaka ta kut da kut da daular Fatimi a Masar.<ref name=":5" /> [[File:Old_City,_Sana'a,_Yemen_(15335600470).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_City,_Sana'a,_Yemen_(15335600470).jpg|right|thumb|419x419px|Daya daga cikin minare biyu na Babban Masallacin Sana'a.]] == Tarihi == A wajajen shekara ta 630 miladiyya (6H), a cewar majiyoyin Musulunci na farko, an ce Annabi Muhammad ne ya ba da umarnin gina babban masallacin Sana'a,<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=درجة الحديث الوارد في مسجد صنعاء الكبير وكيفية تحديد قبلته - إسلام ويب - مركز الفتوى|url=https://www.islamweb.net/ar/fatwa/179755/|access-date=2020-12-09|website=www.islamweb.net}}</ref> kuma an san masallacin a matsayin masallacin farko da aka gina a wajen addinin Musulunci. garuruwa masu tsarki na Makka da Madina.<ref name=":2" /> A wannan zamani na bayan Hijira (622-632 AD), Sana'a ita ce cibiyar yada addinin Musulunci. Yawancin abubuwan binciken archaeological da aka gano a cikin Babban Masallaci sun tabbatar da hujjar gina shi zuwa zamanin Muhammadu yana raye, ciki har da spolia da dama daga Cathedral na Axumite da kuma daga fadar Himyarite Ghumdan.<ref name=":5" /> A karni na 7, ragowar Sana'a kafin jahiliyya sun lalace sosai<ref name=":2" /> lokacin da ta zama cibiyar yada addinin Musulunci a farkon shekarun Hijira. Wannan yana tabbatar da abubuwan gine-ginen gine-ginen da aka samu a cikin babban Masallacin kafin Musulunci.<ref name=":2" /> Daga shekara ta 705 zuwa 715 (86-96 AH), khalifan Umayyawa al-Walid na daya ya fadada masallacin. Wani rubutu da aka samu a harabar masallacin ya kasance a shekara ta 753 CE,  a zamanin Abbasiyawa.<ref name=":5" /> A shekara ta 876/7 CE, ambaliyar ruwa sau biyu ta yi barna sosai ga masallacin, bayan haka kuma aka gyara shi gaba daya.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Talgam|first=Rina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7KQazdMUQWEC&pg=PA112|title=The Stylistic Origins of Umayyad Sculpture and Architectural Decoration|date=2004|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-04738-8|language=en}}</ref> A farkon karni na 9, an gina minaret a gefen gabas. A shekara ta 911 AD, Karmatis ya mamaye birnin, ya lalata masallacin.<ref name=":5" /> A karni na goma sha biyu, shekara ta 1130 miladiyya, sarauniyar Isma’ili Arwa bint Ahmad ta gyara masallacin da yawa. Ita ce ke da alhakin sassaka silin na masallacin na gabas da yamma da kuma fikafikan arewa. An gina minaret na yammacin masallacin a matsayin wani bangare na wannan gyara.<ref name=":5" /> A farkon karni na 16, an yi wa masallacin gyaran fuska da wani katafaren fili da kuma shimfidar farfajiyar masallacin.<ref name=":5" /> == Ganowa == A shekara ta 1972-73, lokacin da masu binciken kayan tarihi suka cire filasta, sun gano wasu kayan tarihi 65, da suka hada da tsofaffin rubuce-rubuce da fatu masu yawa, da kuma rubutun Sana’a, wanda ma’aikatan gini suka gano a lokacin da suke gyaran bangon soro.<ref name=":6" /> An kuma bankado wasu rubuce-rubucen larabci da ba kasafai suke yi ba, wadanda ke da alaka da farkon Musulunci, zamanin Banu Umayyawa, da fadar Sheba na Ghamdan da lalata shi.<ref name=":0" /> Daya daga cikin Alkur’ani da aka samu a nan an ce Imam Ali ne ya rubuta ko kuma ya hada shi, wanda dakin karatu na masallaci ke adana shi.<ref name=":0" /> Abubuwan dauri na farko da aka samu a masallacin sun samu rubuce-rubuce sosai daga malamai kamar Ursula Dreibholz<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gacek|first=Adam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NeaHnLb6RdUC&pg=PA302|title=Arabic Manuscripts: A Vademecum for Readers|date=2009-06-24|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-17036-0|language=en}}</ref> (1997). Sauran abubuwan binciken kayan tarihi da aka gano a Babban Masallacin sun hada da ragowar rumbuna da tsoffin gine-ginen da ke da alaka da babban birnin kasar lokacin da ke dauke da Cocin Axumite na al-Qalis, wanda aka gano a shekara ta 2006.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> == Kiyayyewa == Babban Masallacin yana cikin jerin wuraren tarihi na UNESCO, wanda aka keɓe a Cikin shekara ta 1986 a matsayin jerin No. 345, karkashin Sharuɗɗa: (iv) (v) (vi), wanda ya haɗa da masallatai 103, hammams 14 da gidaje sama da 6,000 na Sana'a, waɗanda aka gina su kafin ƙarni na sha ɗaya.<ref name=":2" /> Kiyaye Babban Masallacin, wanda ke da kima na musamman na addini da na tarihi, Cibiyar Horar da Tarihi da Bincike ta UNESCO ta tallafa wa Asiya da Pacific (Shanghai). Binciken irin barnar da masallacin ya yi a tsawon shekaru aru-aru ya hada da hujjojin ambaliyar ruwa, ruwan sama, da kasa da kasa, da tsofaffin na'urorin lantarki da na'urorin sadarwa, da magudanar ruwa a karkashin kasa, barna da yake-yake, da kuma raunin tsofaffin gine-gine da ke daura da masallacin.<ref name=":0" /> Ana ci gaba da yin gyare-gyare da gyare-gyare a cikin shekara ta 2003 a cikin matakai, kamar gyaran tsarin lantarki. An sake gyara plaster ɗin, gami da maido da tsohuwar filastar gargajiya da aka fi sani da qudad. An inganta shimfidar fale-falen, an kuma maido da ma'adanai. An gyara wuraren alwala da kuma bandaki na zamani. An kuma yi wasu gyare-gyare a bangaren samar da ruwan sha da magudanar ruwa, da kuma kawar da tsoffin gine-ginen da ba su dace da abubuwan tarihi da na masallacin ba.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == <references /> == Ci gaba da karatu == # Finster, Barbara, "Die Freitagsmoschee von Ṣan‘ā’," ''Baghdader Mitteilungen 9 (1978),'' p. 92-133; 10 (1979), p. 179-192. # Finster, Barbara. "Die Grosse Moschee von Ṣan‘ā," ''Archäologische Berichte aus dem Yemen 1,'' 1982, p.&nbsp;197-211, 3, 1986, p.&nbsp;185-193. # Finster, Barbara. "Survey islamischer Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler im Yemen - Die Große Moschee von Ṣan‘ā'", ''Archäologische Berichte aus dem Yemen'', III, 1986 (1987), 185–193. # Costa, Paolo. “La Moschea Grande di San’a,” Annali. Instituto Orientale di Napoli 34 (N.S. 24) (1974), pp/ 487–506. # Costa, Paolo. ''Studies in Arabian Architecture'', London: Routledge, 1994, chapter II “The Great Mosque of Sanaa.” kqngdmyxy3xo5vofb46xbos17bk7rqk 0 29406 883225 873774 2026-07-15T08:27:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 883225 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_May_2015_010.jpg|alt=see caption|thumb|Wani bangare na Brooklyn Botanic Garden wanda ke da itatuwan sheri na <nowiki><i id="mwDw">Prunus</i></nowiki> 'Kanzan' mai ruwan hoda]] [[Fayil:Skylands3.jpg|thumb|Gidan lambu na [[New Jersey]] a Skylands EstateGidan Skylands]] Gidan lambu wuri ne da aka tsara, yawanci a waje, an ware shi don noma, nuni, da jin daɗin tsire-tsire da sauran nau'ikan yanayi. Abu daya da ke nuna ko da '''lambun''' daji mafi girma shine ''iko''. Gidan lambu na iya haɗawa da kayan halitta da na wucin gadi. Gidajen lambu galibi suna da siffofi na zane ciki har da siffofinai, wauta, pergolas, trellises, stumperies, gadajen rafi masu bushewa, da siffofin ruwa kamar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, tafkuna (tare da ko ba tare da kifi ba), magudanan ruwa ko koguna. Wasu lambuna don dalilai na ado ne kawai, yayin da wasu kuma suna samar da amfanin gona, wani lokacin a wurare daban-daban, ko kuma wani lokacin an haɗa su da tsire-tsire masu ado. An rarrabe lambunan samar da abinci daga [[Gona|gonaki]] ta hanyar karamin sikelin su, hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa da aiki, da kuma manufar su (murna da nishaɗi ko haɓaka kai maimakon samar da sayarwa, kamar a lambun kasuwa). Gidajen furanni sun haɗu da tsire-tsire daban-daban, launuka, rubutu, da ƙanshi don ƙirƙirar sha'awa da jin daɗin ji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anguelovski |first=Isabelle |title=Urban gardening |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311871937}}</ref> Hanyar da aka fi sani da ita a yau ita ce ''lambun'' zama ko ''lambun'' jama'a, amma kalmar lambun ta kasance ta al'ada. Zoos, waɗanda ke nuna dabbobin daji a cikin wuraren zama na halitta, an kira su lambunan zoological. Gidajen Yammacin kusan a duk duniya sun dogara ne akan tsire-tsire, tare da lambu, wanda ke nuna ƙuƙwalwa, sau da yawa yana nuna gajeren nau'in lambu. Wasu nau'ikan lambuna na gargajiya na gabas, kamar lambunan Zen, duk da haka, suna amfani da tsire-tsire kaɗan ko a'a. Gidajen lambu, a gefe guda, kamar lambunan lambu na Ingila da aka fara bunkasa a karni na 18, na iya yanke shawarar barin furanni gaba ɗaya. [[Gine-gine na shimfidar wuri]] aiki ne na sana'a tare da gine-ginen shimfidar wurare waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ƙira a ma'auni da yawa kuma suna aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a da masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fusco |first=Dana |year=2001 |title=Creating relevant science through urban planning and gardening |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/tea.1036 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Research in Science Teaching |publisher=Wiley Online Library |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=860–877 |bibcode=2001JRScT..38..860F |doi=10.1002/tea.1036 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506175506/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/tea.1036 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |access-date=6 May 2023}}</ref> == Magagganu == Maganar kalmar lambu tana nufin kewaye: daga ''lambun'' Ingilishi na Tsakiya ne, daga lambun Anglo-Faransa, lambun, na asalin Jamusanci; kama da lambun Tsohon Jamusanci, ''Garce'', kewaye ko fili, kamar a [[Stuttgart]]. Dubi Grad (Slavic settlement) don ƙarin cikakkiyar etymology. Kalmomin yadi, ''kotu'', da Latin ''Hortus'' (ma'anar "gidan lambu", saboda haka ''<nowiki><i id="mwWQ">Yankin</i></nowiki> lambu'' da gonar inabi), sune cognates - duk suna nufin sararin samaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Etymology of words referring to enclosures, probably from a Sanskrit stem. In German, for example, Stutt'''gart'''. The word is generic for compounds and walled cities, as in Stalin'''grad''', and the Russian word for city, ''gorod''. Gird and girdle are also related |url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/library/garden.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213101107/http://www.yourdictionary.com/library/garden.html |archive-date=13 February 2010 |publisher=Yourdictionary.com}}</ref> Kalmar "gidan lambu" a cikin Turanci na Burtaniya tana nufin ƙaramin Yankin mai rufewa, yawanci kusa da gini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oxford Dictionaries |url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/garden?view=uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105345/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/garden?view=uk |archive-date=29 September 2007 |access-date=24 May 2007 |website=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> Wannan za a kira shi a matsayin yadi a cikin Turanci na Amurka. == Amfani da shi == [[Fayil:'JardimBotanico.BotanicalGarden.CuritibaParanaBrasilBrazil.JPG|thumb|Wani bangare na ra'ayi daga lambun Botanical na Curitiba (Kudancin Brazil): parterres, furanni, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, siffofi, greenhouses da waƙoƙi sun haɗa da wurin da aka yi amfani da shi don nishaɗi da nazarin da kare tsire-tsire.]] Gidan lambu na iya samun amfani mai kyau, aiki, da kuma nishaɗi: * Haɗin kai tare da yanayi Shuka Shuka Shuke-shuke ** [[Noma|Shuka shuke-shuke]] ** Koyon da aka samo asali daga lambu * Binciken yanayi Tsuntsaye da kwari Bincike akan sauye-sauye ** Kula da tsuntsaye da kwari ** Tunanin sauye-sauyelokutan * Relaxation Tsayar da nau'ikan gnomes na lambu Abincin dare na iyali a kan terrace Yara suna wasa a cikin lambu Karatu da shakatawa a cikin hammock Kula da furanni Pottering a cikin shed Basking a cikin hasken rana mai dumi Tserewa daga hasken rana da zafi ** Sanya nau'ikan Gnomes na lambu daban-daban ** Abincin dare na iyali a kan teburin ** Yara suna wasa a cikin lambu ** Karatu da shakatawa a cikin hammock ** Kula da fure ** Yin tukwane a cikin shellzubar ** Basking a cikin Hasken rana mai dumi ** Tserewa daga hasken rana da zafi * Girma mai amfani Fure don yankewa da kawowa ciki don kyawawan kayan lambu da kayan lambu don dafa abinci ** Fure don yankewa da kawowa ciki don kyawawan cikin gida ** Sabbin ganye da kayan lambu don dafa abinci == Tarihi == {{Authority control}} === Asiya === ==== China ==== {{Horticulture and Gardening}} [[Fayil:Humble_Administrator's_Garden_7193_(6399187813).jpg|thumb|Tsarin halitta na lambun kasar Sin da aka sanya a cikin wuri mai faɗi, gami da pavilion]] Lambunan gargajiya na farko da aka sani a tarihi a kasar '''China''' an ƙirƙire su ne a cikin kwarin '''Kogin Yellow (Kogin Rawaya)''', a zamanin '''daular Shang''' (1600–1046 KZ). Waɗannan lambuna sukan kasance manyan filaye ne da aka kewaye da ganuwa, inda sarakuna da masu mulki ke farautar dabbobi, ko kuma inda ake shuka '''<nowiki/>'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu'''. Rubuce-rubucen farko daga wannan zamani – da aka sassaƙa a kan '''kawaran kwarkwata''' – sun haɗa haruffa guda uku na kasar Sin da ke nufin "lambu": '''''you'', ''pu'', da ''yuan'''''. * '''''You''''' na nufin lambun sarauta inda ake ajiye '''tsuntsaye da dabbobi'''. * '''''Pu''''' na nufin lambun da ake shuka '''tsirrai ko itatuwa'''. A zamanin '''daular Qin''' (221–206 KZ), kalmar '''''yuan''''' ta zama harafin da ake amfani da shi don nufin '''duk wani lambu'''. Tsohon harafin '''''yuan''''' a rubutun gargajiya na kasar Sin yana nuna ƙananan hoton lambu: yana cikin murabba’i (wanda ke wakiltar '''katanga'''), tare da wasu alamomi da ke iya wakiltar '''tsarin gini''', '''ƙaramar tafki''', da kuma '''gona ko itacen rumman'''. Wani shahararren lambun sarauta daga ƙarshen zamanin mulkin '''Shang''' shi ne '''Dandalin Ɗaukaka, Tafki da Filin Shakatawa na Ruhaniya''' (''Lingtai, Lingzhao, Lingyou'') wanda '''Sarki Wenwang''' ya gina a '''yammacin babban birninsa, Yin'''. An bayyana wannan lambun a cikin '''Littafin Wakoki na Gargajiya (Classic of Poetry)''' kamar haka: : Sarki yana tafiya a cikin Park of the Spirit, : Dabbobin suna durƙusa a kan ciyawa, suna ciyar da 'ya'yansu. : Dabbobin suna da kyau kuma suna da kyau. : Cranes masu tsabta suna da fuka-fuki na fari mai haske. : Sarki ya yi tafiya zuwa Ruwa na Ruhu, : Ruwa yana cike da kifi, wanda ke yawo. Wani lambun sarauta na farko shine ''Shaqui'', ko Dunes of Sand, wanda mai mulkin Shang na ƙarshe, Sarki Zhou (1075-1046 BC) ya gina. Ya ƙunshi ƙasa, ko ''tai'', wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin dandalin kallo a tsakiyar babban filin shakatawa. An bayyana shi a daya daga cikin litattafan gargajiya na farko na wallafe-wallafen Sinanci, ''Tarihin Babban Masanin Tarihi'' (''Shiji''). A cewar ''Shiji'', daya daga cikin shahararrun fasalulluka na wannan lambun shine tafkin ruwan inabi da gandun daji (酒池肉林). An gina babban tafki, babba don ƙananan jiragen ruwa da yawa, a filin fadar, tare da linings na ciki na dutse mai siffar oval daga bakin teku. Daga baya aka cika tafkin da ruwan inabi. An gina wani karamin tsibiri a tsakiyar tafkin, inda aka dasa bishiyoyi, wanda ke da nama da aka gasa da aka rataye daga rassan su. Sarki Zhou da abokansa da ƙwaraƙwarai sun yi yawo a cikin jiragensu, suna shan ruwan inabi da hannayensu kuma suna cin nama da aka gasa daga bishiyoyi. Daga baya masana falsafa da masana tarihi na kasar Sin sun ambaci wannan lambun a matsayin misali na lalacewa da mummunan dandano. A Lokacin bazara da kaka (722-481 BC), a cikin 535 BC, Sarki Jing na Daular Zhou ne ya gina Terrace na Shanghua, tare da manyan gidaje masu kyau. A cikin 505 KZ, an fara wani lambu mai zurfi, Terrace na Gusu. An samo shi a gefen dutse, kuma ya haɗa da jerin wuraren da aka haɗa da tashoshi, tare da tafkin inda jiragen ruwa a cikin nau'in blue dragons ke tafiya. Daga mafi girman tudu, ra'ayi ya kai har zuwa Tafkin Tai, Babban Tafkin. ==== Indiya ==== ''Manasollasa'' rubutu ne na [[Sanskrit]] na ƙarni na goma sha biyu wanda ke ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ƙirar lambu da sauran batutuwa iri-iri. Dukkanin wuraren shakatawa na jama'a da lambunan gandun daji an bayyana su, tare da kimanin nau'ikan bishiyoyi 40 da aka ba da shawarar ga wurin shakatawa a cikin babi na ''Vana-krida''. <ref name="sadhalenenebim" /> {{Sfn|Shrigondekar|1961}} ''Shilparatna'', wani rubutu daga karni na sha shida, ya bayyana cewa lambunan furanni ko wuraren shakatawa na jama'a ya kamata su kasance a arewacin garin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Ram Bachan |year=1976 |title=Cities and parks in ancient India |journal=Ekistics |volume=42 |issue=253 |pages=372–376 |jstor=43618748}}</ref> ==== Japan ==== {{Authority control}} [[Fayil:Saihouji-kokedera01.jpg|right|thumb|Gidan lambu a haikalin Saihō-ji a [[Kyoto]], ya fara ne a shekara ta 1339.]] Gidajen lambu na farko da aka rubuta a Japan sune lambunan jin daɗi na sarakuna da manyan mutane. An ambaci su a cikin gajerun wurare da yawa na {{Transl|ja|[[Nihon Shoki]]}}, tarihin farko na tarihin Japan, wanda aka buga a 720 AZ. A cikin bazara na 74 AZ, tarihin ya rubuta: "Sarkin sarakuna Keikō ya sanya wasu carp a cikin tafki, kuma ya yi farin ciki don ganin su da safe da maraice". A shekara mai zuwa, "Sarkin sarakuna ya kaddamar da jirgin ruwa mai kwalliya biyu a cikin tafkin Ijishi a Ihare, kuma ya shiga cikin jirgin tare da ƙwaraƙwaransa na sarki, kuma sun yi biki tare da kyau". A cikin 486, tarihin ya rubuta cewa "Sarkin sarakuna Kenzō ya shiga cikin lambun kuma ya yi biki a gefen rafi mai juyawa". ==== Koriya ====   Gidajen Koriya wani nau'in lambu ne wanda aka bayyana a matsayin na halitta, na al'ada, mai sauƙi da ba a tilasta shi ba, yana neman haɗuwa da duniyar halitta. Suna da tarihin da ya koma sama da shekaru dubu biyu, amma ba a san su sosai a yamma ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?pk=0000593886&sub_pk=&clss_cd=0002202991&top_menu_cd=0000000329&Menu_code=0000008706&sub_menu= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928232957/http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?pk=0000593886&sub_pk=&clss_cd=0002202991&top_menu_cd=0000000329&Menu_code=0000008706&sub_menu= |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=18 May 2011}}</ref> Tsohon rubuce-rubuce sun kasance a zamanin Masarauta Uku (57 BC - 668 AD) lokacin da gine-gine da lambunan fada suka nuna ci gaban da aka lura a Tarihin Koriya na Masarauta uku. === Turai === [[Fayil:Ricostruzione_del_giardino_della_casa_dei_vetii_di_pompei_(mostra_al_giardino_di_boboli,_2007)_01.JPG|thumb|Sake gina lambun a Gidan Vettii a Pompeii.]] Ba a gane lambu a matsayin nau'in fasaha a Turai ba har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 16 lokacin da ya shiga cikin maganganun siyasa, a matsayin alama ce ta manufar "jamhuriyar kirki". Bayyana hotuna na Utopia na Aljanna ta Adnin, lokacin wadata da wadata inda mutane ba su san yunwa ko rikice-rikicen da suka taso daga rikice-rikice na dukiya ba. John Evelyn ya rubuta a farkon karni na 17, "babu rayuwa mai wahala to na Gard'ners mai kyau; amma aiki cike da kwanciyar hankali da gamsuwa; Halitta da Koyarwa, da sauransu kamar (idan akwai) suna ba da gudummawa ga Piety da Contemplation. " A zamanin Enclosures, an tsara haɗin gwiwar noma na zamanin feudal a cikin wallafe-wallafen "fantasies na 'yanci koma baya zuwa lambu da jeji". ==== Faransa ==== Bayan yakin da '''Sarki Charles na Takwas''' ya yi a '''Italiya a shekarar 1495''', inda ya ga lambuna da ƙasaitattun fadodi na '''Naples''', sai ya dawo da '''masana Italiya''' da '''masu ƙirar lambuna''' kamar '''Pacello da Mercogliano''' daga Naples. Ya umarci a gina '''lambunan salon Italiya''' a fadar sa da ke '''Château d'Amboise''', da kuma wani gidan sa na keɓe a '''Château Gaillard''', dukansu a Amboise. '''Wanda ya gaje shi, Sarki Henry na II''', wanda shi ma ya yi tafiya zuwa Italiya kuma ya haɗu da '''Leonardo da Vinci''', ya ƙirƙiri wani lambu na salon Italiya a kusa da '''Château de Blois'''. Daga '''shekarar 1528''', '''Sarki Francis na I''' ya ƙirƙiri sababbin lambuna a '''Château de Fontainebleau''', waɗanda suka ƙunshi '''famfofan ruwa (fountains)''', '''parterres (shafukan furanni masu zane-zane)''', daji na '''bishiyoyin pine''' da aka kawo daga '''Provence''', da kuma '''grotto (kogo na ƙirƙira)''' na farko a Faransa. '''Château de Chenonceau''' kuma yana da lambuna biyu da aka gina a sabon salon nan: ɗaya an gina shi ne don '''Diane de Poitiers''' a '''shekarar 1551''', sai kuma na biyu don '''Catherine de' Medici''' a '''shekarar 1560'''. A shekarar '''1536''', '''Philibert de l'Orme''', wani ɗan ƙira (architect) da ya dawo daga '''Rome''', ya ƙirƙiri lambunan '''Château d'Anet''' bisa ƙa'idodin '''daidaito da tsari na Italiya'''. Tsarin tsari da daidaiton lambun Anet — tare da '''parterres''', filayen ruwa, da shuke-shuke da aka haɗa da kyau — ya zama '''ɗaya daga cikin mafi farko kuma mafi tasiri''' a cikin salon lambun Faransa na gargajiya. '''Lambun salon Faransa na gargajiya''' (''a Faransanci: jardin à la française'') yana bambanta da ƙa'idodin ƙirar '''lambun shimfiɗar Ingila''' (''a Faransanci: jardin à l'anglaise''), wato, '''tilasta yanayi''' maimakon barin sa cikin halittarsa ba tare da katsalandan ba. A al'ada, lambunan Faransa na gargajiya sukan ƙunshi '''parterre (shafin furanni mai zane-zane), siffofi masu lissafi, da kuma bishiyu da aka yanke su cikin tsari''', sabanin salon Ingila inda '''tsirrai da shrubs suke girma kamar ba tare da wata matsala ko ƙirƙira ba.''' A tsakiyar ƙarni na 17, '''daidaito na k'wak'walwa (axial symmetry)''' ya zama sananne a cikin salon lambunan Faransa, musamman ta hanyar masu ƙira irin su '''Andre Mollet''' da '''Jacques Boyceau'''. Boyceau ya rubuta cewa: ''"Duk wani abu, ko da kuwa yana da kyau nawa, zai zama ba cikakke ba idan ba a tsara shi da kyau cikin daidaito ba."'' Misali mai kyau na salon Faransa na gargajiya shine '''lambunan Tuileries''' da ke birnin Paris, wanda aka fara ƙirƙira su a lokacin mulkin '''Sarki Henry na II''' a tsakiyar ƙarni na 16. Daga baya an sake ƙirƙirar su cikin salon Faransa na gargajiya a lokacin '''Sarki Louis na XIV (Rana Sarki – Sun King).''' An tsara lambunan cikin layuka masu daidaito: dogayen jerin bishiyoyin '''elm''' ko '''chestnut''', ganuwar bushes da aka yanke daidai, tare da '''parterres''', domin su nuna '''nasarar tsari da ikon ɗan adam akan yanayi.''' Gidan lambu na Faransa ya sami rinjaye daga lambun lambu na Ingila kuma ya sami shahara a ƙarshen karni na sha takwas. ==== Ƙasar Ingila ==== Kafin zamanin Grand Manner, an sami wasu muhimman lambuna a Burtaniya waɗanda aka haɓaka a ƙarƙashin tasirin nahiyar. Al'adun lambu na gida na Burtaniya galibi suna da amfani a cikin manufa, maimakon kyawawan abubuwa, ba kamar manyan lambuna da aka samo mafi yawa a filin masarauta ba kuma ba a saba gani ba a jami'o'i. Tudor Gardens ya jaddada bambanci maimakon sauye-sauye, wanda aka rarrabe ta launi da mafarki. Ba a yi niyyar su a matsayin kari ga gida ko gine-gine ba, amma an yi su ne a matsayin wurare masu zaman kansu, an shirya su don girma da nuna furanni da tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa. Masu lambu sun nuna zane-zanen su a cikin lambuna masu ma'ana, tare da shirye-shirye masu rikitarwa waɗanda suka haɗa da katako na akwatin da aka haɗa, da kuma ganyayyaki masu ƙanshi kamar rosemary. Hanyoyin yashi suna gudana tsakanin shinge na maɗaura masu buɗewa yayin da maɗaura da aka rufe sun cika da furanni masu launi ɗaya. Ana sanya lambunan maɗaukaki da na parterre a ƙasa mai laushi, kuma wuraren da aka tanada don terraces daga inda za'a iya kallon rikitarwa na lambunan. Henry Wotton ya bayyana lambunan Jacobean a matsayin "rashin jituwa mai ban sha'awa" a cikin 1624. A karkashin tasirin Renaissance na Italiya, lambunan Caroline sun fara zubar da wasu rikice-rikice na ƙirar da ta gabata, suna nuna farkon yanayin zuwa ga ƙirar haɗin kai wanda ya ɗauki gine-ginen gini cikin la'akari, kuma yana nuna wani tsawo mai tsawo wanda za'a iya kallon gida da lambu. Gidan lambu na Caroline da ya tsira kawai yana cikin Bolsover Castle a Derbyshire, amma yana da sauƙi don jawo hankalin sha'awa sosai. A lokacin mulkin Charles II, an gina sabbin gidaje masu yawa na Baroque; yayin da a Ingila Oliver Cromwell ya nemi ya lalata lambunan Tudor, Jacobean da Caroline. == Tsarin == {{Authority control}}Zane na lambu shine tsari na ƙirƙirar tsare-tsare don shimfidawa da dasa lambuna da shimfidar wurare. Ana iya tsara lambuna ta masu lambu da kansu, ko [[Noman Kayan Lambu (Horticulture)|noma]] masu sana'a. Ana horar da masu zanen lambu masu sana'a a cikin ka'idodin ƙira da aikin lambu, kuma suna da ilimi da gogewa na amfani da tsire-tsire. Wasu ƙwararrun masu zanen lambu suma gine-ginen shimfidar wuri ne, matakin horo na yau da kullun wanda yawanci yana buƙatar digiri mai zurfi kuma sau da yawa lasisi na sana'a. Abubuwan ƙirar lambu sun haɗa da shimfidar wuri mai wauta, kamar hanyoyi, duwatsu, ganuwar, fasalulluka na ruwa, wuraren zama da bene, da kuma tsire-tsire da kansu, tare da la'akari da bukatun lambu, bayyanarsu ta yanayi zuwa yanayi, tsawon rayuwa, al'adar girma, girman, saurin girma, da haɗuwa da wasu tsire-shuke da fasalulluke. Yawancin lambuna sun kunshi cakuda abubuwa na halitta da na gine-gine, kodayake har ma lambuna 'na halitta' koyaushe halitta ce ta wucin gadi. Abubuwan halitta da ke cikin lambu galibi sun haɗa da tsire-tsire (kamar bishiyoyi da ciyawa), fauna (kamar arthropods da tsuntsaye), ƙasa, ruwa, iska da haske. Abubuwan da aka gina sun haɗa da ba kawai hanyoyi ba, patios, bene, siffofi, tsarin magudanar ruwa, fitilu da gine-gine (kamar sheds, gazebos, pergolas da follies), har ma da gine-ginen rayuwa kamar gadajen furanni, tafkuna da lawns. Ana kuma la'akari da bukatun lambu na kulawa. Ciki har da lokacin ko kudaden da ake samu don kulawa ta yau da kullun, (wannan na iya shafar zaɓin shuke-shuke game da saurin girma) yadawa ko shuka shuke-huke (shekara ko mai ɗorewa), lokacin fure, da sauran halaye da yawa. Za'a iya raba zane-zanen lambu zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu, lambuna na al'ada da na halitta. Abu mafi mahimmanci a cikin kowane zane na lambu shine yadda za a yi amfani da lambu, wanda aka bi da nau'ikan salon da ake so, da kuma yadda sararin lambu zai haɗu da gida ko wasu gine-gine a yankunan da ke kewaye. Dukkanin wadannan la'akari suna ƙarƙashin iyakokin kasafin kuɗi. Za'a iya magance iyakokin kasafin kuɗi ta hanyar salon lambu mai nau'o'i tare da ƙananan tsire-tsire da kayan shimfidar wuri masu tsada, tsaba maimakon sod don ciyawa, da tsire-shuke da ke girma da sauri; a madadin haka, masu mallakar lambu na iya zaɓar ƙirƙirar lambun su a tsawon lokaci, yanki da yanki.{{Sfn|Chen|2010}}  {{Reflist}} == Nau'o'in == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! !Nau'o'in lambuna |- |'''Takamaiman shuka ko manufa''' |Alpine lambun, bog lambun, cactus lambun, fernery, lambun furanni, lambun moss, lambun inabi, lambun jiki (mai gabatarwa ga lambunan botanical), lambun pollinator, lambun rose, lambun ruwa, lambun lambun daji (don ci gaba da rayuwar daji na gida), lambun botanical, lambun kasuwa (ƙananan samar da amfanin gona), lambun nasara (abin da aka shuka na lokacin yaƙi), lambun hydroponic lambun ruwa (bincike shuke-shuke-shuka masu gudu ba tare da gwaji ba), da shuke-shawa). |- |'''Takamaiman salon ko kyawawan abubuwa''' |Bonsai, lambun launi (Gidan lambu na monochromatic ko lambuna da aka tsara tare da tsarin launi mai ban sha'awa), lambun Dutch, dakin lambu (gidan da aka rufe wanda ke da tasirin "kamar ɗaki"), lambun Jamus, lambun Girka, lambun knot (gidan lambun da ke cikin murabba'i), lambun Maryamu (gidan tare da siffar budurwa Maryamu), lambun wata, lambun Mughal, lambun da aka ambata, lambun gargajiya, lambun daji, lambun fasalin fasalin Farisa, lambun girbi, lambun Farisa, gonar dajin, lambun shayi, lambun farisa, lambuna, lambun tropical, lambun, lambun shakatawa, lambun sha'awa, lambun abinci, lambun zen'awa, |- |'''Matsayi''' |Gidan lambu na baya, lambun makaranta, lambun gida, lambun gandun daji, lambun gaba, lambun al'umma, lambun zama, lambun rufin, lambun kicin, lambun inuwa |- |'''Abubuwan da ake amfani da su''' |Gidan kwalba, terrarium, [[Gidan Gishiri|greenhouse]], bango mai kore, lambu mai rataye, lambun kwantena, lambun zane-zane, lambun gado, lambun dutse, firam mai sanyiTsarin sanyi |} == Tasirin muhalli == Masu lambu na iya haifar da lalacewar muhalli ta hanyar da suke lambu, ko kuma suna iya inganta yanayin yankin su. Lalacewar da masu lambu ke yi na iya haɗawa da lalacewar mazauna na halitta kai tsaye lokacin da aka halicci gidaje da lambuna; lalacewar mahalli na kai tsaye da lalacewa don samar da kayan lambu kamar su peat, dutse don lambunan dutse, da kuma amfani da ruwan famfo don ban ruwa a lambun kanta; mutuwar rayayyun halittu masu rai a cikin lambun kanta, kamar kashewa ba kawai na slugs da [[Dodon kodi|kwari]] ba kawai ba har ma da masu cinye su kamar su ba tare da masu cin ganyayyaki ba; mutuwar rayarwa ta hanyar masu cin ganyen shuke-shuke da masu cin zarafin yanayi sun haifar da masu cin abinci ba; mutuwar masu cin ganyayewa da masu cin gashin kansu. === Canjin yanayi === Masu lambu na iya taimakawa wajen hana canjin yanayi ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da amfani da bishiyoyi, shrubs, shuke-shuke na ƙasa da sauran tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke a cikin lambunansu, juya sharar gida zuwa kwayoyin halitta na ƙasa maimakon ƙone shi, kiyaye ƙasa da man fetur da iska, guje wa peat, sauyawa daga kayan aikin wutar lantarki zuwa kayan aikin hannu ko canza ƙirar lambunansu don ba a buƙata ba, da amfani da tsire-mai gyara nitrogen maimakon taki.<ref name="David S.Ingram, Daphne Vince-Prue and Peter J. Gregory (2008)">{{Cite book|edition=Daphne}}</ref> Canjin yanayi zai yi tasiri da yawa a kan lambuna; wasu binciken sun nuna cewa mafi yawansu za su kasance marasa kyau. Gidajen lambu kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi. Masu lambu na iya samar da iskar gas a hanyoyi da yawa. Manyan iskar gas guda uku sune [[carbon dioxide]], [[methane]], da nitrous oxide. Masu lambu suna samar da carbon dioxide kai tsaye ta hanyar yawan noma ƙasa da lalata carbon na ƙasa, ta hanyar ƙone sharar lambu a kan wuta, ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin wutar lantarki waɗanda ke ƙone man fetur ko amfani da wutar lantarki da aka samar da man fetur, da kuma amfani da peat. Masu lambu suna samar da methane ta hanyar tarwatsa ƙasa da yin ta anaerobic, da kuma barin tarin takin su ya zama tarwatsawa da anaerobic. Masu lambu suna samar da nitrous oxide ta hanyar amfani da karin Nitrogen taki lokacin da tsire-tsire ba sa girma sosai don nitrogen a cikin taki ya canza ta hanyar kwayoyin ƙasa zuwa nitrous oxides. == Ruwa == Wasu masu lambu na iya kula da lambun su ba tare da amfani da ruwan waje ba. Misalan da ke Birtaniya sun haɗa da '''Lambun Botanical na Ventnor''' da ke tsibirin Wight, wasu sassan lambun '''Beth Chatto''' a Essex, '''Sticky Wicket Garden''' a Dorset, da kuma lambunan '''Kungiyar Kula da Lambuna ta Royal''' a '''Harlow Carr''' da '''Hyde Hall'''. '''Lambunan ruwa (rain gardens)''' kuma suna shan ruwan sama da ke zuba a saman filaye masu ƙarfi (kamar titi ko dakalin bene), maimakon barin ruwan ya shiga magudanan ruwa. == Dubi kuma == * Lissafin labaran lambu * Bayani game da aikin lambu da noma * Jerin masu sana'a na lambu * Jerin littattafai / wallafe-wallafen lambu da lambu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} === Ayyukan da aka ambata === *   *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons-inline}} ee3b080hitzb80g8qif2hem1bmuv90f 883227 883225 2026-07-15T08:27:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 883227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_May_2015_010.jpg|alt=see caption|thumb|Wani bangare na Brooklyn Botanic Garden wanda ke da itatuwan sheri na <nowiki><i id="mwDw">Prunus</i></nowiki> 'Kanzan' mai ruwan hoda]] [[Fayil:Skylands3.jpg|thumb|Gidan lambu na [[New Jersey]] a Skylands EstateGidan Skylands]] Gidan lambu wuri ne da aka tsara, yawanci a waje, an ware shi don noma, nuni, da jin daɗin tsire-tsire da sauran nau'ikan yanayi. Abu daya da ke nuna ko da '''lambun''' daji mafi girma shine ''iko''. Gidan lambu na iya haɗawa da kayan halitta da na wucin gadi. Gidajen lambu galibi suna da siffofi na zane ciki har da siffofinai, wauta, pergolas, trellises, stumperies, gadajen rafi masu bushewa, da siffofin ruwa kamar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, tafkuna (tare da ko ba tare da kifi ba), magudanan ruwa ko koguna. Wasu lambuna don dalilai na ado ne kawai, yayin da wasu kuma suna samar da amfanin gona, wani lokacin a wurare daban-daban, ko kuma wani lokacin an haɗa su da tsire-tsire masu ado. An rarrabe lambunan samar da abinci daga [[Gona|gonaki]] ta hanyar karamin sikelin su, hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa da aiki, da kuma manufar su (murna da nishaɗi ko haɓaka kai maimakon samar da sayarwa, kamar a lambun kasuwa). Gidajen furanni sun haɗu da tsire-tsire daban-daban, launuka, rubutu, da ƙanshi don ƙirƙirar sha'awa da jin daɗin ji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anguelovski |first=Isabelle |title=Urban gardening |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311871937}}</ref> Hanyar da aka fi sani da ita a yau ita ce ''lambun'' zama ko ''lambun'' jama'a, amma kalmar lambun ta kasance ta al'ada. Zoos, waɗanda ke nuna dabbobin daji a cikin wuraren zama na halitta, an kira su lambunan zoological. Gidajen Yammacin kusan a duk duniya sun dogara ne akan tsire-tsire, tare da lambu, wanda ke nuna ƙuƙwalwa, sau da yawa yana nuna gajeren nau'in lambu. Wasu nau'ikan lambuna na gargajiya na gabas, kamar lambunan Zen, duk da haka, suna amfani da tsire-tsire kaɗan ko a'a. Gidajen lambu, a gefe guda, kamar lambunan lambu na Ingila da aka fara bunkasa a karni na 18, na iya yanke shawarar barin furanni gaba ɗaya. [[Gine-gine na shimfidar wuri]] aiki ne na sana'a tare da gine-ginen shimfidar wurare waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ƙira a ma'auni da yawa kuma suna aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a da masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fusco |first=Dana |year=2001 |title=Creating relevant science through urban planning and gardening |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/tea.1036 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Research in Science Teaching |publisher=Wiley Online Library |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=860–877 |bibcode=2001JRScT..38..860F |doi=10.1002/tea.1036 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506175506/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/tea.1036 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |access-date=6 May 2023}}</ref> == Magagganu == Maganar kalmar lambu tana nufin kewaye: daga ''lambun'' Ingilishi na Tsakiya ne, daga lambun Anglo-Faransa, lambun, na asalin Jamusanci; kama da lambun Tsohon Jamusanci, ''Garce'', kewaye ko fili, kamar a [[Stuttgart]]. Dubi Grad (Slavic settlement) don ƙarin cikakkiyar etymology. Kalmomin yadi, ''kotu'', da Latin ''Hortus'' (ma'anar "gidan lambu", saboda haka ''<nowiki><i id="mwWQ">Yankin</i></nowiki> lambu'' da gonar inabi), sune cognates - duk suna nufin sararin samaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Etymology of words referring to enclosures, probably from a Sanskrit stem. In German, for example, Stutt'''gart'''. The word is generic for compounds and walled cities, as in Stalin'''grad''', and the Russian word for city, ''gorod''. Gird and girdle are also related |url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/library/garden.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213101107/http://www.yourdictionary.com/library/garden.html |archive-date=13 February 2010 |publisher=Yourdictionary.com}}</ref> Kalmar "gidan lambu" a cikin Turanci na Burtaniya tana nufin ƙaramin Yankin mai rufewa, yawanci kusa da gini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oxford Dictionaries |url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/garden?view=uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105345/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/garden?view=uk |archive-date=29 September 2007 |access-date=24 May 2007 |website=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> Wannan za a kira shi a matsayin yadi a cikin Turanci na Amurka. == Amfani da shi == [[Fayil:'JardimBotanico.BotanicalGarden.CuritibaParanaBrasilBrazil.JPG|thumb|Wani bangare na ra'ayi daga lambun Botanical na Curitiba (Kudancin Brazil): parterres, furanni, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, siffofi, greenhouses da waƙoƙi sun haɗa da wurin da aka yi amfani da shi don nishaɗi da nazarin da kare tsire-tsire.]] Gidan lambu na iya samun amfani mai kyau, aiki, da kuma nishaɗi: * Haɗin kai tare da yanayi Shuka Shuka Shuke-shuke ** [[Noma|Shuka shuke-shuke]] ** Koyon da aka samo asali daga lambu * Binciken yanayi Tsuntsaye da kwari Bincike akan sauye-sauye ** Kula da tsuntsaye da kwari ** Tunanin sauye-sauyelokutan * Relaxation Tsayar da nau'ikan gnomes na lambu Abincin dare na iyali a kan terrace Yara suna wasa a cikin lambu Karatu da shakatawa a cikin hammock Kula da furanni Pottering a cikin shed Basking a cikin hasken rana mai dumi Tserewa daga hasken rana da zafi ** Sanya nau'ikan Gnomes na lambu daban-daban ** Abincin dare na iyali a kan teburin ** Yara suna wasa a cikin lambu ** Karatu da shakatawa a cikin hammock ** Kula da fure ** Yin tukwane a cikin shellzubar ** Basking a cikin Hasken rana mai dumi ** Tserewa daga hasken rana da zafi * Girma mai amfani Fure don yankewa da kawowa ciki don kyawawan kayan lambu da kayan lambu don dafa abinci ** Fure don yankewa da kawowa ciki don kyawawan cikin gida ** Sabbin ganye da kayan lambu don dafa abinci == Tarihi == {{Authority control}} === Asiya === ==== China ==== {{Horticulture and Gardening}} [[Fayil:Humble_Administrator's_Garden_7193_(6399187813).jpg|thumb|Tsarin halitta na lambun kasar Sin da aka sanya a cikin wuri mai faɗi, gami da pavilion]] Lambunan gargajiya na farko da aka sani a tarihi a kasar '''China''' an ƙirƙire su ne a cikin kwarin '''Kogin Yellow (Kogin Rawaya)''', a zamanin '''daular Shang''' (1600–1046 KZ). Waɗannan lambuna sukan kasance manyan filaye ne da aka kewaye da ganuwa, inda sarakuna da masu mulki ke farautar dabbobi, ko kuma inda ake shuka '''<nowiki/>'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu'''. Rubuce-rubucen farko daga wannan zamani – da aka sassaƙa a kan '''kawaran kwarkwata''' – sun haɗa haruffa guda uku na kasar Sin da ke nufin "lambu": '''''you'', ''pu'', da ''yuan'''''. * '''''You''''' na nufin lambun sarauta inda ake ajiye '''tsuntsaye da dabbobi'''. * '''''Pu''''' na nufin lambun da ake shuka '''tsirrai ko itatuwa'''. A zamanin '''daular Qin''' (221–206 KZ), kalmar '''''yuan''''' ta zama harafin da ake amfani da shi don nufin '''duk wani lambu'''. Tsohon harafin '''''yuan''''' a rubutun gargajiya na kasar Sin yana nuna ƙananan hoton lambu: yana cikin murabba’i (wanda ke wakiltar '''katanga'''), tare da wasu alamomi da ke iya wakiltar '''tsarin gini''', '''ƙaramar tafki''', da kuma '''gona ko itacen rumman'''. Wani shahararren lambun sarauta daga ƙarshen zamanin mulkin '''Shang''' shi ne '''Dandalin Ɗaukaka, Tafki da Filin Shakatawa na Ruhaniya''' (''Lingtai, Lingzhao, Lingyou'') wanda '''Sarki Wenwang''' ya gina a '''yammacin babban birninsa, Yin'''. An bayyana wannan lambun a cikin '''Littafin Wakoki na Gargajiya (Classic of Poetry)''' kamar haka: : Sarki yana tafiya a cikin Park of the Spirit, : Dabbobin suna durƙusa a kan ciyawa, suna ciyar da 'ya'yansu. : Dabbobin suna da kyau kuma suna da kyau. : Cranes masu tsabta suna da fuka-fuki na fari mai haske. : Sarki ya yi tafiya zuwa Ruwa na Ruhu, : Ruwa yana cike da kifi, wanda ke yawo. Wani lambun sarauta na farko shine ''Shaqui'', ko Dunes of Sand, wanda mai mulkin Shang na ƙarshe, Sarki Zhou (1075-1046 BC) ya gina. Ya ƙunshi ƙasa, ko ''tai'', wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin dandalin kallo a tsakiyar babban filin shakatawa. An bayyana shi a daya daga cikin litattafan gargajiya na farko na wallafe-wallafen Sinanci, ''Tarihin Babban Masanin Tarihi'' (''Shiji''). A cewar ''Shiji'', daya daga cikin shahararrun fasalulluka na wannan lambun shine tafkin ruwan inabi da gandun daji (酒池肉林). An gina babban tafki, babba don ƙananan jiragen ruwa da yawa, a filin fadar, tare da linings na ciki na dutse mai siffar oval daga bakin teku. Daga baya aka cika tafkin da ruwan inabi. An gina wani karamin tsibiri a tsakiyar tafkin, inda aka dasa bishiyoyi, wanda ke da nama da aka gasa da aka rataye daga rassan su. Sarki Zhou da abokansa da ƙwaraƙwarai sun yi yawo a cikin jiragensu, suna shan ruwan inabi da hannayensu kuma suna cin nama da aka gasa daga bishiyoyi. Daga baya masana falsafa da masana tarihi na kasar Sin sun ambaci wannan lambun a matsayin misali na lalacewa da mummunan dandano. A Lokacin bazara da kaka (722-481 BC), a cikin 535 BC, Sarki Jing na Daular Zhou ne ya gina Terrace na Shanghua, tare da manyan gidaje masu kyau. A cikin 505 KZ, an fara wani lambu mai zurfi, Terrace na Gusu. An samo shi a gefen dutse, kuma ya haɗa da jerin wuraren da aka haɗa da tashoshi, tare da tafkin inda jiragen ruwa a cikin nau'in blue dragons ke tafiya. Daga mafi girman tudu, ra'ayi ya kai har zuwa Tafkin Tai, Babban Tafkin. ==== Indiya ==== ''Manasollasa'' rubutu ne na [[Sanskrit]] na ƙarni na goma sha biyu wanda ke ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ƙirar lambu da sauran batutuwa iri-iri. Dukkanin wuraren shakatawa na jama'a da lambunan gandun daji an bayyana su, tare da kimanin nau'ikan bishiyoyi 40 da aka ba da shawarar ga wurin shakatawa a cikin babi na ''Vana-krida''. <ref name="sadhalenenebim" /> {{Sfn|Shrigondekar|1961}} ''Shilparatna'', wani rubutu daga karni na sha shida, ya bayyana cewa lambunan furanni ko wuraren shakatawa na jama'a ya kamata su kasance a arewacin garin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Ram Bachan |year=1976 |title=Cities and parks in ancient India |journal=Ekistics |volume=42 |issue=253 |pages=372–376 |jstor=43618748}}</ref> ==== Japan ==== {{Authority control}} [[Fayil:Saihouji-kokedera01.jpg|right|thumb|Gidan lambu a haikalin Saihō-ji a [[Kyoto]], ya fara ne a shekara ta 1339.]] Gidajen lambu na farko da aka rubuta a Japan sune lambunan jin daɗi na sarakuna da manyan mutane. An ambaci su a cikin gajerun wurare da yawa na {{Transl|ja|[[Nihon Shoki]]}}, tarihin farko na tarihin Japan, wanda aka buga a 720 AZ. A cikin bazara na 74 AZ, tarihin ya rubuta: "Sarkin sarakuna Keikō ya sanya wasu carp a cikin tafki, kuma ya yi farin ciki don ganin su da safe da maraice". A shekara mai zuwa, "Sarkin sarakuna ya kaddamar da jirgin ruwa mai kwalliya biyu a cikin tafkin Ijishi a Ihare, kuma ya shiga cikin jirgin tare da ƙwaraƙwaransa na sarki, kuma sun yi biki tare da kyau". A cikin 486, tarihin ya rubuta cewa "Sarkin sarakuna Kenzō ya shiga cikin lambun kuma ya yi biki a gefen rafi mai juyawa". ==== Koriya ====   Gidajen Koriya wani nau'in lambu ne wanda aka bayyana a matsayin na halitta, na al'ada, mai sauƙi da ba a tilasta shi ba, yana neman haɗuwa da duniyar halitta. Suna da tarihin da ya koma sama da shekaru dubu biyu, amma ba a san su sosai a yamma ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?pk=0000593886&sub_pk=&clss_cd=0002202991&top_menu_cd=0000000329&Menu_code=0000008706&sub_menu= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928232957/http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?pk=0000593886&sub_pk=&clss_cd=0002202991&top_menu_cd=0000000329&Menu_code=0000008706&sub_menu= |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=18 May 2011}}</ref> Tsohon rubuce-rubuce sun kasance a zamanin Masarauta Uku (57 BC - 668 AD) lokacin da gine-gine da lambunan fada suka nuna ci gaban da aka lura a Tarihin Koriya na Masarauta uku. === Turai === [[Fayil:Ricostruzione_del_giardino_della_casa_dei_vetii_di_pompei_(mostra_al_giardino_di_boboli,_2007)_01.JPG|thumb|Sake gina lambun a Gidan Vettii a Pompeii.]] Ba a gane lambu a matsayin nau'in fasaha a Turai ba har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 16 lokacin da ya shiga cikin maganganun siyasa, a matsayin alama ce ta manufar "jamhuriyar kirki". Bayyana hotuna na Utopia na Aljanna ta Adnin, lokacin wadata da wadata inda mutane ba su san yunwa ko rikice-rikicen da suka taso daga rikice-rikice na dukiya ba. John Evelyn ya rubuta a farkon karni na 17, "babu rayuwa mai wahala to na Gard'ners mai kyau; amma aiki cike da kwanciyar hankali da gamsuwa; Halitta da Koyarwa, da sauransu kamar (idan akwai) suna ba da gudummawa ga Piety da Contemplation. " A zamanin Enclosures, an tsara haɗin gwiwar noma na zamanin feudal a cikin wallafe-wallafen "fantasies na 'yanci koma baya zuwa lambu da jeji". ==== Faransa ==== Bayan yakin da '''Sarki Charles na Takwas''' ya yi a '''Italiya a shekarar 1495''', inda ya ga lambuna da ƙasaitattun fadodi na '''Naples''', sai ya dawo da '''masana Italiya''' da '''masu ƙirar lambuna''' kamar '''Pacello da Mercogliano''' daga Naples. Ya umarci a gina '''lambunan salon Italiya''' a fadar sa da ke '''Château d'Amboise''', da kuma wani gidan sa na keɓe a '''Château Gaillard''', dukansu a Amboise. '''Wanda ya gaje shi, Sarki Henry na II''', wanda shi ma ya yi tafiya zuwa Italiya kuma ya haɗu da '''Leonardo da Vinci''', ya ƙirƙiri wani lambu na salon Italiya a kusa da '''Château de Blois'''. Daga '''shekarar 1528''', '''Sarki Francis na I''' ya ƙirƙiri sababbin lambuna a '''Château de Fontainebleau''', waɗanda suka ƙunshi '''famfofan ruwa (fountains)''', '''parterres (shafukan furanni masu zane-zane)''', daji na '''bishiyoyin pine''' da aka kawo daga '''Provence''', da kuma '''grotto (kogo na ƙirƙira)''' na farko a Faransa. '''Château de Chenonceau''' kuma yana da lambuna biyu da aka gina a sabon salon nan: ɗaya an gina shi ne don '''Diane de Poitiers''' a '''shekarar 1551''', sai kuma na biyu don '''Catherine de' Medici''' a '''shekarar 1560'''. A shekarar '''1536''', '''Philibert de l'Orme''', wani ɗan ƙira (architect) da ya dawo daga '''Rome''', ya ƙirƙiri lambunan '''Château d'Anet''' bisa ƙa'idodin '''daidaito da tsari na Italiya'''. Tsarin tsari da daidaiton lambun Anet — tare da '''parterres''', filayen ruwa, da shuke-shuke da aka haɗa da kyau — ya zama '''ɗaya daga cikin mafi farko kuma mafi tasiri''' a cikin salon lambun Faransa na gargajiya. '''Lambun salon Faransa na gargajiya''' (''a Faransanci: jardin à la française'') yana bambanta da ƙa'idodin ƙirar '''lambun shimfiɗar Ingila''' (''a Faransanci: jardin à l'anglaise''), wato, '''tilasta yanayi''' maimakon barin sa cikin halittarsa ba tare da katsalandan ba. A al'ada, lambunan Faransa na gargajiya sukan ƙunshi '''parterre (shafin furanni mai zane-zane), siffofi masu lissafi, da kuma bishiyu da aka yanke su cikin tsari''', sabanin salon Ingila inda '''tsirrai da shrubs suke girma kamar ba tare da wata matsala ko ƙirƙira ba.''' A tsakiyar ƙarni na 17, '''daidaito na k'wak'walwa (axial symmetry)''' ya zama sananne a cikin salon lambunan Faransa, musamman ta hanyar masu ƙira irin su '''Andre Mollet''' da '''Jacques Boyceau'''. Boyceau ya rubuta cewa: ''"Duk wani abu, ko da kuwa yana da kyau nawa, zai zama ba cikakke ba idan ba a tsara shi da kyau cikin daidaito ba."'' Misali mai kyau na salon Faransa na gargajiya shine '''lambunan Tuileries''' da ke birnin Paris, wanda aka fara ƙirƙira su a lokacin mulkin '''Sarki Henry na II''' a tsakiyar ƙarni na 16. Daga baya an sake ƙirƙirar su cikin salon Faransa na gargajiya a lokacin '''Sarki Louis na XIV (Rana Sarki – Sun King).''' An tsara lambunan cikin layuka masu daidaito: dogayen jerin bishiyoyin '''elm''' ko '''chestnut''', ganuwar bushes da aka yanke daidai, tare da '''parterres''', domin su nuna '''nasarar tsari da ikon ɗan adam akan yanayi.''' Gidan lambu na Faransa ya sami rinjaye daga lambun lambu na Ingila kuma ya sami shahara a ƙarshen karni na sha takwas. ==== Ƙasar Ingila ==== Kafin zamanin Grand Manner, an sami wasu muhimman lambuna a Burtaniya waɗanda aka haɓaka a ƙarƙashin tasirin nahiyar. Al'adun lambu na gida na Burtaniya galibi suna da amfani a cikin manufa, maimakon kyawawan abubuwa, ba kamar manyan lambuna da aka samo mafi yawa a filin masarauta ba kuma ba a saba gani ba a jami'o'i. Tudor Gardens ya jaddada bambanci maimakon sauye-sauye, wanda aka rarrabe ta launi da mafarki. Ba a yi niyyar su a matsayin kari ga gida ko gine-gine ba, amma an yi su ne a matsayin wurare masu zaman kansu, an shirya su don girma da nuna furanni da tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa. Masu lambu sun nuna zane-zanen su a cikin lambuna masu ma'ana, tare da shirye-shirye masu rikitarwa waɗanda suka haɗa da katako na akwatin da aka haɗa, da kuma ganyayyaki masu ƙanshi kamar rosemary. Hanyoyin yashi suna gudana tsakanin shinge na maɗaura masu buɗewa yayin da maɗaura da aka rufe sun cika da furanni masu launi ɗaya. Ana sanya lambunan maɗaukaki da na parterre a ƙasa mai laushi, kuma wuraren da aka tanada don terraces daga inda za'a iya kallon rikitarwa na lambunan. Henry Wotton ya bayyana lambunan Jacobean a matsayin "rashin jituwa mai ban sha'awa" a cikin 1624. A karkashin tasirin Renaissance na Italiya, lambunan Caroline sun fara zubar da wasu rikice-rikice na ƙirar da ta gabata, suna nuna farkon yanayin zuwa ga ƙirar haɗin kai wanda ya ɗauki gine-ginen gini cikin la'akari, kuma yana nuna wani tsawo mai tsawo wanda za'a iya kallon gida da lambu. Gidan lambu na Caroline da ya tsira kawai yana cikin Bolsover Castle a Derbyshire, amma yana da sauƙi don jawo hankalin sha'awa sosai. A lokacin mulkin Charles II, an gina sabbin gidaje masu yawa na Baroque; yayin da a Ingila Oliver Cromwell ya nemi ya lalata lambunan Tudor, Jacobean da Caroline. == Tsarin == {{Authority control}}Zane na lambu shine tsari na ƙirƙirar tsare-tsare don shimfidawa da dasa lambuna da shimfidar wurare. Ana iya tsara lambuna ta masu lambu da kansu, ko [[Noman Kayan Lambu (Horticulture)|noma]] masu sana'a. Ana horar da masu zanen lambu masu sana'a a cikin ka'idodin ƙira da aikin lambu, kuma suna da ilimi da gogewa na amfani da tsire-tsire. Wasu ƙwararrun masu zanen lambu suma gine-ginen shimfidar wuri ne, matakin horo na yau da kullun wanda yawanci yana buƙatar digiri mai zurfi kuma sau da yawa lasisi na sana'a. Abubuwan ƙirar lambu sun haɗa da shimfidar wuri mai wauta, kamar hanyoyi, duwatsu, ganuwar, fasalulluka na ruwa, wuraren zama da bene, da kuma tsire-tsire da kansu, tare da la'akari da bukatun lambu, bayyanarsu ta yanayi zuwa yanayi, tsawon rayuwa, al'adar girma, girman, saurin girma, da haɗuwa da wasu tsire-shuke da fasalulluke. Yawancin lambuna sun kunshi cakuda abubuwa na halitta da na gine-gine, kodayake har ma lambuna 'na halitta' koyaushe halitta ce ta wucin gadi. Abubuwan halitta da ke cikin lambu galibi sun haɗa da tsire-tsire (kamar bishiyoyi da ciyawa), fauna (kamar arthropods da tsuntsaye), ƙasa, ruwa, iska da haske. Abubuwan da aka gina sun haɗa da ba kawai hanyoyi ba, patios, bene, siffofi, tsarin magudanar ruwa, fitilu da gine-gine (kamar sheds, gazebos, pergolas da follies), har ma da gine-ginen rayuwa kamar gadajen furanni, tafkuna da lawns. Ana kuma la'akari da bukatun lambu na kulawa. Ciki har da lokacin ko kudaden da ake samu don kulawa ta yau da kullun, (wannan na iya shafar zaɓin shuke-shuke game da saurin girma) yadawa ko shuka shuke-huke (shekara ko mai ɗorewa), lokacin fure, da sauran halaye da yawa. Za'a iya raba zane-zanen lambu zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu, lambuna na al'ada da na halitta. Abu mafi mahimmanci a cikin kowane zane na lambu shine yadda za a yi amfani da lambu, wanda aka bi da nau'ikan salon da ake so, da kuma yadda sararin lambu zai haɗu da gida ko wasu gine-gine a yankunan da ke kewaye. Dukkanin wadannan la'akari suna ƙarƙashin iyakokin kasafin kuɗi. Za'a iya magance iyakokin kasafin kuɗi ta hanyar salon lambu mai nau'o'i tare da ƙananan tsire-tsire da kayan shimfidar wuri masu tsada, tsaba maimakon sod don ciyawa, da tsire-shuke da ke girma da sauri; a madadin haka, masu mallakar lambu na iya zaɓar ƙirƙirar lambun su a tsawon lokaci, yanki da yanki.{{Sfn|Chen|2010}}  {{Reflist}} == Nau'o'in == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! !Nau'o'in lambuna |- |'''Takamaiman shuka ko manufa''' |Alpine lambun, bog lambun, cactus lambun, fernery, lambun furanni, lambun moss, lambun inabi, lambun jiki (mai gabatarwa ga lambunan botanical), lambun pollinator, lambun rose, lambun ruwa, lambun lambun daji (don ci gaba da rayuwar daji na gida), lambun botanical, lambun kasuwa (ƙananan samar da amfanin gona), lambun nasara (abin da aka shuka na lokacin yaƙi), lambun hydroponic lambun ruwa (bincike shuke-shuke-shuka masu gudu ba tare da gwaji ba), da shuke-shawa). |- |'''Takamaiman salon ko kyawawan abubuwa''' |Bonsai, lambun launi (Gidan lambu na monochromatic ko lambuna da aka tsara tare da tsarin launi mai ban sha'awa), lambun Dutch, dakin lambu (gidan da aka rufe wanda ke da tasirin "kamar ɗaki"), lambun Jamus, lambun Girka, lambun knot (gidan lambun da ke cikin murabba'i), lambun Maryamu (gidan tare da siffar budurwa Maryamu), lambun wata, lambun Mughal, lambun da aka ambata, lambun gargajiya, lambun daji, lambun fasalin fasalin Farisa, lambun girbi, lambun Farisa, gonar dajin, lambun shayi, lambun farisa, lambuna, lambun tropical, lambun, lambun shakatawa, lambun sha'awa, lambun abinci, lambun zen'awa, |- |'''Matsayi''' |Gidan lambu na baya, lambun makaranta, lambun gida, lambun gandun daji, lambun gaba, lambun al'umma, lambun zama, lambun rufin, lambun kicin, lambun inuwa |- |'''Abubuwan da ake amfani da su''' |Gidan kwalba, terrarium, [[Gidan Gishiri|greenhouse]], bango mai kore, lambu mai rataye, lambun kwantena, lambun zane-zane, lambun gado, lambun dutse, firam mai sanyiTsarin sanyi |} == Tasirin muhalli == Masu lambu na iya haifar da lalacewar muhalli ta hanyar da suke lambu, ko kuma suna iya inganta yanayin yankin su. Lalacewar da masu lambu ke yi na iya haɗawa da lalacewar mazauna na halitta kai tsaye lokacin da aka halicci gidaje da lambuna; lalacewar mahalli na kai tsaye da lalacewa don samar da kayan lambu kamar su peat, dutse don lambunan dutse, da kuma amfani da ruwan famfo don ban ruwa a lambun kanta; mutuwar rayayyun halittu masu rai a cikin lambun kanta, kamar kashewa ba kawai na slugs da [[Dodon kodi|kwari]] ba kawai ba har ma da masu cinye su kamar su ba tare da masu cin ganyayyaki ba; mutuwar rayarwa ta hanyar masu cin ganyen shuke-shuke da masu cin zarafin yanayi sun haifar da masu cin abinci ba; mutuwar masu cin ganyayewa da masu cin gashin kansu. === Canjin yanayi === Masu lambu na iya taimakawa wajen hana canjin yanayi ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da amfani da bishiyoyi, shrubs, shuke-shuke na ƙasa da sauran tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke a cikin lambunansu, juya sharar gida zuwa kwayoyin halitta na ƙasa maimakon ƙone shi, kiyaye ƙasa da man fetur da iska, guje wa peat, sauyawa daga kayan aikin wutar lantarki zuwa kayan aikin hannu ko canza ƙirar lambunansu don ba a buƙata ba, da amfani da tsire-mai gyara nitrogen maimakon taki.<ref name="David S.Ingram, Daphne Vince-Prue and Peter J. Gregory (2008)">{{Cite book|edition=Daphne}}</ref> Canjin yanayi zai yi tasiri da yawa a kan lambuna; wasu binciken sun nuna cewa mafi yawansu za su kasance marasa kyau. Gidajen lambu kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi. Masu lambu na iya samar da iskar gas a hanyoyi da yawa. Manyan iskar gas guda uku sune [[carbon dioxide]], [[methane]], da nitrous oxide. Masu lambu suna samar da carbon dioxide kai tsaye ta hanyar yawan noma ƙasa da lalata carbon na ƙasa, ta hanyar ƙone sharar lambu a kan wuta, ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin wutar lantarki waɗanda ke ƙone man fetur ko amfani da wutar lantarki da aka samar da man fetur, da kuma amfani da peat. Masu lambu suna samar da methane ta hanyar tarwatsa ƙasa da yin ta anaerobic, da kuma barin tarin takin su ya zama tarwatsawa da anaerobic. Masu lambu suna samar da nitrous oxide ta hanyar amfani da karin Nitrogen taki lokacin da tsire-tsire ba sa girma sosai don nitrogen a cikin taki ya canza ta hanyar kwayoyin ƙasa zuwa nitrous oxides. == Ruwa == Wasu masu lambu na iya kula da lambun su ba tare da amfani da ruwan waje ba. Misalan da ke Birtaniya sun haɗa da '''Lambun Botanical na Ventnor''' da ke tsibirin Wight, wasu sassan lambun '''Beth Chatto''' a Essex, '''Sticky Wicket Garden''' a Dorset, da kuma lambunan '''Kungiyar Kula da Lambuna ta Royal''' a '''Harlow Carr''' da '''Hyde Hall'''. '''Lambunan ruwa (rain gardens)''' kuma suna shan ruwan sama da ke zuba a saman filaye masu ƙarfi (kamar titi ko dakalin bene), maimakon barin ruwan ya shiga magudanan ruwa. == Dubi kuma == * Lissafin labaran lambu * Bayani game da aikin lambu da noma * Jerin masu sana'a na lambu * Jerin littattafai / wallafe-wallafen lambu da lambu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} === Ayyukan da aka ambata === *   *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons-inline}} 57dxjv42stvhv3fvzps0uybtdf2uxfl 883229 883227 2026-07-15T08:27:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 883229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_May_2015_010.jpg|alt=see caption|thumb|Wani bangare na Brooklyn Botanic Garden wanda ke da itatuwan sheri na <nowiki><i id="mwDw">Prunus</i></nowiki> 'Kanzan' mai ruwan hoda]] [[Fayil:Skylands3.jpg|thumb|Gidan lambu na [[New Jersey]] a Skylands EstateGidan Skylands]] '''Gidan lambu''' wuri ne da aka tsara, yawanci a waje, an ware shi don noma, nuni, da jin daɗin tsire-tsire da sauran nau'ikan yanayi. Abu daya da ke nuna ko da '''lambun''' daji mafi girma shine ''iko''. Gidan lambu na iya haɗawa da kayan halitta da na wucin gadi. Gidajen lambu galibi suna da siffofi na zane ciki har da siffofinai, wauta, pergolas, trellises, stumperies, gadajen rafi masu bushewa, da siffofin ruwa kamar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, tafkuna (tare da ko ba tare da kifi ba), magudanan ruwa ko koguna. Wasu lambuna don dalilai na ado ne kawai, yayin da wasu kuma suna samar da amfanin gona, wani lokacin a wurare daban-daban, ko kuma wani lokacin an haɗa su da tsire-tsire masu ado. An rarrabe lambunan samar da abinci daga [[Gona|gonaki]] ta hanyar karamin sikelin su, hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa da aiki, da kuma manufar su (murna da nishaɗi ko haɓaka kai maimakon samar da sayarwa, kamar a lambun kasuwa). Gidajen furanni sun haɗu da tsire-tsire daban-daban, launuka, rubutu, da ƙanshi don ƙirƙirar sha'awa da jin daɗin ji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anguelovski |first=Isabelle |title=Urban gardening |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311871937}}</ref> Hanyar da aka fi sani da ita a yau ita ce ''lambun'' zama ko ''lambun'' jama'a, amma kalmar lambun ta kasance ta al'ada. Zoos, waɗanda ke nuna dabbobin daji a cikin wuraren zama na halitta, an kira su lambunan zoological. Gidajen Yammacin kusan a duk duniya sun dogara ne akan tsire-tsire, tare da lambu, wanda ke nuna ƙuƙwalwa, sau da yawa yana nuna gajeren nau'in lambu. Wasu nau'ikan lambuna na gargajiya na gabas, kamar lambunan Zen, duk da haka, suna amfani da tsire-tsire kaɗan ko a'a. Gidajen lambu, a gefe guda, kamar lambunan lambu na Ingila da aka fara bunkasa a karni na 18, na iya yanke shawarar barin furanni gaba ɗaya. [[Gine-gine na shimfidar wuri]] aiki ne na sana'a tare da gine-ginen shimfidar wurare waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ƙira a ma'auni da yawa kuma suna aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a da masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fusco |first=Dana |year=2001 |title=Creating relevant science through urban planning and gardening |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/tea.1036 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Research in Science Teaching |publisher=Wiley Online Library |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=860–877 |bibcode=2001JRScT..38..860F |doi=10.1002/tea.1036 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506175506/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/tea.1036 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |access-date=6 May 2023}}</ref> == Magagganu == Maganar kalmar lambu tana nufin kewaye: daga ''lambun'' Ingilishi na Tsakiya ne, daga lambun Anglo-Faransa, lambun, na asalin Jamusanci; kama da lambun Tsohon Jamusanci, ''Garce'', kewaye ko fili, kamar a [[Stuttgart]]. Dubi Grad (Slavic settlement) don ƙarin cikakkiyar etymology. Kalmomin yadi, ''kotu'', da Latin ''Hortus'' (ma'anar "gidan lambu", saboda haka ''<nowiki><i id="mwWQ">Yankin</i></nowiki> lambu'' da gonar inabi), sune cognates - duk suna nufin sararin samaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Etymology of words referring to enclosures, probably from a Sanskrit stem. In German, for example, Stutt'''gart'''. The word is generic for compounds and walled cities, as in Stalin'''grad''', and the Russian word for city, ''gorod''. Gird and girdle are also related |url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/library/garden.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213101107/http://www.yourdictionary.com/library/garden.html |archive-date=13 February 2010 |publisher=Yourdictionary.com}}</ref> Kalmar "gidan lambu" a cikin Turanci na Burtaniya tana nufin ƙaramin Yankin mai rufewa, yawanci kusa da gini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oxford Dictionaries |url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/garden?view=uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105345/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/garden?view=uk |archive-date=29 September 2007 |access-date=24 May 2007 |website=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> Wannan za a kira shi a matsayin yadi a cikin Turanci na Amurka. == Amfani da shi == [[Fayil:'JardimBotanico.BotanicalGarden.CuritibaParanaBrasilBrazil.JPG|thumb|Wani bangare na ra'ayi daga lambun Botanical na Curitiba (Kudancin Brazil): parterres, furanni, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, siffofi, greenhouses da waƙoƙi sun haɗa da wurin da aka yi amfani da shi don nishaɗi da nazarin da kare tsire-tsire.]] Gidan lambu na iya samun amfani mai kyau, aiki, da kuma nishaɗi: * Haɗin kai tare da yanayi Shuka Shuka Shuke-shuke ** [[Noma|Shuka shuke-shuke]] ** Koyon da aka samo asali daga lambu * Binciken yanayi Tsuntsaye da kwari Bincike akan sauye-sauye ** Kula da tsuntsaye da kwari ** Tunanin sauye-sauyelokutan * Relaxation Tsayar da nau'ikan gnomes na lambu Abincin dare na iyali a kan terrace Yara suna wasa a cikin lambu Karatu da shakatawa a cikin hammock Kula da furanni Pottering a cikin shed Basking a cikin hasken rana mai dumi Tserewa daga hasken rana da zafi ** Sanya nau'ikan Gnomes na lambu daban-daban ** Abincin dare na iyali a kan teburin ** Yara suna wasa a cikin lambu ** Karatu da shakatawa a cikin hammock ** Kula da fure ** Yin tukwane a cikin shellzubar ** Basking a cikin Hasken rana mai dumi ** Tserewa daga hasken rana da zafi * Girma mai amfani Fure don yankewa da kawowa ciki don kyawawan kayan lambu da kayan lambu don dafa abinci ** Fure don yankewa da kawowa ciki don kyawawan cikin gida ** Sabbin ganye da kayan lambu don dafa abinci == Tarihi == {{Authority control}} === Asiya === ==== China ==== {{Horticulture and Gardening}} [[Fayil:Humble_Administrator's_Garden_7193_(6399187813).jpg|thumb|Tsarin halitta na lambun kasar Sin da aka sanya a cikin wuri mai faɗi, gami da pavilion]] Lambunan gargajiya na farko da aka sani a tarihi a kasar '''China''' an ƙirƙire su ne a cikin kwarin '''Kogin Yellow (Kogin Rawaya)''', a zamanin '''daular Shang''' (1600–1046 KZ). Waɗannan lambuna sukan kasance manyan filaye ne da aka kewaye da ganuwa, inda sarakuna da masu mulki ke farautar dabbobi, ko kuma inda ake shuka '''<nowiki/>'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu'''. Rubuce-rubucen farko daga wannan zamani – da aka sassaƙa a kan '''kawaran kwarkwata''' – sun haɗa haruffa guda uku na kasar Sin da ke nufin "lambu": '''''you'', ''pu'', da ''yuan'''''. * '''''You''''' na nufin lambun sarauta inda ake ajiye '''tsuntsaye da dabbobi'''. * '''''Pu''''' na nufin lambun da ake shuka '''tsirrai ko itatuwa'''. A zamanin '''daular Qin''' (221–206 KZ), kalmar '''''yuan''''' ta zama harafin da ake amfani da shi don nufin '''duk wani lambu'''. Tsohon harafin '''''yuan''''' a rubutun gargajiya na kasar Sin yana nuna ƙananan hoton lambu: yana cikin murabba’i (wanda ke wakiltar '''katanga'''), tare da wasu alamomi da ke iya wakiltar '''tsarin gini''', '''ƙaramar tafki''', da kuma '''gona ko itacen rumman'''. Wani shahararren lambun sarauta daga ƙarshen zamanin mulkin '''Shang''' shi ne '''Dandalin Ɗaukaka, Tafki da Filin Shakatawa na Ruhaniya''' (''Lingtai, Lingzhao, Lingyou'') wanda '''Sarki Wenwang''' ya gina a '''yammacin babban birninsa, Yin'''. An bayyana wannan lambun a cikin '''Littafin Wakoki na Gargajiya (Classic of Poetry)''' kamar haka: : Sarki yana tafiya a cikin Park of the Spirit, : Dabbobin suna durƙusa a kan ciyawa, suna ciyar da 'ya'yansu. : Dabbobin suna da kyau kuma suna da kyau. : Cranes masu tsabta suna da fuka-fuki na fari mai haske. : Sarki ya yi tafiya zuwa Ruwa na Ruhu, : Ruwa yana cike da kifi, wanda ke yawo. Wani lambun sarauta na farko shine ''Shaqui'', ko Dunes of Sand, wanda mai mulkin Shang na ƙarshe, Sarki Zhou (1075-1046 BC) ya gina. Ya ƙunshi ƙasa, ko ''tai'', wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin dandalin kallo a tsakiyar babban filin shakatawa. An bayyana shi a daya daga cikin litattafan gargajiya na farko na wallafe-wallafen Sinanci, ''Tarihin Babban Masanin Tarihi'' (''Shiji''). A cewar ''Shiji'', daya daga cikin shahararrun fasalulluka na wannan lambun shine tafkin ruwan inabi da gandun daji (酒池肉林). An gina babban tafki, babba don ƙananan jiragen ruwa da yawa, a filin fadar, tare da linings na ciki na dutse mai siffar oval daga bakin teku. Daga baya aka cika tafkin da ruwan inabi. An gina wani karamin tsibiri a tsakiyar tafkin, inda aka dasa bishiyoyi, wanda ke da nama da aka gasa da aka rataye daga rassan su. Sarki Zhou da abokansa da ƙwaraƙwarai sun yi yawo a cikin jiragensu, suna shan ruwan inabi da hannayensu kuma suna cin nama da aka gasa daga bishiyoyi. Daga baya masana falsafa da masana tarihi na kasar Sin sun ambaci wannan lambun a matsayin misali na lalacewa da mummunan dandano. A Lokacin bazara da kaka (722-481 BC), a cikin 535 BC, Sarki Jing na Daular Zhou ne ya gina Terrace na Shanghua, tare da manyan gidaje masu kyau. A cikin 505 KZ, an fara wani lambu mai zurfi, Terrace na Gusu. An samo shi a gefen dutse, kuma ya haɗa da jerin wuraren da aka haɗa da tashoshi, tare da tafkin inda jiragen ruwa a cikin nau'in blue dragons ke tafiya. Daga mafi girman tudu, ra'ayi ya kai har zuwa Tafkin Tai, Babban Tafkin. ==== Indiya ==== ''Manasollasa'' rubutu ne na [[Sanskrit]] na ƙarni na goma sha biyu wanda ke ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ƙirar lambu da sauran batutuwa iri-iri. Dukkanin wuraren shakatawa na jama'a da lambunan gandun daji an bayyana su, tare da kimanin nau'ikan bishiyoyi 40 da aka ba da shawarar ga wurin shakatawa a cikin babi na ''Vana-krida''. <ref name="sadhalenenebim" /> {{Sfn|Shrigondekar|1961}} ''Shilparatna'', wani rubutu daga karni na sha shida, ya bayyana cewa lambunan furanni ko wuraren shakatawa na jama'a ya kamata su kasance a arewacin garin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Ram Bachan |year=1976 |title=Cities and parks in ancient India |journal=Ekistics |volume=42 |issue=253 |pages=372–376 |jstor=43618748}}</ref> ==== Japan ==== {{Authority control}} [[Fayil:Saihouji-kokedera01.jpg|right|thumb|Gidan lambu a haikalin Saihō-ji a [[Kyoto]], ya fara ne a shekara ta 1339.]] Gidajen lambu na farko da aka rubuta a Japan sune lambunan jin daɗi na sarakuna da manyan mutane. An ambaci su a cikin gajerun wurare da yawa na {{Transl|ja|[[Nihon Shoki]]}}, tarihin farko na tarihin Japan, wanda aka buga a 720 AZ. A cikin bazara na 74 AZ, tarihin ya rubuta: "Sarkin sarakuna Keikō ya sanya wasu carp a cikin tafki, kuma ya yi farin ciki don ganin su da safe da maraice". A shekara mai zuwa, "Sarkin sarakuna ya kaddamar da jirgin ruwa mai kwalliya biyu a cikin tafkin Ijishi a Ihare, kuma ya shiga cikin jirgin tare da ƙwaraƙwaransa na sarki, kuma sun yi biki tare da kyau". A cikin 486, tarihin ya rubuta cewa "Sarkin sarakuna Kenzō ya shiga cikin lambun kuma ya yi biki a gefen rafi mai juyawa". ==== Koriya ====   Gidajen Koriya wani nau'in lambu ne wanda aka bayyana a matsayin na halitta, na al'ada, mai sauƙi da ba a tilasta shi ba, yana neman haɗuwa da duniyar halitta. Suna da tarihin da ya koma sama da shekaru dubu biyu, amma ba a san su sosai a yamma ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?pk=0000593886&sub_pk=&clss_cd=0002202991&top_menu_cd=0000000329&Menu_code=0000008706&sub_menu= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928232957/http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?pk=0000593886&sub_pk=&clss_cd=0002202991&top_menu_cd=0000000329&Menu_code=0000008706&sub_menu= |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=18 May 2011}}</ref> Tsohon rubuce-rubuce sun kasance a zamanin Masarauta Uku (57 BC - 668 AD) lokacin da gine-gine da lambunan fada suka nuna ci gaban da aka lura a Tarihin Koriya na Masarauta uku. === Turai === [[Fayil:Ricostruzione_del_giardino_della_casa_dei_vetii_di_pompei_(mostra_al_giardino_di_boboli,_2007)_01.JPG|thumb|Sake gina lambun a Gidan Vettii a Pompeii.]] Ba a gane lambu a matsayin nau'in fasaha a Turai ba har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 16 lokacin da ya shiga cikin maganganun siyasa, a matsayin alama ce ta manufar "jamhuriyar kirki". Bayyana hotuna na Utopia na Aljanna ta Adnin, lokacin wadata da wadata inda mutane ba su san yunwa ko rikice-rikicen da suka taso daga rikice-rikice na dukiya ba. John Evelyn ya rubuta a farkon karni na 17, "babu rayuwa mai wahala to na Gard'ners mai kyau; amma aiki cike da kwanciyar hankali da gamsuwa; Halitta da Koyarwa, da sauransu kamar (idan akwai) suna ba da gudummawa ga Piety da Contemplation. " A zamanin Enclosures, an tsara haɗin gwiwar noma na zamanin feudal a cikin wallafe-wallafen "fantasies na 'yanci koma baya zuwa lambu da jeji". ==== Faransa ==== Bayan yakin da '''Sarki Charles na Takwas''' ya yi a '''Italiya a shekarar 1495''', inda ya ga lambuna da ƙasaitattun fadodi na '''Naples''', sai ya dawo da '''masana Italiya''' da '''masu ƙirar lambuna''' kamar '''Pacello da Mercogliano''' daga Naples. Ya umarci a gina '''lambunan salon Italiya''' a fadar sa da ke '''Château d'Amboise''', da kuma wani gidan sa na keɓe a '''Château Gaillard''', dukansu a Amboise. '''Wanda ya gaje shi, Sarki Henry na II''', wanda shi ma ya yi tafiya zuwa Italiya kuma ya haɗu da '''Leonardo da Vinci''', ya ƙirƙiri wani lambu na salon Italiya a kusa da '''Château de Blois'''. Daga '''shekarar 1528''', '''Sarki Francis na I''' ya ƙirƙiri sababbin lambuna a '''Château de Fontainebleau''', waɗanda suka ƙunshi '''famfofan ruwa (fountains)''', '''parterres (shafukan furanni masu zane-zane)''', daji na '''bishiyoyin pine''' da aka kawo daga '''Provence''', da kuma '''grotto (kogo na ƙirƙira)''' na farko a Faransa. '''Château de Chenonceau''' kuma yana da lambuna biyu da aka gina a sabon salon nan: ɗaya an gina shi ne don '''Diane de Poitiers''' a '''shekarar 1551''', sai kuma na biyu don '''Catherine de' Medici''' a '''shekarar 1560'''. A shekarar '''1536''', '''Philibert de l'Orme''', wani ɗan ƙira (architect) da ya dawo daga '''Rome''', ya ƙirƙiri lambunan '''Château d'Anet''' bisa ƙa'idodin '''daidaito da tsari na Italiya'''. Tsarin tsari da daidaiton lambun Anet — tare da '''parterres''', filayen ruwa, da shuke-shuke da aka haɗa da kyau — ya zama '''ɗaya daga cikin mafi farko kuma mafi tasiri''' a cikin salon lambun Faransa na gargajiya. '''Lambun salon Faransa na gargajiya''' (''a Faransanci: jardin à la française'') yana bambanta da ƙa'idodin ƙirar '''lambun shimfiɗar Ingila''' (''a Faransanci: jardin à l'anglaise''), wato, '''tilasta yanayi''' maimakon barin sa cikin halittarsa ba tare da katsalandan ba. A al'ada, lambunan Faransa na gargajiya sukan ƙunshi '''parterre (shafin furanni mai zane-zane), siffofi masu lissafi, da kuma bishiyu da aka yanke su cikin tsari''', sabanin salon Ingila inda '''tsirrai da shrubs suke girma kamar ba tare da wata matsala ko ƙirƙira ba.''' A tsakiyar ƙarni na 17, '''daidaito na k'wak'walwa (axial symmetry)''' ya zama sananne a cikin salon lambunan Faransa, musamman ta hanyar masu ƙira irin su '''Andre Mollet''' da '''Jacques Boyceau'''. Boyceau ya rubuta cewa: ''"Duk wani abu, ko da kuwa yana da kyau nawa, zai zama ba cikakke ba idan ba a tsara shi da kyau cikin daidaito ba."'' Misali mai kyau na salon Faransa na gargajiya shine '''lambunan Tuileries''' da ke birnin Paris, wanda aka fara ƙirƙira su a lokacin mulkin '''Sarki Henry na II''' a tsakiyar ƙarni na 16. Daga baya an sake ƙirƙirar su cikin salon Faransa na gargajiya a lokacin '''Sarki Louis na XIV (Rana Sarki – Sun King).''' An tsara lambunan cikin layuka masu daidaito: dogayen jerin bishiyoyin '''elm''' ko '''chestnut''', ganuwar bushes da aka yanke daidai, tare da '''parterres''', domin su nuna '''nasarar tsari da ikon ɗan adam akan yanayi.''' Gidan lambu na Faransa ya sami rinjaye daga lambun lambu na Ingila kuma ya sami shahara a ƙarshen karni na sha takwas. ==== Ƙasar Ingila ==== Kafin zamanin Grand Manner, an sami wasu muhimman lambuna a Burtaniya waɗanda aka haɓaka a ƙarƙashin tasirin nahiyar. Al'adun lambu na gida na Burtaniya galibi suna da amfani a cikin manufa, maimakon kyawawan abubuwa, ba kamar manyan lambuna da aka samo mafi yawa a filin masarauta ba kuma ba a saba gani ba a jami'o'i. Tudor Gardens ya jaddada bambanci maimakon sauye-sauye, wanda aka rarrabe ta launi da mafarki. Ba a yi niyyar su a matsayin kari ga gida ko gine-gine ba, amma an yi su ne a matsayin wurare masu zaman kansu, an shirya su don girma da nuna furanni da tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa. Masu lambu sun nuna zane-zanen su a cikin lambuna masu ma'ana, tare da shirye-shirye masu rikitarwa waɗanda suka haɗa da katako na akwatin da aka haɗa, da kuma ganyayyaki masu ƙanshi kamar rosemary. Hanyoyin yashi suna gudana tsakanin shinge na maɗaura masu buɗewa yayin da maɗaura da aka rufe sun cika da furanni masu launi ɗaya. Ana sanya lambunan maɗaukaki da na parterre a ƙasa mai laushi, kuma wuraren da aka tanada don terraces daga inda za'a iya kallon rikitarwa na lambunan. Henry Wotton ya bayyana lambunan Jacobean a matsayin "rashin jituwa mai ban sha'awa" a cikin 1624. A karkashin tasirin Renaissance na Italiya, lambunan Caroline sun fara zubar da wasu rikice-rikice na ƙirar da ta gabata, suna nuna farkon yanayin zuwa ga ƙirar haɗin kai wanda ya ɗauki gine-ginen gini cikin la'akari, kuma yana nuna wani tsawo mai tsawo wanda za'a iya kallon gida da lambu. Gidan lambu na Caroline da ya tsira kawai yana cikin Bolsover Castle a Derbyshire, amma yana da sauƙi don jawo hankalin sha'awa sosai. A lokacin mulkin Charles II, an gina sabbin gidaje masu yawa na Baroque; yayin da a Ingila Oliver Cromwell ya nemi ya lalata lambunan Tudor, Jacobean da Caroline. == Tsarin == {{Authority control}}Zane na lambu shine tsari na ƙirƙirar tsare-tsare don shimfidawa da dasa lambuna da shimfidar wurare. Ana iya tsara lambuna ta masu lambu da kansu, ko [[Noman Kayan Lambu (Horticulture)|noma]] masu sana'a. Ana horar da masu zanen lambu masu sana'a a cikin ka'idodin ƙira da aikin lambu, kuma suna da ilimi da gogewa na amfani da tsire-tsire. Wasu ƙwararrun masu zanen lambu suma gine-ginen shimfidar wuri ne, matakin horo na yau da kullun wanda yawanci yana buƙatar digiri mai zurfi kuma sau da yawa lasisi na sana'a. Abubuwan ƙirar lambu sun haɗa da shimfidar wuri mai wauta, kamar hanyoyi, duwatsu, ganuwar, fasalulluka na ruwa, wuraren zama da bene, da kuma tsire-tsire da kansu, tare da la'akari da bukatun lambu, bayyanarsu ta yanayi zuwa yanayi, tsawon rayuwa, al'adar girma, girman, saurin girma, da haɗuwa da wasu tsire-shuke da fasalulluke. Yawancin lambuna sun kunshi cakuda abubuwa na halitta da na gine-gine, kodayake har ma lambuna 'na halitta' koyaushe halitta ce ta wucin gadi. Abubuwan halitta da ke cikin lambu galibi sun haɗa da tsire-tsire (kamar bishiyoyi da ciyawa), fauna (kamar arthropods da tsuntsaye), ƙasa, ruwa, iska da haske. Abubuwan da aka gina sun haɗa da ba kawai hanyoyi ba, patios, bene, siffofi, tsarin magudanar ruwa, fitilu da gine-gine (kamar sheds, gazebos, pergolas da follies), har ma da gine-ginen rayuwa kamar gadajen furanni, tafkuna da lawns. Ana kuma la'akari da bukatun lambu na kulawa. Ciki har da lokacin ko kudaden da ake samu don kulawa ta yau da kullun, (wannan na iya shafar zaɓin shuke-shuke game da saurin girma) yadawa ko shuka shuke-huke (shekara ko mai ɗorewa), lokacin fure, da sauran halaye da yawa. Za'a iya raba zane-zanen lambu zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu, lambuna na al'ada da na halitta. Abu mafi mahimmanci a cikin kowane zane na lambu shine yadda za a yi amfani da lambu, wanda aka bi da nau'ikan salon da ake so, da kuma yadda sararin lambu zai haɗu da gida ko wasu gine-gine a yankunan da ke kewaye. Dukkanin wadannan la'akari suna ƙarƙashin iyakokin kasafin kuɗi. Za'a iya magance iyakokin kasafin kuɗi ta hanyar salon lambu mai nau'o'i tare da ƙananan tsire-tsire da kayan shimfidar wuri masu tsada, tsaba maimakon sod don ciyawa, da tsire-shuke da ke girma da sauri; a madadin haka, masu mallakar lambu na iya zaɓar ƙirƙirar lambun su a tsawon lokaci, yanki da yanki.{{Sfn|Chen|2010}}  {{Reflist}} == Nau'o'in == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! !Nau'o'in lambuna |- |'''Takamaiman shuka ko manufa''' |Alpine lambun, bog lambun, cactus lambun, fernery, lambun furanni, lambun moss, lambun inabi, lambun jiki (mai gabatarwa ga lambunan botanical), lambun pollinator, lambun rose, lambun ruwa, lambun lambun daji (don ci gaba da rayuwar daji na gida), lambun botanical, lambun kasuwa (ƙananan samar da amfanin gona), lambun nasara (abin da aka shuka na lokacin yaƙi), lambun hydroponic lambun ruwa (bincike shuke-shuke-shuka masu gudu ba tare da gwaji ba), da shuke-shawa). |- |'''Takamaiman salon ko kyawawan abubuwa''' |Bonsai, lambun launi (Gidan lambu na monochromatic ko lambuna da aka tsara tare da tsarin launi mai ban sha'awa), lambun Dutch, dakin lambu (gidan da aka rufe wanda ke da tasirin "kamar ɗaki"), lambun Jamus, lambun Girka, lambun knot (gidan lambun da ke cikin murabba'i), lambun Maryamu (gidan tare da siffar budurwa Maryamu), lambun wata, lambun Mughal, lambun da aka ambata, lambun gargajiya, lambun daji, lambun fasalin fasalin Farisa, lambun girbi, lambun Farisa, gonar dajin, lambun shayi, lambun farisa, lambuna, lambun tropical, lambun, lambun shakatawa, lambun sha'awa, lambun abinci, lambun zen'awa, |- |'''Matsayi''' |Gidan lambu na baya, lambun makaranta, lambun gida, lambun gandun daji, lambun gaba, lambun al'umma, lambun zama, lambun rufin, lambun kicin, lambun inuwa |- |'''Abubuwan da ake amfani da su''' |Gidan kwalba, terrarium, [[Gidan Gishiri|greenhouse]], bango mai kore, lambu mai rataye, lambun kwantena, lambun zane-zane, lambun gado, lambun dutse, firam mai sanyiTsarin sanyi |} == Tasirin muhalli == Masu lambu na iya haifar da lalacewar muhalli ta hanyar da suke lambu, ko kuma suna iya inganta yanayin yankin su. Lalacewar da masu lambu ke yi na iya haɗawa da lalacewar mazauna na halitta kai tsaye lokacin da aka halicci gidaje da lambuna; lalacewar mahalli na kai tsaye da lalacewa don samar da kayan lambu kamar su peat, dutse don lambunan dutse, da kuma amfani da ruwan famfo don ban ruwa a lambun kanta; mutuwar rayayyun halittu masu rai a cikin lambun kanta, kamar kashewa ba kawai na slugs da [[Dodon kodi|kwari]] ba kawai ba har ma da masu cinye su kamar su ba tare da masu cin ganyayyaki ba; mutuwar rayarwa ta hanyar masu cin ganyen shuke-shuke da masu cin zarafin yanayi sun haifar da masu cin abinci ba; mutuwar masu cin ganyayewa da masu cin gashin kansu. === Canjin yanayi === Masu lambu na iya taimakawa wajen hana canjin yanayi ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da amfani da bishiyoyi, shrubs, shuke-shuke na ƙasa da sauran tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke a cikin lambunansu, juya sharar gida zuwa kwayoyin halitta na ƙasa maimakon ƙone shi, kiyaye ƙasa da man fetur da iska, guje wa peat, sauyawa daga kayan aikin wutar lantarki zuwa kayan aikin hannu ko canza ƙirar lambunansu don ba a buƙata ba, da amfani da tsire-mai gyara nitrogen maimakon taki.<ref name="David S.Ingram, Daphne Vince-Prue and Peter J. Gregory (2008)">{{Cite book|edition=Daphne}}</ref> Canjin yanayi zai yi tasiri da yawa a kan lambuna; wasu binciken sun nuna cewa mafi yawansu za su kasance marasa kyau. Gidajen lambu kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi. Masu lambu na iya samar da iskar gas a hanyoyi da yawa. Manyan iskar gas guda uku sune [[carbon dioxide]], [[methane]], da nitrous oxide. Masu lambu suna samar da carbon dioxide kai tsaye ta hanyar yawan noma ƙasa da lalata carbon na ƙasa, ta hanyar ƙone sharar lambu a kan wuta, ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin wutar lantarki waɗanda ke ƙone man fetur ko amfani da wutar lantarki da aka samar da man fetur, da kuma amfani da peat. Masu lambu suna samar da methane ta hanyar tarwatsa ƙasa da yin ta anaerobic, da kuma barin tarin takin su ya zama tarwatsawa da anaerobic. Masu lambu suna samar da nitrous oxide ta hanyar amfani da karin Nitrogen taki lokacin da tsire-tsire ba sa girma sosai don nitrogen a cikin taki ya canza ta hanyar kwayoyin ƙasa zuwa nitrous oxides. == Ruwa == Wasu masu lambu na iya kula da lambun su ba tare da amfani da ruwan waje ba. Misalan da ke Birtaniya sun haɗa da '''Lambun Botanical na Ventnor''' da ke tsibirin Wight, wasu sassan lambun '''Beth Chatto''' a Essex, '''Sticky Wicket Garden''' a Dorset, da kuma lambunan '''Kungiyar Kula da Lambuna ta Royal''' a '''Harlow Carr''' da '''Hyde Hall'''. '''Lambunan ruwa (rain gardens)''' kuma suna shan ruwan sama da ke zuba a saman filaye masu ƙarfi (kamar titi ko dakalin bene), maimakon barin ruwan ya shiga magudanan ruwa. == Dubi kuma == * Lissafin labaran lambu * Bayani game da aikin lambu da noma * Jerin masu sana'a na lambu * Jerin littattafai / wallafe-wallafen lambu da lambu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} === Ayyukan da aka ambata === *   *   == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons-inline}} 68kk8d5za21j47e8eevgc31zkm714m0 883231 883229 2026-07-15T08:28:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 883231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden_New_York_May_2015_010.jpg|alt=see caption|thumb|Wani bangare na Brooklyn Botanic Garden wanda ke da itatuwan sheri na <nowiki><i id="mwDw">Prunus</i></nowiki> 'Kanzan' mai ruwan hoda]] [[Fayil:Skylands3.jpg|thumb|Gidan lambu na [[New Jersey]] a Skylands EstateGidan Skylands]] '''Gidan lambu''' wuri ne da aka tsara, yawanci a waje, an ware shi don noma, nuni, da jin daɗin tsire-tsire da sauran nau'ikan yanayi. Abu daya da ke nuna ko da '''lambun''' daji mafi girma shine ''iko''. Gidan lambu na iya haɗawa da kayan halitta da na wucin gadi. Gidajen lambu galibi suna da siffofi na zane ciki har da siffofinai, wauta, pergolas, trellises, stumperies, gadajen rafi masu bushewa, da siffofin ruwa kamar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, tafkuna (tare da ko ba tare da kifi ba), magudanan ruwa ko koguna. Wasu lambuna don dalilai na ado ne kawai, yayin da wasu kuma suna samar da amfanin gona, wani lokacin a wurare daban-daban, ko kuma wani lokacin an haɗa su da tsire-tsire masu ado. An rarrabe lambunan samar da abinci daga [[Gona|gonaki]] ta hanyar karamin sikelin su, hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa da aiki, da kuma manufar su (murna da nishaɗi ko haɓaka kai maimakon samar da sayarwa, kamar a lambun kasuwa). Gidajen furanni sun haɗu da tsire-tsire daban-daban, launuka, rubutu, da ƙanshi don ƙirƙirar sha'awa da jin daɗin ji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anguelovski |first=Isabelle |title=Urban gardening |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311871937}}</ref> Hanyar da aka fi sani da ita a yau ita ce ''lambun'' zama ko ''lambun'' jama'a, amma kalmar lambun ta kasance ta al'ada. Zoos, waɗanda ke nuna dabbobin daji a cikin wuraren zama na halitta, an kira su lambunan zoological. Gidajen Yammacin kusan a duk duniya sun dogara ne akan tsire-tsire, tare da lambu, wanda ke nuna ƙuƙwalwa, sau da yawa yana nuna gajeren nau'in lambu. Wasu nau'ikan lambuna na gargajiya na gabas, kamar lambunan Zen, duk da haka, suna amfani da tsire-tsire kaɗan ko a'a. Gidajen lambu, a gefe guda, kamar lambunan lambu na Ingila da aka fara bunkasa a karni na 18, na iya yanke shawarar barin furanni gaba ɗaya. [[Gine-gine na shimfidar wuri]] aiki ne na sana'a tare da gine-ginen shimfidar wurare waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ƙira a ma'auni da yawa kuma suna aiki a kan ayyukan jama'a da masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fusco |first=Dana |year=2001 |title=Creating relevant science through urban planning and gardening |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/tea.1036 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Research in Science Teaching |publisher=Wiley Online Library |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=860–877 |bibcode=2001JRScT..38..860F |doi=10.1002/tea.1036 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506175506/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/tea.1036 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |access-date=6 May 2023}}</ref> == Magagganu == Maganar kalmar lambu tana nufin kewaye: daga ''lambun'' Ingilishi na Tsakiya ne, daga lambun Anglo-Faransa, lambun, na asalin Jamusanci; kama da lambun Tsohon Jamusanci, ''Garce'', kewaye ko fili, kamar a [[Stuttgart]]. Dubi Grad (Slavic settlement) don ƙarin cikakkiyar etymology. Kalmomin yadi, ''kotu'', da Latin ''Hortus'' (ma'anar "gidan lambu", saboda haka ''<nowiki><i id="mwWQ">Yankin</i></nowiki> lambu'' da gonar inabi), sune cognates - duk suna nufin sararin samaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Etymology of words referring to enclosures, probably from a Sanskrit stem. In German, for example, Stutt'''gart'''. The word is generic for compounds and walled cities, as in Stalin'''grad''', and the Russian word for city, ''gorod''. Gird and girdle are also related |url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/library/garden.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213101107/http://www.yourdictionary.com/library/garden.html |archive-date=13 February 2010 |publisher=Yourdictionary.com}}</ref> Kalmar "gidan lambu" a cikin Turanci na Burtaniya tana nufin ƙaramin Yankin mai rufewa, yawanci kusa da gini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oxford Dictionaries |url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/garden?view=uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105345/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/garden?view=uk |archive-date=29 September 2007 |access-date=24 May 2007 |website=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> Wannan za a kira shi a matsayin yadi a cikin Turanci na Amurka. == Amfani da shi == [[Fayil:'JardimBotanico.BotanicalGarden.CuritibaParanaBrasilBrazil.JPG|thumb|Wani bangare na ra'ayi daga lambun Botanical na Curitiba (Kudancin Brazil): parterres, furanni, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, siffofi, greenhouses da waƙoƙi sun haɗa da wurin da aka yi amfani da shi don nishaɗi da nazarin da kare tsire-tsire.]] Gidan lambu na iya samun amfani mai kyau, aiki, da kuma nishaɗi: * Haɗin kai tare da yanayi Shuka Shuka Shuke-shuke ** [[Noma|Shuka shuke-shuke]] ** Koyon da aka samo asali daga lambu * Binciken yanayi Tsuntsaye da kwari Bincike akan sauye-sauye ** Kula da tsuntsaye da kwari ** Tunanin sauye-sauyelokutan * Relaxation Tsayar da nau'ikan gnomes na lambu Abincin dare na iyali a kan terrace Yara suna wasa a cikin lambu Karatu da shakatawa a cikin hammock Kula da furanni Pottering a cikin shed Basking a cikin hasken rana mai dumi Tserewa daga hasken rana da zafi ** Sanya nau'ikan Gnomes na lambu daban-daban ** Abincin dare na iyali a kan teburin ** Yara suna wasa a cikin lambu ** Karatu da shakatawa a cikin hammock ** Kula da fure ** Yin tukwane a cikin shellzubar ** Basking a cikin Hasken rana mai dumi ** Tserewa daga hasken rana da zafi * Girma mai amfani Fure don yankewa da kawowa ciki don kyawawan kayan lambu da kayan lambu don dafa abinci ** Fure don yankewa da kawowa ciki don kyawawan cikin gida ** Sabbin ganye da kayan lambu don dafa abinci == Tarihi == {{Authority control}} === Asiya === ==== China ==== {{Horticulture and Gardening}} [[Fayil:Humble_Administrator's_Garden_7193_(6399187813).jpg|thumb|Tsarin halitta na lambun kasar Sin da aka sanya a cikin wuri mai faɗi, gami da pavilion]] Lambunan gargajiya na farko da aka sani a tarihi a kasar '''China''' an ƙirƙire su ne a cikin kwarin '''Kogin Yellow (Kogin Rawaya)''', a zamanin '''daular Shang''' (1600–1046 KZ). Waɗannan lambuna sukan kasance manyan filaye ne da aka kewaye da ganuwa, inda sarakuna da masu mulki ke farautar dabbobi, ko kuma inda ake shuka '''<nowiki/>'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu'''. Rubuce-rubucen farko daga wannan zamani – da aka sassaƙa a kan '''kawaran kwarkwata''' – sun haɗa haruffa guda uku na kasar Sin da ke nufin "lambu": '''''you'', ''pu'', da ''yuan'''''. * '''''You''''' na nufin lambun sarauta inda ake ajiye '''tsuntsaye da dabbobi'''. * '''''Pu''''' na nufin lambun da ake shuka '''tsirrai ko itatuwa'''. A zamanin '''daular Qin''' (221–206 KZ), kalmar '''''yuan''''' ta zama harafin da ake amfani da shi don nufin '''duk wani lambu'''. Tsohon harafin '''''yuan''''' a rubutun gargajiya na kasar Sin yana nuna ƙananan hoton lambu: yana cikin murabba’i (wanda ke wakiltar '''katanga'''), tare da wasu alamomi da ke iya wakiltar '''tsarin gini''', '''ƙaramar tafki''', da kuma '''gona ko itacen rumman'''. Wani shahararren lambun sarauta daga ƙarshen zamanin mulkin '''Shang''' shi ne '''Dandalin Ɗaukaka, Tafki da Filin Shakatawa na Ruhaniya''' (''Lingtai, Lingzhao, Lingyou'') wanda '''Sarki Wenwang''' ya gina a '''yammacin babban birninsa, Yin'''. An bayyana wannan lambun a cikin '''Littafin Wakoki na Gargajiya (Classic of Poetry)''' kamar haka: : Sarki yana tafiya a cikin Park of the Spirit, : Dabbobin suna durƙusa a kan ciyawa, suna ciyar da 'ya'yansu. : Dabbobin suna da kyau kuma suna da kyau. : Cranes masu tsabta suna da fuka-fuki na fari mai haske. : Sarki ya yi tafiya zuwa Ruwa na Ruhu, : Ruwa yana cike da kifi, wanda ke yawo. Wani lambun sarauta na farko shine ''Shaqui'', ko Dunes of Sand, wanda mai mulkin Shang na ƙarshe, Sarki Zhou (1075-1046 BC) ya gina. Ya ƙunshi ƙasa, ko ''tai'', wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin dandalin kallo a tsakiyar babban filin shakatawa. An bayyana shi a daya daga cikin litattafan gargajiya na farko na wallafe-wallafen Sinanci, ''Tarihin Babban Masanin Tarihi'' (''Shiji''). A cewar ''Shiji'', daya daga cikin shahararrun fasalulluka na wannan lambun shine tafkin ruwan inabi da gandun daji (酒池肉林). An gina babban tafki, babba don ƙananan jiragen ruwa da yawa, a filin fadar, tare da linings na ciki na dutse mai siffar oval daga bakin teku. Daga baya aka cika tafkin da ruwan inabi. An gina wani karamin tsibiri a tsakiyar tafkin, inda aka dasa bishiyoyi, wanda ke da nama da aka gasa da aka rataye daga rassan su. Sarki Zhou da abokansa da ƙwaraƙwarai sun yi yawo a cikin jiragensu, suna shan ruwan inabi da hannayensu kuma suna cin nama da aka gasa daga bishiyoyi. Daga baya masana falsafa da masana tarihi na kasar Sin sun ambaci wannan lambun a matsayin misali na lalacewa da mummunan dandano. A Lokacin bazara da kaka (722-481 BC), a cikin 535 BC, Sarki Jing na Daular Zhou ne ya gina Terrace na Shanghua, tare da manyan gidaje masu kyau. A cikin 505 KZ, an fara wani lambu mai zurfi, Terrace na Gusu. An samo shi a gefen dutse, kuma ya haɗa da jerin wuraren da aka haɗa da tashoshi, tare da tafkin inda jiragen ruwa a cikin nau'in blue dragons ke tafiya. Daga mafi girman tudu, ra'ayi ya kai har zuwa Tafkin Tai, Babban Tafkin. ==== Indiya ==== ''Manasollasa'' rubutu ne na [[Sanskrit]] na ƙarni na goma sha biyu wanda ke ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ƙirar lambu da sauran batutuwa iri-iri. Dukkanin wuraren shakatawa na jama'a da lambunan gandun daji an bayyana su, tare da kimanin nau'ikan bishiyoyi 40 da aka ba da shawarar ga wurin shakatawa a cikin babi na ''Vana-krida''. <ref name="sadhalenenebim" /> {{Sfn|Shrigondekar|1961}} ''Shilparatna'', wani rubutu daga karni na sha shida, ya bayyana cewa lambunan furanni ko wuraren shakatawa na jama'a ya kamata su kasance a arewacin garin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Ram Bachan |year=1976 |title=Cities and parks in ancient India |journal=Ekistics |volume=42 |issue=253 |pages=372–376 |jstor=43618748}}</ref> ==== Japan ==== {{Authority control}} [[Fayil:Saihouji-kokedera01.jpg|right|thumb|Gidan lambu a haikalin Saihō-ji a [[Kyoto]], ya fara ne a shekara ta 1339.]] Gidajen lambu na farko da aka rubuta a Japan sune lambunan jin daɗi na sarakuna da manyan mutane. An ambaci su a cikin gajerun wurare da yawa na {{Transl|ja|[[Nihon Shoki]]}}, tarihin farko na tarihin Japan, wanda aka buga a 720 AZ. A cikin bazara na 74 AZ, tarihin ya rubuta: "Sarkin sarakuna Keikō ya sanya wasu carp a cikin tafki, kuma ya yi farin ciki don ganin su da safe da maraice". A shekara mai zuwa, "Sarkin sarakuna ya kaddamar da jirgin ruwa mai kwalliya biyu a cikin tafkin Ijishi a Ihare, kuma ya shiga cikin jirgin tare da ƙwaraƙwaransa na sarki, kuma sun yi biki tare da kyau". A cikin 486, tarihin ya rubuta cewa "Sarkin sarakuna Kenzō ya shiga cikin lambun kuma ya yi biki a gefen rafi mai juyawa". ==== Koriya ====   Gidajen Koriya wani nau'in lambu ne wanda aka bayyana a matsayin na halitta, na al'ada, mai sauƙi da ba a tilasta shi ba, yana neman haɗuwa da duniyar halitta. Suna da tarihin da ya koma sama da shekaru dubu biyu, amma ba a san su sosai a yamma ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?pk=0000593886&sub_pk=&clss_cd=0002202991&top_menu_cd=0000000329&Menu_code=0000008706&sub_menu= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928232957/http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?pk=0000593886&sub_pk=&clss_cd=0002202991&top_menu_cd=0000000329&Menu_code=0000008706&sub_menu= |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=18 May 2011}}</ref> Tsohon rubuce-rubuce sun kasance a zamanin Masarauta Uku (57 BC - 668 AD) lokacin da gine-gine da lambunan fada suka nuna ci gaban da aka lura a Tarihin Koriya na Masarauta uku. === Turai === [[Fayil:Ricostruzione_del_giardino_della_casa_dei_vetii_di_pompei_(mostra_al_giardino_di_boboli,_2007)_01.JPG|thumb|Sake gina lambun a Gidan Vettii a Pompeii.]] Ba a gane lambu a matsayin nau'in fasaha a Turai ba har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 16 lokacin da ya shiga cikin maganganun siyasa, a matsayin alama ce ta manufar "jamhuriyar kirki". Bayyana hotuna na Utopia na Aljanna ta Adnin, lokacin wadata da wadata inda mutane ba su san yunwa ko rikice-rikicen da suka taso daga rikice-rikice na dukiya ba. John Evelyn ya rubuta a farkon karni na 17, "babu rayuwa mai wahala to na Gard'ners mai kyau; amma aiki cike da kwanciyar hankali da gamsuwa; Halitta da Koyarwa, da sauransu kamar (idan akwai) suna ba da gudummawa ga Piety da Contemplation. " A zamanin Enclosures, an tsara haɗin gwiwar noma na zamanin feudal a cikin wallafe-wallafen "fantasies na 'yanci koma baya zuwa lambu da jeji". ==== Faransa ==== Bayan yakin da '''Sarki Charles na Takwas''' ya yi a '''Italiya a shekarar 1495''', inda ya ga lambuna da ƙasaitattun fadodi na '''Naples''', sai ya dawo da '''masana Italiya''' da '''masu ƙirar lambuna''' kamar '''Pacello da Mercogliano''' daga Naples. Ya umarci a gina '''lambunan salon Italiya''' a fadar sa da ke '''Château d'Amboise''', da kuma wani gidan sa na keɓe a '''Château Gaillard''', dukansu a Amboise. '''Wanda ya gaje shi, Sarki Henry na II''', wanda shi ma ya yi tafiya zuwa Italiya kuma ya haɗu da '''Leonardo da Vinci''', ya ƙirƙiri wani lambu na salon Italiya a kusa da '''Château de Blois'''. Daga '''shekarar 1528''', '''Sarki Francis na I''' ya ƙirƙiri sababbin lambuna a '''Château de Fontainebleau''', waɗanda suka ƙunshi '''famfofan ruwa (fountains)''', '''parterres (shafukan furanni masu zane-zane)''', daji na '''bishiyoyin pine''' da aka kawo daga '''Provence''', da kuma '''grotto (kogo na ƙirƙira)''' na farko a Faransa. '''Château de Chenonceau''' kuma yana da lambuna biyu da aka gina a sabon salon nan: ɗaya an gina shi ne don '''Diane de Poitiers''' a '''shekarar 1551''', sai kuma na biyu don '''Catherine de' Medici''' a '''shekarar 1560'''. A shekarar '''1536''', '''Philibert de l'Orme''', wani ɗan ƙira (architect) da ya dawo daga '''Rome''', ya ƙirƙiri lambunan '''Château d'Anet''' bisa ƙa'idodin '''daidaito da tsari na Italiya'''. Tsarin tsari da daidaiton lambun Anet — tare da '''parterres''', filayen ruwa, da shuke-shuke da aka haɗa da kyau — ya zama '''ɗaya daga cikin mafi farko kuma mafi tasiri''' a cikin salon lambun Faransa na gargajiya. '''Lambun salon Faransa na gargajiya''' (''a Faransanci: jardin à la française'') yana bambanta da ƙa'idodin ƙirar '''lambun shimfiɗar Ingila''' (''a Faransanci: jardin à l'anglaise''), wato, '''tilasta yanayi''' maimakon barin sa cikin halittarsa ba tare da katsalandan ba. A al'ada, lambunan Faransa na gargajiya sukan ƙunshi '''parterre (shafin furanni mai zane-zane), siffofi masu lissafi, da kuma bishiyu da aka yanke su cikin tsari''', sabanin salon Ingila inda '''tsirrai da shrubs suke girma kamar ba tare da wata matsala ko ƙirƙira ba.''' A tsakiyar ƙarni na 17, '''daidaito na k'wak'walwa (axial symmetry)''' ya zama sananne a cikin salon lambunan Faransa, musamman ta hanyar masu ƙira irin su '''Andre Mollet''' da '''Jacques Boyceau'''. Boyceau ya rubuta cewa: ''"Duk wani abu, ko da kuwa yana da kyau nawa, zai zama ba cikakke ba idan ba a tsara shi da kyau cikin daidaito ba."'' Misali mai kyau na salon Faransa na gargajiya shine '''lambunan Tuileries''' da ke birnin Paris, wanda aka fara ƙirƙira su a lokacin mulkin '''Sarki Henry na II''' a tsakiyar ƙarni na 16. Daga baya an sake ƙirƙirar su cikin salon Faransa na gargajiya a lokacin '''Sarki Louis na XIV (Rana Sarki – Sun King).''' An tsara lambunan cikin layuka masu daidaito: dogayen jerin bishiyoyin '''elm''' ko '''chestnut''', ganuwar bushes da aka yanke daidai, tare da '''parterres''', domin su nuna '''nasarar tsari da ikon ɗan adam akan yanayi.''' Gidan lambu na Faransa ya sami rinjaye daga lambun lambu na Ingila kuma ya sami shahara a ƙarshen karni na sha takwas. ==== Ƙasar Ingila ==== Kafin zamanin Grand Manner, an sami wasu muhimman lambuna a Burtaniya waɗanda aka haɓaka a ƙarƙashin tasirin nahiyar. Al'adun lambu na gida na Burtaniya galibi suna da amfani a cikin manufa, maimakon kyawawan abubuwa, ba kamar manyan lambuna da aka samo mafi yawa a filin masarauta ba kuma ba a saba gani ba a jami'o'i. Tudor Gardens ya jaddada bambanci maimakon sauye-sauye, wanda aka rarrabe ta launi da mafarki. Ba a yi niyyar su a matsayin kari ga gida ko gine-gine ba, amma an yi su ne a matsayin wurare masu zaman kansu, an shirya su don girma da nuna furanni da tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa. Masu lambu sun nuna zane-zanen su a cikin lambuna masu ma'ana, tare da shirye-shirye masu rikitarwa waɗanda suka haɗa da katako na akwatin da aka haɗa, da kuma ganyayyaki masu ƙanshi kamar rosemary. Hanyoyin yashi suna gudana tsakanin shinge na maɗaura masu buɗewa yayin da maɗaura da aka rufe sun cika da furanni masu launi ɗaya. Ana sanya lambunan maɗaukaki da na parterre a ƙasa mai laushi, kuma wuraren da aka tanada don terraces daga inda za'a iya kallon rikitarwa na lambunan. Henry Wotton ya bayyana lambunan Jacobean a matsayin "rashin jituwa mai ban sha'awa" a cikin 1624. A karkashin tasirin Renaissance na Italiya, lambunan Caroline sun fara zubar da wasu rikice-rikice na ƙirar da ta gabata, suna nuna farkon yanayin zuwa ga ƙirar haɗin kai wanda ya ɗauki gine-ginen gini cikin la'akari, kuma yana nuna wani tsawo mai tsawo wanda za'a iya kallon gida da lambu. Gidan lambu na Caroline da ya tsira kawai yana cikin Bolsover Castle a Derbyshire, amma yana da sauƙi don jawo hankalin sha'awa sosai. A lokacin mulkin Charles II, an gina sabbin gidaje masu yawa na Baroque; yayin da a Ingila Oliver Cromwell ya nemi ya lalata lambunan Tudor, Jacobean da Caroline. == Tsarin == {{Authority control}}Zane na lambu shine tsari na ƙirƙirar tsare-tsare don shimfidawa da dasa lambuna da shimfidar wurare. Ana iya tsara lambuna ta masu lambu da kansu, ko [[Noman Kayan Lambu (Horticulture)|noma]] masu sana'a. Ana horar da masu zanen lambu masu sana'a a cikin ka'idodin ƙira da aikin lambu, kuma suna da ilimi da gogewa na amfani da tsire-tsire. Wasu ƙwararrun masu zanen lambu suma gine-ginen shimfidar wuri ne, matakin horo na yau da kullun wanda yawanci yana buƙatar digiri mai zurfi kuma sau da yawa lasisi na sana'a. Abubuwan ƙirar lambu sun haɗa da shimfidar wuri mai wauta, kamar hanyoyi, duwatsu, ganuwar, fasalulluka na ruwa, wuraren zama da bene, da kuma tsire-tsire da kansu, tare da la'akari da bukatun lambu, bayyanarsu ta yanayi zuwa yanayi, tsawon rayuwa, al'adar girma, girman, saurin girma, da haɗuwa da wasu tsire-shuke da fasalulluke. Yawancin lambuna sun kunshi cakuda abubuwa na halitta da na gine-gine, kodayake har ma lambuna 'na halitta' koyaushe halitta ce ta wucin gadi. Abubuwan halitta da ke cikin lambu galibi sun haɗa da tsire-tsire (kamar bishiyoyi da ciyawa), fauna (kamar arthropods da tsuntsaye), ƙasa, ruwa, iska da haske. Abubuwan da aka gina sun haɗa da ba kawai hanyoyi ba, patios, bene, siffofi, tsarin magudanar ruwa, fitilu da gine-gine (kamar sheds, gazebos, pergolas da follies), har ma da gine-ginen rayuwa kamar gadajen furanni, tafkuna da lawns. Ana kuma la'akari da bukatun lambu na kulawa. Ciki har da lokacin ko kudaden da ake samu don kulawa ta yau da kullun, (wannan na iya shafar zaɓin shuke-shuke game da saurin girma) yadawa ko shuka shuke-huke (shekara ko mai ɗorewa), lokacin fure, da sauran halaye da yawa. Za'a iya raba zane-zanen lambu zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu, lambuna na al'ada da na halitta. Abu mafi mahimmanci a cikin kowane zane na lambu shine yadda za a yi amfani da lambu, wanda aka bi da nau'ikan salon da ake so, da kuma yadda sararin lambu zai haɗu da gida ko wasu gine-gine a yankunan da ke kewaye. Dukkanin wadannan la'akari suna ƙarƙashin iyakokin kasafin kuɗi. Za'a iya magance iyakokin kasafin kuɗi ta hanyar salon lambu mai nau'o'i tare da ƙananan tsire-tsire da kayan shimfidar wuri masu tsada, tsaba maimakon sod don ciyawa, da tsire-shuke da ke girma da sauri; a madadin haka, masu mallakar lambu na iya zaɓar ƙirƙirar lambun su a tsawon lokaci, yanki da yanki.{{Sfn|Chen|2010}}  {{Reflist}} == Nau'o'in == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! !Nau'o'in lambuna |- |'''Takamaiman shuka ko manufa''' |Alpine lambun, bog lambun, cactus lambun, fernery, lambun furanni, lambun moss, lambun inabi, lambun jiki (mai gabatarwa ga lambunan botanical), lambun pollinator, lambun rose, lambun ruwa, lambun lambun daji (don ci gaba da rayuwar daji na gida), lambun botanical, lambun kasuwa (ƙananan samar da amfanin gona), lambun nasara (abin da aka shuka na lokacin yaƙi), lambun hydroponic lambun ruwa (bincike shuke-shuke-shuka masu gudu ba tare da gwaji ba), da shuke-shawa). |- |'''Takamaiman salon ko kyawawan abubuwa''' |Bonsai, lambun launi (Gidan lambu na monochromatic ko lambuna da aka tsara tare da tsarin launi mai ban sha'awa), lambun Dutch, dakin lambu (gidan da aka rufe wanda ke da tasirin "kamar ɗaki"), lambun Jamus, lambun Girka, lambun knot (gidan lambun da ke cikin murabba'i), lambun Maryamu (gidan tare da siffar budurwa Maryamu), lambun wata, lambun Mughal, lambun da aka ambata, lambun gargajiya, lambun daji, lambun fasalin fasalin Farisa, lambun girbi, lambun Farisa, gonar dajin, lambun shayi, lambun farisa, lambuna, lambun tropical, lambun, lambun shakatawa, lambun sha'awa, lambun abinci, lambun zen'awa, |- |'''Matsayi''' |Gidan lambu na baya, lambun makaranta, lambun gida, lambun gandun daji, lambun gaba, lambun al'umma, lambun zama, lambun rufin, lambun kicin, lambun inuwa |- |'''Abubuwan da ake amfani da su''' |Gidan kwalba, terrarium, [[Gidan Gishiri|greenhouse]], bango mai kore, lambu mai rataye, lambun kwantena, lambun zane-zane, lambun gado, lambun dutse, firam mai sanyiTsarin sanyi |} == Tasirin muhalli == Masu lambu na iya haifar da lalacewar muhalli ta hanyar da suke lambu, ko kuma suna iya inganta yanayin yankin su. Lalacewar da masu lambu ke yi na iya haɗawa da lalacewar mazauna na halitta kai tsaye lokacin da aka halicci gidaje da lambuna; lalacewar mahalli na kai tsaye da lalacewa don samar da kayan lambu kamar su peat, dutse don lambunan dutse, da kuma amfani da ruwan famfo don ban ruwa a lambun kanta; mutuwar rayayyun halittu masu rai a cikin lambun kanta, kamar kashewa ba kawai na slugs da [[Dodon kodi|kwari]] ba kawai ba har ma da masu cinye su kamar su ba tare da masu cin ganyayyaki ba; mutuwar rayarwa ta hanyar masu cin ganyen shuke-shuke da masu cin zarafin yanayi sun haifar da masu cin abinci ba; mutuwar masu cin ganyayewa da masu cin gashin kansu. === Canjin yanayi === Masu lambu na iya taimakawa wajen hana canjin yanayi ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da amfani da bishiyoyi, shrubs, shuke-shuke na ƙasa da sauran tsire-tsire masu tsire-shuke a cikin lambunansu, juya sharar gida zuwa kwayoyin halitta na ƙasa maimakon ƙone shi, kiyaye ƙasa da man fetur da iska, guje wa peat, sauyawa daga kayan aikin wutar lantarki zuwa kayan aikin hannu ko canza ƙirar lambunansu don ba a buƙata ba, da amfani da tsire-mai gyara nitrogen maimakon taki.<ref name="David S.Ingram, Daphne Vince-Prue and Peter J. Gregory (2008)">{{Cite book|edition=Daphne}}</ref> Canjin yanayi zai yi tasiri da yawa a kan lambuna; wasu binciken sun nuna cewa mafi yawansu za su kasance marasa kyau. Gidajen lambu kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi. Masu lambu na iya samar da iskar gas a hanyoyi da yawa. Manyan iskar gas guda uku sune [[carbon dioxide]], [[methane]], da nitrous oxide. Masu lambu suna samar da carbon dioxide kai tsaye ta hanyar yawan noma ƙasa da lalata carbon na ƙasa, ta hanyar ƙone sharar lambu a kan wuta, ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin wutar lantarki waɗanda ke ƙone man fetur ko amfani da wutar lantarki da aka samar da man fetur, da kuma amfani da peat. Masu lambu suna samar da methane ta hanyar tarwatsa ƙasa da yin ta anaerobic, da kuma barin tarin takin su ya zama tarwatsawa da anaerobic. Masu lambu suna samar da nitrous oxide ta hanyar amfani da karin Nitrogen taki lokacin da tsire-tsire ba sa girma sosai don nitrogen a cikin taki ya canza ta hanyar kwayoyin ƙasa zuwa nitrous oxides. == Ruwa == Wasu masu lambu na iya kula da lambun su ba tare da amfani da ruwan waje ba. Misalan da ke Birtaniya sun haɗa da '''Lambun Botanical na Ventnor''' da ke tsibirin Wight, wasu sassan lambun '''Beth Chatto''' a Essex, '''Sticky Wicket Garden''' a Dorset, da kuma lambunan '''Kungiyar Kula da Lambuna ta Royal''' a '''Harlow Carr''' da '''Hyde Hall'''. '''Lambunan ruwa (rain gardens)''' kuma suna shan ruwan sama da ke zuba a saman filaye masu ƙarfi (kamar titi ko dakalin bene), maimakon barin ruwan ya shiga magudanan ruwa. == Dubi kuma == * Lissafin labaran lambu * Bayani game da aikin lambu da noma * Jerin masu sana'a na lambu * Jerin littattafai / wallafe-wallafen lambu da lambu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Commons-inline}} 55lseduvxsyq0qxn8pik8c7k7ta1g9w 0 32600 883217 446515 2026-07-15T08:23:57Z Pharouqenr 25549 883217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Petros Mhari''' (an haife shi ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1989) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Zimbabwe]] [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wanda]] ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta FC Platinum ta [[Zimbabwe]], da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Zimbabwe]]. == Sana'a/Aiki == Mhari ya tafi makarantar motsa jiki a makarantar sakandare ta Shangani, kuma asalinsa yana buga wasan tsakiya. An tilasta masa yin wasan ƙwallon hannu a makaranta saboda ƙarancin ɗalibai masu sha'awar, amma daga can ya koyi dabarun da ke fassara zuwa matsayin mai tsaron gida a ƙwallon ƙafa. Ya fara babban aikinsa a matsayin mai tsaron gida tare da Shabanie Mine, kafin ya koma Hwange Colliery a shekara ta (2009). A cikin shekarar (2013) ya koma FC Platinum inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta lashe kofunan gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Zimbabwe (3) a jere daga shekara ta (2017 zuwa shekara ta 2019).<ref>News, The Sunday. "Back to basics – [[Mhari]] returns to his roots". The Sunday News</ref> == Ayyukan kasa == Mhari ya fara buga wasansa na farko na kasa da kasa tare da tawagar kasar [[Zimbabwe]] a ci (1-0) a shekara ta (2022) na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na [[FIFA]] a [[Afrika ta Kudu]] a ranar (11) ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta (2021).<ref>Strack-Zimmermann, Benjamin. "[[South African Film and Television Awards|South Africa]] vs. [[Zimbabwe]] (1:0)". www.national-football-teams.com</ref> Ya kasance cikin tawagar 'yan wasan [[Zimbabwe]] a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar (2021).<ref>Afcon 2021: A [[Zimbabwe]] squad is named despite threat of a Fifa ban". BBC Sport. 29 December 2021.</ref> == Girmamawa == '''FC Platinum''' * Kofin Zimbabwe : 2014 * Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Zimbabwe : 2017, 2018, 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{NFT player|85087}} * {{Soccerway|petros-mhari/588509}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] aql80lpetkljtqecrks8a7b8og0hcow 883218 883217 2026-07-15T08:24:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 883218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Petros Mhari''' (an haife shi ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1989) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Zimbabwe]] [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wanda]] ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta FC Platinum ta [[Zimbabwe]], da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Zimbabwe]]. == Sana'a/Aiki == Mhari ya tafi makarantar motsa jiki a makarantar sakandare ta Shangani, kuma asalinsa yana buga wasan tsakiya. An tilasta masa yin wasan ƙwallon hannu a makaranta saboda ƙarancin ɗalibai masu sha'awar, amma daga can ya koyi dabarun da ke fassara zuwa matsayin mai tsaron gida a ƙwallon ƙafa. Ya fara babban aikinsa a matsayin mai tsaron gida tare da Shabanie Mine, kafin ya koma Hwange Colliery a shekara ta (2009). A cikin shekarar (2013) ya koma FC Platinum inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta lashe kofunan gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Zimbabwe (3) a jere daga shekara ta (2017 zuwa shekara ta 2019).<ref>News, The Sunday. "Back to basics – [[Mhari]] returns to his roots". The Sunday News</ref> == Ayyukan kasa == Mhari ya fara buga wasansa na farko na kasa da kasa tare da tawagar kasar [[Zimbabwe]] a ci (1-0) a shekara ta (2022) na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na [[FIFA]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu|Afrika ta Kudu]] a ranar (11) ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta (2021).<ref>Strack-Zimmermann, Benjamin. "[[South African Film and Television Awards|South Africa]] vs. [[Zimbabwe]] (1:0)". www.national-football-teams.com</ref> Ya kasance cikin tawagar 'yan wasan [[Zimbabwe]] a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar (2021).<ref>Afcon 2021: A [[Zimbabwe]] squad is named despite threat of a Fifa ban". BBC Sport. 29 December 2021.</ref> == Girmamawa == '''FC Platinum''' * Kofin Zimbabwe : 2014 * Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Zimbabwe : 2017, 2018, 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{NFT player|85087}} * {{Soccerway|petros-mhari/588509}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] b6bh9m92c5cgy1zw8rr05zuz8n46m8i 883220 883218 2026-07-15T08:24:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 883220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Petros Mhari''' (an haife shi ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, 1989) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Zimbabwe]] [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wanda]] ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta FC Platinum ta [[Zimbabwe]], da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Zimbabwe]]. == Sana'a/Aiki == Mhari ya tafi makarantar motsa jiki a makarantar sakandare ta Shangani, kuma asalinsa yana buga wasan tsakiya. An tilasta masa yin wasan ƙwallon hannu a makaranta saboda ƙarancin ɗalibai masu sha'awar, amma daga can ya koyi dabarun da ke fassara zuwa matsayin mai tsaron gida a ƙwallon ƙafa. Ya fara babban aikinsa a matsayin mai tsaron gida tare da Shabanie Mine, kafin ya koma Hwange Colliery a shekara ta (2009). A cikin shekarar (2013) ya koma FC Platinum inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta lashe kofunan gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Zimbabwe (3) a jere daga shekara ta (2017 zuwa shekara ta 2019).<ref>News, The Sunday. "Back to basics – [[Mhari]] returns to his roots". The Sunday News</ref> == Ayyukan kasa == Mhari ya fara buga wasansa na farko na kasa da kasa tare da tawagar kasar [[Zimbabwe]] a ci (1-0) a shekara ta (2022) na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na [[FIFA]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu|Afrika ta Kudu]] a ranar (11) ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta (2021).<ref>Strack-Zimmermann, Benjamin. "[[South African Film and Television Awards|South Africa]] vs. [[Zimbabwe]] (1:0)". www.national-football-teams.com</ref> Ya kasance cikin tawagar 'yan wasan [[Zimbabwe]] a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar (2021).<ref>Afcon 2021: A [[Zimbabwe]] squad is named despite threat of a Fifa ban". BBC Sport. 29 December 2021.</ref> == Girmamawa == '''FC Platinum''' * Kofin Zimbabwe : 2014 * Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Zimbabwe]] : 2017, 2018, 2019 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{NFT player|85087}} * {{Soccerway|petros-mhari/588509}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 460ftkj2rnopngn2f0c24ezfiazgg0h 0 35368 883285 495225 2026-07-15T08:51:18Z Ziv 32466 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Flag of the Republic of Benin.svg]] → [[File:Flag of the Republic of Benin (1967).svg]] → The file was renamed on Commons, but the filename was not changed in the language versions because Delinker did not perform the task. ([[c:c:GR]]) 883285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox country|native_name=}} [[Fayil:Flag of the Republic of Benin (1967).svg|thumb|Tambatin jamhuriyar benin]] <templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles> '''Jamhuriyar Benin''' Ta kasance wata kasa da ba a amince da ita ba a yankin Yammacin Afurka wacce ta wanzu na dan lokaci (kwana daya) a shekarar 1967. An kafa ta ne a ranar 19 ga Satumbar 1967 a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya a matsayin kasar [[Biyafara]], bayan mamaye [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|yankin tsakiyar yammacin]] [[Najeriya]], kuma aka sanya mata suna babban birnin kasar [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|Benin]], inda Albert Nwazu Okonkwo ya zama [[Shugaban Gwamnati|shugaban gwamnati]]<nowiki/>n ta. An kafa wananan sabuwar jiha ne a matsayin yunkuri na mutanen Biafra da su hana wadanda ba 'yan [[Inyamurai|kabilar Igbo]] mazauna yankin Tsakiyar Yamma da su mara wa Najeriya baya, sakamakon rikicin kabilanci a yankin a farkon yakin. An sanya mata Jamhuriyar Benin a hukumance duk da cewa a lokacin sojojin tarayyar Najeriya na ci gaba da mamaye yankin, kuma sun kawo karshenta washegarin bayan sun shiga birnin Benin. <ref name="orobator">{{Cite journal|url-status=367–383}}</ref> {{Rp|369}}Wannan mamaye yankin da Biyafara tayi wa yankin tsakiyar Yammacin Njeriya ya mayar da al'ummar yankin adawa da manufar ballewa daga kasar, kuma gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi amfani da wannan wajen ganin ta kara ruruta wutar yaki da kasar Biafra. == Tarihi == Tun kafin yakin basasar Najeriya, mazauna yankin [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Tsakiyar Yamma]] masu kabilu iri-iri sun yi yunkurin daukar matakin tsaka mai wuya. Jim kadan kafin [[Biyafara|Biafra]] ta sanar da ballewarta daga [[Najeriya]], shugabannin yankin Tsakiyar Yamma sun dauki nauyin gudanar da taron zaman lafiya a kusa da [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]], kuma jami'ai sun ki barin sojojin Tarayyar Najeriya su mamaye yankin Biafra ta yankin. <ref name="orobator">{{Cite journal|url-status=367–383}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOrobator1987">Orobator, S. E. (1987). "The Biafran Crisis and the Midwest". ''African Affairs''. '''86''' (344): 367–383. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097919|10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097919]]. [[JSTOR (mai ganowa)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[//www.jstor.org/stable/722748 722748].</cite></ref> {{Rp|367}}<ref name="orobator" /> {{Rp|368}}A watan Agustan shekarar 1967 ne sojojin Biafra suka mamaye yankin tsakiyar Yamma tare da karbe ikon mulkin yankin, inda likita [[Tarayyar Amurka|dan kasar Amurka]] Albert Okonkwo ya zama sabon [[Shugaban Gwamnati|shugaban gwamnati]] da taken Gwamna. <ref name="times">"Breakaway Nigerian Area Lasts Only One Day". ''[[Gadsden Times]]'' 1967-09-21: 1</ref> Da farko dai al'ummar [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] sun yi maraba da mulkin kasar Biafra, yayin da kuma wadanda ba 'yan kabilar Igbo gaba daya ba su ji dadi ba amma sun yanke shawarar su jira a maido da mulkin tarayya maimakon yin tirjiya. Dangantakar farko tsakanin sabuwar gwamnatin da wadanda ba 'yan kabilar Igbo ba ta kasance cikin lumana amma babu dadi, kuma domin a inganta dangantakar gwamnatin Gwamna Okonkwo ta cika gidaje da tituna da labarai daga matsayin Biafra. Sai dai gangamin kafafen yada labarai ya fara cika jihar da labarai kan zaluncin da ‘yan kabilar Ibo ke yi a Najeriya, inda kwanaki suka wuce, sai dai ya kara rarrabuwar kabilanci a yankin. Gangamin hulda da jama’a da ba a karewa ba ya lalata tausayin wadanda ba ‘yan kabilar Igbo ba na masu fafutukar neman kafa kasar Biafra a maimakon mayar da su ga goyon bayan kai tsaye, inda akasarin su ke nuna halin ko-in-kula ko masu goyon bayan Najeriya. <ref name="orobator" /> {{Rp|377}}Yayin da dangantaka ke ci gaba da tabarbarewa tsakanin gwamnatin ma’aikata da kuma wadanda ba ‘yan kabilar Igbo ba, shugaban kasar Biafra [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|C. Odumegwu Ojukwu]] ya ziyarci yankin tsakiyar Yamma domin neman goyon baya tare da ganawa da shugabannin kungiyar NCNC da aka dakatar a baya. Duk da cewa ziyarar ta sa aka kara samun goyon bayan tsaffin ‘yan jam’iyyar NCNC, amma sabanin da ke tsakaninsu a baya ya farfado, kuma a lokaci guda ‘yan jam’iyyar NCNC suka fara yin artabu da magoya bayan wasu jam’iyyu, kuma ba ‘yan kabilar Ibo ba na kin amincewa da mamayewar. <ref name="orobator" /> {{Rp|378}}Yayin da gwamnatin Okonkwo ke ci gaba da rasa goyon bayan al’ummar yankin Tsakiyar Yamma, sai suka shiga halin kaka-ni-kayi. A ranar 19 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1967, ‘yan Biafra suka mayar da sunan yankin ta hanyar sauya mata suna zuwa Jamhuriyar Benin, kasa mai cin gashin kanta daga Biafra, a matsayin wani yunkuri na karshe. An yi imanin cewa ko da ba za ta iya samun goyon bayan da ba 'yan kabilar Igbo ba, sabuwar jihar na iya a kalla raba Biafra ta jiki da dakarun tarayyar Najeriya. <ref name="orobator">{{Cite journal|url-status=367–383}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOrobator1987">Orobator, S. E. (1987). "The Biafran Crisis and the Midwest". ''African Affairs''. '''86''' (344): 367–383. [[Doi (mai ganowa)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097919|10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097919]]. [[JSTOR (mai ganowa)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[//www.jstor.org/stable/722748 722748].</cite></ref> {{Rp|379}}Da yake bayar da misali da mutuwar mazauna yankin Tsakiyar Yammacin Najeriya a rikicin arewacin kasar da kuma goyon bayan da yankin ke yi na kafa gwamnatin [[wiktionary:antebellum|hadaka]] a Najeriya, Okonkwo ya bayyana cewa Jamhuriyar Benin za ta goyi bayan Biafra a kowane fanni kuma za ta shiga kungiyoyi irinsu Commonwealth of Nations da kuma na kasa da kasa. Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka . <ref name="orobator" /> {{Rp|380}}Duk da haka, Okonkwo ya san cewa sabuwar jihar ba za ta dawwama ba: shi da sauran jami'ai sun tattauna batun ayyana 'yancin kai makonni biyu da suka gabata a ranar 5 ga Satumba ba tare da cimma matsaya ba, kuma sanarwar ta kasance cikin dan kankanin lokaci yayin da shi da sojojinsa suka ja da baya a yankin. fuskantar ci gaban sojojin gwamnatin tarayya. <ref name="orobator" /> {{Rp|381}}Daga baya a wannan rana, sojojin gwamnati sun isa [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin]] Benin, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Benin, kuma babban kwamishinan [[Birtaniya|Biritaniya]] ya ba da rahoton jama'a da suka yi cunkoson jama'a a kan tituna domin murnar sake kwace iko. <ref name="times">"Breakaway Nigerian Area Lasts Only One Day". ''[[Gadsden Times]]'' 1967-09-21: 1</ref> A halin da ake ciki, shugaban kasar Biafra Ojukwu bai ce uffan ba kan ayyana sanarwar, inda ya mayar da hankali kan gazawar sojojin Biafra na hana gwamnati ci gaba. <ref name="orobator" /> {{Rp|381}}Hankalinsa kan gazawar sojojin Okonkwo da rashin yin tsokaci kan shelanta ‘yancin kai ya nuna cewa watakila jami’an Biafra na shirin ayyana jamhuriyar Benin, kuma rashin amincewarsu na nuni da rashin lokacinta, maimakon faruwar lamarin. Kasar Biafra dai ta samu karancin karbuwa daga wasu kasashen ketare, amma duk nasarorin da aka samu basu da alaka da shelanta kasar Benin. Mamaya na Biafra na yankin Tsakiyar Yamma ya kasa cimma manufofinsa, ya kuma yi mummunar illa ga goyon bayan gida na neman ballewa a tsakanin wadanda ba 'yan kabilar Igbo ba, kuma gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta dauka a matsayin hujjar kara tayar da kananan rikici zuwa yakin basasa. <ref name="orobator" /> {{Rp|382}} == Duba kuma == * Jihar tsana * Tutar Jamhuriyar Benin (Nigeria) * Tutar Biafra == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.dawodu.com/okonkwo2.htm Sanarwar 'Yancin Kan 'Jamhuriyar Benin'] * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria.htm#Republic%20of%20Benin Duniya Statesmen- Najeriya] - yana nuna tutarta {{Biafra topics}}{{Coord|6|19|N|5|37|W}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|6|19|N|5|37|W}} [[Category:Biyafara]] [[Category:1967 a Najeriya]] drzd1l8glnpp4o1s33ekdcghuhybnvh 0 41506 883255 553635 2026-07-15T08:36:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 883255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abderrahmane Boushita,''' (an haife shi ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta 1997), ɗan wasan [[Moroko|judoka]] ne na Moroko. Ya wakilci [[Maroko]] a gasar cin kofin Nahiyar Afirka na shekarar 2019, kuma ya sami lambar azurfa a bangaren maza-66 kg.<ref>[https://www.judoinside.com/judoka/90475/Abderrahmane_Boushita/judo-career ABDERRAHMANE BOUSHITA JUDOKA]. JudoInside.</ref><ref>[https://www.ijf.org/judoka/11338 BOUSHITA ABDERRAHMANE]. IJF.org</ref> Ya kuma yi takara a gasar maza ta kilogiram 66 a Gasar Judo ta Duniya ta shekarar 2017, a Gasar Judo ta Duniya ta 2018, da Gasar Judo ta Duniya ta shekarar 2019. A gasar Judo ta Afirka ta shekarar 2021, da aka gudanar a birnin Dakar na kasar Senegal, ya ci daya daga cikin lambobin tagulla a gasar tseren kilo 66, na maza. <ref name="giantkiller_samy_falls_in_final_2021_african_judo_championships_in_dakar_2021">{{Cite news|last=Rowbottom|first=Mike|date=21 May 2021|title=Giantkiller Samy falls in final at 2021 African Judo Championships in Dakar|work=InsideTheGames.biz|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1108071/african-judo-championships-dakar-senegal|url-status=live|access-date=21 May 2021}}Rowbottom, Mike (21 May 2021). "Giantkiller Samy falls in final at 2021 African Judo Championships in [[Dakar]]". InsideTheGames.biz. Retrieved 21 May 2021.</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3xc76vjsou18hau7qw3sb0n42vxtvjv 883257 883255 2026-07-15T08:37:14Z Pharouqenr 25549 883257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abderrahmane Boushita,''' (an haife shi ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta 1997), ɗan wasan [[Moroko|judoka]] ne na [[Moroko]]. Ya wakilci [[Maroko]] a gasar cin kofin Nahiyar Afirka na shekarar 2019, kuma ya sami lambar azurfa a bangaren maza-66 kg.<ref>[https://www.judoinside.com/judoka/90475/Abderrahmane_Boushita/judo-career ABDERRAHMANE BOUSHITA JUDOKA]. JudoInside.</ref><ref>[https://www.ijf.org/judoka/11338 BOUSHITA ABDERRAHMANE]. IJF.org</ref> Ya kuma yi takara a gasar maza ta kilogiram 66 a Gasar Judo ta Duniya ta shekarar 2017, a Gasar Judo ta Duniya ta 2018, da Gasar Judo ta Duniya ta shekarar 2019. A gasar Judo ta Afirka ta shekarar 2021, da aka gudanar a birnin Dakar na kasar Senegal, ya ci daya daga cikin lambobin tagulla a gasar tseren kilo 66, na maza. <ref name="giantkiller_samy_falls_in_final_2021_african_judo_championships_in_dakar_2021">{{Cite news|last=Rowbottom|first=Mike|date=21 May 2021|title=Giantkiller Samy falls in final at 2021 African Judo Championships in Dakar|work=InsideTheGames.biz|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1108071/african-judo-championships-dakar-senegal|url-status=live|access-date=21 May 2021}}Rowbottom, Mike (21 May 2021). "Giantkiller Samy falls in final at 2021 African Judo Championships in [[Dakar]]". InsideTheGames.biz. Retrieved 21 May 2021.</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4tgpe733adk73mi0eeqblx50k1v5l54 0 43786 883403 259071 2026-07-15T11:39:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Boubacar Richard Aw''' <ref name=siglo>{{Cite news|url=https://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/235364.juego-de-estrellas-sin-algodoneros.html|title=Juego de Estrellas sin Algodoneros|newspaper=[[El Siglo de Torreón]]|language=es|date=September 12, 2006|access-date=April 7, 2020|archive-date=April 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407095547/https://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/235364.juego-de-estrellas-sin-algodoneros.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1975), tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne ɗan ƙasar Senegal. Bayan girma a Thiès, Aw ya koma [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a shekarar 1993 kuma ya buga wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando na makarantar sakandare]] a Lake Waccamaw, North Carolina ; Daga nan ya ci gaba da bugawa shekaru 4 a kwaleji a Georgetown . Bayan kammala karatunsa daga kwaleji, Aw yana da aikin ƙwararrun shekaru 10 a Tsakiya da [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] . Ya kuma kasance memba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta ƙasar Senegal, inda ya lashe lambar zinare a gasar FIBA ta Afrika a shekarar 1997 kuma ya halarci gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIBA a shekarar 1998 . Bayan ya yi ritaya daga buga ƙwallon kwando, Aw ya zama [[malami]] kuma matashin kocin ƙwallon kwando.<ref name=podcast>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wect.com/2019/06/22/boubacar-aw-success-story-off-court-with-jon-evans-podcast/|title=Boubacar Aw: A success story on and off the court (”1on1 with Jon Evans” podcast)|author=Evans, Jon|website=wect.com|publisher=[[WECT]]|date=June 22, 2019|access-date=April 7, 2020}}</ref> == Aikin makarantar sakandare == An haifi Aw a Thiès, [[Senegal]] a cikin iyali da yawa: mahaifinsa yana da mata uku, kuma Aw yana da 'yan'uwa 19 masu rabi . Ya girma a Senegal ya yi magana [[Faransanci]] da Wolof . <ref name="podcast" /> Ya buga [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, amma lokacin da ya fi takwarorinsa tsayi sosai sai ya juya zuwa [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]], <ref name="podcast" /> yana wasa a US Rail a Thiès. A lokacin wasan ƙwallon kwando na matasa, Aw ya sadu da Craig Esherick, wanda a lokacin ya kasance mataimakin koci a Georgetown, kuma an gayyace shi ya matsa zuwa Amurka don halartar Georgetown. <ref name="podcast" /> John Jacques ya taimaka, ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando daga Delco, North Carolina wanda ke wasa a Georgetown, Aw ya ƙaura zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a cikin shekarar 1993, Gary Battle, malami kuma kocin ƙwallon kwando a Makarantar Gabas ta Columbus a Lake Waccamaw, North Carolina . <ref name="podcast" /> Aw bai san [[Turanci]] ba lokacin da ya isa Amurka, amma duk da haka ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare a cikin shekara guda, kuma a cikin shekarar 1993 – 1994 an naɗa shi Duk Ɗan Wasan Kwando na Shekara. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.proballers.com/basketball/player/69747/boubacar-aw Ƙididdiga na aiki a ProBallers.com] * [https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Boubacar-Aw/Summary/3444 Bayanan martaba a RealGM.com] * [https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/boubacar-aw-1.html Ƙididdigar kwaleji a Sports-Reference.com] * [http://english.worldhoopstats.com/stats/lnb-ar/aw-boubacar.html Ƙididdigar rukuni na farko na Argentina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407095549/http://english.worldhoopstats.com/stats/lnb-ar/aw-boubacar.html |date=2020-04-07 }} * [http://english.worldhoopstats.com/stats/tna-ar/aw-boubacar.html Ƙididdigar rukuni na biyu na Argentina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407095551/http://english.worldhoopstats.com/stats/tna-ar/aw-boubacar.html |date=2020-04-07 }} * [https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/29912/sid/2914/tid/358/_/1998_World_Championship_for_Men/index.html FIBA profile] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1975]] 62b3bqub4blnhppa7c5q3yt8q81n6y5 0 44446 883297 509180 2026-07-15T08:58:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 883297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Alejandro Darío Gómez 2013.jpg|thumb|hoton dan kwallo papu gomez]] [[Fayil:Papu Gomez 02.jpg|thumb|Papu Gómez]] [[Fayil:Papu Gómez 2022.jpg|thumb|Gomez]] '''Papu Gómez''' (an haifeshi ne a ranar 15 ga watan fabrairu na shekarar 1988)<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220716160929/https://sevillafc.es/equipos/primer-equipo/papu-gomez</ref>kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne dan asalin kasar Argentina,wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba ko dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari,a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta sevilla fc ta kasar Andalus. ==Sana'a== [[Fayil:Papu Gomez 01.JPG|thumb|Papu Gómez]] [[Fayil:Alejandro Darío Gómez.jpg|thumb|Papu Gómez]] A ranar 19 ga watan mayu ne a shekarar 2017 Gomez ya karbi kiransa na farko daga babbar kungiya ta kasa lokacin da aka nada sabon kocin kungiyar kasar jorge sampaoli a wasannin sada zumunta da suka buga da kasar Brazil da kuma kasar singapore a watan yuni na wannan shekara<ref>https://int.soccerway.com/players/alejandro-dario-gomez/13818/</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1988]] 4j43nci18i87av7tk8wrds21ymi1oku 883298 883297 2026-07-15T08:58:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 883298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Alejandro Darío Gómez 2013.jpg|thumb|hoton dan kwallo papu gomez]] [[Fayil:Papu Gomez 02.jpg|thumb|Papu Gómez]] [[Fayil:Papu Gómez 2022.jpg|thumb|Gomez]] '''Papu Gómez''' (an haifeshi ne a ranar 15 ga watan fabrairu na shekarar 1988)<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220716160929/https://sevillafc.es/equipos/primer-equipo/papu-gomez</ref> kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne dan asalin kasar Argentina,wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba ko dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari,a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta sevilla fc ta kasar Andalus. ==Sana'a== [[Fayil:Papu Gomez 01.JPG|thumb|Papu Gómez]] [[Fayil:Alejandro Darío Gómez.jpg|thumb|Papu Gómez]] A ranar 19 ga watan mayu ne a shekarar 2017 Gomez ya karbi kiransa na farko daga babbar kungiya ta kasa lokacin da aka nada sabon kocin kungiyar kasar jorge sampaoli a wasannin sada zumunta da suka buga da kasar Brazil da kuma kasar singapore a watan yuni na wannan shekara<ref>https://int.soccerway.com/players/alejandro-dario-gomez/13818/</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1988]] 0hg64j6wq9epbxwmhcenwezjdldtyy8 883299 883298 2026-07-15T08:58:35Z Pharouqenr 25549 883299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Alejandro Darío Gómez 2013.jpg|thumb|hoton dan kwallo papu gomez]] [[Fayil:Papu Gomez 02.jpg|thumb|Papu Gómez]] [[Fayil:Papu Gómez 2022.jpg|thumb|Gomez]] '''Papu Gómez''' (an haifeshi ne a ranar 15 ga watan fabrairu na shekarar 1988)<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220716160929/https://sevillafc.es/equipos/primer-equipo/papu-gomez</ref> kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne dan asalin kasar [[Argentina]],wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba ko dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari,a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta sevilla fc ta kasar Andalus. ==Sana'a== [[Fayil:Papu Gomez 01.JPG|thumb|Papu Gómez]] [[Fayil:Alejandro Darío Gómez.jpg|thumb|Papu Gómez]] A ranar 19 ga watan mayu ne a shekarar 2017 Gomez ya karbi kiransa na farko daga babbar kungiya ta kasa lokacin da aka nada sabon kocin kungiyar kasar jorge sampaoli a wasannin sada zumunta da suka buga da kasar Brazil da kuma kasar singapore a watan yuni na wannan shekara<ref>https://int.soccerway.com/players/alejandro-dario-gomez/13818/</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1988]] c868aijumg3sbfhkgcnhnheikdfwy8s 883300 883299 2026-07-15T08:58:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 883300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Alejandro Darío Gómez 2013.jpg|thumb|hoton dan kwallo papu gomez]] [[Fayil:Papu Gomez 02.jpg|thumb|Papu Gómez]] [[Fayil:Papu Gómez 2022.jpg|thumb|Gomez]] '''Papu Gómez''' (an haifeshi ne a ranar 15 ga watan fabrairu na shekarar 1988)<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220716160929/https://sevillafc.es/equipos/primer-equipo/papu-gomez</ref> kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne dan asalin kasar [[Argentina]],wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba ko dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari,a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta [[Sevilla FC|sevilla fc]] ta kasar Andalus. ==Sana'a== [[Fayil:Papu Gomez 01.JPG|thumb|Papu Gómez]] [[Fayil:Alejandro Darío Gómez.jpg|thumb|Papu Gómez]] A ranar 19 ga watan mayu ne a shekarar 2017 Gomez ya karbi kiransa na farko daga babbar kungiya ta kasa lokacin da aka nada sabon kocin kungiyar kasar jorge sampaoli a wasannin sada zumunta da suka buga da kasar Brazil da kuma kasar singapore a watan yuni na wannan shekara<ref>https://int.soccerway.com/players/alejandro-dario-gomez/13818/</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1988]] ahc1tt5yn6iipn6sdphn0ki4fobjlqh 883301 883300 2026-07-15T08:59:14Z Pharouqenr 25549 883301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Alejandro Darío Gómez 2013.jpg|thumb|hoton dan kwallo papu gomez]] [[Fayil:Papu Gomez 02.jpg|thumb|Papu Gómez]] [[Fayil:Papu Gómez 2022.jpg|thumb|Gomez]] '''Papu Gómez''' (an haifeshi ne a ranar 15 ga watan fabrairu na shekarar 1988)<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220716160929/https://sevillafc.es/equipos/primer-equipo/papu-gomez</ref> kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne dan asalin kasar [[Argentina]],wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba ko dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari,a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta [[Sevilla FC|sevilla fc]] ta kasar Andalus. ==Sana'a== [[Fayil:Papu Gomez 01.JPG|thumb|Papu Gómez]] [[Fayil:Alejandro Darío Gómez.jpg|thumb|Papu Gómez]] A ranar 19 ga watan mayu ne a shekarar 2017 Gomez ya karbi kiransa na farko daga babbar kungiya ta kasa lokacin da aka nada sabon kocin kungiyar kasar jorge sampaoli a wasannin sada zumunta da suka buga da kasar Brazil da kuma kasar singapore a watan yuni na wannan shekara<ref>https://int.soccerway.com/players/alejandro-dario-gomez/13818/</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1988]] 09crmz3xsbxdbgcrht0dbbei2vfkds8 0 45498 883325 713421 2026-07-15T09:08:58Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 883325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Heinrich Klaasen''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 1991), [[Kurket|ɗan wasan kurket]] ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke taka leda a ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta [[Afirka ta Kudu|Afirka]] ta Kudu . An haɗa shi cikin ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta Arewa don gasar cin kofin Afirka T20 na shekarar 2015 . <ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/africa-t20-cup-2015-16/content/squad/910903.html Northerns Squad / Players] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 31 August 2015.</ref> A cikin Fabrairun 2021, Klaasen ya zama kyaftin din [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a karon farko a wasan T20I . <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-in-pakistan-2020-21-1242968/pakistan-vs-south-africa-1st-t20i-1243019/match-preview |title=Favourites Pakistan gear up for T20 season against fresh-faced South Africa |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Maris 2023, a wasan da suka yi da West Indies, Klaasen ya ci karni na ODI na biyu a cikin ƙwallaye 54. == Aikin gida da T20 == A watan Agustan 2017, Klaasen ya kasance mai suna a cikin tawagar [[Nelson Mandela]] Bay Stars don farkon kakar T20 Global League . Koyaya, a cikin Oktoban 2017, Cricket Afirka ta Kudu da farko ta dage gasar har zuwa Nuwambar 2018, tare da soke ta ba da daɗewa ba.<ref name="PP">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/content/story/1123408.html |title=Cricket South Africa postpones Global T20 league |access-date=10 October 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga watan Afrilun 2018, Klaasen ya shiga [[Indian Premier League|ƙungiyar Premier]] Rajasthan Royals ta Indiya wanda ya maye gurbin Steve Smith .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/heinrich-klaasen-joins-royals/|title=Heinrich Klaasen joins Royals – Rajasthan Royals|website=www.rajasthanroyals.com|access-date=2 April 2018|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202150515/https://www.rajasthanroyals.com/heinrich-klaasen-joins-royals/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin watan Yunin 2018, Klaasen ya kasance cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan Titans na kakar 2018-2019. A cikin watan Oktoban 2018, an nada shi a cikin ƙungiyar [[Durban]] Heat don bugu na farko na gasar Mzansi Super League T20.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/sport/cricket/domestic/mzansi-super-league-player-draft-the-story-so-far-17521199 |title=Mzansi Super League Player Draft: The story so far |work=Independent Online |access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref> A cikin Disambar 2018, Royal Challengers Bangalore ya sayi Klaasen a cikin gwanjon dan wasan don gasar Premier ta Indiya ta 2019 . A cikin watan Yunin 2019, an zaɓi shi don yin wasa don ƙungiyar ikon mallakar [[Toronto]] ta ƙasa a gasar 2019 Global T20 Canada . A cikin Yulin 2019, an zaɓe shi don buga wa Glasgow Giants a cikin bugu na farko na gasar kurket ta Euro T20 Slam . Sai dai a wata mai zuwa aka soke gasar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inaugural Euro T20 Slam cancelled at two weeks' notice |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/inaugural-euro-t20-slam-cancelled-at-two-weeks-notice-1197472 |access-date=14 August 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> A cikin Satumbar 2019, Klaasen ya kasance cikin tawagar Tshwane Spartans don gasar Mzansi Super League ta 2019 . Royal Challengers Bangalore ne ya sake shi gabanin gwanjon IPL na 2020 .<ref>{{cite web |title=Where do the eight franchises stand before the 2020 auction? |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/where-do-the-eight-franchises-stand-before-the-2020-auction-1206731 |access-date=15 November 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Shukri Conrad, koci a Cricket National Academy ta Afirka ta Kudu, ya bayyana cewa Klaasen zai iya zama Afirka ta Kudu kwatankwacin MS Dhoni . <ref name="za">{{cite web|url=http://www.sport24.co.za/Cricket/Klaasen-could-be-SAs-Dhoni-Conrad-20150907|title=Klaasen could be SA's 'Dhoni' – Conrad|work=Sport|access-date=16 December 2015}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2015, ya ce, "Heinrich ya natsu sosai a halin da ake ciki. Ya tsaya a lokacin. Akwai sosai 'Miss Dhoni talaka' game da shi. Babu shakka babu wani bangaranci game da wasansa kuma da gaske yana ɗaukar wasan zuwa ga 'yan adawa. Bai jira wasan ya zo masa ba kuma shine abin da na fi so game da shi. Shi mai tsanani ne kamar yadda suka zo.” <ref name="za" /> A cikin Afrilun 2021, Klaasen ya kasance mai suna a cikin 'yan wasan Arewa, gabanin lokacin wasan kurket na 2021-2022 a Afirka ta Kudu. Sunrisers Hyderabad ne ya saye shi don ya taka leda a gasar Premier ta Indiya ta 2023 .<ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 2023 mini auction |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/ipl-2023/auction/players/10209 |access-date=25 December 2022 |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairu, 2023, Klaasen ya zira kwallaye na biyu a tarihin SA20, inda ya zira kwallaye 104* kashe 44 kwallaye yayin da yake yin bajinta ga Super Giants na Durban a wasa da Pretoria Capitals . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Heinrich Klaasen at ESPNcricinfo [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1991]] 04woi21f8z1lm63sy4cksmgp4r43e6o 0 46542 883328 812730 2026-07-15T09:11:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 883328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox generic}} '''Godiya Akwashiki''' (an haife shi ranar uku 3 ga watan Agustan shekara ta alif dari tara da da saba'in da uku miladiyya 1973) a Angba Iggah na [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]], [[Najeriya]] dan siyasar Najeriya ne.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.nassnig.org/mps/single/394 |access-date=2023-04-07 |archive-date=2020-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923094958/https://www.nassnig.org/mps/single/394 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://afripost.ng/2019/12/30/senator-godiya-akwashiki-early-life-education-political-career/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-04-07 |archive-date=2024-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127114617/https://afripost.ng/2019/12/30/senator-godiya-akwashiki-early-life-education-political-career/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi ne Sanata mai wakiltar Nasarawa ta Arewa a [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]].<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/317358-nigerian-senator-elect-stripped-in-viral-video.html?tztc=1</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://shakapost.com/tag/godiya-akwashiki/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |archive-date=2020-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515161709/https://shakapost.com/tag/godiya-akwashiki/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zabe shi a [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|majalisar dattawa]] a lokacin babban zaben 2019 na Najeriya. An sake zaben Akwashiki a zaben 2023. Kafin a zabe shi a majalisar dattawa ya kasance mataimakin kakakin majalisar dokokin [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/akwashiki-defeats-mike-abdul-for-nasarawa-norths-seat/</ref> ==Farkon Rayuwa da ilimi== An haifi Akwashiki a cikin shekarar dubu ₦aya da ɗari Tara da Saba,in da uku miladiyya 1973 ga Mista Akwashiki Walaro da Mrs Ramatu Akwashiki a [https://hfr-testing.health.gov.ng/facilities/hospitals-list?page=1096 Angba Iggah], ƙaramar hukumar [[Nasarawa Egon|Nasarawa Eggon]] a [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]].<ref name=":1" /> Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Gwamnati, [https://hfr-testing.health.gov.ng/facilities/hospitals-list?page=1096 Angba Iggah]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} inda ya gama da shaidar kammala karatunsa na farko a cikin shekarar 1987. A cikin shekarar 1988 ya shiga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gwamnati, [https://worldpostalcode.com/nigeria/nasarawa/lafia/assakio Assakio] kuma ya kammala karatunsa da Babban Sakandare a Ilimi ([[Jarabawar Kammala Makarantun Sakandare a Yammacin Afurka (WASSCE)|WASSCE]]) a shekara ta 1993. Akwashiki ya shiga [[Jami'ar Jihar Nasarawa]], [[Keffi]] kuma ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a shekara ta 2010. Yana da aure da yara.<ref>https://leadership.ng/</ref> ==Sana'ar Siyasa== Daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2019, Akwashiki, a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party,]] ya kuma kasance ɗan majalisar dokokin [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]]. A wa'adinsa na farko daga 2011 zuwa 2015 ya kasance shugaban masu rinjaye a Majalisar Jiha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://nasarawastate.gov.ng/news13.php |access-date=2023-04-07 |archive-date=2020-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210005327/http://www.nasarawastate.gov.ng/news13.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wa’adinsa na biyu daga 2015 zuwa 2019 an naɗa shi mataimakin kakakin majalisar jiha, muƙamin da ya riƙe har zuwa cikin shekarar 2019, a ƙarƙashin [[All Progressives Congress|jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC)]] ya tsaya takarar Sanatan Nasarawa ta Arewa. A halin yanzu shi ne shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa mai kula da harkokin majalisa da kuma mataimakin shugaban kwamitin yaɗa labarai da hulɗa da jama’a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://placng.org/wp/2019/07/standing-committees-of-the-9th-senate-2019-2023-chairmen-and-vice-chairmen/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |archive-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231013639/https://placng.org/wp/2019/07/standing-committees-of-the-9th-senate-2019-2023-chairmen-and-vice-chairmen/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Yan siyasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Yan siyasar Nasarawa]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar Nasarawa]] [[Category:Maza]] h9xzynzba4s5tjccett88ytnndue1vz 883329 883328 2026-07-15T09:11:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 883329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox generic}} '''Godiya Akwashiki''' (an haife shi ranar uku 3 ga watan Agustan shekara ta alif dari tara da da saba'in da uku miladiyya 1973) a Angba Iggah na [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]], [[Najeriya]] dan siyasar Najeriya ne.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.nassnig.org/mps/single/394 |access-date=2023-04-07 |archive-date=2020-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923094958/https://www.nassnig.org/mps/single/394 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://afripost.ng/2019/12/30/senator-godiya-akwashiki-early-life-education-political-career/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-04-07 |archive-date=2024-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127114617/https://afripost.ng/2019/12/30/senator-godiya-akwashiki-early-life-education-political-career/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi ne Sanata mai wakiltar Nasarawa ta Arewa a [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]].<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/317358-nigerian-senator-elect-stripped-in-viral-video.html?tztc=1</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://shakapost.com/tag/godiya-akwashiki/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |archive-date=2020-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515161709/https://shakapost.com/tag/godiya-akwashiki/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zabe shi a [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|majalisar dattawa]] a lokacin babban zaben 2019 na Najeriya. An sake zaben Akwashiki a zaben 2023. Kafin a zabe shi a majalisar dattawa ya kasance mataimakin kakakin majalisar dokokin [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/akwashiki-defeats-mike-abdul-for-nasarawa-norths-seat/</ref> ==Farkon Rayuwa da ilimi== An haifi Akwashiki a cikin shekarar dubu ₦aya da ɗari Tara da Saba,in da uku miladiyya 1973 ga Mista Akwashiki Walaro da Mrs Ramatu Akwashiki a [https://hfr-testing.health.gov.ng/facilities/hospitals-list?page=1096 Angba Iggah], ƙaramar hukumar [[Nasarawa Egon|Nasarawa Eggon]] a [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]].<ref name=":1" /> Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Gwamnati, [https://hfr-testing.health.gov.ng/facilities/hospitals-list?page=1096 Angba Iggah] inda ya gama da shaidar kammala karatunsa na farko a cikin shekarar 1987. A cikin shekarar 1988 ya shiga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gwamnati, [https://worldpostalcode.com/nigeria/nasarawa/lafia/assakio Assakio] kuma ya kammala karatunsa da Babban Sakandare a Ilimi ([[Jarabawar Kammala Makarantun Sakandare a Yammacin Afurka (WASSCE)|WASSCE]]) a shekara ta 1993. Akwashiki ya shiga [[Jami'ar Jihar Nasarawa]], [[Keffi]] kuma ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a shekara ta 2010. Yana da aure da yara.<ref>https://leadership.ng/</ref> ==Sana'ar Siyasa== Daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2019, Akwashiki, a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party,]] ya kuma kasance ɗan majalisar dokokin [[Nasarawa|jihar Nasarawa]]. A wa'adinsa na farko daga 2011 zuwa 2015 ya kasance shugaban masu rinjaye a Majalisar Jiha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://nasarawastate.gov.ng/news13.php |access-date=2023-04-07 |archive-date=2020-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210005327/http://www.nasarawastate.gov.ng/news13.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wa’adinsa na biyu daga 2015 zuwa 2019 an naɗa shi mataimakin kakakin majalisar jiha, muƙamin da ya riƙe har zuwa cikin shekarar 2019, a ƙarƙashin [[All Progressives Congress|jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC)]] ya tsaya takarar Sanatan Nasarawa ta Arewa. A halin yanzu shi ne shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa mai kula da harkokin majalisa da kuma mataimakin shugaban kwamitin yaɗa labarai da hulɗa da jama’a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://placng.org/wp/2019/07/standing-committees-of-the-9th-senate-2019-2023-chairmen-and-vice-chairmen/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |archive-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231013639/https://placng.org/wp/2019/07/standing-committees-of-the-9th-senate-2019-2023-chairmen-and-vice-chairmen/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Yan siyasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Yan siyasar Nasarawa]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar Nasarawa]] [[Category:Maza]] tuvbcjfxgzvp0f7v7pvkv92n3kz2dld 0 50558 882948 666436 2026-07-14T15:44:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Climate crisis.jpg|thumb|Rakici yana daya daga cikin bala in]] [[Fayil:Man-made disaster in Nigeria.jpg|thumb|annoba a najeriya]] [[Fayil:Natural disaster.jpg|thumb|natural disaster in nigeria]] '''Bala'o'i''' na halitta a Najeriya galibi suna da alaƙa da [[yanayin Najeriya|yanayin yan Najeriya]], wanda aka ruwaito ya haifar da asarar rayuka da dukiya. Wata bala'i ta halitta na iya haifar da [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]], [[Zaftarewar ƙasa|rushewar ƙasa]], da ƙwayoyin cuta, a tsakanin sauran. Don a rarraba shi a matsayin bala'i, ana buƙatar samun tasirin muhalli mai zurfi ko asarar ɗan adam kuma dole ne ya haifar da asusun kuɗi. Wannan abin da ya faru ya zama batun damuwa, yana barazana ga yawancin mutanen da ke zaune a wurare daban-daban a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. [[Najeriya]] ta gamu da nau'o'in bala'i da yawa, wadanda suka hada da [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]], rushewar ƙasa, raƙuman ruwa masu yawa. Ana iya cewa yanayin da ke ƙarƙashin kariya da fadada ƙasar ya ba da gudummawa ga sa mutane su kasance masu saukin kamuwa da waɗannan bala'o'i. Sauran haɗari sun haɗa da guguwar ƙura ta arewa, wanda yawanci daga jihohin [[Arewacin Najeriya|Arewa]] zuwa kudu; yana haifar da lalacewa ta hanyar manyan ajiyar ƙurar da datti daga waɗannan yankuna. Hail wani dalili ne, wanda ba ya faruwa a wasu sassan Najeriya, yana haifar da lalacewar amfanin gona da dukiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-12 |title=Katsina residents panic over two-day hailstone |url=https://punchng.com/katsina-residents-panic-over-two-day-hailstone/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=pulse.ng|first= |work=Pulse.ng |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/its-raining-ice-in-abuja-and-residents-are-over-the-moon/6r41c01|title=It's raining ice in Abuja and residents are over the moon }}</ref> == Nau'o'in == === fari === An yi amfani da fari na 1972 da 1973 ga mutuwar kashi 13% na dabbobi a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya da kuma asarar amfanin gona na shekara-shekara sama da 50%.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.humanitarianlibrary.org/sites/default/files/2013/08/3speaker03_1.pdf |title=Disaster management and data needs in Nigeria |year=2014 |access-date=2023-06-02 |archive-date=2024-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118054232/https://www.humanitarianlibrary.org/sites/default/files/2013/08/3speaker03_1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yanayin ruwan sama tsakanin 1960 da 1990 a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya ya ragu da kusan 8 mm / shekara.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Federal Republic of Nigeria |url=https://knowledge.unccd.int/sites/default/files/country_profile_documents/1%2520FINAL_NDP_Nigeria.pdf |website=knowledge.unccd.int. |access-date=October 21, 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Rashin fari na baya-bayan nan a Najeriya ya kasance tsakanin 1991 da 1995.<ref name=":3"/> Ruwan sama a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya tsakanin lokacin 1994 zuwa 2004 ya nuna cewa jimlar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga 500 zuwa sama da 1000 mm.<ref name=":3"/> Matsalar fari tana hanzarta hamada: 63.83% na jimlar ƙasar tana da alaƙa da hamadar.<ref>Olagunju, T. E. (2015). Drought, desertification and the Nigerian environment: A review. ''Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment'', ''7''(7), 196-209.</ref> [[Fayil:Canandaigua flash flood July 23, 2017 06 flooded intersection.jpg|thumb|yanda hanya kekomawa yayin ambaliya ruwa, hanya takan shade da ruwa]] === Ambaliyar ruwa === Ambaliyar ruwa a sassa daban-daban na Najeriya ta haifar da mummunar lalacewar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, rauni da asarar rayuka. Wasu daga cikin mummunan sakamakon ambaliyar sun hada da asarar rayuwar mutum, lalacewar dukiya, tsarin sufuri na jama'a, samar da wutar lantarki, amfanin gona, da dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ajumobi |first=Victor Emeka |last2=Womboh |first2=SooveBenki |last3=Ezem |first3=Sebhaziba Benjamin |date=January 2023 |title=Impacts of the 2022 Flooding on the Residents of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Victor-Ajumobi/publication/367092515_Impacts_of_the_2022_Flooding_on_the_Residents_of_Yenagoa_Bayelsa_State_Nigeria/links/63c13da8a0402724714ae13f/Impacts-of-the-2022-Flooding-on-the-Residents-of-Yenagoa-Bayelsa-State-Nigeria.pdf |journal=Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Public Safety |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1-6}}</ref> ==== 2021 ==== A watan Agusta, [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] ta faru a [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa]], ta shafi al'ummomi 79 a yankuna 16 na kananan hukumomi. Rahotanni sun ce mutane bakwai sun rasa rayukansu kuma kimanin mutane 74,713 da suka rasa muhallinsu sun zama marasa gida;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-26 |title=7 killed, 74,000 displaced by flood in Adamawa |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/08/7-killed-as-over-74000-displaced-by-flood-in-adamawa/ |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ochetenwu |first=Jim |date=2021-08-26 |title=Floods claim 7, displaces 74, 713 Adamawa people in 2 weeks |url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/08/26/floods-claim-7-displaces-74-713-adamawa-people-in-2-weeks/ |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da yake an lalata gonaki 150 da kimanin gidaje 66 a cewar Hukumar Kula da Gaggawa ta Jihar Adamawa (ADSEMA).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-14 |title=Flood sacks Adamawa community, destroys 150 farmlands, 66 houses |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/news/flood-sacks-adamawa-community-destroys-150-farmlands-66-houses/ |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729122626/https://editor.guardian.ng/news/flood-sacks-adamawa-community-destroys-150-farmlands-66-houses/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== 2020 ==== A cikin 2020, mutane 68 sun mutu kuma mutane 129,000 sun rasa muhallinsu saboda ambaliyar ruwa ta 2020. Wannan ya faru ne a cewar Darakta Janar na NEMA, Muhammadu Muhammed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-07|title=Flooding affects 129,000 across Nigeria, kills 68 — NEMA|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/429901-flooding-affects-129000-across-nigeria-kills-68-nema.html|access-date=2021-10-22|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-07|title=Floods killed 68, displaced 129, 000 in 35 states, FCT, in 2020 — NEMA|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/floods-killed-68-displaced-129-000-in-35-states-fct-in-2020-nema/|access-date=2021-10-22|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> ==== 2017 ==== Ambaliyar ruwa ta [[Benue (jiha)|Jihar Benue]] ta 2017 ta faru ne a watan Satumbar 2017 a tsakiyar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/09/01/flooding-central-nigeria/624150001/|title=More than 100,000 displaced by flooding in central Nigeria|work=USA TODAY|access-date=2018-10-03|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112013848/https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/09/01/flooding-central-nigeria/624150001/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Makonni na ruwan sama ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa, zubar da ruwa da kogin da ke gudana a Jihar Benue. Ya kori mutane 100,000,<ref name="Floodlist">{{Cite web |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/nigeria-floods-benue-september-2017 |title=Nigeria – Thousands Displaced by Floods in Benue State – FloodList |date=5 September 2017 |website=floodlist.com |publisher=Copernicus |language=en-US |access-date=2017-09-10}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/08/nigeria-floods-displace-100000-people-170831221301909.html |title=Nigeria floods displace more than 100,000 people |last=Al Jazeera |date=1 September 2017 |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=2017-09-10}}</ref> kuma ya lalata gidaje kusan 2,000.<ref name="ChannelsTV">{{Cite web |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2017/08/27/flood-hits-makurdi-ravages-over-2000-homes/ |title=Flood Hits Makurdi, Ravages Over 2,000 Homes • Channels Television |date=2017-08-27 |website=Channels Television |access-date=2017-09-10}}</ref> ==== 2010 ==== Kimanin mazauna 1000 na [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] da jihohin [[Ogun]] na Najeriya sun yi gudun hijira saboda ambaliyar da ke da alaƙa da ruwan sama mai yawa, wanda ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar sakin ruwa daga madatsar ruwan Oyan zuwa [[Kogin Ogun|Kogin Ogun]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Olanrewaju |first1=Caroline C. |last2=Chitakira |first2=Munyaradzi |last3=Olanrewaju |first3=Oludolapo A. |last4=Louw |first4=Elretha |date=2019-04-18 |title=Impacts of flood disasters in Nigeria: A critical evaluation of health implications and management |journal=Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=557 |doi=10.4102/jamba.v11i1.557 |issn=2072-845X |pmc=6494919 |pmid=31061689}}</ref> Kimanin 'yan Najeriya 250,000 ne ambaliyar ta shafa a shekarar 2016, yayin da 92,000 suka shafa da ita a shekara ta 2017<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria Struggling to Cope With Rising Natural Disasters|url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/nigeria-struggling-cope-rising-natural-disasters|access-date=2021-10-22|website=Council on Foreign Relations|language=en}}</ref> ==== 2023 ==== A ranar 3 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, an yi ruwan sama mai yawa a Oke-Ako a yankin karamar hukumar Ikole na Jihar Ekiti. Yanayin ya dauki sama da sa'o'i biyu kuma ya lalata kimanin gidaje 105. Ruwan sama mai yawa ya lalata wasu kayan aikin lantarki a duk faɗin garin, wanda ya sanya mazauna cikin cikakken duhu.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://guardian.ng/news/ekiti-rainstorm-wreaks-havoc-destroys-105-buildings-several-homeless-2/ | title=Ekiti: Rainstorm wreaks havoc, destroys 105 buildings, several homeless | date=7 March 2023 }}</ref> Gwamnan Jihar Ekiti, Mista [[Biodun Oyebanji]], ta hanyar mataimakinsa Mrs. [[Monisade Afuye]], ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin masu lalacewa kuma ya tabbatar wa wadanda abin ya shafa cewa gwamnati za ta ba da duk wani tallafi da ake bukata don rage duk abin da wannan yanayin ya haifar musu.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://punchng.com/many-homeless-as-rainstorm-destroys-houses-in-ekiti/ | title=Many homeless as rainstorm destroys houses in Ekiti | date=5 March 2023 }}</ref> == Gudanarwar gaggawa == '''Hukumar Taimako ta Gaggawa ta Kasa (NERA)''' Hukumar Taimako ta Gaggawa ta Kasa (NERA) an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar Dokar 48 ta 1976 don mayar da martani ga ambaliyar ruwa mai lalacewa tsakanin 1972 da 1973.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sadiq |first=Abdul-Akeem |title=A Look at Nigeria's Bourgeoning Emergency Management System: Challenges, Opportunities, and Recommendations for Improvement |publisher=FEMA, U.S. Department of Homeland Security |year=2012 |chapter=19 |chapter-url=https://training.fema.gov/hiedu/downloads/compemmgmtbookproject/comparative%20em%20book%20-%20chapter%20-%20a%20look%20at%20nigeria%27s%20burgeoning%20em%20system.doc}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Olanrewaju |first1=Caroline C. |last2=Chitakira |first2=Munyaradzi |last3=Olanrewaju |first3=Oludolapo A. |last4=Louw |first4=Elretha |date=2019 |title=Impacts of flood disasters in Nigeria: A critical evaluation of health implications and management |journal=Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=557 |doi=10.4102/jamba.v11i1.557 |issn=1996-1421 |pmc=6494919 |pmid=31061689}}</ref> NERA wata hukumar kula da bala'i ce bayan da take mai da hankali kan daidaitawa da rarraba kayan agaji ga wadanda ke fama da masifu.<ref name=":0" /> === [[Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Kasa (Nigeria)|Hukumar Kular Gaggawa ta Kasa]] (NEMA) === {{Excerpt|National Emergency Management Agency (Nigeria)}}'''Tsarin Gudanar da Bala'i na Kasa na Najeriya(NDMF)''' An kirkiro tsarin Gudanar da Bala'i na Kasa na Najeriya (NDMF) a cikin 2010 don aiki a matsayin kayan aiki na shari'a don jagorantar sa hannun masu ruwa da tsaki tare da girmamawa gudanar da bala'o'in a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5b3f84874.pdf|title=Nigeria: National Disaster Framework (2010)|publisher=National Legislative Bodies / National Authorities|year=2010}}</ref> An kirkireshi ne don inganta ingantaccen gudanar da bala'i tsakanin Gwamnatocin Tarayya, Jiha da Kananan Hukumomi, Kungiyoyin Jama'a da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. NDMF tana da wuraren mayar da hankali 7 da ka'idojin isasshen, wato: * Ikon Cibiyar * Haɗin kai * Binciken Hadarin Bala'i * Rage Hadarin Bala'i * Rigakafin Bala'i, Shirye-shiryen da Ragewa * Amsawar Bala'i * Farfado da Bala'i * Masu ba da gudummawa da Masu Ba da Gudanarwa == Duba kuma == * fari na Sahel na 2012 * [[Canjin yanayi a Najeriya]] * [[Matsalolin Muhalli a Neja Delta|Batutuwan muhalli a cikin Delta na Nijar]] == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 232w23qtudl3hr9nhjsr0q9txfxi1ab 0 50790 883351 660160 2026-07-15T09:19:40Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 883351 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Edith Covensky.jpg|thumb|Edith Covensky]] [[Fayil:Edith Covensky.jpg|thumb|Edith Covensky a cikin hoto]] '''Edith Covensky''' (an haife ta Sha hudu ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da biyar, אדית קובנסקי a cikin [[Ibrananci]], '''Idit Ḳovensḳi''' a cikin Romanian) mawaƙin Ibrananci ne da ke zaune a Amurka kuma babban malami a cikin Nazarin Ibrananci da Isra'ila a Jami'ar Jihar Wayne. Ta rubuta litattafai na wakoki guda talatin da hudu, a cikin Ibrananci, harshe biyu a cikin Ibrananci da Ingilishi, cikin harsuna uku cikin Ibrananci, Larabci da Ingilishi, kuma cikin Romanian da Sifaniyanci. == Kuruciya == An haifi Covensky a Bucharest, [[Romainiya|Romania]], ta girma a Haifa, Isra'ila, kuma a halin yanzu tana zaune a Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. <ref name="Psefas">{{Cite journal|url-status=15, 18}}</ref> Ta girma a Haifa, ta je makarantar firamare "Maalot Ha'neveem" ("Mataki na Annabawa"), kuma ta ci gaba da sakandare a Alliance Francaise Israelte (Kol Israel Haverim) inda ta mai da hankali kan adabin Ibrananci da Faransanci. Ta yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Isra'ila (IDF, 1963-1965) a matsayin mai karya lamba. <ref name="WSU" /> Bayan sallamarta ta soja a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sitin da biyar, ta tafi Amurka. <ref name="Lexicon" /> == Sana'ar sana'a == Tun shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da bakwai Covensky tana koyar da Ibrananci da Nazarin Isra'ila a Jami'ar Jihar Wayne a [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] . Ita memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Farfesa na Ibrananci, da kuma Ƙungiyar Marubuta Ibraniyawa a Isra'ila ; editan ''Pseifas'', Jarida na adabi na Isra'ila da aka sadaukar don waƙar gargajiya da na Ibrananci; <ref name="Psefas">{{Cite journal|url-status=15, 18}}</ref> kuma memba na Associationungiyar Alexander Dumas Uba, wanda ke cikin [[Faris|Paris]], Faransa. Covensky ta fara rubuta waƙar Ibrananci a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da daya, inda ta buga waƙarta ta farko "Ƙananan Albarka" (Ibrananci: "Al Hassadim Ktanim") a cikin ''Bitzaron'', wata fitacciyar mujallar adabi da Jami'ar New York ta fitar, a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu. Ta buga littafan kasidu guda talatin da hudu har yau. An buga wakokinta guda ɗaya a Isra'ila, Kanada, da Amurka. Farfesan Faransa Michael Giordano, ta gabatar da waƙarta a cikin juzu'i ''A Farko'' (Ibrananci: Breeah; Faransanci: Genese), Gvanim, Tel-Aviv, 2017. Jeffrey L. Covensky ta gabatar da ''Rayuwa a matsayin Almara'' (Gvanim, 2017. ) An buga sigar Ibrananci a cikin ''Pseifas'', 2017. == Amsa mai mahimmanci == Sharuɗɗan waƙar Covensky ta kasance batun ''juzu'in Ƙarƙashin Silky Sky: The Symbolist Poetry of Edith Covensky'', wanda masani kuma mai sukar adabi {{Interlanguage link|Yair Mazor|he}} ta rubuta. . ta kwatanta aikinta a cikin bita na 1996 a matsayin "waƙar waƙa", yana yaba mata don "ƙaddarar daɗaɗɗa" a cikin "haɗawa, jigo, da kuma zane-zane". A cikin bita na shekara ta dubu biyu da goma Sha biyu ta bayyana aikinta a matsayin "waƙar metaphysical". ta kwatanta shi da aikin masu zane-zane masu ban sha'awa, wanda dole ne a kiyaye shi daga nisa daidai don a gani sosai. <ref name="Mazor" /> [[Category:Bayahuden Isra'ila]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1945]] 0cpmi7mg59qeih7ggo10e2598z4uh4l 0 51357 882958 794920 2026-07-14T16:12:12Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 882958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mahmoud Abdel Salam Omar''' ɗan kasuwan Masar ne. Shi ne shugaban El-Mex Salines, wani kamfanin samar da gishiri na Masar, kuma ya taba zama shugaban bankin [[Alexandria]] na Masar kuma shugaban kungiyar bankunan Masar. <ref name="sfgate1">{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2011/06/05/bloomberg1376-LMDEJJ6JTSEC01-46OBMQ6JUEH1EBCADP1USN16LA.DTL|title=Ex-IMF Chief Strauss-Kahn Pleads Not Guilty to Sex Assault|publisher=The San Francisco Chronicle|date=June 5, 2011|access-date=June 8, 2011}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}"Ex-IMF Chief Strauss-Kahn Pleads Not Guilty to Sex Assault" . The San Francisco Chronicle. June 5, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.</ref> <ref name="nydailynews1">{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2011/06/03/2011-06-03_mahmoud_abdelsalam_omar_egyptian_banker_accused_of_groping_maid_leaves_rikers_on.html|title=Mahmoud Abdel-Salam Omar, Egyptian banker accused of groping maid, leaves Rikers on $25G bail|work=New York Daily News|author=Melissa Grace|date=June 3, 2011|access-date=June 8, 2011}}Melissa Grace (June 3, 2011). "Mahmoud Abdel-Salam Omar, Egyptian banker accused of groping maid, leaves Rikers on $25G bail" . New York Daily News . Retrieved June 8, 2011.</ref> <ref name="bloomberg2">{{cite news|last=Amon|first=Elizabeth|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-06/madoff-chiquita-wachovia-longtop-financial-in-court-news.html|title=Goldman, JPMorgan, Madoff, Chiquita, Wachovia in Court News|publisher=Bloomberg|date=June 6, 2011|access-date=June 8, 2011}}Amon, Elizabeth (June 6, 2011). "Goldman, JPMorgan, Madoff, Chiquita, Wachovia in Court News" . Bloomberg. Retrieved June 8, 2011.</ref> <ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|last=Gardiner|first=Sean|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303657404576363690548810056|title=Accused Businessman Is Free on Bail|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=June 4, 2011|access-date=June 8, 2011}}Gardiner, Sean (June 4, 2011). "Accused Businessman Is Free on Bail" . The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 8, 2011.</ref> A watan Mayun 2011, an kama shi bisa zargin yin lalata da wata baiwa a cikin dakinsa a Otal din Pierre na [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]]. == Rayuwa ta sirri da aikin banki == Omar yana da aure, yana da 'ya'ya hudu. Omar shi ne shugaban bankin Alexandria, daya daga cikin manyan bankunan Masar. <ref name="guardian1">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/01/egyptian-banker-sexual-assault-bail|title=Egyptian banker charged with sexual assault is granted bail; assault is granted bail; Mahmoud Abdel-Salam Omar to reappear in court to face claims he sexually abused maid in luxury New York hotel|work=The Guardian|date=June 1, 2011|access-date=June 8, 2011}}"Egyptian banker charged with sexual assault is granted bail; assault is granted bail; Mahmoud Abdel-Salam Omar to reappear in court to face claims he sexually abused maid in luxury New York hotel" . The Guardian . June 1, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.</ref> Shi ne kuma tsohon shugaban kungiyar bankunan Masar, kuma na bankin Amurka na Masar. <ref>{{cite news|author=Yasser Sobhi|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/603/ec1.htm|title=Economy &#124; The winds of change|publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly|date=September 18, 2002|access-date=June 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404090338/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/603/ec1.htm|archive-date=April 4, 2011|url-status=dead|archivedate=April 4, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404090338/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/603/ec1.htm}}Yasser Sobhi (September 18, 2002). "Economy | The winds of change" . Al- Ahram Weekly. Archived from the original on April 4, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.</ref> <ref name="arabnews1">{{cite news|last=Zraick|first=Karen|url=http://arabnews.com/world/article445896.ece|title=Egyptian businessman denies charges in sex case|publisher=Arab News|date=June 1, 2011|access-date=June 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604055111/http://arabnews.com/world/article445896.ece|archive-date=June 4, 2011|url-status=dead|archivedate=June 4, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604055111/http://arabnews.com/world/article445896.ece}}Zraick, Karen (June 1, 2011). "Egyptian businessman denies charges in sex case" . Arab News. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.</ref> A halin yanzu shi ne Shugaban El-Mex Salines, kamfanin samar da gishiri na Masar, wanda ya yi aiki tun a shekarar 2009. <ref name="arabnews1" /> <ref name="dailystar1">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2011/Jun-01/Egypt-general-defends-virginity-tests.ashx#axzz1OiFLFD1I|title=Middle East: Egypt general defends virginity tests|publisher=The Daily Star|date=June 1, 2011|access-date=June 8, 2011}}"Middle East: Egypt general defends virginity tests" . The Daily Star. June 1, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.</ref> == Zarge-zargen cin zarafi == Wata kuyanga mai shekaru 44 a otal din Pierre da ke Upper East Side na birnin New York ta shaida wa hukumomi cewa a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu, 2011, Omar ya yi kira da a yi hidimar daki, inda ya nemi a kai kwalin kyalle a dakinsa na dare $900. Ta ce bayan ta kai tissues ɗakinsa, Omar ya kulle kofarsa, ya riƙota a ƙofar, ya fara riƙo kirjinta yana sumbata a wuyanta da lips ɗinta, ya matse mata gindi, sannan ya ƙarasa ƙafarsa. <ref name="autogenerated1" /> Tace omar ya bari ta tafi bayan ta amince ta bashi lambar wayarta, ta bashi na karya. <ref name="autogenerated1" /> ‘Yan sandan sun ce kuyanga ta kai rahoton lamarin ga mai kula da ita, amma mai kula da lamarin ya ce washegari ta kai rahoton lamarin ga jami’in tsaron otal, don haka ba a sanar da ‘yan sandan ba sai washegari. <ref name="autogenerated1" /> Mai magana da yawun ‘yan sandan ya ce masu binciken sun gano cewa kuyanga ce mai gaskiya. <ref>{{cite news|author=Hossam El-Kady|url=http://213.158.162.45/~egyptian/index.php?action=news&id=18725&title=Egyptian%20exec%20held%20in%20attack%20on%20NY%20maid|title=Egyptian exec held in attack on NY maid|publisher=The Egyptian Gazette|date=May 31, 2011|access-date=June 8, 2011|archive-date=July 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720132750/http://213.158.162.45/~egyptian/index.php?action=news&id=18725&title=Egyptian%20exec%20held%20in%20attack%20on%20NY%20maid|url-status=dead|archivedate=July 20, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720132750/http://213.158.162.45/~egyptian/index.php?action=news&id=18725&title=Egyptian%20exec%20held%20in%20attack%20on%20NY%20maid}}Hossam El-Kady (May 31, 2011). "Egyptian exec held in attack on NY maid" . The Egyptian Gazette. Retrieved June 8, 2011.</ref> An kama Omar a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu, 2011. An tuhume shi da laifuffuka biyu na cin zarafi, da suka hada da lalata da kuma tilastawa taba. Ya bayyana a Kotun Laifukan Manhattan, kuma an sake shi daga Tsibirin Rikers a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni, 2011, bayan ya ba da belin tsabar kudi $25,000 tare da mika fasfo dinsa yayin da yake jiran shari'a. <ref name="nydailynews1" /> Omar ya kamata ya koma kotu a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, 2011. <ref name="nydailynews1" /> Lauyansa ya ce ya musanta zargin. Kuyanga ta kai karar sa kan kudi dala miliyan 5, sannan Salam Omar ya amsa laifin da ake tuhumarsa da shi, inda ya yarda cewa ya sumbaci kuyanga ya taba numfashinta. A watan Yuni 2011, ya yi kwanaki 5 na hidimar al'umma a cikin dafa abinci na miya, kuma an yi alkawarin za a rufe shari'arsa idan ya kasance daga cikin matsala har tsawon shekara guda.<ref>"Egyptian Businessman Mahmoud Abdel Salam Omar Pleads Guilty In Pierre Hotel Sex Assault" . www.cbsnews.com . Retrieved 2022-08-07.</ref> == Duba kuma == * ''New York v.'' ''Strauss-Kahn'' == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] <references />{{Reflist}} ifl534liojfwzwqagjvqyo8g8sjd4m0 0 54111 883096 876980 2026-07-14T21:50:42Z Hamza DK 12444 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358061750|Dolapo Adeleke]]" 883096 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dolapo Adeleke''' ((listenⓘ)) (an haife shi 6 Satumba 1990), wanda aka fi sani da '''LowlaDee''' ɗan fim ne daga Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolapo 'Lowladee' Adeleke |url=https://gidiboxoffice.com/authors/dolapo-adeleke |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523073626/https://gidiboxoffice.com/authors/dolapo-adeleke |archive-date=2022-05-23 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=gidiboxoffice.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1990, a Jihar Kano Najeriya, Adeleke ya fara rubutu tun yana ƙarami, yana buga littattafai biyu kafin jami'a.[1] Adeleke ta sami karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Dansol, Jihar Legas . Ta kammala karatu tare da aji na biyu a cikin Mass Communication daga Jami'ar Alkawari a shekara ta 2011. [2] == Ayyuka == A wata hira da Busayo Adekoya na ThisDay Newspaper, ta bayyana cewa ta fara jagorantar fina-finai tana da shekaru 21.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adekoya |first=Busayo |year=2014 |title=Nigeria: 'I Produced My First Film At 21' |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201409120271.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |year=2016 |title=4 reasons you should binge-watch Lowladee's web series |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/this-is-it-4-reasons-you-should-binge-watch-lowladees-web-series-id5809021.html |website=Pulse.ng}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, an haɗa ta a cikin jerin Vanguard na matasa 'yan Najeriya da ke da tasiri sosai, kuma an lura da cewa ta lashe kyautar marubucin matasa mafi kyau na shekara ta Angles Magazine don rubuta Flesh and Blood da The Little White Hen . Tare da fitowar gajeren fim dinta mai suna Brave, tare da [[Adesua Etomi]] da Wole Ojo, an zabi ta a karkashin mafi kyawun darektan fina-finai na Nigerian Entertainment Awards (NEA 2015). Fim din ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Best Short Film a Best Of Nollywood Awards kuma an zabi shi a cikin rukuni biyu a manyan African Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA) don Mafi kyawun gajeren fim da Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Drama. A shekara ta 2015, ta ci gaba da samar da fim din talabijin na farko da aka yaba da shi A Place Called Happy wanda ya haɗu da 'yan wasan Najeriya da Ghana. A cikin 2016, ta fitar da ta farko da aka yaba da ita sosai Mini Series This Is It a kan YouTube Platform da ta haɗu da Najeriya da Kenya. Nan take ya sami shahara tare da tara ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan 8 gaba ɗaya. An ƙaddamar da jerin a cikin tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban a duk faɗin Afirka kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kyautar Talabijin mafi kyau a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA) 2018. LowlaDee ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gyara abubuwan 20 yayin aiki a matsayin Show Runner. A cikin 2016, an kuma zabi LowlaDee don EbonyLifeTV Sisterhood Awards Africa don 'Darakta na Fim na Shekara' don nasararta tare da Mini Series, 'Wannan Shi ne'. A cikin 2017, an zabi ta don babbar 'Future Awards Africa' don kyautar New Media kuma a watan Maris na 2018 an jera ta a matsayin '100 Mafi Kyawun Mata na Afirka a Najeriya'. LowlaDee ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gyara fim din din Valentine's Day na minti 60, PLAN B, labarin Kenya-Nijeriya wanda ya zama abin mamaki nan take, yana samun ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan ɗaya a cikin makonni biyu na farko ba tare da talla ba. Fim din ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Fim na Gabashin Afirka a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards 2019. A halin yanzu tana gudanar da LowlaDee Productions Co. (tsohon Doreen Media) da shuffles tsakanin Legas Najeriya da Nairobi Kenya. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |- align="center" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Fim din ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Ka kasance Baƙona''{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2026}} |''gajeren fim'' |- |''Kira'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iykon |first=Tolu |date=June 17, 2013 |title=FAB Film: Watch The Call by Lowladee |url=http://fabmagazineonline.com/fab-film-watch-the-call-by-lowladee-celebrating-fathers-day/ |website=FabMagazine.com}}</ref> |''gajeren fim'' tauraruwar Eldee, Paul Utomi da [[Adesua Etomi]] |- |2014 |''[[Brave (fim na 2014)|Mai Ƙarfi]]'' |''gajeren fim'' tauraruwar [[Adesua Etomi]] |- |2015 |''Wurin da ake kira Farin Ciki'' |''Fim din Talabijin'' [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] da [[Kiki Omeili]] |- |2016 |''[[This Is It|Wannan Shi ne]]'' |''Jerin yanar gizo / Talabijin'' Nick Mutuma da [[Chy Nwakanma]] sun fito |- |2017 |''An ɗaure shi'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aniemeka |first=Chuka |date=January 18, 2017 |title=Entangled: Lowladee Is Working On A New Romantic Comedy TV Series |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/news/general/112130-entangled-lowladee-is-working-on-a-new-romantic-comedy-tv-series.html |website=OnlineNigeria.com}}</ref> |''Fim din Talabijin'' tauraruwar [[Mawuli Gavor]], [[Ini Dima-Okojie|Ini-dima Okojie]] |- |2019 |[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Shirin B]] |''Fim na yanar gizo / Talabijin'' [[Sarah Hassan]], [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Karanja]] da [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] ne suka fito. |- |2020 |A cikin Lokaci |Fim din ya fito da Sarah Hassan, Mawuli Gavor, Stycie Waweru, Pierra Kenna kuma yana da firaministanta a Netflix Worldwide. kuma yana da firaministansa a kan Netflix Worldwide . |- |} == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2014 |[[2014 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''[[Brave (fim na 2014)|Mai Ƙarfi]]''| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=October 27, 2014 |title=BON AWARDS 2014: Authentic Winners List |url=http://encomium.ng/bon-awards-2014-authentic-winners-list/ |website=Encomium Magazine}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |[[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |''Mai Ƙarfi''| {{Nom}} | |- |[[2015 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''Mai Ƙarfi''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chidumga |year=2014 |title=Rita Dominic, 'October 1', '30 Days in Atlanta', get nominations |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2015-nominees-rita-dominic-october-1-30-days-in-atlanta-get-nominations-id3340339.html |website=Pulse.ng}}</ref> |- |2016 |EbonyLife Sisterhood Awards Afirka |Daraktan Fim na Shekara |''[[This Is It|Wannan Shi ne]]''| {{Nom}} | |- |- |2018 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka |Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin |Wannan shi ne| {{Won}} | |- |2019 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka |Mafi kyawun Fim na Gabashin Afirka |Shirin B|{{Won}} | |- |2021 |Kyautar Fim da Talabijin ta Kasa da Kasa ta Kalasha |Fim mafi Kyau |''A cikin Lokaci''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="3" |2022 | rowspan="3" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Editan Hoton Mafi Kyawu | rowspan="3" |''A cikin Lokaci''|{{Pending}} | rowspan="3" | |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Gabashin Afirka|{{Pending}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim|{{Pending}} |} A lokacin da take da shekaru 16, a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2007, a kan hanyar samun wasu takardu daga makaranta, bayan samun shiga [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Alkawari]], Adeleke ta shiga cikin hadarin gazawar birki wanda ya haifar da tiyata da yawa da alamomi a goshinta. Wannan ya haifar da sa hannu / gashin gashi. A cewarta, ba kawai salon gashi ba ne amma yana ba ta damar tashi sama da rauni da tasirin tasirin sauya rayuwa. A wani sakon Instagram, LowlaDee ta bayyana cewa ta taba fama da baƙin ciki amma kallon mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka da Indiya da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Mindy Kaling, The Mindy Project, ya ba ta farin ciki kuma ya farka da wani bangare mai ban sha'awa. Wannan haɗin ya haifar da jerin yanar gizo na Romcom masu nasara sosai "Wannan shine. "<nowiki>"</nowiki> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] 14ca58q9lb1h17fv69ybu1grqlqafyu 883097 883096 2026-07-14T21:51:41Z Hamza DK 12444 883097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dolapo Adeleke''' ((listenⓘ)) (an haife shi 6 Satumba 1990), wanda aka fi sani da '''LowlaDee''' ɗan fim ne daga Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolapo 'Lowladee' Adeleke |url=https://gidiboxoffice.com/authors/dolapo-adeleke |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523073626/https://gidiboxoffice.com/authors/dolapo-adeleke |archive-date=2022-05-23 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=gidiboxoffice.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1990, a Jihar Kano Najeriya, Adeleke ya fara rubutu tun yana ƙarami, yana buga littattafai biyu kafin jami'a.[1] Adeleke ta sami karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Dansol, Jihar Legas . Ta kammala karatu tare da aji na biyu a cikin Mass Communication daga Jami'ar Alkawari a shekara ta 2011. [2] == Ayyuka == A wata hira da Busayo Adekoya na ThisDay Newspaper, ta bayyana cewa ta fara jagorantar fina-finai tana da shekaru 21.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adekoya |first=Busayo |year=2014 |title=Nigeria: 'I Produced My First Film At 21' |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201409120271.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |year=2016 |title=4 reasons you should binge-watch Lowladee's web series |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/this-is-it-4-reasons-you-should-binge-watch-lowladees-web-series-id5809021.html |website=Pulse.ng}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, an haɗa ta a cikin jerin Vanguard na matasa 'yan Najeriya da ke da tasiri sosai, kuma an lura da cewa ta lashe kyautar marubucin matasa mafi kyau na shekara ta Angles Magazine don rubuta Flesh and Blood da The Little White Hen . Tare da fitowar gajeren fim dinta mai suna Brave, tare da [[Adesua Etomi]] da Wole Ojo, an zabi ta a karkashin mafi kyawun darektan fina-finai na Nigerian Entertainment Awards (NEA 2015). Fim din ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Best Short Film a Best Of Nollywood Awards kuma an zabi shi a cikin rukuni biyu a manyan African Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA) don Mafi kyawun gajeren fim da Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Drama. A shekara ta 2015, ta ci gaba da samar da fim din talabijin na farko da aka yaba da shi A Place Called Happy wanda ya haɗu da 'yan wasan Najeriya da Ghana. A cikin 2016, ta fitar da ta farko da aka yaba da ita sosai Mini Series This Is It a kan YouTube Platform da ta haɗu da Najeriya da Kenya. Nan take ya sami shahara tare da tara ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan 8 gaba ɗaya. An ƙaddamar da jerin a cikin tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban a duk faɗin Afirka kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kyautar Talabijin mafi kyau a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA) 2018. LowlaDee ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gyara abubuwan 20 yayin aiki a matsayin Show Runner. A cikin 2016, an kuma zabi LowlaDee don EbonyLifeTV Sisterhood Awards Africa don 'Darakta na Fim na Shekara' don nasararta tare da Mini Series, 'Wannan Shi ne'. A cikin 2017, an zabi ta don babbar 'Future Awards Africa' don kyautar New Media kuma a watan Maris na 2018 an jera ta a matsayin '100 Mafi Kyawun Mata na Afirka a Najeriya'. LowlaDee ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gyara fim din din Valentine's Day na minti 60, PLAN B, labarin Kenya-Nijeriya wanda ya zama abin mamaki nan take, yana samun ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan ɗaya a cikin makonni biyu na farko ba tare da talla ba. Fim din ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Fim na Gabashin Afirka a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards 2019. A halin yanzu tana gudanar da LowlaDee Productions Co. (tsohon Doreen Media) da shuffles tsakanin Legas Najeriya da Nairobi Kenya. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |- align="center" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Fim din ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Ka kasance Baƙona''{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2026}} |''gajeren fim'' |- |''Kira'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iykon |first=Tolu |date=June 17, 2013 |title=FAB Film: Watch The Call by Lowladee |url=http://fabmagazineonline.com/fab-film-watch-the-call-by-lowladee-celebrating-fathers-day/ |website=FabMagazine.com}}</ref> |''gajeren fim'' tauraruwar Eldee, Paul Utomi da [[Adesua Etomi]] |- |2014 |''[[Brave (fim na 2014)|Mai Ƙarfi]]'' |''gajeren fim'' tauraruwar [[Adesua Etomi]] |- |2015 |''Wurin da ake kira Farin Ciki'' |''Fim din Talabijin'' [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] da [[Kiki Omeili]] |- |2016 |''[[This Is It|Wannan Shi ne]]'' |''Jerin yanar gizo / Talabijin'' Nick Mutuma da [[Chy Nwakanma]] sun fito |- |2017 |''An ɗaure shi'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aniemeka |first=Chuka |date=January 18, 2017 |title=Entangled: Lowladee Is Working On A New Romantic Comedy TV Series |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/news/general/112130-entangled-lowladee-is-working-on-a-new-romantic-comedy-tv-series.html |website=OnlineNigeria.com}}</ref> |''Fim din Talabijin'' tauraruwar [[Mawuli Gavor]], [[Ini Dima-Okojie|Ini-dima Okojie]] |- |2019 |[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Shirin B]] |''Fim na yanar gizo / Talabijin'' [[Sarah Hassan]], [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Karanja]] da [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] ne suka fito. |- |2020 |A cikin Lokaci |Fim din ya fito da Sarah Hassan, Mawuli Gavor, Stycie Waweru, Pierra Kenna kuma yana da firaministanta a Netflix Worldwide. kuma yana da firaministansa a kan Netflix Worldwide . |- |} == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2014 |[[2014 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''[[Brave (fim na 2014)|Mai Ƙarfi]]''| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=October 27, 2014 |title=BON AWARDS 2014: Authentic Winners List |url=http://encomium.ng/bon-awards-2014-authentic-winners-list/ |website=Encomium Magazine}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |[[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |''Mai Ƙarfi''| {{Nom}} | |- |[[2015 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''Mai Ƙarfi''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chidumga |year=2014 |title=Rita Dominic, 'October 1', '30 Days in Atlanta', get nominations |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2015-nominees-rita-dominic-october-1-30-days-in-atlanta-get-nominations-id3340339.html |website=Pulse.ng}}</ref> |- |2016 |EbonyLife Sisterhood Awards Afirka |Daraktan Fim na Shekara |''[[This Is It|Wannan Shi ne]]''| {{Nom}} | |- |- |2018 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka |Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin |Wannan shi ne| {{Won}} | |- |2019 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka |Mafi kyawun Fim na Gabashin Afirka |Shirin B|{{Won}} | |- |2021 |Kyautar Fim da Talabijin ta Kasa da Kasa ta Kalasha |Fim mafi Kyau |''A cikin Lokaci''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="3" |2022 | rowspan="3" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Editan Hoton Mafi Kyawu | rowspan="3" |''A cikin Lokaci''|{{Pending}} | rowspan="3" | |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Gabashin Afirka|{{Pending}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim|{{Pending}} |} A lokacin da take da shekaru 16, a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2007, a kan hanyar samun wasu takardu daga makaranta, bayan samun shiga [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Alkawari]], Adeleke ta shiga cikin hadarin gazawar birki wanda ya haifar da tiyata da yawa da alamomi a goshinta. Wannan ya haifar da sa hannu / gashin gashi. A cewarta, ba kawai salon gashi ba ne amma yana ba ta damar tashi sama da rauni da tasirin tasirin sauya rayuwa. A wani sakon Instagram, LowlaDee ta bayyana cewa ta taba fama da baƙin ciki amma kallon mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka da Indiya da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Mindy Kaling, The Mindy Project, ya ba ta farin ciki kuma ya farka da wani bangare mai ban sha'awa. Wannan haɗin ya haifar da jerin yanar gizo na Romcom masu nasara sosai "Wannan shine. "<nowiki>"</nowiki> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] 1s1ea2mwnso11l89snrd6wh7pmex714 0 54166 883170 876481 2026-07-15T06:21:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Benneth Nwankwo''' listenⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1995) ɗan Najeriya ne mai daukar hoto kuma [[Darakta|Daraktan fim]]. Ya ''Fitowa'' ne daga Orumba North, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]], Najeriya. Har ila yau, an san shi da jagorantar miniserie na yanar gizo na makarantar sakandare kamar Filtered Water, <ref>{{Cite web |last=olutimehin |first=Nifemi Gideon |date=2021-05-25 |title=TV/WEB Miniseries, Like Filtered Water, Debuts On Cinema June 19th 2021 |url=https://www.ourheritagereporters.com.ng/tv-web-miniseries-like-filtered-water-debuts-on-cinema-june-19th-2021/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525164715/https://www.ourheritagereporters.com.ng/tv-web-miniseries-like-filtered-water-debuts-on-cinema-june-19th-2021/ |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=OUR HERITAGE REPORTERS |language=en-US}}</ref> jerin wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka na makarantar sakandaren Najeriya Class of Secrets 2023-2024, <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2024 |title='Class of Secrets' Season 2 Will Unveil Deeper Mysteries and Welcome new faes |url=https://blexmedia.com/class-of-secrets-season-2/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=blexmedia.com}}</ref> da 2022 jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Dance Drama na Najeriya Breakout . A ranar 10 ga Satumba 2022, an sanar da Nwankwo a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar Outstanding Movie Maker Award, a cikin 2022 Edition na Anambra Media And Entertainment Award . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Toni |date=2022-09-10 |title=AMEA 2022: Benneth Nwankwo Wins Outstanding Movie Maker Award |url=https://anambrapeople.com.ng/2022/09/10/amea-2022-benneth-nwankwo-wins-outstanding-movie-maker-award/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Anambra people magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Nwankwo ya ba da umarnin fina-finai da yawa na zamani, ciki har da Like Filtered Water (2021), Breakout (2022), Abuse Of Rights (2021), This Is My Story (2020) da Dreams and Survival (2020). A watan Afrilu na 2021, an gaya masa cewa zai jagoranci fim din A Place Between Colours . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bada, Sheriff Owolabi |date=2 April 2021 |title=Nigerian Filmmaker Benneth Nwankwo announces plans for an upcoming feature film; A place between colours. |url=https://somolunewspaper.com.ng/2021/04/02/nigerian-filmmaker-benneth-nwankwo-announces-plans-for-an-upcoming-feature-film-a-place-between-colours/ |access-date=1 October 2021 |publisher=Somolu Newspaper |language=}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Maris 2023, Benneth Nwankwo ya kasance mai magana a TED - wani taron TED da aka shirya da kansa a Jami'ar Nnamdi Azikiwe, Awka, Jihar Anambra, wanda TED ta ba da lasisi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Benneth ya raba mataki tare da Porsché Mysticque Steele, Javier Nuñez, Obiadi Christen, Jasper Stevens, Sarauniya Murielle, Sunrise Oluebube Chukwuka Ike da Amos Ologunleko . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Speakers – TEDxUNIZIK |url=https://tedxunizik.com/speakers/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603144236/https://tedxunizik.com/speakers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Satumba 2022, an sanar da Nwankwo a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar Outstanding Movie Maker Award a cikin 2022 Anambra Media And Entertainment Award . <ref name=":2"/> An zabi shi tare da masu shirya fina-finai Anthony Alex Rapulu Oramali, [[Uche Nancy|Nancy Uche]] da Jamie Godsword . <ref name=":2" /> A matsayinsa na mai daukar hoto <ref>{{Cite web |last=Otosirieze |first=Obi-young |date=30 March 2018 |title=Nigeria Through The Lens {{!}} Benneth Nwankwo's Richly-Textured Documentary Photographs |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2018/03/nigeria-lens-benneth-nwankwos-richly-textured-documentary-photography-project/ |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=[[Brittle Paper]] |language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen tattaunawa, a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2020 ya bakuncin abin da aka dauka a matsayin nune-nunen hoto na farko na asali a Jihar Anambra. Taron da aka lakafta "Akaraka: Anambra Through A Lens", ya ja hankalin masu son fasaha da nishaɗi daga Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya da bayan haka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Okafor |first=Izunna |date=11 February 2020 |title=Akaraka Exhibition Showcases Anambra's Beauty Through Photos |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/285165/akaraka-exhibition-showcases-anambras-beauty-through-photos.html |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=The Nigerian Voice}}</ref> Wannan taron, wanda kuma ya ƙunshi wasan kwaikwayo na kai tsaye, an yi niyya ne a wani bangare don nuna damar jihar a matsayin tattalin arzikin yawon bude ido, da fatan samar da tattalin arziki da rage aikata laifuka.<ref name=":1" /> Baya ga Nwankwo, sauran masu daukar hoto da aka nuna sune Uju Egwin, Obiora Okoye, da Michael Ike.<ref name=":1" /> Tsohon Kwamishinan Matasa da Tattalin Arziki a Jihar Anambra, Afam Mbanefo, ya yaba da Benneth Nwankwo na amfani da hotunan takardu don ba da labarun jihar Anambra.<ref name=":0" /> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, Benneth Nwankwo ya buga hotunan wani yaro mai shekaru tara da ke sayar da groundnut a jihar Anambra. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adebayo |first=Tireni |date=5 October 2017 |title=Street photographer, Benneth Nwankwo shares encounter with a 9 year old groundnut hawker (photos) |url=https://www.kemifilani.ng/2017/10/street-photographer-benneth-nwankwo.html |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=Kemi Filani News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Hotunan da sauri sun bazu a duk faɗin intanet kuma jaridu daban-daban a Najeriya sun buga su. Yawancin 'yan Najeriya, ciki har da dan takarar Gwamnatin Jihar Anambra na 2017, Okeke Chika Jerry, sun nuna sha'awar taimakawa yaron, Sunday Nweke, wajen inganta iliminsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petros |first=D. |date=24 October 2017 |title="If I take you to my house, my aunty will kill me"- 9 year old groundnut seller cries |url=https://theinfong.com/2017/10/take-house-aunty-will-kill-9-year-old-groundnut-seller-cries/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831111730/https://theinfong.com/2017/10/take-house-aunty-will-kill-9-year-old-groundnut-seller-cries/ |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=Theinfong |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ƙarfafawa == A watan Oktoba 2020, wani kamfani na gidaje na Najeriya, De-GraceLand Home Consults, ya sanya hannu kan Benneth Nwankwo tare da Chioma Okonkwo (tsohuwar Miss Impact Anambra) a matsayin jakadun alama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SAINT |first=AUGUSTINE |date=6 October 2020 |title=Straight Talk with Benneth gets sponsorship boost from De-GraceLand Home Consults |url=http://primetimereporters.com/2020/10/straight-talk-with-benneth-gets-sponsorship-boost-from-de-graceland-home-consults/ |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=Prime Time Reporters}}</ref> Yarjejeniyar ta dauki shekara guda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2020 |title=Real Estate Brand De-GraceLand Home Consults looks to the future as Chioma Okonkwo and Benneth Nwankwo become Ambassadors. |url=https://degracelandhomes.com/de-graceland-home-consults-signs-former-anambra-state-miss-impact-chioma-okonkwo-and-benneth-nwankwo-as-brand-ambassadors/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520182609/https://degracelandhomes.com/de-graceland-home-consults-signs-former-anambra-state-miss-impact-chioma-okonkwo-and-benneth-nwankwo-as-brand-ambassadors/ |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=2 October 2021 |publisher=De-GraceLand |language=}}</ref> == Littafin == * ''Yadda za a rubuta game da Najeriya: Tarin Bayani na Satirical wanda ke ƙoƙarin haskaka yanayin Najeriya''. == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Mafarki da Rayuwa'' (2020) * ''Abin da ba za a iya musanyawa ba'' (2020) * ''Ƙananan Abubuwa Masu Muhimmanci'' (2020) * Wannan shine Labata (2020) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyacinth |first=Chiemere |date=18 December 2020 |title=This Is My Story - Thrilling Movie About Police Brutality To Premiere In Cinemas On December 27 2020 - Hybrid News |url=https://hybridnewsng.com/this-is-my-story-thrilling-movie-about-police-brutality-to-premiere-in-cinemas-on-december-27-2020/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823152937/https://hybridnewsng.com/this-is-my-story-thrilling-movie-about-police-brutality-to-premiere-in-cinemas-on-december-27-2020/ |archive-date=2021-08-23 |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=Hybrid News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyacinth |first=Chiemere |date=7 January 2021 |title=SHORT FILMS: "This Is My Story" and "The Little Things That Matter" are coming back to Cinema on the 31st of January 2021. - Hybrid News |url=https://hybridnewsng.com/short-films-this-is-my-story-and-the-little-things-that-matter-are-coming-back-to-cinema-on-the-31st-of-january-2021/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908183923/https://hybridnewsng.com/short-films-this-is-my-story-and-the-little-things-that-matter-are-coming-back-to-cinema-on-the-31st-of-january-2021/ |archive-date=2021-09-08 |access-date=2021-09-08 |website=Hybrid News |language=en-US}}</ref> * Cin zarafin 'yanci (2020) <ref>{{Cite web |last=olutimehin |first=Nifemi Gideon |date=9 February 2021 |title=Abuse of Right, Benneth Nwankwo's directed short film in Cinemas February 14th |url=https://www.ourheritagereporters.com.ng/abuse-of-right-benneth-nwankwos-directed-short-film-in-cinemas-february-14th/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823160003/https://www.ourheritagereporters.com.ng/abuse-of-right-benneth-nwankwos-directed-short-film-in-cinemas-february-14th/ |archive-date=23 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=OUR HERITAGE REPORTERS |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyacinth |first=Chiemere |date=18 December 2020 |title=This Is My Story - Thrilling Movie About Police Brutality To Premiere In Cinemas On December 27 2020 - Hybrid News |url=https://hybridnewsng.com/this-is-my-story-thrilling-movie-about-police-brutality-to-premiere-in-cinemas-on-december-27-2020/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823152937/https://hybridnewsng.com/this-is-my-story-thrilling-movie-about-police-brutality-to-premiere-in-cinemas-on-december-27-2020/ |archive-date=2021-08-23 |access-date=2021-09-08 |website=Hybrid News |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Hustler'' (2021) * ''Yanar gizo'' (2020) * ''Kamar Ruwa Mai Fitarwa - Jerin'' (2021), 3 episodes <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2021 |title=Benneth Nwankwo Ready to Impress with Like Filtered Water |url=https://thesquaretoday.com/benneth-nwankwo-ready-to-impress-with-like-filtered-water/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823160005/https://thesquaretoday.com/benneth-nwankwo-ready-to-impress-with-like-filtered-water/ |archive-date=23 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=The Square Today |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Wuri Tsakanin Launuka'' (2021) * Breakout (2022 TV miniseries), 1 episode * ''Rashin daidaituwa (2022) '' * Class of Secrets (2023), jerin yanar gizo na Najeriya * Ba cikakke ba (2025), jerin yanar gizo na Najeriya == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|11776379}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] bssqwe4mv896sjpa5sbnr1e2bye035s 0 54315 883120 875787 2026-07-14T23:48:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dare Fasasi''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Baba Dee''', darektan fina-finai ne na Sweden-Nijeriya, kuma mai zane-zane na rawa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Radio |first=Sveriges |title=First Nollywood film produced by Swedish director - Radio Sweden |url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6157793 |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=sverigesradio.se |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan mawaƙin mawaƙa na Najeriya, Sound Sultan, tare da wanda ya kafa lakabin rikodin mai suna Naija Ninja Entertainment Production Company. Ayyukan kiɗa na Baba Dee ya fara ne tare da sakin kundi na farko a shekarar 1997. == Ilimi da aiki == Baba Dee ta sami digiri na farko a fannin wasan kwaikwayo daga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]], da kuma digiri na biyu a cikin jagorantar mataki da fim. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Directors {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/#dare-fasasi |access-date=2021-08-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> Shirinsa na farko a kiɗa shine Lekki Splash Talent Hunt inda ya yi gasa da wasu masu fafatawa tara kuma ya lashe a shekarar 1995.<ref name="thenet.ng" /> Nasarar da ya samu ta haɗa da kwangilar rikodi wanda ya kawo shi cikin masana'antar kiɗa ta Najeriya, bayan haka ya sami wani kwangilar yin rikodi tare da Astro Entertainment a Sweden, wanda ya zagaya Turai tare da wasu masu fasaha. A cikin wata hira ta 2014, ya bayyana cewa ba ya amfani da jima'i wajen inganta kiɗansa. Baba Dee ya jagoranci fim dinsa na farko, Head Gone, a shekarar 2014.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Fasasi, Dare {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/dare-fasasi/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> Fim din, wanda aka hada shi da dan uwansa, Sound Sultan, ya hada da mawaƙin Najeriya [[2Baba|Tuface]], [[Alibaba Akpobome]], [[Basketmouth]], [[Eniola Badmus]], [[Akpororo]], da sauransu. Head Gone kuma an fara shi ne a Sweden da [[Berlin]] a cikin 2014, kuma an ruwaito shi ne fim na farko na Nollywood da wani darektan Sweden ya yi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radio |first=Sveriges |title=First Nollywood film produced by Swedish director - Radio Sweden |url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6157793 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=sverigesradio.se |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Baba Dee ya bayyana niyyarsa na yin takara don zama memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas, Oriade Amuwo Odofin mazabar 2, a Babban Zabe na Najeriya na 2015. Ya kuma kasance memba na kwamitin kungiyar haƙƙin mallaka ta Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=eventnewsafrica |last2=eventnewsafrica |date=2015-08-28 |title=Police IG assures COSON of full support in the war against copyright theft |url=https://www.eventnews.tv/press-release/coson-copyright-theft/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Eventnews Africa |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826102004/https://www.eventnews.tv/press-release/coson-copyright-theft/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Baba Dee shi ne babban ɗan'uwan mawaƙin Najeriya kuma mai kida, Sound Sultan, wanda ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Yulin 2021. A wani girmamawa ga marigayi ɗan'uwansa a watan Yulin 2021, ya yi ƙoƙari ya sulhunta 'yan uwan tagwaye [[Mr. P (mawaƙi)|Peter Okoye]] da Paul Okoye, ƙungiyar kiɗa ta tsohuwar [[P-Square]] wacce ke rikici.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baba Dee Begs P-Square To Reunite, Ends Tubaba And Blackface’s ‘Beef’ |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2021/07/25/baba-dee-begs-p-square-to-reunite-ends-tubaba-and-blackfaces-beef/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> Yana da ɗa mai suna Tunde Vahlberg Fasasi . == Hotunan fina-finai == * Head Gone (2014) - Darakta <ref name=":1"/> == Bayanan da aka yi == '''Kundin studio''' * Tsaya 4 Hanyar (2018) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Baba Dee on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/artist/baba-dee/257021175 |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=Apple Music |language=en-CA}}</ref> * ''Boom Box'' (2014) * Mai amfani da yawa (2007) * ''Mafi Bukatar'' (1997) '''Singles & EPs''' * Ayyukan "Daggarin". Jaycii (2019) <ref name=":0"/> * "Duk Game da Kai" (2017) <ref name=":0" /> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2007 |Headies |Mafi kyawun Reggae / Dancehall Album |''Sauye-sauye''|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Winners of HHWA |url=http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/past-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227045424/http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/past-winners |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=14 March 2014}}</ref> |- |2013 |Headies |Mafi kyawun Reggae / Dancehall Single |"Ka sauka"|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2013 |title=Olamide, Phyno win big at The Headies 2013 |url=http://entertainment.ng.msn.com/local-entertainment/olamide-phyno-win-big-at-the-headies-2013-1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222225944/http://entertainment.ng.msn.com/local-entertainment/olamide-phyno-win-big-at-the-headies-2013-1 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=10 February 2014 |publisher=MSN Entertainment Nigeria}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4zgqyq9gasge484sainduxgtvn4nw2a 0 57791 883286 343377 2026-07-15T08:51:19Z Ziv 32466 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Flag of the Republic of Benin.svg]] → [[File:Flag of the Republic of Benin (1967).svg]] → The file was renamed on Commons, but the filename was not changed in the language versions because Delinker did not perform the task. ([[c:c:GR]]) 883286 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of the Republic of Benin (1967).svg|right|thumb|250x250px|[[File:FIAV_111111.svg|23x23px]]</img>[[File:IFIS_Historical.svg|23x23px]]</img> Tutar "Jamhuriyar Benin". Girman tuta: 2:3]] [[File:Flag_of_Biafra.svg|right|thumb|250x250px|[[File:FIAV_111111.svg|23x23px]]</img>[[File:IFIS_Historical.svg|23x23px]]</img> Tutar kasar Jamhuriyar Biafra. Girman tuta: 4:7]]{{Databox}} Tutar [[Jamhuriyar Benin (1967)|jamhuriyar Benin]] a [[Najeriya|Najeriyar]] ta kunshi launuka masu launin baki,da kore,tare da bakar fata da ke daukar kashi biyu bisa uku na tutar.Wannan ya samo asali ne daga tutar [[Biyafara|jamhuriyar Biafra]] da ta rushe a yanzu.Babban abin da ya bambanta shi ne,tutar Biafra tana da launin ja,baƙar fata,da kore.Kamar yadda yake a tutar Biafra,an caje ta a tsakiya da fitowar rana ta zinare amma ba ta da sandar zinari a kasa. == Duba kuma == * Tutar Biafra * Tutar Masarautar Benin ehncrth0vntf3ugwzq07epzwjrxzl44 0 61572 883304 517463 2026-07-15T09:01:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 883304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Rivers_and_lakes_of_Uganda.png|right|thumb|345x345px| Koguna da tafkunan Uganda]] [[Fayil:Mackenzie River Outflow.jpg|thumb|magudanar login pager]] '''Kogin Pager''' kogin [[Kogin|Uganda]] [[Uganda|ne]] da ke a gabashin [[Afirka]].Yabi ta arewacin kasar sannan ya hade da [[Kogin Akwa|kogin Achwa]]. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Hujja}} rtpod1acv5zfy7lrdm9un5n0c6s5th8 0 61723 883147 329133 2026-07-15T03:40:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bate Besong''' (1954-2007) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne [[Kamaru|ɗan Kamaru]], mawaƙi kuma mai suka, wanda Pierre Fandio ya bayyana a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin mafi wakilci kuma marubuta na yau da kullun na abin da za a iya kira ƙarni na biyu na wallafe-wallafen Kamaru a cikin Turanci" Ya mutu a ranar takwas ga Maris, shekara ta 2007, a wani hatsarin mota a kan [[Douala-Yaounde highway|babbar hanyar Douala-Yaounde]]. A ranar goma sha takwas ga Yuli, shekara ta 2008, Niyi Osundare ya girmama Besong tare da jawabin da aka bayar a lokacin bada lambar yabo na shekara ta 2008 EduArt don Adabin Kamaru a Turanci.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africultures.com/php/?nav=article&no=3510|title=Africultures – Entretien – "La littérature anglophone camerounaise à la croisée des chemins"|publisher=|accessdate=30 January 2016}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == Bayan ya samu GCE A Level a St. Bedes makarantar sakandare da ke Kom, Besong ya samu gurbin shiga [[Jami'ar Calabar]] inda ya buga wakokinsa na budurwa mai suna ''[[Polyphemous Detainee and Other Skulls]]'' a<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dibussi.com/2007/03/a_baobab_has_fa.html|title="A Baobab Has Fallen": Bate Besong is no More!!! – Dibussi Tande: Scribbles from the Den|publisher=|accessdate=30 January 2016|archive-date=16 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716041412/http://www.dibussi.com/2007/03/a_baobab_has_fa.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> a shekara ta 1980 kafin ya kammala karatunsa. Yayin da suke jami'a, Bate Besong da [[Ba'bila Mutia]] sun kafa Oracle, mujallar wakoki da ɗalibai suka shirya. Ganin cewa shaharar sa da ya fito a matsayin marubuci mai tasowa yana ba shi daraja a matsayin dan Najeriya da kuma bata masa suna ɗan Kamaru, Besong ya koma [[Kamaru]] bayan kammala karatunsa na MA..Ya kasance malami a Jami'ar Buea, inda ya koyar daga shekara ta 1999 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 2007. A shekara ta 1992, jim kadan bayan gudanar da wasan kwaikwayonsa na ''Beasts of No Nation'', jami'an tsaron jihar sun yi garkuwa da Besong tare da azabtar da shi, inda suka kai shi wani wuri da ba a san ko ina ba daga bisani aka sake shi, lokacin da labarin sace shi ya fito fili. <ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8OBz4zDm4bg|title=Niyi Osundare: A Toast to Bate Besong|date=June 18, 2008|people=Niyi Osundare|language=English|location=Buea, Cameroon|access-date=March 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318165903/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8OBz4zDm4bg|archive-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1992 ya ci lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya don ''[[Requiem for the Last Kaiser|Buƙatun Ƙarshen Kaiser]]'' . Daga baya Besong ya sami digiri na uku a fannin adabi daga Calabar (Nigeria). == Littafi Mai Tsarki == * ''[[Polyphemus Detainee and Other Skulls|Mai tsare Polyphemus da sauran Kwankwan kai]]'' . Calabar: Malaman Jarida, 1980. * ''[[The Grain of Bobe Ngom Jua|Hatsi na Bobe Ngom Jua]]'' . Yaounde: Bugawar Drapoe, 1986. * ''[[The Most Cruel Death of the Talkative Zombie|Mutuwar Mutuwar Aljanu Mai Magana]]'' . Limbe: Latsa Nooremac, 1986. * ''Dabbobin Babu Al'umma'' . Limbe: Latsa Nooremac, 1990. * ''[[Obasinjom Warrior with Poems after Detention|Obasinjom Warrior tare da wakoki bayan tsare]]'' . Saukewa: Alfresco, 1991. * ''[[Requiem for the Last Kaiser|Bukatun don Kaiser na Ƙarshe]]'' . Calabar: Centaur Publishers, 1991. * ''[[The Banquet: A Historical Drama|Banquet: Wasan kwaikwayo na Tarihi]]'' . Markudi Nigeria: Fitowa Ehi, 1994. * ''[[Just Above Cameroon: Selected Poems 1980-1994|Sama Da Kamaru: Zaɓaɓɓun Waƙoƙi 1980-1994]]'' . Limbe: Presbook Printing Press, 1998. * ''[[Change Waka and his Man Sawa Boy|Canza Waka da Man Sawa Boy]]'' . Kamaru: Bugu Cle, 2001. * ''[[Three Plays|Wasanni Uku]]'' . Yau: Cle, 2003. * ''[[Disgrace: Autobiographical Narcissus and Emanya-nkpe Collected Poems|Abin kunya: Narcissus na tarihin kansa da Emanya-nkpe da aka tattara wakoki]]'' . Limbe: Gidan Zane, 2007. === Kasidu da labarai === * "Littattafai a Zamanin Jama'a: Bayanan kula ga Mawallafin Kamaru na Anglophone" Nalova Lyonga, Bole Butake, Eckhard Breitinger (ed) Rubutun Anglophone Kamaru. Bayreuth: RFA/Jamus. 5-18, 1993 * "Wane ne ke Tsoron Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Anglophone I & II". London: Afirka ta Yamma, 7 – 3 ga Yuli shafi 1106 – 1107, 14–20 Yuli 1146,1997. * "Iyakokin hangen nesa na Manichean da Jarumin Egoist a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bourgeois na mulkin mallaka": Epasa Moto: Jaridar Harshe da wallafe-wallafen Bilingual. Jami'ar Buea. Vol. 1. Na 479 - 98, 2001. * "Ontogenesis of Modern Anglophone Kamaru wasan kwaikwayo da kuma zargi: Excursus": Muryoyin Wisconsin Review of African Languages and Literatures. Jami'ar Wisconsin 1414 Van Hise, 1220 Linden Drive, Madison, W1537306 Vol. 1 Lamba 5 1-19, 2002. * “ L'Ecrivain est mort: Alas, Poor Ferdinand (Son Excellence Leopold Oyono) Amurka: ALA Bulletin Buga Ƙungiyar Adabin Afirka. Vol. 28 Na 2 bazara 119-124. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Matattun 2007]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1954]] kri375s0ex34125ea6h926jucr8hk2g 0 63184 883059 730202 2026-07-14T19:52:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin Kelsey Harrison''', Asibiti ne mallakar Jiha a [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]], babban birnin [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]]. Tun da farko ana kiransa '''New Niger Hospital''' kuma haka ake kiransa har zuwa shekarar 2009 lokacin da aka gyara shi aka kuma sanya masa sunan Farfesa, Kelsey Harrison,<ref>https://ha.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/asibiti</ref> mashahurin farfesa a fannin mata masu ciki da mata a duniya. An buɗe wurin a hukumance ga jama'a a cikin watan Janairun, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=7371 |title=Nigeria Rivers State: Reform and Resource and Governance |work=[[The African Executive|Africanexecutive.com]] |publisher=[[Inter Region Economic Network]] |date=2013-08-31 |accessdate=2014-06-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912050317/http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=7371 |archivedate=2015-09-12 }}</ref> ==Wuri== Hedikwatar asibitin na a Emenike Street, Diobu, Asibitin Kelsey Harrison na bayar da ayyukan; kiwon lafiya, na haihuwa, haɗari da gaggawa, likitan yara, hoto na bincike, kulawar jarirai da kuma ayyukan tiyata na yau da kullun ga masu amfani da shi.<ref name="tide newspaper">{{cite news|url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2013/01/07/kelsey-harrison-hospital-begins-operations-today/|title=Kelsey Harrison Hospital Begins Operations, Today|last=Nengia|first=Kevin|date=2013-01-07|work=[[The Tide (Nigeria)|The Tide]]|location=[[Port Harcourt]], [[Nigeria]]|publisher=Rivers State Newspaper Corporation|accessdate=2014-06-11|archive-date=2014-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174708/http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2013/01/07/kelsey-harrison-hospital-begins-operations-today/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A halin yanzu, asibitin na da gadaje kusan 150 na marasa lafiya kuma Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya (ITCC) ce ke kula da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://governor.riversstate.gov.ng/projects/hospitals/ |title=Hospitals |access-date=3 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719072834/http://governor.riversstate.gov.ng/projects/hospitals/ |archive-date=19 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="scannews">{{cite web|url=http://scannewsnigeria.com/news/rivers-ultra-modern-kelsey-harrison-hospital-to-commence-operation-on-monday-7/|title=Rivers: Ultra Modern Kelsey Harrison Hospital To Commence Operation On Monday 7|last=Iruoma|first=Blessing|publisher=ScanNews Nigeria|date=2013-01-07 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Maris 2013, Asibitin Kelsey Harrison ya yi nasarar wajen haihuwar jaririya a karon farko tun lokacin da aka yi wani babban aikin inganta asibitin. Yarinya ce mai nauyin kilogiram 3.4 mai suna Judith Obilor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewswriterng.com/?p=7193|title=Kelsey Harrison Hospital Records First Delivery|work=Thenewswriterng.com|publisher=Writers House Printing and Publishing Company|date=2013-03-14|accessdate=2014-06-24|archive-date=2014-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809210555/http://www.thenewswriterng.com/?p=7193|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin asibitocin Fatakwal ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 4ekcprv4nj8drm5ku148br51wkd1uli 0 63198 882892 718366 2026-07-14T12:06:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Ana Santos, Directora de la BNE.jpg|thumb|Ana Santos Aramburo]] '''Ana Santos Aramburo''' (An haife shi a shekara ta 1957)ma'aikacin laburare ne na Sipaniya wanda ya kasance darektan ɗakin karatu na ƙasar Spain tun watan Fabrairun 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2013/04/03/actualidad/1364986105_801305.html|publisher=[[El País]]|title=La BNE tendrá un depósito legal para almacenar contenidos digitales|date=3 April 2013|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bne.es/es/AreaPrensa/ConvocatoriasPrensa/ConvocatoriasPasadas/PresentacionAnaSantosA.html|editor=[[Biblioteca Nacional de España]]|title=Desayuno presentación de la nueva Directora de la Biblioteca Nacional de España, Ana Santos Aramburo|language=Spanish|access-date=2023-11-30|archive-date=2017-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729052925/http://www.bne.es/es/AreaPrensa/ConvocatoriasPrensa/ConvocatoriasPasadas/PresentacionAnaSantosA.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="abc nacional">{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.es/cultura/libros/20130218/abci-santos-nueva-directora-201302181344.html |title=Ana Santos Aramburo, nueva directora de la Biblioteca Nacional |date=February 18, 2013 |website=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]] |language=Spanish |access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref><ref name="cultura">{{cite web |url=http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2013/02/18/actualidad/1361192058_186498.html |title=Cultura releva a la directora de la Biblioteca Nacional |last=Constenla |first=Tereixa |date=February 18, 2013 |website=[[El País]] |language=Spanish |access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == [[Fayil:Wiki Editatón Madrid 2014 - 15.jpg|thumb|Ana Santos Aramburo a tsakiya ]] Santos yana da digiri a fannin ilmin kasa da tarihi daga Jami'ar Zaragoza (wanda aka zaba ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Faculty of Philosophy da Haruffa,a kan 26 Afrilu 2012) da Diploma a Kimiyyar Laburare da Takardu daga Cibiyar Nazarin Documentary na Ma'aikatar Al'adu.Rubutun nata shine "Takardun fasaha a cikin Taskar Ka'idoji na Zaragoza a karni na 17".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://transparencia.gob.es/servicios-buscador/contenido/curriculums.htm?id=CV_4813&lang=es&fcAct=2019-07-29T12:19:20.163Z |title=Ana Santos Aramburo – Portal de la Transparencia |date=September 10, 2018 |language=Spanish |website=Portal de la Transparencia |access-date=February 27, 2022 |archive-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227093717/https://transparencia.gob.es/servicios-buscador/contenido/curriculums.htm?id=CV_4813&lang=es&fcAct=2019-07-29T12:19:20.163Z |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 1982, ta fara aiki a cikin Universidad Complutense na Madrid,inda ta haɓaka wani yanki mai kyau na ƙwararrun sana'arta sama da shekaru 25.Tsakanin 1987 da 1991, ta yi aiki a ɗakin karatu na Faculty of Economics and Business Sciences,inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar darakta.Tsakanin 1993 da 2001,ta rike mataimakin darektan ɗakin karatu na ''Universidad Complutense,''alhakin aiwatar da tsarin gudanarwa na kwamfuta da kuma haɗawa da sababbin ayyuka don samun damar yin amfani da bayanan kimiyya ta hanyar sadarwar.Tsakanin Oktoba 2003 da Maris 2007,ta kasance Darakta na Laburaren Tarihi ''Marquis na Valdecilla'',wanda shine ma'ajiyar kayan tarihi na Universidad Complutense.Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Babban Darakta na ɗakunan karatu da Archives na majalisar birnin Madrid,da Darakta na Ayyukan Al'adu na Laburaren Ƙasa (2003-2007).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/local/madrid/20120510/54291992556/ana-santos-aramburo-es-nombrada-directora-general-de-bibliotecas-archivos-y-museos-del.html |title=Ana Santos Aramburo es nombrada directora general de Bibliotecas, Archivos y Museos del Ayuntamiento de la capital |date=May 10, 2012 |website=[[La Vanguardia]] |language=Spanish |access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2012/07/16/madrid/1342442134_052340.html |title=Fulminado un museo municipal por su “falta de calidad” y la necesidad de ahorrar |website=[[El País]] |language=Spanish |date=July 16, 2012 |author=Bruno Garcia Gallo |access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref> == Darakta na National Library of Spain == [[Fayil:Ana Santos Aramburo 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ana Santos Aramburo]] Ma'aikatar Ilimi,Al'adu da Wasanni ta zabi Santos don maye gurbin Glòria Pérez-Salmeron a matsayin shugabar Laburaren Ƙasa ta Spain .Bayan nadin,Santos ya shiga cikin kafa ajiyar doka ta dijital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.es/cultura/20130403/abci-anasantos-biblioteca-nacional-201304031347.html |title=Ana Santos consolida la revolución digital de la Biblioteca Nacional |date=February 18, 2013 |website=ABC |language=Spanish |access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eldiario.es/politica/Ana-Santos-Biblioteca-Nacional-recuperar_0_146635578.html |title=Ana Santos asegura que "la Biblioteca Nacional "pelea" por recuperar su antiguo estatus" |date=June 24, 2013 |website=el Dario |access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ana Santos Aramburo - 01.jpg|thumb|Ana Santos Aramburo]] A cikin watan Afrilun 2014,ta yi aiki kan amincewa da wani kuduri da zai tsara ba'' ƙwararrun ɗakin karatu '' ga ƙwararrun da suka yi fice a cikin ayyukansu ga cibiyar.A watan Yulin 2014,ta shiga cikin tsarin doka na National Library of Spain,wanda zai ba wa ɗakin karatu damar cin gashin kansa, da kuma matsayi mai kama da Museum del Prado da Cibiyar Tarihi ta Kasa ta Sarauniya Sofia. == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1957]] 1fdcfg55ih4z2cc610bvrh162qg1p3j 0 64442 883309 501067 2026-07-15T09:03:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 883309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Akor Adams 2023.jpg|thumb|Akor Adams]] [[Fayil:Akor Adams 2023.jpg|thumb|kwararran dan wasan kwallo ne]] '''Akor Adams''' Akor Jerome Adams (An haife shi 29 ga Janairu 2000) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Najeriya]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ligue 1 Montpellier.{{stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 2000]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] o67n8kdmf8hihtztk9uu7m6b1ogmdmr 883310 883309 2026-07-15T09:04:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 883310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Akor Adams 2023.jpg|thumb|Akor Adams]] [[Fayil:Akor Adams 2023.jpg|thumb|kwararran dan wasan kwallo ne]] '''Akor Adams''' Akor Jerome Adams (An haife shi 29 ga Janairu 2000) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Najeriya]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ligue 1 Montpellier.{{stub}} == Manazarta == {{Hujja}}{{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 2000]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 33qdj6qa0m71ta32vofoov23gi1mf92 0 66260 883178 741619 2026-07-15T07:41:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bikin Kasa na Afan''' biki ne na shekara-shekara da al'ummar Oegworok ( [[Kagoro]] ) na kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Middle Belt]] (tsakiyar) [[Najeriya]] ana yin bikin ne duk ranar 1 ga watan Janairu.<ref name=El>{{cite web |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201001150632.html |last=Buhari |first=Reuben |title=Nigeria: Kagoro Home to Afan Cultural Festival |date=January 14, 2010 |publisher=This Day (Lagos) |website=All Africa |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> An ce an lura sama da shekaru 400.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedreamdaily.com/2016-afan-festival-kaduna-promises-partnership-in-tourism-development/ |last=Kezi |first=Julius B. |title=2016 Afan Festival: Kaduna Promises Partnership In Tourism Development |publisher=The Dream Daily |date=January 6, 2016 |access-date=September 14, 2020 |archive-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610225524/http://www.thedreamdaily.com/2016-afan-festival-kaduna-promises-partnership-in-tourism-development/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana gudanar da bikin ne duk ranar 1 ga watan Janairu a fadar Sarkin Kagoro da [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|ke karamar hukumar]] [[Kaura]] a jihar Kaduna.<ref name="dailytrust.com">{{cite web|title=Celebrating Kagoro’s festival of hunters|url=https://dailytrust.com/celebrating-kagoros-festival-of-hunters|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Daily Trust|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731125205/https://dailytrust.com/celebrating-kagoros-festival-of-hunters|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Gworok_Hills.jpg|thumb| Dutsen Gworok (Kagoro).]] Kalmar {{Lang|kcg|A̠fan}} na nufin "dutse" ko "tudu" a yaren Tyap. Manyan tsaunuka masu tsayi na [[Kagoro|Gworok]] ana kiransu da {{Lang|kcg|A̠fan A̠gworok}} (kuma mai salo ''Oefan Oegworok'' ) a cikin ƴan ƙasar. Akwai duwatsu masu ban sha'awa da ke da tsayin mita 1,246. Manyan itatuwa suna girma a kan tuddai tare da gindin dutse. Yanayin yankin yana da tasiri sosai ga tsaunuka kuma yanayin ya yi kama da na [[Jos Plateau]] da [[Tudun Mambilla|Filaton Mambila]], haka-zalika ana ruwan sama mai yawa a lokacin bazara. A zamanin farko, mutanen Agworok sun zauna a cikin kogo da kuma saman tsaunukan a tsawon ƙarni kafin a hankali su zauna a gindin dutsen kuma a ƙarshe turawan mulkin mallaka [[Daular Biritaniya|na Burtaniya]] sun kore su gaba ɗaya a farkon ƙarni na 20 duk da cewa akwai al'ummomi da suka wanzu a saman tsaunuka. Tuddan da ke akwai, sun ba wa mutane tsaro daga mahara na kasashen waje.<ref name=Af>{{Cite book |last=Afuwai |first=Yanet |title=The Place of Kagoro in the History of Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Kaduna/Kagoro-Hills-Kaduna.html |title=Kagoro Hills of Kaduna State |publisher=Nigeria Galleria |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref><ref name=Bk>{{Cite book |title=Kaduna State: Everyone's Handbook |trans-title=Afan Festival: A People's Treasured Past |date=1982 |language=English |location=Kano, Nigeria |publisher=Triumph Publishing Ltd. |isbn=978-188-006-6 |pages=109–111}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://explorenigeria.com.ng/states/kaduna-state-festivals/ |title=Festivals in Kaduna State |access-date=September 14, 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Agworok_youth_leader_on_horseback.jpg|thumb| Mafarauta na Agworok na tafiya tare da mahalarta bikin a fadin garin a gundumar Agban a cikin 2020 Edition.]] === Gabanin zamani === A al'adance, bikin na nuna ƙarshen girbin amfanin gona na wannan shekara da fara balaguron farauta da sauran ayyuka masu yawa.<ref name="dailytrust.com"/><ref name=Bk/> A cewar Achi a cikin Achi et Al (2019), bikin Afan da Agworok ke yi duk ranar Asabar ta biyu na watan Afrilu (yanzu duk ranar 1 ga Janairu) kowace shekara shine bikin farautar gargajiya na [[Katafawa|Atyap]], arewacin Agworok.<ref name=Achi >{{cite book |title=A Short History of the Atyap |author1=Achi, B.|author2=Bitiyonɡ, Y. A. |author3=Bunɡwon, A. D. |author4=Baba, M. Y. |author5=Jim, L. K. N. |author6=Kazah-Toure, M. |author7=Philips, J. E. |publisher=Tamaza Publishinɡ Co. Ltd., Zaria |year=2019 |ISBN=978-978-54678-5-7 |pages=80}}</ref><ref>Achi, B. ''Warfare and Military Architecture Among the Atyap.'' p. 47</ref> Duk da haka ba za a iya sanin ainihin ranar da aka fara wannan biki ba, amma an yi imanin an fara gudanar da shi ne lokacin da dangin Ankwai ke ci gaba da zama a [[Jos Plateau|Jos-Bauchi Plateau]] kusan 1500 A.D <ref name=Bk/> [[File:An_Agworok_traditional_medicine_woman.jpg|thumb| Wata mata mai maganin gargajiya ta Agworok a bikin kasa ta Afan 2020.]] === Gab da zamani === ==== Rukunin ayyuka ==== Mutanen Agworok (Kagoro) sun ƙunshi manyan ''kwais'' guda biyu wato Ankwai da Kpashang, kowanne da ƙabilarsa. Ankwai ita ce tsohuwar rukuni yayin da Kpashang shine sabon dangi wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin ƙaura.<ref name=Af/> Domin yanke shawara game da batutuwan da suka shafi yaki, muhimman bukukuwan da suka shafi fara noman ƙasa a farkon duk lokacin damina da kuma shan tukunyar barasa na farko don bikin Afan, akwai wasu ƙabilu daga cikin Ankwai da ke da alhakin waɗannan ayyuka.<ref name=Bk/> Ƙabilar Kpashang a ɗayan bangaren, ita ce ke kula da mafi girman sarautar ƙasar. <ref name="Af" /> ==== Walima/Biki==== Ban da kāriya ta zahiri da tuddai suke ba mutanen, suna girmama su da daraja ta ruhaniya daga wurinsu. Don fara bikin Afan, Babban Firist ( {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwam A̠bvwoi}} ) ya hau tudu domin yin addu'ar neman tsari daga {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwaza}} ko {{Lang|kcg|Uza}}. Daga nan sai ya daga murya ya ce, “Ya Afan, Ya Afan”, tare da taimakon abokan aikinsa, kuma jama’a (waɗanda aka saba yi musu gargaɗi su kaurace wa tsaunuka) suna amsa irin wannan. Sai babban firist ya tsarkake tuddai, washegari kuma da sassafe a fara farauta. A karshen wannan balaguron, mafarauta masu murna da farin ciki suka dawo, kuma duk ƙauyen suna ihu, " ''Ya Afan, Ya Afan'' " yayin da mafarauta suka nufo gidan giya ( {{Lang|kcg|a̠kan}} ) an shirya shi cikin kowane gida ana jiran kowane mafarauci.<ref name=Bk/> === Zamanin yau === Yawancin al'adu da al'adun gargajiya na jama'a sun raunana bayan zuwan [[Kiristanci]] da wayewar Yammacin Yamma wanda ya haifar da zubar da ayyukan da ake kira "abinda ba addini ba, ko Arna a takaice" a cikin bikin Afan musamman ma da zuwan Sarkin Kagoro na farko, [[Gwamna Awan|HRH Agwam. (Dr.) Gwamna Awan, JP]] a shekarar 1946 wanda ya mayar da ranar taron zuwa 1 ga Janairu na kowace shekara, a ranar Sabuwar Shekara.<ref name=Bk/> A taron bikin Afan na shekarar 1982, [[Gwamna Awan|HRH na Gwam Agworok]] tare da rakiyar mutane sama da dubu da dubun dubatan dakaru na rawa, an ruwaito cewa tun da karfe tara na safe ne suka ratsa cikin garin bisa dawakai, mutanensa, kafin daga bisani su isa. fadar da misalin karfe 11:45 na safe, inda ya gabatar da jawabinsa na Afan, inda ya bayyana godiyar al’ummarsa ga Allah sakamakon kyakkyawan girbi da akayi “duk da ba'a samu ruwan sama sosai ba alokacin”. Daga nan su zauna ana tafi da shewa, "Tsawon Rayuwa Afan da Sarki". Daya bayan daya, sojojin raye-raye daban-daban suna baje kolin al'adunsu.<ref name=Bk/> == Bikin Afan na shekara ta 2016 == A kowace shekara, wannan bikin yana jan hankalin mahalarta da baƙi daga unguwanni da sassa daban-daban na ƙasar. A yayin bukin shekarar 2016 da aka yi’, gwamnatin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] ta yi alkawarin hada gwiwa da al’ummar [[Kagoro|Gworok]] a fannin yawon bude ido a yankin, a wani yunƙuri na buɗe hanyoyin samar da kuɗaɗen shiga da samar da ayyukan yi. An saba gudanar da taron ne a babban filin da ke daura da fadar sarki da kuma dakin taro na Kagoro, inda akasarin mahalartar manyan baki da dama ne. Haka kuma taron na 2016 ya nuna rawar da Miss Kagoro ta yi, wadda Miss Joyce Samuel Amai, ta lashe; raye-rayen al'adu daga ciki da wajen Kagoro; da kasancewar shugabannin gargajiya, na addini da na siyasa, irin su [[Nuhu Bature|Agwam Nuhu Bature]] (Agwam Bajju), [[Danjuma Laah|Sanata Danjuma Laah]], Hon Gideon Gwani da sauransu.<ref name=El/> == Baitin godiya na gargajiya == {{Quote box|quote= '''[[Tyap language|Gworok (Tyap):]]''' {{lang|kcg|Uza u nwuak kai nda}}; {{lang|kcg|A̠ ti̠n ufa ci̠p}}; {{lang|kcg|Á̠ shyio usa̠rag}} {{lang|kcg|Á̠ nat uyit, á̠ bai bi̠ nyam}}. {{lang|kcg|Za̠m}}! '''Also styled:''' {{lang|kcg|Uza u nwuak kai nda}}; {{lang|kcg|Oe ti̠n ufa ci̠p}}; {{lang|kcg|Oe shyio usarag}} {{lang|kcg|Oe nat uyit, oe bai bi̠ nyam}}. {{lang|kcg|Zoem}}! '''Fassara''' “Allah Ta’ala Ya azurta mu da amincinsa; Ka cece mu daga musibu; A yalwace mu Kuma azurta mu da yawa a cikin Sabuwar Shekara. Amin!” |}} == Hotuna == <gallery widths="200px" heights="150px"> File:Agworok_youth_leader_on_horseback_2.jpg|alt=Agworok youth leader on horseback.|Shugaban matasan Agworok akan doki. File:Agworok_youth_leader_on_horseback_3.jpg|alt=Agworok youth leader on horseback approaching.|Shugaban matasan Agworok akan doki yana gabatowa. File:A_flute_blower.jpg|alt=A flute blower from Watyap (Kaura).|Mai busa sarewa daga[[Kaura|Wata]](Kaura). File:Hunters_squatting.jpg|alt=Hunters squatting during the hunting charade session.|Mafarauta suna tsugunne yayin zaman farauta. File:Zaar_(Jarawa)_dancers_from_Bauchi_State.jpg|alt=Afizere (Jarawa) dancers from Toro LGA, Bauchi State.|'Yan rawa[[Afusari|Afizere]](Jarawa) daga[[Toro|Karamar Toro]],[[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]]. File:An_Agworok_piper.jpg|alt=An Agworok piper by the roadside at Agban, Gworok (Kagoro).|An Agworok piper kusa da titi a Agban,[[Kagoro|Gworok (Kagoro)]]. File:An_Agworok_drummer.jpg|alt=An Agworok drummer by the roadside at Agban, Gworok (Kagoro).|Mawakin Agworok dake bakin titi a Agban,[[Kagoro|Gworok (Kagoro)]]. File:Royal_horn_blowers_before_the_palace_of_the_Chief_of_Kagoro_1.jpg|alt=Royal horn blowers before the palace of the Chief of Kagoro.|Masu busa kaho na sarauta a gaban fadar Sarkin Kagoro. File:Royal_horn_blowers_before_the_palace_of_the_Chief_of_Kagoro_2.jpg|alt=Royal horn blowers and hunters before the palace of the Chief of Kagoro.|Masu busa kaho na sarauta da mafarauta a gaban fadar Sarkin Kagoro. </gallery> == Duba kuma == * [[Abwoi religion]] * [[Bikin al'adu na shekara-shekara, Ayet Atyap]] * [[Bukukuwa a Najeriya]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} i1ax5voztuidi81z8iul75fo0w0dycc 0 68694 883303 746841 2026-07-15T08:59:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 883303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''27 Guns''''' wani fim ne mai ban sha'awa game da [[Yoweri Museveni]] da takwarorinsa na soja a lokacin Yaƙin Bush na Uganda. Natasha Museveni Karugire, 'yar Yoweri Museveni ce ta ba da umarni, kuma aka fara nuna shi a Kampala ranar takwas 8 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 2018<ref>{{cite web |title=27 GUNS: The epic movie that tells the story that changed Uganda |url=https://kampalapost.com/content/opinion/27-guns-epic-movie-tells-story-which-changed-uganda |website=The Kampala Sun |accessdate=27 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028033819/https://kampalapost.com/content/opinion/27-guns-epic-movie-tells-story-which-changed-uganda |archive-date=28 October 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=First daughter Natasha premieres war memoir 27 Guns |url=https://edge.ug/2018/09/08/first-daughter-natasha-premieres-war-memoir-27-guns/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028073756/https://edge.ug/2018/09/08/first-daughter-natasha-premieres-war-memoir-27-guns/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 28, 2018 |accessdate=27 October 2018 |agency=Edge }}</ref> kuma daga baya aka nuna shi a Johannesburg Afirka ta Kudu ranar 19 ga watan Satumba.<ref>{{cite news |title=Natasha Karugire's film 27 Guns premiers in South Africa |url=https://www.cnbcafrica.com/videos/2018/09/19/natasha-karugires-film-27-guns-premieres-in-south-africa/attachment/hqdefault-4009/ |accessdate=27 October 2018 |archive-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028073749/https://www.cnbcafrica.com/videos/2018/09/19/natasha-karugires-film-27-guns-premieres-in-south-africa/attachment/hqdefault-4009/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Photos: Glamour as First Family Premiers '27 Guns' The Movie |url=https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2018/09/10/photos-glamour-as-first-family-premiers-27-guns-the-movie/ |accessdate=28 October 2018 |agency=The Insider |publisher=Noelyn Tracy Nasuuna |archive-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911121645/https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2018/09/10/photos-glamour-as-first-family-premiers-27-guns-the-movie/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == 'Yan wasa == An ba da jagorancin Yoweri Kaguta Museveni ga Arnold Mubangizi a matsayin rawar farko data taka. Diana Museveni Kamuntu ta taka rawar mahaifiyarta Janet Kataha Museni * Arnold Mubangizi - [[Yoweri Museveni|Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]] * Diana Museveni Kamuntu - Janet Kataha Museni * Sezi Jedediah Nuwewenka - Salim Saleh * Godwin Ahimbisibwe - Akanga Byaruhanga * Precious Kamwine Amanya - Joy Mirembe * Daphne Ampire - Joviah Saleh * Einstein Ayebare - Sam Katabarwa * T. Steve Ayeny - Julius Oketta * Geofrey Bukenya - Sam Magara * Patrick Kabayo - Fred Nkuranga Rubereza * Diana Kahunde - Berna Karugaba * Daniel Kandiho - Fred Mugisha * Bint Kasede - Kizza Besigye * Allan Katongole - Moses Kigongo * Alvin Katungi - Chef Ali * Kenny Katuramu - Pecos Kutesa * Aggie Kebirungi - Dora Kutesa * Aganza Kisaka - Proscovia Nalweyiso * [[Cleopatra Koheirwe]] - Alice Kaboyo * Timothy Magara - Andrew Lutaaya * John Magyezi - Fred Rwigyema * Patrick Massa - Ruhakana Rugunda * Melvin Mukasa - Jim Muhwezi * Daniel Murungi - Arthur Kasasira * Elvis Edward Mutebi - Matayo Kyaligonza * Jenkins Mutumba - Elly Tumwine * Nicholas Nsubuga - Ivan Koreta * Ivan Ungeyigiu - Julius Chihandae * Lenz Vivasi - Patrick Lumumba * Michael Wawuyo Jr. == Sanarwar/Shiryawa == 27 Guns ya fara ne a ranar takwas 8 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta alif dubu biyu da goma sha bakwai 2017 kuma ya ci gaba da kwanaki casa'in. An saki fim ɗin a watan Mayu, shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha takwas 2018. An nuna fim ɗin a Mpigi / Singo, Buikwe da Kampala tare da simintin da ma'aikatan da aka ajiye a wuraren don duk nuni. Ishaya Productions ta gudanar da dukkan samarwa da rarraba fim ɗin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet the Museveni in 27 Guns |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/Meet-the-Museveni-in-27-Guns-/691232-4790186-115h3n0z/index.html |website=Daily Monitor |accessdate=28 October 2018}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] 5soojb7unxbw3f2hdpyrlq64tvseajz 0 70208 883350 508378 2026-07-15T09:19:03Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 883350 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:South Africa film clapperboard.svg|thumb|tambarin shirin. South africa]] Bram Fischer (wanda kuma ake kira An Act of Defiance) fim ne na 2017 game da lauyan [[Afirka ta Kudu]] Bram F Fisher wanda ya kare Nelson Mandela da abokan hamayyarsa a Rivonia Trial na 1963-1964. Jean van de Velde ne ya ba da umarnin fim din kuma an nuna shi a bukukuwan fina-finai da yawa.<ref name=shep>{{cite web|url=https://shepherdexpress.com/film/jewish-film-festival-features-movies-from-around-the-world/|title=Jewish Film Festival Features Movies From Around the World|first=Parker|last=Thompson|website=Shepherdexpress.com|date=2 October 2018|publisher=}}</ref> Matsayin Bram Fischer fito ne daga Peter Paul Muller .<ref>[http://international.eyefilm.nl/act-of-defiance-an.html An Act Of Defiance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513033059/https://international.eyefilm.nl/act-of-defiance-an.html |date=2021-05-13 }}, International.eyefikm.nl</ref> Fim din ya gudana na minti 124 kuma yana cikin Turanci da Afrikaans == Labarin fim == A cikin 1963, ƙungiyar [[Nelson Mandela]] ta Black da masu gwagwarmayar Yahudawa, waɗanda aka sani da [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|Umkhonto mu Sizwe]], gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu ta kama su saboda makirci don yin sabuntawa. Kungiyar ta shiga cikin kurkuku kuma ana tsare ta har abada ba tare da tuhuma ba saboda Dokar tsare-tsare ta kwanaki 90 ta gwamnati. Bram Fischer, lauya mai tausayi kuma shugaban mashaya, ya yi barazanar aikinsa da 'yancinsa don kare Mandela da maza daga fuskantar hukuncin kisa. A cikin fim ɗin an bayyana cewa Bram ma wani ɓangare ne na ƙungiyar Mandela ta ciki kuma ya zama ƙarƙashin binciken 'yan sanda na sirri. Fim din ƙare tare da kammala shari'ar, Mandela da sauran sun sami ɗaurin rai da rai maimakon hukuncin kisa, kuma jim kadan bayan an kama Bram.<ref name=za1>{{cite web|url=https://www.mediaupdate.co.za/amp/142719.htm|title=2017 CIFM&F to open with An Act of Defiance: The Bram Fischer Story|website=Mediaupdate.co.za|access-date=2018-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029191831/https://www.mediaupdate.co.za/amp/142719.htm|archive-date=2018-10-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fim din ya dace da rubutun da aka samo asali ne daga littafin Joel Joffe, The State Vs. Nelson Mandela . == Kyaututtuka == Fim din ya lashe lambobin yabo biyu na Golden Calf daga bikin fina-finai na [[Holand|Netherlands]]: * 2017 Golden Calf don Mafi kyawun Actor da aka ba Peter Paul Muller saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin Bram Fischer * 2017 Golden Calf don Mafi Kyawun Rubutun Fim din ya lashe lambar yabo daga bikin fina-finai na Yahudawa na Burtaniya, bikin fina-fukkin Yahudawa na Dayton da kuma bikin fina-fi na Mill Valley . == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dimjl35moynco6wonggqlz9ms8b5bdw 0 72637 883340 387124 2026-07-15T09:13:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 883340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Godwin Mawuru (15 ga Yulin 1961 - 24 ga Mayu 2013) ya kasance darektan Zimbabwe kuma furodusa. == Rayuwa da aiki == haife shi a Shamva, Mawuru ya fara aikinsa a kan mataki a farkon shekarun tamanin, yana aiki a fannoni daban-daban ciki har da yin wasan kwaikwayo, jagorantarwa da aiki a bayan fage. Ya fara bugawa a matsayin darektan fim din 1987 The Tree Is Mine . i saninsa a duniya da fim din 1993 ''[[Neria]]''. <ref>{{cite news|title=The changing face of Africa|newspaper=[[The Washington Times]]|date=April 9, 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Avis L. Weathersbee|title='Neria' Probes Zimbabwe's Awakening to Modern Culture|newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|date=November 12, 1993}}</ref> A matsayinsa na furodusa, an fi saninsa da wasan kwaikwayo na farko da ya fi tsayi na Zimbabwe ''Studio 263''. mutu ne sakamakon ciwon daji a shekara ta 51. <ref>{{cite news|title=Zimbabwe: Filmmaker Mawuru Dies|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201305271012.html|accessdate=30 May 2013|newspaper=[[AllAfrica.com|AllAfrica]]|date=27 May 2013}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Mutuwan 2013]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1961]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fbgkj266gywkdp14rud0mk6py24js51 883341 883340 2026-07-15T09:14:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 883341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Godwin Mawuru (15 ga Yulin 1961 - 24 ga Mayu 2013) ya kasance darektan [[Zimbabwe]] kuma furodusa. == Rayuwa da aiki == haife shi a Shamva, Mawuru ya fara aikinsa a kan mataki a farkon shekarun tamanin, yana aiki a fannoni daban-daban ciki har da yin wasan kwaikwayo, jagorantarwa da aiki a bayan fage. Ya fara bugawa a matsayin darektan fim din 1987 The Tree Is Mine . i saninsa a duniya da fim din 1993 ''[[Neria]]''. <ref>{{cite news|title=The changing face of Africa|newspaper=[[The Washington Times]]|date=April 9, 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Avis L. Weathersbee|title='Neria' Probes Zimbabwe's Awakening to Modern Culture|newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|date=November 12, 1993}}</ref> A matsayinsa na furodusa, an fi saninsa da wasan kwaikwayo na farko da ya fi tsayi na Zimbabwe ''Studio 263''. mutu ne sakamakon ciwon daji a shekara ta 51. <ref>{{cite news|title=Zimbabwe: Filmmaker Mawuru Dies|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201305271012.html|accessdate=30 May 2013|newspaper=[[AllAfrica.com|AllAfrica]]|date=27 May 2013}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Mutuwan 2013]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1961]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] baq0pbqu2qseh3jks3f5rgq5dex9he3 883342 883341 2026-07-15T09:14:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 883342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Godwin Mawuru''' (15 ga Yulin 1961 - 24 ga Mayu 2013) ya kasance darektan [[Zimbabwe]] kuma furodusa. == Rayuwa da aiki == haife shi a Shamva, Mawuru ya fara aikinsa a kan mataki a farkon shekarun tamanin, yana aiki a fannoni daban-daban ciki har da yin wasan kwaikwayo, jagorantarwa da aiki a bayan fage. Ya fara bugawa a matsayin darektan fim din 1987 The Tree Is Mine . i saninsa a duniya da fim din 1993 ''[[Neria]]''. <ref>{{cite news|title=The changing face of Africa|newspaper=[[The Washington Times]]|date=April 9, 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Avis L. Weathersbee|title='Neria' Probes Zimbabwe's Awakening to Modern Culture|newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|date=November 12, 1993}}</ref> A matsayinsa na furodusa, an fi saninsa da wasan kwaikwayo na farko da ya fi tsayi na Zimbabwe ''Studio 263''. mutu ne sakamakon ciwon daji a shekara ta 51. <ref>{{cite news|title=Zimbabwe: Filmmaker Mawuru Dies|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201305271012.html|accessdate=30 May 2013|newspaper=[[AllAfrica.com|AllAfrica]]|date=27 May 2013}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Mutuwan 2013]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1961]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6qp5zqhjb9ubphdppaqk0e6vs6suy3p 0 73212 883320 503423 2026-07-15T09:07:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 883320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Île Agouais Jèrri Mai 2009.jpg|thumb|hoton jerri]] '''Agoi''', ko '''Ibami''', [[Harshen Upper Cross River|harshe ne dake a Upper Cross River]] a [[Najeriya]] . Wasullan IPA: Gajerun wasulla: '''goma gajerun wasalan baka''' /i ɪ e ɛ ə a ɔ o ʊ u/ Dogayen wasulla: '''dogayen wasali bakwai''' /iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː/ Reference: Yul-Ifode, Shirley. 2003. Haɗin wasali da haɗin wasali a cikin Agoi. Nazarin Harshen Afirka 32. 1-16. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] ott71lixemef3z0z0iizgs5e32oun4a 883321 883320 2026-07-15T09:07:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 883321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Île Agouais Jèrri Mai 2009.jpg|thumb|hoton jerri]] '''Agoi''', ko '''Ibami''', harshe ne dake a Upper Cross River a [[Najeriya]] . Wasullan IPA: Gajerun wasulla: '''goma gajerun wasalan baka''' /i ɪ e ɛ ə a ɔ o ʊ u/ Dogayen wasulla: '''dogayen wasali bakwai''' /iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː/ Reference: Yul-Ifode, Shirley. 2003. Haɗin wasali da haɗin wasali a cikin Agoi. Nazarin Harshen Afirka 32. 1-16. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] s8bodwsazidzuhpukq8wqk9w30xqo1m 883322 883321 2026-07-15T09:08:02Z Pharouqenr 25549 883322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Île Agouais Jèrri Mai 2009.jpg|thumb|hoton jerri]] '''Agoi''', ko '''Ibami''', harshe ne dake a Upper Cross River a [[Najeriya]]. Wasullan IPA: Gajerun wasulla: '''goma gajerun wasalan baka''' /i ɪ e ɛ ə a ɔ o ʊ u/ Dogayen wasulla: '''dogayen wasali bakwai''' /iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː/ Reference: Yul-Ifode, Shirley. 2003. Haɗin wasali da haɗin wasali a cikin Agoi. Nazarin Harshen Afirka 32. 1-16. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] 9hnq84scyvxu2lt1pn59ow23tk9dagr 883323 883322 2026-07-15T09:08:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 /* Manazarta */ 883323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Île Agouais Jèrri Mai 2009.jpg|thumb|hoton jerri]] '''Agoi''', ko '''Ibami''', harshe ne dake a Upper Cross River a [[Najeriya]]. Wasullan IPA: Gajerun wasulla: '''goma gajerun wasalan baka''' /i ɪ e ɛ ə a ɔ o ʊ u/ Dogayen wasulla: '''dogayen wasali bakwai''' /iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː/ Reference: Yul-Ifode, Shirley. 2003. Haɗin wasali da haɗin wasali a cikin Agoi. Nazarin Harshen Afirka 32. 1-16. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] h679osy6taffkr2mvvw3nh8eq9i29ue 0 74456 883098 694054 2026-07-14T21:53:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Awaiting Trial''''' wani shirin fim ne da ya biyo bayan rayuwar mutane uku da aka kama a bisa rashin adalci na 'yan sandan Najeriya,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://opencountrymag.com/families-of-sars-victims-speak-in-devastating-documentary/|title="They Don't Know How We Feel Inside": Families of SARS Victims Speak in Devastating Documentary|date=2 November 2022 |access-date=November 2, 2022}}</ref> kuma suna tsare da tsarin rashin adalci na 'yan sanda da kuma tsarin shari'a mara kyau. Wannan labari ne ba kawai game da tsarin ba amma game da mutanen da suka lalata. == Takaitaccen bayani == Zanga-zangar #[[End SARS|EndSARs]] ta shekarar 2020 a Najeriya ta ɗauki hankalin duniya da goyon bayan kowa daga [[Beyoncé]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a34437882/beyonce-end-sars-nigeria-protest-statement/|title=Beyoncé Made a Statement About Ending SARS as Nigeria Continues to Protest|date=21 October 2020 |access-date=October 21, 2020}}</ref> zuwa [[Joe Biden]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/africa/joe-biden-statement-endsars-nigeria-protests/|title=#EndSARS: Joe Biden urges Nigeria to 'stop attacking protesters'|date=21 October 2020|access-date=October 21, 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023143315/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/africa/joe-biden-statement-endsars-nigeria-protests/|url-status=dead}}</ref> yana ba da haske kan mafi munin alamar matsalar ɗaurin kurkuku a ƙasar: jiran shari'a. Wannan motsi na zamantakewa ya girma a kan yanayin #BlackLivesMatter yana sanya tsarin shari'a na zalunci, hauhawar yawan fursunonin da zaluncin 'yan sanda a kan gaba na tattaunawar duniya. Tare da tsarin shari'a da ake jira, 'yan ƙasa waɗanda aka kama da laifuka har ma da ƙananan laifuffuka ana tsare su ba tare da tuhuma ba na tsawon watanni, da shekaru wasu har zuwa shekaru 20 don laifuffukan da ba a zalunta da ƙananan laifuka ba. Yawancinsu suna mutuwa ko bacewa a gidan yari da kuma hannun 'yan sanda. Wannan labari ne ba kawai game da tsarin da rashin daidaituwa ba, amma game da mutanen da aka lalata rayuwarsu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thenativemag.com/end-sars-documentary-chude/|title=A NEW DOCUMENTARY FROM WITH CHUDE INVESTIGATES END SARS|date=20 October 2022 |access-date=October 20, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/review-chude-jideonwos-awaiting-trial-refocuses-attention-on-nigerias-justice-hurdles/|title=REVIEW: Chude Jideonwo's 'Awaiting Trial' refocuses attention on Nigeria's justice hurdles|date=9 November 2022 |access-date=November 9, 2022}}</ref> Takardun shirin yana gabatar da ɓarna mai lalacewa ba kawai dangane da adalci da adalci ba, amma dangane da lalata iyalai, ta'addancin al'umma da ƙirƙirar al'adun tsoro. Ba a kawo karshen ta'addancin da zanga-zanga biyu ba. Dtaukar tambayoyi a bayan fage na wannan, tare da bayyanar da ba a taɓa gani ba daga waɗanda abin ya shafa, waɗanda suka tsira, masu fafutuka, [[Ɗan sanda|'yan sanda]] da [[Lauya|lauyoyi]], wannan shirin ya kalli wasu iyalai uku waɗanda 'yan sanda suka kashe ko kuma suka batar, kuma ya ba da labarin. na wariya da rashin adalci da ya lalata rayuwarsu. Daraktan Chude Jideonwo (wanda ya shahara da shahararriyar ''#WithChude'', <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.withchude.com/ |title=''#WithChude'' |access-date=2024-03-08 |archive-date=2024-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303014559/https://withchude.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> jerin tattaunawa da aka watsa a gidan talabijin, wasu daga cikinsu ''[[New York Times]]'' da BBC sun gabatar da su), An nuna Awaiting Trial a cikin Igbo, [[Yarbanci]] da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]]. == 'Yan wasan == * [[Falz|Folarin Falana]] * [[Mr Macaroni|Malam Macaroni]] * Rinu Oduala * Chude Jideonwo == Samarwa == ''Chude'' Jideonwo ne ya shirya shi kuma ya ba da umarni tare da Factual & Unscripted Content Studio wanda aka ƙaddamar kwanan nan, tare da ƙaddamarwa ta AMA Psalmist Visuals da kiɗa daga Timi Dakolo da Ego Ogbaro. == Kyautattuka == * Kyautar African Magic Viewers Choice Awards<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dstv.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/nominees | title=AMVCA }}</ref> * [[Africa International Film Festival|Bikin Fina-Finan Afirka]] * Sweden Film Awards * Florence Film Awards * Royal Society of Television & Motion Picture Awards * Nawada International Film Festival&nbsp;4th&nbsp;Kaka == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fim]] s4hkssy2zg1ijjaxud6gbd68ddmj4qe 0 75806 882945 874272 2026-07-14T15:40:02Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882945 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox person|name=Sinach|image=Sinach.jpg|image_size=|landscape=<!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank -->|alt=Sinach in Johannesburg, 2016|caption=Sinach performing at Mosaiek Theatre in Johannesburg 2016|native_name=|native_name_lang=Igbo|alias=|birth_name=Osinachi Kalu|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|03|30}}|birth_place=|origin=[[Afikpo South]], [[Ebonyi State]], [[Nigeria]]|death_date=<!-- {{death date and age|df=yes|1972|03|30|2022|04|09}} (death date 1st) -->|death_place=|genre={{hlist|[[Gospel music|Gospel]]|[[Contemporary worship music|worship]]}}|occupation={{hlist|Singer|songwriter|worship leader}}|instrument=Vocals|years_active=1994–present|label={{hlist|Loveworld|SLIC}}|associated_acts=|website={{plainlist| * * {{URL|sinachmusic.com}} }}}}'''Osinachi Kalu Okoro Egbu''', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dove Awards name for King & Country top artist |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/dove-awards-king-country-top-artist-73936832 |website=[[ABC News]]}}</ref> da aka sani da sana'a da '''Sinach''', (an haife ta 30 Maris 1972) mawakiya ne na Najeriya, marubuciya kuma babban jagoran ibada, tana aiki a wannan matsayi sama da shekaru 30. <ref name="DailyMedia">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2016 |title=Who is Sinach |url=http://dailymedia.com.ng/biographyprofilehistory-singer-osinachi-kalu-popularly-sinach/ |access-date=26 September 2017 |website=Daily Media |publisher=DailyMedia Nigeria |archive-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226192611/http://dailymedia.com.ng/biographyprofilehistory-singer-osinachi-kalu-popularly-sinach/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="9999carolsingers bio">{{Cite web |title=Sinach |url=http://9999carolsingers.com/index.php/sinach |access-date=3 June 2014 |publisher=9999CarolSingers |archive-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606215628/http://9999carolsingers.com/index.php/sinach |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita ce mawaƙaya ta farko da ta hau kan ginshiƙin Mawaƙin Kirista na Billboard na tsawon makonni 12 a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarks |first=Jessie |date=5 June 2020 |title=Sinach Named Top Christian Songwriter For Twelve Weeks In A Row |url=https://www.thechristianbeat.org/index.php/news/7783-sinach-named-top-christian-songwriter-for-twelve-weeks-in-a-row |access-date=16 December 2020 |website=TheChristianBeat.org |language=en-gb}}</ref> Wakarta mai suna " Way Maker " ta samu nadin nadi uku kuma ta lashe kyautar wakar ta shekara a GMA Dove Awards karo na 51, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama [[Ɗan Nijeriya|'yar Najeriya]] ta farko da ta lashe kyautar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2020 |title=2020 Dove Awards: Sinach's Way Maker emerges song of the Year |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/11/2020-dove-awards-sinachs-way-maker-emerges-song-of-the-year/ |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kuma lashe wakar BMI na bana, kuma a shekarar 2021 majalisar dokokin Amurka ta amince da ita yayin da ta ke rangadi a kasar Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-04 |title=Sinach gets US Congress recognition |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/sinach-gets-us-congress-recognition/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-04 |title=Sinach teams up with friends for annual concert |url=https://punchng.com/sinach-teams-up-with-friends-for-annual-concert/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |language=en-US |via=((The_Punch ))}}</ref> Ta fitar da kundi na studio guda 9 tare da wasu fitattun wakokin, wadanda suka hada da "I Know Who I Am", "Great Are You Lord", "Rejoice", "He Did It Again", "Precious Jesus", "The Name of Jesus", "This Is My Season", "Awesome God", "For This", "I Stand Amazed", "Simply Devoted" and "Jesus is Alive".<ref name="infogospelsinger">{{Cite web |title=Biography of Top Nigerian Gospel Singers |url=http://infogospelsinger.blogspot.com/ |access-date=3 June 2014}}</ref> <ref name="bio">{{Cite web |last=Sinach |title=Biography |url=http://www.sinach.org/profile |access-date=26 September 2017 |publisher=sinach.org |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011110800/http://www.sinach.org/profile/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:Blessing Uchy.jpg|thumb|Sinach]] "Way Maker" ya kuma tara karramawa da kyaututtuka da yawa tun lokacin da aka sake shi a cikin 2015. Abubuwan gani na Way Maker a halin yanzu shine bidiyo na kiɗan Najeriya na biyu da aka fi kallo akan YouTube. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Uzonna Anele |date=28 October 2020 |title=Top 10 Most Viewed Nigerian Music Videos on Youtube (Updated: 2020) |url=https://listwand.com/top-10-most-viewed-nigerian-music-videos-on-youtube |access-date=1 November 2020 |website=Listwand}}</ref> A cikin Maris 2019, ya zama bidiyo na uku [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]] da ya sami ra'ayi miliyan 100 a YouTube a bayan [[Davido]] 's " Fall " da [[Yemi Alade]] 's Johnny " <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adewojumi Aderemi |date=July 3, 2019 |title=Sinach's 'Way Maker' Has Now Reached over 100 Million Views On YouTube |url=https://www.konbini.com/ng/music/sinach-reaches-100-million-views-youtube |access-date=5 April 2020 |website=Konbini Channels |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407203914/https://www.konbini.com/ng/music/sinach-reaches-100-million-views-youtube |url-status=dead }}</ref> "Way Maker" ya kasance sama da 60 mawaƙa Kirista kamar su Michael W. Smith, Darlene Zschech, Leeland, Bethel Music, da Mandisa da kuma cikin harsuna <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinach Set To Host 1st Edition Of Annual Mega Concert |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/35690/sinach-set-to-host-1st-edition-of-annual-mega-conc.html |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Whitmore |first=Laura B. |date=31 January 2019 |title=Exclusive Premiere: Michael W. Smith Shares 'Waymaker' and Announces New Album, Awaken: The Surrounded Experience |url=https://parade.com/738213/laurawhitmore/exclusive-premiere-michael-w-smith-shares-waymaker-and-announces-new-album-awaken-the-surrounded-experience/ |website=Parade}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leeland Announces Release of 'Better Word,' A New Live Album Out September 13 |url=https://www.newreleasetoday.com/news_detail.php?newsid=4135 |website=www.newreleasetoday.com}}</ref> A cikin 'yan makonnin farko na cutar ta Coronavirus da kuma kullewa a cikin 2020, Way Maker ita ce tafi zuwa waƙa, kamar yadda bidiyoyin bidiyo da yawa a asibitoci, an yi wuraren shakatawa tare da mutane da yawa suna rera waƙar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Windsor |first=Pam |title=Michael W. Smith's Cover Of 'Waymaker' Becomes The Go-To Comfort Song In A Global Pandemic |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pamwindsor/2020/05/22/michael-w-smiths-waymaker-becomes-the-go-to-comfort-song-during-the-global-pandemic/ |access-date=16 December 2020 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Bayan kasancewa a kan babban ginshiƙi na 100 na Kirista na Haƙƙin Haƙƙin mallaka na Duniya na tsawon watanni da yawa a cikin 2020, ta yi iƙirarin matsayi na 1 a watan Yuni kuma ya kasance har zuwa Disamba 2020, wanda ya mai da ita mafi yawan waƙoƙi a cikin majami'u a duk faɗin Amurka don 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SongSelect by CCLI |url=http://songselect.ccli.com/ |access-date=16 December 2020 |website=songselect.ccli.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2020 |title='Way Maker' reaches top spot in 'Christian Copyright Licensing International' |url=https://www.ugchristiannews.com/way-maker-reaches-top-spot-in-christian-copyright-licensing-international/ |access-date=16 December 2020 |website=UG Christian News |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sinach ta sami takardar shaidar tunawa da Majami'ar Bangaskiya ta Baitalami yayin ziyararta zuwa Isra'ila a watan Disamba 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2017 |title=Sinach honoured with "Bethelehem Hall Of Faith" Certificate of Commemoration |url=http://www.sinachmusic.com/news/sinach-honoured-bethelehem-hall-faith-certificate-commemoration/ |access-date=24 October 2019 |website=Sinach |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2019, Sinach ya zama ɗan wasa na farko na bishara daga Afirka don ya zagaya Indiya, yana ba da jigogin kide-kide tare da dubban mutane da suka halarta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2019 |title=Sinach takes India |url=https://punchng.com/sinach-takes-india/ |access-date=8 October 2019 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2020, ta zama 'yar Afirka ta farko da ta zama mai zane-zane da ta hau kan jadawalin ''Billboard'' Christian Songwriters. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nebianet Usaini |date=6 May 2020 |title=Sinach Becomes First African To Top Billboard 'Christian Songwriters' Chart |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/05/06/sinach-becomes-first-african-to-top-billboard-christian-songwriters-chart/ |access-date=7 May 2020 |website=Channels TV}}</ref> A cikin Yuli 2022, ta shiga Kwalejin Rikodin Grammy a matsayin memba mai jefa kuri'a. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okogba |first=Emmanuel |date=2022-07-04 |title=Sinach joins Grammy Recording Academy as voting member |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/07/sinach-joins-grammy-recording-academy-as-voting-member/ |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rapheal |date=2022-07-08 |title=Excitement as Sinach becomes Grammy voting member |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/excitement-as-sinach-becomes-grammy-voting-member/ |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-us}}</ref> [[Fayil:Talking Heads Remain In Light (1980 Sire publicity photo).jpg|thumb|Sinach a cikin mutane ]] A cikin Fabrairu 2023, gwamnatin Commonwealth ta Dominica ta ba Sinach a matsayin jakadan duniya, ta wata wasika da Firayim Minista, Roosevelt Skerrit ya sanyawa hannu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eleanya |first=Frank |date=2023-02-09 |title=Sinach appointed as Global Ambassador of Commonwealth of Dominica |url=https://businessday.ng/life-arts/article/sinach-appointed-as-global-ambassador-of-commonwealth-of-dominica/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Labarin farko === Sinach ya fito ne daga [[Ebonyi|jihar Ebonyi]], [[Yankin Gabashin Najeriya|a gabashin Najeriya]], kuma ita ce 'ya ta biyu da 'ya'ya bakwai. <ref>Claudia E. Dianou, [https://archives.beninwebtv.com/2019/03/voici-tout-ce-quil-faut-connaitre-de-la-figure-de-proue-du-gospel-africain-sinach/ Voici tout ce qu'il faut connaitre de la figure de proue du Gospel africain Sinach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215000310/https://archives.beninwebtv.com/2019/03/voici-tout-ce-quil-faut-connaitre-de-la-figure-de-proue-du-gospel-africain-sinach/ |date=2019-12-15 }}, beninwebtv.com, Benin, 16 March 2019</ref> Sinach ya fara waƙa ga dangi da abokai a cikin 1989 a matsayin abin sha'awa, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci kuma memba na mawaƙa a Christ Embassy, Cocin Fasto Chris Oyakhilome. <ref>Bonface Nyaga, [https://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/chillax/i-know-who-i-am-sinach 'I know who I am' – Sinach]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, nairobinews.nation.co.ke, Kenya, 4 December 2016</ref> Ta yi karatun Physics kuma ta kammala a Jami'ar Fatakwal, Jihar Ribas, Najeriya. <ref>Naledi Sande, [https://www.herald.co.zw/nigerian-singer-sinach-to-perform-in-harare/ Nigerian singer Sinach to perform in Harare], herald.co.zw, Zimbabwe, 7 September 2016</ref> <ref name="Punch Newspapers">{{Cite web |last=Olusola Ricketts |date=12 August 2018 |title=I don't mind my gospel music being played in nightclubs – Sinach |url=https://punchng.com/i-dont-mind-my-gospel-music-being-played-in-nightclubs-sinach/ |access-date=22 September 2018 |publisher=Punch Newspapers}}</ref> === Rayuwa ta sirri === A cikin 2014, Sinach ta auri Joseph Egbu a gidanta na Cocin Christ Embassy. A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2019, a wurin bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta LIMA Fasto Chris Oyakhilome, ya sanar da zuwan ɗan fari na Sinach Rhoda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-27 |title=Sinach Daughter - name, age, photos - Insidegistblog |url=https://insidegistblog.com/sinach-daughter-name-age-photos/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=insidegistblog.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Aikin kiɗa == Tun tana yarinya, Sinach ta bayyana cewa ta yi mafarki, inda ta ga kanta tana rera waka ga dimbin jama'a, amma ba ta himmatu wajen bin wani abu na kida ba a matsayin sana'a ban da shiga kungiyar mawaka, kuma tana aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gudanarwa a Cocin. Sinach ta rubuta wakoki da yawa kafin ta fitar da kundi na farko, ''Babi na daya'' a 2008. <ref>Isaac, [https://www.pulse.ng/gist/good-news-gospel-singer-sinach-set-for-the-altar/wwrttdv Gospel Singer Sinach Set For The Altar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215000303/https://www.pulse.ng/gist/good-news-gospel-singer-sinach-set-for-the-altar/wwrttdv |date=2019-12-15 }}, pulse.ng, Nigeria, 13 June 2014</ref> Wakar ta mai suna <nowiki>''This Is Your Season''</nowiki> ta lashe kyautar wakar da ta fi kowacce shekara a shekara ta 2008. Da take magana game da yadda ta zo da sunanta mai suna ''Sinach'', ta ce: "Na zabi hakan ne daga sunana Osinachi saboda yana da sauƙin furtawa da kuma jan hankali". <ref name="african voice">{{Cite web |date=5 January 2018 |title=Sinach set to rock London |url=https://africanvoiceonline.co.uk/sinach-set-rock-london/ |access-date=23 November 2020 |website=African Voice}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Sinach ita ce mace ta farko da ta karɓi lambar yabo ta LIMA Songwriter na Kyautar Decade, tare da sanin gudunmawarta ga kiɗan bishara a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Ana rera waƙoƙinta a ƙasashe da yawa, <ref name="KonnectAfrica">{{Cite web |last=daman Joshua Olayinka Bunmi |date=11 July 2014 |title=Osinachi Kalu "Sinach", An Extraordinary Nigerian Star. |url=http://www.konnectafrica.net/osinachi-kalu-sinach/ |access-date=26 September 2017 |publisher=konnectafrica.net |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001051420/https://konnectafrica.net/osinachi-kalu-sinach/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> an fassara su zuwa harsuna da yawa, a duniya. <ref name="LoveworldMusicTV">{{Cite web |last=Loveworld News |date=22 November 2016 |title=Gospel Artiste Sinach honored with Song Writer of the Decade |url=http://www.loveworldmusictv.com/gospel-artiste-sinach-honored-lima-awards-2016-songwriter-decade/ |access-date=26 September 2017 |publisher=Loveworld Music TV |archive-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324110929/http://www.loveworldmusictv.com/gospel-artiste-sinach-honored-lima-awards-2016-songwriter-decade/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wannan shekarar, ta sami lambar yabo ta African Achievers' Award for Global Excellence. <ref name="BuzzNigeria">{{Cite web |last=Iheoma Hendy |year=2016 |title=Winners 2016 African Achievers Awards |url=https://buzznigeria.com/winners-2016-african-achievers-awards/ |access-date=26 September 2017 |publisher=Buzz Nigeria}}</ref> Har ila yau a wannan shekarar, a karo na biyu a jere, <ref name="GrooveAwards">{{Cite web |last=Groove Awards |date=12 December 2015 |title=Groove 2015 Winners |url=http://www.grooveawards.co.ke/groove-2015-winners/ |access-date=26 September 2017 |publisher=Groove Awards |archive-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411203523/http://www.grooveawards.co.ke/groove-2015-winners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ta lashe kyautar Groove Awards a Afirka ta Yamma, kuma YNaija ta jera shi tare da Chris Oyakhilome, [[Enoch Adeboye]] a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan Kiristoci 100 masu tasiri. a Najeriya. <ref name="Ynaija">{{Cite web |last=Tolu |date=1 May 2017 |title=Yemi Osinbajo, Poju Oyemade, Chioma Jesus and more – See list of 100 Most Influential People in Christian Ministry in Nigeria |url=https://ynaija.com/yynaija-com-church-culture-present-100-influential-people-christian-ministry-nigeria/ |access-date=20 July 2017 |publisher=Ynaija}}</ref> A matsayinsa na marubucin waƙa, Sinach ya rubuta waƙoƙi sama da 200 kuma ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa. Wakar ta mai suna <nowiki>''This Is Your Season'' ta lashe kyautar wakar da ta fi kowacce shekara a shekara ta 2008. Daya daga cikin fitattun wakokinta shine 'Nasan Wanene'</nowiki>. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography Of Gospel Award Winning Songwriter, Vocalist & Singer Sinach – Daily Mail Nigeria |url=http://dailymedia.com.ng/biography-of-gospel-award-winning-songwriter-vocalist-singer-sinach/ |access-date=12 August 2017 |website=dailymedia.com.ng |archive-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227215620/http://dailymedia.com.ng/biography-of-gospel-award-winning-songwriter-vocalist-singer-sinach/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ayyukan aiki === Sinach ya yi kuma ya jagoranci kide-kide a cikin kasashe sama da 50 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinach |url=https://open.spotify.com/artist/6hKHFC67DZJNw9tg1l0lIe |access-date=23 November 2019 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref> ciki har da [[Kenya]], [[Dominika|Dominica]], Afirka ta Kudu, Amurka, Kanada, [[Antigua da Barbuda|Antigua & Barbuda]], [[Trinidad da Tobago]], [[Jamaika|Jamaica]], [[Grenada]], [[Uganda]], [[Barbados]], Tsibirin Biritaniya, Zambia, Saint Maarten, Birtaniya da Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinach hold live concert in Uganda – Wazobians |url=http://wazobians.com/sinach-hold-live-concert-uganda/ |access-date=12 August 2017 |website=wazobians.com |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924173532/https://wazobians.com/sinach-hold-live-concert-uganda/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita ma Sinach ta yi wasa a kasarta a cikin kwarewa wanda Babban Fasto na Majami’ar Metropolitan House on the Rock, Fasto Paul Adefarasin ya jagoranta, ta kuma yi rawar gani a taron mata na shekara-shekara wanda Funke Felix-Adejumo ta shirya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-08 |title=Winning Edge 2022: Funke Felix-Adejumo hosts Nathaniel Bassey, Ebenezer, Sinach, others |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/01/winning-edge-2022-funke-felix-adejumo-hosts-nathaniel-bassey-ebenezer-sinach-others/ |access-date=2022-02-06 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-24 |title=Moen, Sinach, others for The Experience |url=https://punchng.com/moen-sinach-others-for-the-experience/ |access-date=2022-02-06 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:Pastor_Robert_and_Jessica_Kayanja_welcome_Sinach_in_Uganda_for_the_easter_music_performance_at_Rubaga_Miracle_Center_Cathedral_In_Uganda.jpg|thumb| Ana maraba da Sinach a Uganda don yin wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 2014]] A daya daga cikin tattaunawar kwanan nan da dan jaridan waka Motolani Alake na Pulse Nigeria, Sinach ya bayyana yadda Allah ya kama ta cikin hidimar bishara ta hanyar shafan Fasto Chris Oyakhilome . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gist |first=Yinka |title=How God Arrested Me Through Pastor Chris Oyakhilome |url=https://gyonlineng.com/how-god-arrested-me-through-pastor-chris-sinach/ |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=GYOnlineNG.COM |archive-date=21 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221012650/https://gyonlineng.com/how-god-arrested-me-through-pastor-chris-sinach/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Disamba, 2020, a buki na uku na Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Afirka ta Amurka, ta lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun Mawaƙin Linjila. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilado |first=Lucy |date=22 December 2020 |title=Africa Entertainment Awards USA 2020: All the winners |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/africa-entertainment-awards-usa-2020-all-winners= |website=Music In Africa}}</ref> == Tallafawa == Sinach da mijinta sun kaddamar da gidauniyar Joseph and Sinach Foundation wadda ta fara aikin jinya a [[Abiya|jihar Abia]] dake Najeriya tare da hadin gwiwar kamfanin hada magunguna na Emzor da gwamnatin jihar. Shirin ya samar da kiwon lafiya kyauta ga mutane 700. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ikokwu |first=Ogbonnaya |date=2023-08-22 |title=Otti hails free medical outreach in Abia, commends foundation |url=https://punchng.com/otti-hails-free-medical-outreach-in-abia-commends-foundation/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Albums == A cikin Fabrairu 2021, Sinach ta sanar da sakin kundi na 12th Studio, mai suna, GREATEST UBANGIJI wanda ke da manyan mawakan Linjila da yawa kamar su Maranda Curtis, Darlene Zschech, Nathaniel Bassey, Panam Percy Paul, Micah Stamley, Leeland da Jekalyn Carr . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2021 |title=Sinach reveals all-star lineup for new album |url=https://www.ugchristiannews.com/sinach-reveals-all-star-lineup-for-new-album/ |access-date=23 February 2021 |website=Breaking news on Christianity in Uganda and World |language=en-US |archive-date=21 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221230020/https://www.ugchristiannews.com/sinach-reveals-all-star-lineup-for-new-album/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt" |+ !YEAR OF RELEASE !ALBUM<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinach on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/sinach/519026522 |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=Apple Music |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Download Latest Sinach Songs 2020 / 2021 » Gospel Songs MP3 |url=https://amenradio.net/artiste/sinach-songs/ |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=Gospel Songs MP3 |language=en-US}}</ref> !TYPE OF RECORDING |- |2007 |Chapter One |Studio Album |- |2010 |I'm Blessed |Studio Album |- |2011 |From Glory to Glory |Live |- |2012 |Shout it Loud |Live |- |2013 |Sinach at Christmas |Studio Album |- |2014 |The Name of Jesus |Live |- |2016 |Way Maker |Single |- |2018 |There's an Overflow |Live |- |2019 |Great God – Live in London |Live |- |2020 |Acoustics – Volume 1 |Acoustics |- |2020 |Acoustics – Volume 2 |Acoustics |- |2021 |Greatest Lord<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acclaimed writer Sinach releases new album 'Greatest Lord' |url=https://www.wnypapers.com/news/article/current/2021/04/01/146085/acclaimed-writer-sinach-releases-new-album-greatest-lord |access-date=2021-04-15 |website=Niagara Frontier Publications}}</ref> |Studio |- |2021 |Live At Easter |Live |} == Kyaututtuka da zaɓe == * 2016 LIMA Songwriter of the Decade Award<ref name="KonnectAfrica"/> * 2016 Groove Awards Western Africa Artist of the Year<ref name="Ynaija"/> * 2016 African Achievers' Award for Global Excellence<ref name="BuzzNigeria"/> * Top 100 Influential Christians in Nigeria.<ref name="Ynaija" /> * 2019 LIMA Song of the Year<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2019 |title=Gospel singer, Sinach welcomes 1st child at 46 |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/gospel-singer-sinach-welcomes-1st-child-at-46/3hcggy3 |access-date=23 November 2019 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2019 |title=Loveworld Music Awards (LIMA 2019) Beats All Expectations |url=https://onlinenigeria.com/stories/61619-loveworld-music-awards-lima-2019-beats-all-expectations.html |access-date=23 November 2019 |website=OnlineNigeria.com |language=en-US |archive-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324110927/https://onlinenigeria.com/stories/61619-loveworld-music-awards-lima-2019-beats-all-expectations.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2020 Dove Awards Song of the year<ref name="DoveAwards">{{Cite web |last=Dove Awards |date=30 October 2020 |title=The 51st Annual GMA Dove Awards |url=https://doveawards.com/awards/2020-winners |access-date=1 November 2020 |website=Dove Awards |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130071558/https://doveawards.com/awards/2020-winners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * List of Igbo people * List of Nigerian gospel musicians * [[Jerin mawakan Najeriya|List of Nigerian musicians]] * List of people from Ebonyi State == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|http://sinach.org}} * Sinach's channel on YouTube * [https://amenradio.net/artiste/sinach-songs/ Sinach Full Songs & Album] == Nassoshi == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1972]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h068nyxsw2vnojelljemap6v39h96t6 0 75821 882898 592340 2026-07-14T12:31:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Andile 'Sticks' Dlamini''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] a ƙungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|Mata ta SAFA]] Mamelodi Sundowns da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta Afirka ta Kudu . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Andile Dlamini a ranar 2 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1992 a Thembisa, wani gari a [[Johannesburg]], Afirka ta Kudu. <ref> name="sasolbio">{{Cite web |title=Andile "Sticks" Dlamini |url=http://www.sasolinsport.co.za/banyana/player-profiles/andile-%E2%80%9Csticks%E2%80%9D-dlamini |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804131048/http://www.sasolinsport.co.za/banyana/player-profiles/andile-%E2%80%9Csticks%E2%80%9D-dlamini |archive-date=4 August 2018 |access-date=17 November 2016 |publisher=Sasol in Sport}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == Andile Dlamini ta fara wasan kwallon kafa ne bayan ta buga wasa da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta Afirka ta Kudu ; Daga baya aka zabe ta a tawagar. <ref> name="qanda">{{Cite web |date=29 April 2016 |title=Q & A with Sasol Banyana Banyana's Andile Dlamini |url=http://www.sasolinsport.co.za/banyana/news/q-sasol-banyana-banyana%E2%80%99s-andile-dlamini |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118040613/http://www.sasolinsport.co.za/banyana/news/q-sasol-banyana-banyana%E2%80%99s-andile-dlamini |archive-date=18 November 2016 |access-date=17 November 2016 |publisher=Sasol in Sport}}</ref> Wanda ake yi wa lakabi da "Sticks", ta taba yi wa [[Phomolong Ladies|Ladies Phomolong]] wasa. <ref> name="sasolbio">{{Cite web |title=Andile "Sticks" Dlamini |url=http://www.sasolinsport.co.za/banyana/player-profiles/andile-%E2%80%9Csticks%E2%80%9D-dlamini |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804131048/http://www.sasolinsport.co.za/banyana/player-profiles/andile-%E2%80%9Csticks%E2%80%9D-dlamini |archive-date=4 August 2018 |access-date=17 November 2016 |publisher=Sasol in Sport}}</ref> === Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies === Dlamini ta koma Sundowns Ladies a cikin 2010. A cikin Satumba 2021, ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar da ta lashe Gasar Zakarun Mata ta 2021 Cosafa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Motshwane |first=Gomolemo |title=Sundowns Ladies edge closer to a CAF star |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/sport/sundowns-ladies-edge-closer-to-a-caf-star-20210904 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=City Press |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2021, sun lashe gasar cin kofin zakarun mata na CAF na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-20 |title=Caf Women's Champions League: Mamelodi Sundowns beat Hasaacas to rule Africa {{!}} Goal.com South Africa |url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/caf-womens-champions-league-mamelodi-sundowns-beat-ghanaian-side-hasaacas-to-rule-africa/bltf4ee16212cc29ff3 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Dlamini ta kasance mai tsaron ragar gasar kuma ta samu shiga tawagar gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-21 |title=CAF TSG releases the Best XI of TotalEnergies CAF Women's Champions League {{!}} CAFOnline.com |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-women-champions-league/news/caf-tsg-releases-the-best-xi-of-totalenergies-caf-women-s-champions-league |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121120846/https://www.cafonline.com/caf-women-champions-league/news/caf-tsg-releases-the-best-xi-of-totalenergies-caf-women-s-champions-league |archive-date=21 November 2021 |access-date=2023-12-29}}</ref> A cikin watan Agusta 2022, ƙungiyar ta kasance ta biyu a gasar zakarun mata ta Cosafa na 2022 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-13 |title=EN, FR, PR: Green Buffaloes stun Mamelodi Sundowns to win regional title |url=https://cosafa.com/green-buffaloes-stun-mamelodi-sundowns-to-win-regional-title/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref> A cikin Nuwamba 2022, sun kasance masu neman shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun mata na CAF na 2022 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abrahams |first=Celine |date=2022-11-14 |title=ASFAR Crowned 2022 CAF Women's Champions League Winners |url=https://gsport.co.za/asfar-crowned-2022-caf-womens-champions-league-winners/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=gsport4girls |language=en-ZA}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2023, sun lashe gasar zakarun mata na Cosafa na 2023 tare da Dlamini ta lashe mai tsaron ragar gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=EN, FR, PR: Mamelodi Sundowns qualify for CAF Women's Champions League finals |url=https://cosafa.com/mamelodi-sundowns-qualify-for-caf-womens-champions-league-finals/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2023, sun lashe gasar cin kofin zakarun mata na CAF na 2023 a karo na biyu tare da Dlamini ta lashe mai tsaron ragar gasar ta kuma sanya ta cikin tawagar gasar. <ref>name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-22 |title=CAF Women's Champions League, Cote d'Ivoire Best Xl confirmed |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/news/caf-women-s-champions-league-cote-d-ivoire-best-xl-confirmed/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=CAF |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ta fara fitowa ta farko a tawagar kwallon kafar mata ta Afrika ta Kudu da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasar Botswana|Botswana]] a shekarar 2011. <ref name="sasolbio">{{Cite web |title=Andile "Sticks" Dlamini |url=http://www.sasolinsport.co.za/banyana/player-profiles/andile-%E2%80%9Csticks%E2%80%9D-dlamini |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804131048/http://www.sasolinsport.co.za/banyana/player-profiles/andile-%E2%80%9Csticks%E2%80%9D-dlamini |archive-date=4 August 2018 |access-date=17 November 2016 |publisher=Sasol in Sport}}</ref> Dlamini ya kasance mai tsaron ragar kungiyar a kai a kai, tare da Thokozile Mndaweni da [[Roxanne Barker]] suka yi tazarar farko. Wannan yana nufin cewa ko da yake Dlamini ta kasance cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasa na gasar Olympics ta bazara na 2012 a [[Landan|London]], [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]], da kuma gasar Olympics ta bazara na 2016 a [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]], ba ta buga ko da yaushe ba a duk wasannin biyu. Ta ji takaici lokacin da aka fitar da Afirka ta Kudu daga [[Wasannin Afirka|gasar cin kofin Afirka]] ta 2015 a zagayen farko da suka yi canjaras bayan da kowacce kungiya a matakin rukuni ta yi canjaras a dukkan wasanninta. Bayan zuwan kocin Desiree Ellis, an nuna cewa Dlamini zai iya samun damar da za ta zama mai tsaron gida na farko, musamman bayan da aka saki Barker daga baya fiye da yadda ake tsammani don wasan sada zumunta da kuma gasar cin kofin mata na Afirka ta 2016 . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Dlamini [[Kirista]] ce, kuma tana karanta [[Baibûl|Littafi Mai Tsarki]] don shirya wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa. <ref name="qanda">{{Cite web |date=29 April 2016 |title=Q & A with Sasol Banyana Banyana's Andile Dlamini |url=http://www.sasolinsport.co.za/banyana/news/q-sasol-banyana-banyana%E2%80%99s-andile-dlamini |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118040613/http://www.sasolinsport.co.za/banyana/news/q-sasol-banyana-banyana%E2%80%99s-andile-dlamini |archive-date=18 November 2016 |access-date=17 November 2016 |publisher=Sasol in Sport}}</ref> == Girmamawa == '''Kulob''' '''Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies''' * [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|Kungiyar Mata ta SAFA]] : 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 * Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta CAF : 2021, 2023 ; Shekarar: 2022 '''Afirka ta Kudu''' * Gasar cin kofin Afrika ta mata : 2022, <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2023 |title=Magaia brace hands South Africa first TotalEnergies WAFCON trophy |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/magaia-brace-hands-south-africa-first-wafcon-trophy/ |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=CAF |language=}}</ref> ta zo ta biyu: 2012, 2018 '''Mutum''' * Tawagar Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta Mata: 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2022 |title=CAF announces TotalEnergies Women's AFCON 2022 Best XI |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/caf-announces-totalenergies-women-s-afcon-2022-best-xi/ |access-date=7 August 2023 |website=CAF |language=}}</ref> * Gwarzon Gwarzon Mata na CAF : 2021, 2023 * IFFHS CAF Ƙungiyar Mata ta Shekara: 2022 <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=IFFHS CAF Women's Team 2022 |url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/2490 |access-date=7 August 2023 |website=The International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS) |archive-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319191838/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/2490 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Halin Wasannin Gauteng na Shekara: 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-19 |title=Andile Dlamini, Lara van Niekerk and Daniel van Vuuren win big at Gauteng Sports awards {{!}} soccer |url=https://www.sabcsport.com/soccer/news/andile-dlamini-lara-van-niekerk-and-daniel-van-vuuren-win-big-at-gauteng-sports-awards |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=SABC |language=en}}</ref> * Matan Gauteng a cikin Gwarzon Matan Wasanni: 2022 <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-05 |title=Andile Dlamini wins big at the Gauteng Women in Sports Awards {{!}} soccer |url=https://www.sabcsport.com/soccer/news/andile-dlamini-wins-big-at-the-gauteng-women-in-sports-awards |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=SABC |language=en}}</ref> * Matan Wasannin Tshwane na Shekara: 2022 <ref name=":4" /> * Gwarzon Dan Wasan Shekara: 2023 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Newsroom |first=gsport |date=2023-09-12 |title=Andile Dlamini Steals the Show at 2023 Momentum gsport Awards |url=https://gsport.co.za/andile-dlamini-steals-the-show-at-2023-momentum-gsport-awards/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=gsport4girls |language=en-ZA}}</ref> * Kyaututtukan Feather na Shekarar Wasanni: 2023 <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=And the winners of the Feather Awards XV are (drum roll please) ... |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2023-11-09-and-the-winners-of-the-feather-awards-xv-are-drum-roll-please-/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=TimesLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=SMag scoops Media of the Year at Feather Awards |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/s-mag/culture/2023-11-10-smag-scoops-media-of-the-year-at-feather-awards/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=SowetanLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref> * Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta CAF : 2023 <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-22 |title=CAF Women's Champions League, Cote d'Ivoire Best Xl confirmed |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/news/caf-women-s-champions-league-cote-d-ivoire-best-xl-confirmed/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=CAF |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Matan Afirka XI: [[Kyautar CAF|2023]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-12 |title=Osimhen, Oshoala named African Men's and Women's Player of the Year at the CAF Awards 2023 |url=https://www.cafonline.com/news/osimhen-oshoala-named-african-men-s-and-women-s-player-of-the-year-at-the-caf-awards-2023/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=CAF |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1992]] 0haj5w5h344esr6pc13gjo7wtbrwus2 0 75868 883143 870212 2026-07-15T01:51:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Rio 2016, Olimpiadas no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (28761500705).jpg|thumb|Bambanani Mbane]] '''Bambanani Nolufefe Mbane''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1990) ƴar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] ga ƙungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|Mata ta SAFA]] Mamelodi Sundowns da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta Afirka ta Kudu . == Aikin kulob == ==Bloemfontein Celtics Ladies == Ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar [[Bloemfontein Celtic F.C.|'yan mata ta Bloemfontein Celtics]] waɗanda suka lashe [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|gasar Mata ta SAFA]] da baya a lokutan shekara ta 2016 da shekarar 2017. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Mbane's the Celtic Ladies secret weapon |url=https://www.snl24.com/dailysun/sport/mbanes-the-celtic-ladies-secret-weapon-20171212 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=Daily Sun |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=SAFA |date=2016-12-11 |title=Bloem Celtic Crowned SASOL League 2016 Champs |url=https://gsport.co.za/bloem-celtic-crowned-sasol-league-2016-champs/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=gsport4girls |language=en-ZA |archive-date=2019-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820030605/https://gsport.co.za/bloem-celtic-crowned-sasol-league-2016-champs/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=tsholofelomosina |date=2017-12-11 |title=Bloemfontein Celtic Ladies are Sasol Women's League champions again |url=https://alexnews.co.za/108962/bloemfontein-celtic-ladies-sasol-womens-league-champions/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=Alex News |language=en-US}}</ref> An nada ta Sarauniyar Gasar a shekarar 2017. <ref name=":1"/> == Mamelodi Sundowns Ladies == A cikin shekarar 2021, Mbane ya shiga Mamelodi Sundowns a Afirka ta Kudu kuma yana cikin tawagar da ta lashe Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta CAF ta shekara ta 2021 kuma ta zo ta biyu a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta CAF ta shekarar 2022 . An ba ta suna [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|Hollywoodbets Super League]] : Player of the Season a 2021 kuma ta sanya ta cikin ƙungiyar mafi kyawun shekara (mafi kyawun XI na 2021). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Malepa |first=Tiisetso |date=27 March 2022 |title=Sundowns Ladies win big at inaugural Hollywoodbets Super League awards |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sport/soccer/2022-03-27-sundowns-ladies-win-big-at-inaugural-hollywoodbets-super-league-awards/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=TimesLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Kganakga |first=Tlamelo |date=2022-03-28 |title=HBSL Honours Top 2021/22 Season Performers |url=https://gsport.co.za/hbsl-honours-top-2021-22-season-performers/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=gsport4girls |language=en-ZA |archive-date=2024-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526115337/https://gsport.co.za/hbsl-honours-top-2021-22-season-performers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hakanan an zabi ta don kyautar 2021 CAF Women Interclub Player of the Year da 2021 CAF Women Player of Year. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntsoelengoe |first=Tshepo |date=2022-07-06 |title=Sundowns, Banyana players dominate Caf awards |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/sport/soccer/local-soccer/sundowns-caf-awards-nominees/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2022, an ƙara ta zuwa shekarar 2022 CAF Champions League Best XI da Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka na Mata Mafi XI. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2022 |title=CAF announces TotalEnergies Women's AFCON 2022 Best XI |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/caf-announces-totalenergies-women-s-afcon-2022-best-xi/ |access-date=7 August 2023 |website=CAF |language=}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2023, an ƙara ta zuwa Gasar Mata ta Afirka XI da aka sanar a shekarar 2023 CAF Awards. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-12 |title=Osimhen, Oshoala named African Men's and Women's Player of the Year at the CAF Awards 2023 |url=https://www.cafonline.com/news/osimhen-oshoala-named-african-men-s-and-women-s-player-of-the-year-at-the-caf-awards-2023/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=CAF |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A shekarar 2019, ta auri Tsholofelo Makgaleme bayan wata uku tana soyayya. == Girmamawa == '''Kulob''' * Kungiyar Mata ta SAFA: 2016, <ref name=":3"/> 2017, <ref name=":4"/> 2021, 2022, 2023 * Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta CAF: A shekarar 2021 ta zo ta biyu: 2022 =='''Afirka ta Kudu'''== * Gasar cin kofin Afrika ta mata : 2022, <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2023 |title=Magaia brace hands South Africa first TotalEnergies WAFCON trophy |url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/magaia-brace-hands-south-africa-first-wafcon-trophy/ |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=CAF |language=}}</ref> ta zo ta biyu: A shekarar 2018 =='''Mutum'''== * SAFA Sarauniya na Gasar: 2017 <ref name=":1"/> * SAFA Sarauniya na Queens: 2017 <ref name=":1" /> * [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta SAFA ta Afirka ta Kudu|Hollywoodbets Super League]] Player of the Season: 2021 <ref name=":5"/> * Tawagar Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta Mata: 2022 <ref name=":0"/> * IFFHS CAF Ƙungiyar Mata ta Shekara: 2022 <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=IFFHS Women's CAF Team 2022 |url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/2490 |access-date=7 August 2023 |website=The International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS) |archive-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319191838/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/2490 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Matan Afirka XI: [[Kyautar CAF|2023]] <ref name=":6"/> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1990]] [[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]] rbbas36g9l8lhtzopgulg2h9wcku9n1 0 77033 883061 679948 2026-07-14T19:58:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Jihar Rivers wanda aka fi sani da Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital''' (wanda aka gajarta a matsayin '''BMSH''') asibiti ne mallakar gwamnati, mai suna bayan Eldred Curwen Braithwaite, likitan ɗan [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] kuma majagaba na tiyata.<ref>https://ha.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/asibiti</ref> Yana cikin [[Old GRA, Port Harcourt|Old GRA, Jihar Ribas]] unguwar [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] kuma Hukumar Kula da Asibitin Jihar Ribas ne ke gudanar da ita. An kafa shi a cikin watan Maris 1925 a matsayin '''Asibitin Memorial Braithwaite''' kuma tun asali ya zama wurin aikin likitanci ga manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati<ref. Daga baya ya zama Babban Asibiti kuma tun daga nan ya sami matsayi a matsayin "Cibiyar [[Kiwon Lafiya daTsafta|Kiwon Lafiya]] ta Musamman". <ref name="bmsh004">{{Cite web |title=Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital, Rivers State |url=http://ratenigerianhospitals.com/braithwaite-memorial-specialist-hospital-rivers-state-301 |access-date=13 July 2014 |publisher=Rate Nigerian Hospitals |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714194212/http://ratenigerianhospitals.com/braithwaite-memorial-specialist-hospital-rivers-state-301 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="BMSH2">{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=http://www.bmsh.org.ng/about_us.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815235501/http://bmsh.org.ng/about_us.php |archive-date=15 August 2014 |access-date=13 July 2014 |publisher=Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2018, an canza sunan ta zuwa matsayin Asibitin Koyarwa na jami'ar mallakar jihar bayan kafa kwalejin kimiyyar likitanci. [[Ma’aikatar Lafiya ta Tarayyar (Najeriya)|Ma'aikatar lafiya ta tarayya]] ta amince da shi a hukumance, asibitin Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital yana cikin manyan asibitocin [[Neja Delta]].<ref name="tide newspaper">{{cite news|url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2009/10/24/at-last-bmsh-performs-first-modular-operation/|title=At Last! BMSH Performs First Modular Operation|date=24 October 2009|work=[[The Tide (Nigeria)|The Tide]]|location=[[Port Harcourt]], [[Nigeria]]|publisher=Rivers State Newspaper Corporation|accessdate=13 July 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714175555/http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2009/10/24/at-last-bmsh-performs-first-modular-operation/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wurin yana da gadaje masu lasisi 375 da membobin ma'aikatan lafiya 731. Sassan sa sun haɗa da Magunguna, Likitan Yara, Dakunan gwaje-gwaje, Radiology, Magungunan Iyali, Magungunan Ciwon ciki da Gynaecology, Anesthesia, Surgery, Pathology, Ophthalmology, Cibiyar Hatsari da Gaggawa na tiyata/Likita. Wasu sassan kuma sune Pharmacy, Finance, Maintenance, General Administration.<ref name="BMSH2"/><ref>[http://www.riversstate.gov.ng/item/798-bmh-on-west-african-map-%E2%80%93parker.html BMH On West African Map – Parker] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714181234/http://www.riversstate.gov.ng/item/798-bmh-on-west-african-map-%E2%80%93parker.html |date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Asibitin Kelsey Harrison|Kelsey Harrison Hospital]] * Jerin asibitocin Fatakwal == Manazarta == l2bqc6qariul3zwxizkms6tgqtvyvuv 0 78931 883032 798656 2026-07-14T18:39:19Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Darikar Tijjani''' ( {{Lang-ar|الطريقة التجانية}} ) Ɗarikar [[Sufiyya|Sufaye]] ce ta [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahlus-Sunnah]] mai suna Ahmad al-Tijani . Ta samo asali ne a yankin Magrib amma yanzu ta yaɗu a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] musamman a [[Senegal|kasashen Senegal]], [[Gambiya|Gambia]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Ghana]], [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewa]] da Kudu maso yammacin Najeriya da wasu sassan [[Sudan]] . Haka nan odar Tijjaniyyah tana nan a jihohin [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] da [[Karnataka]] a Indiya. Ana ƙiran masu bin sa '''Tijjanī''' ( ''Tijaan'' ko ''Tiijaan'' a [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]], ''Tidiane'' ko ''Tidjane'' a cikin Faransanci). Tijjaniyya suna ba da muhimmanci ga al'adu da ilimi kuma suna jaddada riƙo na mutum ɗaya na almajiri ( ''murid'' ). Don zama memba na oda, dole ne mutum ya karɓi Tijjanī ''[[Zikiri|wird]]'', ko jerin jimloli masu tsarki da za a maimaita sau biyu a kullum, daga ''muqaddam'', ko wakilin oda. == Tarihi da yaɗa oda == === Tushen tsari === An haifi Ahmad al-Tijani (Shekara ta 1737-1815) a Ain Madhi a [[Aljeriya|kasar Aljeriya]] kuma ya rasu a [[Fas|Fes]] na [[Moroko|kasar Morocco]] . Ya yi karatun addini a Fes, Morocco. Da wahayi daga wasu waliyan Moroko ya kafa tsarin Tijjaniyya a cikin 1780s; kafofin sun bambanta dangane da ainihin kwanan wata tsakanin 1781 <ref name="foundingtriaud">see Triaud, 2000</ref> da 1784. <ref name="bbcblas">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2016 |title=Nigeria Court in Kano Sentences Cleric to Death for Blasphemy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35241608 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Tijjaniyya, suna magana ga talakawa, sun mayar da martani ga ’yan’uwantakar [[Qadiriya|Qadiriyyah]] masu ra’ayin mazan jiya, masu matsayi, suna mai da hankali kan gyara zamantakewa da farfaɗowar [[Musulunci]] daga tushe. === Faɗaɗawa a Yammacin Afirka === Umurnin ya zama mafi girma na Sufaye a yammacin Afirka kuma yana ci gaba da faɗaɗa cikin sauri. Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ na ƙabilar Idaw `Ali ne ya kawo shi kudancin Mauritaniya a shekara ta 1789, wadda ta shahara da manyan malamai da jagororinta na musulunci kuma galibin Qadirī ne a lokacin. Kusan dukkanin ƙabilar sun zama Tijjanī a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad al-Hafiẓ, kuma tasirin ƙabilar zai sauƙaƙa saurin faɗaɗa Tijjaniyya zuwa yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Almajirin Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ Sidi Mawlūd Vāl ne ya ƙaddamar da shugaban [[Fulani|Fulɓe]] na ƙarni na 19 [[Umar Taal|Omar Saidou Tall]] da limamin Fulɓe ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Nāqil daga [[Fouta Djallon|Futa Jalon]] (yanzu [[Gini|Guinea]] ) cikin tsari. Bayan samun umarni daga Muḥammad al-Ghālī daga 1828 zuwa 1830 a [[Makkah|Makka]], Umar Tall aka naɗa [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] (majidi ko shugaban wakilin) Ahmad al-Tijjanī na Sudan ta Yamma (Yammacin Saharar Afirka). Daga nan Umar Tall ya jagoranci yaƙi mai tsarki a kan abin da yake gani a matsayin gurbatacciyar gwamnati a yankin, wanda ya haifar da daular Toucouleur mai girma amma mai gushewa a Gabashin Senegal da Mali. Yayin da daular siyasar Omar Saidou Tall ta ba da dama ga mulkin mallaka na Faransa, sakamakon da aka daɗe da shi shine yada musulunci da Ɗarikar Tijjanī ta yawancin yankunan da ake yanzu [[Senegal]], [[Gini|Guinea]], da [[Mali]] (duba Robinson, 1985). A ƙasar Wolof na ƙasar Senegal, musamman yankunan arewacin Kajoor da Masarautar Jolof, Maliki Sy, wanda aka haife shi a shekara ta 1855, ya yaɗa daular Tijjanī ta farko a kusa da Dagana . A cikin 1902, ya kafa wata cibiyar zawiya ko addini a Tivaouane, wacce ta zama cibiyar koyar da al'adun musulunci a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa. Bayan mutuwar Malick Sy a 1922, ɗansa Ababacar Sy ya zama Halifa na farko. Serigne Mansour Sy ya zama Halifa na yanzu a 1997, bayan rasuwar Abdoul Aziz Sy. [[Maulidi]] ko ''Gàmmu'', bikin haifuwar [[Muhammad]], na Tivaouane yana tara mabiya da yawa a kowace shekara. "Gida" ko reshe na Tivaouane ba shine kawai reshe na odar Tijjanī a [[Senegal|Senegal ba]] . Wani ɗan jihadi, Màbba Jaxu Ba, wanda yayi zamani da Umar Tall ne ya yaɗa odar Tijjaniyya zuwa kudanci a yankin [[Masarautar Saloum|Saalum]] na ƙasar Senegal. Bayan da aka ci Màbba aka kashe shi a yaƙin Fandane-Thiuthioune Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, jiharsa ta ruguje amma Tijjaniyya ta kasance mafi rinjayen Sufaye a yankin. Abdoulaye Niass ( zama wakilin mafi mahimmanci na tsari a cikin Saalum., bayan ya yi hijira zuwa kudu daga Jolof, kuma bayan gudun hijira a [[Gambiya]] saboda tashe-tashen hankula da Faransanci, ya dawo don kafa zawiya a birnin Kaolack . Reshen da ɗan Abdoulaye Niass, [[Ibrahim Niass]] ya kafa, a unguwar Kaolack na Madina Baye a cikin 1930, ya zama reshen Tijjaniyya mafi girma kuma mafi girma a duniya a yau. Koyarwar Ibrahim Inyass na cewa dukkan almajirai, ba ƙwararru kaɗai ba, za su iya samun ilimin sufanci kai tsaye na Allah ta hanyar ''tarbiyyah rūhiyyah'' (ilimin sufa) ya mamaye miliyoyin mutane a duniya. Wannan reshe, wanda aka fi sani da ''Tijjaniyyah Ibrāhīmiyyah'' ko ''Faydah'' ("Ambaliya"), ya fi mayar da hankali a [[Senegal]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]], [[Ghana]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], kuma yana da girma a Amurka da Turai. Galibin gidajen yanar gizo na Tijjaniyya da kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna cikin wannan yunƙuri. Marigayi jikan Ibrahim Inyass kuma tsohon [[Liman|limamin]] Madina Baye, Hassan Cissé, yana da dubban almajirai na Amurka kuma ya kafa wata babbar ƙungiya ta ilimi da ci gaba, [[African American Islamic Institute|Cibiyar Musulunci ta Afirka ta Amurka]], a [[Medina Baye|Madina Baye]] mai rassa a wasu sassan duniya. Wani "gidan" na Senegal, a Medina-Gounass, Senegal (a yammacin wurin shakatawa na Niokolo Koba) [[:fr:Mamadou Saidou Ba|Mamadou Saidou Ba]] ya kirkiro. Wani kuma a Thienaba, kusa da Thiès, Almajirin sanannen marabout na Futa Tooro, [[Amadou Sekhou|Amadou Sekhou ne]] . Reshen Ḥamāliyya (Ḥamālliyya), wanda [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cheikh_hamallah/index.html Shaykh Hamallah] ya kafa, yana tsakiyar Nioro, [[Mali]], kuma yana nan a [[Senegal]], [[Ivory Coast|Cote d'Ivoire]], [[Burkina Faso]], da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun membobinta shine marubuci kuma masanin tarihi [[Amadou Hampâté Bâ]], wanda ya adana kuma ya ba da shawarar koyarwar [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cerno_bokar_salif/index.html Tierno Bokar Salif Taal] (Cerno Bokar Salif Taal), "Sage of Banjagara". (Duba [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/brenner/contents.html Louis Brenner], 1984, 2000.) Cherno Muhammadou Jallow ne tare da Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal, wanda ya fara karɓar tarihin Tijjaniyya a yankin Senegambia. Cherno Muhammadou ya shafe sama da shekaru goma sha biyu yana jiran tariha a Saint Louis Senegal, inda Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal ya tura ɗalibinsa Cherno Abubakr. Shi (Cherno Muhammadou) ya fara yaɗa shi a yankin Senegambia. Ta hanyar tarihin baka, shi ne yace (Cherno Muhammadou) ya miƙa shi ga almajirai goma sha biyu. Waɗannan almajiran sun fito daga Mam Mass Kah na Medina Mass Kah, Abdoulaye Niass na Medina Kaolock, Cherno Alieu, Deme na NDiaye Kunda Senegal, Cherno Alieu, Diallo na Djanet a Kolda, don suna kaɗan. Ta hanyar wadannan almajirai tarikha ta yadu a yankin Senegambia da kuma wajenta. Yawancin waɗannan almajirai a yau suna da ɗimbin mabiya kuma dukkansu suna yin La’azin kullum. Cherno Muhammadou ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Omar, wanda daga baya ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Muhammadou. Daga baya Baba Jallow ya ci gaba da neman kakansa (Cherno Muhammadou Jallow) wanda daga baya ya same shi a Casamance. Bayan gano ƙabarin kakansa, Cherno Baba ya ƙirƙiro wata al'umma kuma ya sanya mata suna Sobouldeh kuma ya fara Ziarre na shekara-shekara, inda dubbai ke haɗuwa don karrama shi duk shekara. == Ayyuka == Mambobin ɗarikar Tijjaniyya sun bambanta kansu ta hanyar ayyuka da yawa. Bayan shigar da oda, mutum yana karɓar tijjani wird daga ''muqaddam'' ko wakilin odar. ''Mukaddam'' ya yi bayani ga wanda ya fara gudanar da ayyukan da suka haɗa da kiyaye ka’idojin [[Musulunci]] da suka haɗa da [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Rukunnan Rukuni]] biyar, da girmama iyaye da girmama juna, ba bin wani Sufaye baya ga Tijjaniyya ba. Masu farawa shine su furta kalmar Tijjanī (tsari da ke ɗaukar mintuna goma zuwa goma sha biyar) kowace safiya da rana. Wird dabara ce da ta haɗa da maimaita [[shahada]], istighfar, da addu'a ga Muhammad da ake ƙira ''[[Salatul Fatih|Salat al-Fatih]]'' "Sallar Budawa". Haka nan su halarci [[Wazifah|wazifa]], irin wannan dabarar da ake rera wa a kungiyance, sau da yawa a [[masallaci]] ko zawiya sau ɗaya a kullum, da kuma a cikin Haylalatul Juma'ah, wata dabarar da sauran almajirai suke rera wa a kan. La'asar Juma'a kafin rana ta fadi. Bugu da ƙari, almajirai a wurare da yawa suna shirya taruka na yau da kullun, galibi a ranar Alhamis da yamma ko kafin Waẓīfa da Hailat al-Jum'ah don yin ''[[Zikiri|zikirin]] Allah'', ko ambaton [[Allah]] . A irin waɗannan tarurrukan, ana iya haɗa waƙoƙin yabon Allah, [[Muhammad]], Ahmad at-Tijjanī, ko wani shugaban addini tare da zikiri. Irin waɗannan tarurrukan na iya haɗawa da maimaita sauƙaƙa a matsayin ƙungiya ko amsa ƙira, inda ɗaya ko fiye da shugabanni ke jagorantar waƙar wasu kuma suna maimaita ko kuma ba da amsa. Lokaci-lokaci, gungun almajirai, waɗanda aka fi sani da ''daayira'' a Senegal, daga ''da’irah'' na Larabci, ko “da’ira”, na iya shirya taron addini, inda za su gayyaci ɗaya ko fiye da fitattun masu magana ko mawaƙa don yin magana a kan wani jigo. kamar rayuwar Muhammad ko wani shugaban addini, wani farilla na musamman na addini kamar [[Azumi|azumin]] Ramadan, ko yanayin Allah. Babban taron gama gari mafi mahimmanci na shekara ga yawancin ƙungiyoyin Tijjaniyya shine Maulidi, wanda aka sani a Wolof a matsayin ''Gàmmu'' (waɗanda aka aro daga tsohuwar bikin addini na Serer na "Gamo" ko "Gamou" na mutanen Serer, daga kalmar Serer ''Gamahou'' ko ''Gamohou'' <ref>Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)". (1972). Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B, no 4, 1972, pp. 706–7 (pp. 4–5), pp. 713–14 (pp. 9–10).</ref> ) ko kuma maulidin Muhammad, wanda ya zo a daren 12 ga watan musulunci na Rabi’ul Awwal (wanda ke nufin daren da ya gabaci 12 ga wata, kamar yadda kwanakin musulunci ke farawa ne da faɗuwar rana ba tsakar dare ba). Yawancin manyan cibiyoyin addini na Tijjaniyya suna shirya babban taron Maulidi sau ɗaya a shekara, kuma dubban ɗaruruwan almajirai ne ke halarta mafi girma (a Tivaouane, Kaolack, Prang, Kiota, Kano, Fadama, da sauransu). A duk shekara, al'ummomin yankin suna shirya ƙaramin Maulidi. bukukuwan. Waɗannan tarurrukan yawanci suna tafiya ne daga misalin tsakar dare har zuwa bayan fitowar alfijir na tsawon sa'o'i na zikiri da rera waƙoƙi da jawabai kan rayuwar Muhammad. == Duba kuma == * [[Sufiyya|Sufanci]] * [[Wazifa]] * [[Lazimi]] * [[Salatul Fatih]] * Jerin umarni Sufaye * 'Yan uwan Musulmi na Senegal * Ahmad At Tijjani Ibn Bâba Al-Alawy * [[Sheikh Abubakre Sidiq Bello|Sheikh Abubakar Sidiq Bello]] == Manazarta == * Brenner, Louis. 2000. "Amadou Hampâté Bâ: Tijjani Francophone." A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Davidson, Basil. 1995. ''Afirka a Tarihi'' . New York: Simon & Schuster. * Klein, Martin A. 1968. ''Musulunci da mulkin mallaka a Senegal: Sine-Saloum 1847-1914.'' Stanford: Jami'ar Stanford Press. * Robinson, David. 1985. ''Yakin Umar Tall.'' Oxford: Clarendon. * Triaud, Jean-Louis. 2000. "La Tijjaniyya, une confrérie musulmane pas comme les autres?" A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Triaud, Jean-Louis da David Robinson, ed. 2000. ''La Tijjaniyya: Une confrérie musulmane à la conquête de l'Afrique.'' Paris: Karthala. * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mali_native.html Kasashen duniya- a nan Mali Jihohin Gargajiya] * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf ''Jawâhir Ul Ma'âni''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020609/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} du Shaykh [['Alî Al Harâzim|'Ali Al Harâzim]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. Traduit en francais par le Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah et son neveu Moustapha Benmoussa. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc ''Al Boghia : Mataâlib = Requêtes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020600/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc |date=2011-08-11 }} de [['Sidi Larbi Ben Sayeh]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html ''La Tijjania''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717115930/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html |date=2011-07-17 }} du [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|'Pr.]] [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|Abdelaziz Benabdallah]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf الشيخ سيدي أحمد التجاني، أبعاد ضلاعته العلمية.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf بقلم أحمد بن عبد العزيز بن عبد الله, من الموقع الإلكتروني للأستاذ عبد العزيز بن عبد الله.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/Sufism/Orders/Tijani/}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2wldxj5ucisgzleirfbfspe1wi5u12n 883033 883032 2026-07-14T18:39:59Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Darikar Tijjani''' ( {{Lang-ar|الطريقة التجانية}} ) Ɗarikar [[Sufiyya|Sufaye]] ce ta [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahlus-Sunnah]] mai suna Ahmad al-Tijani . Ta samo asali ne a yankin Magrib amma yanzu ta yaɗu a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] musamman a [[Senegal|kasashen Senegal]], [[Gambiya|Gambia]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Ghana]], [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewa]] da Kudu maso yammacin Najeriya da wasu sassan [[Sudan]] . Haka nan odar Tijjaniyyah tana nan a jihohin [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] da [[Karnataka]] a Indiya. Ana ƙiran masu bin sa '''Tijjanī''' ( ''Tijaan'' ko ''Tiijaan'' a [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]], ''Tidiane'' ko ''Tidjane'' a cikin Faransanci). Tijjaniyya suna ba da muhimmanci ga al'adu da ilimi kuma suna jaddada riƙo na mutum ɗaya na almajiri ( ''murid'' ). Don zama memba na oda, dole ne mutum ya karɓi Tijjanī ''[[Zikiri|wird]]'', ko jerin jimloli masu tsarki da za a maimaita sau biyu a kullum, daga ''muqaƙƙam'', ko wakilin oda. == Tarihi da yaɗa oda == === Tushen tsari === An haifi Ahmad al-Tijani (Shekara ta 1737-1815) a Ain Madhi a [[Aljeriya|kasar Aljeriya]] kuma ya rasu a [[Fas|Fes]] na [[Moroko|kasar Morocco]] . Ya yi karatun addini a Fes, Morocco. Da wahayi daga wasu waliyan Moroko ya kafa tsarin Tijjaniyya a cikin 1780s; kafofin sun bambanta dangane da ainihin kwanan wata tsakanin 1781 <ref name="foundingtriaud">see Triaud, 2000</ref> da 1784. <ref name="bbcblas">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2016 |title=Nigeria Court in Kano Sentences Cleric to Death for Blasphemy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35241608 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Tijjaniyya, suna magana ga talakawa, sun mayar da martani ga ’yan’uwantakar [[Qadiriya|Qadiriyyah]] masu ra’ayin mazan jiya, masu matsayi, suna mai da hankali kan gyara zamantakewa da farfaɗowar [[Musulunci]] daga tushe. === Faɗaɗawa a Yammacin Afirka === Umurnin ya zama mafi girma na Sufaye a yammacin Afirka kuma yana ci gaba da faɗaɗa cikin sauri. Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ na ƙabilar Idaw `Ali ne ya kawo shi kudancin Mauritaniya a shekara ta 1789, wadda ta shahara da manyan malamai da jagororinta na musulunci kuma galibin Qadirī ne a lokacin. Kusan dukkanin ƙabilar sun zama Tijjanī a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad al-Hafiẓ, kuma tasirin ƙabilar zai sauƙaƙa saurin faɗaɗa Tijjaniyya zuwa yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Almajirin Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ Sidi Mawlūd Vāl ne ya ƙaddamar da shugaban [[Fulani|Fulɓe]] na ƙarni na 19 [[Umar Taal|Omar Saidou Tall]] da limamin Fulɓe ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Nāqil daga [[Fouta Djallon|Futa Jalon]] (yanzu [[Gini|Guinea]] ) cikin tsari. Bayan samun umarni daga Muḥammad al-Ghālī daga 1828 zuwa 1830 a [[Makkah|Makka]], Umar Tall aka naɗa [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] (majidi ko shugaban wakilin) Ahmad al-Tijjanī na Sudan ta Yamma (Yammacin Saharar Afirka). Daga nan Umar Tall ya jagoranci yaƙi mai tsarki a kan abin da yake gani a matsayin gurbatacciyar gwamnati a yankin, wanda ya haifar da daular Toucouleur mai girma amma mai gushewa a Gabashin Senegal da Mali. Yayin da daular siyasar Omar Saidou Tall ta ba da dama ga mulkin mallaka na Faransa, sakamakon da aka daɗe da shi shine yada musulunci da Ɗarikar Tijjanī ta yawancin yankunan da ake yanzu [[Senegal]], [[Gini|Guinea]], da [[Mali]] (duba Robinson, 1985). A ƙasar Wolof na ƙasar Senegal, musamman yankunan arewacin Kajoor da Masarautar Jolof, Maliki Sy, wanda aka haife shi a shekara ta 1855, ya yaɗa daular Tijjanī ta farko a kusa da Dagana . A cikin 1902, ya kafa wata cibiyar zawiya ko addini a Tivaouane, wacce ta zama cibiyar koyar da al'adun musulunci a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa. Bayan mutuwar Malick Sy a 1922, ɗansa Ababacar Sy ya zama Halifa na farko. Serigne Mansour Sy ya zama Halifa na yanzu a 1997, bayan rasuwar Abdoul Aziz Sy. [[Maulidi]] ko ''Gàmmu'', bikin haifuwar [[Muhammad]], na Tivaouane yana tara mabiya da yawa a kowace shekara. "Gida" ko reshe na Tivaouane ba shine kawai reshe na odar Tijjanī a [[Senegal|Senegal ba]] . Wani ɗan jihadi, Màbba Jaxu Ba, wanda yayi zamani da Umar Tall ne ya yaɗa odar Tijjaniyya zuwa kudanci a yankin [[Masarautar Saloum|Saalum]] na ƙasar Senegal. Bayan da aka ci Màbba aka kashe shi a yaƙin Fandane-Thiuthioune Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, jiharsa ta ruguje amma Tijjaniyya ta kasance mafi rinjayen Sufaye a yankin. Abdoulaye Niass ( zama wakilin mafi mahimmanci na tsari a cikin Saalum., bayan ya yi hijira zuwa kudu daga Jolof, kuma bayan gudun hijira a [[Gambiya]] saboda tashe-tashen hankula da Faransanci, ya dawo don kafa zawiya a birnin Kaolack . Reshen da ɗan Abdoulaye Niass, [[Ibrahim Niass]] ya kafa, a unguwar Kaolack na Madina Baye a cikin 1930, ya zama reshen Tijjaniyya mafi girma kuma mafi girma a duniya a yau. Koyarwar Ibrahim Inyass na cewa dukkan almajirai, ba ƙwararru kaɗai ba, za su iya samun ilimin sufanci kai tsaye na Allah ta hanyar ''tarbiyyah rūhiyyah'' (ilimin sufa) ya mamaye miliyoyin mutane a duniya. Wannan reshe, wanda aka fi sani da ''Tijjaniyyah Ibrāhīmiyyah'' ko ''Faydah'' ("Ambaliya"), ya fi mayar da hankali a [[Senegal]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]], [[Ghana]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], kuma yana da girma a Amurka da Turai. Galibin gidajen yanar gizo na Tijjaniyya da kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna cikin wannan yunƙuri. Marigayi jikan Ibrahim Inyass kuma tsohon [[Liman|limamin]] Madina Baye, Hassan Cissé, yana da dubban almajirai na Amurka kuma ya kafa wata babbar ƙungiya ta ilimi da ci gaba, [[African American Islamic Institute|Cibiyar Musulunci ta Afirka ta Amurka]], a [[Medina Baye|Madina Baye]] mai rassa a wasu sassan duniya. Wani "gidan" na Senegal, a Medina-Gounass, Senegal (a yammacin wurin shakatawa na Niokolo Koba) [[:fr:Mamadou Saidou Ba|Mamadou Saidou Ba]] ya kirkiro. Wani kuma a Thienaba, kusa da Thiès, Almajirin sanannen marabout na Futa Tooro, [[Amadou Sekhou|Amadou Sekhou ne]] . Reshen Ḥamāliyya (Ḥamālliyya), wanda [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cheikh_hamallah/index.html Shaykh Hamallah] ya kafa, yana tsakiyar Nioro, [[Mali]], kuma yana nan a [[Senegal]], [[Ivory Coast|Cote d'Ivoire]], [[Burkina Faso]], da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun membobinta shine marubuci kuma masanin tarihi [[Amadou Hampâté Bâ]], wanda ya adana kuma ya ba da shawarar koyarwar [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cerno_bokar_salif/index.html Tierno Bokar Salif Taal] (Cerno Bokar Salif Taal), "Sage of Banjagara". (Duba [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/brenner/contents.html Louis Brenner], 1984, 2000.) Cherno Muhammadou Jallow ne tare da Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal, wanda ya fara karɓar tarihin Tijjaniyya a yankin Senegambia. Cherno Muhammadou ya shafe sama da shekaru goma sha biyu yana jiran tariha a Saint Louis Senegal, inda Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal ya tura ɗalibinsa Cherno Abubakr. Shi (Cherno Muhammadou) ya fara yaɗa shi a yankin Senegambia. Ta hanyar tarihin baka, shi ne yace (Cherno Muhammadou) ya miƙa shi ga almajirai goma sha biyu. Waɗannan almajiran sun fito daga Mam Mass Kah na Medina Mass Kah, Abdoulaye Niass na Medina Kaolock, Cherno Alieu, Deme na NDiaye Kunda Senegal, Cherno Alieu, Diallo na Djanet a Kolda, don suna kaɗan. Ta hanyar wadannan almajirai tarikha ta yadu a yankin Senegambia da kuma wajenta. Yawancin waɗannan almajirai a yau suna da ɗimbin mabiya kuma dukkansu suna yin La’azin kullum. Cherno Muhammadou ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Omar, wanda daga baya ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Muhammadou. Daga baya Baba Jallow ya ci gaba da neman kakansa (Cherno Muhammadou Jallow) wanda daga baya ya same shi a Casamance. Bayan gano ƙabarin kakansa, Cherno Baba ya ƙirƙiro wata al'umma kuma ya sanya mata suna Sobouldeh kuma ya fara Ziarre na shekara-shekara, inda dubbai ke haɗuwa don karrama shi duk shekara. == Ayyuka == Mambobin ɗarikar Tijjaniyya sun bambanta kansu ta hanyar ayyuka da yawa. Bayan shigar da oda, mutum yana karɓar tijjani wird daga ''muqaddam'' ko wakilin odar. ''Mukaddam'' ya yi bayani ga wanda ya fara gudanar da ayyukan da suka haɗa da kiyaye ka’idojin [[Musulunci]] da suka haɗa da [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Rukunnan Rukuni]] biyar, da girmama iyaye da girmama juna, ba bin wani Sufaye baya ga Tijjaniyya ba. Masu farawa shine su furta kalmar Tijjanī (tsari da ke ɗaukar mintuna goma zuwa goma sha biyar) kowace safiya da rana. Wird dabara ce da ta haɗa da maimaita [[shahada]], istighfar, da addu'a ga Muhammad da ake ƙira ''[[Salatul Fatih|Salat al-Fatih]]'' "Sallar Budawa". Haka nan su halarci [[Wazifah|wazifa]], irin wannan dabarar da ake rera wa a kungiyance, sau da yawa a [[masallaci]] ko zawiya sau ɗaya a kullum, da kuma a cikin Haylalatul Juma'ah, wata dabarar da sauran almajirai suke rera wa a kan. La'asar Juma'a kafin rana ta fadi. Bugu da ƙari, almajirai a wurare da yawa suna shirya taruka na yau da kullun, galibi a ranar Alhamis da yamma ko kafin Waẓīfa da Hailat al-Jum'ah don yin ''[[Zikiri|zikirin]] Allah'', ko ambaton [[Allah]] . A irin waɗannan tarurrukan, ana iya haɗa waƙoƙin yabon Allah, [[Muhammad]], Ahmad at-Tijjanī, ko wani shugaban addini tare da zikiri. Irin waɗannan tarurrukan na iya haɗawa da maimaita sauƙaƙa a matsayin ƙungiya ko amsa ƙira, inda ɗaya ko fiye da shugabanni ke jagorantar waƙar wasu kuma suna maimaita ko kuma ba da amsa. Lokaci-lokaci, gungun almajirai, waɗanda aka fi sani da ''daayira'' a Senegal, daga ''da’irah'' na Larabci, ko “da’ira”, na iya shirya taron addini, inda za su gayyaci ɗaya ko fiye da fitattun masu magana ko mawaƙa don yin magana a kan wani jigo. kamar rayuwar Muhammad ko wani shugaban addini, wani farilla na musamman na addini kamar [[Azumi|azumin]] Ramadan, ko yanayin Allah. Babban taron gama gari mafi mahimmanci na shekara ga yawancin ƙungiyoyin Tijjaniyya shine Maulidi, wanda aka sani a Wolof a matsayin ''Gàmmu'' (waɗanda aka aro daga tsohuwar bikin addini na Serer na "Gamo" ko "Gamou" na mutanen Serer, daga kalmar Serer ''Gamahou'' ko ''Gamohou'' <ref>Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)". (1972). Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B, no 4, 1972, pp. 706–7 (pp. 4–5), pp. 713–14 (pp. 9–10).</ref> ) ko kuma maulidin Muhammad, wanda ya zo a daren 12 ga watan musulunci na Rabi’ul Awwal (wanda ke nufin daren da ya gabaci 12 ga wata, kamar yadda kwanakin musulunci ke farawa ne da faɗuwar rana ba tsakar dare ba). Yawancin manyan cibiyoyin addini na Tijjaniyya suna shirya babban taron Maulidi sau ɗaya a shekara, kuma dubban ɗaruruwan almajirai ne ke halarta mafi girma (a Tivaouane, Kaolack, Prang, Kiota, Kano, Fadama, da sauransu). A duk shekara, al'ummomin yankin suna shirya ƙaramin Maulidi. bukukuwan. Waɗannan tarurrukan yawanci suna tafiya ne daga misalin tsakar dare har zuwa bayan fitowar alfijir na tsawon sa'o'i na zikiri da rera waƙoƙi da jawabai kan rayuwar Muhammad. == Duba kuma == * [[Sufiyya|Sufanci]] * [[Wazifa]] * [[Lazimi]] * [[Salatul Fatih]] * Jerin umarni Sufaye * 'Yan uwan Musulmi na Senegal * Ahmad At Tijjani Ibn Bâba Al-Alawy * [[Sheikh Abubakre Sidiq Bello|Sheikh Abubakar Sidiq Bello]] == Manazarta == * Brenner, Louis. 2000. "Amadou Hampâté Bâ: Tijjani Francophone." A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Davidson, Basil. 1995. ''Afirka a Tarihi'' . New York: Simon & Schuster. * Klein, Martin A. 1968. ''Musulunci da mulkin mallaka a Senegal: Sine-Saloum 1847-1914.'' Stanford: Jami'ar Stanford Press. * Robinson, David. 1985. ''Yakin Umar Tall.'' Oxford: Clarendon. * Triaud, Jean-Louis. 2000. "La Tijjaniyya, une confrérie musulmane pas comme les autres?" A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Triaud, Jean-Louis da David Robinson, ed. 2000. ''La Tijjaniyya: Une confrérie musulmane à la conquête de l'Afrique.'' Paris: Karthala. * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mali_native.html Kasashen duniya- a nan Mali Jihohin Gargajiya] * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf ''Jawâhir Ul Ma'âni''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020609/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} du Shaykh [['Alî Al Harâzim|'Ali Al Harâzim]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. Traduit en francais par le Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah et son neveu Moustapha Benmoussa. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc ''Al Boghia : Mataâlib = Requêtes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020600/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc |date=2011-08-11 }} de [['Sidi Larbi Ben Sayeh]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html ''La Tijjania''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717115930/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html |date=2011-07-17 }} du [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|'Pr.]] [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|Abdelaziz Benabdallah]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf الشيخ سيدي أحمد التجاني، أبعاد ضلاعته العلمية.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf بقلم أحمد بن عبد العزيز بن عبد الله, من الموقع الإلكتروني للأستاذ عبد العزيز بن عبد الله.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/Sufism/Orders/Tijani/}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] efryzbscysuvtqxmomnvp18weouz4pt 883036 883033 2026-07-14T18:40:51Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Darikar Tijjani''' ( {{Lang-ar|الطريقة التجانية}} ) Ɗarikar [[Sufiyya|Sufaye]] ce ta [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahlus-Sunnah]] mai suna Ahmad al-Tijani . Ta samo asali ne a yankin Magrib amma yanzu ta yaɗu a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] musamman a [[Senegal|kasashen Senegal]], [[Gambiya|Gambia]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Ghana]], [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewa]] da Kudu maso yammacin Najeriya da wasu sassan [[Sudan]] . Haka nan odar Tijjaniyyah tana nan a jihohin [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] da [[Karnataka]] a Indiya. Ana ƙiran masu bin sa '''Tijjanī''' ( ''Tijaan'' ko ''Tiijaan'' a [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]], ''Tidiane'' ko ''Tidjane'' a cikin Faransanci). Tijjaniyya suna ba da muhimmanci ga al'adu da ilimi kuma suna jaddada riƙo na mutum ɗaya na almajiri ( ''murid'' ). Don zama memba na oda, dole ne mutum ya karɓi Tijjanī ''[[Zikiri|wird]]'', ko jerin jimloli masu tsarki da za a maimaita sau biyu a kullum, daga ''muqaƙƙam'', ko wakilin oda. == Tarihi da yaɗa oda == === Tushen tsari === An haifi Ahmad al-Tijani (Shekara ta 1737-1815) a Ain Madhi a [[Aljeriya|ƙasar Aljeriya]] kuma ya rasu a [[Fas|Fes]] na [[Moroko|kasar Morocco]] . Ya yi karatun addini a Fes, Morocco. Da wahayi daga wasu waliyan Moroko ya kafa tsarin Tijjaniyya a Shekarar 1780s; kafofin sun bambanta dangane da ainihin kwanan wata tsakanin 1781 <ref name="foundingtriaud">see Triaud, 2000</ref> da 1784. <ref name="bbcblas">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2016 |title=Nigeria Court in Kano Sentences Cleric to Death for Blasphemy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35241608 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Tijjaniyya, suna magana ga talakawa, sun mayar da martani ga ’yan’uwantakar [[Qadiriya|Qadiriyyah]] masu ra’ayin mazan jiya, masu matsayi, suna mai da hankali kan gyara zamantakewa da farfaɗowar [[Musulunci]] daga tushe. === Faɗaɗawa a Yammacin Afirka === Umurnin ya zama mafi girma na Sufaye a yammacin Afirka kuma yana ci gaba da faɗaɗa cikin sauri. Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ na ƙabilar Idaw `Ali ne ya kawo shi kudancin Mauritaniya a shekara ta 1789, wadda ta shahara da manyan malamai da jagororinta na musulunci kuma galibin Qadirī ne a lokacin. Kusan dukkanin ƙabilar sun zama Tijjanī a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad al-Hafiẓ, kuma tasirin ƙabilar zai sauƙaƙa saurin faɗaɗa Tijjaniyya zuwa yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Almajirin Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ Sidi Mawlūd Vāl ne ya ƙaddamar da shugaban [[Fulani|Fulɓe]] na ƙarni na 19 [[Umar Taal|Omar Saidou Tall]] da limamin Fulɓe ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Nāqil daga [[Fouta Djallon|Futa Jalon]] (yanzu [[Gini|Guinea]] ) cikin tsari. Bayan samun umarni daga Muḥammad al-Ghālī daga 1828 zuwa 1830 a [[Makkah|Makka]], Umar Tall aka naɗa [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] (majidi ko shugaban wakilin) Ahmad al-Tijjanī na Sudan ta Yamma (Yammacin Saharar Afirka). Daga nan Umar Tall ya jagoranci yaƙi mai tsarki a kan abin da yake gani a matsayin gurbatacciyar gwamnati a yankin, wanda ya haifar da daular Toucouleur mai girma amma mai gushewa a Gabashin Senegal da Mali. Yayin da daular siyasar Omar Saidou Tall ta ba da dama ga mulkin mallaka na Faransa, sakamakon da aka daɗe da shi shine yada musulunci da Ɗarikar Tijjanī ta yawancin yankunan da ake yanzu [[Senegal]], [[Gini|Guinea]], da [[Mali]] (duba Robinson, 1985). A ƙasar Wolof na ƙasar Senegal, musamman yankunan arewacin Kajoor da Masarautar Jolof, Maliki Sy, wanda aka haife shi a shekara ta 1855, ya yaɗa daular Tijjanī ta farko a kusa da Dagana . A cikin 1902, ya kafa wata cibiyar zawiya ko addini a Tivaouane, wacce ta zama cibiyar koyar da al'adun musulunci a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa. Bayan mutuwar Malick Sy a 1922, ɗansa Ababacar Sy ya zama Halifa na farko. Serigne Mansour Sy ya zama Halifa na yanzu a 1997, bayan rasuwar Abdoul Aziz Sy. [[Maulidi]] ko ''Gàmmu'', bikin haifuwar [[Muhammad]], na Tivaouane yana tara mabiya da yawa a kowace shekara. "Gida" ko reshe na Tivaouane ba shine kawai reshe na odar Tijjanī a [[Senegal|Senegal ba]] . Wani ɗan jihadi, Màbba Jaxu Ba, wanda yayi zamani da Umar Tall ne ya yaɗa odar Tijjaniyya zuwa kudanci a yankin [[Masarautar Saloum|Saalum]] na ƙasar Senegal. Bayan da aka ci Màbba aka kashe shi a yaƙin Fandane-Thiuthioune Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, jiharsa ta ruguje amma Tijjaniyya ta kasance mafi rinjayen Sufaye a yankin. Abdoulaye Niass ( zama wakilin mafi mahimmanci na tsari a cikin Saalum., bayan ya yi hijira zuwa kudu daga Jolof, kuma bayan gudun hijira a [[Gambiya]] saboda tashe-tashen hankula da Faransanci, ya dawo don kafa zawiya a birnin Kaolack . Reshen da ɗan Abdoulaye Niass, [[Ibrahim Niass]] ya kafa, a unguwar Kaolack na Madina Baye a cikin 1930, ya zama reshen Tijjaniyya mafi girma kuma mafi girma a duniya a yau. Koyarwar Ibrahim Inyass na cewa dukkan almajirai, ba ƙwararru kaɗai ba, za su iya samun ilimin sufanci kai tsaye na Allah ta hanyar ''tarbiyyah rūhiyyah'' (ilimin sufa) ya mamaye miliyoyin mutane a duniya. Wannan reshe, wanda aka fi sani da ''Tijjaniyyah Ibrāhīmiyyah'' ko ''Faydah'' ("Ambaliya"), ya fi mayar da hankali a [[Senegal]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]], [[Ghana]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], kuma yana da girma a Amurka da Turai. Galibin gidajen yanar gizo na Tijjaniyya da kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna cikin wannan yunƙuri. Marigayi jikan Ibrahim Inyass kuma tsohon [[Liman|limamin]] Madina Baye, Hassan Cissé, yana da dubban almajirai na Amurka kuma ya kafa wata babbar ƙungiya ta ilimi da ci gaba, [[African American Islamic Institute|Cibiyar Musulunci ta Afirka ta Amurka]], a [[Medina Baye|Madina Baye]] mai rassa a wasu sassan duniya. Wani "gidan" na Senegal, a Medina-Gounass, Senegal (a yammacin wurin shakatawa na Niokolo Koba) [[:fr:Mamadou Saidou Ba|Mamadou Saidou Ba]] ya kirkiro. Wani kuma a Thienaba, kusa da Thiès, Almajirin sanannen marabout na Futa Tooro, [[Amadou Sekhou|Amadou Sekhou ne]] . Reshen Ḥamāliyya (Ḥamālliyya), wanda [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cheikh_hamallah/index.html Shaykh Hamallah] ya kafa, yana tsakiyar Nioro, [[Mali]], kuma yana nan a [[Senegal]], [[Ivory Coast|Cote d'Ivoire]], [[Burkina Faso]], da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun membobinta shine marubuci kuma masanin tarihi [[Amadou Hampâté Bâ]], wanda ya adana kuma ya ba da shawarar koyarwar [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cerno_bokar_salif/index.html Tierno Bokar Salif Taal] (Cerno Bokar Salif Taal), "Sage of Banjagara". (Duba [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/brenner/contents.html Louis Brenner], 1984, 2000.) Cherno Muhammadou Jallow ne tare da Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal, wanda ya fara karɓar tarihin Tijjaniyya a yankin Senegambia. Cherno Muhammadou ya shafe sama da shekaru goma sha biyu yana jiran tariha a Saint Louis Senegal, inda Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal ya tura ɗalibinsa Cherno Abubakr. Shi (Cherno Muhammadou) ya fara yaɗa shi a yankin Senegambia. Ta hanyar tarihin baka, shi ne yace (Cherno Muhammadou) ya miƙa shi ga almajirai goma sha biyu. Waɗannan almajiran sun fito daga Mam Mass Kah na Medina Mass Kah, Abdoulaye Niass na Medina Kaolock, Cherno Alieu, Deme na NDiaye Kunda Senegal, Cherno Alieu, Diallo na Djanet a Kolda, don suna kaɗan. Ta hanyar wadannan almajirai tarikha ta yadu a yankin Senegambia da kuma wajenta. Yawancin waɗannan almajirai a yau suna da ɗimbin mabiya kuma dukkansu suna yin La’azin kullum. Cherno Muhammadou ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Omar, wanda daga baya ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Muhammadou. Daga baya Baba Jallow ya ci gaba da neman kakansa (Cherno Muhammadou Jallow) wanda daga baya ya same shi a Casamance. Bayan gano ƙabarin kakansa, Cherno Baba ya ƙirƙiro wata al'umma kuma ya sanya mata suna Sobouldeh kuma ya fara Ziarre na shekara-shekara, inda dubbai ke haɗuwa don karrama shi duk shekara. == Ayyuka == Mambobin ɗarikar Tijjaniyya sun bambanta kansu ta hanyar ayyuka da yawa. Bayan shigar da oda, mutum yana karɓar tijjani wird daga ''muqaddam'' ko wakilin odar. ''Mukaddam'' ya yi bayani ga wanda ya fara gudanar da ayyukan da suka haɗa da kiyaye ka’idojin [[Musulunci]] da suka haɗa da [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Rukunnan Rukuni]] biyar, da girmama iyaye da girmama juna, ba bin wani Sufaye baya ga Tijjaniyya ba. Masu farawa shine su furta kalmar Tijjanī (tsari da ke ɗaukar mintuna goma zuwa goma sha biyar) kowace safiya da rana. Wird dabara ce da ta haɗa da maimaita [[shahada]], istighfar, da addu'a ga Muhammad da ake ƙira ''[[Salatul Fatih|Salat al-Fatih]]'' "Sallar Budawa". Haka nan su halarci [[Wazifah|wazifa]], irin wannan dabarar da ake rera wa a kungiyance, sau da yawa a [[masallaci]] ko zawiya sau ɗaya a kullum, da kuma a cikin Haylalatul Juma'ah, wata dabarar da sauran almajirai suke rera wa a kan. La'asar Juma'a kafin rana ta fadi. Bugu da ƙari, almajirai a wurare da yawa suna shirya taruka na yau da kullun, galibi a ranar Alhamis da yamma ko kafin Waẓīfa da Hailat al-Jum'ah don yin ''[[Zikiri|zikirin]] Allah'', ko ambaton [[Allah]] . A irin waɗannan tarurrukan, ana iya haɗa waƙoƙin yabon Allah, [[Muhammad]], Ahmad at-Tijjanī, ko wani shugaban addini tare da zikiri. Irin waɗannan tarurrukan na iya haɗawa da maimaita sauƙaƙa a matsayin ƙungiya ko amsa ƙira, inda ɗaya ko fiye da shugabanni ke jagorantar waƙar wasu kuma suna maimaita ko kuma ba da amsa. Lokaci-lokaci, gungun almajirai, waɗanda aka fi sani da ''daayira'' a Senegal, daga ''da’irah'' na Larabci, ko “da’ira”, na iya shirya taron addini, inda za su gayyaci ɗaya ko fiye da fitattun masu magana ko mawaƙa don yin magana a kan wani jigo. kamar rayuwar Muhammad ko wani shugaban addini, wani farilla na musamman na addini kamar [[Azumi|azumin]] Ramadan, ko yanayin Allah. Babban taron gama gari mafi mahimmanci na shekara ga yawancin ƙungiyoyin Tijjaniyya shine Maulidi, wanda aka sani a Wolof a matsayin ''Gàmmu'' (waɗanda aka aro daga tsohuwar bikin addini na Serer na "Gamo" ko "Gamou" na mutanen Serer, daga kalmar Serer ''Gamahou'' ko ''Gamohou'' <ref>Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)". (1972). Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B, no 4, 1972, pp. 706–7 (pp. 4–5), pp. 713–14 (pp. 9–10).</ref> ) ko kuma maulidin Muhammad, wanda ya zo a daren 12 ga watan musulunci na Rabi’ul Awwal (wanda ke nufin daren da ya gabaci 12 ga wata, kamar yadda kwanakin musulunci ke farawa ne da faɗuwar rana ba tsakar dare ba). Yawancin manyan cibiyoyin addini na Tijjaniyya suna shirya babban taron Maulidi sau ɗaya a shekara, kuma dubban ɗaruruwan almajirai ne ke halarta mafi girma (a Tivaouane, Kaolack, Prang, Kiota, Kano, Fadama, da sauransu). A duk shekara, al'ummomin yankin suna shirya ƙaramin Maulidi. bukukuwan. Waɗannan tarurrukan yawanci suna tafiya ne daga misalin tsakar dare har zuwa bayan fitowar alfijir na tsawon sa'o'i na zikiri da rera waƙoƙi da jawabai kan rayuwar Muhammad. == Duba kuma == * [[Sufiyya|Sufanci]] * [[Wazifa]] * [[Lazimi]] * [[Salatul Fatih]] * Jerin umarni Sufaye * 'Yan uwan Musulmi na Senegal * Ahmad At Tijjani Ibn Bâba Al-Alawy * [[Sheikh Abubakre Sidiq Bello|Sheikh Abubakar Sidiq Bello]] == Manazarta == * Brenner, Louis. 2000. "Amadou Hampâté Bâ: Tijjani Francophone." A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Davidson, Basil. 1995. ''Afirka a Tarihi'' . New York: Simon & Schuster. * Klein, Martin A. 1968. ''Musulunci da mulkin mallaka a Senegal: Sine-Saloum 1847-1914.'' Stanford: Jami'ar Stanford Press. * Robinson, David. 1985. ''Yakin Umar Tall.'' Oxford: Clarendon. * Triaud, Jean-Louis. 2000. "La Tijjaniyya, une confrérie musulmane pas comme les autres?" A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Triaud, Jean-Louis da David Robinson, ed. 2000. ''La Tijjaniyya: Une confrérie musulmane à la conquête de l'Afrique.'' Paris: Karthala. * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mali_native.html Kasashen duniya- a nan Mali Jihohin Gargajiya] * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf ''Jawâhir Ul Ma'âni''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020609/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} du Shaykh [['Alî Al Harâzim|'Ali Al Harâzim]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. Traduit en francais par le Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah et son neveu Moustapha Benmoussa. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc ''Al Boghia : Mataâlib = Requêtes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020600/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc |date=2011-08-11 }} de [['Sidi Larbi Ben Sayeh]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html ''La Tijjania''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717115930/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html |date=2011-07-17 }} du [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|'Pr.]] [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|Abdelaziz Benabdallah]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf الشيخ سيدي أحمد التجاني، أبعاد ضلاعته العلمية.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf بقلم أحمد بن عبد العزيز بن عبد الله, من الموقع الإلكتروني للأستاذ عبد العزيز بن عبد الله.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/Sufism/Orders/Tijani/}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1dnt3hs9l5czyqbrvjhg5asx87q61hl 883037 883036 2026-07-14T18:41:52Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Darikar Tijjani''' ( {{Lang-ar|الطريقة التجانية}} ) Ɗarikar [[Sufiyya|Sufaye]] ce ta [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahlus-Sunnah]] mai suna Ahmad al-Tijani . Ta samo asali ne a yankin Magrib amma yanzu ta yaɗu a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] musamman a [[Senegal|kasashen Senegal]], [[Gambiya|Gambia]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Ghana]], [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewa]] da Kudu maso yammacin Najeriya da wasu sassan [[Sudan]] . Haka nan odar Tijjaniyyah tana nan a jihohin [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] da [[Karnataka]] a Indiya. Ana ƙiran masu bin sa '''Tijjanī''' ( ''Tijaan'' ko ''Tiijaan'' a [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]], ''Tidiane'' ko ''Tidjane'' a cikin Faransanci). Tijjaniyya suna ba da muhimmanci ga al'adu da ilimi kuma suna jaddada riƙo na mutum ɗaya na almajiri ( ''murid'' ). Don zama memba na oda, dole ne mutum ya karɓi Tijjanī ''[[Zikiri|wird]]'', ko jerin jimloli masu tsarki da za a maimaita sau biyu a kullum, daga ''muqaƙƙam'', ko wakilin oda. == Tarihi da yaɗa oda == === Tushen tsari === An haifi Ahmad al-Tijani (Shekara ta 1737-1815) a Ain Madhi a [[Aljeriya|ƙasar Aljeriya]] kuma ya rasu a [[Fas|Fes]] na [[Moroko|kasar Morocco]] . Ya yi karatun addini a Fes, Morocco. Da wahayi daga wasu waliyan Moroko ya kafa tsarin Tijjaniyya a Shekarar 1780s; ƙafofin sun bambanta dangane da ainihin kwanan wata tsakanin 1781 <ref name="foundingtriaud">see Triaud, 2000</ref> da 1784. <ref name="bbcblas">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2016 |title=Nigeria Court in Kano Sentences Cleric to Death for Blasphemy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35241608 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Tijjaniyya, suna magana ga talakawa, sun mayar da martani ga ’yan’uwantakar [[Qadiriya|Qadiriyyah]] masu ra’ayin mazan jiya, masu matsayi, suna mai da hankali kan gyara zamantakewa da farfaɗowar [[Musulunci]] daga tushe. === Faɗaɗawa a Yammacin Afirka === Umurnin ya zama mafi girma na Sufaye a yammacin Afirka kuma yana ci gaba da faɗaɗa cikin sauri. Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ na ƙabilar Idaw `Ali ne ya kawo shi kudancin Mauritaniya a shekara ta 1789, wadda ta shahara da manyan malamai da jagororinta na musulunci kuma galibin Qadirī ne a lokacin. Kusan dukkanin ƙabilar sun zama Tijjanī a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad al-Hafiẓ, kuma tasirin ƙabilar zai sauƙaƙa saurin faɗaɗa Tijjaniyya zuwa yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Almajirin Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ Sidi Mawlūd Vāl ne ya ƙaddamar da shugaban [[Fulani|Fulɓe]] na ƙarni na 19 [[Umar Taal|Omar Saidou Tall]] da limamin Fulɓe ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Nāqil daga [[Fouta Djallon|Futa Jalon]] (yanzu [[Gini|Guinea]] ) cikin tsari. Bayan samun umarni daga Muḥammad al-Ghālī daga 1828 zuwa 1830 a [[Makkah|Makka]], Umar Tall aka naɗa [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] (majidi ko shugaban wakilin) Ahmad al-Tijjanī na Sudan ta Yamma (Yammacin Saharar Afirka). Daga nan Umar Tall ya jagoranci yaƙi mai tsarki a kan abin da yake gani a matsayin gurbatacciyar gwamnati a yankin, wanda ya haifar da daular Toucouleur mai girma amma mai gushewa a Gabashin Senegal da Mali. Yayin da daular siyasar Omar Saidou Tall ta ba da dama ga mulkin mallaka na Faransa, sakamakon da aka daɗe da shi shine yada musulunci da Ɗarikar Tijjanī ta yawancin yankunan da ake yanzu [[Senegal]], [[Gini|Guinea]], da [[Mali]] (duba Robinson, 1985). A ƙasar Wolof na ƙasar Senegal, musamman yankunan arewacin Kajoor da Masarautar Jolof, Maliki Sy, wanda aka haife shi a shekara ta 1855, ya yaɗa daular Tijjanī ta farko a kusa da Dagana . A cikin 1902, ya kafa wata cibiyar zawiya ko addini a Tivaouane, wacce ta zama cibiyar koyar da al'adun musulunci a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa. Bayan mutuwar Malick Sy a 1922, ɗansa Ababacar Sy ya zama Halifa na farko. Serigne Mansour Sy ya zama Halifa na yanzu a 1997, bayan rasuwar Abdoul Aziz Sy. [[Maulidi]] ko ''Gàmmu'', bikin haifuwar [[Muhammad]], na Tivaouane yana tara mabiya da yawa a kowace shekara. "Gida" ko reshe na Tivaouane ba shine kawai reshe na odar Tijjanī a [[Senegal|Senegal ba]] . Wani ɗan jihadi, Màbba Jaxu Ba, wanda yayi zamani da Umar Tall ne ya yaɗa odar Tijjaniyya zuwa kudanci a yankin [[Masarautar Saloum|Saalum]] na ƙasar Senegal. Bayan da aka ci Màbba aka kashe shi a yaƙin Fandane-Thiuthioune Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, jiharsa ta ruguje amma Tijjaniyya ta kasance mafi rinjayen Sufaye a yankin. Abdoulaye Niass ( zama wakilin mafi mahimmanci na tsari a cikin Saalum., bayan ya yi hijira zuwa kudu daga Jolof, kuma bayan gudun hijira a [[Gambiya]] saboda tashe-tashen hankula da Faransanci, ya dawo don kafa zawiya a birnin Kaolack . Reshen da ɗan Abdoulaye Niass, [[Ibrahim Niass]] ya kafa, a unguwar Kaolack na Madina Baye a cikin 1930, ya zama reshen Tijjaniyya mafi girma kuma mafi girma a duniya a yau. Koyarwar Ibrahim Inyass na cewa dukkan almajirai, ba ƙwararru kaɗai ba, za su iya samun ilimin sufanci kai tsaye na Allah ta hanyar ''tarbiyyah rūhiyyah'' (ilimin sufa) ya mamaye miliyoyin mutane a duniya. Wannan reshe, wanda aka fi sani da ''Tijjaniyyah Ibrāhīmiyyah'' ko ''Faydah'' ("Ambaliya"), ya fi mayar da hankali a [[Senegal]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]], [[Ghana]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], kuma yana da girma a Amurka da Turai. Galibin gidajen yanar gizo na Tijjaniyya da kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna cikin wannan yunƙuri. Marigayi jikan Ibrahim Inyass kuma tsohon [[Liman|limamin]] Madina Baye, Hassan Cissé, yana da dubban almajirai na Amurka kuma ya kafa wata babbar ƙungiya ta ilimi da ci gaba, [[African American Islamic Institute|Cibiyar Musulunci ta Afirka ta Amurka]], a [[Medina Baye|Madina Baye]] mai rassa a wasu sassan duniya. Wani "gidan" na Senegal, a Medina-Gounass, Senegal (a yammacin wurin shakatawa na Niokolo Koba) [[:fr:Mamadou Saidou Ba|Mamadou Saidou Ba]] ya kirkiro. Wani kuma a Thienaba, kusa da Thiès, Almajirin sanannen marabout na Futa Tooro, [[Amadou Sekhou|Amadou Sekhou ne]] . Reshen Ḥamāliyya (Ḥamālliyya), wanda [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cheikh_hamallah/index.html Shaykh Hamallah] ya kafa, yana tsakiyar Nioro, [[Mali]], kuma yana nan a [[Senegal]], [[Ivory Coast|Cote d'Ivoire]], [[Burkina Faso]], da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun membobinta shine marubuci kuma masanin tarihi [[Amadou Hampâté Bâ]], wanda ya adana kuma ya ba da shawarar koyarwar [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cerno_bokar_salif/index.html Tierno Bokar Salif Taal] (Cerno Bokar Salif Taal), "Sage of Banjagara". (Duba [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/brenner/contents.html Louis Brenner], 1984, 2000.) Cherno Muhammadou Jallow ne tare da Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal, wanda ya fara karɓar tarihin Tijjaniyya a yankin Senegambia. Cherno Muhammadou ya shafe sama da shekaru goma sha biyu yana jiran tariha a Saint Louis Senegal, inda Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal ya tura ɗalibinsa Cherno Abubakr. Shi (Cherno Muhammadou) ya fara yaɗa shi a yankin Senegambia. Ta hanyar tarihin baka, shi ne yace (Cherno Muhammadou) ya miƙa shi ga almajirai goma sha biyu. Waɗannan almajiran sun fito daga Mam Mass Kah na Medina Mass Kah, Abdoulaye Niass na Medina Kaolock, Cherno Alieu, Deme na NDiaye Kunda Senegal, Cherno Alieu, Diallo na Djanet a Kolda, don suna kaɗan. Ta hanyar wadannan almajirai tarikha ta yadu a yankin Senegambia da kuma wajenta. Yawancin waɗannan almajirai a yau suna da ɗimbin mabiya kuma dukkansu suna yin La’azin kullum. Cherno Muhammadou ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Omar, wanda daga baya ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Muhammadou. Daga baya Baba Jallow ya ci gaba da neman kakansa (Cherno Muhammadou Jallow) wanda daga baya ya same shi a Casamance. Bayan gano ƙabarin kakansa, Cherno Baba ya ƙirƙiro wata al'umma kuma ya sanya mata suna Sobouldeh kuma ya fara Ziarre na shekara-shekara, inda dubbai ke haɗuwa don karrama shi duk shekara. == Ayyuka == Mambobin ɗarikar Tijjaniyya sun bambanta kansu ta hanyar ayyuka da yawa. Bayan shigar da oda, mutum yana karɓar tijjani wird daga ''muqaddam'' ko wakilin odar. ''Mukaddam'' ya yi bayani ga wanda ya fara gudanar da ayyukan da suka haɗa da kiyaye ka’idojin [[Musulunci]] da suka haɗa da [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Rukunnan Rukuni]] biyar, da girmama iyaye da girmama juna, ba bin wani Sufaye baya ga Tijjaniyya ba. Masu farawa shine su furta kalmar Tijjanī (tsari da ke ɗaukar mintuna goma zuwa goma sha biyar) kowace safiya da rana. Wird dabara ce da ta haɗa da maimaita [[shahada]], istighfar, da addu'a ga Muhammad da ake ƙira ''[[Salatul Fatih|Salat al-Fatih]]'' "Sallar Budawa". Haka nan su halarci [[Wazifah|wazifa]], irin wannan dabarar da ake rera wa a kungiyance, sau da yawa a [[masallaci]] ko zawiya sau ɗaya a kullum, da kuma a cikin Haylalatul Juma'ah, wata dabarar da sauran almajirai suke rera wa a kan. La'asar Juma'a kafin rana ta fadi. Bugu da ƙari, almajirai a wurare da yawa suna shirya taruka na yau da kullun, galibi a ranar Alhamis da yamma ko kafin Waẓīfa da Hailat al-Jum'ah don yin ''[[Zikiri|zikirin]] Allah'', ko ambaton [[Allah]] . A irin waɗannan tarurrukan, ana iya haɗa waƙoƙin yabon Allah, [[Muhammad]], Ahmad at-Tijjanī, ko wani shugaban addini tare da zikiri. Irin waɗannan tarurrukan na iya haɗawa da maimaita sauƙaƙa a matsayin ƙungiya ko amsa ƙira, inda ɗaya ko fiye da shugabanni ke jagorantar waƙar wasu kuma suna maimaita ko kuma ba da amsa. Lokaci-lokaci, gungun almajirai, waɗanda aka fi sani da ''daayira'' a Senegal, daga ''da’irah'' na Larabci, ko “da’ira”, na iya shirya taron addini, inda za su gayyaci ɗaya ko fiye da fitattun masu magana ko mawaƙa don yin magana a kan wani jigo. kamar rayuwar Muhammad ko wani shugaban addini, wani farilla na musamman na addini kamar [[Azumi|azumin]] Ramadan, ko yanayin Allah. Babban taron gama gari mafi mahimmanci na shekara ga yawancin ƙungiyoyin Tijjaniyya shine Maulidi, wanda aka sani a Wolof a matsayin ''Gàmmu'' (waɗanda aka aro daga tsohuwar bikin addini na Serer na "Gamo" ko "Gamou" na mutanen Serer, daga kalmar Serer ''Gamahou'' ko ''Gamohou'' <ref>Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)". (1972). Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B, no 4, 1972, pp. 706–7 (pp. 4–5), pp. 713–14 (pp. 9–10).</ref> ) ko kuma maulidin Muhammad, wanda ya zo a daren 12 ga watan musulunci na Rabi’ul Awwal (wanda ke nufin daren da ya gabaci 12 ga wata, kamar yadda kwanakin musulunci ke farawa ne da faɗuwar rana ba tsakar dare ba). Yawancin manyan cibiyoyin addini na Tijjaniyya suna shirya babban taron Maulidi sau ɗaya a shekara, kuma dubban ɗaruruwan almajirai ne ke halarta mafi girma (a Tivaouane, Kaolack, Prang, Kiota, Kano, Fadama, da sauransu). A duk shekara, al'ummomin yankin suna shirya ƙaramin Maulidi. bukukuwan. Waɗannan tarurrukan yawanci suna tafiya ne daga misalin tsakar dare har zuwa bayan fitowar alfijir na tsawon sa'o'i na zikiri da rera waƙoƙi da jawabai kan rayuwar Muhammad. == Duba kuma == * [[Sufiyya|Sufanci]] * [[Wazifa]] * [[Lazimi]] * [[Salatul Fatih]] * Jerin umarni Sufaye * 'Yan uwan Musulmi na Senegal * Ahmad At Tijjani Ibn Bâba Al-Alawy * [[Sheikh Abubakre Sidiq Bello|Sheikh Abubakar Sidiq Bello]] == Manazarta == * Brenner, Louis. 2000. "Amadou Hampâté Bâ: Tijjani Francophone." A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Davidson, Basil. 1995. ''Afirka a Tarihi'' . New York: Simon & Schuster. * Klein, Martin A. 1968. ''Musulunci da mulkin mallaka a Senegal: Sine-Saloum 1847-1914.'' Stanford: Jami'ar Stanford Press. * Robinson, David. 1985. ''Yakin Umar Tall.'' Oxford: Clarendon. * Triaud, Jean-Louis. 2000. "La Tijjaniyya, une confrérie musulmane pas comme les autres?" A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Triaud, Jean-Louis da David Robinson, ed. 2000. ''La Tijjaniyya: Une confrérie musulmane à la conquête de l'Afrique.'' Paris: Karthala. * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mali_native.html Kasashen duniya- a nan Mali Jihohin Gargajiya] * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf ''Jawâhir Ul Ma'âni''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020609/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} du Shaykh [['Alî Al Harâzim|'Ali Al Harâzim]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. Traduit en francais par le Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah et son neveu Moustapha Benmoussa. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc ''Al Boghia : Mataâlib = Requêtes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020600/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc |date=2011-08-11 }} de [['Sidi Larbi Ben Sayeh]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html ''La Tijjania''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717115930/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html |date=2011-07-17 }} du [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|'Pr.]] [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|Abdelaziz Benabdallah]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf الشيخ سيدي أحمد التجاني، أبعاد ضلاعته العلمية.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf بقلم أحمد بن عبد العزيز بن عبد الله, من الموقع الإلكتروني للأستاذ عبد العزيز بن عبد الله.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/Sufism/Orders/Tijani/}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3p1u68868np46nmh4s5cjzmroxd1kua 883039 883037 2026-07-14T18:42:58Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Darikar Tijjani''' ( {{Lang-ar|الطريقة التجانية}} ) Ɗarikar [[Sufiyya|Sufaye]] ce ta [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahlus-Sunnah]] mai suna Ahmad al-Tijani . Ta samo asali ne a yankin Magrib amma yanzu ta yaɗu a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] musamman a [[Senegal|kasashen Senegal]], [[Gambiya|Gambia]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Ghana]], [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewa]] da Kudu maso yammacin Najeriya da wasu sassan [[Sudan]] . Haka nan odar Tijjaniyyah tana nan a jihohin [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] da [[Karnataka]] a Indiya. Ana ƙiran masu bin sa '''Tijjanī''' ( ''Tijaan'' ko ''Tiijaan'' a [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]], ''Tidiane'' ko ''Tidjane'' a cikin Faransanci). Tijjaniyya suna ba da muhimmanci ga al'adu da ilimi kuma suna jaddada riƙo na mutum ɗaya na almajiri ( ''murid'' ). Don zama memba na oda, dole ne mutum ya karɓi Tijjanī ''[[Zikiri|wird]]'', ko jerin jimloli masu tsarki da za a maimaita sau biyu a kullum, daga ''muqaƙƙam'', ko wakilin oda. == Tarihi da yaɗa oda == === Tushen tsari === An haifi Ahmad al-Tijani (Shekara ta 1737-1815) a Ain Madhi a [[Aljeriya|ƙasar Aljeriya]] kuma ya rasu a [[Fas|Fes]] na [[Moroko|kasar Morocco]] . Ya yi karatun addini a Fes, Morocco. Da wahayi daga wasu waliyan Moroko ya kafa tsarin Tijjaniyya a Shekarar 1780s; ƙafofin sun bambanta dangane da ainihin kwanan wata tsakanin Shekara ta 1781 <ref name="foundingtriaud">see Triaud, 2000</ref> da 1784. <ref name="bbcblas">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2016 |title=Nigeria Court in Kano Sentences Cleric to Death for Blasphemy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35241608 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Tijjaniyya, suna magana ga talakawa, sun mayar da martani ga ’yan’uwantakar [[Qadiriya|Qadiriyyah]] masu ra’ayin mazan jiya, masu matsayi, suna mai da hankali kan gyara zamantakewa da farfaɗowar [[Musulunci]] daga tushe. === Faɗaɗawa a Yammacin Afirka === Umurnin ya zama mafi girma na Sufaye a yammacin Afirka kuma yana ci gaba da faɗaɗa cikin sauri. Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ na ƙabilar Idaw `Ali ne ya kawo shi kudancin Mauritaniya a shekara ta 1789, wadda ta shahara da manyan malamai da jagororinta na musulunci kuma galibin Qadirī ne a lokacin. Kusan dukkanin ƙabilar sun zama Tijjanī a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad al-Hafiẓ, kuma tasirin ƙabilar zai sauƙaƙa saurin faɗaɗa Tijjaniyya zuwa yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Almajirin Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ Sidi Mawlūd Vāl ne ya ƙaddamar da shugaban [[Fulani|Fulɓe]] na ƙarni na 19 [[Umar Taal|Omar Saidou Tall]] da limamin Fulɓe ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Nāqil daga [[Fouta Djallon|Futa Jalon]] (yanzu [[Gini|Guinea]] ) cikin tsari. Bayan samun umarni daga Muḥammad al-Ghālī daga 1828 zuwa 1830 a [[Makkah|Makka]], Umar Tall aka naɗa [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] (majidi ko shugaban wakilin) Ahmad al-Tijjanī na Sudan ta Yamma (Yammacin Saharar Afirka). Daga nan Umar Tall ya jagoranci yaƙi mai tsarki a kan abin da yake gani a matsayin gurbatacciyar gwamnati a yankin, wanda ya haifar da daular Toucouleur mai girma amma mai gushewa a Gabashin Senegal da Mali. Yayin da daular siyasar Omar Saidou Tall ta ba da dama ga mulkin mallaka na Faransa, sakamakon da aka daɗe da shi shine yada musulunci da Ɗarikar Tijjanī ta yawancin yankunan da ake yanzu [[Senegal]], [[Gini|Guinea]], da [[Mali]] (duba Robinson, 1985). A ƙasar Wolof na ƙasar Senegal, musamman yankunan arewacin Kajoor da Masarautar Jolof, Maliki Sy, wanda aka haife shi a shekara ta 1855, ya yaɗa daular Tijjanī ta farko a kusa da Dagana . A cikin 1902, ya kafa wata cibiyar zawiya ko addini a Tivaouane, wacce ta zama cibiyar koyar da al'adun musulunci a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa. Bayan mutuwar Malick Sy a 1922, ɗansa Ababacar Sy ya zama Halifa na farko. Serigne Mansour Sy ya zama Halifa na yanzu a 1997, bayan rasuwar Abdoul Aziz Sy. [[Maulidi]] ko ''Gàmmu'', bikin haifuwar [[Muhammad]], na Tivaouane yana tara mabiya da yawa a kowace shekara. "Gida" ko reshe na Tivaouane ba shine kawai reshe na odar Tijjanī a [[Senegal|Senegal ba]] . Wani ɗan jihadi, Màbba Jaxu Ba, wanda yayi zamani da Umar Tall ne ya yaɗa odar Tijjaniyya zuwa kudanci a yankin [[Masarautar Saloum|Saalum]] na ƙasar Senegal. Bayan da aka ci Màbba aka kashe shi a yaƙin Fandane-Thiuthioune Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, jiharsa ta ruguje amma Tijjaniyya ta kasance mafi rinjayen Sufaye a yankin. Abdoulaye Niass ( zama wakilin mafi mahimmanci na tsari a cikin Saalum., bayan ya yi hijira zuwa kudu daga Jolof, kuma bayan gudun hijira a [[Gambiya]] saboda tashe-tashen hankula da Faransanci, ya dawo don kafa zawiya a birnin Kaolack . Reshen da ɗan Abdoulaye Niass, [[Ibrahim Niass]] ya kafa, a unguwar Kaolack na Madina Baye a cikin 1930, ya zama reshen Tijjaniyya mafi girma kuma mafi girma a duniya a yau. Koyarwar Ibrahim Inyass na cewa dukkan almajirai, ba ƙwararru kaɗai ba, za su iya samun ilimin sufanci kai tsaye na Allah ta hanyar ''tarbiyyah rūhiyyah'' (ilimin sufa) ya mamaye miliyoyin mutane a duniya. Wannan reshe, wanda aka fi sani da ''Tijjaniyyah Ibrāhīmiyyah'' ko ''Faydah'' ("Ambaliya"), ya fi mayar da hankali a [[Senegal]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]], [[Ghana]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], kuma yana da girma a Amurka da Turai. Galibin gidajen yanar gizo na Tijjaniyya da kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna cikin wannan yunƙuri. Marigayi jikan Ibrahim Inyass kuma tsohon [[Liman|limamin]] Madina Baye, Hassan Cissé, yana da dubban almajirai na Amurka kuma ya kafa wata babbar ƙungiya ta ilimi da ci gaba, [[African American Islamic Institute|Cibiyar Musulunci ta Afirka ta Amurka]], a [[Medina Baye|Madina Baye]] mai rassa a wasu sassan duniya. Wani "gidan" na Senegal, a Medina-Gounass, Senegal (a yammacin wurin shakatawa na Niokolo Koba) [[:fr:Mamadou Saidou Ba|Mamadou Saidou Ba]] ya kirkiro. Wani kuma a Thienaba, kusa da Thiès, Almajirin sanannen marabout na Futa Tooro, [[Amadou Sekhou|Amadou Sekhou ne]] . Reshen Ḥamāliyya (Ḥamālliyya), wanda [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cheikh_hamallah/index.html Shaykh Hamallah] ya kafa, yana tsakiyar Nioro, [[Mali]], kuma yana nan a [[Senegal]], [[Ivory Coast|Cote d'Ivoire]], [[Burkina Faso]], da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun membobinta shine marubuci kuma masanin tarihi [[Amadou Hampâté Bâ]], wanda ya adana kuma ya ba da shawarar koyarwar [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cerno_bokar_salif/index.html Tierno Bokar Salif Taal] (Cerno Bokar Salif Taal), "Sage of Banjagara". (Duba [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/brenner/contents.html Louis Brenner], 1984, 2000.) Cherno Muhammadou Jallow ne tare da Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal, wanda ya fara karɓar tarihin Tijjaniyya a yankin Senegambia. Cherno Muhammadou ya shafe sama da shekaru goma sha biyu yana jiran tariha a Saint Louis Senegal, inda Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal ya tura ɗalibinsa Cherno Abubakr. Shi (Cherno Muhammadou) ya fara yaɗa shi a yankin Senegambia. Ta hanyar tarihin baka, shi ne yace (Cherno Muhammadou) ya miƙa shi ga almajirai goma sha biyu. Waɗannan almajiran sun fito daga Mam Mass Kah na Medina Mass Kah, Abdoulaye Niass na Medina Kaolock, Cherno Alieu, Deme na NDiaye Kunda Senegal, Cherno Alieu, Diallo na Djanet a Kolda, don suna kaɗan. Ta hanyar wadannan almajirai tarikha ta yadu a yankin Senegambia da kuma wajenta. Yawancin waɗannan almajirai a yau suna da ɗimbin mabiya kuma dukkansu suna yin La’azin kullum. Cherno Muhammadou ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Omar, wanda daga baya ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Muhammadou. Daga baya Baba Jallow ya ci gaba da neman kakansa (Cherno Muhammadou Jallow) wanda daga baya ya same shi a Casamance. Bayan gano ƙabarin kakansa, Cherno Baba ya ƙirƙiro wata al'umma kuma ya sanya mata suna Sobouldeh kuma ya fara Ziarre na shekara-shekara, inda dubbai ke haɗuwa don karrama shi duk shekara. == Ayyuka == Mambobin ɗarikar Tijjaniyya sun bambanta kansu ta hanyar ayyuka da yawa. Bayan shigar da oda, mutum yana karɓar tijjani wird daga ''muqaddam'' ko wakilin odar. ''Mukaddam'' ya yi bayani ga wanda ya fara gudanar da ayyukan da suka haɗa da kiyaye ka’idojin [[Musulunci]] da suka haɗa da [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Rukunnan Rukuni]] biyar, da girmama iyaye da girmama juna, ba bin wani Sufaye baya ga Tijjaniyya ba. Masu farawa shine su furta kalmar Tijjanī (tsari da ke ɗaukar mintuna goma zuwa goma sha biyar) kowace safiya da rana. Wird dabara ce da ta haɗa da maimaita [[shahada]], istighfar, da addu'a ga Muhammad da ake ƙira ''[[Salatul Fatih|Salat al-Fatih]]'' "Sallar Budawa". Haka nan su halarci [[Wazifah|wazifa]], irin wannan dabarar da ake rera wa a kungiyance, sau da yawa a [[masallaci]] ko zawiya sau ɗaya a kullum, da kuma a cikin Haylalatul Juma'ah, wata dabarar da sauran almajirai suke rera wa a kan. La'asar Juma'a kafin rana ta fadi. Bugu da ƙari, almajirai a wurare da yawa suna shirya taruka na yau da kullun, galibi a ranar Alhamis da yamma ko kafin Waẓīfa da Hailat al-Jum'ah don yin ''[[Zikiri|zikirin]] Allah'', ko ambaton [[Allah]] . A irin waɗannan tarurrukan, ana iya haɗa waƙoƙin yabon Allah, [[Muhammad]], Ahmad at-Tijjanī, ko wani shugaban addini tare da zikiri. Irin waɗannan tarurrukan na iya haɗawa da maimaita sauƙaƙa a matsayin ƙungiya ko amsa ƙira, inda ɗaya ko fiye da shugabanni ke jagorantar waƙar wasu kuma suna maimaita ko kuma ba da amsa. Lokaci-lokaci, gungun almajirai, waɗanda aka fi sani da ''daayira'' a Senegal, daga ''da’irah'' na Larabci, ko “da’ira”, na iya shirya taron addini, inda za su gayyaci ɗaya ko fiye da fitattun masu magana ko mawaƙa don yin magana a kan wani jigo. kamar rayuwar Muhammad ko wani shugaban addini, wani farilla na musamman na addini kamar [[Azumi|azumin]] Ramadan, ko yanayin Allah. Babban taron gama gari mafi mahimmanci na shekara ga yawancin ƙungiyoyin Tijjaniyya shine Maulidi, wanda aka sani a Wolof a matsayin ''Gàmmu'' (waɗanda aka aro daga tsohuwar bikin addini na Serer na "Gamo" ko "Gamou" na mutanen Serer, daga kalmar Serer ''Gamahou'' ko ''Gamohou'' <ref>Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)". (1972). Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B, no 4, 1972, pp. 706–7 (pp. 4–5), pp. 713–14 (pp. 9–10).</ref> ) ko kuma maulidin Muhammad, wanda ya zo a daren 12 ga watan musulunci na Rabi’ul Awwal (wanda ke nufin daren da ya gabaci 12 ga wata, kamar yadda kwanakin musulunci ke farawa ne da faɗuwar rana ba tsakar dare ba). Yawancin manyan cibiyoyin addini na Tijjaniyya suna shirya babban taron Maulidi sau ɗaya a shekara, kuma dubban ɗaruruwan almajirai ne ke halarta mafi girma (a Tivaouane, Kaolack, Prang, Kiota, Kano, Fadama, da sauransu). A duk shekara, al'ummomin yankin suna shirya ƙaramin Maulidi. bukukuwan. Waɗannan tarurrukan yawanci suna tafiya ne daga misalin tsakar dare har zuwa bayan fitowar alfijir na tsawon sa'o'i na zikiri da rera waƙoƙi da jawabai kan rayuwar Muhammad. == Duba kuma == * [[Sufiyya|Sufanci]] * [[Wazifa]] * [[Lazimi]] * [[Salatul Fatih]] * Jerin umarni Sufaye * 'Yan uwan Musulmi na Senegal * Ahmad At Tijjani Ibn Bâba Al-Alawy * [[Sheikh Abubakre Sidiq Bello|Sheikh Abubakar Sidiq Bello]] == Manazarta == * Brenner, Louis. 2000. "Amadou Hampâté Bâ: Tijjani Francophone." A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Davidson, Basil. 1995. ''Afirka a Tarihi'' . New York: Simon & Schuster. * Klein, Martin A. 1968. ''Musulunci da mulkin mallaka a Senegal: Sine-Saloum 1847-1914.'' Stanford: Jami'ar Stanford Press. * Robinson, David. 1985. ''Yakin Umar Tall.'' Oxford: Clarendon. * Triaud, Jean-Louis. 2000. "La Tijjaniyya, une confrérie musulmane pas comme les autres?" A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Triaud, Jean-Louis da David Robinson, ed. 2000. ''La Tijjaniyya: Une confrérie musulmane à la conquête de l'Afrique.'' Paris: Karthala. * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mali_native.html Kasashen duniya- a nan Mali Jihohin Gargajiya] * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf ''Jawâhir Ul Ma'âni''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020609/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} du Shaykh [['Alî Al Harâzim|'Ali Al Harâzim]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. Traduit en francais par le Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah et son neveu Moustapha Benmoussa. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc ''Al Boghia : Mataâlib = Requêtes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020600/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc |date=2011-08-11 }} de [['Sidi Larbi Ben Sayeh]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html ''La Tijjania''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717115930/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html |date=2011-07-17 }} du [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|'Pr.]] [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|Abdelaziz Benabdallah]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf الشيخ سيدي أحمد التجاني، أبعاد ضلاعته العلمية.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf بقلم أحمد بن عبد العزيز بن عبد الله, من الموقع الإلكتروني للأستاذ عبد العزيز بن عبد الله.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/Sufism/Orders/Tijani/}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rlapuvksflval19prniw22e27a8g8lc 883040 883039 2026-07-14T18:45:13Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Darikar Tijjani''' ( {{Lang-ar|الطريقة التجانية}} ) Ɗarikar [[Sufiyya|Sufaye]] ce ta [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahlus-Sunnah]] mai suna Ahmad al-Tijani . Ta samo asali ne a yankin Magrib amma yanzu ta yaɗu a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] musamman a [[Senegal|kasashen Senegal]], [[Gambiya|Gambia]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Ghana]], [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewa]] da Kudu maso yammacin Najeriya da wasu sassan [[Sudan]] . Haka nan odar Tijjaniyyah tana nan a jihohin [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] da [[Karnataka]] a Indiya. Ana ƙiran masu bin sa '''Tijjanī''' ( ''Tijaan'' ko ''Tiijaan'' a [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]], ''Tidiane'' ko ''Tidjane'' a cikin Faransanci). Tijjaniyya suna ba da muhimmanci ga al'adu da ilimi kuma suna jaddada riƙo na mutum ɗaya na almajiri ( ''murid'' ). Don zama memba na oda, dole ne mutum ya karɓi Tijjanī ''[[Zikiri|wird]]'', ko jerin jimloli masu tsarki da za a maimaita sau biyu a kullum, daga ''muqaƙƙam'', ko wakilin oda. == Tarihi da yaɗa oda == === Tushen tsari === An haifi Ahmad al-Tijani (Shekara ta 1737-1815) a Ain Madhi a [[Aljeriya|ƙasar Aljeriya]] kuma ya rasu a [[Fas|Fes]] na [[Moroko|kasar Morocco]] . Ya yi karatun addini a Fes, Morocco. Da wahayi daga wasu waliyan Moroko ya kafa tsarin Tijjaniyya a Shekarar 1780s; ƙafofin sun bambanta dangane da ainihin kwanan wata tsakanin Shekara ta 1781 <ref name="foundingtriaud">see Triaud, 2000</ref> da 1784. <ref name="bbcblas">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2016 |title=Nigeria Court in Kano Sentences Cleric to Death for Blasphemy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35241608 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Tijjaniyya, suna magana ga talakawa, sun mayar da martani ga ’yan’uwantakar [[Qadiriya|Qadiriyyah]] masu ra’ayin mazan jiya, masu matsayi, suna mai da hankali kan gyara zamantakewa da farfaɗowar [[Musulunci]] daga tushe. === Faɗaɗawa a Yammacin Afirka === Umurnin ya zama mafi girma na Sufaye a yammacin Afirka kuma yana ci gaba da faɗaɗa cikin sauri. Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ na ƙabilar Idaw `Ali ne ya kawo shi kudancin Mauritaniya a shekara ta 1789, wadda ta shahara da manyan malamai da jagororinta na musulunci kuma galibin Qadirī ne a lokacin. Kusan dukkanin ƙabilar sun zama Tijjanī a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad al-Hafiẓ, kuma tasirin ƙabilar zai sauƙaƙa saurin faɗaɗa Tijjaniyya zuwa yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Almajirin Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ Sidi Mawlūd Vāl ne ya ƙaddamar da shugaban [[Fulani|Fulɓe]] na ƙarni na 19 [[Umar Taal|Omar Saidou Tall]] da limamin Fulɓe ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Nāqil daga [[Fouta Djallon|Futa Jalon]] (yanzu [[Gini|Guinea]] ) cikin tsari. Bayan samun umarni daga Muḥammad al-Ghālī daga 1828 zuwa 1830 a [[Makkah|Makka]], Umar Tall aka naɗa [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] (majidi ko shugaban wakilin) Ahmad al-Tijjanī na Sudan ta Yamma (Yammacin Saharar Afirka). Daga nan Umar Tall ya jagoranci yaƙi mai tsarki a kan abin da yake gani a matsayin gurbatacciyar gwamnati a yankin, wanda ya haifar da daular Toucouleur mai girma amma mai gushewa a Gabashin Senegal da Mali. Yayin da daular siyasar Omar Saidou Tall ta ba da dama ga mulkin mallaka na Faransa, sakamakon da aka daɗe da shi shi ne yada musulunci da Ɗarikar Tijjanī ta yawancin yankunan da ake yanzu [[Senegal]], [[Gini|Guinea]], da [[Mali]] (duba Robinson, A shekara ta1985). A ƙasar Wolof na ƙasar Senegal, musamman yankunan arewacin Kajoor da Masarautar Jolof, Maliki Sy, wanda aka haife shi a shekara ta 1855, ya yaɗa daular Tijjanī ta farko a kusa da Dagana . A cikin 1902, ya kafa wata cibiyar zawiya ko addini a Tivaouane, wacce ta zama cibiyar koyar da al'adun musulunci a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa. Bayan mutuwar Malick Sy a 1922, ɗansa Ababacar Sy ya zama Halifa na farko. Serigne Mansour Sy ya zama Halifa na yanzu a 1997, bayan rasuwar Abdoul Aziz Sy. [[Maulidi]] ko ''Gàmmu'', bikin haifuwar [[Muhammad]], na Tivaouane yana tara mabiya da yawa a kowace shekara. "Gida" ko reshe na Tivaouane ba shine kawai reshe na odar Tijjanī a [[Senegal|Senegal ba]] . Wani ɗan jihadi, Màbba Jaxu Ba, wanda yayi zamani da Umar Tall ne ya yaɗa odar Tijjaniyya zuwa kudanci a yankin [[Masarautar Saloum|Saalum]] na ƙasar Senegal. Bayan da aka ci Màbba aka kashe shi a yaƙin Fandane-Thiuthioune Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, jiharsa ta ruguje amma Tijjaniyya ta kasance mafi rinjayen Sufaye a yankin. Abdoulaye Niass ( zama wakilin mafi mahimmanci na tsari a cikin Saalum., bayan ya yi hijira zuwa kudu daga Jolof, kuma bayan gudun hijira a [[Gambiya]] saboda tashe-tashen hankula da Faransanci, ya dawo don kafa zawiya a birnin Kaolack . Reshen da ɗan Abdoulaye Niass, [[Ibrahim Niass]] ya kafa, a unguwar Kaolack na Madina Baye a cikin 1930, ya zama reshen Tijjaniyya mafi girma kuma mafi girma a duniya a yau. Koyarwar Ibrahim Inyass na cewa dukkan almajirai, ba ƙwararru kaɗai ba, za su iya samun ilimin sufanci kai tsaye na Allah ta hanyar ''tarbiyyah rūhiyyah'' (ilimin sufa) ya mamaye miliyoyin mutane a duniya. Wannan reshe, wanda aka fi sani da ''Tijjaniyyah Ibrāhīmiyyah'' ko ''Faydah'' ("Ambaliya"), ya fi mayar da hankali a [[Senegal]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]], [[Ghana]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], kuma yana da girma a Amurka da Turai. Galibin gidajen yanar gizo na Tijjaniyya da kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna cikin wannan yunƙuri. Marigayi jikan Ibrahim Inyass kuma tsohon [[Liman|limamin]] Madina Baye, Hassan Cissé, yana da dubban almajirai na Amurka kuma ya kafa wata babbar ƙungiya ta ilimi da ci gaba, [[African American Islamic Institute|Cibiyar Musulunci ta Afirka ta Amurka]], a [[Medina Baye|Madina Baye]] mai rassa a wasu sassan duniya. Wani "gidan" na Senegal, a Medina-Gounass, Senegal (a yammacin wurin shakatawa na Niokolo Koba) [[:fr:Mamadou Saidou Ba|Mamadou Saidou Ba]] ya kirkiro. Wani kuma a Thienaba, kusa da Thiès, Almajirin sanannen marabout na Futa Tooro, [[Amadou Sekhou|Amadou Sekhou ne]] . Reshen Ḥamāliyya (Ḥamālliyya), wanda [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cheikh_hamallah/index.html Shaykh Hamallah] ya kafa, yana tsakiyar Nioro, [[Mali]], kuma yana nan a [[Senegal]], [[Ivory Coast|Cote d'Ivoire]], [[Burkina Faso]], da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun membobinta shine marubuci kuma masanin tarihi [[Amadou Hampâté Bâ]], wanda ya adana kuma ya ba da shawarar koyarwar [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cerno_bokar_salif/index.html Tierno Bokar Salif Taal] (Cerno Bokar Salif Taal), "Sage of Banjagara". (Duba [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/brenner/contents.html Louis Brenner], 1984, 2000.) Cherno Muhammadou Jallow ne tare da Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal, wanda ya fara karɓar tarihin Tijjaniyya a yankin Senegambia. Cherno Muhammadou ya shafe sama da shekaru goma sha biyu yana jiran tariha a Saint Louis Senegal, inda Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal ya tura ɗalibinsa Cherno Abubakr. Shi (Cherno Muhammadou) ya fara yaɗa shi a yankin Senegambia. Ta hanyar tarihin baka, shi ne yace (Cherno Muhammadou) ya miƙa shi ga almajirai goma sha biyu. Waɗannan almajiran sun fito daga Mam Mass Kah na Medina Mass Kah, Abdoulaye Niass na Medina Kaolock, Cherno Alieu, Deme na NDiaye Kunda Senegal, Cherno Alieu, Diallo na Djanet a Kolda, don suna kaɗan. Ta hanyar wadannan almajirai tarikha ta yadu a yankin Senegambia da kuma wajenta. Yawancin waɗannan almajirai a yau suna da ɗimbin mabiya kuma dukkansu suna yin La’azin kullum. Cherno Muhammadou ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Omar, wanda daga baya ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Muhammadou. Daga baya Baba Jallow ya ci gaba da neman kakansa (Cherno Muhammadou Jallow) wanda daga baya ya same shi a Casamance. Bayan gano ƙabarin kakansa, Cherno Baba ya ƙirƙiro wata al'umma kuma ya sanya mata suna Sobouldeh kuma ya fara Ziarre na shekara-shekara, inda dubbai ke haɗuwa don karrama shi duk shekara. == Ayyuka == Mambobin ɗarikar Tijjaniyya sun bambanta kansu ta hanyar ayyuka da yawa. Bayan shigar da oda, mutum yana karɓar tijjani wird daga ''muqaddam'' ko wakilin odar. ''Mukaddam'' ya yi bayani ga wanda ya fara gudanar da ayyukan da suka haɗa da kiyaye ka’idojin [[Musulunci]] da suka haɗa da [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Rukunnan Rukuni]] biyar, da girmama iyaye da girmama juna, ba bin wani Sufaye baya ga Tijjaniyya ba. Masu farawa shine su furta kalmar Tijjanī (tsari da ke ɗaukar mintuna goma zuwa goma sha biyar) kowace safiya da rana. Wird dabara ce da ta haɗa da maimaita [[shahada]], istighfar, da addu'a ga Muhammad da ake ƙira ''[[Salatul Fatih|Salat al-Fatih]]'' "Sallar Budawa". Haka nan su halarci [[Wazifah|wazifa]], irin wannan dabarar da ake rera wa a kungiyance, sau da yawa a [[masallaci]] ko zawiya sau ɗaya a kullum, da kuma a cikin Haylalatul Juma'ah, wata dabarar da sauran almajirai suke rera wa a kan. La'asar Juma'a kafin rana ta fadi. Bugu da ƙari, almajirai a wurare da yawa suna shirya taruka na yau da kullun, galibi a ranar Alhamis da yamma ko kafin Waẓīfa da Hailat al-Jum'ah don yin ''[[Zikiri|zikirin]] Allah'', ko ambaton [[Allah]] . A irin waɗannan tarurrukan, ana iya haɗa waƙoƙin yabon Allah, [[Muhammad]], Ahmad at-Tijjanī, ko wani shugaban addini tare da zikiri. Irin waɗannan tarurrukan na iya haɗawa da maimaita sauƙaƙa a matsayin ƙungiya ko amsa ƙira, inda ɗaya ko fiye da shugabanni ke jagorantar waƙar wasu kuma suna maimaita ko kuma ba da amsa. Lokaci-lokaci, gungun almajirai, waɗanda aka fi sani da ''daayira'' a Senegal, daga ''da’irah'' na Larabci, ko “da’ira”, na iya shirya taron addini, inda za su gayyaci ɗaya ko fiye da fitattun masu magana ko mawaƙa don yin magana a kan wani jigo. kamar rayuwar Muhammad ko wani shugaban addini, wani farilla na musamman na addini kamar [[Azumi|azumin]] Ramadan, ko yanayin Allah. Babban taron gama gari mafi mahimmanci na shekara ga yawancin ƙungiyoyin Tijjaniyya shine Maulidi, wanda aka sani a Wolof a matsayin ''Gàmmu'' (waɗanda aka aro daga tsohuwar bikin addini na Serer na "Gamo" ko "Gamou" na mutanen Serer, daga kalmar Serer ''Gamahou'' ko ''Gamohou'' <ref>Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)". (1972). Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B, no 4, 1972, pp. 706–7 (pp. 4–5), pp. 713–14 (pp. 9–10).</ref> ) ko kuma maulidin Muhammad, wanda ya zo a daren 12 ga watan musulunci na Rabi’ul Awwal (wanda ke nufin daren da ya gabaci 12 ga wata, kamar yadda kwanakin musulunci ke farawa ne da faɗuwar rana ba tsakar dare ba). Yawancin manyan cibiyoyin addini na Tijjaniyya suna shirya babban taron Maulidi sau ɗaya a shekara, kuma dubban ɗaruruwan almajirai ne ke halarta mafi girma (a Tivaouane, Kaolack, Prang, Kiota, Kano, Fadama, da sauransu). A duk shekara, al'ummomin yankin suna shirya ƙaramin Maulidi. bukukuwan. Waɗannan tarurrukan yawanci suna tafiya ne daga misalin tsakar dare har zuwa bayan fitowar alfijir na tsawon sa'o'i na zikiri da rera waƙoƙi da jawabai kan rayuwar Muhammad. == Duba kuma == * [[Sufiyya|Sufanci]] * [[Wazifa]] * [[Lazimi]] * [[Salatul Fatih]] * Jerin umarni Sufaye * 'Yan uwan Musulmi na Senegal * Ahmad At Tijjani Ibn Bâba Al-Alawy * [[Sheikh Abubakre Sidiq Bello|Sheikh Abubakar Sidiq Bello]] == Manazarta == * Brenner, Louis. 2000. "Amadou Hampâté Bâ: Tijjani Francophone." A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Davidson, Basil. 1995. ''Afirka a Tarihi'' . New York: Simon & Schuster. * Klein, Martin A. 1968. ''Musulunci da mulkin mallaka a Senegal: Sine-Saloum 1847-1914.'' Stanford: Jami'ar Stanford Press. * Robinson, David. 1985. ''Yakin Umar Tall.'' Oxford: Clarendon. * Triaud, Jean-Louis. 2000. "La Tijjaniyya, une confrérie musulmane pas comme les autres?" A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Triaud, Jean-Louis da David Robinson, ed. 2000. ''La Tijjaniyya: Une confrérie musulmane à la conquête de l'Afrique.'' Paris: Karthala. * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mali_native.html Kasashen duniya- a nan Mali Jihohin Gargajiya] * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf ''Jawâhir Ul Ma'âni''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020609/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} du Shaykh [['Alî Al Harâzim|'Ali Al Harâzim]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. Traduit en francais par le Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah et son neveu Moustapha Benmoussa. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc ''Al Boghia : Mataâlib = Requêtes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020600/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc |date=2011-08-11 }} de [['Sidi Larbi Ben Sayeh]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html ''La Tijjania''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717115930/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html |date=2011-07-17 }} du [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|'Pr.]] [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|Abdelaziz Benabdallah]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf الشيخ سيدي أحمد التجاني، أبعاد ضلاعته العلمية.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf بقلم أحمد بن عبد العزيز بن عبد الله, من الموقع الإلكتروني للأستاذ عبد العزيز بن عبد الله.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/Sufism/Orders/Tijani/}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nshu6hujl88d1rvu3loelxqoq1m4l5y 883042 883040 2026-07-14T18:46:29Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Darikar Tijjani''' ( {{Lang-ar|الطريقة التجانية}} ) Ɗarikar [[Sufiyya|Sufaye]] ce ta [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahlus-Sunnah]] mai suna Ahmad al-Tijani . Ta samo asali ne a yankin Magrib amma yanzu ta yaɗu a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] musamman a [[Senegal|kasashen Senegal]], [[Gambiya|Gambia]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Ghana]], [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewa]] da Kudu maso yammacin Najeriya da wasu sassan [[Sudan]] . Haka nan odar Tijjaniyyah tana nan a jihohin [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] da [[Karnataka]] a Indiya. Ana ƙiran masu bin sa '''Tijjanī''' ( ''Tijaan'' ko ''Tiijaan'' a [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]], ''Tidiane'' ko ''Tidjane'' a cikin Faransanci). Tijjaniyya suna ba da muhimmanci ga al'adu da ilimi kuma suna jaddada riƙo na mutum ɗaya na almajiri ( ''murid'' ). Don zama memba na oda, dole ne mutum ya karɓi Tijjanī ''[[Zikiri|wird]]'', ko jerin jimloli masu tsarki da za a maimaita sau biyu a kullum, daga ''muqaƙƙam'', ko wakilin oda. == Tarihi da yaɗa oda == === Tushen tsari === An haifi Ahmad al-Tijani (Shekara ta 1737-1815) a Ain Madhi a [[Aljeriya|ƙasar Aljeriya]] kuma ya rasu a [[Fas|Fes]] na [[Moroko|kasar Morocco]] . Ya yi karatun addini a Fes, Morocco. Da wahayi daga wasu waliyan Moroko ya kafa tsarin Tijjaniyya a Shekarar 1780s; ƙafofin sun bambanta dangane da ainihin kwanan wata tsakanin Shekara ta 1781 <ref name="foundingtriaud">see Triaud, 2000</ref> da 1784. <ref name="bbcblas">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2016 |title=Nigeria Court in Kano Sentences Cleric to Death for Blasphemy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35241608 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Tijjaniyya, suna magana ga talakawa, sun mayar da martani ga ’yan’uwantakar [[Qadiriya|Qadiriyyah]] masu ra’ayin mazan jiya, masu matsayi, suna mai da hankali kan gyara zamantakewa da farfaɗowar [[Musulunci]] daga tushe. === Faɗaɗawa a Yammacin Afirka === Umurnin ya zama mafi girma na Sufaye a yammacin Afirka kuma yana ci gaba da faɗaɗa cikin sauri. Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ na ƙabilar Idaw `Ali ne ya kawo shi kudancin Mauritaniya a shekara ta 1789, wadda ta shahara da manyan malamai da jagororinta na musulunci kuma galibin Qadirī ne a lokacin. Kusan dukkanin ƙabilar sun zama Tijjanī a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad al-Hafiẓ, kuma tasirin ƙabilar zai sauƙaƙa saurin faɗaɗa Tijjaniyya zuwa yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Almajirin Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ Sidi Mawlūd Vāl ne ya ƙaddamar da shugaban [[Fulani|Fulɓe]] na ƙarni na 19 [[Umar Taal|Omar Saidou Tall]] da limamin Fulɓe ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Nāqil daga [[Fouta Djallon|Futa Jalon]] (yanzu [[Gini|Guinea]] ) cikin tsari. Bayan samun umarni daga Muḥammad al-Ghālī daga 1828 zuwa 1830 a [[Makkah|Makka]], Umar Tall aka naɗa [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] (majidi ko shugaban wakilin) Ahmad al-Tijjanī na Sudan ta Yamma (Yammacin Saharar Afirka). Daga nan Umar Tall ya jagoranci yaƙi mai tsarki a kan abin da yake gani a matsayin gurbatacciyar gwamnati a yankin, wanda ya haifar da daular Toucouleur mai girma amma mai gushewa a Gabashin Senegal da Mali. Yayin da daular siyasar Omar Saidou Tall ta ba da dama ga mulkin mallaka na Faransa, sakamakon da aka daɗe da shi shi ne yada musulunci da Ɗarikar Tijjanī ta yawancin yankunan da ake yanzu [[Senegal]], [[Gini|Guinea]], da [[Mali]] (duba Robinson, A shekara ta 1985). A ƙasar Wolof na ƙasar Senegal, musamman yankunan arewacin Kajoor da Masarautar Jolof, Maliki Sy, wanda aka haife shi a shekara ta 1855, ya yaɗa daular Tijjanī ta farko a kusa da Dagana . A Shekara ta 1902, ya kafa wata cibiyar zawiya ko addini a Tivaouane, wacce ta zama cibiyar koyar da al'adun musulunci a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa. Bayan mutuwar Malick Sy a 1922, ɗansa Ababacar Sy ya zama Halifa na farko. Serigne Mansour Sy ya zama Halifa na yanzu a 1997, bayan rasuwar Abdoul Aziz Sy. [[Maulidi]] ko ''Gàmmu'', bikin haifuwar [[Muhammad]], na Tivaouane yana tara mabiya da yawa a kowace shekara. "Gida" ko reshe na Tivaouane ba shine kawai reshe na odar Tijjanī a [[Senegal|Senegal ba]] . Wani ɗan jihadi, Màbba Jaxu Ba, wanda yayi zamani da Umar Tall ne ya yaɗa odar Tijjaniyya zuwa kudanci a yankin [[Masarautar Saloum|Saalum]] na ƙasar Senegal. Bayan da aka ci Màbba aka kashe shi a yaƙin Fandane-Thiuthioune Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, jiharsa ta ruguje amma Tijjaniyya ta kasance mafi rinjayen Sufaye a yankin. Abdoulaye Niass ( zama wakilin mafi mahimmanci na tsari a cikin Saalum., bayan ya yi hijira zuwa kudu daga Jolof, kuma bayan gudun hijira a [[Gambiya]] saboda tashe-tashen hankula da Faransanci, ya dawo don kafa zawiya a birnin Kaolack . Reshen da ɗan Abdoulaye Niass, [[Ibrahim Niass]] ya kafa, a unguwar Kaolack na Madina Baye a cikin 1930, ya zama reshen Tijjaniyya mafi girma kuma mafi girma a duniya a yau. Koyarwar Ibrahim Inyass na cewa dukkan almajirai, ba ƙwararru kaɗai ba, za su iya samun ilimin sufanci kai tsaye na Allah ta hanyar ''tarbiyyah rūhiyyah'' (ilimin sufa) ya mamaye miliyoyin mutane a duniya. Wannan reshe, wanda aka fi sani da ''Tijjaniyyah Ibrāhīmiyyah'' ko ''Faydah'' ("Ambaliya"), ya fi mayar da hankali a [[Senegal]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]], [[Ghana]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], kuma yana da girma a Amurka da Turai. Galibin gidajen yanar gizo na Tijjaniyya da kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna cikin wannan yunƙuri. Marigayi jikan Ibrahim Inyass kuma tsohon [[Liman|limamin]] Madina Baye, Hassan Cissé, yana da dubban almajirai na Amurka kuma ya kafa wata babbar ƙungiya ta ilimi da ci gaba, [[African American Islamic Institute|Cibiyar Musulunci ta Afirka ta Amurka]], a [[Medina Baye|Madina Baye]] mai rassa a wasu sassan duniya. Wani "gidan" na Senegal, a Medina-Gounass, Senegal (a yammacin wurin shakatawa na Niokolo Koba) [[:fr:Mamadou Saidou Ba|Mamadou Saidou Ba]] ya kirkiro. Wani kuma a Thienaba, kusa da Thiès, Almajirin sanannen marabout na Futa Tooro, [[Amadou Sekhou|Amadou Sekhou ne]] . Reshen Ḥamāliyya (Ḥamālliyya), wanda [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cheikh_hamallah/index.html Shaykh Hamallah] ya kafa, yana tsakiyar Nioro, [[Mali]], kuma yana nan a [[Senegal]], [[Ivory Coast|Cote d'Ivoire]], [[Burkina Faso]], da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun membobinta shine marubuci kuma masanin tarihi [[Amadou Hampâté Bâ]], wanda ya adana kuma ya ba da shawarar koyarwar [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cerno_bokar_salif/index.html Tierno Bokar Salif Taal] (Cerno Bokar Salif Taal), "Sage of Banjagara". (Duba [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/brenner/contents.html Louis Brenner], 1984, 2000.) Cherno Muhammadou Jallow ne tare da Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal, wanda ya fara karɓar tarihin Tijjaniyya a yankin Senegambia. Cherno Muhammadou ya shafe sama da shekaru goma sha biyu yana jiran tariha a Saint Louis Senegal, inda Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal ya tura ɗalibinsa Cherno Abubakr. Shi (Cherno Muhammadou) ya fara yaɗa shi a yankin Senegambia. Ta hanyar tarihin baka, shi ne yace (Cherno Muhammadou) ya miƙa shi ga almajirai goma sha biyu. Waɗannan almajiran sun fito daga Mam Mass Kah na Medina Mass Kah, Abdoulaye Niass na Medina Kaolock, Cherno Alieu, Deme na NDiaye Kunda Senegal, Cherno Alieu, Diallo na Djanet a Kolda, don suna kaɗan. Ta hanyar wadannan almajirai tarikha ta yadu a yankin Senegambia da kuma wajenta. Yawancin waɗannan almajirai a yau suna da ɗimbin mabiya kuma dukkansu suna yin La’azin kullum. Cherno Muhammadou ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Omar, wanda daga baya ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Muhammadou. Daga baya Baba Jallow ya ci gaba da neman kakansa (Cherno Muhammadou Jallow) wanda daga baya ya same shi a Casamance. Bayan gano ƙabarin kakansa, Cherno Baba ya ƙirƙiro wata al'umma kuma ya sanya mata suna Sobouldeh kuma ya fara Ziarre na shekara-shekara, inda dubbai ke haɗuwa don karrama shi duk shekara. == Ayyuka == Mambobin ɗarikar Tijjaniyya sun bambanta kansu ta hanyar ayyuka da yawa. Bayan shigar da oda, mutum yana karɓar tijjani wird daga ''muqaddam'' ko wakilin odar. ''Mukaddam'' ya yi bayani ga wanda ya fara gudanar da ayyukan da suka haɗa da kiyaye ka’idojin [[Musulunci]] da suka haɗa da [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Rukunnan Rukuni]] biyar, da girmama iyaye da girmama juna, ba bin wani Sufaye baya ga Tijjaniyya ba. Masu farawa shine su furta kalmar Tijjanī (tsari da ke ɗaukar mintuna goma zuwa goma sha biyar) kowace safiya da rana. Wird dabara ce da ta haɗa da maimaita [[shahada]], istighfar, da addu'a ga Muhammad da ake ƙira ''[[Salatul Fatih|Salat al-Fatih]]'' "Sallar Budawa". Haka nan su halarci [[Wazifah|wazifa]], irin wannan dabarar da ake rera wa a kungiyance, sau da yawa a [[masallaci]] ko zawiya sau ɗaya a kullum, da kuma a cikin Haylalatul Juma'ah, wata dabarar da sauran almajirai suke rera wa a kan. La'asar Juma'a kafin rana ta fadi. Bugu da ƙari, almajirai a wurare da yawa suna shirya taruka na yau da kullun, galibi a ranar Alhamis da yamma ko kafin Waẓīfa da Hailat al-Jum'ah don yin ''[[Zikiri|zikirin]] Allah'', ko ambaton [[Allah]] . A irin waɗannan tarurrukan, ana iya haɗa waƙoƙin yabon Allah, [[Muhammad]], Ahmad at-Tijjanī, ko wani shugaban addini tare da zikiri. Irin waɗannan tarurrukan na iya haɗawa da maimaita sauƙaƙa a matsayin ƙungiya ko amsa ƙira, inda ɗaya ko fiye da shugabanni ke jagorantar waƙar wasu kuma suna maimaita ko kuma ba da amsa. Lokaci-lokaci, gungun almajirai, waɗanda aka fi sani da ''daayira'' a Senegal, daga ''da’irah'' na Larabci, ko “da’ira”, na iya shirya taron addini, inda za su gayyaci ɗaya ko fiye da fitattun masu magana ko mawaƙa don yin magana a kan wani jigo. kamar rayuwar Muhammad ko wani shugaban addini, wani farilla na musamman na addini kamar [[Azumi|azumin]] Ramadan, ko yanayin Allah. Babban taron gama gari mafi mahimmanci na shekara ga yawancin ƙungiyoyin Tijjaniyya shine Maulidi, wanda aka sani a Wolof a matsayin ''Gàmmu'' (waɗanda aka aro daga tsohuwar bikin addini na Serer na "Gamo" ko "Gamou" na mutanen Serer, daga kalmar Serer ''Gamahou'' ko ''Gamohou'' <ref>Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)". (1972). Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B, no 4, 1972, pp. 706–7 (pp. 4–5), pp. 713–14 (pp. 9–10).</ref> ) ko kuma maulidin Muhammad, wanda ya zo a daren 12 ga watan musulunci na Rabi’ul Awwal (wanda ke nufin daren da ya gabaci 12 ga wata, kamar yadda kwanakin musulunci ke farawa ne da faɗuwar rana ba tsakar dare ba). Yawancin manyan cibiyoyin addini na Tijjaniyya suna shirya babban taron Maulidi sau ɗaya a shekara, kuma dubban ɗaruruwan almajirai ne ke halarta mafi girma (a Tivaouane, Kaolack, Prang, Kiota, Kano, Fadama, da sauransu). A duk shekara, al'ummomin yankin suna shirya ƙaramin Maulidi. bukukuwan. Waɗannan tarurrukan yawanci suna tafiya ne daga misalin tsakar dare har zuwa bayan fitowar alfijir na tsawon sa'o'i na zikiri da rera waƙoƙi da jawabai kan rayuwar Muhammad. == Duba kuma == * [[Sufiyya|Sufanci]] * [[Wazifa]] * [[Lazimi]] * [[Salatul Fatih]] * Jerin umarni Sufaye * 'Yan uwan Musulmi na Senegal * Ahmad At Tijjani Ibn Bâba Al-Alawy * [[Sheikh Abubakre Sidiq Bello|Sheikh Abubakar Sidiq Bello]] == Manazarta == * Brenner, Louis. 2000. "Amadou Hampâté Bâ: Tijjani Francophone." A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Davidson, Basil. 1995. ''Afirka a Tarihi'' . New York: Simon & Schuster. * Klein, Martin A. 1968. ''Musulunci da mulkin mallaka a Senegal: Sine-Saloum 1847-1914.'' Stanford: Jami'ar Stanford Press. * Robinson, David. 1985. ''Yakin Umar Tall.'' Oxford: Clarendon. * Triaud, Jean-Louis. 2000. "La Tijjaniyya, une confrérie musulmane pas comme les autres?" A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Triaud, Jean-Louis da David Robinson, ed. 2000. ''La Tijjaniyya: Une confrérie musulmane à la conquête de l'Afrique.'' Paris: Karthala. * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mali_native.html Kasashen duniya- a nan Mali Jihohin Gargajiya] * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf ''Jawâhir Ul Ma'âni''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020609/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} du Shaykh [['Alî Al Harâzim|'Ali Al Harâzim]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. Traduit en francais par le Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah et son neveu Moustapha Benmoussa. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc ''Al Boghia : Mataâlib = Requêtes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020600/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc |date=2011-08-11 }} de [['Sidi Larbi Ben Sayeh]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html ''La Tijjania''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717115930/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html |date=2011-07-17 }} du [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|'Pr.]] [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|Abdelaziz Benabdallah]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf الشيخ سيدي أحمد التجاني، أبعاد ضلاعته العلمية.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf بقلم أحمد بن عبد العزيز بن عبد الله, من الموقع الإلكتروني للأستاذ عبد العزيز بن عبد الله.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/Sufism/Orders/Tijani/}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nkv8dxsmwrl70hi1hm86szboe8txvza 883043 883042 2026-07-14T18:47:11Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Darikar Tijjani''' ( {{Lang-ar|الطريقة التجانية}} ) Ɗarikar [[Sufiyya|Sufaye]] ce ta [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahlus-Sunnah]] mai suna Ahmad al-Tijani . Ta samo asali ne a yankin Magrib amma yanzu ta yaɗu a [[Afirka ta Yammah|yammacin Afirka]] musamman a [[Senegal|kasashen Senegal]], [[Gambiya|Gambia]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Ghana]], [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewa]] da Kudu maso yammacin Najeriya da wasu sassan [[Sudan]] . Haka nan odar Tijjaniyyah tana nan a jihohin [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] da [[Karnataka]] a Indiya. Ana ƙiran masu bin sa '''Tijjanī''' ( ''Tijaan'' ko ''Tiijaan'' a [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]], ''Tidiane'' ko ''Tidjane'' a cikin Faransanci). Tijjaniyya suna ba da muhimmanci ga al'adu da ilimi kuma suna jaddada riƙo na mutum ɗaya na almajiri ( ''murid'' ). Don zama memba na oda, dole ne mutum ya karɓi Tijjanī ''[[Zikiri|wird]]'', ko jerin jimloli masu tsarki da za a maimaita sau biyu a kullum, daga ''muqaƙƙam'', ko wakilin oda. == Tarihi da yaɗa oda == === Tushen tsari === An haifi Ahmad al-Tijani (Shekara ta 1737-1815) a Ain Madhi a [[Aljeriya|ƙasar Aljeriya]] kuma ya rasu a [[Fas|Fes]] na [[Moroko|kasar Morocco]] . Ya yi karatun addini a Fes, Morocco. Da wahayi daga wasu waliyan Moroko ya kafa tsarin Tijjaniyya a Shekarar 1780s; ƙafofin sun bambanta dangane da ainihin kwanan wata tsakanin Shekara ta 1781 <ref name="foundingtriaud">see Triaud, 2000</ref> da 1784. <ref name="bbcblas">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2016 |title=Nigeria Court in Kano Sentences Cleric to Death for Blasphemy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35241608 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Tijjaniyya, suna magana ga talakawa, sun mayar da martani ga ’yan’uwantakar [[Qadiriya|Qadiriyyah]] masu ra’ayin mazan jiya, masu matsayi, suna mai da hankali kan gyara zamantakewa da farfaɗowar [[Musulunci]] daga tushe. === Faɗaɗawa a Yammacin Afirka === Umurnin ya zama mafi girma na Sufaye a yammacin Afirka kuma yana ci gaba da faɗaɗa cikin sauri. Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ na ƙabilar Idaw `Ali ne ya kawo shi kudancin Mauritaniya a shekara ta 1789, wadda ta shahara da manyan malamai da jagororinta na musulunci kuma galibin Qadirī ne a lokacin. Kusan dukkanin ƙabilar sun zama Tijjanī a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad al-Hafiẓ, kuma tasirin ƙabilar zai sauƙaƙa saurin faɗaɗa Tijjaniyya zuwa yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Almajirin Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ Sidi Mawlūd Vāl ne ya ƙaddamar da shugaban [[Fulani|Fulɓe]] na ƙarni na 19 [[Umar Taal|Omar Saidou Tall]] da limamin Fulɓe ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Nāqil daga [[Fouta Djallon|Futa Jalon]] (yanzu [[Gini|Guinea]] ) cikin tsari. Bayan samun umarni daga Muḥammad al-Ghālī daga 1828 zuwa 1830 a [[Makkah|Makka]], Umar Tall aka naɗa [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] (majidi ko shugaban wakilin) Ahmad al-Tijjanī na Sudan ta Yamma (Yammacin Saharar Afirka). Daga nan Umar Tall ya jagoranci yaƙi mai tsarki a kan abin da yake gani a matsayin gurbatacciyar gwamnati a yankin, wanda ya haifar da daular Toucouleur mai girma amma mai gushewa a Gabashin Senegal da Mali. Yayin da daular siyasar Omar Saidou Tall ta ba da dama ga mulkin mallaka na Faransa, sakamakon da aka daɗe da shi shi ne yada musulunci da Ɗarikar Tijjanī ta yawancin yankunan da ake yanzu [[Senegal]], [[Gini|Guinea]], da [[Mali]] (duba Robinson, A shekara ta 1985). A ƙasar Wolof na ƙasar Senegal, musamman yankunan arewacin Kajoor da Masarautar Jolof, Maliki Sy, wanda aka haife shi a shekara ta 1855, ya yaɗa daular Tijjanī ta farko a kusa da Dagana . A Shekara ta 1902, ya kafa wata cibiyar zawiya ko addini a Tivaouane, wacce ta zama cibiyar koyar da al'adun musulunci a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa. Bayan mutuwar Malick Sy a 1922, ɗansa Ababacar Sy ya zama Halifa na farko. Serigne Mansour Sy ya zama Halifa na yanzu a 1997, bayan rasuwar Abdoul Aziz Sy. [[Maulidi]] ko ''Gàmmu'', bikin haifuwar [[Muhammad]], na Tivaouane yana tara mabiya da yawa a kowace shekara. "Gida" ko reshe na Tivaouane ba shine kawai reshe na odar Tijjanī a [[Senegal|Senegal ba]] . Wani ɗan jihadi, Màbba Jaxu Ba, wanda yayi zamani da Umar Tall ne ya yaɗa odar Tijjaniyya zuwa kudanci a yankin [[Masarautar Saloum|Saalum]] na ƙasar Senegal. Bayan da aka ci Màbba aka kashe shi a yaƙin Fandane-Thiuthioune Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, jiharsa ta ruguje amma Tijjaniyya ta kasance mafi rinjayen Sufaye a yankin. Abdoulaye Niass ( zama wakilin mafi mahimmanci na tsari a cikin Saalum., bayan ya yi hijira zuwa kudu daga Jolof, kuma bayan gudun hijira a [[Gambiya]] saboda tashe-tashen hankula da Faransanci, ya dawo don kafa zawiya a birnin Kaolack . Reshen da ɗan Abdoulaye Niass, [[Ibrahim Niass]] ya kafa, a unguwar Kaolack na Madina Baye a cikin 1930, ya zama reshen Tijjaniyya mafi girma kuma mafi girma a duniya a yau. Koyarwar Ibrahim Inyass na cewa dukkan almajirai, ba ƙwararru kaɗai ba, za su iya samun ilimin sufanci kai tsaye na Allah ta hanyar ''tarbiyyah rūhiyyah'' (ilimin sufa) ya mamaye miliyoyin mutane a duniya. Wannan reshe, wanda aka fi sani da ''Tijjaniyyah Ibrāhīmiyyah'' ko ''Faydah'' ("Ambaliya"), ya fi mayar da hankali a [[Senegal]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]], [[Ghana]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], kuma yana da girma a Amurka da Turai. Galibin gidajen yanar gizo na Tijjaniyya da kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna cikin wannan yunƙuri. Marigayi jikan Ibrahim Inyass kuma tsohon [[Liman|limamin]] Madina Baye, Hassan Cissé, yana da dubban almajirai na Amurka kuma ya kafa wata babbar ƙungiya ta ilimi da ci gaba, [[African American Islamic Institute|Cibiyar Musulunci ta Afirka ta Amurka]], a [[Medina Baye|Madina Baye]] mai rassa a wasu sassan duniya. Wani "gidan" na Senegal, a Medina-Gounass, Senegal (a yammacin wurin shakatawa na Niokolo Koba) [[:fr:Mamadou Saidou Ba|Mamadou Saidou Ba]] ya kirkiro. Wani kuma a Thienaba, kusa da Thiès, Almajirin sanannen marabout na Futa Tooro, [[Amadou Sekhou|Amadou Sekhou ne]] . Reshen Ḥamāliyya (Ḥamālliyya), wanda [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cheikh_hamallah/index.html Shaykh Hamallah] ya kafa, yana tsakiyar Nioro, [[Mali]], kuma yana nan a [[Senegal]], [[Ivory Coast|Cote d'Ivoire]], [[Burkina Faso]], da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun membobinta shine marubuci kuma masanin tarihi [[Amadou Hampâté Bâ]], wanda ya adana kuma ya ba da shawarar koyarwar [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cerno_bokar_salif/index.html Tierno Bokar Salif Taal] (Cerno Bokar Salif Taal), "Sage of Banjagara". (Duba [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/brenner/contents.html Louis Brenner], 1984, 2000.) Cherno Muhammadou Jallow ne tare da Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal, wanda ya fara karɓar tarihin Tijjaniyya a yankin Senegambia. Cherno Muhammadou ya shafe sama da shekaru goma sha biyu yana jiran tariha a Saint Louis Senegal, inda Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal ya tura ɗalibinsa Cherno Abubakr. Shi (Cherno Muhammadou) ya fara yaɗa shi a yankin Senegambia. Ta hanyar tarihin baka, shi ne yace (Cherno Muhammadou) ya miƙa shi ga almajirai goma sha biyu. Waɗannan almajiran sun fito daga Mam Mass Kah na Medina Mass Kah, Abdoulaye Niass na Medina Kaolock, Cherno Alieu, Deme na NDiaye Kunda Senegal, Cherno Alieu, Diallo na Djanet a Kolda, don suna kaɗan. Ta hanyar wadannan almajirai tarikha ta yadu a yankin Senegambia da kuma wajenta. Yawancin waɗannan almajirai a yau suna da ɗimbin mabiya kuma dukkansu suna yin La’azin kullum. Cherno Muhammadou ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Omar, wanda daga baya ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Muhammadou. Daga baya Baba Jallow ya ci gaba da neman kakansa (Cherno Muhammadou Jallow) wanda daga baya ya same shi a Casamance. Bayan gano ƙabarin kakansa, Cherno Baba ya ƙirƙiro wata al'umma kuma ya sanya mata suna Sobouldeh kuma ya fara Ziarre na shekara-shekara, inda dubbai ke haɗuwa don karrama shi duk shekara. == Ayyuka == Mambobin ɗarikar Tijjaniyya sun bambanta kansu ta hanyar ayyuka da yawa. Bayan shigar da oda, mutum yana karɓar tijjani wird daga ''muqaddam'' ko wakilin odar. ''Mukaddam'' ya yi bayani ga wanda ya fara gudanar da ayyukan da suka haɗa da kiyaye ka’idojin [[Musulunci]] da suka haɗa da [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Rukunnan Rukuni]] biyar, da girmama iyaye da girmama juna, ba bin wani Sufaye baya ga Tijjaniyya ba. Masu farawa shine su furta kalmar Tijjanī (tsari da ke ɗaukar mintuna goma zuwa goma sha biyar) kowace safiya da rana. Wird dabara ce da ta haɗa da maimaita [[shahada]], istighfar, da addu'a ga Muhammad da ake ƙira ''[[Salatul Fatih|Salat al-Fatih]]'' "Sallar Budawa". Haka nan su halarci [[Wazifah|wazifa]], irin wannan dabarar da ake rera wa a kungiyance, sau da yawa a [[masallaci]] ko zawiya sau ɗaya a kullum, da kuma a cikin Haylalatul Juma'ah, wata dabarar da sauran almajirai suke rera wa a kan. La'asar Juma'a kafin rana ta fadi. Bugu da ƙari, almajirai a wurare da yawa suna shirya taruka na yau da kullun, galibi a ranar Alhamis da yamma ko kafin Waẓīfa da Hailat al-Jum'ah don yin ''[[Zikiri|zikirin]] Allah'', ko ambaton [[Allah]] . A irin waɗannan tarurrukan, ana iya haɗa waƙoƙin yabon Allah, [[Muhammad]], Ahmad at-Tijjanī, ko wani shugaban addini tare da zikiri. Irin waɗannan tarurrukan na iya haɗawa da maimaita sauƙaƙa a matsayin ƙungiya ko amsa ƙira, inda ɗaya ko fiye da shugabanni ke jagorantar waƙar wasu kuma suna maimaita ko kuma ba da amsa. Lokaci-lokaci, gungun almajirai, waɗanda aka fi sani da ''daayira'' a Senegal, daga ''da’irah'' na Larabci, ko “da’ira”, na iya shirya taron addini, inda za su gayyaci ɗaya ko fiye da fitattun masu magana ko mawaƙa don yin magana a kan wani jigo. kamar rayuwar Muhammad ko wani shugaban addini, wani farilla na musamman na addini kamar [[Azumi|azumin]] Ramadan, ko yanayin Allah. Babban taron gama gari mafi mahimmanci na shekara ga yawancin ƙungiyoyin Tijjaniyya shine Maulidi, wanda aka sani a Wolof a matsayin ''Gàmmu'' (waɗanda aka aro daga tsohuwar bikin addini na Serer na "Gamo" ko "Gamou" na mutanen Serer, daga kalmar Serer ''Gamahou'' ko ''Gamohou'' <ref>Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)". (1972). Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B, no 4, 1972, pp. 706–7 (pp. 4–5), pp. 713–14 (pp. 9–10).</ref> ) ko kuma maulidin Muhammad, wanda ya zo a daren 12 ga watan musulunci na Rabi’ul Awwal (wanda ke nufin daren da ya gabaci 12 ga wata, kamar yadda kwanakin musulunci ke farawa ne da faɗuwar rana ba tsakar dare ba). Yawancin manyan cibiyoyin addini na Tijjaniyya suna shirya babban taron Maulidi sau ɗaya a shekara, kuma dubban ɗaruruwan almajirai ne ke halarta mafi girma (a Tivaouane, Kaolack, Prang, Kiota, Kano, Fadama, da sauransu). A duk shekara, al'ummomin yankin suna shirya ƙaramin Maulidi. bukukuwan. Waɗannan tarurrukan yawanci suna tafiya ne daga misalin tsakar dare har zuwa bayan fitowar alfijir na tsawon sa'o'i na zikiri da rera waƙoƙi da jawabai kan rayuwar Muhammad. == Duba kuma == * [[Sufiyya|Sufanci]] * [[Wazifa]] * [[Lazimi]] * [[Salatul Fatih]] * Jerin umarni Sufaye * 'Yan uwan Musulmi na Senegal * Ahmad At Tijjani Ibn Bâba Al-Alawy * [[Sheikh Abubakre Sidiq Bello|Sheikh Abubakar Sidiq Bello]] == Manazarta == * Brenner, Louis. 2000. "Amadou Hampâté Bâ: Tijjani Francophone." A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Davidson, Basil. 1995. ''Afirka a Tarihi'' . New York: Simon & Schuster. * Klein, Martin A. 1968. ''Musulunci da mulkin mallaka a Senegal: Sine-Saloum 1847-1914.'' Stanford: Jami'ar Stanford Press. * Robinson, David. 1985. ''Yakin Umar Tall.'' Oxford: Clarendon. * Triaud, Jean-Louis. 2000. "La Tijjaniyya, une confrérie musulmane pas comme les autres?" A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Triaud, Jean-Louis da David Robinson, ed. 2000. ''La Tijjaniyya: Une confrérie musulmane à la conquête de l'Afrique.'' Paris: Karthala. * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mali_native.html Kasashen duniya- a nan Mali Jihohin Gargajiya] * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf ''Jawâhir Ul Ma'âni''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020609/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} du Shaykh [['Alî Al Harâzim|'Ali Al Harâzim]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. Traduit en francais par le Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah et son neveu Moustapha Benmoussa. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc ''Al Boghia : Mataâlib = Requêtes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020600/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc |date=2011-08-11 }} de [['Sidi Larbi Ben Sayeh]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html ''La Tijjania''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717115930/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html |date=2011-07-17 }} du [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|'Pr.]] [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|Abdelaziz Benabdallah]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf الشيخ سيدي أحمد التجاني، أبعاد ضلاعته العلمية.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf بقلم أحمد بن عبد العزيز بن عبد الله, من الموقع الإلكتروني للأستاذ عبد العزيز بن عبد الله.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/Sufism/Orders/Tijani/}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9gkg7qqfkt1xosd3ths1huzxwfrxvxz 883044 883043 2026-07-14T18:49:09Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Darikar Tijjani''' ( {{Lang-ar|الطريقة التجانية}} ) Ɗarikar [[Sufiyya|Sufaye]] ce ta [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahlus-Sunnah]] mai suna Ahmad al-Tijani . Ta samo asali ne a yankin Magrib amma yanzu ta yaɗu a [[Afirka ta Yammah|yammacin Afirka]] musamman a [[Senegal|kasashen Senegal]], [[Gambiya|Gambia]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Ghana]], [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewa]] da Kudu maso yammacin Najeriya da wasu sassan [[Sudan]] . Haka nan odar Tijjaniyyah tana nan a jihohin [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] da [[Karnataka]] a Indiya. Ana ƙiran masu bin sa '''Tijjanī''' ( ''Tijaan'' ko ''Tiijaan'' a [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]], ''Tidiane'' ko ''Tidjane'' a cikin Faransanci). Tijjaniyya suna ba da muhimmanci ga al'adu da ilimi kuma suna jaddada riƙo na mutum ɗaya na almajiri ( ''murid'' ). Don zama memba na oda, dole ne mutum ya karɓi Tijjanī ''[[Zikiri|wird]]'', ko jerin jimloli masu tsarki da za a maimaita sau biyu a kullum, daga ''muqaƙƙam'', ko wakilin oda. == Tarihi da yaɗa oda == === Tushen tsari === An haifi Ahmad al-Tijani (Shekara ta 1737-1815) a Ain Madhi a [[Aljeriya|ƙasar Aljeriya]] kuma ya rasu a [[Fas|Fes]] na [[Moroko|kasar Morocco]] . Ya yi karatun addini a Fes, Morocco. Da wahayi daga wasu waliyan Moroko ya kafa tsarin Tijjaniyya a Shekarar 1780s; ƙafofin sun bambanta dangane da ainihin kwanan wata tsakanin Shekara ta 1781 <ref name="foundingtriaud">see Triaud, 2000</ref> da 1784. <ref name="bbcblas">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2016 |title=Nigeria Court in Kano Sentences Cleric to Death for Blasphemy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35241608 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Tijjaniyya, suna magana ga talakawa, sun mayar da martani ga ’yan’uwantakar [[Qadiriya|Qadiriyyah]] masu ra’ayin mazan jiya, masu matsayi, suna mai da hankali kan gyara zamantakewa da farfaɗowar [[Musulunci]] daga tushe. === Faɗaɗawa a Yammacin Afirka === Umurnin ya zama mafi girma na Sufaye a yammacin Afirka kuma yana ci gaba da faɗaɗa cikin sauri. Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ na ƙabilar Idaw `Ali ne ya kawo shi kudancin Mauritaniya a shekara ta 1789, wadda ta shahara da manyan malamai da jagororinta na musulunci kuma galibin Qadirī ne a lokacin. Kusan dukkanin ƙabilar sun zama Tijjanī a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad al-Hafiẓ, kuma tasirin ƙabilar zai sauƙaƙa saurin faɗaɗa Tijjaniyya zuwa yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Almajirin Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ Sidi Mawlūd Vāl ne ya ƙaddamar da shugaban [[Fulani|Fulɓe]] na ƙarni na 19 [[Umar Taal|Omar Saidou Tall]] da limamin Fulɓe ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Nāqil daga [[Fouta Djallon|Futa Jalon]] (yanzu [[Gini|Guinea]] ) cikin tsari. Bayan samun umarni daga Muḥammad al-Ghālī daga 1828 zuwa 1830 a [[Makkah|Makka]], Umar Tall aka naɗa [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] (majidi ko shugaban wakilin) Ahmad al-Tijjanī na Sudan ta Yamma (Yammacin Saharar Afirka). Daga nan Umar Tall ya jagoranci yaƙi mai tsarki a kan abin da yake gani a matsayin gurbatacciyar gwamnati a yankin, wanda ya haifar da daular Toucouleur mai girma amma mai gushewa a Gabashin Senegal da Mali. Yayin da daular siyasar Omar Saidou Tall ta ba da dama ga mulkin mallaka na Faransa, sakamakon da aka daɗe da shi shi ne yada musulunci da Ɗarikar Tijjanī ta yawancin yankunan da ake yanzu [[Senegal]], [[Gini|Guinea]], da [[Mali]] (duba Robinson, A shekara ta 1985). A ƙasar Wolof na ƙasar Senegal, musamman yankunan arewacin Kajoor da Masarautar Jolof, Maliki Sy, wanda aka haife shi a shekara ta (1855), ya yaɗa daular Tijjanī ta farko a kusa da Dagana . A Shekara ta 1902, ya kafa wata cibiyar zawiya ko addini a Tivaouane, wacce ta zama cibiyar koyar da al'adun musulunci a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa. Bayan mutuwar Malick Sy a (1922) ɗansa Ababacar Sy ya zama Halifa na farko. Serigne Mansour Sy ya zama Halifa na yanzu a 1997, bayan rasuwar Abdoul Aziz Sy. [[Maulidi]] ko ''Gàmmu'', bikin haifuwar [[Muhammad]], na Tivaouane yana tara mabiya da yawa a kowace shekara. "Gida" ko reshe na Tivaouane ba shi ne kawai reshe na odar Tijjanī a [[Senegal|Senegal ba]] . Wani ɗan jihadi, Màbba Jaxu Ba, wanda yayi zamani da Umar Tall ne ya yaɗa odar Tijjaniyya zuwa kudanci a yankin [[Masarautar Saloum|Saalum]] na ƙasar Senegal. Bayan da aka ci Màbba aka kashe shi a yaƙin Fandane-Thiuthioune Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, jiharsa ta ruguje ammah Tijjaniyya ta kasance mafi rinjayen Sufaye a yankin. Abdoulaye Niass ( zama wakilin mafi mahimmanci na tsari a cikin Saalum., bayan ya yi hijira zuwa kudu daga Jolof, kuma bayan gudun hijira a [[Gambiya]] saboda tashe-tashen hankula da Faransanci, ya dawo don kafa zawiya a birnin Kaolack . Reshen da ɗan Abdoulaye Niass, [[Ibrahim Niass]] ya kafa, a unguwar Kaolack na Madina Baye a cikin 1930, ya zama reshen Tijjaniyya mafi girma kuma mafi girma a duniya a yau. Koyarwar Ibrahim Inyass na cewa dukkan almajirai, ba ƙwararru kaɗai ba, za su iya samun ilimin sufanci kai tsaye na Allah ta hanyar ''tarbiyyah rūhiyyah'' (ilimin sufa) ya mamaye miliyoyin mutane a duniya. Wannan reshe, wanda aka fi sani da ''Tijjaniyyah Ibrāhīmiyyah'' ko ''Faydah'' ("Ambaliya"), ya fi mayar da hankali a [[Senegal]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]], [[Ghana]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], kuma yana da girma a Amurka da Turai. Galibin gidajen yanar gizo na Tijjaniyya da kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna cikin wannan yunƙuri. Marigayi jikan Ibrahim Inyass kuma tsohon [[Liman|limamin]] Madina Baye, Hassan Cissé, yana da dubban almajirai na Amurka kuma ya kafa wata babbar ƙungiya ta ilimi da ci gaba, [[African American Islamic Institute|Cibiyar Musulunci ta Afirka ta Amurka]], a [[Medina Baye|Madina Baye]] mai rassa a wasu sassan duniya. Wani "gidan" na Senegal, a Medina-Gounass, Senegal (a yammacin wurin shakatawa na Niokolo Koba) [[:fr:Mamadou Saidou Ba|Mamadou Saidou Ba]] ya kirkiro. Wani kuma a Thienaba, kusa da Thiès, Almajirin sanannen marabout na Futa Tooro, [[Amadou Sekhou|Amadou Sekhou ne]] . Reshen Ḥamāliyya (Ḥamālliyya), wanda [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cheikh_hamallah/index.html Shaykh Hamallah] ya kafa, yana tsakiyar Nioro, [[Mali]], kuma yana nan a [[Senegal]], [[Ivory Coast|Cote d'Ivoire]], [[Burkina Faso]], da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun membobinta shine marubuci kuma masanin tarihi [[Amadou Hampâté Bâ]], wanda ya adana kuma ya ba da shawarar koyarwar [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cerno_bokar_salif/index.html Tierno Bokar Salif Taal] (Cerno Bokar Salif Taal), "Sage of Banjagara". (Duba [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/brenner/contents.html Louis Brenner], 1984, 2000.) Cherno Muhammadou Jallow ne tare da Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal, wanda ya fara karɓar tarihin Tijjaniyya a yankin Senegambia. Cherno Muhammadou ya shafe sama da shekaru goma sha biyu yana jiran tariha a Saint Louis Senegal, inda Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal ya tura ɗalibinsa Cherno Abubakr. Shi (Cherno Muhammadou) ya fara yaɗa shi a yankin Senegambia. Ta hanyar tarihin baka, shi ne yace (Cherno Muhammadou) ya miƙa shi ga almajirai goma sha biyu. Waɗannan almajiran sun fito daga Mam Mass Kah na Medina Mass Kah, Abdoulaye Niass na Medina Kaolock, Cherno Alieu, Deme na NDiaye Kunda Senegal, Cherno Alieu, Diallo na Djanet a Kolda, don suna kaɗan. Ta hanyar wadannan almajirai tarikha ta yadu a yankin Senegambia da kuma wajenta. Yawancin waɗannan almajirai a yau suna da ɗimbin mabiya kuma dukkansu suna yin La’azin kullum. Cherno Muhammadou ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Omar, wanda daga baya ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Muhammadou. Daga baya Baba Jallow ya ci gaba da neman kakansa (Cherno Muhammadou Jallow) wanda daga baya ya same shi a Casamance. Bayan gano ƙabarin kakansa, Cherno Baba ya ƙirƙiro wata al'umma kuma ya sanya mata suna Sobouldeh kuma ya fara Ziarre na shekara-shekara, inda dubbai ke haɗuwa don karrama shi duk shekara. == Ayyuka == Mambobin ɗarikar Tijjaniyya sun bambanta kansu ta hanyar ayyuka da yawa. Bayan shigar da oda, mutum yana karɓar tijjani wird daga ''muqaddam'' ko wakilin odar. ''Mukaddam'' ya yi bayani ga wanda ya fara gudanar da ayyukan da suka haɗa da kiyaye ka’idojin [[Musulunci]] da suka haɗa da [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Rukunnan Rukuni]] biyar, da girmama iyaye da girmama juna, ba bin wani Sufaye baya ga Tijjaniyya ba. Masu farawa shine su furta kalmar Tijjanī (tsari da ke ɗaukar mintuna goma zuwa goma sha biyar) kowace safiya da rana. Wird dabara ce da ta haɗa da maimaita [[shahada]], istighfar, da addu'a ga Muhammad da ake ƙira ''[[Salatul Fatih|Salat al-Fatih]]'' "Sallar Budawa". Haka nan su halarci [[Wazifah|wazifa]], irin wannan dabarar da ake rera wa a kungiyance, sau da yawa a [[masallaci]] ko zawiya sau ɗaya a kullum, da kuma a cikin Haylalatul Juma'ah, wata dabarar da sauran almajirai suke rera wa a kan. La'asar Juma'a kafin rana ta fadi. Bugu da ƙari, almajirai a wurare da yawa suna shirya taruka na yau da kullun, galibi a ranar Alhamis da yamma ko kafin Waẓīfa da Hailat al-Jum'ah don yin ''[[Zikiri|zikirin]] Allah'', ko ambaton [[Allah]] . A irin waɗannan tarurrukan, ana iya haɗa waƙoƙin yabon Allah, [[Muhammad]], Ahmad at-Tijjanī, ko wani shugaban addini tare da zikiri. Irin waɗannan tarurrukan na iya haɗawa da maimaita sauƙaƙa a matsayin ƙungiya ko amsa ƙira, inda ɗaya ko fiye da shugabanni ke jagorantar waƙar wasu kuma suna maimaita ko kuma ba da amsa. Lokaci-lokaci, gungun almajirai, waɗanda aka fi sani da ''daayira'' a Senegal, daga ''da’irah'' na Larabci, ko “da’ira”, na iya shirya taron addini, inda za su gayyaci ɗaya ko fiye da fitattun masu magana ko mawaƙa don yin magana a kan wani jigo. kamar rayuwar Muhammad ko wani shugaban addini, wani farilla na musamman na addini kamar [[Azumi|azumin]] Ramadan, ko yanayin Allah. Babban taron gama gari mafi mahimmanci na shekara ga yawancin ƙungiyoyin Tijjaniyya shine Maulidi, wanda aka sani a Wolof a matsayin ''Gàmmu'' (waɗanda aka aro daga tsohuwar bikin addini na Serer na "Gamo" ko "Gamou" na mutanen Serer, daga kalmar Serer ''Gamahou'' ko ''Gamohou'' <ref>Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)". (1972). Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B, no 4, 1972, pp. 706–7 (pp. 4–5), pp. 713–14 (pp. 9–10).</ref> ) ko kuma maulidin Muhammad, wanda ya zo a daren 12 ga watan musulunci na Rabi’ul Awwal (wanda ke nufin daren da ya gabaci 12 ga wata, kamar yadda kwanakin musulunci ke farawa ne da faɗuwar rana ba tsakar dare ba). Yawancin manyan cibiyoyin addini na Tijjaniyya suna shirya babban taron Maulidi sau ɗaya a shekara, kuma dubban ɗaruruwan almajirai ne ke halarta mafi girma (a Tivaouane, Kaolack, Prang, Kiota, Kano, Fadama, da sauransu). A duk shekara, al'ummomin yankin suna shirya ƙaramin Maulidi. bukukuwan. Waɗannan tarurrukan yawanci suna tafiya ne daga misalin tsakar dare har zuwa bayan fitowar alfijir na tsawon sa'o'i na zikiri da rera waƙoƙi da jawabai kan rayuwar Muhammad. == Duba kuma == * [[Sufiyya|Sufanci]] * [[Wazifa]] * [[Lazimi]] * [[Salatul Fatih]] * Jerin umarni Sufaye * 'Yan uwan Musulmi na Senegal * Ahmad At Tijjani Ibn Bâba Al-Alawy * [[Sheikh Abubakre Sidiq Bello|Sheikh Abubakar Sidiq Bello]] == Manazarta == * Brenner, Louis. 2000. "Amadou Hampâté Bâ: Tijjani Francophone." A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Davidson, Basil. 1995. ''Afirka a Tarihi'' . New York: Simon & Schuster. * Klein, Martin A. 1968. ''Musulunci da mulkin mallaka a Senegal: Sine-Saloum 1847-1914.'' Stanford: Jami'ar Stanford Press. * Robinson, David. 1985. ''Yakin Umar Tall.'' Oxford: Clarendon. * Triaud, Jean-Louis. 2000. "La Tijjaniyya, une confrérie musulmane pas comme les autres?" A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Triaud, Jean-Louis da David Robinson, ed. 2000. ''La Tijjaniyya: Une confrérie musulmane à la conquête de l'Afrique.'' Paris: Karthala. * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mali_native.html Kasashen duniya- a nan Mali Jihohin Gargajiya] * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf ''Jawâhir Ul Ma'âni''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020609/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} du Shaykh [['Alî Al Harâzim|'Ali Al Harâzim]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. Traduit en francais par le Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah et son neveu Moustapha Benmoussa. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc ''Al Boghia : Mataâlib = Requêtes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020600/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc |date=2011-08-11 }} de [['Sidi Larbi Ben Sayeh]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html ''La Tijjania''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717115930/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html |date=2011-07-17 }} du [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|'Pr.]] [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|Abdelaziz Benabdallah]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf الشيخ سيدي أحمد التجاني، أبعاد ضلاعته العلمية.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf بقلم أحمد بن عبد العزيز بن عبد الله, من الموقع الإلكتروني للأستاذ عبد العزيز بن عبد الله.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/Sufism/Orders/Tijani/}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r9leiuzdg0awkcsigi3k25wr64w4r7u 883045 883044 2026-07-14T18:51:57Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Darikar Tijjani''' ( {{Lang-ar|الطريقة التجانية}} ) Ɗarikar [[Sufiyya|Sufaye]] ce ta [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahlus-Sunnah]] mai suna Ahmad al-Tijani . Ta samo asali ne a yankin Magrib amma yanzu ta yaɗu a [[Afirka ta Yammah|yammacin Afirka]] musamman a [[Senegal|kasashen Senegal]], [[Gambiya|Gambia]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Ghana]], [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewa]] da Kudu maso yammacin Najeriya da wasu sassan [[Sudan]] . Haka nan odar Tijjaniyyah tana nan a jihohin [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] da [[Karnataka]] a Indiya. Ana ƙiran masu bin sa '''Tijjanī''' ( ''Tijaan'' ko ''Tiijaan'' a [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]], ''Tidiane'' ko ''Tidjane'' a cikin Faransanci). Tijjaniyya suna ba da muhimmanci ga al'adu da ilimi kuma suna jaddada riƙo na mutum ɗaya na almajiri ( ''murid'' ). Don zama memba na oda, dole ne mutum ya karɓi Tijjanī ''[[Zikiri|wird]]'', ko jerin jimloli masu tsarki da za a maimaita sau biyu a kullum, daga ''muqaƙƙam'', ko wakilin oda. == Tarihi da yaɗa oda == === Tushen tsari === An haifi Ahmad al-Tijani (Shekara ta 1737-1815) a Ain Madhi a [[Aljeriya|ƙasar Aljeriya]] kuma ya rasu a [[Fas|Fes]] na [[Moroko|kasar Morocco]] . Ya yi karatun addini a Fes, Morocco. Da wahayi daga wasu waliyan Moroko ya kafa tsarin Tijjaniyya a Shekarar 1780s; ƙafofin sun bambanta dangane da ainihin kwanan wata tsakanin Shekara ta 1781 <ref name="foundingtriaud">see Triaud, 2000</ref> da 1784. <ref name="bbcblas">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2016 |title=Nigeria Court in Kano Sentences Cleric to Death for Blasphemy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35241608 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Tijjaniyya, suna magana ga talakawa, sun mayar da martani ga ’yan’uwantakar [[Qadiriya|Qadiriyyah]] masu ra’ayin mazan jiya, masu matsayi, suna mai da hankali kan gyara zamantakewa da farfaɗowar [[Musulunci]] daga tushe. === Faɗaɗawa a Yammacin Afirka === Umurnin ya zama mafi girma na Sufaye a yammacin Afirka kuma yana ci gaba da faɗaɗa cikin sauri. Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ na ƙabilar Idaw `Ali ne ya kawo shi kudancin Mauritaniya a shekara ta 1789, wadda ta shahara da manyan malamai da jagororinta na musulunci kuma galibin Qadirī ne a lokacin. Kusan dukkanin ƙabilar sun zama Tijjanī a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad al-Hafiẓ, kuma tasirin ƙabilar zai sauƙaƙa saurin faɗaɗa Tijjaniyya zuwa yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Almajirin Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ Sidi Mawlūd Vāl ne ya ƙaddamar da shugaban [[Fulani|Fulɓe]] na ƙarni na 19 [[Umar Taal|Omar Saidou Tall]] da limamin Fulɓe ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Nāqil daga [[Fouta Djallon|Futa Jalon]] (yanzu [[Gini|Guinea]] ) cikin tsari. Bayan samun umarni daga Muḥammad al-Ghālī daga 1828 zuwa 1830 a [[Makkah|Makka]], Umar Tall aka naɗa [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] (majidi ko shugaban wakilin) Ahmad al-Tijjanī na Sudan ta Yammah (Yammacin Saharar Afirka). Daga nan Umar Tall ya jagoranci yaƙi mai tsarki a kan abin da yake gani a matsayin gurbatacciyar gwamnati a yankin, wanda ya haifar da daular Toucouleur mai girma amma mai gushewa a Gabashin Senegal da Mali. Yayin da daular siyasar Omar Saidou Tall ta ba da dama ga mulkin mallaka na Faransa, sakamakon da aka daɗe da shi shi ne yada musulunci da Ɗarikar Tijjanī ta yawancin yankunan da ake yanzu [[Senegal]], [[Gini|Guinea]], da [[Mali]] (duba Robinson, A shekara ta 1985). A ƙasar Wolof na ƙasar Senegal, musamman yankunan arewacin Kajoor da Masarautar Jolof, Maliki Sy, wanda aka haife shi a shekara ta (1855), ya yaɗa daular Tijjanī ta farko a kusa da Dagana . A Shekara ta 1902, ya kafa wata cibiyar zawiya ko addini a Tivaouane, wacce ta zama cibiyar koyar da ƙa'idodin musulunci a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa. Bayan mutuwar Malick Sy a (1922) ɗansa Ababacar Sy ya zama Halifa na farko. Serigne Mansour Sy ya zama Halifa na yanzu a 1997, bayan rasuwar Abdoul Aziz Sy. [[Maulidi]] ko ''Gàmmu'', bikin haifuwar [[Muhammad]], na Tivaouane yana tara mabiya da yawa a kowace shekara. "Gida" ko reshe na Tivaouane ba shi ne kawai reshe na odar Tijjanī a [[Senegal|Senegal ba]] . Wani ɗan jihadi, Màbba Jaxu Ba, wanda yayi zamani da Umar Tall ne ya yaɗa odar Tijjaniyya zuwa kudanci a yankin [[Masarautar Saloum|Saalum]] na ƙasar Senegal. Bayan da aka ci Màbba aka kashe shi a yaƙin Fandane-Thiuthioune Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, jiharsa ta ruguje ammah Tijjaniyya ta kasance mafi rinjayen Sufaye a yankin. Abdoulaye Niass ( zama wakilin mafi mahimmanci na tsari a cikin Saalum., bayan ya yi hijira zuwa kudu daga Jolof, kuma bayan gudun hijira a [[Gambiya]] saboda tashe-tashen hankula da Faransanci, ya dawo don kafa zawiya a birnin Kaolack . Reshen da ɗan Abdoulaye Niass, [[Ibrahim Niass]] ya kafa, a unguwar Kaolack na Madina Baye a cikin 1930, ya zama reshen Tijjaniyya mafi girma kuma mafi girma a duniya a yau. Koyarwar Ibrahim Inyass na cewa dukkan almajirai, ba ƙwararru kaɗai ba, za su iya samun ilimin sufanci kai tsaye na Allah ta hanyar ''tarbiyyah rūhiyyah'' (ilimin sufa) ya mamaye miliyoyin mutane a duniya. Wannan reshe, wanda aka fi sani da ''Tijjaniyyah Ibrāhīmiyyah'' ko ''Faydah'' ("Ambaliya"), ya fi mayar da hankali a [[Senegal]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]], [[Ghana]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], kuma yana da girma a Amurka da Turai. Galibin gidajen yanar gizo na Tijjaniyya da kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna cikin wannan yunƙuri. Marigayi jikan Ibrahim Inyass kuma tsohon [[Liman|limamin]] Madina Baye, Hassan Cissé, yana da dubban almajirai na Amurka kuma ya kafa wata babbar ƙungiya ta ilimi da ci gaba, [[African American Islamic Institute|Cibiyar Musulunci ta Afirka ta Amurka]], a [[Medina Baye|Madina Baye]] mai rassa a wasu sassan duniya. Wani "gidan" na Senegal, a Medina-Gounass, Senegal (a yammacin wurin shakatawa na Niokolo Koba) [[:fr:Mamadou Saidou Ba|Mamadou Saidou Ba]] ya kirkiro. Wani kuma a Thienaba, kusa da Thiès, Almajirin sanannen marabout na Futa Tooro, [[Amadou Sekhou|Amadou Sekhou ne]] . Reshen Ḥamāliyya (Ḥamālliyya), wanda [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cheikh_hamallah/index.html Shaykh Hamallah] ya kafa, yana tsakiyar Nioro, [[Mali]], kuma yana nan a [[Senegal]], [[Ivory Coast|Cote d'Ivoire]], [[Burkina Faso]], da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun membobinta shine marubuci kuma masanin tarihi [[Amadou Hampâté Bâ]], wanda ya adana kuma ya ba da shawarar koyarwar [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cerno_bokar_salif/index.html Tierno Bokar Salif Taal] (Cerno Bokar Salif Taal), "Sage of Banjagara". (Duba [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/brenner/contents.html Louis Brenner], 1984, 2000.) Cherno Muhammadou Jallow ne tare da Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal, wanda ya fara karɓar tarihin Tijjaniyya a yankin Senegambia. Cherno Muhammadou ya shafe sama da shekaru goma sha biyu yana jiran tariha a Saint Louis Senegal, inda Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal ya tura ɗalibinsa Cherno Abubakr. Shi (Cherno Muhammadou) ya fara yaɗa shi a yankin Senegambia. Ta hanyar tarihin baka, shi ne yace (Cherno Muhammadou) ya miƙa shi ga almajirai goma sha biyu. Waɗannan almajiran sun fito daga Mam Mass Kah na Medina Mass Kah, Abdoulaye Niass na Medina Kaolock, Cherno Alieu, Deme na NDiaye Kunda Senegal, Cherno Alieu, Diallo na Djanet a Kolda, don suna kaɗan. Ta hanyar wadannan almajirai tarikha ta yadu a yankin Senegambia da kuma wajenta. Yawancin waɗannan almajirai a yau suna da ɗimbin mabiya kuma dukkansu suna yin La’azin kullum. Cherno Muhammadou ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Omar, wanda daga baya ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Muhammadou. Daga baya Baba Jallow ya ci gaba da neman kakansa (Cherno Muhammadou Jallow) wanda daga baya ya same shi a Casamance. Bayan gano ƙabarin kakansa, Cherno Baba ya ƙirƙiro wata al'umma kuma ya sanya mata suna Sobouldeh kuma ya fara Ziarre na shekara-shekara, inda dubbai ke haɗuwa don karrama shi duk shekara. == Ayyuka == Mambobin ɗarikar Tijjaniyya sun bambanta kansu ta hanyar ayyuka da yawa. Bayan shigar da oda, mutum yana karɓar tijjani wird daga ''muqaddam'' ko wakilin odar. ''Mukaddam'' ya yi bayani ga wanda ya fara gudanar da ayyukan da suka haɗa da kiyaye ka’idojin [[Musulunci]] da suka haɗa da [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Rukunnan Rukuni]] biyar, da girmama iyaye da girmama juna, ba bin wani Sufaye baya ga Tijjaniyya ba. Masu farawa shine su furta kalmar Tijjanī (tsari da ke ɗaukar mintuna goma zuwa goma sha biyar) kowace safiya da rana. Wird dabara ce da ta haɗa da maimaita [[shahada]], istighfar, da addu'a ga Muhammad da ake ƙira ''[[Salatul Fatih|Salat al-Fatih]]'' "Sallar Budawa". Haka nan su halarci [[Wazifah|wazifa]], irin wannan dabarar da ake rera wa a kungiyance, sau da yawa a [[masallaci]] ko zawiya sau ɗaya a kullum, da kuma a cikin Haylalatul Juma'ah, wata dabarar da sauran almajirai suke rera wa a kan. La'asar Juma'a kafin rana ta fadi. Bugu da ƙari, almajirai a wurare da yawa suna shirya taruka na yau da kullun, galibi a ranar Alhamis da yamma ko kafin Waẓīfa da Hailat al-Jum'ah don yin ''[[Zikiri|zikirin]] Allah'', ko ambaton [[Allah]] . A irin waɗannan tarurrukan, ana iya haɗa waƙoƙin yabon Allah, [[Muhammad]], Ahmad at-Tijjanī, ko wani shugaban addini tare da zikiri. Irin waɗannan tarurrukan na iya haɗawa da maimaita sauƙaƙa a matsayin ƙungiya ko amsa ƙira, inda ɗaya ko fiye da shugabanni ke jagorantar waƙar wasu kuma suna maimaita ko kuma ba da amsa. Lokaci-lokaci, gungun almajirai, waɗanda aka fi sani da ''daayira'' a Senegal, daga ''da’irah'' na Larabci, ko “da’ira”, na iya shirya taron addini, inda za su gayyaci ɗaya ko fiye da fitattun masu magana ko mawaƙa don yin magana a kan wani jigo. kamar rayuwar Muhammad ko wani shugaban addini, wani farilla na musamman na addini kamar [[Azumi|azumin]] Ramadan, ko yanayin Allah. Babban taron gama gari mafi mahimmanci na shekara ga yawancin ƙungiyoyin Tijjaniyya shine Maulidi, wanda aka sani a Wolof a matsayin ''Gàmmu'' (waɗanda aka aro daga tsohuwar bikin addini na Serer na "Gamo" ko "Gamou" na mutanen Serer, daga kalmar Serer ''Gamahou'' ko ''Gamohou'' <ref>Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)". (1972). Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B, no 4, 1972, pp. 706–7 (pp. 4–5), pp. 713–14 (pp. 9–10).</ref> ) ko kuma maulidin Muhammad, wanda ya zo a daren 12 ga watan musulunci na Rabi’ul Awwal (wanda ke nufin daren da ya gabaci 12 ga wata, kamar yadda kwanakin musulunci ke farawa ne da faɗuwar rana ba tsakar dare ba). Yawancin manyan cibiyoyin addini na Tijjaniyya suna shirya babban taron Maulidi sau ɗaya a shekara, kuma dubban ɗaruruwan almajirai ne ke halarta mafi girma (a Tivaouane, Kaolack, Prang, Kiota, Kano, Fadama, da sauransu). A duk shekara, al'ummomin yankin suna shirya ƙaramin Maulidi. bukukuwan. Waɗannan tarurrukan yawanci suna tafiya ne daga misalin tsakar dare har zuwa bayan fitowar alfijir na tsawon sa'o'i na zikiri da rera waƙoƙi da jawabai kan rayuwar Muhammad. == Duba kuma == * [[Sufiyya|Sufanci]] * [[Wazifa]] * [[Lazimi]] * [[Salatul Fatih]] * Jerin umarni Sufaye * 'Yan uwan Musulmi na Senegal * Ahmad At Tijjani Ibn Bâba Al-Alawy * [[Sheikh Abubakre Sidiq Bello|Sheikh Abubakar Sidiq Bello]] == Manazarta == * Brenner, Louis. 2000. "Amadou Hampâté Bâ: Tijjani Francophone." A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Davidson, Basil. 1995. ''Afirka a Tarihi'' . New York: Simon & Schuster. * Klein, Martin A. 1968. ''Musulunci da mulkin mallaka a Senegal: Sine-Saloum 1847-1914.'' Stanford: Jami'ar Stanford Press. * Robinson, David. 1985. ''Yakin Umar Tall.'' Oxford: Clarendon. * Triaud, Jean-Louis. 2000. "La Tijjaniyya, une confrérie musulmane pas comme les autres?" A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Triaud, Jean-Louis da David Robinson, ed. 2000. ''La Tijjaniyya: Une confrérie musulmane à la conquête de l'Afrique.'' Paris: Karthala. * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mali_native.html Kasashen duniya- a nan Mali Jihohin Gargajiya] * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf ''Jawâhir Ul Ma'âni''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020609/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} du Shaykh [['Alî Al Harâzim|'Ali Al Harâzim]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. Traduit en francais par le Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah et son neveu Moustapha Benmoussa. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc ''Al Boghia : Mataâlib = Requêtes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020600/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc |date=2011-08-11 }} de [['Sidi Larbi Ben Sayeh]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html ''La Tijjania''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717115930/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html |date=2011-07-17 }} du [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|'Pr.]] [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|Abdelaziz Benabdallah]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf الشيخ سيدي أحمد التجاني، أبعاد ضلاعته العلمية.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf بقلم أحمد بن عبد العزيز بن عبد الله, من الموقع الإلكتروني للأستاذ عبد العزيز بن عبد الله.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/Sufism/Orders/Tijani/}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1e14psp9f1444du0uaif6cut0m9o86m 883046 883045 2026-07-14T18:53:25Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Darikar Tijjani''' ( {{Lang-ar|الطريقة التجانية}} ) Ɗarikar [[Sufiyya|Sufaye]] ce ta [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahlus-Sunnah]] mai suna Ahmad al-Tijani . Ta samo asali ne a yankin Magrib amma yanzu ta yaɗu a [[Afirka ta Yammah|yammacin Afirka]] musamman a [[Senegal|kasashen Senegal]], [[Gambiya|Gambia]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Ghana]], [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewa]] da Kudu maso yammacin Najeriya da wasu sassan [[Sudan]] . Haka nan odar Tijjaniyyah tana nan a jihohin [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] da [[Karnataka]] a Indiya. Ana ƙiran masu bin sa '''Tijjanī''' ( ''Tijaan'' ko ''Tiijaan'' a [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]], ''Tidiane'' ko ''Tidjane'' a cikin Faransanci). Tijjaniyya suna ba da muhimmanci ga al'adu da ilimi kuma suna jaddada riƙo na mutum ɗaya na almajiri ( ''murid'' ). Don zama memba na oda, dole ne mutum ya karɓi Tijjanī ''[[Zikiri|wird]]'', ko jerin jimloli masu tsarki da za a maimaita sau biyu a kullum, daga ''muqaƙƙam'', ko wakilin oda. == Tarihi da yaɗa oda == === Tushen tsari === An haifi Ahmad al-Tijani (Shekara ta 1737-1815) a Ain Madhi a [[Aljeriya|ƙasar Aljeriya]] kuma ya rasu a [[Fas|Fes]] na [[Moroko|kasar Morocco]] . Ya yi karatun addini a Fes, Morocco. Da wahayi daga wasu waliyan Moroko ya kafa tsarin Tijjaniyya a Shekarar 1780s; ƙafofin sun bambanta dangane da ainihin kwanan wata tsakanin Shekara ta 1781 <ref name="foundingtriaud">see Triaud, 2000</ref> da 1784. <ref name="bbcblas">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2016 |title=Nigeria Court in Kano Sentences Cleric to Death for Blasphemy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35241608 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Tijjaniyya, suna magana ga talakawa, sun mayar da martani ga ’yan’uwantakar [[Qadiriya|Qadiriyyah]] masu ra’ayin mazan jiya, masu matsayi, suna mai da hankali kan gyara zamantakewa da farfaɗowar [[Musulunci]] daga tushe. === Faɗaɗawa a Yammacin Afirka === Umurnin ya zama mafi girma na Sufaye a yammacin Afirka kuma yana ci gaba da faɗaɗa cikin sauri. Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ na ƙabilar Idaw `Ali ne ya kawo shi kudancin Mauritaniya a shekara ta 1789, wadda ta shahara da manyan malamai da jagororinta na musulunci kuma galibin Qadirī ne a lokacin. Kusan dukkanin ƙabilar sun zama Tijjanī a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad al-Hafiẓ, kuma tasirin ƙabilar zai sauƙaƙa saurin faɗaɗa Tijjaniyya zuwa yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Almajirin Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ Sidi Mawlūd Vāl ne ya ƙaddamar da shugaban [[Fulani|Fulɓe]] na ƙarni na 19 [[Umar Taal|Omar Saidou Tall]] da limamin Fulɓe ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Nāqil daga [[Fouta Djallon|Futa Jalon]] (yanzu [[Gini|Guinea]] ) cikin tsari. Bayan samun umarni daga Muḥammad al-Ghālī daga 1828 zuwa 1830 a [[Makkah|Makka]], Umar Tall aka naɗa [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] (majidi ko shugaban wakilin) Ahmad al-Tijjanī na Sudan ta Yammah (Yammacin Saharar Afirka). Daga nan Umar Tall ya jagoranci yaƙi mai tsarki a kan abin da yake gani a matsayin gurbatacciyar gwamnati a yankin, wanda ya haifar da daular Toucouleur mai girma amma mai gushewa a Gabashin Senegal da Mali. Yayin da daular siyasar Omar Saidou Tall ta ba da dama ga mulkin mallaka na Faransa, sakamakon da aka daɗe da shi shi ne yada musulunci da Ɗarikar Tijjanī ta yawancin yankunan da ake yanzu [[Senegal]], [[Gini|Guinea]], da [[Mali]] (duba Robinson, A shekara ta 1985). A ƙasar Wolof na ƙasar Senegal, musamman yankunan arewacin Kajoor da Masarautar Jolof, Maliki Sy, wanda aka haife shi a shekara ta (1855), ya yaɗa daular Tijjanī ta farko a kusa da Dagana . A Shekara ta 1902, ya kafa wata cibiyar zawiya ko addini a Tivaouane, wacce ta zama cibiyar koyar da ƙa'idodin musulunci a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa. Bayan mutuwar Malick Sy a (1922) ɗansa Ababacar Sy ya zama Halifa na farko. Serigne Mansour Sy ya zama Halifa na yanzu A shekara ta 1997, bayan rasuwar Abdoul Aziz Sy. [[Maulidi]] ko ''Gàmmu'', bikin haifuwar [[Muhammad]], na Tivaouane yana tara mabiya da yawa a kowace shekara. "Gida" ko reshe na Tivaouane ba shi ne kawai reshe na odar Tijjanī a [[Senegal|Senegal ba]] . Wani ɗan jihadi, Màbba Jaxu Ba, wanda yayi zamani da Umar Tall ne ya yaɗa odar Tijjaniyya zuwa kudanci a yankin [[Masarautar Saloum|Saalum]] na ƙasar Senegal. Bayan da aka ci Màbba aka kashe shi a yaƙin Fandane-Thiuthioune Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, jiharsa ta ruguje ammah Tijjaniyya ta kasance mafi rinjayen Sufaye a yankin. Abdoulaye Niass ( zama wakilin mafi mahimmanci na tsari a cikin Saalum., bayan ya yi hijira zuwa kudu daga Jolof, kuma bayan gudun hijira a [[Gambiya]] saboda tashe-tashen hankula da Faransanci, ya dawo don kafa zawiya a birnin Kaolack . Reshen da ɗan Abdoulaye Niass, [[Ibrahim Niass]] ya kafa, a unguwar Kaolack na Madina Baye a cikin 1930, ya zama reshen Tijjaniyya mafi girma kuma mafi girma a duniya a yau. Koyarwar Ibrahim Inyass na cewa dukkan almajirai, ba ƙwararru kaɗai ba, za su iya samun ilimin sufanci kai tsaye na Allah ta hanyar ''tarbiyyah rūhiyyah'' (ilimin sufa) ya mamaye miliyoyin mutane a duniya. Wannan reshe, wanda aka fi sani da ''Tijjaniyyah Ibrāhīmiyyah'' ko ''Faydah'' ("Ambaliya"), ya fi mayar da hankali a [[Senegal]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]], [[Ghana]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], kuma yana da girma a Amurka da Turai. Galibin gidajen yanar gizo na Tijjaniyya da kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna cikin wannan yunƙuri. Marigayi jikan Ibrahim Inyass kuma tsohon [[Liman|limamin]] Madina Baye, Hassan Cissé, yana da dubban almajirai na Amurka kuma ya kafa wata babbar ƙungiya ta ilimi da ci gaba, [[African American Islamic Institute|Cibiyar Musulunci ta Afirka ta Amurka]], a [[Medina Baye|Madina Baye]] mai rassa a wasu sassan duniya. Wani "gidan" na Senegal, a Medina-Gounass, Senegal (a yammacin wurin shakatawa na Niokolo Koba) [[:fr:Mamadou Saidou Ba|Mamadou Saidou Ba]] ya kirkiro. Wani kuma a Thienaba, kusa da Thiès, Almajirin sanannen marabout na Futa Tooro, [[Amadou Sekhou|Amadou Sekhou ne]] . Reshen Ḥamāliyya (Ḥamālliyya), wanda [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cheikh_hamallah/index.html Shaykh Hamallah] ya kafa, yana tsakiyar Nioro, [[Mali]], kuma yana nan a [[Senegal]], [[Ivory Coast|Cote d'Ivoire]], [[Burkina Faso]], da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun membobinta shine marubuci kuma masanin tarihi [[Amadou Hampâté Bâ]], wanda ya adana kuma ya ba da shawarar koyarwar [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cerno_bokar_salif/index.html Tierno Bokar Salif Taal] (Cerno Bokar Salif Taal), "Sage of Banjagara". (Duba [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/brenner/contents.html Louis Brenner], 1984, 2000.) Cherno Muhammadou Jallow ne tare da Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal, wanda ya fara karɓar tarihin Tijjaniyya a yankin Senegambia. Cherno Muhammadou ya shafe sama da shekaru goma sha biyu yana jiran tariha a Saint Louis Senegal, inda Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal ya tura ɗalibinsa Cherno Abubakr. Shi (Cherno Muhammadou) ya fara yaɗa shi a yankin Senegambia. Ta hanyar tarihin baka, shi ne yace (Cherno Muhammadou) ya miƙa shi ga almajirai goma sha biyu. Waɗannan almajiran sun fito daga Mam Mass Kah na Medina Mass Kah, Abdoulaye Niass na Medina Kaolock, Cherno Alieu, Deme na NDiaye Kunda Senegal, Cherno Alieu, Diallo na Djanet a Kolda, don suna kaɗan. Ta hanyar wadannan almajirai tarikha ta yadu a yankin Senegambia da kuma wajenta. Yawancin waɗannan almajirai a yau suna da ɗimbin mabiya kuma dukkansu suna yin La’azin kullum. Cherno Muhammadou ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Omar, wanda daga baya ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Muhammadou. Daga baya Baba Jallow ya ci gaba da neman kakansa (Cherno Muhammadou Jallow) wanda daga baya ya same shi a Casamance. Bayan gano ƙabarin kakansa, Cherno Baba ya ƙirƙiro wata al'umma kuma ya sanya mata suna Sobouldeh kuma ya fara Ziarre na shekara-shekara, inda dubbai ke haɗuwa don karrama shi duk shekara. == Ayyuka == Mambobin ɗarikar Tijjaniyya sun bambanta kansu ta hanyar ayyuka da yawa. Bayan shigar da oda, mutum yana karɓar tijjani wird daga ''muqaddam'' ko wakilin odar. ''Mukaddam'' ya yi bayani ga wanda ya fara gudanar da ayyukan da suka haɗa da kiyaye ka’idojin [[Musulunci]] da suka haɗa da [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Rukunnan Rukuni]] biyar, da girmama iyaye da girmama juna, ba bin wani Sufaye baya ga Tijjaniyya ba. Masu farawa shine su furta kalmar Tijjanī (tsari da ke ɗaukar mintuna goma zuwa goma sha biyar) kowace safiya da rana. Wird dabara ce da ta haɗa da maimaita [[shahada]], istighfar, da addu'a ga Muhammad da ake ƙira ''[[Salatul Fatih|Salat al-Fatih]]'' "Sallar Budawa". Haka nan su halarci [[Wazifah|wazifa]], irin wannan dabarar da ake rera wa a kungiyance, sau da yawa a [[masallaci]] ko zawiya sau ɗaya a kullum, da kuma a cikin Haylalatul Juma'ah, wata dabarar da sauran almajirai suke rera wa a kan. La'asar Juma'a kafin rana ta fadi. Bugu da ƙari, almajirai a wurare da yawa suna shirya taruka na yau da kullun, galibi a ranar Alhamis da yamma ko kafin Waẓīfa da Hailat al-Jum'ah don yin ''[[Zikiri|zikirin]] Allah'', ko ambaton [[Allah]] . A irin waɗannan tarurrukan, ana iya haɗa waƙoƙin yabon Allah, [[Muhammad]], Ahmad at-Tijjanī, ko wani shugaban addini tare da zikiri. Irin waɗannan tarurrukan na iya haɗawa da maimaita sauƙaƙa a matsayin ƙungiya ko amsa ƙira, inda ɗaya ko fiye da shugabanni ke jagorantar waƙar wasu kuma suna maimaita ko kuma ba da amsa. Lokaci-lokaci, gungun almajirai, waɗanda aka fi sani da ''daayira'' a Senegal, daga ''da’irah'' na Larabci, ko “da’ira”, na iya shirya taron addini, inda za su gayyaci ɗaya ko fiye da fitattun masu magana ko mawaƙa don yin magana a kan wani jigo. kamar rayuwar Muhammad ko wani shugaban addini, wani farilla na musamman na addini kamar [[Azumi|azumin]] Ramadan, ko yanayin Allah. Babban taron gama gari mafi mahimmanci na shekara ga yawancin ƙungiyoyin Tijjaniyya shine Maulidi, wanda aka sani a Wolof a matsayin ''Gàmmu'' (waɗanda aka aro daga tsohuwar bikin addini na Serer na "Gamo" ko "Gamou" na mutanen Serer, daga kalmar Serer ''Gamahou'' ko ''Gamohou'' <ref>Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)". (1972). Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B, no 4, 1972, pp. 706–7 (pp. 4–5), pp. 713–14 (pp. 9–10).</ref> ) ko kuma maulidin Muhammad, wanda ya zo a daren 12 ga watan musulunci na Rabi’ul Awwal (wanda ke nufin daren da ya gabaci 12 ga wata, kamar yadda kwanakin musulunci ke farawa ne da faɗuwar rana ba tsakar dare ba). Yawancin manyan cibiyoyin addini na Tijjaniyya suna shirya babban taron Maulidi sau ɗaya a shekara, kuma dubban ɗaruruwan almajirai ne ke halarta mafi girma (a Tivaouane, Kaolack, Prang, Kiota, Kano, Fadama, da sauransu). A duk shekara, al'ummomin yankin suna shirya ƙaramin Maulidi. bukukuwan. Waɗannan tarurrukan yawanci suna tafiya ne daga misalin tsakar dare har zuwa bayan fitowar alfijir na tsawon sa'o'i na zikiri da rera waƙoƙi da jawabai kan rayuwar Muhammad. == Duba kuma == * [[Sufiyya|Sufanci]] * [[Wazifa]] * [[Lazimi]] * [[Salatul Fatih]] * Jerin umarni Sufaye * 'Yan uwan Musulmi na Senegal * Ahmad At Tijjani Ibn Bâba Al-Alawy * [[Sheikh Abubakre Sidiq Bello|Sheikh Abubakar Sidiq Bello]] == Manazarta == * Brenner, Louis. 2000. "Amadou Hampâté Bâ: Tijjani Francophone." A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Davidson, Basil. 1995. ''Afirka a Tarihi'' . New York: Simon & Schuster. * Klein, Martin A. 1968. ''Musulunci da mulkin mallaka a Senegal: Sine-Saloum 1847-1914.'' Stanford: Jami'ar Stanford Press. * Robinson, David. 1985. ''Yakin Umar Tall.'' Oxford: Clarendon. * Triaud, Jean-Louis. 2000. "La Tijjaniyya, une confrérie musulmane pas comme les autres?" A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Triaud, Jean-Louis da David Robinson, ed. 2000. ''La Tijjaniyya: Une confrérie musulmane à la conquête de l'Afrique.'' Paris: Karthala. * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mali_native.html Kasashen duniya- a nan Mali Jihohin Gargajiya] * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf ''Jawâhir Ul Ma'âni''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020609/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} du Shaykh [['Alî Al Harâzim|'Ali Al Harâzim]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. Traduit en francais par le Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah et son neveu Moustapha Benmoussa. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc ''Al Boghia : Mataâlib = Requêtes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020600/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc |date=2011-08-11 }} de [['Sidi Larbi Ben Sayeh]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html ''La Tijjania''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717115930/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html |date=2011-07-17 }} du [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|'Pr.]] [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|Abdelaziz Benabdallah]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf الشيخ سيدي أحمد التجاني، أبعاد ضلاعته العلمية.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf بقلم أحمد بن عبد العزيز بن عبد الله, من الموقع الإلكتروني للأستاذ عبد العزيز بن عبد الله.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/Sufism/Orders/Tijani/}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k4ijdxrbsissayayhf4p098zkafazxg 883047 883046 2026-07-14T18:55:40Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Darikar Tijjani''' ( {{Lang-ar|الطريقة التجانية}} ) Ɗarikar [[Sufiyya|Sufaye]] ce ta [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahlus-Sunnah]] mai suna Ahmad al-Tijani . Ta samo asali ne a yankin Magrib amma yanzu ta yaɗu a [[Afirka ta Yammah|yammacin Afirka]] musamman a [[Senegal|kasashen Senegal]], [[Gambiya|Gambia]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Ghana]], [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewa]] da Kudu maso yammacin Najeriya da wasu sassan [[Sudan]] . Haka nan odar Tijjaniyyah tana nan a jihohin [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] da [[Karnataka]] a Indiya. Ana ƙiran masu bin sa '''Tijjanī''' ( ''Tijaan'' ko ''Tiijaan'' a [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]], ''Tidiane'' ko ''Tidjane'' a cikin Faransanci). Tijjaniyya suna ba da muhimmanci ga al'adu da ilimi kuma suna jaddada riƙo na mutum ɗaya na almajiri ( ''murid'' ). Don zama memba na oda, dole ne mutum ya karɓi Tijjanī ''[[Zikiri|wird]]'', ko jerin jimloli masu tsarki da za a maimaita sau biyu a kullum, daga ''muqaƙƙam'', ko wakilin oda. == Tarihi da yaɗa oda == === Tushen tsari === An haifi Ahmad al-Tijani (Shekara ta 1737-1815) a Ain Madhi a [[Aljeriya|ƙasar Aljeriya]] kuma ya rasu a [[Fas|Fes]] na [[Moroko|kasar Morocco]] . Ya yi karatun addini a Fes, Morocco. Da wahayi daga wasu waliyan Moroko ya kafa tsarin Tijjaniyya a Shekarar 1780s; ƙafofin sun bambanta dangane da ainihin kwanan wata tsakanin Shekara ta 1781 <ref name="foundingtriaud">see Triaud, 2000</ref> da 1784. <ref name="bbcblas">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2016 |title=Nigeria Court in Kano Sentences Cleric to Death for Blasphemy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35241608 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Tijjaniyya, suna magana ga talakawa, sun mayar da martani ga ’yan’uwantakar [[Qadiriya|Qadiriyyah]] masu ra’ayin mazan jiya, masu matsayi, suna mai da hankali kan gyara zamantakewa da farfaɗowar [[Musulunci]] daga tushe. === Faɗaɗawa a Yammacin Afirka === Umurnin ya zama mafi girma na Sufaye a yammacin Afirka kuma yana ci gaba da faɗaɗa cikin sauri. Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ na ƙabilar Idaw `Ali ne ya kawo shi kudancin Mauritaniya a shekara ta 1789, wadda ta shahara da manyan malamai da jagororinta na musulunci kuma galibin Qadirī ne a lokacin. Kusan dukkanin ƙabilar sun zama Tijjanī a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad al-Hafiẓ, kuma tasirin ƙabilar zai sauƙaƙa saurin faɗaɗa Tijjaniyya zuwa yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Almajirin Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ Sidi Mawlūd Vāl ne ya ƙaddamar da shugaban [[Fulani|Fulɓe]] na ƙarni na 19 [[Umar Taal|Omar Saidou Tall]] da limamin Fulɓe ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Nāqil daga [[Fouta Djallon|Futa Jalon]] (yanzu [[Gini|Guinea]] ) cikin tsari. Bayan samun umarni daga Muḥammad al-Ghālī daga 1828 zuwa 1830 a [[Makkah|Makka]], Umar Tall aka naɗa [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] (majidi ko shugaban wakilin) Ahmad al-Tijjanī na Sudan ta Yammah (Yammacin Saharar Afirka). Daga nan Umar Tall ya jagoranci yaƙi mai tsarki a kan abin da yake gani a matsayin gurbatacciyar gwamnati a yankin, wanda ya haifar da daular Toucouleur mai girma amma mai gushewa a Gabashin Senegal da Mali. Yayin da daular siyasar Omar Saidou Tall ta ba da dama ga mulkin mallaka na Faransa, sakamakon da aka daɗe da shi shi ne yada musulunci da Ɗarikar Tijjanī ta yawancin yankunan da ake yanzu [[Senegal]], [[Gini|Guinea]], da [[Mali]] (duba Robinson, A shekara ta 1985). A ƙasar Wolof na ƙasar Senegal, musamman yankunan arewacin Kajoor da Masarautar Jolof, Maliki Sy, wanda aka haife shi a shekara ta (1855), ya yaɗa daular Tijjanī ta farko a kusa da Dagana . A Shekara ta 1902, ya kafa wata cibiyar zawiya ko addini a Tivaouane, wacce ta zama cibiyar koyar da ƙa'idodin musulunci a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa. Bayan mutuwar Malick Sy a (1922) ɗansa Ababacar Sy ya zama Halifa na farko. Serigne Mansour Sy ya zama Halifa na yanzu A shekara ta 1997, bayan rasuwar Abdoul Aziz Sy. [[Maulidi]] ko ''Gàmmu'', bikin haifuwar [[Muhammad]], na Tivaouane yana tara mabiya da yawa a kowace shekara. "Gida" ko reshe na Tivaouane ba shi ne kawai reshe na odar Tijjanī a [[Senegal|Senegal ba]] . Wani ɗan jihadi, Màbba Jaxu Ba, wanda yayi zamani da Umar Tall ne ya yaɗa odar Tijjaniyya zuwa kudanci a yankin [[Masarautar Saloum|Saalum]] na ƙasar Senegal. Bayan da aka ci Màbba aka kashe shi a yaƙin Fandane-Thiuthioune Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, jiharsa ta ruguje ammah Tijjaniyya ta kasance mafi rinjayen Sufaye a yankin. Abdoulaye Niass ( zama wakilin mafi mahimmanci na tsari a cikin Saalum., bayan ya yi hijira zuwa kudu daga Jolof, kuma bayan gudun hijira a [[Gambiya]] saboda tashe-tashen hankula da Faransanci, ya dawo don kafa zawiya a birnin Kaolack . Reshen da ɗan Abdoulaye Niass, [[Ibrahim Niass]] ya kafa, a unguwar Kaolack na Madina Baye a cikin 1930, ya zama reshen Tijjaniyya mafi girma kuma mafi girma a duniya a yau. Koyarwar Ibrahim Inyass na cewa dukkan almajirai, ba ƙwararru kaɗai ba, za su iya samun ilimin sufanci kai tsaye na Allah ta hanyar ''tarbiyyah rūhiyyah'' (ilimin sufa) ya mamaye miliyoyin mutane a duniya. Wannan reshe, wanda aka fi sani da ''Tijjaniyyah Ibrāhīmiyyah'' ko ''Faydah'' ("Ambaliya"), ya fi mayar da hankali a [[Senegal]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]], [[Ghana]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], kuma yana da girma a Amurka da Turai. Galibin gidajen yanar gizo na Tijjaniyya da kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna cikin wannan yunƙuri. Marigayi jikan Ibrahim Inyass kuma tsohon [[Liman|limamin]] Madina Baye, Hassan Cissé, yana da dubban almajirai na Amurka kuma ya kafa wata babbar ƙungiya ta ilimi da ci gaba, [[African American Islamic Institute|Cibiyar Musulunci ta Afirka ta Amurka]], a [[Medina Baye|Madina Baye]] mai rassa a wasu sassan duniya. Wani "gidan" na Senegal, a Medina-Gounass, Senegal (a yammacin wurin shakatawa na Niokolo Koba) [[:fr:Mamadou Saidou Ba|Mamadou Saidou Ba]] ya kirkiro. Wani kuma a Thienaba, kusa da Thiès, Almajirin sanannen marabout na Futa Tooro, [[Amadou Sekhou|Amadou Sekhou ne]] . Reshen Ḥamāliyya (Ḥamālliyya), wanda [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cheikh_hamallah/index.html Shaykh Hamallah] ya kafa, yana tsakiyar Nioro, [[Mali]], kuma yana nan a [[Senegal]], [[Ivory Coast|Cote d'Ivoire]], [[Burkina Faso]], da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun membobinta shine marubuci kuma masanin tarihi [[Amadou Hampâté Bâ]], wanda ya adana kuma ya ba da shawarar koyarwar [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cerno_bokar_salif/index.html Tierno Bokar Salif Taal] (Cerno Bokar Salif Taal), "Sage of Banjagara". (Duba [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/brenner/contents.html Louis Brenner], 1984, 2000.) Cherno Muhammadou Jallow ne tare da Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal, wanda ya fara karɓar tarihin Tijjaniyya a yankin Senegambia. Cherno Muhammadou ya shafe sama da shekaru goma sha biyu yana jiran tariha a Saint Louis Senegal, inda Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal ya tura ɗalibinsa Cherno Abubakr. Shi (Cherno Muhammadou) ya fara yaɗa shi a yankin Senegambia. Ta hanyar tarihin baka, shi ne yace (Cherno Muhammadou) ya miƙa shi ga almajirai goma sha biyu. Waɗannan almajiran sun fito daga Mam Mass Kah na Medina Mass Kah, Abdoulaye Niass na Medina Kaolock, Cherno Alieu, Deme na NDiaye Kunda Senegal, Cherno Alieu, Diallo na Djanet a Kolda, don suna kaɗan. Ta hanyar wadannan almajirai tarikha ta yadu a yankin Senegambia da kuma wajenta. Yawancin waɗannan almajirai a yau suna da ɗimbin mabiya kuma dukkansu suna yin La’azin kullum. Cherno Muhammadou ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Omar, wanda daga baya ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Muhammadou. Daga baya Baba Jallow ya ci gaba da neman kakansa (Cherno Muhammadou Jallow) wanda daga baya ya same shi a Casamance. Bayan gano ƙabarin kakansa, Cherno Baba ya ƙirƙiro wata al'umma kuma ya sanya mata suna Sobouldeh kuma ya fara Ziarre na shekara-shekara, inda dubbai ke haɗuwa don karrama shi duk shekara. == Ayyuka == Mambobin ɗarikar Tijjaniyya sun bambanta kansu ta hanyar ayyuka da yawa. Bayan shigar da oda, mutum yana karɓar tijjani wird daga ''muqaddam'' ko wakilin odar. ''Mukaddam'' ya yi bayani ga wanda ya fara gudanar da ayyukan da suka haɗa da kiyaye ka’idojin [[Musulunci]] da suka haɗa da [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Rukunnan Rukuni]] biyar, da girmama iyaye da girmama juna, ba bin wani Sufaye baya ga Tijjaniyya ba. Masu farawa shi ne su furta kalmar Tijjanī (tsari da ke ɗaukar mintuna goma zuwa goma sha biyar) kowace safiya da rana. Wird dabara ce da ta haɗa da maimaita [[shahada]], istighfar, da addu'a ga Muhammad da ake ƙira ''[[Salatul Fatih|Salat al-Fatih]]'' "Sallar Budawa". Haka nan su halarci [[Wazifah|wazifa]], irin wannan dabarar da ake rera wa a kungiyance, sau da yawa a [[masallaci]] ko zawiya sau ɗaya a kullum, da kuma a cikin Haylalatul Juma'ah, wata dabarar da sauran almajirai suke rera wa a bayan sallar La'asar Juma'a kafin rana ta fadi. Bugu da ƙari, almajirai a wurare da yawa suna shirya taruka na yau da kullun, galibi a ranar Alhamis da yamma ko kafin Waẓīfa da Hailat al-Jum'ah don yin ''[[Zikiri|zikirin]] Allah'', ko ambaton [[Allah]] . A irin waɗannan tarurrukan, ana iya haɗa waƙoƙin yabon Allah, [[Muhammad]], Ahmad at-Tijjanī, ko wani shugaban addini tare da zikiri. Irin waɗannan tarurrukan na iya haɗawa da maimaita sauƙaƙa a matsayin ƙungiya ko amsa ƙira, inda ɗaya ko fiye da shugabanni ke jagorantar waƙar wasu kuma suna maimaita ko kuma ba da amsa. Lokaci-lokaci, gungun almajirai, waɗanda aka fi sani da ''daayira'' a Senegal, daga ''da’irah'' na Larabci, ko “da’ira”, na iya shirya taron addini, inda za su gayyaci ɗaya ko fiye da fitattun masu magana ko mawaƙa don yin magana a kan wani jigo. kamar rayuwar Muhammad ko wani shugaban addini, wani farilla na musamman na addini kamar [[Azumi|azumin]] Ramadan, ko yanayin Allah. Babban taron gama gari mafi mahimmanci na shekara ga yawancin ƙungiyoyin Tijjaniyya shine Maulidi, wanda aka sani a Wolof a matsayin ''Gàmmu'' (waɗanda aka aro daga tsohuwar bikin addini na Serer na "Gamo" ko "Gamou" na mutanen Serer, daga kalmar Serer ''Gamahou'' ko ''Gamohou'' <ref>Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)". (1972). Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B, no 4, 1972, pp. 706–7 (pp. 4–5), pp. 713–14 (pp. 9–10).</ref> ) ko kuma maulidin Muhammad, wanda ya zo a daren 12 ga watan musulunci na Rabi’ul Awwal (wanda ke nufin daren da ya gabaci 12 ga wata, kamar yadda kwanakin musulunci ke farawa ne da faɗuwar rana ba tsakar dare ba). Yawancin manyan cibiyoyin addini na Tijjaniyya suna shirya babban taron Maulidi sau ɗaya a shekara, kuma dubban ɗaruruwan almajirai ne ke halarta mafi girma (a Tivaouane, Kaolack, Prang, Kiota, Kano, Fadama, da sauransu). A duk shekara, al'ummomin yankin suna shirya ƙaramin Maulidi. bukukuwan. Waɗannan tarurrukan yawanci suna tafiya ne daga misalin tsakar dare har zuwa bayan fitowar alfijir na tsawon sa'o'i na zikiri da rera waƙoƙi da jawabai kan rayuwar Muhammad. == Duba kuma == * [[Sufiyya|Sufanci]] * [[Wazifa]] * [[Lazimi]] * [[Salatul Fatih]] * Jerin umarni Sufaye * 'Yan uwan Musulmi na Senegal * Ahmad At Tijjani Ibn Bâba Al-Alawy * [[Sheikh Abubakre Sidiq Bello|Sheikh Abubakar Sidiq Bello]] == Manazarta == * Brenner, Louis. 2000. "Amadou Hampâté Bâ: Tijjani Francophone." A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Davidson, Basil. 1995. ''Afirka a Tarihi'' . New York: Simon & Schuster. * Klein, Martin A. 1968. ''Musulunci da mulkin mallaka a Senegal: Sine-Saloum 1847-1914.'' Stanford: Jami'ar Stanford Press. * Robinson, David. 1985. ''Yakin Umar Tall.'' Oxford: Clarendon. * Triaud, Jean-Louis. 2000. "La Tijjaniyya, une confrérie musulmane pas comme les autres?" A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Triaud, Jean-Louis da David Robinson, ed. 2000. ''La Tijjaniyya: Une confrérie musulmane à la conquête de l'Afrique.'' Paris: Karthala. * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mali_native.html Kasashen duniya- a nan Mali Jihohin Gargajiya] * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf ''Jawâhir Ul Ma'âni''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020609/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} du Shaykh [['Alî Al Harâzim|'Ali Al Harâzim]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. Traduit en francais par le Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah et son neveu Moustapha Benmoussa. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc ''Al Boghia : Mataâlib = Requêtes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020600/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc |date=2011-08-11 }} de [['Sidi Larbi Ben Sayeh]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html ''La Tijjania''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717115930/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html |date=2011-07-17 }} du [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|'Pr.]] [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|Abdelaziz Benabdallah]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf الشيخ سيدي أحمد التجاني، أبعاد ضلاعته العلمية.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf بقلم أحمد بن عبد العزيز بن عبد الله, من الموقع الإلكتروني للأستاذ عبد العزيز بن عبد الله.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/Sufism/Orders/Tijani/}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c7yg9ylknn5tpgoddiphmcwaz05aycp 883049 883047 2026-07-14T18:58:25Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Darikar Tijjani''' ( {{Lang-ar|الطريقة التجانية}} ) Ɗarikar [[Sufiyya|Sufaye]] ce ta [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahlus-Sunnah]] mai suna Ahmad al-Tijani . Ta samo asali ne a yankin Magrib amma yanzu ta yaɗu a [[Afirka ta Yammah|yammacin Afirka]] musamman a [[Senegal|kasashen Senegal]], [[Gambiya|Gambia]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Ghana]], [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewa]] da Kudu maso yammacin Najeriya da wasu sassan [[Sudan]] . Haka nan odar Tijjaniyyah tana nan a jihohin [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] da [[Karnataka]] a Indiya. Ana ƙiran masu bin sa '''Tijjanī''' ( ''Tijaan'' ko ''Tiijaan'' a [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]], ''Tidiane'' ko ''Tidjane'' a cikin Faransanci). Tijjaniyya suna ba da muhimmanci ga al'adu da ilimi kuma suna jaddada riƙo na mutum ɗaya na almajiri ( ''murid'' ). Don zama memba na oda, dole ne mutum ya karɓi Tijjanī ''[[Zikiri|wird]]'', ko jerin jimloli masu tsarki da za a maimaita sau biyu a kullum, daga ''muqaƙƙam'', ko wakilin oda. == Tarihi da yaɗa oda == === Tushen tsari === An haifi Ahmad al-Tijani (Shekara ta 1737-1815) a Ain Madhi a [[Aljeriya|ƙasar Aljeriya]] kuma ya rasu a [[Fas|Fes]] na [[Moroko|kasar Morocco]] . Ya yi karatun addini a Fes, Morocco. Da wahayi daga wasu waliyan Moroko ya kafa tsarin Tijjaniyya a Shekarar 1780s; ƙafofin sun bambanta dangane da ainihin kwanan wata tsakanin Shekara ta 1781 <ref name="foundingtriaud">see Triaud, 2000</ref> da 1784. <ref name="bbcblas">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2016 |title=Nigeria Court in Kano Sentences Cleric to Death for Blasphemy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35241608 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Tijjaniyya, suna magana ga talakawa, sun mayar da martani ga ’yan’uwantakar [[Qadiriya|Qadiriyyah]] masu ra’ayin mazan jiya, masu matsayi, suna mai da hankali kan gyara zamantakewa da farfaɗowar [[Musulunci]] daga tushe. === Faɗaɗawa a Yammacin Afirka === Umurnin ya zama mafi girma na Sufaye a yammacin Afirka kuma yana ci gaba da faɗaɗa cikin sauri. Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ na ƙabilar Idaw `Ali ne ya kawo shi kudancin Mauritaniya a shekara ta 1789, wadda ta shahara da manyan malamai da jagororinta na musulunci kuma galibin Qadirī ne a lokacin. Kusan dukkanin ƙabilar sun zama Tijjanī a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad al-Hafiẓ, kuma tasirin ƙabilar zai sauƙaƙa saurin faɗaɗa Tijjaniyya zuwa yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Almajirin Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ Sidi Mawlūd Vāl ne ya ƙaddamar da shugaban [[Fulani|Fulɓe]] na ƙarni na 19 [[Umar Taal|Omar Saidou Tall]] da limamin Fulɓe ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Nāqil daga [[Fouta Djallon|Futa Jalon]] (yanzu [[Gini|Guinea]] ) cikin tsari. Bayan samun umarni daga Muḥammad al-Ghālī daga 1828 zuwa 1830 a [[Makkah|Makka]], Umar Tall aka naɗa [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] (majidi ko shugaban wakilin) Ahmad al-Tijjanī na Sudan ta Yammah (Yammacin Saharar Afirka). Daga nan Umar Tall ya jagoranci yaƙi mai tsarki a kan abin da yake gani a matsayin gurbatacciyar gwamnati a yankin, wanda ya haifar da daular Toucouleur mai girma amma mai gushewa a Gabashin Senegal da Mali. Yayin da daular siyasar Omar Saidou Tall ta ba da dama ga mulkin mallaka na Faransa, sakamakon da aka daɗe da shi shi ne yada musulunci da Ɗarikar Tijjanī ta yawancin yankunan da ake yanzu [[Senegal]], [[Gini|Guinea]], da [[Mali]] (duba Robinson, A shekara ta 1985). A ƙasar Wolof na ƙasar Senegal, musamman yankunan arewacin Kajoor da Masarautar Jolof, Maliki Sy, wanda aka haife shi a shekara ta (1855), ya yaɗa daular Tijjanī ta farko a kusa da Dagana . A Shekara ta 1902, ya kafa wata cibiyar zawiya ko addini a Tivaouane, wacce ta zama cibiyar koyar da ƙa'idodin musulunci a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa. Bayan mutuwar Malick Sy a (1922) ɗansa Ababacar Sy ya zama Halifa na farko. Serigne Mansour Sy ya zama Halifa na yanzu A shekara ta 1997, bayan rasuwar Abdoul Aziz Sy. [[Maulidi]] ko ''Gàmmu'', bikin haifuwar [[Muhammad]], na Tivaouane yana tara mabiya da yawa a kowace shekara. "Gida" ko reshe na Tivaouane ba shi ne kawai reshe na odar Tijjanī a [[Senegal|Senegal ba]] . Wani ɗan jihadi, Màbba Jaxu Ba, wanda yayi zamani da Umar Tall ne ya yaɗa odar Tijjaniyya zuwa kudanci a yankin [[Masarautar Saloum|Saalum]] na ƙasar Senegal. Bayan da aka ci Màbba aka kashe shi a yaƙin Fandane-Thiuthioune Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, jiharsa ta ruguje ammah Tijjaniyya ta kasance mafi rinjayen Sufaye a yankin. Abdoulaye Niass ( zama wakilin mafi mahimmanci na tsari a cikin Saalum., bayan ya yi hijira zuwa kudu daga Jolof, kuma bayan gudun hijira a [[Gambiya]] saboda tashe-tashen hankula da Faransanci, ya dawo don kafa zawiya a birnin Kaolack . Reshen da ɗan Abdoulaye Niass, [[Ibrahim Niass]] ya kafa, a unguwar Kaolack na Madina Baye a cikin 1930, ya zama reshen Tijjaniyya mafi girma kuma mafi girma a duniya a yau. Koyarwar Ibrahim Inyass na cewa dukkan almajirai, ba ƙwararru kaɗai ba, za su iya samun ilimin sufanci kai tsaye na Allah ta hanyar ''tarbiyyah rūhiyyah'' (ilimin sufa) ya mamaye miliyoyin mutane a duniya. Wannan reshe, wanda aka fi sani da ''Tijjaniyyah Ibrāhīmiyyah'' ko ''Faydah'' ("Ambaliya"), ya fi mayar da hankali a [[Senegal]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]], [[Ghana]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], kuma yana da girma a Amurka da Turai. Galibin gidajen yanar gizo na Tijjaniyya da kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna cikin wannan yunƙuri. Marigayi jikan Ibrahim Inyass kuma tsohon [[Liman|limamin]] Madina Baye, Hassan Cissé, yana da dubban almajirai na Amurka kuma ya kafa wata babbar ƙungiya ta ilimi da ci gaba, [[African American Islamic Institute|Cibiyar Musulunci ta Afirka ta Amurka]], a [[Medina Baye|Madina Baye]] mai rassa a wasu sassan duniya. Wani "gidan" na Senegal, a Medina-Gounass, Senegal (a yammacin wurin shakatawa na Niokolo Koba) [[:fr:Mamadou Saidou Ba|Mamadou Saidou Ba]] ya kirkiro. Wani kuma a Thienaba, kusa da Thiès, Almajirin sanannen marabout na Futa Tooro, [[Amadou Sekhou|Amadou Sekhou ne]] . Reshen Ḥamāliyya (Ḥamālliyya), wanda [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cheikh_hamallah/index.html Shaykh Hamallah] ya kafa, yana tsakiyar Nioro, [[Mali]], kuma yana nan a [[Senegal]], [[Ivory Coast|Cote d'Ivoire]], [[Burkina Faso]], da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun membobinta shine marubuci kuma masanin tarihi [[Amadou Hampâté Bâ]], wanda ya adana kuma ya ba da shawarar koyarwar [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cerno_bokar_salif/index.html Tierno Bokar Salif Taal] (Cerno Bokar Salif Taal), "Sage of Banjagara". (Duba [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/brenner/contents.html Louis Brenner], 1984, 2000.) Cherno Muhammadou Jallow ne tare da Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal, wanda ya fara karɓar tarihin Tijjaniyya a yankin Senegambia. Cherno Muhammadou ya shafe sama da shekaru goma sha biyu yana jiran tariha a Saint Louis Senegal, inda Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal ya tura ɗalibinsa Cherno Abubakr. Shi (Cherno Muhammadou) ya fara yaɗa shi a yankin Senegambia. Ta hanyar tarihin baka, shi ne yace (Cherno Muhammadou) ya miƙa shi ga almajirai goma sha biyu. Waɗannan almajiran sun fito daga Mam Mass Kah na Medina Mass Kah, Abdoulaye Niass na Medina Kaolock, Cherno Alieu, Deme na NDiaye Kunda Senegal, Cherno Alieu, Diallo na Djanet a Kolda, don suna kaɗan. Ta hanyar wadannan almajirai tarikha ta yadu a yankin Senegambia da kuma wajenta. Yawancin waɗannan almajirai a yau suna da ɗimbin mabiya kuma dukkansu suna yin La’azin kullum. Cherno Muhammadou ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Omar, wanda daga baya ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Muhammadou. Daga baya Baba Jallow ya ci gaba da neman kakansa (Cherno Muhammadou Jallow) wanda daga baya ya same shi a Casamance. Bayan gano ƙabarin kakansa, Cherno Baba ya ƙirƙiro wata al'umma kuma ya sanya mata suna Sobouldeh kuma ya fara Ziarre na shekara-shekara, inda dubbai ke haɗuwa don karrama shi duk shekara. == Ayyuka == Mambobin ɗarikar Tijjaniyya sun bambanta kansu ta hanyar ayyuka da yawa. Bayan shigar da oda, mutum yana karɓar tijjani wird daga ''muqaddam'' ko wakilin odar. ''Mukaddam'' ya yi bayani ga wanda ya fara gudanar da ayyukan da suka haɗa da kiyaye ka’idojin [[Musulunci]] da suka haɗa da [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Rukunnan Rukuni]] biyar, da girmama iyaye da girmama juna, ba bin wani Sufaye baya ga Tijjaniyya ba. Masu farawa shi ne su furta kalmar Tijjanī (tsari da ke ɗaukar mintuna goma zuwa goma sha biyar) kowace safiya da rana. Wird dabara ce da ta haɗa da maimaita [[shahada]], istighfar, da addu'a ga Muhammad da ake ƙira ''[[Salatul Fatih|Salat al-Fatih]]'' "Sallar Budawa". Haka nan su halarci [[Wazifah|wazifa]], irin wannan dabarar da ake rera wa a kungiyance, sau da yawa a [[masallaci]] ko zawiya sau ɗaya a kullum, da kuma a cikin Haylalatul Juma'ah, wata dabarar da sauran almajirai suke rera wa a bayan sallar La'asar ranar Juma'a kafin rana ta fadi. Bugu da ƙari, almajirai a wurare da yawa suna shirya taruka na yau da kullun, galibi a ranar Alhamis da yammah ko kafin Waẓīfa da Hailat al-Jum'ah don yin ''[[Zikiri|zikirin]] Allah'', ko ambaton [[Allah]] . A irin waɗannan tarurrukan, ana iya haɗa waƙoƙin yabon Allah, [[Muhammad]], Ahmad at-Tijjanī, ko wani shugaban addini tare da zikiri. Irin waɗannan tarurrukan na iya haɗawa da maimaita sauƙaƙa a matsayin ƙungiya ko amsa ƙira, inda ɗaya ko fiye da shugabanni ke jagorantar waƙar wasu kuma suna maimaita ko kuma ba da amsa. Lokaci-lokaci, gungun almajirai, waɗanda aka fi sani da ''daayira'' a Senegal, daga ''da’irah'' na Larabci, ko “da’ira”, na iya shirya taron addini, inda za su gayyaci ɗaya ko fiye da fitattun masu magana ko mawaƙa don yin magana a kan wani jigo. kamar rayuwar Muhammad ko wani shugaban addini, wani farilla na musamman na addini kamar [[Azumi|azumin]] Ramadan, ko yanayin Allah. Babban taron gama gari mafi mahimmanci na shekara ga yawancin ƙungiyoyin Tijjaniyya shi ne Maulidi, wanda aka sani a Wolof a matsayin ''Gàmmu'' (waɗanda aka aro daga tsohuwar bikin addini na Serer na "Gamo" ko "Gamou" na mutanen Serer, daga kalmar Serer ''Gamahou'' ko ''Gamohou'' <ref>Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)". (1972). Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B, no 4, 1972, pp. 706–7 (pp. 4–5), pp. 713–14 (pp. 9–10).</ref> ) ko kuma maulidin Muhammad, wanda ya zo a daren 12 ga watan musulunci na Rabi’ul Awwal (wanda ke nufin daren da ya gabaci 12 ga wata, kamar yadda kwanakin musulunci ke farawa ne da faɗuwar rana ba tsakar dare ba). Yawancin manyan cibiyoyin addini na Tijjaniyya suna shirya babban taron Maulidi sau ɗaya a shekara, kuma dubban ɗaruruwan almajirai ne ke halarta mafi girma (a Tivaouane, Kaolack, Prang, Kiota, Kano, Fadama, da sauransu). A duk shekara, al'ummomin yankin suna shirya ƙaramin Maulidi. bukukuwan. Waɗannan tarurrukan yawanci suna tafiya ne daga misalin tsakar dare har zuwa bayan fitowar alfijir na tsawon sa'o'i na zikiri da rera waƙoƙi da jawabai kan rayuwar Muhammad. == Duba kuma == * [[Sufiyya|Sufanci]] * [[Wazifa]] * [[Lazimi]] * [[Salatul Fatih]] * Jerin umarni Sufaye * 'Yan uwan Musulmi na Senegal * Ahmad At Tijjani Ibn Bâba Al-Alawy * [[Sheikh Abubakre Sidiq Bello|Sheikh Abubakar Sidiq Bello]] == Manazarta == * Brenner, Louis. 2000. "Amadou Hampâté Bâ: Tijjani Francophone." A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Davidson, Basil. 1995. ''Afirka a Tarihi'' . New York: Simon & Schuster. * Klein, Martin A. 1968. ''Musulunci da mulkin mallaka a Senegal: Sine-Saloum 1847-1914.'' Stanford: Jami'ar Stanford Press. * Robinson, David. 1985. ''Yakin Umar Tall.'' Oxford: Clarendon. * Triaud, Jean-Louis. 2000. "La Tijjaniyya, une confrérie musulmane pas comme les autres?" A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Triaud, Jean-Louis da David Robinson, ed. 2000. ''La Tijjaniyya: Une confrérie musulmane à la conquête de l'Afrique.'' Paris: Karthala. * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mali_native.html Kasashen duniya- a nan Mali Jihohin Gargajiya] * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf ''Jawâhir Ul Ma'âni''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020609/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} du Shaykh [['Alî Al Harâzim|'Ali Al Harâzim]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. Traduit en francais par le Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah et son neveu Moustapha Benmoussa. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc ''Al Boghia : Mataâlib = Requêtes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020600/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc |date=2011-08-11 }} de [['Sidi Larbi Ben Sayeh]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html ''La Tijjania''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717115930/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html |date=2011-07-17 }} du [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|'Pr.]] [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|Abdelaziz Benabdallah]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf الشيخ سيدي أحمد التجاني، أبعاد ضلاعته العلمية.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf بقلم أحمد بن عبد العزيز بن عبد الله, من الموقع الإلكتروني للأستاذ عبد العزيز بن عبد الله.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/Sufism/Orders/Tijani/}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 65m6wpblvhn5jj7v8nj2kk491nu3ecx 883050 883049 2026-07-14T18:59:43Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Darikar Tijjani''' ( {{Lang-ar|الطريقة التجانية}} ) Ɗarikar [[Sufiyya|Sufaye]] ce ta [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahlus-Sunnah]] mai suna Ahmad al-Tijani . Ta samo asali ne a yankin Magrib amma yanzu ta yaɗu a [[Afirka ta Yammah|yammacin Afirka]] musamman a [[Senegal|kasashen Senegal]], [[Gambiya|Gambia]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Ghana]], [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewa]] da Kudu maso yammacin Najeriya da wasu sassan [[Sudan]] . Haka nan odar Tijjaniyyah tana nan a jihohin [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] da [[Karnataka]] a Indiya. Ana ƙiran masu bin sa '''Tijjanī''' ( ''Tijaan'' ko ''Tiijaan'' a [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]], ''Tidiane'' ko ''Tidjane'' a cikin Faransanci). Tijjaniyya suna ba da muhimmanci ga al'adu da ilimi kuma suna jaddada riƙo na mutum ɗaya na almajiri ( ''murid'' ). Don zama memba na oda, dole ne mutum ya karɓi Tijjanī ''[[Zikiri|wird]]'', ko jerin jimloli masu tsarki da za a maimaita sau biyu a kullum, daga ''muqaƙƙam'', ko wakilin oda. == Tarihi da yaɗa oda == === Tushen tsari === An haifi Ahmad al-Tijani (Shekara ta 1737-1815) a Ain Madhi a [[Aljeriya|ƙasar Aljeriya]] kuma ya rasu a [[Fas|Fes]] na [[Moroko|kasar Morocco]] . Ya yi karatun addini a Fes, Morocco. Da wahayi daga wasu waliyan Moroko ya kafa tsarin Tijjaniyya a Shekarar 1780s; ƙafofin sun bambanta dangane da ainihin kwanan wata tsakanin Shekara ta 1781 <ref name="foundingtriaud">see Triaud, 2000</ref> da 1784. <ref name="bbcblas">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2016 |title=Nigeria Court in Kano Sentences Cleric to Death for Blasphemy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35241608 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Tijjaniyya, suna magana ga talakawa, sun mayar da martani ga ’yan’uwantakar [[Qadiriya|Qadiriyyah]] masu ra’ayin mazan jiya, masu matsayi, suna mai da hankali kan gyara zamantakewa da farfaɗowar [[Musulunci]] daga tushe. === Faɗaɗawa a Yammacin Afirka === Umurnin ya zama mafi girma na Sufaye a yammacin Afirka kuma yana ci gaba da faɗaɗa cikin sauri. Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ na ƙabilar Idaw `Ali ne ya kawo shi kudancin Mauritaniya a shekara ta 1789, wadda ta shahara da manyan malamai da jagororinta na musulunci kuma galibin Qadirī ne a lokacin. Kusan dukkanin ƙabilar sun zama Tijjanī a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad al-Hafiẓ, kuma tasirin ƙabilar zai sauƙaƙa saurin faɗaɗa Tijjaniyya zuwa yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Almajirin Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ Sidi Mawlūd Vāl ne ya ƙaddamar da shugaban [[Fulani|Fulɓe]] na ƙarni na 19 [[Umar Taal|Omar Saidou Tall]] da limamin Fulɓe ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Nāqil daga [[Fouta Djallon|Futa Jalon]] (yanzu [[Gini|Guinea]] ) cikin tsari. Bayan samun umarni daga Muḥammad al-Ghālī daga 1828 zuwa 1830 a [[Makkah|Makka]], Umar Tall aka naɗa [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] (majidi ko shugaban wakilin) Ahmad al-Tijjanī na Sudan ta Yammah (Yammacin Saharar Afirka). Daga nan Umar Tall ya jagoranci yaƙi mai tsarki a kan abin da yake gani a matsayin gurbatacciyar gwamnati a yankin, wanda ya haifar da daular Toucouleur mai girma amma mai gushewa a Gabashin Senegal da Mali. Yayin da daular siyasar Omar Saidou Tall ta ba da dama ga mulkin mallaka na Faransa, sakamakon da aka daɗe da shi shi ne yada musulunci da Ɗarikar Tijjanī ta yawancin yankunan da ake yanzu [[Senegal]], [[Gini|Guinea]], da [[Mali]] (duba Robinson, A shekara ta 1985). A ƙasar Wolof na ƙasar Senegal, musamman yankunan arewacin Kajoor da Masarautar Jolof, Maliki Sy, wanda aka haife shi a shekara ta (1855), ya yaɗa daular Tijjanī ta farko a kusa da Dagana . A Shekara ta 1902, ya kafa wata cibiyar zawiya ko addini a Tivaouane, wacce ta zama cibiyar koyar da ƙa'idodin musulunci a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa. Bayan mutuwar Malick Sy a (1922) ɗansa Ababacar Sy ya zama Halifa na farko. Serigne Mansour Sy ya zama Halifa na yanzu A shekara ta 1997, bayan rasuwar Abdoul Aziz Sy. [[Maulidi]] ko ''Gàmmu'', bikin haifuwar [[Muhammad]], na Tivaouane yana tara mabiya da yawa a kowace shekara. "Gida" ko reshe na Tivaouane ba shi ne kawai reshe na odar Tijjanī a [[Senegal|Senegal ba]] . Wani ɗan jihadi, Màbba Jaxu Ba, wanda yayi zamani da Umar Tall ne ya yaɗa odar Tijjaniyya zuwa kudanci a yankin [[Masarautar Saloum|Saalum]] na ƙasar Senegal. Bayan da aka ci Màbba aka kashe shi a yaƙin Fandane-Thiuthioune Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, jiharsa ta ruguje ammah Tijjaniyya ta kasance mafi rinjayen Sufaye a yankin. Abdoulaye Niass ( zama wakilin mafi mahimmanci na tsari a cikin Saalum., bayan ya yi hijira zuwa kudu daga Jolof, kuma bayan gudun hijira a [[Gambiya]] saboda tashe-tashen hankula da Faransanci, ya dawo don kafa zawiya a birnin Kaolack . Reshen da ɗan Abdoulaye Niass, [[Ibrahim Niass]] ya kafa, a unguwar Kaolack na Madina Baye a cikin 1930, ya zama reshen Tijjaniyya mafi girma kuma mafi girma a duniya a yau. Koyarwar Ibrahim Inyass na cewa dukkan almajirai, ba ƙwararru kaɗai ba, za su iya samun ilimin sufanci kai tsaye na Allah ta hanyar ''tarbiyyah rūhiyyah'' (ilimin sufa) ya mamaye miliyoyin mutane a duniya. Wannan reshe, wanda aka fi sani da ''Tijjaniyyah Ibrāhīmiyyah'' ko ''Faydah'' ("Ambaliya"), ya fi mayar da hankali a [[Senegal]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]], [[Ghana]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], kuma yana da girma a Amurka da Turai. Galibin gidajen yanar gizo na Tijjaniyya da kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna cikin wannan yunƙuri. Marigayi jikan Ibrahim Inyass kuma tsohon [[Liman|limamin]] Madina Baye, Hassan Cissé, yana da dubban almajirai na Amurka kuma ya kafa wata babbar ƙungiya ta ilimi da ci gaba, [[African American Islamic Institute|Cibiyar Musulunci ta Afirka ta Amurka]], a [[Medina Baye|Madina Baye]] mai rassa a wasu sassan duniya. Wani "gidan" na Senegal, a Medina-Gounass, Senegal (a yammacin wurin shakatawa na Niokolo Koba) [[:fr:Mamadou Saidou Ba|Mamadou Saidou Ba]] ya kirkiro. Wani kuma a Thienaba, kusa da Thiès, Almajirin sanannen marabout na Futa Tooro, [[Amadou Sekhou|Amadou Sekhou ne]] . Reshen Ḥamāliyya (Ḥamālliyya), wanda [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cheikh_hamallah/index.html Shaykh Hamallah] ya kafa, yana tsakiyar Nioro, [[Mali]], kuma yana nan a [[Senegal]], [[Ivory Coast|Cote d'Ivoire]], [[Burkina Faso]], da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun membobinta shine marubuci kuma masanin tarihi [[Amadou Hampâté Bâ]], wanda ya adana kuma ya ba da shawarar koyarwar [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cerno_bokar_salif/index.html Tierno Bokar Salif Taal] (Cerno Bokar Salif Taal), "Sage of Banjagara". (Duba [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/brenner/contents.html Louis Brenner], 1984, 2000.) Cherno Muhammadou Jallow ne tare da Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal, wanda ya fara karɓar tarihin Tijjaniyya a yankin Senegambia. Cherno Muhammadou ya shafe sama da shekaru goma sha biyu yana jiran tariha a Saint Louis Senegal, inda Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal ya tura ɗalibinsa Cherno Abubakr. Shi (Cherno Muhammadou) ya fara yaɗa shi a yankin Senegambia. Ta hanyar tarihin baka, shi ne yace (Cherno Muhammadou) ya miƙa shi ga almajirai goma sha biyu. Waɗannan almajiran sun fito daga Mam Mass Kah na Medina Mass Kah, Abdoulaye Niass na Medina Kaolock, Cherno Alieu, Deme na NDiaye Kunda Senegal, Cherno Alieu, Diallo na Djanet a Kolda, don suna kaɗan. Ta hanyar wadannan almajirai tarikha ta yadu a yankin Senegambia da kuma wajenta. Yawancin waɗannan almajirai a yau suna da ɗimbin mabiya kuma dukkansu suna yin La’azin kullum. Cherno Muhammadou ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Omar, wanda daga baya ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Muhammadou. Daga baya Baba Jallow ya ci gaba da neman kakansa (Cherno Muhammadou Jallow) wanda daga baya ya same shi a Casamance. Bayan gano ƙabarin kakansa, Cherno Baba ya ƙirƙiro wata al'umma kuma ya sanya mata suna Sobouldeh kuma ya fara Ziarre na shekara-shekara, inda dubbai ke haɗuwa don karrama shi duk shekara. == Ayyuka == Mambobin ɗarikar Tijjaniyya sun bambanta kansu ta hanyar ayyuka da yawa. Bayan shigar da oda, mutum yana karɓar tijjani wird daga ''muqaddam'' ko wakilin odar. ''Mukaddam'' ya yi bayani ga wanda ya fara gudanar da ayyukan da suka haɗa da kiyaye ka’idojin [[Musulunci]] da suka haɗa da [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Rukunnan Rukuni]] biyar, da girmama iyaye da girmama juna, ba bin wani Sufaye baya ga Tijjaniyya ba. Masu farawa shi ne su furta kalmar Tijjanī (tsari da ke ɗaukar mintuna goma zuwa goma sha biyar) kowace safiya da rana. Wird dabara ce da ta haɗa da maimaita [[shahada]], istighfar, da addu'a ga Muhammad da ake ƙira ''[[Salatul Fatih|Salat al-Fatih]]'' "Sallar Budawa". Haka nan su halarci [[Wazifah|wazifa]], irin wannan dabarar da ake rera wa a kungiyance, sau da yawa a [[masallaci]] ko zawiya sau ɗaya a kullum, da kuma a cikin Haylalatul Juma'ah, wata dabarar da sauran almajirai suke rera wa a bayan sallar La'asar ranar Juma'a kafin rana ta fadi. Bugu da ƙari, almajirai a wurare da yawa suna shirya taruka na yau da kullun, galibi a ranar Alhamis da yammah ko kafin Waẓīfa da Hailat al-Jum'ah don yin ''[[Zikiri|zikirin]] Allah'', ko ambaton [[Allah]] . A irin waɗannan tarurrukan, ana iya haɗa waƙoƙin yabon Allah, [[Muhammad]], Ahmad at-Tijjanī, ko wani shugaban addini tare da zikiri. Irin waɗannan tarurrukan na iya haɗawa da maimaita sauƙaƙa a matsayin ƙungiya ko amsa ƙira, inda ɗaya ko fiye da shugabanni ke jagorantar waƙar wasu kuma suna maimaita ko kuma ba da amsa. Lokaci-lokaci, gungun almajirai, waɗanda aka fi sani da ''daayira'' a Senegal, daga ''da’irah'' na Larabci, ko “da’ira”, na iya shirya taron addini, inda za su gayyaci ɗaya ko fiye da fitattun masu magana ko mawaƙa don yin magana a kan wani jigo. kamar rayuwar Muhammad ko wani shugaban addini, wani farilla na musamman na addini kamar [[Azumi|azumin]] Ramadan, ko yanayin Allah. Babban taron gama gari mafi mahimmanci na shekara ga yawancin ƙungiyoyin Tijjaniyya shi ne Maulidi, wanda aka sani a Wolof a matsayin ''Gàmmu'' (waɗanda aka aro daga tsohuwar bikin addini na Serer na "Gamo" ko "Gamou" na mutanen Serer, daga kalmar Serer ''Gamahou'' ko ''Gamohou'' <ref>Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)". (1972). Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B, no 4, 1972, pp. 706–7 (pp. 4–5), pp. 713–14 (pp. 9–10).</ref> ) ko kuma maulidin Muhammad, wanda ya zo a daren 12 ga watan musulunci na Rabi’ul Awwal (wanda ke nufin daren da ya gabaci 12 ga wata, kamar yadda kwanakin musulunci ke farawa ne da faɗuwar rana ba tsakar dare ba). Yawancin manyan cibiyoyin addini na Tijjaniyya suna shirya babban taron Maulidi sau ɗaya a shekara, kuma dubban ɗaruruwan almajirai ne ke halarta mafi girma (a Tivaouane, Kaolack, Prang, Kiota, Kano, Fadama, da sauransu). A duk shekara, al'ummomin yankin suna shirya ƙaramin Maulidi. bukukuwan. Waɗannan tarurrukan yawanci suna tafiya ne daga misalin tsakar dare har zuwa bayan fitowar alfijir na tsawon sa'o'i na zikiri da rera waƙoƙi da jawabai kan rayuwar Muhammad S.A.W.W == Duba kuma == * [[Sufiyya|Sufanci]] * [[Wazifa]] * [[Lazimi]] * [[Salatul Fatih]] * Jerin umarni Sufaye * 'Yan uwan Musulmi na Senegal * Ahmad At Tijjani Ibn Bâba Al-Alawy * [[Sheikh Abubakre Sidiq Bello|Sheikh Abubakar Sidiq Bello]] == Manazarta == * Brenner, Louis. 2000. "Amadou Hampâté Bâ: Tijjani Francophone." A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Davidson, Basil. 1995. ''Afirka a Tarihi'' . New York: Simon & Schuster. * Klein, Martin A. 1968. ''Musulunci da mulkin mallaka a Senegal: Sine-Saloum 1847-1914.'' Stanford: Jami'ar Stanford Press. * Robinson, David. 1985. ''Yakin Umar Tall.'' Oxford: Clarendon. * Triaud, Jean-Louis. 2000. "La Tijjaniyya, une confrérie musulmane pas comme les autres?" A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Triaud, Jean-Louis da David Robinson, ed. 2000. ''La Tijjaniyya: Une confrérie musulmane à la conquête de l'Afrique.'' Paris: Karthala. * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mali_native.html Kasashen duniya- a nan Mali Jihohin Gargajiya] * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf ''Jawâhir Ul Ma'âni''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020609/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} du Shaykh [['Alî Al Harâzim|'Ali Al Harâzim]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. Traduit en francais par le Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah et son neveu Moustapha Benmoussa. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc ''Al Boghia : Mataâlib = Requêtes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020600/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc |date=2011-08-11 }} de [['Sidi Larbi Ben Sayeh]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html ''La Tijjania''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717115930/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html |date=2011-07-17 }} du [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|'Pr.]] [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|Abdelaziz Benabdallah]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf الشيخ سيدي أحمد التجاني، أبعاد ضلاعته العلمية.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf بقلم أحمد بن عبد العزيز بن عبد الله, من الموقع الإلكتروني للأستاذ عبد العزيز بن عبد الله.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/Sufism/Orders/Tijani/}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1d5roifw3hgjt4pjs4te9mk1kb9fxac 883199 883050 2026-07-15T08:19:16Z Hafsah3639 35826 Gyara 883199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Darikar Tijjani''' ( {{Lang-ar|الطريقة التجانية}} ) Ɗarikar [[Sufiyya|Sufaye]] ce ta [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahlus-Sunnah]] mai suna Ahmad al-Tijani . Ta samo asali ne a yankin Magrib amma yanzu ta yaɗu a [[Afirka ta Yammah|yammacin Afirka]] musamman a [[Senegal|kasashen Senegal]], [[Gambiya|Gambia]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Gini|Guinea]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Ghana]], [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewa]] da Kudu maso yammacin Najeriya da wasu sassan [[Sudan]] . Haka nan odar Tijjaniyyah tana nan a jihohin [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] da [[Karnataka]] a Indiya. Ana ƙiran masu bin sa '''Tijjanī''' ( ''Tijaan'' ko ''Tiijaan'' a [[Yare Wolof|Wolof]], ''Tidiane'' ko ''Tidjane'' a cikin Faransanci). Tijjaniyya suna ba da muhimmanci ga al'adu da ilimi kuma suna jaddada riƙo na mutum ɗaya na almajiri ( ''murid'' ). Don zama memba na oda, dole ne mutum ya karɓi Tijjanī ''[[Zikiri|wird]]'', ko jerin jimloli masu tsarki da za a maimaita sau biyu a kullum, daga ''muqaƙƙam'', ko wakilin oda. == Tarihi da yaɗa oda == === Tushen tsari === An haifi Ahmad al-Tijani (Shekara ta 1737-1815) a Ain Madhi a [[Aljeriya|ƙasar Aljeriya]] kuma ya rasu a [[Fas|Fes]] na [[Moroko|kasar Morocco]] . Ya yi karatun addini a Fes, Morocco. Da wahayi daga wasu waliyan Moroko ya kafa tsarin Tijjaniyya a Shekarar 1780s; ƙafofin sun bambanta dangane da ainihin kwanan wata tsakanin Shekara ta 1781 <ref name="foundingtriaud">see Triaud, 2000</ref> da 1784. <ref name="bbcblas">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2016 |title=Nigeria Court in Kano Sentences Cleric to Death for Blasphemy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35241608 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Tijjaniyya, suna magana ga talakawa, sun mayar da martani ga ’yan’uwantakar [[Qadiriya|Qadiriyyah]] masu ra’ayin mazan jiya, masu matsayi, suna mai da hankali kan gyara zamantakewa da farfaɗowar [[Musulunci]] daga tushe. === Faɗaɗawa a Yammacin Afirka === Umurnin ya zama mafi girma na Sufaye a yammacin Afirka kuma yana ci gaba da faɗaɗa cikin sauri. Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ na ƙabilar Idaw `Ali ne ya kawo shi kudancin Mauritaniya a shekara ta 1789, wadda ta shahara da manyan malamai da jagororinta na musulunci kuma galibin Qadirī ne a lokacin. Kusan dukkanin ƙabilar sun zama Tijjanī a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad al-Hafiẓ, kuma tasirin ƙabilar zai sauƙaƙa saurin faɗaɗa Tijjaniyya zuwa yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Almajirin Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ Sidi Mawlūd Vāl ne ya ƙaddamar da shugaban [[Fulani|Fulɓe]] na ƙarni na 19 [[Umar Taal|Omar Saidou Tall]] da limamin Fulɓe ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Nāqil daga [[Fouta Djallon|Futa Jalon]] (yanzu [[Gini|Guinea]] ) cikin tsari. Bayan samun umarni daga Muḥammad al-Ghālī daga shekarar 1828 zuwa 1830 a [[Makkah|Makka]], Umar Tall aka naɗa [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] (majidi ko shugaban wakilin) Ahmad al-Tijjanī na Sudan ta Yammah (Yammacin Saharar Afirka). Daga nan Umar Tall ya jagoranci yaƙi mai tsarki a kan abin da yake gani a matsayin gurbatacciyar gwamnati a yankin, wanda ya haifar da daular Toucouleur mai girma amma mai gushewa a Gabashin Senegal da Mali. Yayin da daular siyasar Omar Saidou Tall ta ba da dama ga mulkin mallaka na Faransa, sakamakon da aka daɗe da shi shi ne yada musulunci da Ɗarikar Tijjanī ta yawancin yankunan da ake yanzu [[Senegal]], [[Gini|Guinea]], da [[Mali]] (duba Robinson, A shekara ta 1985). A ƙasar Wolof na ƙasar Senegal, musamman yankunan arewacin Kajoor da Masarautar Jolof, Maliki Sy, wanda aka haife shi a shekara ta (1855), ya yaɗa daular Tijjanī ta farko a kusa da Dagana . A Shekara ta 1902, ya kafa wata cibiyar zawiya ko addini a Tivaouane, wacce ta zama cibiyar koyar da ƙa'idodin musulunci a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa. Bayan mutuwar Malick Sy a (1922) ɗansa Ababacar Sy ya zama Halifa na farko. Serigne Mansour Sy ya zama Halifa na yanzu A shekara ta 1997, bayan rasuwar Abdoul Aziz Sy. [[Maulidi]] ko ''Gàmmu'', bikin haifuwar [[Muhammad]], na Tivaouane yana tara mabiya da yawa a kowace shekara. "Gida" ko reshe na Tivaouane ba shi ne kawai reshe na odar Tijjanī a [[Senegal|Senegal ba]] . Wani ɗan jihadi, Màbba Jaxu Ba, wanda yayi zamani da Umar Tall ne ya yaɗa odar Tijjaniyya zuwa kudanci a yankin [[Masarautar Saloum|Saalum]] na ƙasar Senegal. Bayan da aka ci Màbba aka kashe shi a yaƙin Fandane-Thiuthioune Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, jiharsa ta ruguje ammah Tijjaniyya ta kasance mafi rinjayen Sufaye a yankin. Abdoulaye Niass ( zama wakilin mafi mahimmanci na tsari a cikin Saalum., bayan ya yi hijira zuwa kudu daga Jolof, kuma bayan gudun hijira a [[Gambiya]] saboda tashe-tashen hankula da Faransanci, ya dawo don kafa zawiya a birnin Kaolack . Reshen da ɗan Abdoulaye Niass, [[Ibrahim Niass]] ya kafa, a unguwar Kaolack na Madina Baye a cikin 1930, ya zama reshen Tijjaniyya mafi girma kuma mafi girma a duniya a yau. Koyarwar Ibrahim Inyass na cewa dukkan almajirai, ba ƙwararru kaɗai ba, za su iya samun ilimin sufanci kai tsaye na Allah ta hanyar ''tarbiyyah rūhiyyah'' (ilimin sufa) ya mamaye miliyoyin mutane a duniya. Wannan reshe, wanda aka fi sani da ''Tijjaniyyah Ibrāhīmiyyah'' ko ''Faydah'' ("Ambaliya"), ya fi mayar da hankali a [[Senegal]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]], [[Ghana]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Niger]], da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], kuma yana da girma a Amurka da Turai. Galibin gidajen yanar gizo na Tijjaniyya da kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna cikin wannan yunƙuri. Marigayi jikan Ibrahim Inyass kuma tsohon [[Liman|limamin]] Madina Baye, Hassan Cissé, yana da dubban almajirai na Amurka kuma ya kafa wata babbar ƙungiya ta ilimi da ci gaba, [[African American Islamic Institute|Cibiyar Musulunci ta Afirka ta Amurka]], a [[Medina Baye|Madina Baye]] mai rassa a wasu sassan duniya. Wani "gidan" na Senegal, a Medina-Gounass, Senegal (a yammacin wurin shakatawa na Niokolo Koba) [[:fr:Mamadou Saidou Ba|Mamadou Saidou Ba]] ya kirkiro. Wani kuma a Thienaba, kusa da Thiès, Almajirin sanannen marabout na Futa Tooro, [[Amadou Sekhou|Amadou Sekhou ne]] . Reshen Ḥamāliyya (Ḥamālliyya), wanda [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cheikh_hamallah/index.html Shaykh Hamallah] ya kafa, yana tsakiyar Nioro, [[Mali]], kuma yana nan a [[Senegal]], [[Ivory Coast|Cote d'Ivoire]], [[Burkina Faso]], da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun membobinta shine marubuci kuma masanin tarihi [[Amadou Hampâté Bâ]], wanda ya adana kuma ya ba da shawarar koyarwar [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/cerno_bokar_salif/index.html Tierno Bokar Salif Taal] (Cerno Bokar Salif Taal), "Sage of Banjagara". (Duba [http://www.webpulaaku.net/defte/brenner/contents.html Louis Brenner], 1984, 2000.) Cherno Muhammadou Jallow ne tare da Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal, wanda ya fara karɓar tarihin Tijjaniyya a yankin Senegambia. Cherno Muhammadou ya shafe sama da shekaru goma sha biyu yana jiran tariha a Saint Louis Senegal, inda Sheikh Oumar Futi Taal ya tura ɗalibinsa Cherno Abubakr. Shi (Cherno Muhammadou) ya fara yaɗa shi a yankin Senegambia. Ta hanyar tarihin baka, shi ne yace (Cherno Muhammadou) ya miƙa shi ga almajirai goma sha biyu. Waɗannan almajiran sun fito daga Mam Mass Kah na Medina Mass Kah, Abdoulaye Niass na Medina Kaolock, Cherno Alieu, Deme na NDiaye Kunda Senegal, Cherno Alieu, Diallo na Djanet a Kolda, don suna kaɗan. Ta hanyar wadannan almajirai tarikha ta yadu a yankin Senegambia da kuma wajenta. Yawancin waɗannan almajirai a yau suna da ɗimbin mabiya kuma dukkansu suna yin La’azin kullum. Cherno Muhammadou ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Omar, wanda daga baya ya miƙa wa ɗansa Cherno Muhammadou. Daga baya Baba Jallow ya ci gaba da neman kakansa (Cherno Muhammadou Jallow) wanda daga baya ya same shi a Casamance. Bayan gano ƙabarin kakansa, Cherno Baba ya ƙirƙiro wata al'umma kuma ya sanya mata suna Sobouldeh kuma ya fara Ziarre na shekara-shekara, inda dubbai ke haɗuwa don karrama shi duk shekara. == Ayyuka == Mambobin ɗarikar Tijjaniyya sun bambanta kansu ta hanyar ayyuka da yawa. Bayan shigar da oda, mutum yana karɓar tijjani wird daga ''muqaddam'' ko wakilin odar. ''Mukaddam'' ya yi bayani ga wanda ya fara gudanar da ayyukan da suka haɗa da kiyaye ka’idojin [[Musulunci]] da suka haɗa da [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Rukunnan Rukuni]] biyar, da girmama iyaye da girmama juna, ba bin wani Sufaye baya ga Tijjaniyya ba. Masu farawa shi ne su furta kalmar Tijjanī (tsari da ke ɗaukar mintuna goma zuwa goma sha biyar) kowace safiya da rana. Wird dabara ce da ta haɗa da maimaita [[shahada]], istighfar, da addu'a ga Muhammad da ake ƙira ''[[Salatul Fatih|Salat al-Fatih]]'' "Sallar Budawa". Haka nan su halarci [[Wazifah|wazifa]], irin wannan dabarar da ake rera wa a kungiyance, sau da yawa a [[masallaci]] ko zawiya sau ɗaya a kullum, da kuma a cikin Haylalatul Juma'ah, wata dabarar da sauran almajirai suke rera wa a bayan sallar La'asar ranar Juma'a kafin rana ta fadi. Bugu da ƙari, almajirai a wurare da yawa suna shirya taruka na yau da kullun, galibi a ranar Alhamis da yammah ko kafin Waẓīfa da Hailat al-Jum'ah don yin ''[[Zikiri|zikirin]] Allah'', ko ambaton [[Allah]] . A irin waɗannan tarurrukan, ana iya haɗa waƙoƙin yabon Allah, [[Muhammad]], Ahmad at-Tijjanī, ko wani shugaban addini tare da zikiri. Irin waɗannan tarurrukan na iya haɗawa da maimaita sauƙaƙa a matsayin ƙungiya ko amsa ƙira, inda ɗaya ko fiye da shugabanni ke jagorantar waƙar wasu kuma suna maimaita ko kuma ba da amsa. Lokaci-lokaci, gungun almajirai, waɗanda aka fi sani da ''daayira'' a Senegal, daga ''da’irah'' na Larabci, ko “da’ira”, na iya shirya taron addini, inda za su gayyaci ɗaya ko fiye da fitattun masu magana ko mawaƙa don yin magana a kan wani jigo. kamar rayuwar Muhammad ko wani shugaban addini, wani farilla na musamman na addini kamar [[Azumi|azumin]] Ramadan, ko yanayin Allah. Babban taron gama gari mafi mahimmanci na shekara ga yawancin ƙungiyoyin Tijjaniyya shi ne Maulidi, wanda aka sani a Wolof a matsayin ''Gàmmu'' (waɗanda aka aro daga tsohuwar bikin addini na Serer na "Gamo" ko "Gamou" na mutanen Serer, daga kalmar Serer ''Gamahou'' ko ''Gamohou'' <ref>Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)". (1972). Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B, no 4, 1972, pp. 706–7 (pp. 4–5), pp. 713–14 (pp. 9–10).</ref> ) ko kuma maulidin Muhammad, wanda ya zo a daren 12 ga watan musulunci na Rabi’ul Awwal (wanda ke nufin daren da ya gabaci 12 ga wata, kamar yadda kwanakin musulunci ke farawa ne da faɗuwar rana ba tsakar dare ba). Yawancin manyan cibiyoyin addini na Tijjaniyya suna shirya babban taron Maulidi sau ɗaya a shekara, kuma dubban ɗaruruwan almajirai ne ke halarta mafi girma (a Tivaouane, Kaolack, Prang, Kiota, Kano, Fadama, da sauransu). A duk shekara, al'ummomin yankin suna shirya ƙaramin Maulidi. bukukuwan. Waɗannan tarurrukan yawanci suna tafiya ne daga misalin tsakar dare har zuwa bayan fitowar alfijir na tsawon sa'o'i na zikiri da rera waƙoƙi da jawabai kan rayuwar Muhammad S.A.W.W == Duba kuma == * [[Sufiyya|Sufanci]] * [[Wazifa]] * [[Lazimi]] * [[Salatul Fatih]] * Jerin umarni Sufaye * 'Yan uwan Musulmi na Senegal * Ahmad At Tijjani Ibn Bâba Al-Alawy * [[Sheikh Abubakre Sidiq Bello|Sheikh Abubakar Sidiq Bello]] == Manazarta == * Brenner, Louis. 2000. "Amadou Hampâté Bâ: Tijjani Francophone." A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Davidson, Basil. 1995. ''Afirka a Tarihi'' . New York: Simon & Schuster. * Klein, Martin A. 1968. ''Musulunci da mulkin mallaka a Senegal: Sine-Saloum 1847-1914.'' Stanford: Jami'ar Stanford Press. * Robinson, David. 1985. ''Yakin Umar Tall.'' Oxford: Clarendon. * Triaud, Jean-Louis. 2000. "La Tijjaniyya, une confrérie musulmane pas comme les autres?" A cikin Triaud da Robinson, 2000. * Triaud, Jean-Louis da David Robinson, ed. 2000. ''La Tijjaniyya: Une confrérie musulmane à la conquête de l'Afrique.'' Paris: Karthala. * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mali_native.html Kasashen duniya- a nan Mali Jihohin Gargajiya] * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf ''Jawâhir Ul Ma'âni''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020609/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Jawaheer_al_maani.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} du Shaykh [['Alî Al Harâzim|'Ali Al Harâzim]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. Traduit en francais par le Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah et son neveu Moustapha Benmoussa. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc ''Al Boghia : Mataâlib = Requêtes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020600/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Boghia_Mataalib.doc |date=2011-08-11 }} de [['Sidi Larbi Ben Sayeh]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html ''La Tijjania''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717115930/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/oeuvres/Tariqa_Voie.html |date=2011-07-17 }} du [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|'Pr.]] [['Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah|Abdelaziz Benabdallah]], sur le site officiel du Pr. Abdelaziz Benabdallah. * [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf الشيخ سيدي أحمد التجاني، أبعاد ضلاعته العلمية.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} [http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf بقلم أحمد بن عبد العزيز بن عبد الله, من الموقع الإلكتروني للأستاذ عبد العزيز بن عبد الله.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811020654/http://abdelazizbenabdallah.org/Tariqa/docs/Tariqa_Sidi_Cheikh.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/Sufism/Orders/Tijani/}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dzgotg6v6x9l6e2hq4g2oxbpu9znc20 0 79029 883140 471365 2026-07-15T01:03:29Z Lacawe83 46969 883140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Hacker behind PC.svg|thumb]] A '''Hacker''' wani abu ne mai hali a fannin teknoloji na bayanai wanda ya zama da matsayin amfani akan mafarki da daga launin fannoni. Fari ne wanda aka tattauna a culture na zamani da hacker security {{snd}} wanda ya dauki bayani game da [[bug (fannoni)|bug]] ko [[exploit (hacker security)|exploits]] don fita ga tashin lokaci game da komputa daga tsarin kowanne mai yiwuwa. A cikin tarihin mai fari, hakkin zai iya amfani da wanda ke da ilimi na ilimin amintattu na kula da nau'oa akan mai ilimi na mai ilimi don lura wani yara ne a cikin farko na ilimi na ilimi na ilimin amintattu. Wanda yafi nuni yana da 'VPN' da (dark web) don tsakar soyyar adireshin daga lambobi don bugunsa. <ref> {{Cite journal | last = Ghappour | first = Ahmed | date = 2017-01-01 | title = Tallinn, Hacking, da Zabukan Kananan Addini | url = https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/206 | journal = AJIL Unbound | volume = 111 | pages = 224–228 | doi = 10.1017/aju.2017.59 | s2cid = 158071009 | doi-access = free | access-date = 2020-09-06 | archive-date = 2021-04-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420111518/https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/206/ | url-status = live </ref> <ref> {{Cite journal | last = Ghappour | first = Ahmed | date = 2017-04-01 | title = Duba Lada Dole | url = https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/204 | journal = Sarkin Alkawari a kan Bayanin Samun Inganci | volume = 69 | issue = 4 | pages = 1075 | access-date = 2020-09-06 | archive-date = 2021-04-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420104454/https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/204/ | url-status = live </ref> Misali, mulkin duniya zai iya amfani da abubuwan da na hacking domin kafa sakamako a cikin ayyukan da suka kulla ma aikace-aikace da doka. Hacking zai iya da nasaba mai na buƙatar kwasaƙwasa ga matsalolin ko karfinsa, ko kayan fannoni da kuma hardware mai amfani a zama (dubawa [[hackathon]]), kuma [[hacker culture]] ya dawo ga amfanin da hali ya kamata ga jama'a ta hanyar mai kai. Da farko na hacker, akwai mai kamfanin fannoni (both hardware da software) da ke da karan faduwar programming; duba [[hacker culture]]. <ref><nowiki> {{Cite book | title = </nowiki>[[Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution]] | sana'a = 1984 </ref> Da farko mai amfani da wanda ke da ilimi na mai ilimi. Idan da zai iya fito daga amintaccen amfani, wanda ke da zai iya kira don hacker ci. <ref><nowiki> {{Cite journal | url = rfc:1983 | title = Wayoyin Soma daga Tarihin Masu Amfani | sana'a = 1996 | doi = 10.17487/RFC1983 | archive-url = </nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20160605204821/https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1983 | archive-date = 2016-06-05 | editor-last1 = Malkin | editor-first1 = G | website = IETF Soma | doi-access = free | id = [[Request for Comments|RFC]] 1983 </ref> Hacking yana da dalilai daya daga cikin zancen aiki na matsawa ko aiki na mai amfani (lokacin a duba [[hackathon]]), kuma [[hacker culture]] ya dawo ga hanyoyi da suka biya amfani ga jama'a ta hanyar fannoni (lokacin da za a duba [[life hack]]). == Kara karantawa == {{refbegin}} * Baker, Bruce D. "Sin and the Hacker Ethic: The Tragedy of Techno-Utopian Ideology in Cyberspace Business Cultures." ''Journal of Religion and Business Ethics'' 4.2 (2020): 1+ [https://via.library.depaul.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1152&context=jrbe online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116223623/https://via.library.depaul.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1152&context=jrbe |date=2023-01-16 }}. * Hasse, Michael. [http://elk.informatik.hs-augsburg.de/tmp/cdrom-oss/hasse_hacker.pdf Die Hacker: Strukturanalyse einer jugendlichen Subkultur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930174851/http://elk.informatik.hs-augsburg.de/tmp/cdrom-oss/hasse_hacker.pdf |date=2017-09-30 }} (1994) * Himanen, Pekka. ''The hacker ethic'' (Random House, 2010). * Himanen, Pekka. "19. The hacker ethic as the culture of the information age." ''The Network Society'' (2004): 420+ [https://www.academia.edu/download/8055465/20100512150452580.pdf#page=440 online]{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. * Holt, Thomas J. "Computer hacking and the hacker subculture." in ''The palgrave handbook of international cybercrime and cyberdeviance'' (2020): 725-742. {{refend}} === Tsaron kwamfuta === {{refbegin}} * Dey, Debabrata, Atanu Lahiri, and Guoying Zhang. "Hacker behavior, network effects, and the security software market."'' Journal of Management Information Systems'' 29.2 (2012): 77-108. * {{cite book | last = Dreyfus | first = Suelette | title = [[Underground (Suelette Dreyfus book)|Underground: Tales of Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier]] | year = 1997 | isbn = 1-86330-595-5 | publisher = Mandarin }} * {{cite book |last1=Hafner |first1=Katie |author-link=Katie Hafner |last2=Markoff |first2=John |author-link2=John Markoff |year=1991 |title=Cyberpunk: Outlaws and Hackers on the Computer Frontier |location=New York |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=0-671-68322-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/cyberpunk00kati }} * {{cite book | last = Levy | first = Steven | title = Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government Saving Privacy in the Digital Age | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-14-024432-8 | publisher = Penguin}} * Logik Bomb: [http://insecure.org/stf/hackenc.txt Hacker's Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708204945/http://insecure.org/stf/hackenc.txt |date=2007-07-08 }} (1997) * Revelation: [http://www.textfiles.com/hacking/ulimate.txt The Ultimate Beginner's Guide to Hacking & Phreaking] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905213959/http://www.textfiles.com/hacking/ulimate.txt |date=2016-09-05 }} (1996) * {{cite book | last = Slatalla | first = Michelle | author2 = Joshua Quittner | title = Masters of Deception: The Gang That Ruled Cyberspace | url = https://archive.org/details/mastersofdecepti1994slat | url-access = registration | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-06-017030-1 | publisher = HarperCollins }} * {{cite book | author-link = Bruce Sterling | last = Sterling | first = Bruce | url = https://archive.org/details/hackercrackdownl00ster | title = The Hacker Crackdown | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-553-08058-X | publisher = Bantam }} * {{cite book | last = Taylor | first = Paul A. | title = Hackers: Crime in the Digital Sublime | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-415-18072-6 | publisher = Routledge | url = http://insecure.org/stf/them_and_us.txt | access-date = 2009-03-08 | archive-date = 2009-03-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090309104312/http://insecure.org/stf/them_and_us.txt | url-status = live }} * {{cite book | last = Thomas | first = Douglas | title = [[Hacker Culture]] | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-8166-3345-2 | publisher = University of Minnesota Press}} * {{cite book | last = Verton | first = Dan | title = The Hacker Diaries: Confessions of Teenage Hackers | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-07-222364-2 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Osborne Media | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/hackerdiariescon0000vert }} {{refend}} === Software na kyauta/budewar tushe === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book | last = Graham | first = Paul| author-link = Paul Graham (computer programmer) | title = [[Hackers and Painters]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-596-00662-4 | publisher = O'Reilly | location = Beijing}} * {{cite book | last = Himanen | first = Pekka | year = 2001 | title = The Hacker Ethic and the Spirit of the Information Age | publisher = Random House | isbn = 0-375-50566-0 | url = https://archive.org/details/hackerethic00pekk }} == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hacking (computer security)]] [[Category:Hacker culture]] [[Category:Computing culture]] [[Category:Computing terminology]] [[Category:Computer programming]] [[Category:Computer viruses]] [[Category:Internet security]] gxf68vd3wo7desb5uckrrsw8rq4kk94 883141 883140 2026-07-15T01:04:03Z Lacawe83 46969 883141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Hacker behind PC.svg|thumb]] A '''Hacker''' wani abu ne mai hali a fannin teknoloji na bayanai wanda ya zama da matsayin amfani akan mafarki da daga launin fannoni. Fari ne wanda aka tattauna a culture na zamani da hacker security {{snd}} wanda ya dauki bayani game da [[bug (fannoni)|bug]] ko [[exploit (hacker security)|exploits]] don fita ga tashin lokaci game da komputa daga tsarin kowanne mai yiwuwa. A cikin tarihin mai fari, hakkin zai iya amfani da wanda ke da ilimi na ilimin amintattu na kula da nau'oa akan mai ilimi na mai ilimi don lura wani yara ne a cikin farko na ilimi na ilimi na ilimin amintattu. Wanda yafi nuni yana da 'VPN' da ([[dark web]]) don tsakar soyyar adireshin daga lambobi don bugunsa. <ref> {{Cite journal | last = Ghappour | first = Ahmed | date = 2017-01-01 | title = Tallinn, Hacking, da Zabukan Kananan Addini | url = https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/206 | journal = AJIL Unbound | volume = 111 | pages = 224–228 | doi = 10.1017/aju.2017.59 | s2cid = 158071009 | doi-access = free | access-date = 2020-09-06 | archive-date = 2021-04-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420111518/https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/206/ | url-status = live </ref> <ref> {{Cite journal | last = Ghappour | first = Ahmed | date = 2017-04-01 | title = Duba Lada Dole | url = https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/204 | journal = Sarkin Alkawari a kan Bayanin Samun Inganci | volume = 69 | issue = 4 | pages = 1075 | access-date = 2020-09-06 | archive-date = 2021-04-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420104454/https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/204/ | url-status = live </ref> Misali, mulkin duniya zai iya amfani da abubuwan da na hacking domin kafa sakamako a cikin ayyukan da suka kulla ma aikace-aikace da doka. Hacking zai iya da nasaba mai na buƙatar kwasaƙwasa ga matsalolin ko karfinsa, ko kayan fannoni da kuma hardware mai amfani a zama (dubawa [[hackathon]]), kuma [[hacker culture]] ya dawo ga amfanin da hali ya kamata ga jama'a ta hanyar mai kai. Da farko na hacker, akwai mai kamfanin fannoni (both hardware da software) da ke da karan faduwar programming; duba [[hacker culture]]. <ref><nowiki> {{Cite book | title = </nowiki>[[Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution]] | sana'a = 1984 </ref> Da farko mai amfani da wanda ke da ilimi na mai ilimi. Idan da zai iya fito daga amintaccen amfani, wanda ke da zai iya kira don hacker ci. <ref><nowiki> {{Cite journal | url = rfc:1983 | title = Wayoyin Soma daga Tarihin Masu Amfani | sana'a = 1996 | doi = 10.17487/RFC1983 | archive-url = </nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20160605204821/https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1983 | archive-date = 2016-06-05 | editor-last1 = Malkin | editor-first1 = G | website = IETF Soma | doi-access = free | id = [[Request for Comments|RFC]] 1983 </ref> Hacking yana da dalilai daya daga cikin zancen aiki na matsawa ko aiki na mai amfani (lokacin a duba [[hackathon]]), kuma [[hacker culture]] ya dawo ga hanyoyi da suka biya amfani ga jama'a ta hanyar fannoni (lokacin da za a duba [[life hack]]). == Kara karantawa == {{refbegin}} * Baker, Bruce D. "Sin and the Hacker Ethic: The Tragedy of Techno-Utopian Ideology in Cyberspace Business Cultures." ''Journal of Religion and Business Ethics'' 4.2 (2020): 1+ [https://via.library.depaul.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1152&context=jrbe online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116223623/https://via.library.depaul.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1152&context=jrbe |date=2023-01-16 }}. * Hasse, Michael. [http://elk.informatik.hs-augsburg.de/tmp/cdrom-oss/hasse_hacker.pdf Die Hacker: Strukturanalyse einer jugendlichen Subkultur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930174851/http://elk.informatik.hs-augsburg.de/tmp/cdrom-oss/hasse_hacker.pdf |date=2017-09-30 }} (1994) * Himanen, Pekka. ''The hacker ethic'' (Random House, 2010). * Himanen, Pekka. "19. The hacker ethic as the culture of the information age." ''The Network Society'' (2004): 420+ [https://www.academia.edu/download/8055465/20100512150452580.pdf#page=440 online]{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. * Holt, Thomas J. "Computer hacking and the hacker subculture." in ''The palgrave handbook of international cybercrime and cyberdeviance'' (2020): 725-742. {{refend}} === Tsaron kwamfuta === {{refbegin}} * Dey, Debabrata, Atanu Lahiri, and Guoying Zhang. "Hacker behavior, network effects, and the security software market."'' Journal of Management Information Systems'' 29.2 (2012): 77-108. * {{cite book | last = Dreyfus | first = Suelette | title = [[Underground (Suelette Dreyfus book)|Underground: Tales of Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier]] | year = 1997 | isbn = 1-86330-595-5 | publisher = Mandarin }} * {{cite book |last1=Hafner |first1=Katie |author-link=Katie Hafner |last2=Markoff |first2=John |author-link2=John Markoff |year=1991 |title=Cyberpunk: Outlaws and Hackers on the Computer Frontier |location=New York |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=0-671-68322-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/cyberpunk00kati }} * {{cite book | last = Levy | first = Steven | title = Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government Saving Privacy in the Digital Age | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-14-024432-8 | publisher = Penguin}} * Logik Bomb: [http://insecure.org/stf/hackenc.txt Hacker's Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708204945/http://insecure.org/stf/hackenc.txt |date=2007-07-08 }} (1997) * Revelation: [http://www.textfiles.com/hacking/ulimate.txt The Ultimate Beginner's Guide to Hacking & Phreaking] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905213959/http://www.textfiles.com/hacking/ulimate.txt |date=2016-09-05 }} (1996) * {{cite book | last = Slatalla | first = Michelle | author2 = Joshua Quittner | title = Masters of Deception: The Gang That Ruled Cyberspace | url = https://archive.org/details/mastersofdecepti1994slat | url-access = registration | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-06-017030-1 | publisher = HarperCollins }} * {{cite book | author-link = Bruce Sterling | last = Sterling | first = Bruce | url = https://archive.org/details/hackercrackdownl00ster | title = The Hacker Crackdown | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-553-08058-X | publisher = Bantam }} * {{cite book | last = Taylor | first = Paul A. | title = Hackers: Crime in the Digital Sublime | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-415-18072-6 | publisher = Routledge | url = http://insecure.org/stf/them_and_us.txt | access-date = 2009-03-08 | archive-date = 2009-03-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090309104312/http://insecure.org/stf/them_and_us.txt | url-status = live }} * {{cite book | last = Thomas | first = Douglas | title = [[Hacker Culture]] | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-8166-3345-2 | publisher = University of Minnesota Press}} * {{cite book | last = Verton | first = Dan | title = The Hacker Diaries: Confessions of Teenage Hackers | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-07-222364-2 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Osborne Media | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/hackerdiariescon0000vert }} {{refend}} === Software na kyauta/budewar tushe === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book | last = Graham | first = Paul| author-link = Paul Graham (computer programmer) | title = [[Hackers and Painters]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-596-00662-4 | publisher = O'Reilly | location = Beijing}} * {{cite book | last = Himanen | first = Pekka | year = 2001 | title = The Hacker Ethic and the Spirit of the Information Age | publisher = Random House | isbn = 0-375-50566-0 | url = https://archive.org/details/hackerethic00pekk }} == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hacking (computer security)]] [[Category:Hacker culture]] [[Category:Computing culture]] [[Category:Computing terminology]] [[Category:Computer programming]] [[Category:Computer viruses]] [[Category:Internet security]] tj0pix6rr4d9whkgvoc4cdscf26zbj1 0 79275 883357 736647 2026-07-15T09:33:56Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|0|0 */ 883357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Agricultural technology in the Pořežany museum.jpg|thumb|Fasahar noma]] [[Fayil:Wikipedia Bauchi 14.jpg|thumb|daya da chikin fasaha]] [[Fayil:MARDI Tanjong Karang Agrotechnology Park (230319) 05.jpg|thumb|Tanki ruwa]] [[Fayil:Agricultural technology in the Pořežany museum.jpg|thumb|Inji ]] [[Fayil:Emblem of School of Agricultural Technology KMITL.png|thumb|tanbarin makaranta ]] [[Fayil:MARDI Tanjong Karang Agrotechnology Park (230319) 01.jpg|thumb|Makaranta Fasahan gona]] [[Fayil:Einböck Aerostar Hackstriegel tined weeder herse étrille 001.jpg|thumb]] Fa''sahar noma''' ko agrotechnology (abbreviated '''agtech, '''AgriTech'''''', AgriTech, ko agroTech) shine amfani da fasaha a cikin [[Noman Kayan Lambu (Horticulture)|noma]], ''horticulture, da aquaculture'' tare da manufar inganta amfanin gona, inganci, da riba. Fasahar [[noma]] na iya zama samfurori, ayyuka ko aikace-aikacen da aka samo daga aikin gona waɗanda ke inganta matakai daban-daban na shigarwa da fitarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agriculture Technology {{!}} National Institute of Food and Agriculture |url=https://nifa.usda.gov/topic/agriculture-technology |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=nifa.usda.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Agricultural technology |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/agricultural-technology |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Ci gaban da aka samu a kimiyyar noma, ilimin noma, da aikin injiniya sun haifar da ci gaban da aka yi amfani da shi a fasahar noma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Technology Center > Agricultural Technology Center |url=https://english.busan.go.kr/agricultural-technology-center |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=english.busan.go.kr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=The evolution of agricultural technology |url=https://www.innovationnewsnetwork.com/the-evolution-of-agricultural-technology/6039/ |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=Innovation News Network |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Tarihi == Tarihin noma ya samo asali ne daga ci gaban fasaha. Fasahar noma ta samo asali ne daga dubban shekaru. Masana tarihi sun bayyana sauye-sauyen noma da yawa, waɗanda ke nuna manyan canje-canje a aikin gona da yawan aiki. Wadannan juyin juya hali suna da alaƙa da ci gaban fasaha. Kimanin shekaru 10,000, da suka gabata, [[Neolithic Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Neolithic]] ya haifar da canjin zamani. Dan Adam ya sauya daga al'ummomin farauta da masu tarawa zuwa al'ummomi masu noma. Wannan canjin ya ba da shaida ga domestication na muhimman tsire-tsire da dabbobi, gami da alkama, sha'ir, da dabbobi. Abinci mai yawa da ya biyo baya ya kara yawan jama'a kuma ya kafa tushe ga wayewar da ke tasowa. Fasahar ban Ruwa ta samo asali ne daga al'adu daban-daban, tare da misalai na farko da aka sani da aka rubuta a karni na 6 KZ a Khuzistan a kudu maso yammacin [[Iran]] ta yanzu.<ref> {{Cite book|edition=G. W.}} </ref><ref> {{Cite book|edition=G. H.}} </ref> Amfani da tsohuwar Masar na [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|Ambaliyar Kogin Nilu]], ya nuna wani ci gaba mai mahimmanci. [[Romawa na Da|Zamanin Romawa]] ya gabatar da gudummawa ga fasahar noma. Romawa sun gabatar da sabbin kayan aiki, kamar su Roman plough, sanannen ingantawa a cikin noma ƙasa. Tare, sun tattara cikakkun littattafan aikin gona kamar "De Re Rustica," suna aiki a matsayin rikodin da ba su da mahimmanci na dabarun aikin gona na zamani. Zamanin Tsakiya ya ba da babbar ci gaban noma. Ka'idoji kamar juyawa na amfanin gona da tsarin filaye uku sun inganta yawan amfanin ƙasa da amfanin gona, yayin da gabatar da aikin gona mai nauyi, wanda dabbobi suka fitar, ya sauƙaƙa noman ƙasashe da ba a noma su ba a baya. Babban canji ga fasahar noma shine [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], wanda ya gabatar da injunan noma don sarrafa aikin noma, yana kara yawan yawan ma'aikatan gona. Abubuwan kirkirar juyin juya hali kamar burodi na iri, mai girbi na inji, da tractors masu amfani da tururi sun sake fasalin yanayin noma. Wannan lokacin kuma ya ga kafa al'ummomin noma da kwalejoji da aka keɓe don inganta hanyoyin noma. A cikin aikin gona na zamani, kayan aikin gona sun maye gurbin ayyukan gona da yawa da aka yi ta hanyar aiki na hannu ko ta hanyar dabbobi masu aiki kamar shanu, dawakai da alfadarai. Ci gaban da aka samu a karni na 19, ya hada da ci gaban Hasashen yanayi na zamani da kuma kirkirar waya mai kaifi. Ingantawa ga injuna masu ɗaukar hoto da injunan niƙa sun haifar da karɓar su sosai. Guano ya zama sanannen taki a cikin shekarun 1800s kuma an cire shi sosai don wannan dalili. Amfani da Guano ya ragu da sauri bayan shekara ta 1910, tare da ci gaban Tsarin Haber-Bosch don cire nitrogen daga yanayi. Karni na 20, ya ga manyan ci gaba a cikin fasahar noma, gami da ci gaban taki na roba da magungunan kashe kwari, da sabbin injunan noma gami da taraktocin da aka samar da yawa da Jirgin sama na noma don amfani da magunguna. Ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan sun hada da filastik na noma, amfanin gona da aka gyara, ingantaccen ban ruwa, hadadden kula da kwari, da dabarun noma marasa ƙasa kamar hydroponics, aquaponics, da aeroponics. A cikin shekarun farko na karni na 21, an ƙara amfani da fasahar Information Age ga aikin gona. Robots na noma, drones na noma da Tractor marasa direba sun sami amfani na yau da kullun a gonaki, yayin da aikin gona na dijital da aikin gona mai kyau ke amfani da tattara bayanai da lissafi don inganta aikin gona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Technology - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/agricultural-technology |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref> Aikin noma na musamman ya haɗa da yankuna kamar kiwon ƙudan zuma na musamman, kiwon dabbobi na musamman, da kuma kiwon ruwan inabi na musamman. == Kayan aikin gona na zamani == === Kula da Yanayi. === * Hasashen yanayi. * Networks na Sensors na IoT. === Gudanar da Abinci. === * Na'urorin Nazarin Kasa na Dijital. * Sensors na ruwa na ƙasa. [[Fayil:Filiz_Product_Photo.png|alt=Filiz Agricultural Sensor Station Product Photo|thumb|Tashar Sensor ta Aikin Gona ta Filiz]] === Gudanar da ban ruwa. === * Ruwa ta atomatik. * Shawarwarin ban ruwa. === Gudanar da cututtuka da cututtaka. === * Rashin Tarkan Digital Pheromone.[[Fayil:PestTrapp_Product_Photo.png|alt=PestTrapp Digital Pest Tracking Station|none|thumb|Tashar Binciken Kwararrun Kwararrun]] === Binciken Shuka. === * Kula da Amfanin gona ta hanyar Satellite. * Tsarin Bayanai na Yanayi (GIS). === Gudanar da Gona. === * Tsarin Gudanar da Noma. === Hydroponics. === Hydroponics hanya ce ta noma shuke-shuke ba tare da ƙasa ba. Maimakon haka, ya dogara da maganin ruwa mai gina jiki don isar da ma'adanai masu mahimmanci da abubuwan gina jiki kai tsaye ga tushen [[shuka]]. Wannan tsarin yana ba da damar daidaitaccen iko akan yanayin girma kuma yana iya haifar da karuwar amfanin gona da saurin girma. === Aikin noma na tsaye. === Aikin noma na tsaye shine dabarar aikin gona ta zamani wacce ke noma amfanin gona a cikin yadudduka masu tsayi ko wuraren da aka karkata a cikin saitunan cikin gida. Wannan sabon tsarin yana amfani da fasaha da yanayin sarrafawa don inganta ci gaban amfanin gona.<ref name=":110">{{Cite web |last=Birkby |first=Jeff |date=January 2016 |title=Vertical Farming |url=https://attra.ncat.org/publication/vertical-farming/ |access-date=6 February 2022 |website=ATTRA Sustainable Agriculture Program}}</ref> Ƙarin yawan jama'a na duniya da birane suna haifar da aikin gona na gargajiya, tare da raguwar ƙasar noma ga kowane mutum. Don tabbatar da tsaro na abinci ga mutane biliyan 9.7, da aka tsara nan da shekara ta 2050, mafita kamar aikin gona na birane suna fitowa. Wannan tsarin fasaha mai zurfi yana amfani da yadudduka masu yawa a cikin yanayin cikin gida don haɓaka samar da abinci yayin rage sawun muhalli. Masu goyon baya suna nuna fa'idodi a matsayin tsarin tsabta da sarrafawa, mai yiwuwa ba tare da kwari ba, cututtuka, da bambancin yanayi, yayin da kuma rage bukatun sufuri. Koyaya, cikakken kimantawa game da fa'idodi masu yuwuwa da rashin daidaituwa, tare da ƙarin nazarin tattalin arziki, yana da mahimmanci don sanar da masu tsara manufofi da jagorantar yanke shawara na gaba da suka shafi samar da abinci mai ɗorewa.<ref>Benke, Kurt & Tomkins, Bruce. (2017). Future food-production systems: Vertical farming and controlled-environment agriculture. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy. 13. 13-26. 10.1080/15487733.2017.1394054. </ref> === Jirgi mara matuƙi na Aikin Gona. === Drones na noma, wanda aka fi sani da "ag drones," motoci ne na musamman marasa matuka (UAVs) ko tsarin jirgin sama mai sarrafawa (RPAS) wanda aka tsara don aikace-aikacen noma. Wadannan drones suna da kayan aiki tare da jerin na'urori masu auna sigina, kyamarori, da fasahar ci gaba don taimakawa a aikin gona da ayyukan kula da ƙasa. Manufofin su sun haɗa da saka idanu kan amfanin gona, ingantaccen kula da ban ruwa, gano cututtuka da cututtuka na farko, yaduwar amfanin gona daidai, da cikakken taswirar amfanin gona. === Ginin kayan gona. === Agro-textiles shine rukuni na Kayan fasaha wanda ke mai da hankali kan bangaren noma, tare da hanyar kare amfanin gona da ci gaban amfanin gona tare da rage haɗarin ayyukan noma. Da farko agro-textiles suna ba da juriya ga yanayi da juriya zuwa ga microorganisms da kariya daga abubuwan da ba a so da abubuwan waje. Agro-textiles yana taimakawa wajen inganta yanayin gabaɗaya wanda amfanin gona zai iya bunkasa kuma a kare shi. Akwai kayayyakin masana'antu daban-daban, siffofin masana'antu, fiber da dabarun da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kayan aikin gona waɗanda ke da amfani ga aikin gona galibi don kare amfanin gona da ci gaban amfanin gona misali inuwa, ƙarancin zafi da kayan kare rana, gilashin iska, cibiyoyin rigakafin tsuntsaye, waɗanda ke ba da inuwa kaɗan da zafin jiki mai kyau, iska don kare shuke-shuke daga hasken rana kai tsaye da tsuntsaye. Agrotextiles ya haɗa da mats, cibiyoyin kariya, da murfin amfanin [[Noman Kayan Lambu (Horticulture)|noma]], da dai sauransu. Agro-textiles suna da amfani a cikin aikin lambu, aikin kifi, aikin lambu da [[Forestry|gandun daji]]. Ƙarin misalai na amfani da aikace-aikace suna rufe kariya ga dabbobi, hana ciyawa da kula da kwari, da dai sauransu. === Ƙarin fasahohi da aikace-aikace. === * Kula da tsuntsaye. * Ruwa na tsuntsaye. * Hotunan tauraron dan adam da na'urori masu auna sigina. * Binciken Mataki. * Haske da sarrafa zafi. * Gudanar da ƙasa da sauran ayyukan bincike da suka shafi. * Biotech. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lvap8y5sedey6c1djb9h30zmwxy4u6u 0 79921 883294 461267 2026-07-15T08:56:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 883294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Hopin Academy kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Ghana]]" Tamale, Yankin Arewa, Ghana, wanda ke buɗewa ga kowa awanni 24 a rana. Hopin Academy tana ba da hanyoyi masu amfani da sababbin hanyoyin da za a bincika fannoni daban-daban na kasuwanci tare da taimakon fasaha, don haka ta doke gasa a kasuwar ma'aikata. Ya samo sunansa daga falsafar ilimi a matsayin makarantar da aka tsara don ɗalibai su "tsaya da tsalle," maimakon samun tsarin tsara lokaci.<ref name="Hopin">{{Cite web |title=Hopin Academy |url=http://hopinacademy.org/ |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=hopinacademy.org}}</ref> Makarantar ta ƙware kan horar da tallan kan layi, sadarwa ta kafofin watsa labarai, rubuce-rubuce, samar da bidiyo, aikin kasuwanci da sadarwa ta yanar gizo.<ref name="Hopin" /> Hopin Academy ta kafa haɗin gwiwar ilimi na kasa da kasa tare da Kwalejin Bryn Mawr da Kwaleji ta Haverford ta hanyar BiCo-Dalun Summer Action Research Fellowship, shirin ilmantarwa da aka inganta a cikin 2010 inda ɗaliban Bryn Ma wrestling da Haverford suka kirkiro ayyukan al'umma tare da abokan hulɗa na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dalun Community Partners {{!}} Dalun-BiCo Lagim Tehi Tuma |url=http://lagim.blogs.brynmawr.edu/category/dalun-community-partners/ |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=lagim.blogs.brynmawr.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bryn Mawr College: Bryn Mawr / Haverford Education Program |url=http://www.brynmawr.edu/education/fieldwork.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105131000/http://www.brynmawr.edu/education/fieldwork.html |archive-date=2016-01-05 |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=www.brynmawr.edu}}</ref> A cewar shafin yanar gizon Hopin Academy, suna ba da darussan rubuce-rubuce, zane, fim, da aikin kasuwanci.<ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About us - Hopin Academy |url=http://hopinacademy.org/about.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121002929/http://hopinacademy.org/about.html |archive-date=2016-01-21 |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=hopinacademy.org}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna ba da horo ga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin gwamnati, da sauran makarantu, kamar su Makarantar Jarida ta Olive kuma suna ba da tallafin kasuwanci don fara kasuwanci daga matakan ra'ayi har zuwa aiwatarwa da kuma samar da tallafin kuɗi ga masu farawa da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olive Students to be Trained in Web Design and Social Media |url=http://www.osjournalism.com/olive-students-to-be-trained-in-web-design-and-social-media/ |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=www.osjournalism.com |archive-date=2015-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210203054/http://www.osjournalism.com/olive-students-to-be-trained-in-web-design-and-social-media/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Olive School Of Journalism : News And Events |url=http://olivestudents.blogspot.com/p/news-and-events.html |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=olivestudents.blogspot.com}}</ref> 'Yan kasuwa suna da wadataccen abun ciki mafi kyau a dandamali na intanet da aikace-aikace kuma ana horar da su don haɓaka mahimman ƙwarewa a cikin cimma burinsu. == Tarihi == An fara Kwalejin Hopin a cikin 2010 a matsayin kamfani na zamantakewa wanda ke da niyyar zama madadin tsarin ilimin jama'a na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Under 35 Changemakers in Ghana You Need to Know. |url=https://emeritusky.wordpress.com/2013/12/16/10-under-35-changemakers-in-ghana-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=2015-12-06 |website=emeritusky}}</ref> Wani dan kasuwa na Ghana, MacCarthy M. Mac-Gbathy da mai shirya fina-finai na Danish da kuma "mai kirkiro," Anders Midtgaard ne suka kafa shirin ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Future Awards Africa 2015 Nominees Profiles - Page 3 of 9 - The Future Awards Africa |url=http://thefutureafrica.com/awards/tfaa-2015-nominees-profiles/3/ |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=The Future Awards Africa |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Under 35 Changemakers in Ghana You Need to Know. |url=https://emeritusky.wordpress.com/2013/12/16/10-under-35-changemakers-in-ghana-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=emeritusky}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the FoDB Team {{!}} Dizem Bella |url=http://www.dizembella.org/content/meet-fodb-team |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210195852/http://www.dizembella.org/content/meet-fodb-team |archive-date=2015-12-10 |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=www.dizembella.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Under 35. Changemakers In Ghana - TheNewAfrica |url=http://www.thenewafrica.info/10-changemakers-35/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208232224/http://www.thenewafrica.info/10-changemakers-35/ |archive-date=2015-12-08 |access-date=2015-12-06 |website=TheNewAfrica |language=en-US}}</ref> == Haɗin gwiwa == Kwalejin tana da haɗin gwiwa tare da sanannun cibiyoyin kamfanoni sama da 20 kuma ta sami nasarar samar da farawa sama da 40 kuma ta ga abubuwan da suka faru a cikin al'umma sama da ɗari da aka gudanar tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a cikin 2013. Baya ga bayar da darussan da albarkatun fasaha, Hopin Academy tana tallafawa Barcamp Tamale, wanda shine taron sadarwar da aka shirya a Tamale wanda ke haɗa shugabannin Ghana da masu kirkiro tare da matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barcamp Tamale 2015 Comes Off August 15th |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/636409/1/barcamp-tamale-2015-comes-off-august-15th.html |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en-GB}}</ref> Hopin Academy kuma tana tallafawa Youth Speak Up Project, wanda shine shirin bayar da shawarwari na Ghana wanda ke da niyyar karfafa matasa ta hanyar ilimin fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Youth Speak Up Project {{!}} Youth Empowerment for Life |url=http://www.yefl-ghana.org/news/youth-speak-up-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210222656/http://www.yefl-ghana.org/news/youth-speak-up-project |archive-date=2015-12-10 |access-date=2015-12-06 |website=www.yefl-ghana.org}}</ref> Kwalejin Hopin ta yi aiki tare da wasu cibiyoyin ilimi a cikin al'ummar duniya, gami da: * YEfL-Ghana * Makarantar Jarida ta Olive * Makarantar Kwalejin Tamale * Jami'ar Nazarin Ci Gaban * Kwalejin Bryn Mawr * Kwalejin Haverford * Gidan motsa jiki na Viborg * Ƙungiyoyin Abokantaka na Ghana * Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Copenhagen<ref name="Hopin"/> * NORSAAC == Ayyuka da aiki == Baya ga horar da 'yan kasuwa da kuma kasuwanci, cibiyar kuma tana gudanar da kamfanonin kasuwanci na kanta a fannoni kamar sufuri, noma da sake amfani. Sun hada da Agri Transportas, M&M Xpress da Right Shea . Mafi yawan ayyukan da aka yi kwanan nan shine Social Media Week (SMW) a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, tare da zaman daban-daban a ci gaban ƙwarewa kamar E-Waste up-cycling da kuma samun kuɗi YouTube da kuma shiga tare da wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin gargajiya. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.hopinacademy.org/}} s5eg9krcyxeyt2iw6bbndsnshkbx58n 883295 883294 2026-07-15T08:56:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 883295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hopin Academy''' kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Ghana]]" Tamale, Yankin Arewa, Ghana, wanda ke buɗewa ga kowa awanni 24 a rana. Hopin Academy tana ba da hanyoyi masu amfani da sababbin hanyoyin da za a bincika fannoni daban-daban na kasuwanci tare da taimakon fasaha, don haka ta doke gasa a kasuwar ma'aikata. Ya samo sunansa daga falsafar ilimi a matsayin makarantar da aka tsara don ɗalibai su "tsaya da tsalle," maimakon samun tsarin tsara lokaci.<ref name="Hopin">{{Cite web |title=Hopin Academy |url=http://hopinacademy.org/ |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=hopinacademy.org}}</ref> Makarantar ta ƙware kan horar da tallan kan layi, sadarwa ta kafofin watsa labarai, rubuce-rubuce, samar da bidiyo, aikin kasuwanci da sadarwa ta yanar gizo.<ref name="Hopin" /> Hopin Academy ta kafa haɗin gwiwar ilimi na kasa da kasa tare da Kwalejin Bryn Mawr da Kwaleji ta Haverford ta hanyar BiCo-Dalun Summer Action Research Fellowship, shirin ilmantarwa da aka inganta a cikin 2010 inda ɗaliban Bryn Ma wrestling da Haverford suka kirkiro ayyukan al'umma tare da abokan hulɗa na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dalun Community Partners {{!}} Dalun-BiCo Lagim Tehi Tuma |url=http://lagim.blogs.brynmawr.edu/category/dalun-community-partners/ |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=lagim.blogs.brynmawr.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bryn Mawr College: Bryn Mawr / Haverford Education Program |url=http://www.brynmawr.edu/education/fieldwork.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105131000/http://www.brynmawr.edu/education/fieldwork.html |archive-date=2016-01-05 |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=www.brynmawr.edu}}</ref> A cewar shafin yanar gizon Hopin Academy, suna ba da darussan rubuce-rubuce, zane, fim, da aikin kasuwanci.<ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About us - Hopin Academy |url=http://hopinacademy.org/about.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121002929/http://hopinacademy.org/about.html |archive-date=2016-01-21 |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=hopinacademy.org}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna ba da horo ga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin gwamnati, da sauran makarantu, kamar su Makarantar Jarida ta Olive kuma suna ba da tallafin kasuwanci don fara kasuwanci daga matakan ra'ayi har zuwa aiwatarwa da kuma samar da tallafin kuɗi ga masu farawa da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olive Students to be Trained in Web Design and Social Media |url=http://www.osjournalism.com/olive-students-to-be-trained-in-web-design-and-social-media/ |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=www.osjournalism.com |archive-date=2015-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210203054/http://www.osjournalism.com/olive-students-to-be-trained-in-web-design-and-social-media/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Olive School Of Journalism : News And Events |url=http://olivestudents.blogspot.com/p/news-and-events.html |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=olivestudents.blogspot.com}}</ref> 'Yan kasuwa suna da wadataccen abun ciki mafi kyau a dandamali na intanet da aikace-aikace kuma ana horar da su don haɓaka mahimman ƙwarewa a cikin cimma burinsu. == Tarihi == An fara Kwalejin Hopin a cikin 2010 a matsayin kamfani na zamantakewa wanda ke da niyyar zama madadin tsarin ilimin jama'a na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Under 35 Changemakers in Ghana You Need to Know. |url=https://emeritusky.wordpress.com/2013/12/16/10-under-35-changemakers-in-ghana-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=2015-12-06 |website=emeritusky}}</ref> Wani dan kasuwa na Ghana, MacCarthy M. Mac-Gbathy da mai shirya fina-finai na Danish da kuma "mai kirkiro," Anders Midtgaard ne suka kafa shirin ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Future Awards Africa 2015 Nominees Profiles - Page 3 of 9 - The Future Awards Africa |url=http://thefutureafrica.com/awards/tfaa-2015-nominees-profiles/3/ |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=The Future Awards Africa |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Under 35 Changemakers in Ghana You Need to Know. |url=https://emeritusky.wordpress.com/2013/12/16/10-under-35-changemakers-in-ghana-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=emeritusky}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the FoDB Team {{!}} Dizem Bella |url=http://www.dizembella.org/content/meet-fodb-team |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210195852/http://www.dizembella.org/content/meet-fodb-team |archive-date=2015-12-10 |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=www.dizembella.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Under 35. Changemakers In Ghana - TheNewAfrica |url=http://www.thenewafrica.info/10-changemakers-35/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208232224/http://www.thenewafrica.info/10-changemakers-35/ |archive-date=2015-12-08 |access-date=2015-12-06 |website=TheNewAfrica |language=en-US}}</ref> == Haɗin gwiwa == Kwalejin tana da haɗin gwiwa tare da sanannun cibiyoyin kamfanoni sama da 20 kuma ta sami nasarar samar da farawa sama da 40 kuma ta ga abubuwan da suka faru a cikin al'umma sama da ɗari da aka gudanar tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a cikin 2013. Baya ga bayar da darussan da albarkatun fasaha, Hopin Academy tana tallafawa Barcamp Tamale, wanda shine taron sadarwar da aka shirya a Tamale wanda ke haɗa shugabannin Ghana da masu kirkiro tare da matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barcamp Tamale 2015 Comes Off August 15th |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/636409/1/barcamp-tamale-2015-comes-off-august-15th.html |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en-GB}}</ref> Hopin Academy kuma tana tallafawa Youth Speak Up Project, wanda shine shirin bayar da shawarwari na Ghana wanda ke da niyyar karfafa matasa ta hanyar ilimin fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Youth Speak Up Project {{!}} Youth Empowerment for Life |url=http://www.yefl-ghana.org/news/youth-speak-up-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210222656/http://www.yefl-ghana.org/news/youth-speak-up-project |archive-date=2015-12-10 |access-date=2015-12-06 |website=www.yefl-ghana.org}}</ref> Kwalejin Hopin ta yi aiki tare da wasu cibiyoyin ilimi a cikin al'ummar duniya, gami da: * YEfL-Ghana * Makarantar Jarida ta Olive * Makarantar Kwalejin Tamale * Jami'ar Nazarin Ci Gaban * Kwalejin Bryn Mawr * Kwalejin Haverford * Gidan motsa jiki na Viborg * Ƙungiyoyin Abokantaka na Ghana * Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Copenhagen<ref name="Hopin"/> * NORSAAC == Ayyuka da aiki == Baya ga horar da 'yan kasuwa da kuma kasuwanci, cibiyar kuma tana gudanar da kamfanonin kasuwanci na kanta a fannoni kamar sufuri, noma da sake amfani. Sun hada da Agri Transportas, M&M Xpress da Right Shea . Mafi yawan ayyukan da aka yi kwanan nan shine Social Media Week (SMW) a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, tare da zaman daban-daban a ci gaban ƙwarewa kamar E-Waste up-cycling da kuma samun kuɗi YouTube da kuma shiga tare da wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin gargajiya. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.hopinacademy.org/}} rwnqwq1npw1hwkmvzi8g6hoftgwukh5 883296 883295 2026-07-15T08:57:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 883296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hopin Academy''' kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Ghana]]" Tamale, Yankin Arewa, Ghana, wanda ke buɗewa ga kowa awanni 24 a rana. Hopin Academy tana ba da hanyoyi masu amfani da sababbin hanyoyin da za a bincika fannoni daban-daban na kasuwanci tare da taimakon fasaha, don haka ta doke gasa a kasuwar ma'aikata. Ya samo sunansa daga falsafar ilimi a matsayin makarantar da aka tsara don ɗalibai su "tsaya da tsalle," maimakon samun tsarin tsara lokaci.<ref name="Hopin">{{Cite web |title=Hopin Academy |url=http://hopinacademy.org/ |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=hopinacademy.org}}</ref> Makarantar ta ƙware kan horar da tallan kan layi, sadarwa ta kafofin watsa labarai, rubuce-rubuce, samar da bidiyo, aikin kasuwanci da sadarwa ta yanar gizo.<ref name="Hopin" /> Hopin Academy ta kafa haɗin gwiwar ilimi na kasa da kasa tare da Kwalejin Bryn Mawr da Kwaleji ta Haverford ta hanyar BiCo-Dalun Summer Action Research Fellowship, shirin ilmantarwa da aka inganta a cikin 2010 inda ɗaliban Bryn Ma wrestling da Haverford suka kirkiro ayyukan al'umma tare da abokan hulɗa na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dalun Community Partners {{!}} Dalun-BiCo Lagim Tehi Tuma |url=http://lagim.blogs.brynmawr.edu/category/dalun-community-partners/ |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=lagim.blogs.brynmawr.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bryn Mawr College: Bryn Mawr / Haverford Education Program |url=http://www.brynmawr.edu/education/fieldwork.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105131000/http://www.brynmawr.edu/education/fieldwork.html |archive-date=2016-01-05 |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=www.brynmawr.edu}}</ref> A cewar shafin yanar gizon Hopin Academy, suna ba da darussan rubuce-rubuce, zane, fim, da aikin kasuwanci.<ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About us - Hopin Academy |url=http://hopinacademy.org/about.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121002929/http://hopinacademy.org/about.html |archive-date=2016-01-21 |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=hopinacademy.org}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna ba da horo ga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin gwamnati, da sauran makarantu, kamar su Makarantar Jarida ta Olive kuma suna ba da tallafin kasuwanci don fara kasuwanci daga matakan ra'ayi har zuwa aiwatarwa da kuma samar da tallafin kuɗi ga masu farawa da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olive Students to be Trained in Web Design and Social Media |url=http://www.osjournalism.com/olive-students-to-be-trained-in-web-design-and-social-media/ |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=www.osjournalism.com |archive-date=2015-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210203054/http://www.osjournalism.com/olive-students-to-be-trained-in-web-design-and-social-media/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Olive School Of Journalism : News And Events |url=http://olivestudents.blogspot.com/p/news-and-events.html |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=olivestudents.blogspot.com}}</ref> 'Yan kasuwa suna da wadataccen abun ciki mafi kyau a dandamali na intanet da aikace-aikace kuma ana horar da su don haɓaka mahimman ƙwarewa a cikin cimma burinsu. == Tarihi == An fara Kwalejin Hopin a cikin 2010 a matsayin kamfani na zamantakewa wanda ke da niyyar zama madadin tsarin ilimin jama'a na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Under 35 Changemakers in Ghana You Need to Know. |url=https://emeritusky.wordpress.com/2013/12/16/10-under-35-changemakers-in-ghana-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=2015-12-06 |website=emeritusky}}</ref> Wani dan kasuwa na Ghana, MacCarthy M. Mac-Gbathy da mai shirya fina-finai na Danish da kuma "mai kirkiro," Anders Midtgaard ne suka kafa shirin ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Future Awards Africa 2015 Nominees Profiles - Page 3 of 9 - The Future Awards Africa |url=http://thefutureafrica.com/awards/tfaa-2015-nominees-profiles/3/ |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=The Future Awards Africa |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Under 35 Changemakers in Ghana You Need to Know. |url=https://emeritusky.wordpress.com/2013/12/16/10-under-35-changemakers-in-ghana-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=emeritusky}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the FoDB Team {{!}} Dizem Bella |url=http://www.dizembella.org/content/meet-fodb-team |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210195852/http://www.dizembella.org/content/meet-fodb-team |archive-date=2015-12-10 |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=www.dizembella.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Under 35. Changemakers In Ghana - TheNewAfrica |url=http://www.thenewafrica.info/10-changemakers-35/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208232224/http://www.thenewafrica.info/10-changemakers-35/ |archive-date=2015-12-08 |access-date=2015-12-06 |website=TheNewAfrica |language=en-US}}</ref> == Haɗin gwiwa == Kwalejin tana da haɗin gwiwa tare da sanannun cibiyoyin kamfanoni sama da 20 kuma ta sami nasarar samar da farawa sama da 40 kuma ta ga abubuwan da suka faru a cikin al'umma sama da ɗari da aka gudanar tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a cikin 2013. Baya ga bayar da darussan da albarkatun fasaha, Hopin Academy tana tallafawa Barcamp Tamale, wanda shine taron sadarwar da aka shirya a Tamale wanda ke haɗa shugabannin Ghana da masu kirkiro tare da matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barcamp Tamale 2015 Comes Off August 15th |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/636409/1/barcamp-tamale-2015-comes-off-august-15th.html |access-date=2015-12-03 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en-GB}}</ref> Hopin Academy kuma tana tallafawa Youth Speak Up Project, wanda shine shirin bayar da shawarwari na Ghana wanda ke da niyyar karfafa matasa ta hanyar ilimin fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Youth Speak Up Project {{!}} Youth Empowerment for Life |url=http://www.yefl-ghana.org/news/youth-speak-up-project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210222656/http://www.yefl-ghana.org/news/youth-speak-up-project |archive-date=2015-12-10 |access-date=2015-12-06 |website=www.yefl-ghana.org}}</ref> Kwalejin Hopin ta yi aiki tare da wasu cibiyoyin ilimi a cikin al'ummar duniya, gami da: * YEfL-Ghana * Makarantar Jarida ta Olive * Makarantar Kwalejin Tamale * Jami'ar Nazarin Ci Gaban * Kwalejin Bryn Mawr * Kwalejin Haverford * Gidan motsa jiki na Viborg * Ƙungiyoyin Abokantaka na Ghana * Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Copenhagen<ref name="Hopin"/> * NORSAAC == Ayyuka da aiki == Baya ga horar da 'yan kasuwa da kuma kasuwanci, cibiyar kuma tana gudanar da kamfanonin kasuwanci na kanta a fannoni kamar sufuri, noma da sake amfani. Sun hada da Agri Transportas, M&M Xpress da Right Shea . Mafi yawan ayyukan da aka yi kwanan nan shine Social Media Week (SMW) a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, tare da zaman daban-daban a ci gaban ƙwarewa kamar E-Waste up-cycling da kuma samun kuɗi YouTube da kuma shiga tare da wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin gargajiya. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.hopinacademy.org/}} 6jrrbx6as4pht1m3k2x71lve6d7wd62 0 81416 883390 870547 2026-07-15T11:09:31Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337308789|Handicar]]" 883390 wikitext text/x-wiki 6"'''Handicar'''" is the fourth episode in the eighteenth season of the American animated television series ''South Park''. The 251st episode overall, it was written and directed by series co-creator Trey Parker. The episode premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on October 15, 2014. The episode lampoons several trends in the automotive industry including [[Uber]] and Lyft, Matthew McConaughey's celebrity endorsement of Lincoln Motor Company, and Tesla, culminating in a ''Wacky Races''-style marathon. It is the fourth episode (The other three being "Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus", "Pip", and "A Million Little Fibers") not to feature any of the four main characters of ''South Park'': Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman and Kenny McCormick. == Plot == As Gerald and Sheila Broflovski leave a movie theater, some friends tell them that they have hired a Handicar, a new service owned and operated by Timmy Burch. The Handicar is Timmy's motorized wheelchair pulling a decorated wagon behind it. Meanwhile, a South Park resident rides in a taxi driven by an angry Russian driver who complains that taxi service has been declining, as Timmy drives by in his Handicar. Also, a Hummer salesman cannot get customers to come to his sales event, as nearby pedestrians are instead picked up by Timmy. A group of disabled children are fundraising for summer camp, and Timmy is the leading fundraiser due to his Handicar business. But Nathan, along with his sidekick Mimsy, does not want to go to summer camp considering he got raped by a shark last time, and decides to end Handicar. When a group of taxi drivers and the Hummer salesman meet, Nathan suggests they take out Timmy. The taxi drivers break into Timmy's bedroom and break his legs, which fails since Timmy is already disabled. Nathan calls Timmy and offers to become a Handicar driver, but he plans to sexually harass the first female passenger he gets in order to shut down Handicar. Nathan sexually propositions a female passenger, but the passenger is a transvestite who brutally [[Fyade|rapes]] Nathan in a restroom worse than the shark. Gerald and Sheila hire a Handicar, but they get a normal driver who discloses that Timmy has expanded to anyone who can get a wheelchair and a "handi-cap" (referring to the hat worn as part of the driver uniform). Multiple people are now drivers for Handicar, as Nathan delivers a line reminiscent of Matthew McConaughey's celebrity endorsement of Lincoln Motor Company. A Tesla event hosted by [[Elon Musk]] flops, as the audience only wants to know about Handicar. Musk is met by Nathan and Mimsy who suggest that Handicar be proven inferior to Tesla. Nathan and Musk drive up alongside Timmy and challenge Timmy to a race as a fundraising event. Other vehicle groups join in the race and the news reports the return of the ''Wacky Races'', which have been banned due to their brutality. Timmy is unsure about the race, but the other Handicar drivers (now joined by McConaughey) convince him that it will be best for his fundraising. The ''Wacky Races'' begin and the competitors are: a Lyft car, a Zipcar now driven by McConaughey, the angry Russian and his taxi, the Hummer salesman in a Hummer, Elon Musk with Nathan and Mimsy in a Tesla D (equipped with technology that parodies Professor Pat Pending's Convert-a-Car), Canadian actress Neve Campbell in a pink car with square wheels powered by queefs (who resemble Penelope Pitstop), Timmy and his Handicar, a Japanese self-driving car, and the ''Wacky Racers'' characters Dick Dastardly and Muttley. South Park residents watch the live coverage on [[CNN]] throughout the morning. The race rules are to race to a passenger waiting to be picked up and then cross the finish line with the passenger to win. After multiple cartoon incidents in the style of ''Wacky Races'' are referenced, Dick Dastardly and Muttley cut down a tree, causing multiple cars to crash, but Timmy picks up the passenger and avoids the roadblock. Nathan, Mimsy, and Musk close in, as Nathan attempts to detonate a bomb placed on Timmy's car, but a fleet of Handicar drivers run the Tesla off the road. Nathan and Mimsy steal Dastardly's car and pass Timmy, but as Nathan activates the bomb, instead the Zipcar is blown up causing McConaughey to be thrown into a wormhole, as Mimsy has planted the bomb on the wrong "fake, soft-spoken douche bag that everyone loves". Timmy wins the race. As a result of his victory, Timmy sells the rights to Handicar to Elon Musk for $2.3 billion, becoming the summer camp's fundraising champion and making the summer camp fundraiser a huge success. At home, Nathan finally tells his mom directly that he does not want to go to summer camp. However, his mom fakes being able to understand Nathan, as she and her husband have already planned a trip to [[Italiya|Italy]] while he's at camp and she's determined not to let her son ruin it. == Cultural references == Many of the lines by Matthew McConaughey are references to the 2014 Lincoln Motor Company commercials, which he starred in. == Reception == The episode received mixed reviews from critics. The episode received a C+ rating from The A.V. Club's David Kallison.<ref name="AV Club Review">{{Cite web |last=Kallison |first=David |date=October 15, 2014 |title=Review: South Park: "Handicar" |url=https://www.avclub.com/south-park-handicar-1798181622 |access-date=March 20, 2022 |website=[[The A.V. Club]]}}</ref> IGN's contributor Max Nicholson gave the episode a 5.0 out of 10.<ref name="IGN Review">{{Cite web |last=Nicholson |first=Max |date=October 15, 2014 |title=South Park: "Handicar" Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/10/16/south-park-handicar-review |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8f8ffe74og4xqu45xjgzitajru4vnzm 883391 883390 2026-07-15T11:09:51Z D son203 45710 883391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} 6"'''Handicar'''" is the fourth episode in the eighteenth season of the American animated television series ''South Park''. The 251st episode overall, it was written and directed by series co-creator Trey Parker. The episode premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on October 15, 2014. The episode lampoons several trends in the automotive industry including [[Uber]] and Lyft, Matthew McConaughey's celebrity endorsement of Lincoln Motor Company, and Tesla, culminating in a ''Wacky Races''-style marathon. It is the fourth episode (The other three being "Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus", "Pip", and "A Million Little Fibers") not to feature any of the four main characters of ''South Park'': Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman and Kenny McCormick. == Plot == As Gerald and Sheila Broflovski leave a movie theater, some friends tell them that they have hired a Handicar, a new service owned and operated by Timmy Burch. The Handicar is Timmy's motorized wheelchair pulling a decorated wagon behind it. Meanwhile, a South Park resident rides in a taxi driven by an angry Russian driver who complains that taxi service has been declining, as Timmy drives by in his Handicar. Also, a Hummer salesman cannot get customers to come to his sales event, as nearby pedestrians are instead picked up by Timmy. A group of disabled children are fundraising for summer camp, and Timmy is the leading fundraiser due to his Handicar business. But Nathan, along with his sidekick Mimsy, does not want to go to summer camp considering he got raped by a shark last time, and decides to end Handicar. When a group of taxi drivers and the Hummer salesman meet, Nathan suggests they take out Timmy. The taxi drivers break into Timmy's bedroom and break his legs, which fails since Timmy is already disabled. Nathan calls Timmy and offers to become a Handicar driver, but he plans to sexually harass the first female passenger he gets in order to shut down Handicar. Nathan sexually propositions a female passenger, but the passenger is a transvestite who brutally [[Fyade|rapes]] Nathan in a restroom worse than the shark. Gerald and Sheila hire a Handicar, but they get a normal driver who discloses that Timmy has expanded to anyone who can get a wheelchair and a "handi-cap" (referring to the hat worn as part of the driver uniform). Multiple people are now drivers for Handicar, as Nathan delivers a line reminiscent of Matthew McConaughey's celebrity endorsement of Lincoln Motor Company. A Tesla event hosted by [[Elon Musk]] flops, as the audience only wants to know about Handicar. Musk is met by Nathan and Mimsy who suggest that Handicar be proven inferior to Tesla. Nathan and Musk drive up alongside Timmy and challenge Timmy to a race as a fundraising event. Other vehicle groups join in the race and the news reports the return of the ''Wacky Races'', which have been banned due to their brutality. Timmy is unsure about the race, but the other Handicar drivers (now joined by McConaughey) convince him that it will be best for his fundraising. The ''Wacky Races'' begin and the competitors are: a Lyft car, a Zipcar now driven by McConaughey, the angry Russian and his taxi, the Hummer salesman in a Hummer, Elon Musk with Nathan and Mimsy in a Tesla D (equipped with technology that parodies Professor Pat Pending's Convert-a-Car), Canadian actress Neve Campbell in a pink car with square wheels powered by queefs (who resemble Penelope Pitstop), Timmy and his Handicar, a Japanese self-driving car, and the ''Wacky Racers'' characters Dick Dastardly and Muttley. South Park residents watch the live coverage on [[CNN]] throughout the morning. The race rules are to race to a passenger waiting to be picked up and then cross the finish line with the passenger to win. After multiple cartoon incidents in the style of ''Wacky Races'' are referenced, Dick Dastardly and Muttley cut down a tree, causing multiple cars to crash, but Timmy picks up the passenger and avoids the roadblock. Nathan, Mimsy, and Musk close in, as Nathan attempts to detonate a bomb placed on Timmy's car, but a fleet of Handicar drivers run the Tesla off the road. Nathan and Mimsy steal Dastardly's car and pass Timmy, but as Nathan activates the bomb, instead the Zipcar is blown up causing McConaughey to be thrown into a wormhole, as Mimsy has planted the bomb on the wrong "fake, soft-spoken douche bag that everyone loves". Timmy wins the race. As a result of his victory, Timmy sells the rights to Handicar to Elon Musk for $2.3 billion, becoming the summer camp's fundraising champion and making the summer camp fundraiser a huge success. At home, Nathan finally tells his mom directly that he does not want to go to summer camp. However, his mom fakes being able to understand Nathan, as she and her husband have already planned a trip to [[Italiya|Italy]] while he's at camp and she's determined not to let her son ruin it. == Cultural references == Many of the lines by Matthew McConaughey are references to the 2014 Lincoln Motor Company commercials, which he starred in. == Reception == The episode received mixed reviews from critics. The episode received a C+ rating from The A.V. Club's David Kallison.<ref name="AV Club Review">{{Cite web |last=Kallison |first=David |date=October 15, 2014 |title=Review: South Park: "Handicar" |url=https://www.avclub.com/south-park-handicar-1798181622 |access-date=March 20, 2022 |website=[[The A.V. Club]]}}</ref> IGN's contributor Max Nicholson gave the episode a 5.0 out of 10.<ref name="IGN Review">{{Cite web |last=Nicholson |first=Max |date=October 15, 2014 |title=South Park: "Handicar" Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/10/16/south-park-handicar-review |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2m2ovcvrh8n60lbtgf86z6co3hgfk8w 0 82181 883233 482738 2026-07-15T08:28:50Z Pharouqenr 25549 883233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''M'Bour''' ko '''Mbour''' birni ne, da ke a yankin Thiès na ƙasar [[Senegal]]. Ya ta'allaka ne a kan Petite Côte, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Dakar. Gida ce ga yawan jama'a 284,189 (ƙidayar 2023).<ref>Citypopulation.de Population and area of M'bour Commune</ref> Manyan masana'antu na birni sune yawon shakatawa, kamun kifi da sarrafa gyada. M'Bour wurin yawon bude ido ne. Tana kan “Little Coast” kuma tana haɗe da Dakar ta hanyar N1.<ref name="pop">[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/senegal/mun/admin/m'bour/SN13015200__m'bour/ Citypopulation.de] Population and area of M'bour Commune</ref> Abin lura ne ga gidan marayu da gandun daji na yara da ƙungiyar NGO ta ƙasa da ƙasa Vivre Ensemble ke gudanarwa, da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Lissafi ta Afirka, [[Senegal]]. Baƙi 140 ne suka nutse a ruwa a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2020 lokacin da wani jirgin ruwa daga M'Bour da ke kan hanyarsa ta zuwa tsibirin Canary ya kife a kusa da Saint-Louis, Senegal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=M'Bour {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mbour |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery mode=packed> File:PICT0482 Senegal Mbour sechage poisson rwk.jpg|Senegal Mbour sechage poisson File:PICT0476 Senegal Mbour construction bateau rwk.jpg|Wajen Kamin Kifi Mbour Senegal File:SenegalMbour.jpg|Senegal Mbour File:Riverains de Somone-Mbour-Senegal.jpg|Kogin de Somone dake Mbour Senegal </gallery> ==Manazarta== fp9m27k7dq8ff501cr9vsnij7x3yywb 883235 883233 2026-07-15T08:29:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 883235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''M'Bour''' ko '''Mbour''' birni ne, da ke a yankin Thiès na ƙasar [[Senegal]]. Ya ta'allaka ne a kan Petite Côte, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Dakar. Gida ce ga yawan jama'a 284,189 (ƙidayar 2023).<ref>Citypopulation.de Population and area of M'bour Commune</ref> Manyan masana'antu na birni sune yawon shakatawa, kamun kifi da sarrafa gyada. M'Bour wurin yawon bude ido ne. Tana kan “Little Coast” kuma tana haɗe da Dakar ta hanyar N1.<ref name="pop">[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/senegal/mun/admin/m'bour/SN13015200__m'bour/ Citypopulation.de] Population and area of M'bour Commune</ref> Abin lura ne ga gidan marayu da gandun daji na yara da ƙungiyar NGO ta ƙasa da ƙasa Vivre Ensemble ke gudanarwa, da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Lissafi ta [[Afirka]], [[Senegal]]. Baƙi 140 ne suka nutse a ruwa a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2020 lokacin da wani jirgin ruwa daga M'Bour da ke kan hanyarsa ta zuwa tsibirin Canary ya kife a kusa da Saint-Louis, Senegal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=M'Bour {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mbour |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery mode=packed> File:PICT0482 Senegal Mbour sechage poisson rwk.jpg|Senegal Mbour sechage poisson File:PICT0476 Senegal Mbour construction bateau rwk.jpg|Wajen Kamin Kifi Mbour Senegal File:SenegalMbour.jpg|Senegal Mbour File:Riverains de Somone-Mbour-Senegal.jpg|Kogin de Somone dake Mbour Senegal </gallery> ==Manazarta== 5yo8geh6jw6u76x53ip81xzg86rlnq3 883236 883235 2026-07-15T08:29:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 883236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''M'Bour''' ko '''Mbour''' birni ne, da ke a yankin Thiès na ƙasar [[Senegal]]. Ya ta'allaka ne a kan Petite Côte, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Dakar. Gida ce ga yawan jama'a 284,189 (ƙidayar 2023).<ref>Citypopulation.de Population and area of M'bour Commune</ref> Manyan masana'antu na birni sune yawon shakatawa, kamun kifi da sarrafa gyada. M'Bour wurin yawon bude ido ne. Tana kan “Little Coast” kuma tana haɗe da Dakar ta hanyar N1.<ref name="pop">[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/senegal/mun/admin/m'bour/SN13015200__m'bour/ Citypopulation.de] Population and area of M'bour Commune</ref> Abin lura ne ga gidan marayu da gandun daji na yara da ƙungiyar NGO ta ƙasa da ƙasa Vivre Ensemble ke gudanarwa, da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Lissafi ta [[Afirka]], [[Senegal]]. Baƙi 140 ne suka nutse a ruwa a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2020 lokacin da wani jirgin ruwa daga M'Bour da ke kan hanyarsa ta zuwa tsibirin Canary ya kife a kusa da Saint-Louis, [[Senegal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=M'Bour {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mbour |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery mode=packed> File:PICT0482 Senegal Mbour sechage poisson rwk.jpg|Senegal Mbour sechage poisson File:PICT0476 Senegal Mbour construction bateau rwk.jpg|Wajen Kamin Kifi Mbour Senegal File:SenegalMbour.jpg|Senegal Mbour File:Riverains de Somone-Mbour-Senegal.jpg|Kogin de Somone dake Mbour Senegal </gallery> ==Manazarta== 0pzdx57nfw11rfklmniqgf9y27vf4mi 0 82267 883419 877279 2026-07-15T11:55:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883419 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bradley Halliday''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Yuli 1995) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] ko kuma [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar Scottish Premiership ta Dundee . Ya taba bugawa Fleetwood Town, Cambridge United, [[Middlesbrough FC|Middlesbrough]] da Bradford City, kuma ya yi zaman aro a York City, Hartlepool United da Accrington Stanley . == Farko da rayuwar mutum == An haifi Halliday kuma ya girma a Redcar, Arewacin Yorkshire. Halliday yana da 'ya'ya biyu ƙanana. Ya halarci Kwalejin Prior Pursglove da ke Guisborough, Arewacin Yorkshire. <ref name="Sport student gets talent spotted by Newcastle United">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2013 |title=Sport student gets talent spotted by Newcastle United |url=http://www.pursglove.ac.uk/news/bradley-halliday-newcastle-united |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515230238/http://www.pursglove.ac.uk/news/bradley-halliday-newcastle-united |archive-date=15 May 2013 |publisher=Prior Pursglove College}}</ref> == Sana'a == === Farkon aikina === Halliday ya shafe shekaru 10 yana bugawa ƙungiyar matasa ta Redcar Town wasa lokacin da ya shiga makarantar [[Middlesbrough FC|Middlesbrough]] a shekarar 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gettings |first=Mike |date=21 February 2013 |title=U15A 2009–10 review |url=https://sites.google.com/site/redcartownfc/about-the-team/reviews/2009-10-Review/u15a2009-10review |access-date=9 January 2018 |publisher=Redcar Town F.C.}}</ref> Daga baya ya koma Redcar duk da cewa Middlesbrough ta ci gaba da sa ido kan ci gabansa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2011 |title=Newton Aycliffe FC 2–4 Redcar Town Under 18s FC |url=http://clubwebsite.production.clubtest.co.uk/redcartownunder18/155626/SeasonArchive/match_report/3131837?archive_id=59619 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224182437/http://clubwebsite.production.clubtest.co.uk/redcartownunder18/155626/SeasonArchive/match_report/3131837?archive_id=59619 |archive-date=24 December 2014 |access-date=24 December 2014 |publisher=Redcar Town F.C.}}</ref> <ref name="Bradley Halliday">{{Cite web |title=Bradley Halliday |url=http://www.mfc.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/squad/academy/0,,1~3445445,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224145856/http://www.mfc.co.uk.p.preprod.performgroup.com/page/squad/academy/0%2C%2C1~3445445%2C00.html |archive-date=24 December 2014 |publisher=Middlesbrough F.C.}}</ref> An ga Halliday yana wasa da Redcar ta hannun wani mai leƙen asiri [[Newcastle United FC|na Newcastle United]] kafin ya shiga makarantar horar da 'yan wasan ƙungiyar a farkon shekarar 2013. <ref name="Sport student gets talent spotted by Newcastle United"/> Ya koma Middlesbrough bayan ya burge manajansu Dave Parnaby a lokacin gwaji, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararru da ƙungiyar a watan Agusta na 2013. <ref name="YorkProfile">{{Cite web |title=York City FC player profiles: Bradley Halliday |url=http://www.yorkcityfootballclub.co.uk/team/player-profile/bradley-halliday/17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214204350/http://www.yorkcityfootballclub.co.uk/team/player-profile/bradley-halliday/17 |archive-date=14 December 2014 |publisher=York City F.C.}}</ref> <ref name="Bradley Halliday" /> Bayan ya yi wasa akai-akai a ƙungiyar Middlesbrough ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 a kakar wasa ta 2014-15, Halliday ya koma ƙungiyar League Two ta York City a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2014 bisa lamunin wata ɗaya na matasa don samar da kariya da gasa ga ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na dama]] Marvin McCoy . <ref name="YorkProfile"/> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko a wasan da York ta sha kashi a hannun AFC Wimbledon a gida da ci 3-2 a ranar 13 ga Disamba 2014, kuma bayan an naɗa shi gwarzon ɗan wasa, an tsawaita aronsa har zuwa 17 ga Janairu 2015 kwana biyu bayan wasan. Ya kafa kansa a cikin ƙungiyar kafin McCoy kafin ya sami katin jan kati na farko a rayuwarsa ta babban wasa saboda takalmi mai ƙafa biyu a wasan da York ta doke Accrington Stanley a gida da ci 1-0 a ranar 26 ga Disamba 2014. Bayan ya kammala dakatarwa na wasanni uku, an tsawaita aronsa a York har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. <ref name="Brad Halliday signs on loan for York City until end of season – right back is winning race for starting place against Stevenage" /> Halliday ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a rayuwarsa ta kwallo da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a minti na 85 a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Portsmouth a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2015 da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a kusurwar dama ta ƙasa bayan ya yi amfani da faɗuwar da Dan Butler ya yi masa. Ya kammala wasan aronsa a York da wasanni 24 da kuma kwallo 1. <ref name="sb1415" /> Halliday ya koma ƙungiyar League Two ta Hartlepool United a kan aro na wata ɗaya a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2015, a matsayin mai kare lafiyar Jordan Richards da Michael Duckworth da kuma Carl Magnay da aka dakatar. Ya fara buga wasa a karon farko bayan kwana biyu a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Exeter City da ci 1-0, kuma ya kammala zaman aro da wasanni shida. A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 2015, ya koma wata ƙungiyar League Two, Accrington Stanley, a kan aro na gaggawa na wata ɗaya, ya fara wasa a ranar a wasan da suka sha kashi a gida da ci 4-3 a hannun AFC Wimbledon. <ref name="sb1516" /> Bayan ya buga wasanni 11 a Accrington, an tsawaita lokacin aronsa har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2015-16 a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 2016. === Cambridge United === A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2016, Halliday ya sanya hannu a kulob din League Two Cambridge United kan kwantiragin dogon lokaci kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. An ba shi sabuwar kwangila daga Cambridge United a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2018-19. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2019 |title=David Forde: Cambridge United release former Millwall keeper |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48191973 |access-date=8 May 2019 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> === Rovers na Doncaster === A ranar 24 ga Mayu 2019, ya sanya hannu a kulob din League One Doncaster Rovers kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=Brad Halliday: Doncaster Rovers sign Cambridge defender on two-year deal |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48401193 |access-date=24 May 2019 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> === Garin Fleetwood === Halliday ya koma Fleetwood Town kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2021 |title=Brad Halliday signs for the Cod Army |url=https://www.fleetwoodtownfc.com/news/2021/june/halliday-signs-for-the-cod-army/ |access-date=4 June 2021 |publisher=Fleetwood Town}}</ref> === Birnin Bradford === Halliday ya koma Bradford City a ranar haihuwarsa - 10 ga Yuli 2022 - kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BRAD TO BRADFORD |url=https://www.bradfordcityfc.co.uk/news/2022/july/brad-to-bradford/ |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=www.bradfordcityfc.co.uk |language=en-gb }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Right back Halliday becomes City's 13th summer signing |url=https://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/sport/sportlatest/20269084.bradford-city-sign-former-fleetwood-defender-halliday/ |website=Bradford Telegraph and Argus}}</ref> Ya buga wasa na 100 a ƙungiyar a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 2024, inda ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka doke Gillingham da ci 1-0 a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |title='Epitomy of consistency': Halliday deserved City winner says delighted boss |url=https://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/sport/sportlatest/24236264.graham-alexander-praises-bantams-match-winner-brad-halliday/ |website=Bradford Telegraph and Argus}}</ref> Shi ne ɗan wasan Bradford City na shekara a kakar wasa ta 2023-24. A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2023-24, Bradford City ta ƙara tsawaita kwangilarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=RETAINED LIST: 2023/24 |url=https://www.bradfordcityfc.co.uk/news/2024/may/retained-list-202324/ |website=www.bradfordcityfc.co.uk }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2024 |title=Bantams make their move to keep Pointon and Halliday for long term |url=https://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/sport/sportlatest/24295712.brad-halliday-bobby-pointon-offered-new-deals-bantams/ |website=Bradford Telegraph and Argus}}</ref> A farkon kakar wasa ta 2024-25, Halliday ya yi maraba da fafatawa a ƙungiyar farko tare da Jay Benn wanda ya ɗauki aro. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2024 |title=Halliday happy to help rival Benn in Bantams selection battle |url=https://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/sport/24672985.brad-halliday-welcomes-bantams-competition-jay-benn/?ref=rss |website=Bradford Telegraph and Argus}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0o7gacf0qa7dttlkwur0mtbfmir4tgt 0 82915 883167 551519 2026-07-15T05:43:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bello Galadanci''' da aka fi sani da '''Dan Bello''' haife shi a State College, [[Pennsylvania]] a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, 1987{{Ana bukatan hujja}}, mai sana'ar fim ne, mawallafin littattafai, kuma mai sana'ar yada labarai a cikin midiya. Yana da digiri daga Jami'ar Penn State a Bioengineering kuma ya samu digiri daga Jami'ar Comparative Education.{{Ana bukatan hujja}} Galadanci ya sami suna a matsayin mai shigar da fim kamar ''A Dark Place'' kuma shine mai bayar da abubuwan da suka shafi Hausa a kan manhajar [[TikTok]].{{Ana bukatan hujja}} Yana da cikakken shirin kasuwanci a Amurka da [[Najeriya]], yana aiki a cikin sassan fim da ilimi. ==Aiki== Galadanci ya fara aiki a cikin sana'ar fim ne bayan ya samu digiri daga Jami'ar Penn State a 2009, yana da digiri biyu da kuma sauran digiri biyu. Yana da shekaru 24 ne a lokacin da ya rubuta, ya shigar da fim, kuma ya yi aiki a fim mai suna A Dark Place a 2012.{{Ana bukatan hujja}} Kafin ya fara fim, Galadanci ya samu digiri a Biomedical Engineering.{{Ana bukatan hujja}} A cikin shekarun tafiya da ya yi a Najeriya, Galadanci ya yi aiki a cikin abubuwan kamar sayar da abinci a karshen hanya, aiki a gini, da kuma taimakawa iyayen sa a cikin aikin asibiti. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko na Galadanci shine sarrafa da sayar da takalma da aka sami a hannun kamar takalma masu kunnuwa da kuma sabon nau'in takalma mai suna "kumazie" da ke Najeriya. A cikin lokacin da bai yi fim ba, Galadanci yana aiki a matsayin mai bada tallafi a cikin al'ummarsa, yana yin abokantaka a cikin birnin, kuma yana rubuta littattafan labaran da suka dace.<ref>https://dailytrust.com/why-i-use-hausa-for-my-content-on-tiktok-bello-galadanchi/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zjnu.ciss.org.cn/Notices_Highlights_Detail/48005 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-08-13 |archive-date=2024-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813051323/http://zjnu.ciss.org.cn/Notices_Highlights_Detail/48005 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == a0zyv4j98bxx011tnuncbrrwik440st 0 83337 883030 824140 2026-07-14T18:33:31Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zubar da ciki na likita''', Ya kasance shi ne wanda aka sani da '''zubar da ciki na magani''' ko '''zubar da ciki ba na tiyata da likitoci keyi,''' yana faruwa ne lokacin da ake amfani da [[Ƙwaya|kwayoyi]] ( [[magani]] ) don kawo [[zubar da ciki]] . Zubar da ciki na likitanci madadin tiyata ne kamar zubar da ciki kamar vacuum aspiration ko dilation da curettage . <ref name="1st_Methods2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhang J, Zhou K, Shan D, Luo X |date=May 2022 |title=Medical methods for first trimester abortion |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2022 |issue=5 |pages=CD002855 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub5 |pmc=9128719 |pmid=35608608}}</ref> Zubar da ciki na likitanci ya zama ruwan dare fiye da zubar da ciki na tiyata a mafi yawan wurare a fadin duniya.<ref name="Kapp 20092">{{cite book|title=Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy : comprehensive abortion care|url=https://archive.org/details/managementuninte00paul|url-access=limited|vauthors=Kapp N, von Hertzen H|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4051-7696-5|veditors=Paul M, Lichtenberg ES, Borgatta L, Grimes DA, Stubblefield PG, Creinin MD|location=Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/managementuninte00paul/page/n197 178]–192|chapter=Medical methods to induce abortion in the second trimester}}</ref> <ref name="Guttmacher_2022-022">{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2022 |title=Medication Abortion Now Accounts for More Than Half of All US Abortions |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/article/2022/02/medication-abortion-now-accounts-more-half-all-us-abortions |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=[[Guttmacher Institute]]}}</ref>. An fi zubar da ciki na [[Likita|likitanci]] ta hanyar gudanar da haɗin magunguna guda biyu: mifepristone wanda ke biye da misoprostol . Wannan haɗin magunguna biyu ya fi tasiri fiye da sauran haɗin magunguna.<ref name="1st_Methods2" /> Lokacin da babu mifepristone, ana iya amfani da misoprostol kadai a wasu yanayi. <ref name="Langer Peter Firtion David 2004 pp. 266–270">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Langer BR, Peter C, Firtion C, David E, Haberstich R |date=2004 |title=Second and third medical termination of pregnancy with misoprostol without mifepristone |journal=Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=266–270 |doi=10.1159/000076709 |pmid=15067238 |s2cid=25706987}}</ref> Zubar da ciki na likita yana da lafiya kuma yana da tasiri a duk tsawon shekarun haihuwa, gami da na biyu da na uku na uku. <ref name="pmid35114381">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vlad S, Boucoiran I, St-Pierre ÉR, Ferreira E |date=June 2022 |title=Mifepristone-Misoprostol Use for Second- and Third-Trimester Medical Termination of Pregnancy in a Canadian Tertiary Care Centre |journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=683–689 |doi=10.1016/j.jogc.2021.12.010 |pmid=35114381 |s2cid=246505706}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Whitehouse K, Brant A, Fonhus MS, Lavelanet A, Ganatra B |date=2020 |title=Medical regimens for abortion at 12 weeks and above: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Contraception |volume=2 |pages=100037 |doi=10.1016/j.conx.2020.100037 |pmc=7484538 |pmid=32954250}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Chandler J, Welch VA, Higgins JP, Thomas J |date=October 2019 |title=Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=ED000142 |doi=10.1002/14651858.ED000142 |pmc=10284251 |pmid=31643080}}</ref> A Amurka, yawan mace-macen zubar da ciki na likitanci ya ragu da sau 14 idan aka kwatanta da yawan mace-macen haihuwa a lokacin haihuwa, kuma adadin manyan matsalolin da ke bukatar asibiti ko karin jini bai kai kashi 0.4 cikin dari ba. {{R|ANSIRH_2019-04|FDA_2018-12-31|C_2012-06-19|NYT_2022-08-07}} Za a iya gudanar da zubar da ciki na likitanci lafiya a gida, ba tare da taimako ba, a cikin uku na farko. <ref name="WHO362">{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2021 |title=Self-management Recommendation 50: Self-management of medical abortion in whole or in part at gestational ages < 12 weeks (3.6.2) - Abortion care guideline |url=https://srhr.org/abortioncare/chapter-3/service-delivery-options-and-self-management-approaches-3-6/self-management-recommendation-50-self-management-of-medical-abortion-in-whole-or-in-part-at-gestational-ages-12-weeks-3-6-2/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=WHO Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research}}</ref> A cikin uku na biyu da bayan haka, ana ba da shawarar shan magani na biyu a asibiti, ofishin mai bada sabis, ko wani wurin kula da lafiya. <ref name="WHO362" /> == Tsarin magunguna == [[Fayil:Abortion_pill.jpg|thumb|200 MG na mifepristone da 800&nbsp;μg misoprostol, tsarin da aka saba don zubar da ciki na farko na likita]] === Kasa da mako 12 ciki === Don zubar da ciki na likitanci har zuwa ciki na tsawon makonni 12, adadin magungunan da aka ba da shawarar shine 200&nbsp;milligrams na mifepristone ta baki, bayan kwana ɗaya zuwa biyu ta hanyar 800 micrograms na misoprostol a cikin kunci, a cikin farji, ko ƙarƙashin harshe. <ref name="WHO2018222">{{cite book|title=Abortion Care Guideline|date=2022|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=9789240039483|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240039483}}</ref> Nasarar wannan haɗin maganin shine 96.6% ta hanyar ciki na makonni 10. <ref name="Chen Creinin 20152">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen MJ, Creinin MD |date=July 2015 |title=Mifepristone With Buccal Misoprostol for Medical Abortion: A Systematic Review |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2pw521h5 |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=126 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000000897 |pmid=26241251 |s2cid=20800109}}</ref> Ya kamata a gudanar da Misoprostol 24 zuwa awanni 48 bayan mifepristone; shan misoprostol kafin awanni 24 su wuce yana rage yuwuwar samun nasara. <ref name="C_2012-06-19">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raymond EG, Shannon C, Weaver MA, Winikoff B |date=January 2013 |title=First-trimester medical abortion with mifepristone 200 mg and misoprostol: a systematic review |journal=Contraception |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=26–37 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.06.011 |pmid=22898359}}</ref> Koyaya, wani bincike ya nuna cewa ana iya ɗaukar magungunan biyu lokaci guda tare da kusan inganci iri ɗaya. <ref name="Creinin etal 2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Creinin MD, Schreiber CA, Bednarek P, Lintu H, Wagner MS, Meyn LA |date=April 2007 |title=Mifepristone and misoprostol administered simultaneously versus 24 hours apart for abortion: a randomized controlled trial |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4b25p01k |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=885–894 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000258298.35143.d2 |pmid=17400850 |s2cid=43298827}}</ref> Don masu juna biyu bayan 9&nbsp;makonni, allurai biyu na misoprostol (magani na biyu) yana sa maganin ya fi tasiri. <ref name="Kapp etal 2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kapp N, Eckersberger E, Lavelanet A, Rodriguez MI |date=February 2019 |title=Medical abortion in the late first trimester: a systematic review |journal=Contraception |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=77–86 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2018.11.002 |pmc=6367561 |pmid=30444970}}</ref> Daga makonni 10 zuwa 11 na ciki, [[Ƙungiyar zubar da ciki ta ƙasa|Ƙungiyar Zubar da ciki ta Ƙasa]] ta ba da shawarar kashi na biyu na misoprostol (800 micrograms) sa'o'i hudu bayan kashi na farko. <ref name="NAF_Guidelines">{{Cite web |title=NAF Clinical Policy Guidelines |url=https://prochoice.org/education-and-advocacy/cpg/ |access-date=April 10, 2020 |publisher=National Abortion Federation |archive-date=August 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808041525/https://prochoice.org/providers/quality-standards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan mai haƙuri ya ɗauki [[mifepristone]], dole ne su kuma ba da misoprostol. Rashin shan misoprostol na iya haifar da ɗayan waɗannan sakamakon: za a iya ƙare tayin, amma ba a fitar da shi gaba ɗaya daga cikin mahaifa (wataƙila tare da zubar jini) kuma yana iya buƙatar aikin tiyata don cire tayin; ko kuma ana iya samun nasarar zubar da ciki da fitar da ciki; ko ciki na iya ci gaba da samun lafiyayyan tayin. Don waɗannan dalilai, yakamata a ɗauki misoprostol koyaushe bayan mifepristone. <ref name="pmid31809439">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Creinin MD, Hou MY, Dalton L, Steward R, Chen MJ |date=January 2020 |title=Mifepristone Antagonization With Progesterone to Prevent Medical Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=135 |issue=1 |pages=158–165 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000003620 |pmid=31809439 |s2cid=208813409 |quote=Patients in early pregnancy who use only mifepristone may be at high risk of significant hemorrhage. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Idan ciki ya ƙunshi tagwaye, ana iya ba da shawarar mafi girman adadin mifepristone. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sørensen EC, Iversen OE, Bjørge L |date=March 2005 |title=Failed medical termination of twin pregnancy with mifepristone: a case report |journal=Contraception |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=231–233 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2004.09.002 |pmid=15722075 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Zubar da ciki na likitanci da kai === A cikin uku na farko, zubar da ciki na likita da kansa yana samuwa ga marasa lafiya waɗanda suka fi son shan magungunan zubar da ciki a gida ba tare da kulawar likita kai tsaye ba (sabanin zubar da ciki na likita wanda mai badawa ke gudanarwa inda majiyyaci ke shan maganin zubar da ciki na biyu a gaban wanda ya horar da shi. ma'aikacin lafiya). <ref name="WHO3622">{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2021 |title=Self-management Recommendation 50: Self-management of medical abortion in whole or in part at gestational ages < 12 weeks (3.6.2) - Abortion care guideline |url=https://srhr.org/abortioncare/chapter-3/service-delivery-options-and-self-management-approaches-3-6/self-management-recommendation-50-self-management-of-medical-abortion-in-whole-or-in-part-at-gestational-ages-12-weeks-3-6-2/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=WHO Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research}}</ref> Shaidu daga gwaje-gwajen asibiti sun nuna zubar da ciki na likita da kai yana da tasiri kamar zubar da ciki da aka gudanar; duk da haka ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tabbatar da cewa aminci daidai yake. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gambir K, Kim C, Necastro KA, Ganatra B, Ngo TD |date=March 2020 |title=Self-administered versus provider-administered medical abortion |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue=3 |pages=CD013181 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD013181.pub2 |pmc=7062143 |pmid=32150279}}</ref> <ref name="shm">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schmidt-Hansen M, Pandey A, Lohr PA, Nevill M, Taylor P, Hasler E, Cameron S |date=April 2021 |title=Expulsion at home for early medical abortion: A systematic review with meta-analyses |journal=Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=727–735 |doi=10.1111/aogs.14025 |pmid=33063314 |s2cid=222819835 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hanyar da ake amfani da ita don gudanar da magungunan biyu ya dogara da takamaiman magungunan da aka rubuta. Hanyar al'ada, don 200&nbsp;MG mifepristone allunan, shine:<ref name="shm" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Mifepristone and misoprostol: Recommended regimen |url=https://www.ipas.org/clinical-update/english/recommendations-for-abortion-at-or-after-13-weeks-gestation/medical-abortion/mifepristone-and-misoprostol-recommended-regimen/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=[[Ipas (organization)|Ipas]]}}</ref> <ref name="FDA mifepristone">{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2022 |title=Mifeprex (mifepristone) Information |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/mifeprex-mifepristone-information |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=October 2020 |title=Medication Abortion Up to 70 Days of Gestation: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 225 |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=136 |issue=4 |pages=e31–e47 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000004082 |pmid=32804884}}</ref> # Ɗauki kwamfutar hannu na mifepristone da baki # Ɗaukar misoprostol tsakanin sa'o'i 24 zuwa 48 bayan mifepristone (umarnin da aka kawo tare da misoprostol za su ƙayyade yadda ake shan shi, kamar: tsakanin gumi da murfin ciki na kuncin baki, ko a ƙarƙashin harshe, ko a cikin farji ta hanyar yin amfani da shi. suppository na farji) # Za a fitar da ciki ( [[amfrayo|embryo]] da [[placenta]] ) ta cikin farji a cikin sa'o'i 2 zuwa 24 bayan shan misoprostol, don haka majiyyaci ya kasance kusa da wuraren bayan gida a lokacin. Za a iya samun maƙarƙashiya, tashin zuciya da zubar jini yayin da ake fitar da ciki, da kuma bayan haka # Don guje wa kamuwa da cuta, majiyyaci bai kamata ya yi amfani da tampons ko yin jima'i ba har tsawon makonni 2 zuwa 3 # Ya kamata majiyyaci ya tuntuɓi mai ba da su kwanaki 7 zuwa 14 bayan gudanarwar mifepristone don tabbatar da cewa ƙarshen ciki ya faru kuma don kimanta matakin jini. === Bayan sati 12 ciki === Zubar da ciki na likita yana da lafiya kuma yana da tasiri a cikin na biyu da na uku.<ref name="pmid35114381" /> <ref name="tapg2">{{Cite book|title=Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems-2nd ed|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|year=2012|isbn=9789241548434|location=Italy|pages=42}}</ref> <ref name="leon">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gómez Ponce de León R, Wing DA |date=April 2009 |title=Misoprostol for termination of pregnancy with intrauterine fetal demise in the second and third trimester of pregnancy - a systematic review |journal=Contraception |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=259–271 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2008.10.009 |pmid=19272495}}</ref> <ref name="mendil">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mendilcioglu I, Simsek M, Seker PE, Erbay O, Zorlu CG, Trak B |date=November 2002 |title=Misoprostol in second and early third trimester for termination of pregnancies with fetal anomalies |journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=131–135 |doi=10.1016/s0020-7292(02)00224-2 |pmid=12427397 |s2cid=44373757}}</ref> [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta ba da shawarar cewa zubar da ciki na likitanci da aka yi bayan makonni 12 na ciki, likita na gaba daya ko kwararren likita ne ya kula da shi (sabanin farkon watanni uku, inda majiyyaci zai iya shan magungunan a gida lafiya ba tare da kulawa ba). <ref name="WHO362" /><ref name="WHO2018222" /> Don zubar da ciki na likita bayan makonni 12 na ciki, WHO ta ba da shawarar 200&nbsp;MG na mifepristone ta baki ya biyo bayan kwana ɗaya zuwa biyu ta maimaita allurai na 400&nbsp;μg misoprostol a ƙarƙashin harshe, a cikin kunci, ko a cikin farji. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Borgatta L, Kapp N |date=July 2011 |title=Clinical guidelines. Labor induction abortion in the second trimester |journal=Contraception |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=4–18 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2011.02.005 |pmid=21664506}}</ref> Ya kamata a sha Misoprostol kowane sau 3&nbsp;Sa'o'i har sai an sami nasarar zubar da ciki, ma'anar lokacin zubar da ciki bayan fara misoprostol shine sa'o'i 6-8, kuma kusan 94% zai zubar da ciki cikin sa'o'i 24 bayan fara misoprostol. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Borgatta L, Kapp N |date=July 2011 |title=Clinical guidelines. Labor induction abortion in the second trimester |journal=Contraception |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=4–18 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2011.02.005 |pmid=21664506}}</ref> Lokacin da ba a samu mifepristone ba, ana iya amfani da misoprostol duk da cewa za a tsawaita lokacin zubar da ciki bayan fara misoprostol idan aka kwatanta da tsarin yin amfani da mifepristone da misoprostol. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Perritt JB, Burke A, Edelman AB |date=September 2013 |title=Interruption of nonviable pregnancies of 24-28 weeks' gestation using medical methods: release date June 2013 SFP guideline #20133 |journal=Contraception |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=341–349 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2013.05.001 |pmid=23756114 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Madadin haɗin magunguna === Haɗin mifepristone-misoprostol shine, ta zuwa yanzu, tsarin da aka fi ba da shawarar miyagun ƙwayoyi don zubar da ciki na likita, amma akwai sauran haɗin magunguna. Misoprostol kadai, ba tare da mifepristone ba, ana iya amfani da shi a wasu yanayi don zubar da ciki na likita, har ma an nuna cewa ya yi nasara a cikin uku na biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=June 2013 |title=ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 135: Second-trimester abortion |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=121 |issue=6 |pages=1394–1406 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000431056.79334.cc |pmid=23812485 |s2cid=205384119}}</ref> Misoprostol ya fi samuwa fiye da mifepristone, kuma ya fi sauƙi don adanawa da gudanarwa, don haka misoprostol ba tare da mifepristone na iya ba da shawara daga mai bada idan mifepristone ba ya samuwa.<ref name="Langer Peter Firtion David 2004 pp. 266–270" /> Idan ana amfani da misoprostol ba tare da mifepristone ba, WHO ta ba da shawarar 800&nbsp;μg na misoprostol a cikin kunci, ƙarƙashin harshe, ko a cikin farji.<ref name="WHO2018222" /> Nasarar misoprostol kadai don kawo karshen ciki (93%) kusan iri daya ne da hadewar mifepristone-misoprostol (96%). Duk da haka, 15% na matan da ke amfani da misoprostol kadai suna buƙatar hanyar bin tsarin tiyata, wanda ya fi mahimmanci fiye da haɗin mifepristone-misoprostol. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raymond EG, Harrison MS, Weaver MA |date=January 2019 |title=Efficacy of Misoprostol Alone for First-Trimester Medical Abortion: A Systematic Review |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=133 |issue=1 |pages=137–147 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000003017 |pmc=6309472 |pmid=30531568}}</ref> Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa ana iya haɗawa da [[letrozole]] ko [[methotrexate]] a cikin tsarin mifepristone-misoprostol don inganta sakamako a cikin farkon watanni uku.<ref name="1st_Methods2" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhuo Y, Cainuo S, Chen Y, Sun B |date=May 2021 |title=The efficacy of letrozole supplementation for medical abortion: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=1501–1507 |doi=10.1080/14767058.2019.1638899 |pmid=31257957 |s2cid=195764644}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yeung TW, Lee VC, Ng EH, Ho PC |date=December 2012 |title=A pilot study on the use of a 7-day course of letrozole followed by misoprostol for the termination of early pregnancy up to 63 days |journal=Contraception |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=763–769 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.05.009 |pmid=22717187}}</ref> Haɗin magungunan da ba kasafai ake amfani da shi ba don masu ciki na mahaifa shine [[methotrexate]] -misoprostol, wanda galibi ana keɓance shi don [[Ectopic ciki|ciki na ectopic]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Medical abortion |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/medical-abortion/about/pac-20394687 |access-date=July 10, 2022 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}</ref> Ana ba da Methotrexate ko dai ta baki ko a cikin tsoka, sannan a biyo bayan misoprostol na farji bayan kwanaki 3-5.<ref name="NAF_Guidelines" /> Haɗin methotrexate yana samuwa ta cikin kwanaki 63. WHO ta ba da izinin haɗin methotrexate-misoprostol <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Methotrexate and Misoprostol for Abortion |url=http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227080619/http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |website=Women's Health |publisher=WebMD}}</ref> amma yana bada shawarar haɗin mifepristone saboda [[methotrexate]] na iya zama [[teratogenic]] ga amfrayo a lokuta na zubar da ciki. Ana ɗaukar haɗin methotrexate-misoprostol mafi inganci fiye da misoprostol kadai.<ref name=":0" /> === Contraindications === Contraindications zuwa mifepristone an gaji [[Cutar jini wacce ke sanadin tabin hankali|porphyria]], na kullum [[Rashin isasshen adrenal|adrenal gazawar]], da ectopic ciki. <ref name="WHO FAQs 20063">{{cite book|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594845_eng.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117164404/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594845_eng.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 17, 2009|title=Frequently asked clinical questions about medical abortion|author=International Consensus Conference on Non-surgical (Medical) Abortion in Early First Trimester on Issues Related to Regimens and Service Delivery|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|year=2006|isbn=978-92-4-159484-4|location=Geneva}}</ref> <ref name="Medical management 1st Trim">{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=March 2014 |title=Medical management of first-trimester abortion |journal=Contraception |publisher=American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Society of Family Planning |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=148–161 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2014.01.016 |pmid=24795934 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wasu suna la'akari da na'urar intrauterine a wurin don zama mai hanawa kuma. <ref name="Medical management 1st Trim" /> Wani rashin lafiyar da ya gabata ga mifepristone ko misoprostol shima sabani ne.<ref name="WHO FAQs 20063" /> Yawancin karatu sun cire matan da ke da matsanancin matsalolin likita kamar cututtukan zuciya da hanta ko kuma anemia mai tsanani.<ref name="Medical management 1st Trim" /> Ana buƙatar taka tsantsan a cikin yanayi da yawa da suka haɗa da:<ref name="WHO FAQs 20063" /> * amfani da [[corticosteroid]] na dogon lokaci; * rashin zubar jini; * anemia mai tsanani A wasu lokuta, yana iya dacewa a tura mutanen da suka rigaya sun kamu da rashin lafiya zuwa ga mai ba da zubar da ciki na tushen asibiti. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guiahi M, Davis A |date=December 2012 |title=First-trimester abortion in women with medical conditions: release date October 2012 SFP guideline #20122 |journal=Contraception |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=622–630 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.09.001 |pmid=23039921 |s2cid=21464833}}</ref> A madadin, wasu yanayi na likita na iya sa zubar da ciki na magani ya fi dacewa da zubar da ciki na tiyata kamar manyan [[Uterine fibroids|fibroids na mahaifa]], cututtukan mahaifa, ko tabo mai alaƙa da [[infibulation]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mark K, Bragg B, Chawla K, Hladky K |date=November 2016 |title=Medical abortion in women with large uterine fibroids: a case series |journal=Contraception |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=572–574 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2016.07.016 |pmid=27471029}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goldthwaite LM, Teal SB |date=October 2014 |title=Controversies in family planning: pregnancy termination in women with uterine anatomic abnormalities |journal=Contraception |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=460–463 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2014.05.007 |pmid=24958107}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mistry H, Jha S |date=May 11, 2015 |title=Pregnancy with a pinhole introitus: A report of two cases and a review of the literature |journal=The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=490–494 |doi=10.3109/13625187.2015.1044083 |pmid=25960283 |s2cid=207523628}}</ref> == Tasiri mara kyau == Yawancin mata za su sami ciwon ciki da zubar jini fiye da lokacin haila.<ref name="Medical management 1st Trim" /> Sauran illolin na iya haɗawa da tashin zuciya, amai, zazzabi, sanyi, zawo, ciwon kai, juwa, zafi ko walƙiya mai zafi. <ref name="Clev">{{Cite web |date=October 21, 2021 |title=Medical Abortion: What Is It, Types, Risks & Recovery |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21899-medical-abortion |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=Cleveland Clinic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Methotrexate and Misoprostol for Abortion |url=http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227080619/http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |website=Women's Health |publisher=WebMD}}</ref><ref name="Creinin etal 2007" /> Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin farji, misoprostol yana ƙoƙarin samun ƙarancin sakamako masu illa.<ref name="1st_Methods2" /> Magungunan [[Magungunan anti-mai kumburi marasa steroidal|anti-inflammatory marasa steroidal]] irin su ibuprofen suna rage zafi tare da zubar da ciki na magani. === Alamomin da ke buƙatar kulawar gaggawa === * Zubar da jini mai nauyi (isasshen jini da za a jiƙa ta pads guda huɗu a cikin awanni 2) <ref name="Mifepristone FDA label">{{Cite web |title=Mifepristone Prescribing Information |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/020687s020lbl.pdf |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> * Ciwon ciki, tashin zuciya, amai, zawo, zazzabi fiye da awanni 24 bayan shan mifepristone <ref name="Mifepristone FDA label" /> * Zazzabi na {{Cvt|38|C|1}} ko sama sama da awanni 4 <ref name="Mifepristone FDA label" /> Matsalolin da ke ƙarƙashin ciki na makonni 10 ba kasafai ba ne; bisa ga manyan bita guda biyu, zubar da jini da ake buƙatar ƙarin jini ya faru a cikin 0.03-0.6% na mata da kuma kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani a cikin 0.01-0.5%.<ref name="C_2012-06-19" /><ref name="Creinin etal 2007" /> Saboda cuta ba ta da wuya bayan magani zubar da ciki, [[Kwalejin Amirka na Obstetricians da Gynecologists|Kwalejin Ba'amurke na Amurka da 'yan wasan' ']], [[Ƙungiyar Tsarin Iyali|al'arin iyali]], da kuma [[Ƙungiyar zubar da ciki ta ƙasa|Naf]] ba su bayar da shawarar amfani da maganin rigakafin yau da kullun ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Achilles SL, Reeves MF |date=April 2011 |title=Prevention of infection after induced abortion: release date October 2010: SFP guideline 20102 |journal=Contraception |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=295–309 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2010.11.006 |pmid=21397086 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="NAF_Guidelines" /> Wasu lokuta da ba kasafai ake samun mace-mace daga [[Cutar cututtuka masu guba|cutar sankarau mai guba]] [[Clostridium|ta clostridial]] sun faru bayan zubar da ciki na likita. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Murray S, Wooltorton E |date=August 2005 |title=Septic shock after medical abortions with mifepristone (Mifeprex, RU 486) and misoprostol |journal=CMAJ |volume=173 |issue=5 |pages=485 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.050980 |pmc=1188182 |pmid=16093445}}</ref> [[Bita na tsari]] na 2013 wanda ya haɗa da mata 45,000 waɗanda suka yi amfani da 200&nbsp;mg mifepristone tare da haɗin misoprostol ya gano cewa ƙasa da 0.4% yana da matsala mai tsanani da ke buƙatar asibiti (0.3%) da/ko ƙarin jini (0.1%).<ref name="C_2012-06-19" /><ref name="NYT_2022-08-072">{{cite news |date=August 7, 2022 |title=Some Women 'Self-Manage' Abortions as Access Recedes - Information and medications needed to end a pregnancy are increasingly available outside the health care system. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/07/health/abortion-self-managed-medication.html |quote=More than half a million women had medication abortions in 2020 in the United States, and fewer than half of 1 percent experience serious complications, studies show. Medical interventions like hospitalizations or blood transfusions were needed by fewer than 0.4 percent of patients, according to a 2013 review of dozens of studies involving tens of thousands of patients. |vauthors=Rabin RC |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> === Gudanar da zubar jini === Zubar da jinin al'ada gabaɗaya yana raguwa a hankali sama da makonni biyu bayan zubar da ciki na likitanci, amma a lokuta daban-daban hange na iya ɗaukar kwanaki 45. <ref name="WHO FAQs 20062">{{Cite book}}</ref> Ana iya yin la'akari da aikin tiyata na gaggawa ko na likita don tsawaita zubar jini dangane da yadda majiyyaci ke ji da kuma idan jinin yana da alama yana samun sauki. Gabaɗaya, ƙasa da 1% na mutanen da suka zubar da ciki dole ne su sami sabis na gaggawa don zubar da jini mai yawa, kuma kusan 0.1% na buƙatar [[Karan jini|ƙarin jini]] . <ref name="Creinin 2000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Creinin MD |date=September 2000 |title=Randomized comparison of efficacy, acceptability and cost of medical versus surgical abortion |journal=Contraception |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=117–124 |doi=10.1016/s0010-7824(00)00151-7 |pmid=11124358}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henshaw RC, Naji SA, Russell IT, Templeton AA |date=September 1993 |title=Comparison of medical abortion with surgical vacuum aspiration: women's preferences and acceptability of treatment |journal=BMJ |volume=307 |issue=6906 |pages=714–717 |doi=10.1136/bmj.307.6906.714 |pmc=1678709 |pmid=8401094}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Peyron R, Aubény E, Targosz V, Silvestre L, Renault M, Elkik F, Leclerc P, Ulmann A, Baulieu EE |date=May 1993 |title=Early termination of pregnancy with mifepristone (RU 486) and the orally active prostaglandin misoprostol |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=328 |issue=21 |pages=1509–1513 |doi=10.2307/2939250 |jstor=2939250 |pmid=8479487}}</ref> Za a fitar da ragowar [[Samfuran ciki|samfuran cikin ciki]] yayin zubar jini na farji na gaba. Duk da haka, ana iya yin aikin tiyata a kan buƙatar mace, idan zubar da jini ya yi nauyi ko tsawo, ko kuma ya haifar da [[Rashin jini|anemia]], ko kuma idan akwai shaidar [[endometritis]] . <ref name="Creinin 2000" /> === Tsaro === A duniya, mutanen da za su iya yin ciki suna fuskantar haɗari ga lafiyarsu saboda manyan ƙalubalen samun amintaccen sabis na zubar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Doran F, Nancarrow S |date=July 2015 |title=Barriers and facilitators of access to first-trimester abortion services for women in the developed world: a systematic review |journal=The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=170–180 |doi=10.1136/jfprhc-2013-100862 |pmid=26106103}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kassebaum NJ, Bertozzi-Villa A, Coggeshall MS, Shackelford KA, Steiner C, Heuton KR, Gonzalez-Medina D, Barber R, Huynh C, Dicker D, Templin T, Wolock TM, Ozgoren AA, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, Abubakar I, Achoki T, Adelekan A, Ademi Z, Adou AK, Adsuar JC, Agardh EE, Akena D, Alasfoor D, Alemu ZA, Alfonso-Cristancho R, Alhabib S, Ali R, Al Kahbouri MJ, Alla F, Allen PJ, AlMazroa MA, Alsharif U, Alvarez E, Alvis-Guzmán N, Amankwaa AA, Amare AT, Amini H, Ammar W, Antonio CA, Anwari P, Arnlöv J, Arsenijevic VS, Artaman A, Asad MM, Asghar RJ, Assadi R, Atkins LS, Badawi A, Balakrishnan K, Basu A, Basu S, Beardsley J, Bedi N, Bekele T, Bell ML, Bernabe E, Beyene TJ, Bhutta Z, Bin Abdulhak A, Blore JD, Basara BB, Bose D, Breitborde N, Cárdenas R, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Castro RE, Catalá-López F, Cavlin A, Chang JC, Che X, Christophi CA, Chugh SS, Cirillo M, Colquhoun SM, Cooper LT, Cooper C, da Costa Leite I, Dandona L, Dandona R, Davis A, Dayama A, Degenhardt L, De Leo D, del Pozo-Cruz B, Deribe K, Dessalegn M, deVeber GA, Dharmaratne SD, Dilmen U, Ding EL, Dorrington RE, Driscoll TR, Ermakov SP, Esteghamati A, Faraon EJ, Farzadfar F, Felicio MM, Fereshtehnejad SM, de Lima GM, Forouzanfar MH, França EB, Gaffikin L, Gambashidze K, Gankpé FG, Garcia AC, Geleijnse JM, Gibney KB, Giroud M, Glaser EL, Goginashvili K, Gona P, González-Castell D, Goto A, Gouda HN, Gugnani HC, Gupta R, Gupta R, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hamadeh RR, Hammami M, Hankey GJ, Harb HL, Havmoeller R, Hay SI, Pi IB, Hoek HW, Hosgood HD, Hoy DG, Husseini A, Idrisov BT, Innos K, Inoue M, Jacobsen KH, Jahangir E, Jee SH, Jensen PN, Jha V, Jiang G, Jonas JB, Juel K, Kabagambe EK, Kan H, Karam NE, Karch A, Karema CK, Kaul A, Kawakami N, Kazanjan K, Kazi DS, Kemp AH, Kengne AP, Kereselidze M, Khader YS, Khalifa SE, Khan EA, Khang YH, Knibbs L, Kokubo Y, Kosen S, Defo BK, Kulkarni C, Kulkarni VS, Kumar GA, Kumar K, Kumar RB, Kwan G, Lai T, Lalloo R, Lam H, Lansingh VC, Larsson A, Lee JT, Leigh J, Leinsalu M, Leung R, Li X, Li Y, Li Y, Liang J, Liang X, Lim SS, Lin HH, Lipshultz SE, Liu S, Liu Y, Lloyd BK, London SJ, Lotufo PA, Ma J, Ma S, Machado VM, Mainoo NK, Majdan M, Mapoma CC, Marcenes W, Marzan MB, Mason-Jones AJ, Mehndiratta MM, Mejia-Rodriguez F, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Miller TR, Mills EJ, Mokdad AH, Mola GL, Monasta L, de la Cruz Monis J, Hernandez JC, Moore AR, Moradi-Lakeh M, Mori R, Mueller UO, Mukaigawara M, Naheed A, Naidoo KS, Nand D, Nangia V, Nash D, Nejjari C, Nelson RG, Neupane SP, Newton CR, Ng M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Nisar MI, Nolte S, Norheim OF, Nyakarahuka L, Oh IH, Ohkubo T, Olusanya BO, Omer SB, Opio JN, Orisakwe OE, Pandian JD, Papachristou C, Park JH, Caicedo AJ, Patten SB, Paul VK, Pavlin BI, Pearce N, Pereira DM, Pesudovs K, Petzold M, Poenaru D, Polanczyk GV, Polinder S, Pope D, Pourmalek F, Qato D, Quistberg DA, Rafay A, Rahimi K, Rahimi-Movaghar V, ur Rahman S, Raju M, Rana SM, Refaat A, Ronfani L, Roy N, Pimienta TG, Sahraian MA, Salomon JA, Sampson U, Santos IS, Sawhney M, Sayinzoga F, Schneider IJ, Schumacher A, Schwebel DC, Seedat S, Sepanlou SG, Servan-Mori EE, Shakh-Nazarova M, Sheikhbahaei S, Shibuya K, Shin HH, Shiue I, Sigfusdottir ID, Silberberg DH, Silva AP, Singh JA, Skirbekk V, Sliwa K, Soshnikov SS, Sposato LA, Sreeramareddy CT, Stroumpoulis K, Sturua L, Sykes BL, Tabb KM, Talongwa RT, Tan F, Teixeira CM, Tenkorang EY, Terkawi AS, Thorne-Lyman AL, Tirschwell DL, Towbin JA, Tran BX, Tsilimbaris M, Uchendu US, Ukwaja KN, Undurraga EA, Uzun SB, Vallely AJ, van Gool CH, Vasankari TJ, Vavilala MS, Venketasubramanian N, Villalpando S, Violante FS, Vlassov VV, Vos T, Waller S, Wang H, Wang L, Wang X, Wang Y, Weichenthal S, Weiderpass E, Weintraub RG, Westerman R, Wilkinson JD, Woldeyohannes SM, Wong JQ, Wordofa MA, Xu G, Yang YC, Yano Y, Yentur GK, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Younis MZ, Yu C, Jin KY, El Sayed Zaki M, Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Zhou M, Zhu J, Zou XN, Lopez AD, Naghavi M, Murray CJ, Lozano R |date=September 2014 |title=Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 |journal=Lancet |volume=384 |issue=9947 |pages=980–1004 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60696-6 |pmc=4255481 |pmid=24797575}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Khan KS, Wojdyla D, Say L, Gülmezoglu AM, Van Look PF |date=April 2006 |title=WHO analysis of causes of maternal death: a systematic review |journal=Lancet |volume=367 |issue=9516 |pages=1066–1074 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68397-9 |pmid=16581405 |s2cid=2190885}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sedgh G, Bearak J, Singh S, Bankole A, Popinchalk A, Ganatra B, Rossier C, Gerdts C, Tunçalp Ö, Johnson BR, Johnston HB, Alkema L |date=July 2016 |title=Abortion incidence between 1990 and 2014: global, regional, and subregional levels and trends |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10041 |pages=258–267 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30380-4 |pmc=5498988 |pmid=27179755}}</ref> Waɗannan munanan sakamako sun taso ne daga ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin zubar da ciki, tsarin kiwon lafiya marasa inganci, ƙarancin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya, ƙaƙƙarfar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ayyuka a yankuna masu nisa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Turan JM, Budhwani H |date=January 2021 |title=Restrictive Abortion Laws Exacerbate Stigma, Resulting in Harm to Patients and Providers |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=37–39 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2020.305998 |pmc=7750605 |pmid=33326286}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Bugu da kari, a cikin kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaitan kudin shiga inda aka ba da izinin zubar da ciki bisa ka'ida, ana samun adadi mai yawa na zubar da ciki mara inganci. Kimanin mata miliyan 7 ne ke kwance a asibitoci a duk shekara a wadannan wuraren sakamakon matsalolin da ke tasowa daga zubar da ciki mara kyau. Zubar da ciki mara lafiya ana danganta shi da kashi 4.7% zuwa 13.2% na mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a kowace shekara, tare da kiyasin kudaden da ake kashewa don magance matsalolinsa ya kai dala miliyan 553.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|vauthors=Vlassoff M, Shearer J, Walker D, Lucas H|title=Economic impact of unsafe abortion-related morbidity and mortality: evidence and estimation challenges.|publisher=Institute of Development Studies|year=2008|volume=59|location=Brighton, UK|pages=94}}</ref> Abubuwa da yawa suna ba da gudummawa ga waɗannan haɗarin kiwon lafiya da suka haɗa da rashin ilimi game da zaɓin da ake da su, mabanbantan ra'ayoyin masu ba da lafiya game da zubar da ciki, ƙarancin ƙwararrun ma'aikata don amintaccen sabis na zubar da ciki, ƙarancin sirri da sirri, da ayyukan da suka gaza biyan buƙatu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Consequences of Unsafe Abortion|date=July 28, 2006|work=The Human Drama of Abortion|pages=33–44|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv17vf7g1.10|access-date=January 23, 2024|publisher=Vanderbilt University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctv17vf7g1.10}}</ref> A Amurka, wani rahoton [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] ya bayyana cewa daga cikin mata miliyan 3.7 da suka zubar da cikin da magani tsakanin shekarar 2000 zuwa 2018, 24 sun mutu bayan haka, 11 daga cikin wadanda suka mutu ba su da alaka da zubar da ciki, ciki har da shan kwayoyi, kisa, da kuma kashe kansa.<ref name="Creinin etal 2007" /><ref name="Kapp etal 2019" /> Lokacin da ba a la'akari da mutuwar mutane 11 da ba su da alaƙa, adadin mace-mace na zubar da ciki shine rabin adadin mace-macen zubar da ciki gaba ɗaya.<ref name="1st_Methods2" /><ref name="Creinin etal 2007" /> Ciki har da duk mace-mace a cikin binciken, bayanan sun nuna cewa yawan mace-mace na zubar da ciki na magani ya kusan daidai da zubar da ciki gaba daya, wanda ya kai sau 14 kasa da adadin mace-macen haihuwa na haihuwa, sannan kuma kasa da adadin mace-macen [[Penicillin]] da [[Sildenafil|Viagra]] . <ref name="ANSIRH_2019-04">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2019 |title=Analysis of Medication Abortion Risk and the FDA report - "Mifepristone U.S. Post-Marketing Adverse Events Summary through 12/31/2018" |url=https://www.ansirh.org/sites/default/files/publications/files/mifepristone_safety_4-23-2019.pdf |publisher=[[Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health]] |quote=The mortality rate for women known to have had a live-born infant is 8.8 per 100,000 live births, which is about 14 times higher than the mortality rate associated with medication abortion. Other medications that are commonly prescribed or administered in outpatient settings also have risks, including a small risk of death. Penicillin causes a fatal anaphylactic reaction at a rate of 2 deaths per 100,000 patients administered the drug. Phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors, which are used for erectile dysfunction and include Viagra, have a fatality rate of 4 deaths per 100,000 users. These risks are several times higher than the risk of death with medication abortion.}}</ref> <ref name="FDA_2018-12-31">{{Cite web |date=December 31, 2018 |title=Mifepristone U.S. Post-Marketing Adverse Events Summary through 12/31/2018 |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/112118/download |publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na duniya kamar WHO sun nuna cewa zubar da ciki na likita yana da aminci har ma a cikin na biyu da na uku na uku,<ref name="pmid35114381" /><ref name="tapg2" /><ref name="leon" /><ref name="mendil" /> amma damar yin amfani da waɗannan ayyuka na shari'a yana canzawa akai-akai a Amurka da kuma a duniya. === Teratogenicity da ci gaba da ciki === Kafin shan magani don zubar da ciki, ya kamata a shawarci mutane game da yiwuwar illar misoprostol idan zubar da ciki bai yi nasara ba. Idan ciki ya ci gaba bayan yin amfani da mifepristone da misoprostol, an ba da shawarar a nemi kulawar likita don tattauna zaɓuɓɓukan ciki, tare da cikakken tattaunawa game da haɗari da fa'idodi ga kowane. Babu wata shaida na mifepristone da ke haifar da lahani na haihuwa, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bernard N, Elefant E, Carlier P, Tebacher M, Barjhoux CE, Bos-Thompson MA, Amar E, Descotes J, Vial T |date=April 2013 |title=Continuation of pregnancy after first-trimester exposure to mifepristone: an observational prospective study |journal=BJOG |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=568–574 |doi=10.1111/1471-0528.12147 |pmid=23346916 |s2cid=9691636}}</ref> amma misoprostol, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin farkon watanni na farko, zai iya zama [[Ilimin ilimin taurari|teratogenic]] kuma ya haifar da cututtuka na haihuwa kamar lahani na hannu, tare da ko ba tare da [[Moebius ciwo|ciwo na Möbius]] ba (shanyewar fuska). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yip SK, Tse AO, Haines CJ, Chung TK |date=February 2000 |title=Misoprostol's effect on uterine arterial blood flow and fetal heart rate in early pregnancy |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=232–235 |doi=10.1016/s0029-7844(99)00472-x |pmid=10674585 |s2cid=33217047}}</ref> == Ilimin harhada magunguna == Mifepristone yana toshe hormone progesterone, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2017 |title=The Science Behind the "Abortion Pill" |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/health-medicine/science-behind-abortion-pill-180963762/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=March 2014 |title=Medical management of first-trimester abortion |journal=Contraception |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=148–161 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2014.01.016 |pmid=24795934}}</ref> yana haifar da rufin mahaifa zuwa bakin ciki, yana hana amfrayo daga liƙawa zuwa bangon mahaifa don girma. Methotrexate, wanda ake amfani da shi a wasu lokuta maimakon mifepristone, yana dakatar da nama na cytotrophoblastic daga girma da zama mahaifa mai aiki, sashin da ke ba da abinci mai gina jiki ga tayin mai tasowa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Methotrexate |url=https://www.medicationabortions.com/methotrexate |website=Medication Abortion |publisher=Ibis Reproductive Health}}</ref> Misoprostol, prostaglandin na roba, yana sa mahaifa ya yi karo da kuma fitar da tayin ta cikin farji. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Misoprostol |url=https://www.medicationabortions.com/misoprostol |website=Medication Abortion |publisher=Ibis Reproductive Health}}</ref> Letrozole shine mai hana aromatase wanda ke hana haɓakar estrogen kuma yana ƙarfafa kwai. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da letrozole kafin misoprostol ko mifepristone don fara zubar da ciki na likita zai iya inganta ingantaccen magani kuma ya rage buƙatar ayyukan tiyata. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yeung TW, Lee VC, Ng EH, Ho PC |date=December 2012 |title=A pilot study on the use of a 7-day course of letrozole followed by misoprostol for the termination of early pregnancy up to 63 days |journal=Contraception |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=763–769 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.05.009 |pmid=22717187}}</ref> === Yaduwa === {| class="wikitable sortable" align="right" !Country !Percentage |- |Spain |25% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministerio de Sanidad, Politica Social e Igualdad |date=August 19, 2022 |title=Interrupción Voluntaria del Embarazo; Datos definitivos correspondientes al año 2021 |url=https://www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/prevPromocion/embarazo/docs/IVE_2021.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416194357/https://www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/prevPromocion/embarazo/docs/IVE_2021.pdf |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Ministerio de Sanidad, Politica Social e Igualdad}}</ref> |- |Netherlands |34% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2022 |title=Jaarrapportage 2021 Wet afbreking zwangerschap - Bijlage |url=https://www.igj.nl/binaries/igj/documenten/jaarverslagen/2022/09/22/wafz-2021/Definitie+en+cijfer+bijlage+Wafz+2021.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Inspectie voor de Gezondheidszorg (IGZ), Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport (VWS) |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416194358/https://www.igj.nl/binaries/igj/documenten/jaarverslagen/2022/09/22/wafz-2021/Definitie+en+cijfer+bijlage+Wafz+2021.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Italy |35% in 2020<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministero della Salute |date=September 15, 2022 |title=Relazione Ministro Salute attuazione Legge 194/78 tutela sociale maternità e interruzione volontaria di gravidanza - dati definitivi 2020 |url=https://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pubblicazioni_3236_allegato.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Ministero della Salute}}</ref> |- |Canada |37% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canadian Institute for Health information (CIHI) |date=March 23, 2023 |title=Induced Abortions Reported in Canada in 2021 |url=https://www.cihi.ca/sites/default/files/document/induced-abortions-reported-in-canada-2021-data-tables-en.xlsx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416194357/https://www.cihi.ca/sites/default/files/document/induced-abortions-reported-in-canada-2021-data-tables-en.xlsx |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Canadian Institute for Health information (CIHI)}}</ref> |- |Belgium |38% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Commission Nationale d'Evaluation des Interruptions de Grossesse |date=March 13, 2023 |title=Rapport à l'attention du Parlement 1 janvier 2020 – 31 décembre 2021 |url=https://organesdeconcertation.sante.belgique.be/sites/default/files/documents/rapport_2020-2021_fr_-_fevrier_2023.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Commission Nationale d'Evaluation des Interruptions de Grossesse}}</ref> |- |Germany |39% in 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis) |date=March 27, 2023 |title=Schwangerschaftsabbrüche 2022 |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Gesundheit/Schwangerschaftsabbrueche/_inhalt.html |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis)}}</ref> |- |New Zealand |46% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Health |date=October 28, 2022 |title=Abortive Services Aotearoa New Zealand: Annual Report 2022 |url=https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/abortion-services-aotearoa-new-zealand-annual-report-2022-oct22.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Ministry of Health}}</ref> |- |United States |63% in 2023<ref name="Guttmacher_2024-03-19">{{Cite web |date=March 19, 2024 |title=Medication Abortion Accounted for 63% of All US Abortions in 2023—An Increase from 53% in 2020 |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/2024/03/medication-abortion-accounted-63-all-us-abortions-2023-increase-53-2020 |publisher=[[Guttmacher Institute]]}}</ref> |- |Portugal |68% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Direção-Geral da Saúde (DGS) |date=June 3, 2022 |title=Relatório de Análise Preliminar dos Registos das Interrupções da Gravidez 2018-2021 |url=https://www.dgs.pt/documentos-e-publicacoes/interrupcoes-da-gravidez-por-opcao-da-mulher-registam-reducao-nos-ultimos-dez-anos-pdf.aspx |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Direção-Geral da Saúde (DGS)}}</ref> |- |Slovenia |72% in 2019<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miani C |date=December 2021 |title=Medical abortion ratios and gender equality in Europe: an ecological correlation study |journal=Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=214–231 |doi=10.1080/26410397.2021.1985814 |pmc=8567957 |pmid=34730066}}</ref> |- |France |76% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2022 |title=Interruptions volontaires de grossesse : la baisse des taux de recours se poursuit chez les plus jeunes en 2021 |url=https://drees.solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2022-09/er1241_1.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2022 |publisher=Direction de la Recherche, des Études, de l'Évaluation et des Statistiques (DREES), Ministère de la Santé}}</ref> |- |Switzerland |80% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office fédéral de la statistique (OFS) |date=July 6, 2022 |title=Interruptions de grossesse en 2021 |url=https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/fr/home/statistiques/sante/etat-sante/reproductive/interruptions-grossesses.assetdetail.22986766.html |access-date=April 16, 2022 |publisher=Office fédéral de la statistique (OFS)}}</ref> |- |Denmark |83% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Regionernes Kliniske Kvalitetsudviklingsprogram (RKKP) |date=December 19, 2022 |title=Dansk Kvalitetsdatabase for Tidlig Graviditet og Abort (TiGrAb). Årsrapport 2021/22,1. juli 2021 - 30. juni 2022 |url=https://organesdeconcertation.sante.belgique.be/sites/default/files/documents/rapport_2020-2021_fr_-_fevrier_2023.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Regionernes Kliniske Kvalitetsudviklingsprogram (RKKP)}}</ref> |- |England and Wales |87% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office for Health Improvement & Disparities |date=March 24, 2023 |title=Abortion statistics, England and Wales: 2021 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/abortion-statistics-for-england-and-wales-2021/abortion-statistics-england-and-wales-2021 |access-date=April 16, 2022 |publisher=Office for Health Improvement & Disparities}}</ref> |- |Iceland |87% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Induced abortions in the Nordic countries 2021 |url=https://www.julkari.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/146285/Induced_abortions_in_Nordic_countries_2021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos (THL)}}</ref> |- |Estonia |91% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tervise Arengu Instituut (TAI) Health Statistics and Health Research Database |date=June 13, 2022 |title=RK31: Abortion method by abortion type and health care provider's county (since 2020) |url=https://statistika.tai.ee/pxweb/en/Andmebaas/Andmebaas__01Rahvastik__03Abordid/RK31.px/ |access-date=April 19, 2023 |publisher=Tervise Arengu Instituut (TAI) Health Statistics and Health Research Database}}</ref> |- |Norway |95% in 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2023 |title=Induced abortion in Norway – fact sheet |url=https://www.fhi.no/en/hn/health-registries/registry-of-pregnancy-termination/induced-abortion-in-norway/ |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Norway Institute of Public Health (NIPH)}}</ref> |- |Sweden |96% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2022 |title=Statistik om aborter 2021 |url=https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/globalassets/sharepoint-dokument/artikelkatalog/statistik/2022-6-8007.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Socialstyrelsen}}</ref> |- |Finland |98% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Raskaudenkeskeytykset 2021 |url=https://www.julkari.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/144588/Raskaudenkeskeytykset_2021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos (THL), Suomen virallinen tilasto (SVT)}}</ref> |- |Scotland |99% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Public Health Scotland |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Termination of pregnancy statistics, Year ending December 2021 |url=https://publichealthscotland.scot/publications/termination-of-pregnancy-statistics/termination-of-pregnancy-statistics-year-ending-december-2021/ |access-date=April 16, 2022 |publisher=Public Health Scotland}}</ref> |} Wani binciken [[Cibiyar Guttmacher]] na duk sanannun masu ba da zubar da ciki a Amurka ya gano cewa zubar da ciki na likita ya kai kashi 53% na duk zubar da ciki a cikin 2020. {{R|Guttmacher_2022-02}} Wannan ƙidayar ba ta haɗa da [[Zubar da kai|zubar da ciki da kai]] ba . {{R|Guttmacher_2022-02}} A asibitocin Planned Parenthood a Amurka, zubar da ciki na likita ya kai 32% na zubar da ciki na farko a cikin 2008, <ref name="Fjerstad 2009a">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fjerstad M, Trussell J, Sivin I, Lichtenberg ES, Cullins V |date=July 2009 |title=Rates of serious infection after changes in regimens for medical abortion |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=361 |issue=2 |pages=145–151 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0809146 |pmc=3568698 |pmid=19587339}}</ref> 35% na duk zubar da ciki a 2010 da 43% na duk zubar da ciki a 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=October 31, 2016 |title=Abortion Pill Statistics: Medication Pregnancy Termination Rivals Surgery Rates In The United States |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/abortion-pill-statistics-medication-pregnancy-termination-rivals-surgery-rates-united-2439421 |access-date=April 19, 2018 |work=International Business Times |vauthors=Mindock C}}</ref> A cikin 2009, tsarin zubar da ciki na likita ta amfani da mifepristone a hade tare da analog na prostaglandin sune mafi yawan hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don haifar da zubar da ciki na biyu a Kanada, yawancin Turai, China da Indiya;<ref name="Kapp 20092" /> ya bambanta da Amurka, inda 96% na zubar da ciki na biyu-trimester an yi ta tiyata ta hanyar [[dilation da fitarwa]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy : comprehensive abortion care|url=https://archive.org/details/managementuninte00paul|url-access=limited|vauthors=Hammond C, Chasen ST|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4051-7696-5|veditors=Paul M, Lichtenberg ES, Borgatta L, Grimes DA, Stubblefield PG, Creinin MD|location=Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/managementuninte00paul/page/n197 178]–192|chapter=Dilation and evacuation}}</ref> == Tarihi == Masu binciken Sweden sun fara gwada yiwuwar [[zubar da ciki]] a cikin 1965. A cikin 1968, likitan Sweden [[Lars Engström]] ya buga takarda kan gwaji na asibiti, wanda aka gudanar a asibitin mata na [[Asibitin Karolinska]] a Stockholm, na fili na F6103 akan matan Sweden masu ciki da nufin haifar da zubar da ciki. Ita ce gwajin asibiti na farko na kwayar zubar da ciki da za a gudanar a Sweden.<ref>{{Cite book|vauthors=Ramsey M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_9CzgEACAAJ|title=The Swedish Abortion Pill: Co-Producing Medical Abortion and Values, Ca. 1965-1992|date=2021|publisher=Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis|isbn=978-91-513-1121-0}}</ref> Takardar, wanda aka fara mai suna ''The Swedish zubar da ciki Pill'', an sake masa suna zuwa ''The Swedish Postconception Pill'', saboda ƙananan adadin zubar da ciki da aka haifar da ya faru a cikin yawan mutanen da aka gwada. Bayan waɗannan yunƙurin ba su yi nasara ba tare da F6103, masu bincike guda ɗaya sun yi ƙoƙari su nemo kwayar zubar da ciki tare da [[Prostaglandin|prostaglandins]], suna yin amfani da yawan masana kimiyya na prostaglandin da ke aiki a Sweden a lokacin; Daga karshe an ba su [[Jerin wadanda suka samu lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin Jiki ko Magunguna|lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin Physiology a shekarar 1982]] saboda aikinsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raju TN |date=November 1999 |title=The Nobel chronicles. 1982: Sune Karl Bergström (b 1916); Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson (b 1934); John Robert Vane (b 1927) |journal=Lancet |volume=354 |issue=9193 |pages=1914 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(05)76884-7 |pmid=10584758 |s2cid=54236400}}</ref> Zubar da ciki na likita ya zama hanyar samun nasarar zubar da ciki tare da samun [[Prostaglandin analogues|prostaglandin analogs]] a cikin 1970s da antiprogestogen mifepristone (wanda aka fi sani da RU-486) <ref name="RU-486">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rowan A |date=2015 |title=Prosecuting Women for Self-Inducing Abortion: Counterproductive and Lacking Compassion |url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/gpr/18/3/gpr1807015.html |journal=Guttmacher Policy Review |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=70–76 |access-date=October 12, 2015 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114230/http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/gpr/18/3/gpr1807015.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> a cikin 1980s.<ref name="Kapp 20092" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Methotrexate and Misoprostol for Abortion |url=http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227080619/http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |website=Women's Health |publisher=WebMD}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhang J, Zhou K, Shan D, Luo X |date=May 2022 |title=Medical methods for first trimester abortion |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2022 |issue=5 |pages=CD002855 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub5 |pmc=9128719 |pmid=35608608}}</ref> An fara amincewa da Mifepristone don amfani a China da Faransa a 1988, a Burtaniya a 1991, a Sweden a 1992, a Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Georgia, Jamus, Girka, Iceland, Isra'ila, Lichtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Rasha, Spain, da Switzerland a 1999, a Norway, Taiwan, Tunisia, da Amurka a 2000, da kuma a cikin ƙarin ƙasashe 70 daga 2001 zuwa 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gynuity Health Projects |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Map of Mifepristone Approvals |url=https://gynuity.org/assets/resources/mapmifelist_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529053718/https://gynuity.org/assets/resources/mapmifelist_en.pdf |archive-date=May 29, 2023 |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Gynuity Health Projects}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, FDA ta Amurka ta amince da mifepristone don zubar da ciki ta hanyar kwanakin 49 na ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Creinin MD, Chen MJ |date=August 2016 |title=Medical abortion reporting of efficacy: the MARE guidelines |journal=Contraception |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=97–103 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2016.04.013 |pmid=27129936 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 2016, FDA ta Amurka ta sabunta alamar mifepristone don tallafawa amfani ta cikin kwanaki 70 na ciki.<ref name="Mifepristone FDA label" /> == Samun damar zubar da ciki na likita == Duka kwayoyi{{Spaced en dash}}Mifepristone da misoprostol{{Spaced en dash}}Ba a rufe ta da haƙƙin mallaka na miyagun ƙwayoyi, don haka ana samun su azaman [[Magani na gama-gari|magungunan gama-gari]] . === Samuwar ma'auni === Abubuwan da ake buƙata don takardar sayan magani sun bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe. Kasashe da yawa suna samar da magungunan zubar da ciki na likita [[Kan kanshi|akan kantuna]], ba tare da takardar sayan magani ba, kamar China, Indiya, da sauransu. <ref name="OSCOTC">{{Cite web |last=Oral Contraceptives Over-the-Counter Working Group |title=Global Oral Contraception Availability |url=https://ocsotc.org/wp-content/uploads/worldmap/worldmap.html |publisher=}}</ref> Wasu ƙasashe suna buƙatar takardar magani (Kanada, yawancin Yammacin Turai, Amurka, da sauransu). <ref name="OSCOTC" /> Wasu ƙasashe suna buƙatar takardar sayan magani amma basu da hankali game da aiwatar da wannan buƙatun (Rasha, Brazil, da sauransu). <ref name="OSCOTC" /> === Samun damar wayar tarho === [[Telehealth]] ya haɗa da samun damar yin amfani da sabis na likita wanda mutum zai iya yi a gida, ba tare da kai-tsaye zuwa asibiti ko ofisoshin samarwa ba. Mutanen da suka yi amfani da rahoton kiwon lafiya na wayar tarho sun gamsu da damar da yake bayarwa ga ayyukan zubar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ireland S, Belton S, Doran F |date=March 2020 |title='I didn't feel judged': exploring women's access to telemedicine abortion in rural Australia |journal=Journal of Primary Health Care |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=49–56 |doi=10.1071/HC19050 |pmid=32223850 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ehrenreich K, Kaller S, Raifman S, Grossman D |date=September 2019 |title=Women's Experiences Using Telemedicine to Attend Abortion Information Visits in Utah: A Qualitative Study |journal=Women's Health Issues |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=407–413 |doi=10.1016/j.whi.2019.04.009 |pmid=31109883 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Koyaya, waɗanda zasu iya buƙatar sabis ɗin (waɗanda ke kurkuku, ba a gida, ko kuma masu ƙarancin kuɗi) galibi ana hana su shiga. <ref name="vox03">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2022 |title=The FDA made mail-order abortion pills legal. Access is still a nightmare. |url=https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/22968993/abortion-pills-mail-medication-fda-texas |access-date=May 19, 2022 |website=Vox}}</ref> === Clinic-zuwa asibiti === A cikin wannan ƙirar, mai bada sabis yana tattaunawa da majiyyaci da ke wani rukunin yanar gizo ta amfani da taron bidiyo na asibiti-zuwa asibiti don ba da zubar da ciki na magani. An gabatar da wannan ta [[Shirye-shiryen Iyaye|Planned Parenthood]] na Heartland a Iowa don ba da damar majiyyaci a wata cibiyar kiwon lafiya don sadarwa ta ingantaccen bidiyo tare da mai ba da lafiya a wani wurin. <ref name="Guttmacher 2019">{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2019 |title=Improving Access to Abortion via Telehealth |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2019/05/improving-access-abortion-telehealth |access-date=April 21, 2020 |publisher=Guttmacher Institute}}</ref> Wannan samfurin ya faɗaɗa zuwa wasu Shirye-shiryen Iyaye a cikin jihohi da yawa da sauran asibitocin da ke ba da kulawar zubar da ciki. <ref name="Guttmacher 2019" /> === Samun kai tsaye zuwa ga marasa lafiya === Tsarin kai tsaye-zuwa-haƙuri yana ba da damar zubar da ciki na magani ba tare da ziyarar asibiti ta cikin mutum ba. Maimakon ziyarar asibiti a cikin mutum, majiyyaci yana karɓar shawarwari da umarni daga mai ba da zubar da ciki ta hanyar taron bidiyo. Mara lafiya na iya kasancewa a kowane wuri, gami da gidansu. Ana aika magungunan da ake buƙata don zubar da ciki kai tsaye zuwa ga majiyyaci. Wannan samfuri ne, da ake kira TelAbortion ko rashin gwajin magani zubar da ciki (tsohon zubar da ciki na magani ba tare da taɓawa ba), wanda Ayyukan Lafiya na Gynuity ke gwadawa da yin nazari, tare da izini na musamman daga [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna]] ta Amurka (FDA). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Telabortion Project |url=https://telabortion.org/about/ |access-date=April 26, 2020}}</ref> An nuna wannan samfurin yana da aminci, inganci, inganci, kuma mai gamsarwa.<ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raymond E, Chong E, Winikoff B, Platais I, Mary M, Lotarevich T, Castillo PW, Kaneshiro B, Tschann M, Fontanilla T, Baldwin M, Schnyer A, Coplon L, Mathieu N, Bednarek P, Keady M, Priegue E |date=September 2019 |title=TelAbortion: evaluation of a direct to patient telemedicine abortion service in the United States |journal=Contraception |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=173–177 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2019.05.013 |pmid=31170384 |s2cid=174811252 |doi-access=}}</ref> <ref name="Upadhyay etal 2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Upadhyay UD, Koenig LR, Meckstroth KR |date=August 2021 |title=Safety and Efficacy of Telehealth Medication Abortions in the US During the COVID-19 Pandemic |journal=JAMA Network Open |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=e2122320 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.22320 |pmc=8385590 |pmid=34427682}}</ref> Ana iya tabbatar da cikakkiyar zubar da ciki ta hanyar tantancewa ta wayar tarho. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen MJ, Rounds KM, Creinin MD, Cansino C, Hou MY |date=August 2016 |title=Comparing office and telephone follow-up after medical abortion |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8d2753qm |journal=Contraception |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=122–126 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2016.04.007 |pmid=27101901 |s2cid=27825883}}</ref> === Tasirin COVID-19 === Cutar ta COVID-19 ta kalubalanci masu tsara manufofin kiwon lafiya a duk duniya wanda ya haifar da tasirin kai tsaye da kai tsaye kan samun lafiyar haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Neill R, Hasan MZ, Das P, Venugopal V, Jain N, Arora D, Gupta S |date=May 2021 |title=Evidence of integrated health service delivery during COVID-19 in low and lower-middle-income countries: protocol for a scoping review |journal=BMJ Open |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=e042872 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042872 |pmc=8098290 |pmid=33941625 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McDonnell S, McNamee E, Lindow SW, O'Connell MP |date=December 2020 |title=The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on maternity services: A review of maternal and neonatal outcomes before, during and after the pandemic |journal=European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology |volume=255 |pages=172–176 |doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.10.023 |pmc=7550066 |pmid=33142263}}</ref> Babban raguwar samuwa da isar da mahimmancin kula da lafiyar jima'i, gami da zubar da ciki mai aminci, a tsakanin cutar ta COVID-19 ta haifar da karuwar rikice-rikice da asarar rayuka yayin daukar ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roberton T, Carter ED, Chou VB, Stegmuller AR, Jackson BD, Tam Y, Sawadogo-Lewis T, Walker N |date=July 2020 |title=Early estimates of the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study |journal=The Lancet. Global Health |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=e901–e908 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30229-1 |pmc=7217645 |pmid=32405459}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Riley T, Sully E, Ahmed Z, Biddlecom A |date=April 2020 |title=Estimates of the Potential Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Sexual and Reproductive Health In Low- and Middle-Income Countries |journal=International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |volume=46 |pages=73–76 |doi=10.1363/46e9020 |jstor=10.1363/46e9020 |pmid=32343244 |s2cid=216595145}}</ref> Masu ciki sun nemi samun zubar da ciki na likita fiye da zubar da ciki na tiyata a lokacin bala'in, kuma sun gwammace ikon yin zubar da ciki na likita a gida ta hanyar sabis na kiwon lafiya. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Qaderi K, Khodavirdilou R, Kalhor M, Behbahani BM, Keshavarz M, Bashtian MH, Dabir M, Irani M, Manouchehri E, Farahani MF, Mallah MA, Shamsabadi A |date=April 2023 |title=Abortion services during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review |journal=Reproductive Health |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=61 |doi=10.1186/s12978-023-01582-3 |pmc=10098996 |pmid=37055839 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref> <ref name="Boydell 2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Boydell N, Reynolds-Wright JJ, Cameron ST, Harden J |date=October 2021 |title=Women's experiences of a telemedicine abortion service (up to 12 weeks) implemented during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: a qualitative evaluation |journal=BJOG |volume=128 |issue=11 |pages=1752–1761 |doi=10.1111/1471-0528.16813 |pmc=8441904 |pmid=34138505}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chong E, Shochet T, Raymond E, Platais I, Anger HA, Raidoo S, Soon R, Grant MS, Haskell S, Tocce K, Baldwin MK, Boraas CM, Bednarek PH, Banks J, Coplon L, Thompson F, Priegue E, Winikoff B |date=July 2021 |title=Expansion of a direct-to-patient telemedicine abortion service in the United States and experience during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Contraception |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2021.03.019 |pmc=9748604 |pmid=33781762}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aiken AR, Starling JE, Gomperts R, Tec M, Scott JG, Aiken CE |date=October 2020 |title=Demand for Self-Managed Online Telemedicine Abortion in the United States During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=136 |issue=4 |pages=835–837 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000004081 |pmc=7505141 |pmid=32701762}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Romanis EC, Parsons JA |date=December 2020 |title=Legal and policy responses to the delivery of abortion care during COVID-19 |journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics |volume=151 |issue=3 |pages=479–486 |doi=10.1002/ijgo.13377 |pmc=9087790 |pmid=32931598}}</ref> <ref name="Reynolds-Wright etal 2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reynolds-Wright JJ, Johnstone A, McCabe K, Evans E, Cameron S |date=October 2021 |title=Telemedicine medical abortion at home under 12 weeks' gestation: a prospective observational cohort study during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=246–251 |doi=10.1136/bmjsrh-2020-200976 |pmc=7868129 |pmid=33542062}}</ref> Bayanai sun nuna cewa karuwar amfani da telemedicine don ayyukan zubar da ciki a wannan lokacin ya kasance sakamakon tsoron COVID-19, rage ikon tafiya, umarnin zama a gida, babban ɓoyewa, da kwanciyar hankali na kulawar gida. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kaller S, Muñoz MG, Sharma S, Tayel S, Ahlbach C, Cook C, Upadhyay UD |date=2021 |title=Abortion service availability during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from a national census of abortion facilities in the U.S |journal=Contraception |volume=3 |pages=100067 |doi=10.1016/j.conx.2021.100067 |pmc=8292833 |pmid=34308330}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Porter Erlank C, Lord J, Church K |date=October 2021 |title=Acceptability of no-test medical abortion provided via telemedicine during Covid-19: analysis of patient-reported outcomes |journal=BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=261–268 |doi=10.1136/bmjsrh-2020-200954 |pmid=33602718 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan bayanan sun goyi bayan aminci da inganci na sabis na zubar da ciki na telehealth, kuma sun nuna karuwar bukatar sa. Tsanani da adadin rikice-rikice bayan sabis na zubar da ciki na telehealth ya yi ƙasa, yana kwatanta ƙimar rikicewar zubar da ciki na gabaɗaya, gami da waɗanda aka yi a cikin asibitoci ko wasu wuraren kiwon lafiya.<ref name="Upadhyay etal 2011" /> === Amurka === A cikin Amurka, kowane kantin magani na iya cika takardun magani na mifepristone - kan layi ko [[Brick-da-turmi|bulo-da-turmi]] - wanda ya sami takaddun shaida na musamman. <ref>{{Cite news |date=December 16, 2021 |title=FDA relaxes restrictions on abortion pill |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/12/16/1064951611/today-is-the-fda-s-deadline-to-complete-a-review-of-its-rules-for-abortion-pill |access-date=May 19, 2022 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> An aiwatar da wannan tsarin na ɗan lokaci a cikin Dec 2021, kuma [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna]] ta Amurka (FDA) ta kammala shi a cikin Janairu 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 4, 2023 |title=FDA finalizes rule expanding availability of abortion pills |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-01-03/fda-finalizes-rule-allowing-mail-order-abortion-pills |access-date=June 14, 2023 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2023 |title=Mifeprex (mifepristone) Information |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-about-mifepristone-medical-termination-pregnancy-through-ten-weeks-gestation |access-date=3 April 2024 |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> Daga 2011 har zuwa 2021, ana buƙatar mace ta ziyarci [[mai ba da lafiya]] a cikin mutum (a asibiti ko ofis) kuma ta karɓi mifepristone kai tsaye daga mai badawa. <ref name="kff">{{Cite web |date=April 6, 2022 |title=The Availability and Use of Medication Abortion |url=https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-availability-and-use-of-medication-abortion/ |access-date=May 19, 2022 |publisher=Kaiser Family Foundation}}</ref> FDA ta cire buƙatun ziyartar asibiti don karɓar maganin a cikin Disamba 2021, yayin [[Annobar COVID-19 a Amurka|bala'in COVID-19]] . A karkashin sabbin dokokin, ana iya samun takardar sayan magani ta hanyar wayar tarho (kiran waya ko taron bidiyo tare da mai ba da lafiya), sannan a cika shi a kowane kantin magani da aka tabbatar. <ref name="FDAQA">{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2021 |title=Questions and Answers on Mifeprex |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/questions-and-answers-mifeprex |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> <ref name="FDA mifepristone2">{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2022 |title=Mifeprex (mifepristone) Information |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/mifeprex-mifepristone-information |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> <ref name="NYT 2020-04-282">{{Cite news |date=April 28, 2020 |title=Abortion by Telemedicine: A Growing Option as Access to Clinics Wanes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/28/health/telabortion-abortion-telemedicine.html |access-date=May 5, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |vauthors=Belluck P}}</ref> A lokaci guda FDA ta cire abin da ake buƙata don ziyarar cikin mutum, sun ƙara da buƙatu cewa rarraba magunguna su kasance "sharaɗi", wanda ke buƙatar kantin magani ya sami izini na musamman don ba da magungunan.{{Spaced en dash}}bukatu da FDA ta gindaya akan magunguna 40 kawai daga cikin fiye da 19,000 da take gudanarwa. <ref>{{Cite news |date=May 3, 2022 |title=The Abortion Pill Is Safer Than Tylenol and Almost Impossible to Get |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2022-02-17/abortion-pill-mifepristone-is-safer-than-tylenol-and-almost-impossible-to-get |access-date=June 30, 2022 |work=Bloomberg |vauthors=Koons C}}</ref> Magani na biyu da ake amfani da shi wajen zubar da ciki na likita, misoprostol, an fi amfani da shi don magance ciwon ciki, kuma ba a taɓa fuskantar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun mifepristone ba, kuma koyaushe ana samun su daga kantin magani tare da takardar sayan magani.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}} FDA ba ta ba da izinin yin amfani da mifepristone don zubar da ciki na likita ba bayan kwanaki 70, ba kamar sauran ƙasashe ba, waɗanda ke ba da izinin zubar da ciki na likita a cikin na biyu trimester har ma da na uku trimester.<ref name="FDAQA" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wildschut H, Both MI, Medema S, Thomee E, Wildhagen MF, Kapp N |date=January 2011 |title=Medical methods for mid-trimester termination of pregnancy |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2011 |issue=1 |pages=CD005216 |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd005216.pub2 |pmc=8557267 |pmid=21249669}}</ref> Wasu jihohi sun zartar da dokokin da suka hana masu samar da bincike bincikar mace ta hanyar wayar tarho ko taron bidiyo, maimakon haka suna buƙatar matar ta kai ziyarar kai tsaye ga mai ba da magani don samun takardar sayan magani. <ref name="CNN_TEN2">{{Cite news |date=May 6, 2022 |title=Governor signs bill criminalizing mail-in abortion drugs |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/06/us/tennessee-abortion-pills-by-mail-bill/index.html |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=CNN |vauthors=Watts A}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 7, 2022 |title=Mail-order abortion pills become next US reproductive rights battleground |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/apr/07/us-mail-order-abortions-oklahoma |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |vauthors=Matei A}}</ref> A yawancin jihohi, ana iya aikawa da magungunan zubar da ciki daga kantin magani ga majiyyaci ta hanyar wasiku, amma wasu jihohi sun zartar da dokar da ta haramta hakan, kuma suna buƙatar samun magungunan daga kantin magani ko mai badawa a cikin mutum.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wildschut H, Both MI, Medema S, Thomee E, Wildhagen MF, Kapp N |date=January 2011 |title=Medical methods for mid-trimester termination of pregnancy |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2011 |issue=1 |pages=CD005216 |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd005216.pub2 |pmc=8557267 |pmid=21249669}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 7, 2022 |title=Mail-order abortion pills become next US reproductive rights battleground |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/apr/07/us-mail-order-abortions-oklahoma |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |vauthors=Matei A}}</ref> [[Fayil:2022.06.24_Roe_v_Wade_Overturned_-_SCOTUS,_Washington,_DC_USA_175_143208_(52170905969).jpg|thumb|Amincewa da Hoto: Ted Eytan - 2022.06.24 Roe v Wade Ya Juye - SCOTUS, Washington, DC Amurka 175 143208.]] Sha'awar magungunan zubar da ciki a Amurka ta kai matsayi mafi girma a cikin 2022, bayan da [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta yi watsi da daftarin ''[[Dobbs v. Kungiyar Lafiya ta Mata ta Jackson|Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organisation]]'' wanda zai soke hukuncin ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' na 1973 ta yanar gizo. <ref name="poliak">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Poliak A, Satybaldiyeva N, Strathdee SA, Leas EC, Rao R, Smith D, Ayers JW |date=September 2022 |title=Internet Searches for Abortion Medications Following the Leaked Supreme Court of the United States Draft Ruling |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |volume=182 |issue=9 |pages=1002–1004 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.2998 |pmc=9244771 |pmid=35767270}}</ref> Sha'awa ta kasance mafi girma a jihohin da ke da ƙarin hani kan samun zubar da ciki. <ref name="poliak" /> Masu fafutukar [[Ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin zubar da ciki|zabar zabi]] a Amurka sun binciko hanyoyin da za a samar da zubar da ciki na likita, musamman a jihohin da ke da iyaka, tare da amfani da albarkatun [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin watsa labarun]] don wannan dalili. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2022 |title=The Future of Abortion in a Post-Roe America |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/05/roe-v-wade-overturn-abortion-rights/629366/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2022 |title=The activists championing DIY abortions for a post-Roe v Wade world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/may/07/abortion-pill-at-home-activists-future-roe-v-wade |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Need help getting an abortion? Social media flooded with resources after Roe reversal |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2022/06/28/supreme-court-roe-abortion-help-funds-instagram-tiktok/7728639001/ |access-date=June 29, 2022 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grossi P, O'Connor D |date=2023 |title=FDA preemption of conflicting state drug regulation and the looming battle over abortion medications |journal=Journal of Law and the Biosciences |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=lsad005 |doi=10.1093/jlb/lsad005 |pmc=10017072 |pmid=36938304 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dangane da takunkumin zubar da ciki da wasu jihohi suka sanya bayan hukuncin Dobbs na shari'a, kungiyoyi da yawa da ke ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na sadarwa da suka shafi zubar da ciki na likita, irin su [[Shirin C|Plan C]] da [[Hai Jane|Hey Jane]], sun ga karuwar tambayoyi da amfani. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baker CN |date=August 2023 |title=History and Politics of Medication Abortion in the United States and the Rise of Telemedicine and Self-Managed Abortion |journal=Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=485–510 |doi=10.1215/03616878-10449941 |pmid=36693178}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jenkins J, Woodside F, Lipinsky K, Simmonds K, Coplon L |date=November 2021 |title=Abortion With Pills: Review of Current Options in The United States |journal=Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=749–757 |doi=10.1111/jmwh.13291 |pmid=34699129}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Howard S, Krishna G |date=October 2022 |title=How the US scrapping of Roe v Wade threatens the global medical abortion revolution |journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) |volume=379 |issue= |pages=o2349 |doi=10.1136/bmj.o2349 |pmid=36261168}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2023 |title=Insurers Are Starting to Cover Telehealth Abortion |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/18/upshot/abortion-pills-telehealth-insurance.html |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=A Texas Republican Wants to Ban People From Reading About How to Get an Abortion Online |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2023/03/texas-abortion-websites-ban |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2023, Gwamna [[Mark Gordon]] na Wyoming ya sanya hannu kan wata doka da ta haramta amfani da kwayoyin zubar da ciki a cikin jihar, wanda ya zama jihar Amurka ta farko da ta haramta zubar da ciki daban-daban daga hana duk ayyukan zubar da ciki. Sabuwar dokar, wacce ta fara aiki a watan Yuli 2023, ta haramta "rubutun magani, rarrabawa, rarrabawa, siyarwa, ko amfani da kowane magani" don samun ko zubar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SF0109 - Prohibiting chemical abortions. |url=https://www.wyoleg.gov/Legislation/2023/SF0109 |access-date=February 1, 2024 |publisher=Wyoming Legislature}}</ref> Wadanda suka karya doka, ban da mai juna biyu, ana iya tuhumar su da aikata wani laifi kuma za su iya fuskantar tarar dala 9,000 da kuma daurin watanni shida a gidan yari.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Wyoming Becomes First State to Outlaw Abortion Pills |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/17/us/wyoming-abortion-pills-ban.html |access-date=March 18, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |vauthors=Chen DW, Belluck P}}</ref> Wasu jihohi goma sha hudu sun kafa dokar hana zubar da ciki bargo da suka hada da zubar da ciki na likitanci, duk da haka, kuma jihohi goma sha biyar sun riga sun takaita amfani da wadannan magunguna. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2016 |title=Medication Abortion |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/medication-abortion |access-date=February 1, 2024 |publisher=Guttmacher Institute}}</ref> A cikin Maris 2024, wasu manyan sarƙoƙi na kantin magani, irin su [[CVS Pharmacy|CVS]] da [[Walgreens]], sun karɓi takaddun shaida daga FDA don ba da mifepristone kuma suna shirin ba da shi don siyarwa a cikin jihohin da ke da doka. <ref name="CNN 20240301">{{cite news |date=1 March 2024 |title=CVS, Walgreens say they'll start dispensing abortion pill mifepristone |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/01/health/cvs-walgreens-to-dispense-abortion-pill-mifepristone/index.html |access-date=3 April 2024 |publisher=CNN |vauthors=Tirrell M, Carvajal N}}</ref> A cikin waɗancan jihohin, matan da ke neman zubar da ciki za su ziyarci ma’aikatan kiwon lafiya don samun takardar magani, amma za su iya siyan maganin a wani kantin magani da aka ƙware, maimakon buƙatar jiki ta karɓi ta kai tsaye daga asibiti, asibiti, ko kiwon lafiya. mai bayarwa. <ref name="CNN 20240301" /> == Al'umma da al'adu == Hukumar ta WHO ta tabbatar da cewa ya kamata dokoki da manufofi su goyi bayan samun damar mutane don samun kulawar da aka amince da su ta hanyar shaida, gami da zubar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Medical management of abortion|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|year=2018|isbn=978-9241550406|pages=24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2019 |title=Human Rights and Health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-rights-and-health |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> === Rigimar "juyawa". === Wasu kungiyoyin [[Motsin hana zubar da ciki|hana zubar da ciki]] suna da'awar cewa marasa lafiya da suka canza ra'ayinsu game da zubar da ciki bayan shan mifepristone na iya "juya" zubar da ciki ta hanyar gudanar da progesterone (kuma ba gudanar da misoprostol ba). <ref>{{cite news |date=April 4, 2018 |title=As controversial 'abortion reversal' laws increase, researcher says new data shows protocol can work |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2018/04/03/as-controversial-abortion-reversal-laws-multiply-researcher-says-new-data-shows-it-can-work-critics-are-still-skeptical/ |access-date=April 23, 2018 |vauthors=Cha AE}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=California Board of Nursing Sanctions Unproven Abortion 'Reversal' (Updated) - Rewire |url=https://rewire.news/article/2017/08/17/california-board-nursing-sanctions-unproven-abortion-reversal/ |access-date=November 23, 2017 |work=Rewire}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2022, babu wata kwakkwarar hujja ta kimiyya cewa za a iya juya tasirin mifepristone ta wannan hanyar. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bhatti KZ, Nguyen AT, Stuart GS |date=March 2018 |title=Medical abortion reversal: science and politics meet |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=218 |issue=3 |pages=315.e1–315.e6 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2017.11.555 |pmid=29141197 |s2cid=205373684}}</ref> <ref name="NPR 2019-12-052">{{Cite news |date=December 5, 2019 |title=Safety Problems Lead To Early End For Study Of 'Abortion Pill Reversal' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/12/05/785262221/safety-problems-lead-to-early-end-for-study-of-abortion-pill-reversal |access-date=December 6, 2019 |newspaper=NPR |vauthors=Gordon M}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grossman D, White K, Harris L, Reeves M, Blumenthal PD, Winikoff B, Grimes DA |date=September 2015 |title=Continuing pregnancy after mifepristone and "reversal" of first-trimester medical abortion: a systematic review |journal=Contraception |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=206–211 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2015.06.001 |pmid=26057457}}</ref> Duk da haka, jihohi da yawa a Amurka suna buƙatar masu samar da zubar da ciki ba na tiyata ba waɗanda ke amfani da mifepristone don gaya wa marasa lafiya cewa juyawa zaɓi ne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2016 |title=Counseling and Waiting Periods for Abortion |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/counseling-and-waiting-periods-abortion |publisher=The Guttmacher Institute}}</ref> A cikin 2019, masu bincike sun ƙaddamar da ƙaramin gwaji na abin da ake kira tsarin "juyawa" ta amfani da mifepristone wanda ke biye da progesterone ko placebo. <ref>{{Cite news |date=March 22, 2019 |title=Controversial 'Abortion Reversal' Regimen is Put to the Test |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/03/22/688783130/controversial-abortion-reversal-regimen-is-put-to-the-test |newspaper=NPR |vauthors=Gordon M}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2019 |title=There's no proof "abortion reversals" are real. This study could end the debate |url=https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/j5wqqp/theres-no-proof-abortion-reversals-are-real-this-study-could-end-the-debate |website=Vice |access-date=September 3, 2024 |archive-date=July 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704025003/https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/j5wqqp/theres-no-proof-abortion-reversals-are-real-this-study-could-end-the-debate |url-status=dead }}</ref> An dakatar da binciken ne bayan da mata 12 suka yi rajista sannan uku sun samu mummunan zubar jini a cikin farji. Sakamakon ya haifar da damuwa mai tsanani game da amfani da mifepristone ba tare da bin misoprostol ba. <ref name="NPR 2019-12-05">{{Cite news |date=December 5, 2019 |title=Safety Problems Lead To Early End For Study Of 'Abortion Pill Reversal' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/12/05/785262221/safety-problems-lead-to-early-end-for-study-of-abortion-pill-reversal |access-date=December 6, 2019 |newspaper=NPR |vauthors=Gordon M}}</ref> === Ilimin tattalin arziki === A cikin Amurka, a cikin 2009, farashin da aka caje don zubar da ciki na likita har zuwa makonni tara na ciki shine {{US$|490}}, kashi huɗu sama da $470 na al'ada da ake cajin [[zubar da ciki]] a cikin makonni goma. <ref name="Jones 2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones RK, Kooistra K |date=March 2011 |title=Abortion incidence and access to services in the United States, 2008 |journal=Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=41–50 |doi=10.1363/4304111 |pmid=21388504 |s2cid=2045184}}</ref> A Amurka, a cikin 2008, kashi 57% na matan da suka zubar da ciki sun biya su [[Kudin aljihu|daga aljihu]] .<ref name="Jones 2011" /> A cikin Afrilu 2013, gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta fara aikin tantancewa don yanke shawarar ko za a lissafta mifepristone (RU486) da misoprostol akan [[Tsarin Amfanin Magunguna]] na ƙasar (PBS). <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2013 |title=Abortion drugs closer to being subsidised but some states still lag |url=http://theconversation.com/abortion-drugs-closer-to-being-subsidised-but-some-states-still-lag-13772 |access-date=April 29, 2013 |website=[[The Conversation Australia]]}}</ref> A cikin Yuni 2013, [[Ministan lafiya na Australia|Ministan Lafiya na Ostiraliya]] ya sanar da cewa Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta amince da jerin sunayen mifepristone da misoprostol akan PBS don ƙarewar likita a farkon ciki daidai da shawarar [[Kwamitin Shawarar Amfanin Magunguna|Kwamitin Shawarwari na Amfanin Magunguna]] . <ref name="PBS">{{Cite web |title=March 2013 PBAC Outcomes - Positive Recommendations |url=https://www.pbs.gov.au/info/industry/listing/elements/pbac-meetings/pbac-outcomes/2013-03/positive-recommendations |access-date=October 22, 2020 |publisher=Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care}}</ref> Lissafi akan PBS sun fara a watan Agusta 2013. <ref name="RADAR">{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2013 |title=Mifepristone (Mifepristone Linepharma) followed by misoprostol (GyMiso) for medical termination of pregnancy of up to 49 days' gestation |url=https://www.nps.org.au/radar/articles/mifepristone-mifepristone-linepharma-followed-by-misoprostol-gy-miso-for-medical-termination-of-pregnancy-of-up-to-49-days-gestation |access-date=October 22, 2020 |website=RADAR Review |publisher=National Prescribing Service (NPS) MedicineWise}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) |url=https://www.pbs.gov.au/medicine/item/10211K |access-date=June 14, 2023 |publisher=Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care}}</ref> == Manazarta == 7ks9w8ejogwyuhprcjbj81iupth0qc4 0 87970 883051 552852 2026-07-14T19:01:54Z Usman saadu 46863 883051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''William Daro Bean''' (Mayu 11, 1964 - Agusta 6, shekarar 2024) ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne ɗan Amurka. Ya taka leda a Major League Baseball (MLB) a matsayin dan wasan waje don Detroit Tigers (1987 – 1989), Los Angeles Dodgers (1989), da San Diego Padres (1993 – 1995), da kuma Kintetsu Buffaloes na Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB) a cikin shekarar 1992. A cikin Yuli a shekarar 2014, an nada shi jakadan farko na MLB don haɗawa, bayan ya fito fili. fita a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a cikin shekara ta 1999. A cikin Janairu shekara ta 2016, ya zama mataimakin shugaban MLB, jakada don haɗawa kuma ya kasance babban mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma mataimaki na musamman ga kwamishinan.<ref>https://www.mlb.com/player/bill-bean-110733</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2024]] 1o9j9ay7oun460ng5256rhwao1icmuq 0 88383 883366 644589 2026-07-15T09:47:37Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 883366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abner Haynes''' (Satumba 19, 1937 - Yuli 18, 2024) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] wanda ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma ya dawo ƙwararren a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka (AFL).Ya buga wasan kwallon kafa na kwaleji don Eagles na [[Texas|Jihar Texas]] ta Arewa kuma Oakland Raiders ya zaba a cikin daftarin 1960 AFL.Hakanan Pittsburgh Steelers ya zaɓe shi a zagaye na biyar na daftarin 1960 NFL. ==Rayuwa da haɗin kai== An haife shi a Denton, Texas, Haynes ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Lincoln a Dallas a cikin 1956.<ref>https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=r8sgAAAAIBAJ&pg=5364%2C1796204</ref>Ya buga wasan kwallon kafa na kwaleji a Kwalejin Jihar Texas ta Arewa a Denton (yanzu Jami'ar North Texas),<ref>https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mm0tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=w4kFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6208%2C780241</ref>inda shi da abokin wasansa Leon King suka haɗu da ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin jihar Texas a cikin 1957.<ref>https://blogs.library.unt.edu/unt125/2015/10/12/corsicana-incident-1956/</ref> ==Sana'a=== Kodayake an zaɓa a zagaye na biyar (55th gaba ɗaya) na 1960 NFL daftarin ta Pittsburgh Steelers, Haynes ya zaɓi ya taka leda a Dallas Texans na AFL, yana sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa tare da ƙungiyar a ƙarƙashin ragamar filin Kidd bayan 1959 Sun Bowl.Haynes ya jagoranci AFL a cikin yunƙurin gaggawa, yadudduka, da TDs a cikin shekararsa ta farko.<ref>https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=r8sgAAAAIBAJ&pg=5364%2C1796204</ref> Mahaifin Haynes, minista, ya shawarci matashin ya taka leda a AFL bayan kocin Buddy Parker da kwata-kwata Bobby Layne na Steelers sun kai ziyarar buguwa gidan Haynes. Haynes ya taimaka wajen tallata AFL a cikin 1960, lokacin da ya kasance dan wasa na farko na bana, kuma na farko na Rookie na Shekara.Ya kama kambi na farko na AFL tare da yadudduka 875, kuma ya jagoranci Texans don karɓar, dawo da dawowa, da dawowar kickoff.Haynes ya shafe shekaru uku a Dallas da biyu tare da ikon amfani da kamfani ɗaya lokacin da ya zama Shugabannin Kansas City a 1963. Shugabannin da Eagles na Arewacin Texas duk sun yi ritaya lambarsa 28 don girmama nasarorin da ya samu. Stram ya ce "Shi dan wasa ne kafin su yi magana game da 'yan wasan ikon amfani da sunan kamfani." "Ya yi duka - gaggauce, karba, dawowar kickoff, dawowa. Ya ba mu girman da muke bukata don zama kungiya mai kyau a Dallas."<ref>https://talesfromtheamericanfootballleague.com/the-amazing-abner-haynes/</ref>6-kafa (1.83 m), 190-laba (86 kg) Haynes, wanda ke da babban gudu da kuma motsa motsi a cikin filin bude, ya kasance a kai a kai a cikin manyan 10 na AFL (3rd duk lokaci), kuma ya kafa rikodin AFL tare da 5 taɓawa a wasa, 19 a cikin kakar wasa a 1961, da 46 a cikin aikinsa.Haynes har yanzu yana da rikodin ikon amfani da sunan kamfani na Texans 10, gami da mafi yawan maki a cikin wasa (30), mafi yawan taɓawa a cikin wasa (5), da yawancin yadudduka da aka haɗa (8,442).Ya kasance babban kocin Hall of Fame Hank Stram mafi kyawun makami kuma mai haɗari daga 1960 zuwa 1962, yana tara abubuwan taɓawa 43 da yadudduka 4,472 akan garzaya da liyafar. A cikin 1962, ya taimaka wa Texans lashe wasan zakarun AFL a cikin nasara na tsawon lokaci sau biyu akan zakaran kare sau biyu [[Houston]] Oilers.A lokacin shi ne wasan ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa mafi tsayi da aka taɓa yi. A cikin waccan wasan, Haynes ya zira kwallaye a ragar liyafar wucewa ta yadi 28 daga kwata-kwata Len Dawson, da kuma gudun yadi 2. Wani sanannen wasa na Haynes ya kasance a cikin 1962 a ranar Satumba 30 a kan Buffalo Bills a Cotton Bowl; ya gudu don yadudduka 164 akan ƙoƙarin 16 kawai (yadi 10+ a kowane ɗaukar hoto), tare da gudu biyu na taɓawa, ɗayan yadudduka na 71 da ɗayan yadudduka 13, a cikin nasarar Texans '41-21.<ref>https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=x8AeAAAAIBAJ&pg=2629%2C119491</ref> Daga nan an yi cinikin Haynes zuwa [[Denver]] Broncos kafin lokacin 1965.Haynes ya yi imanin cewa cinikin ya kasance ramuwar gayya ne saboda sa hannu a cikin 'yan wasa bakaken fata da dama da suka kauracewa wasan kwallon kafa na Amurka a shekarar 1965, wanda ya kamata a yi a New Orleans, saboda cin zarafi da bakar fata 'yan wasa ke yi daga otal-otal da kasuwanci a New Orleans.An koma da wasan cikin sauri zuwa Houston bayan zanga-zangar 'yan wasan. A cewar Haynes, ya samu wasika daga kungiyar sarakunan da ke tsawatar masa kan abin da ya aikata, kuma ba da jimawa ba aka yi ciniki da shi.<ref>https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qq1WAAAAIBAJ&pg=3131%2C1864505</ref>A cikin 1965, ya zira kwallaye uku masu gaugawa, biyu yana karɓar taɓawa, kuma ya dawo da lamba ɗaya don taɓawa.Ya kuma jagoranci gasar a wasan kick dawowa (34), kick dawo yadudduka (901), matsakaita dawowa (26.5), kuma ya kasance na hudu a gasar a duk yadudduka (1,404). A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, ya dawo da 3 kicks 140 yadi don rikodin ikon ikon amfani da ikon amfani da madaidaicin 46.7.<ref>As of 2017</ref>A cikin 1966, yana da yadi 304 yana gaggawa da 480 yana karba, amma ya jagoranci gasar tare da fumbles 11 kuma an sake shi. A cikin 1967, ya buga wa Miami Dolphins duka, da Jets na New York.<ref>"Jets snatch up castoff Haynes". Victoria Advocate. Texas. Associated Press. December 7, 1967. p. 14A.</ref> A lokacin ƙwararrun yanayi na 8, Haynes ya ɗauki kwallon sau 1,036 don yadudduka 4,630, matsakaicin 4.5; kama 287 wucewa don yadi 3,535, matsakaicin 12.3, da 20 touchdowns; ya dawo 85 punts don yadudduka 875, matsakaicin 10.3, da 1 taɓawa; kuma ya gudu baya 121 kickoffs don yadudduka 3,025, matsakaicin 25.0, da taɓawa 1. Yadi na 12,065 na haɗin gwiwa shine rikodin ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka.Haynes yana da wasanni uku a ciki wanda ya sami yadi 100 ko sama da haka akan 14 ko ƙasa da ɗauka, kuma an zaɓi shi zuwa ƙungiyar All-Time All-AFL ta biyu. Yana da wani shiri mai suna "Heroes of Football" wanda ke haɗa tsoffin ƙwararrun 'yan wasa da al'ummominsu. A cikin 2019, Ƙwararrun Masu Binciken Kwallon Kafa ta suna Haynes zuwa Zauren PFRA na Kyakkyawan Class na 2019.<ref>http://www.profootballresearchers.org/hall-of-very-good-2019.html{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> '''"Za mu kara zuwa Clock"''' A cikin 1962 AFL Championship Game, Haynes ya yi abin da zai iya zama kuskure mai tsada a farkon karin lokaci.<ref>http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1962/12/24/page/21/article/haynes-had-orders-but</ref>Koci Stram, yana sane da iska mai karfi a filin wasa na Jeppesen, ya umurci Haynes, idan Texans suka lashe tsabar kudin, su zabi karshen filin da ke fuskantar agogon filin wasa, wanda zai ba wa Texans iska a bayansu. (A cikin ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka, ƙungiyar da ta lashe tsabar tsabar kuɗi za ta iya zaɓar ko dai don zaɓar ko za ta fara ko ta karɓi bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, ko kuma ta zaɓi burin da za ta kare.Idan zaɓen ƙungiyar ya kasance game da kisa, ɗayan ƙungiyar za ta zaɓi burin da za ta kare; kuma akasin haka.) Texans sun sami nasarar jefa tsabar. Haynes, yana ɗauka cewa lokacin da Texans suka zaɓi burin da za su kare, Oilers za su zaɓa don karɓar bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida (don haka samun damar fara cin kwallo), ya gaya wa alkalin wasa, "Za mu yi wasa da agogo." Duk da haka, ta hanyar farawa da kalmomin "Za mu harba", Haynes ya sanya zaben Texans don farawa, yana barin masu Oilers, ba Texans ba, su zaɓi burin da za su kare.<ref>"Haynes had orders, but..." Chicago Daily Tribune. December 24, 1962. p. 1, part 3.</ref>Texans sun ceci Haynes daga abin kunya ta hanyar barin Oilers su zira kwallaye a wannan karin lokaci na farko, sannan suka yi nasara a wasan a ragar filin Tommy Brooker na minti 2 da 54 a cikin karin lokaci na biyu (bayan kungiyoyin sun sauya karshen). Da aka tambaye shi game da kuskurensa bayan wasan, Haynes ya ce "Na san za mu bukaci iska a bayanmu a cikin kwata na shida." ==Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa== Haynes dan uwan Sly Stone ne, Rose Stone, da Freddie Stone of Sly and the Family Stone.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=YRIM1weHOZIC&pg=PA3</ref> Haynes ya mutu a Dallas a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2024, yana da shekaru 86.<ref>https://www.kansascity.com/sports/nfl/kansas-city-chiefs/article290205059.html</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2024]] q52wojhn3s7iigr821hn725ojrdu884 0 88563 882938 737404 2026-07-14T15:31:53Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 882938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Winnie Madikizela-Mandela''' OLS MP (an haife ta '''Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela''' ; 26 Satumba 1936 - 2 Afrilu 2018), <ref name="death">{{Cite web |date=2 April 2018 |title=Anti-apartheid campaigner Winnie Mandela dies, aged 81 |url=https://news.sky.com/story/anti-apartheid-campaigner-winnie-mandela-dies-aged-81-11314143 |publisher=Sky News}}</ref> kuma aka fi sani da '''Winnie Mandela''', yar gwagwarmayar yaki da wariyar launin fata ce ta [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma matar [[Nelson Mandela]] ta biyu. Ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar majalisa daga 1994 zuwa 2003, kuma daga 2009 har zuwa mutuwarta, <ref name="brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency">{{Cite web |date=7 May 2009 |title=Jacob Zuma set for presidency |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404140710/https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/developmentnews/jacob-zuma-set-for-presidency |archive-date=4 April 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Brandsouthafrica.com}}</ref> kuma ta kasance mataimakiyar ministan fasaha da al'adu daga 1994 zuwa 1996. Mamba ce a jam'iyyar siyasa ta African National Congress (ANC), ta yi aiki a kwamitin zartaswa na jam'iyyar ANC kuma ta jagoranci kungiyar mata . Magoya bayanta sun san Madikizela-Mandela da sunan "Uwar Al'umma". <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Powerful Quotes By Winnie Madikizela-Mandela |url=http://www.waafrikaonline.com/2018/04/7-powerful-quotes-by-winnnie-madikizela.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=WaAfrika Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> An haife ta a gidan sarautar Xhosa a Bizana, kuma ƙwararriyar ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa, ta auri Nelson Mandela mai fafutukar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata a Johannesburg a 1958; sun yi aure tsawon shekaru 38 kuma sun haifi ‘ya’ya biyu tare. A shekarar 1963, bayan da aka daure Mandela a gidan yari bayan shari'ar Rivonia, ta zama fuskarsa a bainar jama'a a cikin shekaru 27 da ya shafe a gidan yari. A wannan lokacin, ta yi fice a cikin gwagwarmayar yaki da wariyar launin fata na cikin gida. Jami'an tsaron gwamnatin wariyar launin fata sun tsare Madikizela-Mandela a lokuta daban-daban, [[Gallazawa|suna azabtar da su]], an yi musu umarnin hana su, kuma an kore ta zuwa wani gari na karkara, kuma ta shafe watanni da yawa a gidan yari. <ref name="charleneSmithConscienceMercury">{{Cite web |title=Opinion – The conscience of a nation that has forgotten apartheid |url=https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/opinion-the-conscience-of-a-nation-that-has-forgotten-apartheid-14240988 |publisher=The Mercury}}</ref> A tsakiyar shekarun 1980, Madikizela-Mandela ya yi "mulkin ta'addanci", kuma ya kasance "a tsakiyar cibiyar tashin hankali" <ref name="moruduBliveAccountability"/> a Soweto, wanda ya haifar da la'anci daga masu adawa da wariyar launin fata a Kudu. Afirka, <ref name="latimesUdfDisown">{{Cite web |last=Kraft |first=Scott |date=17 February 1989 |title=S. Africa Black Group Disowns Winnie Mandela |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-17-mn-2781-story.html |website=Articles.latimes.com}}</ref> <ref name="isolatingCollectiveTimes2018">{{Cite web |last=Dlamini |first=Penwell |date=16 April 2018 |title=Isolating Madikizela-Mandela was not my decision alone' says Mufamadi |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-16-isolating-madikizela-mandela-was-not-my-decision-alone-says--mufamadi/ |website=Times Live}}</ref> <ref name="mdmStatement160289">{{Cite web |last=kyle |date=22 February 2016 |title=Statement by Mass Democratic Movement on Winnie Mandela |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408054018/http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/statement-by-mass-democratic-movement-on-winnie-mandela |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=South African History Online}}</ref> <ref name="moruduBliveAccountability" /> da kuma tsawatawa daga ANC a gudun hijira. <ref name="polticsWebAncMufcStatement1989">{{Cite web |date=12 April 2018 |title=What ANC said about Winnie, MUFC and Stompie at the time |url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/what-anc-said-about-winnie-mufc-and-stompie-at-the |website=Politicsweb.co.za}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, mazauna garin Soweto sun kona gidanta. <ref name="ghostsPoliticsweb">{{Cite web |title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and the ghosts of crimes past |url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/winnie-madikizelamandela-and-the-ghosts-of-crimes- |website=Politicsweb.co.za}}</ref> Hukumar gaskiya da sasantawa (TRC) da gwamnatin Nelson Mandela ta kafa domin gudanar da bincike kan take hakkin dan Adam ta gano cewa Madikizela-Mandela ta kasance "dalilin siyasa da ɗabi'a kan babban take haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mandela United ta yi", bayanan tsaronta. <ref name="truth-commission"/> Madikizela-Mandela ta amince da abin wuyan da ake zargin 'yan sanda ne masu ba da labari da kuma masu hadin gwiwar gwamnatin wariyar launin fata, kuma bayanan tsaronta sun yi garkuwa da mutane, azabtarwa, da kisan kai, <ref name="trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick">{{Cite web |last=Trewhela |first=Paul |date=6 April 2018 |title=The moral problem of Winnie Mandela |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2018-04-06-the-moral-problem-of-winnie-mandela/ |website=Dailymaverick.co.za}}</ref> <ref name="independentBodiesExhumed">{{Cite web |last=Tay |first=Nastasya |date=12 March 2013 |title=Bodies exhumed in ANC 'murder' case linked to Winnie Mandela |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/bodies-exhumed-in-anc-murder-case-linked-to-winnie-mandela-8531758.html |website=independent.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="moruduBliveAccountability" /> wanda aka fi sani da kashe Stompie Sepei mai shekaru 14. <ref name="independentObitMotherMugger" /> <ref name="mg2013bodies">{{Cite web |last=Wet |first=Phillip De |date=15 March 2013 |title=Bodies probably won't bury Winnie |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-15-00-bodies-probably-wont-bury-winnie |website=Mail&Globe}}</ref> wanda aka yanke mata hukuncin yin garkuwa da ita. Nelson Mandela was released from prison on 11 February 1990, and the couple separated in 1992; their [[Saki|divorce]] was finalised in March 1996. She visited him during his final illness. As a senior ANC figure, she took part in the post-apartheid ANC government, although she was dismissed from her post amid allegations of corruption. In 2003, Madikizela-Mandela was convicted of theft and fraud, and she temporarily withdrew from active politics before returning several years later.<ref name="brandSouthAfrica2009JacobZumaPresidency"/> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Madikizela-Mandela's [[Harshen Xhosa|Xhosa]] sunan Nomzamo. An haife ta a ƙauyen Mbhongweni, Bizana, Pondoland, a cikin lardin Gabashin Cape a yanzu. Ita ce ta biyar a cikin ’ya’ya tara, ’yan’uwa bakwai mata da kanne. Iyayenta, Columbus da Gertrude, waɗanda ke da uba fari da mahaifiyar Xhosa, <ref name="wapoResurrected1994">{{Cite web |last=French |first=Mary Ann |date=30 April 1994 |title=The Resurrected Winnie Mandela |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/ |website=Washingtonpost.com}}</ref> duka malamai ne. Columbus malamin tarihi ne kuma shugaban makaranta, kuma Gertrude malamin kimiyyar gida ne. Madikizela-Mandela ta ci gaba da zama babbar yarinya a makarantar sakandare ta Bizana. Bayan barin makaranta, ta tafi [[Johannesburg]] don nazarin aikin zamantakewa a Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work . Ta sami digiri a aikin zamantakewa a cikin 1956, kuma bayan shekaru da yawa ta sami digiri na farko a dangantakar kasa da kasa daga [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] . <ref name="news24graduatewits">{{Cite web |title=Winnie graduates after 38yrs |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415125259/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Winnie-graduates-after-38yrs-20050518 |archive-date=15 April 2018 |access-date=15 April 2018 |publisher=News24}}</ref> Ta gudanar da ayyuka da dama a sassa daban-daban na Bantustan na Transkei a lokacin; ciki har da gwamnatin Transkei, zaune a wurare daban-daban a Bizana, Shawbury da [[Johannesburg]] . Aikinta na farko shine ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa a Asibitin Baragwanath da ke Soweto . == Auren Nelson Mandela ==   Madikizela ya sadu da lauya kuma mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata [[Nelson Mandela]] a shekarar 1957, lokacin da yake aure da Evelyn Mase . Tana da shekaru 22 kuma tana tsaye a wata tashar mota a Soweto lokacin da Mandela ya fara ganinta ya fara faranta mata, inda ya samu ranar cin abinci a mako mai zuwa. Ma'auratan sun yi aure a cikin 1958 kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Zenani (an haifi 1959) da Zindziswa (an haifi 1960). An kama Mandela aka daure shi a shekara ta 1963 kuma ba a sake shi ba sai 1990. <ref name="wpost3decades">{{Cite web |last=Wootson |first=Cleve R. Jr. |date=2 April 2018 |title=Winnie and Nelson Mandela's marriage survived three decades of prison – but not freedom |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/04/02/winnie-and-nelson-mandelas-marriage-survived-three-decades-of-prison-but-not-freedom/ |website=Washingtonpost.com}}</ref> Ma'auratan sun rabu a 1992. Sun kammala sakin aurensu a watan Maris 1996 tare da sasantawar da ba a fayyace ba daga kotu. A yayin sauraren karar, Nelson Mandela ya yi watsi da ikirarin Madikizela-Mandela na cewa yin sulhu zai iya ceto auren, ya kuma bayyana rashin imaninta a matsayin dalilin rabuwar,yana mai cewa "...&nbsp;Na kuduri aniyar rabuwa da auren.” Yunkurinta na samun sulhu har dalar Amurka miliyan 5 (R70 miliyan)&nbsp;– rabin abin da ta ce tsohon mijin nata ya cancanci&nbsp;– an kore ta ne a lokacin da ta kasa gurfana a gaban kotu domin jin ta bakinta. Da aka tambaye ta a wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekara ta 1994 game da yiwuwar sulhu, ta ce: "Ba ina fafutukar zama uwargidan shugaban kasar ba, a gaskiya, ni ba irin mutum bane da zan dauki kyawawan furanni kuma in zama abin ado ga kowa." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pereira |first=Derwin |date=22 June 1994 |title='Invest to rebuild S. Africa' call by Winnie Mandela |url=http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225113225/http://derwinpereiramedia.com/singapore/derwin-pereira-invest-to-rebuild-s-africa-call-by-winnie-mandela.html |archive-date=25 December 2014 |publisher=Pretoria}}</ref> Madikizela-Mandela ta shiga cikin wata shari'a a lokacin mutuwarta, inda ta ce tana da hakkin mallakar gidan Mandela a Qunu, ta hanyar dokokin al'ada, duk da rabuwar ta da Nelson Mandela a shekarar 1996. Kotun Koli ta Mthatha ta yi watsi da karar ta a cikin 2016, kuma an bayar da rahoton cewa tana shirye-shiryen daukaka kara zuwa Kotun Tsarin Mulki a lokacin mutuwarta, bayan ta gaza a Kotun Koli na daukaka kara a cikin Janairu 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2018 |title=Winnie loses appeal in battle for Madiba's Qunu homestead |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404142236/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnie-loses-appeal-in-battle-for-madibas-qunu-homestead-20180119 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |publisher=News24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hlatshaneni |first=Simnikiwe |date=4 April 2018 |title=Mama Winnie's dying wish |url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/ |website=The Citizen}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sifile |first=Lindile |date=4 April 2018 |title=#WinnieMandela bodyguard reveals her final moments |url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/winniemandela-bodyguard-reveals-her-final-moments-14232423 |website=The Star}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hlatshaneni |first=Simnikiwe |date=4 April 2018 |title=Mama Winnie's dying wish |url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1877378/mama-winnies-dying-wish-still-unfulfilled-2/ |website=The Citizen}}</ref> == Apartheid: 1963-1985 == Winnie Mandela ta fito a matsayin babbar mai adawa da mulkin wariyar launin fata a lokacin da aka daure mijinta a gidan yari. Saboda ayyukanta na siyasa, gwamnatin jam’iyyar ta kasa ta rika tsare ta akai-akai. An kama ta a gida, ana sa ido a kai, an ɗaure ta, kuma an kore ta zuwa wani gari mai nisa na Brandfort. Zaman gidan yari mafi dadewa da ta yi shi ne na tsawon kwanaki 491 (kamar yadda aka gani a cikin asusunta ''na kwanaki 491: Lambar fursuna 1323/69'' ), wanda ya fara ranar 12 ga Mayu 1969, a gidan yari na Pretoria, inda ta shafe watanni a gidan yari kadai, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nomzamo Nobandla Winnifred Madikizela–Mandela |url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=/people/mandela_nw.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015912/http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=%2Fpeople%2Fmandela_nw.html |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=24 January 2010 |publisher=[[African National Congress]] |quote=In 1969, she became one of the first detainees under Section 6 of the notorious Terrorism Act. She was detained for eighteen months in solitary confinement in the condemned cell at Pretoria Central Prison before being charged under the Suppression of Communism Act 1950.}}</ref> kuma aka azabtar da shi da duka. . Ta nata lissafi, abin da ya faru a kurkuku ya "taurare" ta. <ref name="ftObit" /> Daga 1977 zuwa 1985, an kore ta zuwa garin Brandfort a cikin Jihar Kyauta ta Orange kuma an keɓe ta a yankin. <ref name="charleneSmithConscienceMercury"/> A wannan lokacin ne ta shahara a kasashen yammacin duniya. Ta shirya wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, Operation Hunger <ref name="iolPerlmanObit">{{Cite web |title=Operation Hunger founder dies |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/operation-hunger-founder-dies-1330353 |publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}</ref> da kuma asibiti a Brandfort tare da Dr Abu Baker Asvat, likitanta na sirri, <ref name="saHistoryAsvat">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat &#124; South African History Online |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat |access-date=13 April 2018 |website=sahistory.org.za}}</ref> ya yi yaƙin neman daidaito daidai kuma ANC ta inganta shi a matsayin alamar su. gwagwarmaya da wariyar launin fata. Yayin da take gudun hijira a Brandfort, ita, da waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin taimaka mata, ‘yan sandan wariyar launin fata sun tursasa su. <ref name="momiatBdAssessment">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2018 |title=Yunus Momoniat: Winnie and SA deserve an honest assessment |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-19-yunus-momoniat-winnie-and-sa-deserve-an-honest-assessment/ |website=Business Day}}</ref> A cikin wata wasiƙar leƙen asiri ga [[Jacob Zuma]] a watan Oktoban 2008, shugaban ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu mai barin gado Thabo Mbeki ya yi ishara da rawar da ANC ta ƙirƙiro ga Nelson da Winnie Mandela, a matsayin alamar zaluntar mulkin wariyar launin fata:<blockquote>Dangane da fafutukar da ake yi a duniya wajen ganin an sako fursunonin siyasa a kasarmu, kungiyarmu ta dauki matakin da ya dace na bayyana Nelson Mandela a matsayin wakilin wadannan fursunonin, don haka ya yi amfani da tarihin rayuwarsa na siyasa, ciki har da gallazawa matarsa., Winnie Mandela, da ban mamaki don nunawa duniya da al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu zaluncin tsarin wariyar launin fata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2008 |title=Thabo Mbeki's letter to Jacob Zuma |url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=108395&sn=Detail |access-date=15 April 2009 |publisher=Politicsweb}}</ref></blockquote>Jami’an ‘yan sandan wariyar launin fata sun lakada mata duka, ta kamu da cutar kashe-kashe da barasa sakamakon raunin da ta samu a bayanta sakamakon harin. <ref name="charleneSmithConscienceMercury"/> == Tashin hankali da shari'ar laifuka == A lokacin wani jawabi a Munsieville a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1986, Madikizela-Mandela ya amince da aikin wuyan wuya (kona mutane da rai ta hanyar amfani da tayoyin roba da aka cika da man fetur) da cewa: "Da akwatunanmu na ashana da abin wuyanmu za mu 'yantar da wannan kasa." Abin da ya ci gaba da bata mata suna shi ne zargin mai tsaronta Jerry Musivuzi Richardson, da sauransu, a Hukumar Gaskiya da Sasantawa, cewa ta bayar da umarnin yin garkuwa da mutane a rabin na biyu na 1980s. <ref name="moruduBliveAccountability"/> === Komawa Soweto da Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989 === Madikizela-Mandela ya koma Soweto daga Brandfort a karshen shekarar 1985, bisa rashin bin umarnin haramtawa. A lokacin da aka kore ta, jam'iyyun United Democratic Front (UDF) da [[Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu|Congress of African Trade Unions]] (CoSATU) sun kafa wani gangamin yaki da wariyar launin fata. <ref name="capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez" /> Sabbin ƙungiyoyin sun dogara sosai kan tsarin yanke shawara na gama kai, maimakon kwarjinin ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun. <ref name="mgJacobs2018" /> Ta dauki matakin soja, ta kaucewa tunkarar sabbin gawawwakin, ta fara sanya rigar soja, ta kewaye kanta da masu gadi: kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mandela United (MUFC). <ref name="mgJacobs2018" /> Zaune a gidan Madikizela-Mandela, 'yan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ' 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa sun fara jin sabani na iyali tare da gabatar da "hukunce-hukunce" da "hukunce-hukunce", kuma daga ƙarshe sun zama masu alaƙa da garkuwa da mutane, azabtarwa da kisan kai. <ref name="mgJacobs2018" /> Tana da hannu a cikin aƙalla mutuwar mutane 15 a cikin wannan lokacin. <ref name="capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez"/> A cikin 1988, daliban makarantar sakandare a Soweto sun kona gidan Madikizela-Mandela, a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga ayyukan kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mandela United. <ref name="saHistoryMandelaHome">{{Cite web |last=sahoboss |date=16 March 2011 |title=Winnie Mandela's Soweto home reported burnt down |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234857/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/winnie-mandela039s-soweto-home-reported-burnt-down |archive-date=3 April 2018 |access-date=3 April 2018 |publisher=South African History Online}}</ref> A shekara ta 1989, bayan roko daga mazauna yankin, <ref name="bdFramedFromTheGrave">{{Cite web |date=17 April 2018 |title=Editorial: Framed from the grave |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/editorials/2018-04-17-editorial-framed-from-the-grave/ |website=Business Day}}</ref> da kuma bayan sace Seipei, <ref name="mgJacobs2018" /> UDF (a cikin rigar ''Mass Democratic Movement'', ko MDM), <ref name="mgJacobs2018" /> "sun musanta" ta saboda " take hakkin ɗan adam.&nbsp;... da sunan gwagwarmaya da wariyar launin fata" <ref name="latimesUdfDisown"/> <ref name="nyTimesShedGuards">{{cite news |last=Times |first=John D. Battersby and Special To the New York |date=19 February 1989 |title=Winnie Mandela Agrees to Shed Guards |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/19/world/winnie-mandela-agrees-to-shed-guards.html |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=sahoboss |date=16 March 2011 |title=UDF Disowns Winnie Mandela |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/udf-disowns-winnie-mandela |publisher=South African History Online}}</ref> . Jam'iyyar ANC da ke gudun hijira ta fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta soki hukuncin da ta yanke bayan ta ki yin biyayya ga umarnin da Nelson Mandela ya bayar daga gidan yari na raba kansa da kungiyar kwallon kafa kuma bayan yunkurin shiga tsakani da kwamitin rikicin ANC ya ci tura. <ref name="isolatingCollectiveTimes2018"/> ==== Lolo Sono and Siboniso Shabalala ==== A watan Nuwamba 1988, Lolo Sono mai shekaru 21, da abokinsa Siboniso Shabalala mai shekaru 19, sun bace a Soweto. Mahaifin Sono ya ce ya ga dansa a cikin kombi tare da Madikizela-Mandela, kuma an yi wa dansa mummunan duka. Mahaifiyar Sono ta yi ikirarin cewa Madikizela-Mandela ta sanya wa danta lakabin dan leken asiri, kuma ta ce "ta dauke shi". A zaman da kwamitin gaskiya da sulhu na baya-bayan nan, uwar uwar Sono ta ce, yayin da take fama da hawaye, "Ina rokon Mrs Mandela a yau, a gaban duk duniya, cewa don Allah, Mrs Mandela, ta dawo mana da danmu. Ko da Lolo ya mutu., bari Mrs Mandela ta ba mu ragowar danmu, domin mu binne shi da kyau, daga baya, watakila, za mu iya samun tabbacin cewa an binne Lolo a nan." <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2011 |title=TRC Episode 12, Part 02 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-QO2J8Pz9I |publisher=SABC}}</ref> An tono gawarwakin Sono da Shabalala daga kaburburan matalauta a makabartar Avalon ta Soweto a cikin 2013, ta Hukumar Kula da Laifuffuka ta Kasa ta Batar Mutane, bayan an kama su da wuka jim kadan bayan sace su. <ref name="moruduBliveAccountability">{{Cite web |last=Morudu |first=Palesa |date=13 April 2018 |title=Has truth become a casualty of Winnie's rejection of accountability? |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413095757/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-04-13-has-truth-become-a-casualty-of-winnies-rejection-of-accountability/ |archive-date=13 April 2018 |website=Business Day}}</ref> ==== Kashe Seipei da Asvat ====   A ranar 29 ga Disamba 1988, Jerry Richardson, wanda ya kasance "koci" na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mandela United, ya sace James Seipei mai shekaru 14 (wanda aka fi sani da Stompie Moeketsi ) da wasu matasa uku daga gidan ministan Methodist Paul Verryn, <ref name="verrynNews24Intertwined">{{Cite web |last=Bornman |first=Jan |date=4 April 2018 |title=Bishop Paul Verryn on how his and Madikizela-Mandela's lives were 'intricately intertwined' |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408065648/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/bishop-paul-verryn-on-how-his-and-madikizela-mandelas-lives-were-intricately-intertwined-20180403 |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=8 April 2018 |website=News24}}</ref> tare da Richardson ta yi ikirarin cewa Madikizela-Mandela ta sa aka kai matasan gidanta saboda tana zargin ministar tana lalata da su (zargin da suka shafi mara tushe <ref name="truth-commission"/> ). An yi wa mutanen hudu duka ne domin su amince da cewa sun yi lalata da ministan. Tattaunawar da aka kwashe kwanaki 10 ana yi, da manyan jam'iyyar ANC da shugabannin al'umma suka yi don ganin an sako yaran da aka sace da Madikizela-Mandela, ya ci tura. An zargi Seipei da kasancewa mai ba da labari, kuma daga baya aka gano gawarsa a cikin wani fili tare da raunuka a makogwaro a ranar 6 Janairu 1989. <ref name="mg2013bodies"/> <ref name="truth-commission" /> A shekarar 1991, an wanke Mrs Mandela daga dukkan laifuka, sai dai sace Seipei. Wata babbar shaida, Katiza Cebekhulu, <ref name="saHistoryKatizaTrcTestify">{{Cite web |last=sahoboss |date=16 March 2011 |title=Former member of the Mandela United Football Club, Katiza Cebekhulu appears before the TRC |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/former-member-mandela-united-football-club-katiza-cebekhulu-appears-trc |publisher=South African History Online}}</ref> wadda za ta ba da shaida cewa Madikizela-Mandela ta kashe Sepei, magoya bayanta sun azabtar da su kuma suka yi garkuwa da su zuwa [[Zambiya|Zambia]] kafin shari'ar, don hana shi shaida mata. <ref name="trewhelaMoralProblemDailyMaverick"/> <ref name="truth-commission">{{Cite web |date=29 October 1998 |title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume Two, Chapter 6 (pp. 543–82): Special Investigation: Mandela United Football Club |url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104033712/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/Volume%202.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2009 |access-date=10 July 2010}}</ref> An rage mata hukuncin daurin shekaru shida zuwa tara bisa daukaka kara. <ref name="guardianWinnieGuiltyFraud2003">{{Cite web |last=Staff and agencies |date=24 April 2003 |title=Winnie Mandela found guilty of fraud |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/24/southafrica |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A cikin 1992, an zarge ta da ba da umarnin kisan Abu Baker Asvat, abokin dangi kuma fitaccen likitan Soweto, <ref name="saHistoryAsvatBio">{{Cite web |last=michelle |date=25 May 2012 |title=Dr. Abu Baker Asvat |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/dr-abu-baker-asvat |publisher=South African History Online}}</ref> wanda ya bincikar Seipei a gidan Mandela, bayan an sace Seipei amma kafin a kashe shi. An gudanar da bincike kan rawar da Mandela ya taka a kisan Asvat daga baya a zaman wani bangare na sauraron kwamitin gaskiya da sulhu a 1997. Mai kashe Asvat ta shaida cewa ta biya dalar Amurka 8,000 kuma ta ba da makamin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen kisan wanda ya faru a ranar 27 ga Janairun 1989. Daga baya an dage sauraren karar yayin da ake zargin ana tsoratar da shaidu kan umarnin Madikizela-Mandela. A cikin wani shirin na 2017 game da rayuwa da gwagwarmayar Madikizela-Mandela, tsohon jami'in 'yan sanda na Soweto Henk Heslinga ya yi zargin cewa tsohon ministan tsaro [[Sydney]] Mufamadi ya umarce shi da ya sake bude bincike kan mutuwar Seipei, da kuma duk wasu shari'o'in da aka yi. Madikizela-Mandela, domin tuhumar Winnie da laifin kisan kai. A cewar Heslinga, Richardson ya yarda a wata hira da aka yi da shi cewa Seipei ya gano cewa shi mai ba da labari ne, kuma ya kashe yaron ne don ya rufa masa asiri. Sai dai a wani taron manema labarai da aka gudanar kwanaki kadan bayan jana'izar Madikizela-Mandela, Mufamadi ya musanta zargin a cikin shirin, yana mai cewa bayanan Helsinga karya ne. <ref>{{Cite web |title=#SydneyMufamadi denies allegations in #Winnie documentary |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sydneymufamadi-denies-allegations-in-winnie-documentary-14468928 |publisher=IOL News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Investigations into Winnie 'took place at behest of Tony Leon' – Mufamadi |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200755/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/live-sydney-mufamadi-addresses-claims-in-winnie-madikizela-mandela-documentary-20180416 |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |publisher=News24}}</ref> A baya an siffanta shirin a cikin wani bita da ''Vanity Fair'' ya yi da cewa "ba tare da kunya ba" da "mai karewa sosai". Mai sharhi Max du Preez, ya kira shawarar da tashar talabijin ta eNCA ta yi don watsa shirye-shiryen a cikin mako guda kafin jana'izar Madikizela-Mandela ba tare da mahallin "kuskure mai girma ba", kuma ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ƙirar da ba ta dace ba", <ref name="capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez"/> yayin da tsohon TRC. Kwamishina Dumisa Ntsebeza ta yi tambaya kan dalilan shirya shirin. <ref name="ntsebezaNews24Documentary">{{Cite web |last=Khoza |first=Amanda |title=Dumisa Ntsebeza accuses Winnie documentary maker of having 'no regard for our people' |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418095811/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dumisa-ntsebeza-accuses-winnie-documentary-maker-of-having-no-regard-for-our-people-20180417 |archive-date=18 April 2018 |access-date=18 April 2018 |publisher=News24}}</ref> A cikin Janairu 2018, dan majalisar ANC Mandla, jikan Nelson Mandela ta matarsa ta farko, Evelyn Mase, ya yi kira da a binciki rawar da Madikizela-Mandela ya taka a kisan Asvat da Seipei. <ref name="mandlaSabcProbeMurdersCall">{{Cite web |last=Nthakoana Ngatane |date=20 January 2018 |title=EFF accuses Mandla Mandela of vindictiveness |url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/eff-accuses-mandla-mandela-vindictiveness/ |access-date=15 April 2018 |publisher=SABC News}}</ref> <ref name="mandlaEncaProbeMurdersCall">{{Cite web |date=19 January 2018 |title=Mandla Mandela wants inquest into deaths of Stompie Seipie, Dr Asvat |url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407055124/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/mandla-mandela-wants-inquest-into-deaths-of-stompie-seipie-dr-asvat |archive-date=7 April 2018 |access-date=7 April 2018 |website=Enca.com}}</ref> A cikin Oktoba 2018 wani sabon tarihin rayuwar Madikizela-Mandela ya kammala cewa ita ce ke da alhakin kisan Asvat. A watan Afrilun 2018, Joyce Seipei, mahaifiyar Stompie Seipei, ta shaida wa kafofin yada labarai cewa ba ta yarda Winnie Madikizela-Mandela na da hannu a kisan danta ba. [1] A wata hira da ta yi da jaridar Independent ta Birtaniya, Joyce Seipei ta ce ta yafe wa Madikizela-Mandela, kuma a lokacin zaman kotun TRC, Madikizela-Mandela ta gaya mata, a game da kisan danta Stompie: "...Allah ya jikanta da rahama. gafarta min". [2] Bayan sauraron karar TRC, Madikizela-Mandela ta ba da tallafin kudi ga dangin Joyce Sepei, kuma ANC ce ta samar da gidan Seipei. === Binciken TRC === Rahoton karshe na hukumar gaskiya da sulhuntawa (TRC), wanda aka fitar a shekarar 1998, ya gano "Ms Winnie Madikizela Mandela a siyasance da kuma halin mutuntaka ga babban take hakkin dan Adam da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mandela United ta aikata" da kuma cewa "ita ce ke da alhakin, ta hanyar tsallakewa, don aiwatar da babban take hakkin dan Adam." <ref name="truth-commission"/> Rahoton na TRC ya kuma bayyana cewa an sace shi zuwa Zambia na mai gabatar da kara na Sepei Katiza Cebekhulu, inda gwamnatin Kenneth Kaunda ta tsare shi ba tare da shari'a ba kusan shekaru 3 da gwamnatin Kenneth Kaunda ta yi kafin ya koma [[Birtaniya]], ta ANC. kuma a cikin "sha'awar" Madikizela-Mandela. <ref name="truth-commission" /> TRC ta gano zarge-zargen da ake yiwa ministan Methodist Paul Verryn a matsayin "marasa tushe kuma ba tare da wata fa'ida ba" kuma "Madikizela-Mandela da gangan ta yi wa Verryn kazafi...a kokarin karkatar da hankali daga kanta da abokan huldarta..." . Hukumar ta TRC ta kuma gano cewa ita ce ke da alhakin sace, da kuma kai wa, Stompie Sepei hari, kuma ta yi yunkurin boye mutuwarsa da ikirarin cewa ya gudu zuwa [[Botswana]] . <ref name="truth-commission" /> Hukumar TRC ta same ta da alhakin bacewar Lolo Sono da Siboniso Shabalala a 1988. <ref name="moruduBliveAccountability"/> <ref name="truth-commission" /> == Sauya Mulki: 1990-2003 == [[Fayil:Nelson_Mandela_Alberto_Chissano_Winnie_Mandela_Cidalia_Chissano_in_Museu_Galeria_Chissano,_Matola,_Mozambique.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| Winnie Mandela tare da Nelson Mandela, Alberto Chissano da 'yarsa Cidalia a Museu Galeria Chissano, Mozambique, 1990]] A lokacin da Afirka ta Kudu ta sauya sheka zuwa dimokuradiyyar kabilanci, ta rungumi dabi'ar sasantawa da farar fata na Afirka ta Kudu, kuma an dauke ta a matsayin mai rigima kamar yadda mijinta ya yi kafin a kama shi. An gan ta a hannun mijinta lokacin da aka sake shi a watan Fabrairun 1990, karo na farko da aka ga ma’auratan a bainar jama’a kusan shekaru 30. <ref name="nprDayNelsonWalked">{{Cite web |last=Myre |first=Greg |date=27 June 2013 |title=The Day Nelson Mandela Walked Out Of Prison |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2013/06/11/190671704/the-day-nelson-mandela-walked-out-of-prison |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Aurensu na shekara 38 ya ƙare a Afrilu 1992 bayan jita-jita na rashin aminci. <ref name="independentUnfaithfulness">{{Cite web |date=3 April 2018 |title=Letter to lover spells trouble for Winnie |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/letter-to-lover-spells-trouble-for-winnie-1549863.html |access-date=10 August 2018 |website=Independent.co.uk}}</ref> An gama saki aurensu a watan Maris 1996. Daga nan sai ta karɓi sunan "Madikizela-Mandela". Haka kuma a shekarar 1992, ta rasa mukaminta na shugabar sashen jin dadin jama'a ta ANC, sakamakon zargin cin hanci da rashawa. <ref name="wapoResurrected1994"/> <ref name="pastDarkCloudDispatch">{{Cite web |last=Gqulu |first=Kanyo |date=6 November 2014 |title=Winnie's past a dark cloud |url=http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/opinion/2014/11/06/winnies-past-a-dark-cloud/ |access-date=10 August 2018 |website=Dispatchlive.co.za |archive-date=27 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427170410/http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/opinion/2014/11/06/winnies-past-a-dark-cloud/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Madikizela-Mandela ya yi wa jam'iyyar ANC yakin neman zabe a zabukan farko na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ba na kabilanci ba . <ref name="wapoResurrected1994"/> An nada mataimakiyar ministar fasaha, al'adu, kimiya da fasaha a watan Mayun 1994, bayan watanni 11 aka sallame ta bayan zargin cin hanci da rashawa. A shekara ta 1995, fitattun mambobin kungiyar mata ta ANC, ciki har da Adelaide Tambo, sun yi murabus daga kwamitin zartarwa na wannan hukuma saboda rashin jituwa da shugabancin kungiyar Madikizela-Mandela, da kuma wata cece-kuce game da wata babbar gudummawar da 'yar siyasar Pakistan Benazir Bhutto ta bayar. Madikizela-Mandela ya mika wa Kungiyar. Ta kasance mai farin jini sosai a tsakanin magoya bayan Congress National Congress (ANC). A cikin Disamba 1993 da Afrilu 1997, an zabe ta a matsayin shugabar kungiyar mata ta ANC, duk da cewa ta janye takararta na mataimakiyar shugabar ANC a taron Mafikeng na motsi a watan Disamba 1997. <ref name="sapaSaveFace">{{Cite web |date=17 December 1997 |title=Winnie saves face at conference |url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media%5C1997%5C9712/s971217c.htm |publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA) |access-date=5 December 2024 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208090932/https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media%5C1997%5C9712/s971217c.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun da farko a cikin 1997, ta bayyana a gaban Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhunta . Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]] a matsayin shugaban hukumar ya gane muhimmancinta a gwagwarmayar yaki da wariyar launin fata amma ya bukace ta da ta yi hakuri ta kuma amince da kuskuren da ta yi. A cikin martanin da aka tsare, ta yarda "abubuwa sun yi mummunan rauni". A cikin shekarun 1990, ta yi hulɗa da mafia na Isra'ila da ke aiki a Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ke da hannu wajen karbar al'ummar Yahudawa na gida, da sauran ayyukan aikata laifuka. A shekara ta 2002, kwamitin da'a na majalisar dokokin kasar ya samu Madikizela-Mandela da laifin kasa bayyana gudummawa da bukatun kudi. <ref name="iolHideAndSeek" /> Sau da yawa Madikizela Mandela ba ya nan a Majalisar, wani lokaci na tsawon watanni a lokaci guda kuma Majalisar ta umurce ta da ta yi lissafin rashin zuwanta a 2003. <ref name="iolHideAndSeek">{{Cite web |title=Parliament fed up with Winnie's hide and seek |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/parliament-fed-up-with-winnies-hide-and-seek-102737 |publisher=IOL News}}</ref> <ref name="paAttendenceRecord">{{Cite web |title=Nomzamo Winfred Madikizela-Mandela |url=https://www.pa.org.za/person/nomzamo-winfred-madikizela-mandela/ |website=People's Assembly}}</ref> == Janyewa daga siyasa: 2003-2007 == A cikin 2003, Madikizela-Mandela ya ba da damar yin aiki a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam kafin mamayewar 2003 na Iraki . <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2003 |title=Winnie Mandela – Iraqi 'human shield' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2779509.stm |website=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Har ila yau, a cikin 2003, ta taimaka wajen kawar da yanayin da aka yi garkuwa da su a Jami'ar Wits, inda wata daliba da ke bin bashin kudade ta yi garkuwa da wani ma'aikaci a wurin wuka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winnie wins over Wits hostage-taker |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/winnie-wins-over-wits-hostage-taker-100801 |access-date=10 August 2018 |website=Iol.co.za}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keyser |first=Antoinette |date=5 February 2003 |title=Student arrested as Wits hostage drama ends |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/student-arrested-as-wits-hostage-drama-ends-101119 |access-date=10 August 2018 |website=Iol.co.za}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2003 |title=Winnie Mandela saves the day |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2732351.stm |access-date=10 August 2018 |website=News.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Afrilun 2003, an yanke wa Madikizela-Mandela hukunci kan laifuka 435 na zamba da kuma 25 na sata, kuma an yanke wa dillalin ta, Addy Moolman, da laifuffuka 58 na zamba da kuma 25 na sata. Dukansu sun musanta aikata laifin. Laifukan da suka shafi kudaden da aka karba daga asusun masu neman lamuni na asusun jana'izar, amma wadanda suka nemi ba su amfana ba. An yanke wa Madikizela-Mandela hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari. Jim kadan bayan yanke hukuncin, ta yi murabus daga dukkan mukaman shugabancinta a jam’iyyar ta ANC, ciki har da kujerarta ta majalisar dokoki da kuma shugabancin kungiyar mata ta ANC. A watan Yulin 2004, wani alkalin daukaka kara na babbar kotun [[Pretoria]] ya yanke hukuncin cewa "ba a aikata laifukan don amfanin kan su ba". Alkalin kotun ya soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa na sata, amma ya amince da wanda ake tuhuma da laifin zamba, inda ya yanke mata hukuncin daurin shekaru uku da watanni shida. == Komawa siyasa == [[Fayil:Winnie_Mandela00.jpg|right|thumb|Madikizela-Mandela in 2008]] Lokacin da ANC ta sanar da zaben kwamitin zartarwa na kasa a ranar 21 ga Disamba 2007, Madikizela-Mandela ya zo na daya da kuri'u 2,845. Madikizela-Mandela ta soki tashe -tashen hankula na kyamar bakin haure a watan Mayu-Yuni 2008 wanda ya fara a [[Johannesburg|birnin Johannesburg]] ya kuma bazu ko'ina cikin kasar tare da dora alhakin rashin samar da gidaje masu dacewa da gwamnati ke da shi a dalilin tarzomar. Ta ba da hakuri ga wadanda rikicin ya rutsa da su kuma ta ziyarci garin Alexandra . Ta ba da gidanta a matsayin mafaka ga dangin baƙi daga [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kwango]] . masu tayar da hankali za su iya kai hari a tsarin jirgin kasa na Gauteng .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2018}}</link> Madikizela-Mandela ta sami matsayi na biyar a jerin sunayen masu jefa kuri'a na ANC don Babban zaben 2009, bayan shugaban jam'iyyar Jacob Zuma, Shugaban Afirka ta Kudu Kgalema Motlanthe, Mataimakin Shugaban Baleka Mbete, da Ministan Kudi Trevor Manuel. Wani labarin a cikin The Observer ya ba da shawarar matsayinta kusa da saman jerin ya nuna cewa jagorancin jam'iyyar ya gan ta a matsayin dukiya mai mahimmanci a cikin zaben dangane da karfafa goyon baya tsakanin 'yan asalin jam'iyyar da matalauta. Madkizela-Mandela ta kasance a gefe guda a jam'iyyar ANC a lokacin bayan mulkin wariyar launin fata. <ref name="jMalalaAttemptsDontWash" /> <ref name="capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez">{{Cite web |last=Du Preez |first=Max |date=17 April 2018 |title=Winnie's death captured by populist politics |url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418083632/https://www.news24.com/Columnists/MaxduPreez/winnies-legacy-captured-by-populist-politics-20180417 |archive-date=18 April 2018 |access-date=18 April 2018 |publisher=News24}}</ref> Duk da matsayinta na 'yar majalisa ta ANC a tsawon lokacin, ta fi danganta da wadanda ba 'yan ANC ba ciki har da Bantu Holomisa da Julius Malema . <ref name="jMalalaAttemptsDontWash">{{Cite web |last=Malala |first=Justice |date=16 April 2018 |title=ANC's attempts to honour Winnie just don't wash |url=https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192503/https://select.timeslive.co.za/news/2018-04-16-ancs-attempts-to-honour-winnie-just-dont-wash/ |archive-date=17 April 2018 |access-date=17 April 2018 |website=Times Live}}</ref> Madikizela-Mandela majibincin siyasa ne na Malema, wanda aka kore shi daga jam'iyyar ANC, sannan ya kafa jam'iyyarsa ta Economic Freedom Fighters . === 2010 hira da Nadira Naipaul === A cikin 2010, Madikizela-Mandela ta yi hira da Nadira Naipaul . A cikin hirar, ta kai wa tsohon mijin nata hari, inda ta yi ikirarin cewa ya “bar bakar fata ne”, wai kawai “kore shi ne don karbar kudi”, kuma “ba wani abu ba ne illa gidauniya”. Ta kara kai hari kan shawarar da ya yanke na karbar kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel tare da FW de Klerk . Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, ta yi iƙirarin cewa Mandela ba ya “samu” ga ‘ya’yanta mata. Ta kira Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]], a matsayinsa na shugaban Hukumar Gaskiya da sulhu, a matsayin "cretin". Tattaunawar ta ja hankalin kafofin watsa labarai, kuma ANC ta sanar da cewa za ta nemi ta bayyana kalamanta game da Nelson Mandela. <ref name="Madiba">{{Cite web |last=Williams, Murray |last2=Kgosana, Caiphus |name-list-style=amp |date=9 March 2010 |title=South Africa: "'Madiba' let us down" |url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20100309120838574C472618&singlepage=1}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2010, an fitar da wata sanarwa a madadin Madikizela-Mandela da ke ikirarin cewa hirar ta kasance kage ne. == Mutuwa da jana'iza == [[Fayil:Flag_at_half-mast_at_South_African_Embassy_in_Tokyo.jpg|thumb| Tuta a rabin ma'aikata a gidan jakadan Afirka ta Kudu a Tokyo a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2018]] Winnie Madikizela-Mandela ta mutu a Asibitin Netcare Milpark a Johannesburg a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2018 tana da shekaru 81. Ta yi fama da ciwon suga kuma kwanan nan an yi mata manyan tiyata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cowell |first=Alan |date=2 April 2018 |title=Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Is Dead at 81; Fought Apartheid |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/world/africa/winnie-mandela-dead.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> "Ta kasance tana ciki da waje tun farkon shekara". <ref name="death"/> A ci gaba da jana'izar Madikizela-Mandela, a wani yanayi na siyasa <ref name="capturedByPopulistPoliticsduPreez"/> jim kadan bayan hambarar da tsohon shugaban kasar [[Jacob Zuma]], <ref name="independent2018MartinMurderedSchoolboy">{{cite news |last=Martin |first=Paul |date=13 April 2018 |title=Winnie Mandela funeral: 30 years on, murdered schoolboy remains at heart of battle for her legacy |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/winnie-mandela-funeral-nelson-mandela-south-africa-stompie-seipei-apartheid-joyce-seipei-a8303561.html |newspaper=The Independent}}</ref> Jessie Duarte, babban jigo a jam'iyyar ANC, ya gargadi masu suka da su "zauna su rufe baki", tare da shugaban Economic Freedom Fighters Julius Malema ya ce "duk wanda ya zargi Mama Winnie da wani laifi yana da laifin cin amanar kasa". Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta ba Madikizela-Mandela " Jana'izar Jana'izar ta Musamman ". <ref name="encaOfficialFuneralExplainer">{{Cite web |last=Toit |first=Christelle du |title=What does an official funeral in SA entail? |url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161603/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/explainer-what-does-an-official-funeral-in-sa-entail |archive-date=18 April 2018 |access-date=18 April 2018 |website=Enca.com Explainer}}</ref> An gudanar da hidimar jana'izar ta a filin wasa na Orlando a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2018. Shirye-shiryen jana'izar Madikizela Mandela ya kasance mafi yawa daga 'ya'yanta mata da Julius Malema, kuma an ce ANC ta yi "yaki don neman sararin samaniya" a cikin shirin. <ref name="news24FuneralRift">{{Cite web |last=Cele |first=S’Thembile |last2=Hlengiwe Nhlabathi |title=Winnie's funeral rift |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415050250/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/winnies-funeral-rift-20180415-2 |archive-date=15 April 2018 |access-date=15 April 2018 |website=News24}}</ref> A ma'aikatar jama'a, ANC da shugaban Afirka ta Kudu [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] "sun amince" cewa ANC ta gaza tsayawa tare da bangaren Madikizela-Mandela a lokacin da take fama da matsalar shari'a. <ref name="takenRestingPlaceIol">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2018 |title=WinnieMandela taken to her final resting place |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/watch-winniemandela-taken-to-her-final-resting-place-14440370 |publisher=IOL News |format=video}}</ref> Julius Malema <ref name="malemaRailsCitizen">{{Cite web |last=Hlatshaneni |first=Simnikiwe |date=14 April 2018 |title='They are here' – Malema rails against Winnie's 'traitors' at funeral |url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1894115/they-are-here-malema-rails-against-winnies-traitors-at-funeral/ |website=The Citizen}}</ref> ya gabatar da wani jawabi mai ban sha'awa inda ya soki United Democratic Front don nisantar da kansu daga Madikizela-Mandela a cikin 1980s. <ref name="takenRestingPlaceIol" /> Malema ta kuma soki mambobin kwamitin zartarwa na kasa na kungiyar mata ta ANC da yin murabus a 1995, saboda suna kallon Madikizela-Mandela a matsayin "mai laifi". <ref name="takenRestingPlaceIol" /> 'Yar Madikizela-Mandela Zenani ta kai hari ga wadanda suka "lalata" mahaifiyarta, inda ta kira su munafukai. <ref name="zenaniEwnFuneralHypocrites">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2018 |title='Praising Mama Winnie now that she's gone shows what hypocrites you are' |url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/04/14/praising-mama-winnie-now-that-she-s-gone-shows-what-hypocrites-you-are |publisher=Eyewitness News}}</ref> Bayan hidimar jama'a, an damke gawarta ne a wata makabarta da ke Fourways a arewacin Johannesburg a yayin wani taron tunawa da sirri. <ref name="takenRestingPlaceIol" /> Wasu jiga-jigan jam'iyyar ANC da ke shirin kare kansu daga zarge-zargen da aka yi a wajen jana'izar; duk da haka, jam'iyyar ANC ta bukaci "hana". <ref name="ancRestraintAallegations">{{Cite web |last=Mashaba |first=Sibongile |last2=Feketha |first2=Siviwe |date=17 April 2018 |title=ANC calls for restraint over #Winnie allegations |url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/anc-calls-for-restraint-over-winnie-allegations-14484247 |website=The Star}}</ref> == A cikin shahararrun al'adu == Alfre Woodard ne ya zana Mandela a fim din HBO TV na 1987, ''Mandela'' . Woodard ya sami lambar yabo ta CableACE da lambar yabo ta NAACP don aikinta, kamar yadda costar Danny Glover ya yi, wanda ya nuna [[Nelson Mandela]] . A cikin 2022, sashin hanyar R562 da ke haɗa Midrand tare da Olifantsfontein, an sake masa suna daga ''Titin Olifantsfontein'' zuwa ''titin Winnie Madikizela-Mandela'' ta birnin Ekurhuleni a Gauteng . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |title=These 44 roads in Ekurhuleni are getting a name change – what you need to know – BusinessTech |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/528874/these-44-roads-in-ekurhuleni-are-getting-a-name-change-what-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jerin shugabannin kare hakkin jama'a * Jerin sunayen mutanen da aka haramtawa oda a karkashin mulkin wariyar launin fata * ''Tashin matattu na Winnie Mandela'', 2018 tarihin rayuwar Mandela ta Sisonke Msimang * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokokin kasar Afirka ta Kudu da suka mutu a kan mukamansu == Manazarta q == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mx3py7jwlle4vkznccj3yj9bnkptfeh 0 89704 883109 721830 2026-07-14T23:03:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ikhwan '''Azka Fauzi''' Wibowo''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1996), wanda aka fi sani da Azka Fauze, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Indonesia wanda ke buga wa Persibo Bojonegoro . Yafi zama dan wasan gaba, yana iya taka leda a matsayin mai gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enam Pemain Resmi Pindah Klub |url=https://persis-solo.id/enam-pemain-resmi-pindah-klub/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019164145/https://persis-solo.id/enam-pemain-resmi-pindah-klub/ |archive-date=19 October 2018 |publisher=Persis Solo}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Bali United === Fauzi ya fara aikinsa na farko a wasan da ya yi a gida 2-1 ga Persipura Jayapura . Ya maye gurbin Irfan Bachdim bayan minti 74.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2017 |title=Azka Fauzi Wibowo Curi Perhatian Saat Laga Debutnya di Kompetisi Profesional |url=http://www.baliutd.com/news/media-news/azka-fauzi-wibowo-curi-perhatian-saat-laga-debutnya-di-kompetisi-profesional/ |access-date=1 June 2017 |website=Bali United F.C. |language=Indonesian |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127213723/https://www.baliutd.com/news/media-news/azka-fauzi-wibowo-curi-perhatian-saat-laga-debutnya-di-kompetisi-profesional/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|azka-fauzi/480777}} * [https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/clubs/singleplayer/liga_2_2020_old/ikhwan_azka_fauzi_wibowo Azka Fauzi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701123958/https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/clubs/singleplayer/liga_2_2020_old/ikhwan_azka_fauzi_wibowo |date=2023-07-01 }} a Liga Indonesia (a cikin Indonesian) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] 18iepmc2jyybqlomt7f7zbz7ctilplo 0 90587 883126 630743 2026-07-14T23:59:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:BABANGIDA_S.M._NGUROJE_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Nguroje a 2024]] '''Babangida SM Nguroje''' tsohon mataimakin kakakin [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|majalisar wakilan]] [[Najeriya]] ne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-12 |title=Group Advises Buhari To Appoint Former Deputy Speaker, Babangida Nguroje As Minister From Taraba |url=https://independent.ng/group-advises-buhari-to-appoint-former-deputy-speaker-babangida-nguroje-as-minister-from-taraba/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Independent Newspaper Nigeria}}</ref> Ya wakilci mazaɓar Sardauna/Gashaka/Kurmi na [[Jahar Taraba|jihar Taraba]] a 5th (2003-2007) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/babangida-saidu-m-nguroje |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org}}</ref> da 6th (2007-2011) ɗan majalisar wakilai ta ƙasa a ƙarƙashin inuwar jam'iyyar [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP). Nguroje ya riƙe muƙamai da lambobin yabo da dama, waɗanda suka haɗa da Garkuwan Sardauna, Makama [[Gashaka]], da kuma [[Order of the Federal Republic]] of Nigeria (OFR). <ref>{{Cite web |title=FULL LIST: 2011 Nigerian National Honours (recepients)[sic] – IMO STATE BLOG |url=https://imostateblog.com/full-list-2011-nigerian-national-honours-recepients/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Uzor |first=Franklin |date=2019-04-06 |title=Chairman of NIPC's Governing Council Receives Honourary Doctorate Degree |url=https://www.nipc.gov.ng/2019/04/06/press-release/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615024648/https://www.nipc.gov.ng/2019/04/06/press-release/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Nguroje a shekarar 1971 a garin Nguroje dake ƙaramar hukumar Sardauna a jihar Taraba. Ya yi karatunsa na farko a Central Primary School Nguroje a shekarar 1983, sannan ya yi karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Wukari a tsohuwar [[Jihar Gongola]], yanzu Jihar Taraba. Daga nan sai ya wuce [[Jami'ar Maiduguri|Jami’ar Maiduguri]], inda ya samu digirin digirgir (B.Sc.) a fannin kasuwanci, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1997. <ref name=":2"/> Har ila yau, yana da digirin digirgir (PhD Honoris Causa) a fannin Gudanar da Tallafawa daga Jami'ar Pottstown, Amurka (African campus), wanda aka ba shi a cikin shekara ta 2019. == Sana'a == A lokacin da yake siyasa, an zaɓi Nguroje sau biyu a matsayin ɗan majalisar wakilai ta tarayya, mai wakiltar mazaɓar Sardauna/Gashaka/Kurmi ta jihar Taraba (daga shekarun 2003 zuwa 2011). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/babangida-saidu-m-nguroje |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne kodinetan jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) Tsoffin ‘yan majalisar wakilai na ƙasa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=John |first=Adegwu |date=2022-07-10 |title=Nguroje Named APC Ex-Legislators Forum Coordinator |url=https://leadership.ng/nguroje-named-apc-ex-legislators-forum-coordinator/ |access-date=2024-07-27}}</ref> Ya kuma taɓa zama tsohon shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na hukumar bunktasa zuba jari ta Najeriya (NIPC), <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-12 |title=Nguroje lists benefits of AfCFTA to Nigeria, Africa - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/nguroje-list-benefits-of-afcfta-to-nigeria-africa/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=DailyTrust.com}}</ref> kuma ya kasance Daraktan Arewa maso Gabas a kwamitin yakin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da aka wargaza na kungiyar yakin neman zaɓen Bola Ahmed Tinubu/Shettima. <ref name=":3" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] fg8myzg9wv8jyyirt8xwvj1vipa94yy 3 90842 883122 620186 2026-07-14T23:53:35Z Mfield 41477 Mfield moved page [[Tattaunawar user:LesIie]] to [[Tattaunawar user:White Rivers]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/LesIie|LesIie]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/White Rivers|White Rivers]]" 567589 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Taeyab! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Taeyab|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 8 ga Janairu, 2025 (UTC) ecw7fynmk1u8y2h523ak877slmblzx0 0 91942 882970 582808 2026-07-14T16:49:36Z Usman saadu 46863 882970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carol B. Tomé''' (an haife shi Carol Louise Buchenroth; 8 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1957) babban jami'in kasuwanci ne na Amurka wanda shine babban jami'in gudanarwa na United Parcel Service (UPS).<ref>"UPS CEO David Abney to retire, board member Carol Tomé to take post at end of May". USA Today. 2020-03-12. Archived from the original on 2020-03-19. Retrieved 2020-03-18.</ref> <ref>Carol Tomé, Chief Executive Officer Elect, UPS". UPS Pressroom. Archived from the original on 2020-03-19. Retrieved 2020-03-18.</ref> Tsohuwar ita ce ta The Home Depot, inda ta yi aiki daga shekara ta 1995 zuwa 2019, a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma ma'aji sannan daga baya a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma babban jami'in kudi.<ref>The Home Depot. "THE HOME DEPOT ANNOUNCES RETIREMENT PLANS OF CAROL TOMÉ AND NAMES 14-YEAR COMPANY VETERAN, RICHARD MCPHAIL, CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER". Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</ref> Ta kasance memba na hukumar ta UPS tun 2003.<ref>"Carol Tomé on becoming CEO of UPS: 'This was my calling'"</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwa== An haifi Carol B. Tomé Carol Louise Buchenroth a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 1957 a Jackson, Wyoming.<ref>Carol Tomé, Chief Executive Officer Elect, UPS". Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</ref> Iyalin Tomé sun jaddada darajar aiki tuƙuru da iyawa a cikin renon ta, wanda Tomé ya kwatanta da "ƙaracin da ba a yarda da shi ba". Ta koyi farauta, kifi, girki, ɗinki, da zama a ƙasa. Mahaifinta ma'aikacin banki ne. Tomé ta fara sha'awar kuɗi, kuma ta yi tunanin kanta ta bi irin wannan hanya kuma tana aiki a banki bayan kammala karatunta daga makarantar kasuwanci a Jami'ar Denver.<ref> Fonseca, Amy. "Atlanta 5×5 Profile: Carol Tomé". Women at the Frontier. Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2020</ref> United Bank of Denver (yanzu Wells Fargo), <ref>Carol B. Tome". cnbc.com. CNBC LLC. Retrieved 27 October 2021.</ref> ya kasance darektan banki a Kamfanin Johns-Manville, kuma ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma ma'ajin kamfanin Riverwood International Corporation na Atlanta (yanzu wani bangare na Packaging Graphic), allo na duniya, marufi, da kamfanin sarrafa kayan aiki.<ref>Archived</ref> <ref>Riverwood and Graphic Packaging merge". Beverage Daily. William Reed Ltd. July 19, 2008. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.</ref> Ta shiga The Home Depot a cikin 1995 lokacin da suka nemi ƙwararrun zartarwa don faɗaɗa cikin Mexico.<ref>Layman, Tonya. "Home Depot's Tomé: It's all about the team". Bizjournals. Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 10 April </ref> An kara mata girma zuwa CFO a 2001. A lokacin da take a kamfanin, The Home Depot ya girma daga shaguna 400 zuwa 2,200 tare da kudaden shiga na kusan dala biliyan 100. Farashin hannun jarinsa ya karu fiye da 450%.<ref>The Home Depot Ta sami yabo ga aikin The Home Depot bayan fitowar ta daga rikicin kuɗi da gidaje na 2008-09</ref> <ref>"Home Depot's ex-finance chief to become CEO of UPS". Archived from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020</ref> ==Girmamawa== An nada Tomé sau uku a cikin jerin Forbes na Mata 100 Mafi Karfi a Duniya kamar #19, #16 da #12.<ref>16 Carol B. Tome". Forbes. Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</ref> <ref>"The World's Most Powerful Women 2023"</ref> A cikin 2012, An jera Tomé na biyu akan jerin manyan jami'an kuɗi na The Wall Street Journal, <ref>Check Out Corporate America's Top CFOs". Archived from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020</ref> kuma daga cikin manyan mata 50 mafi ƙarfi a cikin kasuwanci ta mujallar Fortune.<ref>"Carol B. Tomé Chief Executive Officer". about.ups.com. United Parcel Service (UPS). Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.</ref> <ref>"Carol B. Tome"</ref> .An zaɓi Tomé don farkon 2021 Forbes 50 Sama da 50; wanda ya kunshi ’yan kasuwa, shugabanni, masana kimiyya da masu kirkiro wadanda suka wuce shekaru 50.<ref>Gross, Elana Lyn; Voytko, Lisette; McGrath, Maggie (2021-06-02). "The New Golden Age". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2021-06-07. Retrieved 2021-06-</ref> A cikin 2023 ta kasance a matsayi na 6 a jerin Manyan Matan Fortune.<ref>"Most Powerful Women". Fortune. Archived from the original on 2024-09-21.</ref> A wannan shekarar, ta kuma fito na 19 a cikin jerin sunayen mata 100 na duniya na Forbes.<ref>World's Most Powerful Women 2023". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2017-09-20. Retrieved 2024-09-21.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1957]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] dsr11kv172217boishnloq6qdb7or6c 882971 882970 2026-07-14T16:51:09Z Usman saadu 46863 882971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carol B. Tomé''' (an haife shi Carol Louise Buchenroth; 8 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1957) babban jami'in kasuwanci ne na Amurka wanda shine babban jami'in gudanarwa na United Parcel Service (UPS).<ref>"UPS CEO David Abney to retire, board member Carol Tomé to take post at end of May". USA Today. 2020-03-12. Archived from the original on 2020-03-19. Retrieved 2020-03-18.</ref> <ref>Carol Tomé, Chief Executive Officer Elect, UPS". UPS Pressroom. Archived from the original on 2020-03-19. Retrieved 2020-03-18.</ref> Tsohuwar ita ce ta The Home Depot, inda ta yi aiki daga shekara ta 1995 zuwa 2019, a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma ma'aji sannan daga baya a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma babban jami'in kudi.<ref>The Home Depot. "THE HOME DEPOT ANNOUNCES RETIREMENT PLANS OF CAROL TOMÉ AND NAMES 14-YEAR COMPANY VETERAN, RICHARD MCPHAIL, CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER". Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</ref> Ta kasance memba na hukumar ta UPS tun shekara ta 2003.<ref>"Carol Tomé on becoming CEO of UPS: 'This was my calling'"</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwa== An haifi Carol B. Tomé Carol Louise Buchenroth a ranar 10 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1957 a Jackson, Wyoming.<ref>Carol Tomé, Chief Executive Officer Elect, UPS". Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</ref> Iyalin Tomé sun jaddada darajar aiki tuƙuru da iyawa a cikin renon ta, wanda Tomé ya kwatanta da "ƙaracin da ba a yarda da shi ba". Ta koyi farauta, kifi, girki, ɗinki, da zama a ƙasa. Mahaifinta ma'aikacin banki ne. Tomé ta fara sha'awar kuɗi, kuma ta yi tunanin kanta ta bi irin wannan hanya kuma tana aiki a banki bayan kammala karatunta daga makarantar kasuwanci a Jami'ar Denver.<ref> Fonseca, Amy. "Atlanta 5×5 Profile: Carol Tomé". Women at the Frontier. Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2020</ref> United Bank of Denver (yanzu Wells Fargo), <ref>Carol B. Tome". cnbc.com. CNBC LLC. Retrieved 27 October 2021.</ref> ya kasance darektan banki a Kamfanin Johns-Manville, kuma ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma ma'ajin kamfanin Riverwood International Corporation na Atlanta (yanzu wani bangare na Packaging Graphic), allo na duniya, marufi, da kamfanin sarrafa kayan aiki.<ref>Archived</ref> <ref>Riverwood and Graphic Packaging merge". Beverage Daily. William Reed Ltd. July 19, 2008. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.</ref> Ta shiga The Home Depot a cikin 1995 lokacin da suka nemi ƙwararrun zartarwa don faɗaɗa cikin Mexico.<ref>Layman, Tonya. "Home Depot's Tomé: It's all about the team". Bizjournals. Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 10 April </ref> An kara mata girma zuwa CFO a 2001. A lokacin da take a kamfanin, The Home Depot ya girma daga shaguna 400 zuwa 2,200 tare da kudaden shiga na kusan dala biliyan 100. Farashin hannun jarinsa ya karu fiye da 450%.<ref>The Home Depot Ta sami yabo ga aikin The Home Depot bayan fitowar ta daga rikicin kuɗi da gidaje na 2008-09</ref> <ref>"Home Depot's ex-finance chief to become CEO of UPS". Archived from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020</ref> ==Girmamawa== An nada Tomé sau uku a cikin jerin Forbes na Mata 100 Mafi Karfi a Duniya kamar #19, #16 da #12.<ref>16 Carol B. Tome". Forbes. Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</ref> <ref>"The World's Most Powerful Women 2023"</ref> A cikin 2012, An jera Tomé na biyu akan jerin manyan jami'an kuɗi na The Wall Street Journal, <ref>Check Out Corporate America's Top CFOs". Archived from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020</ref> kuma daga cikin manyan mata 50 mafi ƙarfi a cikin kasuwanci ta mujallar Fortune.<ref>"Carol B. Tomé Chief Executive Officer". about.ups.com. United Parcel Service (UPS). Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.</ref> <ref>"Carol B. Tome"</ref> .An zaɓi Tomé don farkon 2021 Forbes 50 Sama da 50; wanda ya kunshi ’yan kasuwa, shugabanni, masana kimiyya da masu kirkiro wadanda suka wuce shekaru 50.<ref>Gross, Elana Lyn; Voytko, Lisette; McGrath, Maggie (2021-06-02). "The New Golden Age". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2021-06-07. Retrieved 2021-06-</ref> A cikin 2023 ta kasance a matsayi na 6 a jerin Manyan Matan Fortune.<ref>"Most Powerful Women". Fortune. Archived from the original on 2024-09-21.</ref> A wannan shekarar, ta kuma fito na 19 a cikin jerin sunayen mata 100 na duniya na Forbes.<ref>World's Most Powerful Women 2023". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2017-09-20. Retrieved 2024-09-21.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1957]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] f35lypwbq9csvhqw2yvv60kca7dwz9g 882972 882971 2026-07-14T16:52:56Z Usman saadu 46863 882972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carol B. Tomé''' (an haife shi Carol Louise Buchenroth; 8 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1957) babban jami'in kasuwanci ne na Amurka wanda shine babban jami'in gudanarwa na United Parcel Service (UPS).<ref>"UPS CEO David Abney to retire, board member Carol Tomé to take post at end of May". USA Today. 2020-03-12. Archived from the original on 2020-03-19. Retrieved 2020-03-18.</ref> <ref>Carol Tomé, Chief Executive Officer Elect, UPS". UPS Pressroom. Archived from the original on 2020-03-19. Retrieved 2020-03-18.</ref> Tsohuwar ita ce ta The Home Depot, inda ta yi aiki daga shekara ta 1995 zuwa 2019, a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma ma'aji sannan daga baya a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma babban jami'in kudi.<ref>The Home Depot. "THE HOME DEPOT ANNOUNCES RETIREMENT PLANS OF CAROL TOMÉ AND NAMES 14-YEAR COMPANY VETERAN, RICHARD MCPHAIL, CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER". Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</ref> Ta kasance memba na hukumar ta UPS tun shekara ta 2003.<ref>"Carol Tomé on becoming CEO of UPS: 'This was my calling'"</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwa== An haifi Carol B. Tomé Carol Louise Buchenroth a ranar 10 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1957 a Jackson, Wyoming.<ref>Carol Tomé, Chief Executive Officer Elect, UPS". Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</ref> Iyalin Tomé sun jaddada darajar aiki tuƙuru da iyawa a cikin renon ta, wanda Tomé ya kwatanta da "ƙaracin da ba a yarda da shi ba". Ta koyi farauta, kifi, girki, ɗinki, da zama a ƙasa. Mahaifinta ma'aikacin banki ne. Tomé ta fara sha'awar kuɗi, kuma ta yi tunanin kanta ta bi irin wannan hanya kuma tana aiki a banki bayan kammala karatunta daga makarantar kasuwanci a Jami'ar Denver.<ref> Fonseca, Amy. "Atlanta 5×5 Profile: Carol Tomé". Women at the Frontier. Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2020</ref> United Bank of Denver (yanzu Wells Fargo), <ref>Carol B. Tome". cnbc.com. CNBC LLC. Retrieved 27 October 2021.</ref> ya kasance darektan banki a Kamfanin Johns-Manville, kuma ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma ma'ajin kamfanin Riverwood International Corporation na Atlanta (yanzu wani bangare na Packaging Graphic), allo na duniya, marufi, da kamfanin sarrafa kayan aiki.<ref>Archived</ref> <ref>Riverwood and Graphic Packaging merge". Beverage Daily. William Reed Ltd. July 19, 2008. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.</ref> Ta shiga The Home Depot a cikin shekara ta 1995 lokacin da suka nemi ƙwararrun zartarwa don faɗaɗa cikin Mexico.<ref>Layman, Tonya. "Home Depot's Tomé: It's all about the team". Bizjournals. Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 10 April </ref> An kara mata girma zuwa CFO a shekara ta 2001. A lokacin da take a kamfanin, The Home Depot ya girma daga shaguna 400 zuwa 2,200 tare da kudaden shiga na kusan dala biliyan 100. Farashin hannun jarinsa ya karu fiye da 450%.<ref>The Home Depot Ta sami yabo ga aikin The Home Depot bayan fitowar ta daga rikicin kuɗi da gidaje na 2008-09</ref> <ref>"Home Depot's ex-finance chief to become CEO of UPS". Archived from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020</ref> ==Girmamawa== An nada Tomé sau uku a cikin jerin Forbes na Mata 100 Mafi Karfi a Duniya kamar #19, #16 da #12.<ref>16 Carol B. Tome". Forbes. Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</ref> <ref>"The World's Most Powerful Women 2023"</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2012, An jera Tomé na biyu akan jerin manyan jami'an kuɗi na The Wall Street Journal, <ref>Check Out Corporate America's Top CFOs". Archived from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020</ref> kuma daga cikin manyan mata 50 mafi ƙarfi a cikin kasuwanci ta mujallar Fortune.<ref>"Carol B. Tomé Chief Executive Officer". about.ups.com. United Parcel Service (UPS). Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.</ref> <ref>"Carol B. Tome"</ref> .An zaɓi Tomé don farkon 2021 Forbes 50 Sama da 50; wanda ya kunshi ’yan kasuwa, shugabanni, masana kimiyya da masu kirkiro wadanda suka wuce shekaru 50.<ref>Gross, Elana Lyn; Voytko, Lisette; McGrath, Maggie (2021-06-02). "The New Golden Age". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2021-06-07. Retrieved 2021-06-</ref> A cikin 2023 ta kasance a matsayi na 6 a jerin Manyan Matan Fortune.<ref>"Most Powerful Women". Fortune. Archived from the original on 2024-09-21.</ref> A wannan shekarar, ta kuma fito na 19 a cikin jerin sunayen mata 100 na duniya na Forbes.<ref>World's Most Powerful Women 2023". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2017-09-20. Retrieved 2024-09-21.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1957]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] dxlvgyuwq8af9r7mayegtqhh31hmyjj 882973 882972 2026-07-14T16:55:21Z Usman saadu 46863 882973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carol B. Tomé''' (an haife shi Carol Louise Buchenroth; 8 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1957) babban jami'in kasuwanci ne na Amurka wanda shine babban jami'in gudanarwa na United Parcel Service (UPS).<ref>"UPS CEO David Abney to retire, board member Carol Tomé to take post at end of May". USA Today. 2020-03-12. Archived from the original on 2020-03-19. Retrieved 2020-03-18.</ref> <ref>Carol Tomé, Chief Executive Officer Elect, UPS". UPS Pressroom. Archived from the original on 2020-03-19. Retrieved 2020-03-18.</ref> Tsohuwar ita ce ta The Home Depot, inda ta yi aiki daga shekara ta 1995 zuwa 2019, a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma ma'aji sannan daga baya a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma babban jami'in kudi.<ref>The Home Depot. "THE HOME DEPOT ANNOUNCES RETIREMENT PLANS OF CAROL TOMÉ AND NAMES 14-YEAR COMPANY VETERAN, RICHARD MCPHAIL, CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER". Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</ref> Ta kasance memba na hukumar ta UPS tun shekara ta 2003.<ref>"Carol Tomé on becoming CEO of UPS: 'This was my calling'"</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwa== An haifi Carol B. Tomé Carol Louise Buchenroth a ranar 10 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1957 a Jackson, Wyoming.<ref>Carol Tomé, Chief Executive Officer Elect, UPS". Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</ref> Iyalin Tomé sun jaddada darajar aiki tuƙuru da iyawa a cikin renon ta, wanda Tomé ya kwatanta da "ƙaracin da ba a yarda da shi ba". Ta koyi farauta, kifi, girki, ɗinki, da zama a ƙasa. Mahaifinta ma'aikacin banki ne. Tomé ta fara sha'awar kuɗi, kuma ta yi tunanin kanta ta bi irin wannan hanya kuma tana aiki a banki bayan kammala karatunta daga makarantar kasuwanci a Jami'ar Denver.<ref> Fonseca, Amy. "Atlanta 5×5 Profile: Carol Tomé". Women at the Frontier. Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2020</ref> United Bank of Denver (yanzu Wells Fargo), <ref>Carol B. Tome". cnbc.com. CNBC LLC. Retrieved 27 October 2021.</ref> ya kasance darektan banki a Kamfanin Johns-Manville, kuma ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma ma'ajin kamfanin Riverwood International Corporation na Atlanta (yanzu wani bangare na Packaging Graphic), allo na duniya, marufi, da kamfanin sarrafa kayan aiki.<ref>Archived</ref> <ref>Riverwood and Graphic Packaging merge". Beverage Daily. William Reed Ltd. July 19, 2008. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.</ref> Ta shiga The Home Depot a cikin shekara ta 1995 lokacin da suka nemi ƙwararrun zartarwa don faɗaɗa cikin Mexico.<ref>Layman, Tonya. "Home Depot's Tomé: It's all about the team". Bizjournals. Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 10 April </ref> An kara mata girma zuwa CFO a shekara ta 2001. A lokacin da take a kamfanin, The Home Depot ya girma daga shaguna 400 zuwa 2,200 tare da kudaden shiga na kusan dala biliyan 100. Farashin hannun jarinsa ya karu fiye da 450%.<ref>The Home Depot Ta sami yabo ga aikin The Home Depot bayan fitowar ta daga rikicin kuɗi da gidaje na 2008-09</ref> <ref>"Home Depot's ex-finance chief to become CEO of UPS". Archived from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020</ref> ==Girmamawa== An nada Tomé sau uku a cikin jerin Forbes na Mata 100 Mafi Karfi a Duniya kamar #19, #16 da #12.<ref>16 Carol B. Tome". Forbes. Archived from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</ref> <ref>"The World's Most Powerful Women 2023"</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2012, An jera Tomé na biyu akan jerin manyan jami'an kuɗi na The Wall Street Journal, <ref>Check Out Corporate America's Top CFOs". Archived from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020</ref> kuma daga cikin manyan mata 50 mafi ƙarfi a cikin kasuwanci ta mujallar Fortune.<ref>"Carol B. Tomé Chief Executive Officer". about.ups.com. United Parcel Service (UPS). Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.</ref> <ref>"Carol B. Tome"</ref> .An zaɓi Tomé don farkon 2021 Forbes 50 Sama da 50; wanda ya kunshi ’yan kasuwa, shugabanni, masana kimiyya da masu kirkiro wadanda suka wuce shekaru 50.<ref>Gross, Elana Lyn; Voytko, Lisette; McGrath, Maggie (2021-06-02). "The New Golden Age". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2021-06-07. Retrieved 2021-06-</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2023 ta kasance a matsayi na 6 a jerin Manyan Matan Fortune.<ref>"Most Powerful Women". Fortune. Archived from the original on 2024-09-21.</ref> A wannan shekarar, ta kuma fito na 19 a cikin jerin sunayen mata 100 na duniya na Forbes.<ref>World's Most Powerful Women 2023". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2017-09-20. Retrieved 2024-09-21.</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1957]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 36llud5fneeqhy4uuu3ppmlyd7isjcb 0 92337 883101 665179 2026-07-14T22:07:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883101 wikitext text/x-wiki  '''Ayanna MacCalla Howard''' (an haife shi Janairu 24, 1972) ɗan Robot Ba'amurke ne, ɗan kasuwa kuma malami a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin shugaban Kwalejin Injiniya a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio. Daukacin matsayin a cikin Maris 2021, Howard ta zama mace ta farko da ta jagoranci Kwalejin Injiniya ta Jihar Ohio <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ayanna Howard named next dean of College of Engineering |url=https://news.osu.edu/ayanna-howard-named-next-dean-of-college-of-engineering/ |access-date=2021-01-20 |website=Ayanna Howard named next dean of College of Engineering |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-07 |title=About Dean Ayanna Howard |url=https://engineering.osu.edu/about/office-dean/about-dean-ayanna-howard |access-date=2022-02-22 |website=COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING |language=en}}</ref> A baya Howard ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Makarantar Sadarwar Sadarwar Sadarwar Sadarwar Sadarwar Sadarwar Sadarwar Sadarwa ta Georgia Tech College of Computing, Linda J. da Mark C. Smith Endowed Chair a Bioengineering a Makarantar Injiniyan Lantarki da Injiniyan Kwamfuta, kuma darektan Human-Automation Systems (HumAnS) Lab.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=College of Computing Selects Ayanna Howard to Lead School of Interactive Computing |url=http://www.news.gatech.edu/2017/12/04/college-computing-selects-ayanna-howard-lead-school-interactive-computing |access-date=2018-02-03 |website=www.news.gatech.edu |archive-date=2018-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204070304/http://www.news.gatech.edu/2017/12/04/college-computing-selects-ayanna-howard-lead-school-interactive-computing |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rizzo |first=Meredith |date=19 December 2017 |title=Being Different Helped A NASA Roboticist Achievement Her Dream |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/12/19/569474169/being-different-helped-a-nasa-roboticist-achieve-her-dream |website=NPR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayanna Howard {{!}} The HistoryMakers |url=http://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/ayanna-howard-41 |access-date=2018-02-03 |website=www.thehistorymakers.org}}</ref> Yayin da take yarinya Howard tana sha'awar baki da mutummutumi, kuma shirin talabijin da ta fi so shine Matar Bionic.[1] Howard ya karbi B.S. a aikin injiniya daga Jami'ar Brown a 1993 da MS. da kuma Ph.D. a injiniyan lantarki daga Jami'ar Kudancin California a cikin 1994 da 1999, bi da bi.[2] Takaddun karatunta na Maimaituwa don Mahimmancin Abubuwan da ba su da kyau sun samu shawarar George A. Bekey. Hakanan Howard yana da MBA daga Jami'ar Graduate Claremont.<ref name=":1"/> == Ayyuka == Sha'awar farko na Howard ga basirar wucin gadi ya kai ta zuwa babban matsayi a Axcelis Inc na Seattle, inda ta taimaka haɓaka Evolver, farkon kasuwancin kwayoyin halitta algorithm, da Brainsheet, hanyar sadarwa na jijiyar da aka haɓaka tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Microsoft. Daga 1993 zuwa 2005, ta yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na NASA Jet Propulsion [1] inda ta gudanar da ayyuka da yawa ciki har da babban mai binciken robotics da mataimakin manaja a Ofishin Babban Masanin Kimiyya.<ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":0"/>Ta shiga Georgia Tech a 2005 a matsayin abokiyar farfesa kuma wanda ya kafa dakin binciken HumAnS. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar darektan bincike na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Georgia Tech don Robotics da Injinan Hankali kuma a matsayin shugabar ƙwararrun mutum-mutumi na Ph.D. Shirin a Georgia Tech. A cikin 2017 ta zama shugabar Makarantar Interactive Computing a Georgia Tech. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayanna Howard – Roboticist |url=https://howard.ece.gatech.edu/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=[[Georgia Institute of Technology]]}}</ref>A cikin 2008, ta sami kulawa a duk duniya game da robobin SnoMote, wanda aka ƙera don nazarin tasirin ɗumamar duniya akan ɗakunan kankara na Antarctic. A cikin 2013, ta kafa Zyrobotics, wanda ya fito da rukunin farko na jiyya da samfuran ilimi don yara masu buƙatu na musamman. <ref name="ayana_pub">{{Cite web |title=Ayanna Howard Publications |url=https://awards.acm.org/award_winners/howard_5736184 |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=awards.acm.org |language=en}}</ref>Howard ya rubuta wallafe-wallafe 250 a cikin mujallolin alƙalai da tarurruka, gami da yin hidima a matsayin editan haɗin gwiwa / marubucin littattafai fiye da dozin da/ko surori na littattafai. An kuma ba ta takardun haƙƙin mallaka guda huɗu kuma ta ba da jawabai da aka gayyata sama da 140 da/ko mahimman bayanai.[1] Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (AAAI) da Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Lantarki da Lantarki (IEEE). Daga cikin karramawar da ta samu, Howard ya samu lambar yabo ta A. Nico Habermann ta Associationungiyar Binciken Kwamfuta da lambar yabo ta Richard A. Tapia Achievement. A cikin wata hira ta 2020 kan Kasuwa, Howard ya bayyana hanyoyin da robots abokan aiki za su cike gibin da nisantar da jama'a ya bari sakamakon cutar ta COVID-19 a Amurka. A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Columbus Dispatch ya ba da rahoton an nada Howard a matsayin shugaban Kwalejin Injiniya na Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, don fara Maris 1, yana jiran amincewar kwamitin amintattu.[1] A ranar 1 ga Maris, 2021, Howard ya ɗauki matsayin ya zama mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan matsayi.[2]<ref name=":1"/> <ref name="ayana_pub"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brown Corporation elects two new fellows, eight trustees |url=https://www.brown.edu/news/2022-06-01/corporation |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=Brown University |language=en}}</ref>A cikin 2021, Ayanna Howard ta sami lambar yabo ta Athena Lecturer Award daga Associationungiyar Injin Kwamfuta (ACM) don Gudunmawarta ga Robotics, AI da Faɗaɗɗen Sa hannu a Kwamfuta. A cikin Yuni 2022, an zaɓi Howard a matsayin amintaccen Jami'ar Brown. == Bincike == <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayanna MacCalla Howard {{!}} School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology |url=https://www.ece.gatech.edu/faculty-staff-directory/ayanna-maccalla-howard |access-date=2018-02-03 |website=www.ece.gatech.edu}}</ref>Bukatun bincike na Howard sun haɗa da hulɗar mutum-mutumi-robot, robotics na taimako/gyara, injiniyan injiniyan da ke kokawa, da fahimta, koyo, da tunani. Binciken Howard da ayyukan da aka buga sun bambanta a cikin batutuwa daban-daban a cikin kayan aikin mutum-mutumi da AI, gami da ilmantarwa na hankali, gaskiya ta zahiri don gyarawa da kuma mutum-mutumi a cikin aikin jiyya na yara. Binciken nata ya bayyana ne ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan bunkasa fasaha ga ma'aikata masu basira waɗanda dole ne su yi hulɗa da su da kuma a cikin duniyar da ta shafi ɗan adam. Wannan aikin, wanda ke magance batutuwan hulɗar ɗan adam-robot, koyo, da sarrafa kansa, ya haifar da fiye da 200 wallafe-wallafen da aka bita.<ref name=":0"/> [[Fayil:IRobot_Create_team.jpg|right|thumb|Kungiyar iRobot Create robots a GRITS Lab (tare da Magnus B. Egerstedt) don aikin bincike na cibiyar sadarwa.]] [[Fayil:ActivMedia_Pioneer_3-AT_robot.jpg|right|thumb]] == Darajuji da kyaututtuka == An rubuta manyan nasarorin da Howard ya yi a cikin labarai sama da dozin guda. A cikin 2003, an ba ta suna zuwa MIT Technology Review TR100 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu haɓaka 100 a duniya a ƙarƙashin shekara 35.[1] [2] An nuna ta a cikin labarin "Rise of the Machines" na Time Magazine a cikin 2004.[3] An kuma nuna ta a cikin labarin Kimiyya da Sararin Samaniya na Amurka A Yau. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=2003 Young Innovators Under 35 |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/tr35/?year=2003 |access-date=August 16, 2011 |publisher=[[Technology Review]]}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=2003 Young Innovators - Ayanna Howard, 31 |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/tr35/Profile.aspx?Cand=T&TRID=295 |access-date=8 April 2019 |archive-date=28 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228043208/http://www2.technologyreview.com/tr35/Profile.aspx?Cand=T&TRID=295 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=New breed of robots could soon wander Antarctica |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/science/2008-05-29-420283241_x.htm |access-date=2008-05-29}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin kyaututtuka na girma sun hada da: * Lew Allen Award for Excellence (tsohon Darakta Research Achievement Award na Jet Propulsion Laboratory) don muhimmiyar gudummawar fasaha, 2001 <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lew Allen Award for Excellence: List of Recepients(sic) |url=https://scienceandtechnology.jpl.nasa.gov/community/awards-achievements/lew-allen-award-excellence/lew-allen-award-excellence-recepients |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204172239/http://scienceandtechnology.jpl.nasa.gov/community/awards-achievements/lew-allen-award-excellence/lew-allen-award-excellence-recepients |archive-date=4 December 2016 |access-date=26 June 2018 |website=Jet Propulsion Laboratory}}</ref> * MIT Fasahar Bincike Top 100 Matasa Masu Sabuntawa na Shekara, 2003 <ref name=":2"/><ref name=":4"/> * NAE Gilbreth Lectureship, 2010 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Armstrong Endowment for Young Engineers - Gilbreth Lectures |url=https://www.nae.edu/Activities/Projects/31202.aspx |access-date=31 July 2018 |website=National Academy of Engineering}}</ref> * A. Richard Newton Malami ABIE Award, Cibiyar Anita Borg, 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Educational Innovation Abie Award in Honor of A. Richard Newton |url=https://anitab.org/awards-grants/abie-awards/a-richard-newton-educator-abie-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731062241/https://anitab.org/awards-grants/abie-awards/a-richard-newton-educator-abie-award/ |archive-date=31 July 2018 |access-date=31 July 2018 |website=AnitaB.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayanna Howard |url=https://anitaborg.org/profiles/abie-award-winners/ayanna-howard/ |publisher=Anita B.org |access-date=2025-02-02 |archive-date=2017-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808000355/https://anitaborg.org/profiles/abie-award-winners/ayanna-howard/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ABIE Awards, Celebrate the achievements of women in tech! |url=https://anitaborg.org/awards-grants/abie-awards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807232722/https://anitaborg.org/awards-grants/abie-awards/ |archive-date=2017-08-07 |access-date=2017-08-07 |publisher=Anita B.org}}</ref> * Kyautar Kungiyar Binciken Kwamfuta ta A. Nico Habermann, 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2016 |title=2016 CRA Distinguished Service and A. Nico Habermann Awardees Announced |url=https://cra.org/2016-cra-distinguished-service-and-a-nico-habermann-awardees-announced/ |access-date=31 July 2018 |website=Computer Research Association |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331140732/https://cra.org/2016-cra-distinguished-service-and-a-nico-habermann-awardees-announced/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Brown Engineering Alumni Medal (BEAM), 2016 * AAAS-Lemelson Invention Jakadan, 2016-2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=AAAS and The Lemelson Foundation announce the 2016-2017 Class of Invention Ambassadors 1 June 2016 |url=https://www.aaas.org/news/aaas-and-lemelson-foundation-announce-2016-2017-class-invention-ambassadors |access-date=31 July 2018 |website=AAAS}}</ref> * Mata na mujallar ''Atlanta'' suna yin alama, 2017 * Kyautar Walker #WLPower25 Atlanta Award, 2017 * ''Forbes'' Amurka ta Top 50 Mata a cikin Tech, 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=America's Top 50 Women In Tech |url=https://www.forbes.com/top-tech-women-america/list/ |access-date=2022-02-22 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> * ACM Athena Lecturer Award, 2021 <ref name="ayana_pub"/> * 2021 aji na Fellows na Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Fellows |url=https://www.aaas.org/page/2021-fellows |access-date=2022-01-28 |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science}}</ref> * IEEE Fellow, 2021, "don gudummawa ga tsarin hulɗar mutum-robot" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Newly elevated Fellow class 2021 |url=https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/fellows/2021-ieee-fellows-Class.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206062543/https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/fellows/2021-ieee-fellows-Class.pdf |archive-date=December 6, 2020 |access-date=2023-04-27 |publisher=IEEE}}</ref> * 2023 AAAI / EAAI Patrick Henry Winston Kyautar Malami Mai Kyau [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] jicv98uk1muakhc54t2fpnu7wyc8tsr 0 93197 883371 723348 2026-07-15T09:55:11Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 883371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead''' wani littafi ne na 2013 wanda ke ƙarfafa mata su tabbatar da kansu a aiki da kuma a gida, <ref name="NPR-Corrigan">{{Cite web |last=Corrigan |first=Maureen |date=12 March 2013 |title='Lean In': Not Much Of A Manifesto, But Still A Win For Women |url=https://www.npr.org/2013/03/12/174016175/lean-in-not-much-of-a-manifesto-but-still-a-win-for-women |access-date=21 May 2013 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> wanda shugaban kasuwanci [[Sheryl Sandberg]] da marubucin kafofin watsa labarai Nell Scovell suka rubuta. == Bayani, ta babi == Bayani game da surori goma sha ɗaya na littafin shine: # '''Rashin burin jagoranci: Me za ku yi idan ba ku ji tsoro ba?''' - An ba da labari inda Judith Rodin ta tambayi dalilin da ya sa mata masu basira suka zaɓi barin aiki kuma su zama Masu kula da gida kuma Gayle Tzemach Lemmon ta ba ta ra'ayinta cewa ma'auni biyu yana sa a fahimci burin a matsayin mummunan inganci a cikin mace lokacin da zai zama mai kyau a cikin namiji. # '''Ku zauna a teburin''' - An ba da labari game da Peggy McIntosh da ke nuna cewa ana matsawa mata kada su karɓi yabo game da nasarorin da suka samu, Padmasree Warrior da ke nunawa cewa ya kamata mutane suyi la'akari da ɗaukar dama koda kuwa ba su cancanci aiwatar da su ba, kuma [[Ginni Rometty]] tana tattauna yadda ta ɗauki haɗari har ma da gazawar mutum. Har ila yau an tattauna da ka'idar cewa mata galibi fiye da maza suna nuna damuwa game da cutar zamba, da kuma manufar "yaudarar har sai kun yi shi". # Nasara da Daidaitawa - An taƙaita gwajin zamantakewa wanda aka gabatar da bayanan da ke nuna nasarar kasuwanci ga mutane daban-daban. Abubuwan da suka ci gaba sun kasance iri ɗaya sai dai cewa ɗayan ya ambaci dan takarar aiki na mace ɗayan kuma dan takarar namiji. A mafi yawan lokuta, mutane sun sami nasarar dan takarar namiji ya zama abin sha'awa kuma nasarar dan takara mace ya zama abin damuwa. An ba da labari inda Mary Sue Coleman ta bayyana cewa a cikin tattaunawar mata a cikin kasuwanci galibi "daɗi sosai" kuma [[Arianna Huffington]] ta yarda cewa dole ne ta yarda da zargi da yawa. # Yana da Gym na Jungle, Ba Ladder ba - Tattaunawa ta sake la'akari da manufar "matakala ta kamfanoni" tana ba da shawarar cewa hawa zuwa nasara ya fi kama da dakin motsa jiki na daji tare da hanyoyi da yawa zuwa saman. An ba da labari game da shawarar Eric Schmidt don ɗaukar ayyuka a fannoni masu girma tare da damar ci gaba, koda kuwa ba su da daraja fiye da matsayi da aka kafa, da kuma yadda Lawrence Summers ya zama kamar yana da mahimmanci ga marubucin, sannan ya ba ta ƙarin girmamawa lokacin da ta tabbatar da kanta. # '''Shin kai ne mai ba da shawara?''' - An ba da shawarar cewa masu sana'a masu aiki suna buƙatar mai ba da shawara amma ba za a iya tilasta dangantakar tsakanin malami da ɗalibi ba. An ba da labari game da Clara Shih a kai a kai yana yin tambayoyi a cikin kasuwanci wanda ya nuna girmamawa ga lokacin masu ba da shawara. # Neman da Magana Gaskiya - A matsayinta na ma'aikatan zartarwa a [[Fezbuk|Facebook]], marubucin ya ce ita tare da wasu sun yi ƙoƙari su sanya Facebook ƙungiya mai zaman kanta inda kowa yake da 'yancin yin magana da tunaninsu da zargi. An ba da labari inda Robert Rubin ke neman shawara daga mutanen da ke da sababbin ra'ayoyi maimakon ƙwarewa mai zurfi a cikin al'adun da ke akwai da kuma yadda Howard Schultz ya kasance a buɗe game da raba motsin rai. # Kada ka bar kafin ka bar - Marubucin ya bayyana cewa ta ga mata sun bar ci gaban aiki don iyali, to amma tana jin cewa wasu mata suna yin hakan da nisa kafin ci gaban rayuwar iyali. An ba da labari game da Peggy Orenstein gano cewa har ma 'yan mata suna tunanin barin zaɓuɓɓukan aiki don tallafawa rayuwar iyali. Marubucin ya bayyana cewa a matsayin manajan daukar ma'aikata da ingantawa, sau da yawa tana tambayar mata na wani zamani ko suna shirin samun yara. Ta ci gaba da bayyana cewa ba ta keta dokokin nuna bambanci ga mata waɗanda za su buƙaci hutu daga aiki don samun yara, amma a maimakon haka tana son ma'aikata su kasance da kwanciyar hankali suna ɗaukar matsayi har ma lokacin da suke gab da samun ɗa. # '''Ka sanya abokin tarayya a matsayin abokin tarayya na ainihi''' - Marubucin yana bincika manufar "mahaifiyar da aka zaba", wanda ya kamata ya zama mutumin da ke kula da yara kuma yawanci mace ce. Ta sake nazarin bayanan da suka nuna cewa daga cikin mata 28 da ke jagorantar kamfanonin Fortune 500, daya ne kawai bai taba yin aure ba. An ambaci littafin Betty Friedan mai suna The Feminine Mystique a matsayin tushen bayanai game da ƙungiyar mata. Sandberg ta tattauna aurenta, wanda ita da Dave Goldberg suka kafa a cikin salon Shared Earning / Shared Parenting. # The Myth of Doing it All - An ba da labari inda [[Tina Fey]] ta ce mafi munin tambaya da mutane ke tambayar mata akai-akai ita ce "Yaya kuke yin komai?", saboda zaton shine cewa mace da ke cin nasara a kasuwanci dole ne ba ta da lokacin ciyarwa tare da iyali, kuma wannan tambayar ba a tambayar maza a kasuwanci ba. Wani labari game da [[Laurie Glimcher]] ya bayyana yadda ta fahimci cewa ba za ta iya yin duk wani aiki ba kuma tana da gaskiya game da iyakokinta. # '''Bari mu fara magana game da shi''' - Marubucin ya ba da labarin zafi game da lokacin da, a matsayin Shafin majalisa, Tip O'Neill ya buge ta a kai, wanda ya tambayi idan ita yarinya ce mai ba da gudummawa, ma'ana mai gaisuwa ga aikin namiji. An ba Kenneth Chenault a matsayin misali na Shugaba wanda ke ƙoƙarin kare mata daga nuna bambancin jinsi a wurin aiki. # Yin aiki tare zuwa daidaito - Marubucin ya tuna da hankalin kafofin watsa labarai da Marissa Mayer ta samu don karɓar aiki a matsayin Shugaba na [[Yahoo!|Yahoo]] yayin da take cikin uku na ciki, kuma ta ce mata suna samun ƙarin bincike a wurin aiki. Ta bayyana cewa uwaye masu zaman kansu akai-akai suna kallon mata masu ci gaba, kuma cewa ya zama dole cewa babu tashin hankali tsakanin waɗannan kungiyoyi. == Bincike da tuhuma == Masu sharhi daban-daban sun sake nazarin Lean In.<ref name="NPR-Corrigan"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Geier |first=Kathleen |date=31 March 2013 |title=Review: Sheryl Sandberg's Lean In |url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/political-animal-a/2013_03/review_sheryl_sandbergs_lean_i043902.php |access-date=21 May 2013 |website=Washington Monthly |archive-date=30 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430095041/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/political-animal-a/2013_03/review_sheryl_sandbergs_lean_i043902.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Losse |first=Kate |date=26 March 2013 |title=Feminism's Tipping Point: Who Wins from Leaning in? |url=http://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/feminisms-tipping-point-who-wins-from-leaning-in |access-date=21 May 2013 |website=[[Dissent (American magazine)|Dissent]]}} See responses to this review at </ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grant |first=Melissa Gira |date=4 March 2013 |title="Like" Feminism |url=http://jacobinmag.com/2013/03/like-feminism/ |access-date=21 May 2013 |website=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]}}</ref> A cikin wata kasida ta Yuli 2013 don The ''Baffler'', Susan Faludi ta yi jayayya cewa sakon Sandberg na karfafawa a wurin aiki na mata a zahiri kamfen ne na kamfanoni; Sandberg yana ƙarfafa mata su tallata kansu a matsayin "abin mabukaci" don ci gaban sana'a yayin da yake hana hadin kai da rage tasirin tsarin nuna bambancin jinsi a wurin aiki.[s]<ref name="Facebook feminism" /> Faludi ya ci gaba da yin tambaya game da ka'idodin zaɓin da LeanIn.org ta yi amfani da su don kamfanonin "Platform Partners", da yawa daga cikinsu suna da nauyin "kashin amincewa da EEOC na baya-bayan nan ko na jiran da kuma ayyukan kotun jihohi da na tarayya da suka shafi nuna bambanci na jima'i, cin zarafin jima'i. "<ref name="Facebook feminism">{{Cite journal |last=Faludi, Susan |date=2013 |title=Facebook feminism, like it or not |url=https://thebaffler.com/salvos/facebook-feminism-like-it-or-not |url-status=dead |journal=The Baffler |volume=23 |issue=23 |pages=34–51 |doi=10.1162/BFLR_a_00166 |jstor=43307858 |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213013344/http://thebaffler.com/past/facebook_feminism_like_it_or_not |archive-date=13 February 2014 |access-date=8 September 2024 }}</ref> Zoe Williams a cikin ''[[The Guardian]]'' ta kira Lean In a matsayin "wani jagora mai ban sha'awa, jagora mai rikitarwa ga mata masu burin". <ref name="Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead by Sheryl Sandberg – review">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Zoe |date=13 March 2013 |title=Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead by Sheryl Sandberg – review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/mar/13/lean-in-sheryl-sandberg-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630051544/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/mar/13/lean-in-sheryl-sandberg-review |archive-date=30 June 2015 |access-date=8 September 2024 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Ta jaddada tsarin Sandberg na rikice-rikice a cikin sukar da kuma tabbatar da ayyukan aikin mata. A lokacin yawon shakatawa na Becoming a cikin 2018, Michelle Obama ta ambaci Lean In: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wamsley |first=Laurel |date=3 December 2018 |title=Michelle Obama's Take On 'Lean In'? 'That &#%! Doesn't Work' |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/12/03/672898216/michelle-obamas-take-on-lean-in-that-doesn-t-work |website=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawler |first=Opheli Garcia |date=2 December 2018 |title=Michelle Obama Is Done With the Gospel of 'Lean In' |url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/12/michelle-obama-is-done-with-all-that-lean-in-shit.html |website=Vulture |language=en}}</ref> "Ina gaya wa mata cewa duka 'don haka za ku iya samun shi duka. Nope, ba a lokaci guda ba. Wannan karya ne. Kuma ba koyaushe ya isa ya jingina, saboda wannan shit ba ya aiki a kowane lokaci. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cole |first=Devan |date=3 December 2018 |title=Michelle Obama drops expletive in explaining why women need to do more than 'lean in' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/03/politics/michelle-obama-sheryl-sandberg-lean-in/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> === Intersectionality: launin fata, aji, da kuma jima'i === Mawallafin bell hooks ya rubuta wani bincike mai mahimmanci game da littafin, wanda ake kira "Dig Deep: Beyond Lean In".<ref name="Dig Deep" /> ƙugiya ta kira matsayin Sandberg "maƙaryaci mata" kuma ta bayyana matsayinta game da daidaito tsakanin jinsi a wurin aiki kamar yadda ya dace da waɗanda ke da iko a cikin al'umma - masu arziki fararen fata, bisa ga ƙugiya - a cikin wani kunshin mata. ƙugiya ta rubuta, "[Sandberg] ta zo a matsayin ƙanƙanta mai ƙauna wacce kawai take son yin wasa a cikin ƙungiyar babban ɗan'uwa. " <ref name="Dig Deep">{{Cite web |last=hooks |first=bell |date=October 28, 2013 |title=Dig Deep: Beyond Lean In |url=http://thefeministwire.com/2013/10/17973/ |website=The Feminist Wire}}</ref> ƙugiya ya bayyana cewa kafofin watsa labarai, tare da Sandberg, suna gaya mana cewa duk wata mace da ke son yin aiki tuƙuru za ta iya hawa matakan kamfanoni har zuwa saman. Labarin ya ci gaba da jayayya cewa Lean In ya yi watsi da "kayan da yawancin mata ke fuskanta a cikin ma'aikata. " ya ba da dalilai cewa maimakon kamfen ɗin "Lean In" wanda ke haifar da canjin zamantakewa, manufarsa ita ce samar da shawarwarin mata game da yadda za su ci nasara a cikin yanayin da ke akwai, kuma yadda ya kamata, Lean In ba ya la'akari da gaskiyar intersectionality, wanda ya kasance batun da ke girma a cikin ƙungiyar mata ta zamani. Babban abubuwa a cikin labarin ƙugiyoyi, kamar tseren, aji, da jima'i, sun samo asali ne daga aikinta Feminism Is For Everybody . A cikin littafin, ƙugiyoyi sun bayyana yadda ba duk mata ba ne aka yi daidai ba - babu ainihin asalin mata. ƙugiyoyi sun bayyana cewa mata masu farin ciki sun san cewa matsayinsu ya bambanta da na mata masu launin fata (shafi na 10); mata masu gyarawa masu farin ciki suna son 'yancin da suke ganin maza na ajin su suna jin daɗi (shafi. 38); kuma mata masu jima'i suna kira ga maza da al'umma (shafi ga 97). Kathleen Geier ta tattauna a cikin labarin "Shin Feminism yana da matsala ta aji?" cewa falsafar Sandberg ita ce idan mata da yawa suka ci gaba zuwa matsayi na jagoranci to duk mata za su ci nasara. Amsar Geier ga wannan zaton ita ce: "akwai wani dalili na samun bangaskiya cewa Sandberg-style 'trickle-down' feminism zai amfane talakawa fiye da yadda tattalin arzikinsa yake da ... sha'awarta ga jari-hujja da kuma bayar da shawarwari game da dabarun da aka mayar da hankali kan inganta kai maimakon aikin hadin gwiwa ya dame mata da yawa a hagu. Geier ya ba da shawarar cewa kawai hanyar da ta dace da kuma ta dindindin don inganta daidaito na tattalin arziki ta hanyar hadin gwiwa ta hanyar hadirun siyasa; aiwatar da shirye-kashi na yara da ayyukan iyali na duniya. A cikin wannan labarin The Nation, Judith Warner, babban jami'i a Cibiyar Ci gaban Amurka kuma marubuci, ya yi daidai da Geier ta hanyar cewa ya kamata mata su mai da hankali kan matsalolin tsari ba daidaitawa na mutum ba. Mata suna buƙatar samun abubuwan da za su haɗa su ba tare da manta da bambance-bambance na aji ba, kabilanci, ilimi, da karfafawa da suka raba su. Warner ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa daya daga cikin ayyukan da suka fi tasiri ga daidaiton jinsi shine yaƙi don sauƙin aiki mai ma'ana. Mai ba da gudummawa na uku ga labarin The Nation shine Heather McGhee, shugaban Demos. Ta bayyana cewa tsarin kasuwanci wanda ya dogara da albashi mai hanawa a kan wadanda ke kasa a cikin zamantakewar al'ummarsu da siyasa - mata da na baƙi, mutane masu launin fata, da matalauta - ba za su zama mata ba lokacin da mace ta shiga matsayin Shugaba. McGhee ya ambaci wasu kididdigar da Demos ya tattara, wanda ya nuna cewa bambancin albashin jinsi na tallace-tallace yana biyan mata kimanin dala biliyan 40.8 a cikin albashin da ya ɓace a kowace shekara, jimlar da za ta tashi zuwa dala biliyan 381 gabaɗaya nan da 2022. McGhee ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a mayar da hankali ga mata. Tare da Kathleen Geier, Judith Warner, da Heather McGhee, Nancy Folbre, farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar [[Massachusetts]] Amherst, an tattauna su a cikin labarin game da Lean In dangane da haɗuwa. Folbre ya kwatanta intersectionality kamar haka, "ya fi-fi-hanya huɗu intersection, babu wani zirga-zirga haske kuma mutane sau da yawa ba su san wane hanyar da za su juya ba. Wasu, tuki SUVs masu alatu, za su kasance cikakke lafiya. Sauran, a ƙafa, na iya samun rauni. Jima'i muhimmiyar abin hawa ce na hadin kai. Don haka ma aji, kabilanci da zama ɗan ƙasa. " Folbre ya ci gaba da cewa Lean In ya tabbatar da nazarin jinsi ne kawai bisa ga mayar da hankali ga rashin daidaito a cikin littafin. Bugu da ƙari, littafin yana magana da wasu mata da aka zaɓa waɗanda ke neman ci gaba da ayyukansu, ba waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin neman aiki ba. Susan Faludi ta yi jayayya cewa masu kalubalantar Lean In ba za su iya jayayya da Sandberg ba tare da ambaton dukiyarta ba. Faludi ya bayyana cewa matsala tare da aikin "Lean In" shi ne cewa ya bar uwaye marasa aure: "Lean En yana ba da 'yanci na ƙarya ga uwaye marasa haihuwa, saboda ba za su iya 'godiya' idan suna so ba. " <ref name="Faludi">{{Cite web |last=Faludi |first=Susan |date=13 March 2013 |title=Sandberg Left Single Mothers Behind |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/13/opinion/faludi-poor-single-mothers-sandberg/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320055715/http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/13/opinion/faludi-poor-single-mothers-sandberg/ |archive-date=20 March 2013 |access-date=8 September 2024 |publisher=CNN }}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Faludi yana da dalilin cewa inganta rayuwar uwaye marasa galihu yana buƙatar fiye da nuna mata na gata yadda za su iya ci gaba da kansu a cikin al'umma. Wannan ra'ayi yana da alaƙa da 'yan mata na zamani waɗanda ke jayayya don canjin zamantakewa da al'adu don tallafawa "mahaifiyar" (ciki har da uwaye marasa aure) a matsayin mai ba da ƙarfi maimakon ƙwarewar zalunci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=D'Arcy |first=Catherine |last2=Turner |first2=Colleen |last3=Crockett |first3=Belinda |last4=Gridley |first4=Heather |date=2012 |title=Where's The Feminism In Mothering? |url=http://vuir.vu.edu.au/9466/1/Where%27s%20the%20Feminism%20in%20Mothering%20final%20revision%20Nov%202011.pdf |journal=Journal of Community Psychology |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=27–43 |doi=10.1002/jcop.20493}}</ref> A cikin 2015, OR Books sun buga Lean Out: The Struggle for Gender Equality in Tech and Start-up Culture, wanda Elissa Shevinsky ta shirya, wanda ya haɗa da wasu rubutun da suka yi abubuwan da ke sama kuma ya ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru iri-iri game da yadda manyan shingen mata a cikin fasaha suke da gaske. A cikin 2019, marubuciya Minda Harts ta fitar da littafinta na farko, The Memo: What Women of Color Need to Know to Secure a Seat at the Table . An kwatanta littafin da Lean In, amma an daidaita shi da takamaiman buƙatu da abubuwan da mata masu launi ke fuskanta. Ya ba da cikakken kallo game da [[wariyar launin fata]] da jima'i mata masu launin fata a wurin aiki kuma yana ba da dabarun don taimaka musu cimma burinsu na aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flake, Marguerite |last2=Ward, Ebony |date=2022-06-12 |title=Sheryl Sandberg's complicated legacy holds key lessons for leaders&nbsp;on what they can do to boost diversity at the top |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/strategy/sheryl-sandbergs-complicated-legacy-holds-key-lessons-for-leadersandnbspon-what-they/qbxjd0z |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Business Insider Africa |language=en}}</ref> == LeanIn.org == Dangane da nasarar littafin, Sandberg ya kafa LeanIn.org (wanda aka fi sani da Lean In Foundation) a wannan shekarar aka buga littafin, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sheryl Sandberg's 'Lean In' Foundation and Movement |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/02/22/us/22sandberg-lean-in-documents.html |access-date=19 June 2016 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> kungiyar 501 (c) (3) mai zaman kanta, wacce aka sadaukar da ita "don ba mata wahayi da tallafi don taimaka musu cimma burinsu". <ref>{{Cite web |title=About - Lean In |url=http://leanin.org/about/ |access-date=2016-01-14 |website=Lean In |language=en-US}}</ref> Kungiyar tana ba da albarkatun ilimi da shirye-shiryen da ke ƙarfafa jagorancin mata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://leanin.org/}} * [https://www.facebook.com/leanincommunity Lean In Community Facebook Page] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h2aap6s7hztetwzas8h44hnw17i54hv 0 93268 883348 864193 2026-07-15T09:17:08Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 883348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dame Rachel Whiteread''' DBE (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga Afrilu na shekara ta 1963) ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ingila wacce ke samar da siffofi, waɗanda galibi suna ɗaukar nau'ikan gyare-gyare. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta lashe Kyautar Turner ta shekara-shekara a 1993.<ref>name="Turner">{{Cite web |last=Greenberger |first=Alex |date=3 December 2013 |title=Art 101: A Short History of the Turner, the Art World's Most Scandalous Prize |url=http://www.artspace.com/magazine/art_101/art_market/the_scandalous_history_of_the_turner_prize-51816 |access-date=15 June 2016 |publisher=ArtSpace |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928132348/https://www.artspace.com/magazine/art_101/art_market/the_scandalous_history_of_the_turner_prize-51816 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Whiteread na ɗaya daga cikin Matasan Masu Fasaha na Burtaniya waɗanda suka nuna a baje kolin Royal Academy's Sensation a shekarar 1997. Daga cikin shahararrun ayyukanta akwai House, babban siminti da aka jefa a cikin ''Gidan'' Victorian duka; Judenplatz Holocaust Memorial a Vienna, mai kama da ɗakunan karatu tare da shafuka sun juya waje; da Untitled Monument, siffar resin ta na huɗu a cikin Trafalgar Square na London. An nada ta [[Order of the British Empire|Kwamandan Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) a shekara ta 2006 da kuma Dame Commander of the Order of the Birtaniya Empire (DBE) a cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar 2019 don hidimomi ga fasaha. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Whiteread a 1963 a Ilford, Essex . Mahaifiyarta, Patricia Whiteread (née Lancaster), wacce ita ma mai zane ce, ta mutu a shekara ta 2003 tana da shekaru 72. Mahaifinta, Thomas Whiteread, malamin ilimin ƙasa ne, mai gudanarwa na polytechnic kuma mai goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Labour, wanda ya mutu lokacin da Whiteread ke karatu a makarantar fasaha a shekarar 1988. Ita ce ta uku cikin 'yan'uwa mata uku - manyan biyu suna da [[Tagwaye|tagwaye iri ɗaya]]. Ta yi bita kan simintin tare da mai zane-zane Richard Wilson kuma ta fara fahimtar yiwuwar simintin abubuwa. Ta kasance a takaice a Kwalejin Fasaha ta [[Cyprus]]. Daga 1985 zuwa 1987 ta yi karatun zane-zane a Slade School of Art, Kwalejin Jami'ar, London, inda Phyllida Barlow ta koya mata, ta kammala karatu tare da MA a 1987. Whiteread ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a Serpentine Gallery . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Turpentine |url=http://1995-2015.undo.net/it/mostra/13319 |access-date=2018-03-06 |website=Studio Voltaire |archive-date=2019-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306234836/http://1995-2015.undo.net/it/mostra/13319 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Na ɗan lokaci ta yi aiki a Kabari na Highgate tana gyara murfin a kan akwatunan gawawwakin da suka lalace. Ta fara nunawa a shekarar 1987, tare da nune-nunen farko da ta zo a shekarar 1988. Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a tsohuwar majami'a a gabashin London tare da abokin tarayya na dogon lokaci kuma abokin aikinta Marcus Taylor . Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu. == Ayyuka == Yawancin ayyukan Whiteread sune kayan gida na yau da kullun kuma, a lokuta da yawa, abin da ake kira sararin samaniya mara kyau. Alal misali, an san ta da yin gyare-gyare masu ƙarfi na sararin samaniya a ciki da kewayen kayan ɗaki kamar tebur da kujeru, cikakkun bayanai na gine-gine har ma da ɗakuna da gine-gine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manchester |first=Elizabeth |date=March 2005 |title=Rachel Whiteread: Untitled (Nine Tables) 1998 - Summary |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/whiteread-untitled-nine-tables-t07984 |access-date=15 June 2016 |publisher=Tate}}</ref> Ta ce 'yan wasan suna ɗauke da "ragowar shekaru da shekaru na amfani". Whiteread yafi mayar da hankali kan layin da kuma nau'in sassanta. Yayinda take a Slade, Whiteread ta jefa abubuwa na cikin gida kuma ta kirkiro siffarta ta farko, Closet . Ta yi gyare-gyare na gyare- gyare-gine na ciki na tufafin katako kuma ta rufe shi da baƙar fata. Ya dogara ne akan ta'azantar da tunanin yara na ɓoyewa a cikin wani ɗaki mai duhu. Bayan ta kammala karatunta ta yi hayar sarari don ɗakin karatu ta amfani da Shirin Gudanar da Kasuwanci. Ta kirkiro Shallow Breath (1988), simintin gefen gado, wanda aka yi ba da daɗewa ba bayan mahaifinta ya mutu.<ref name="Wroe2013" /> Dukkanin siffofin an nuna su a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin 1988 tare da wasu kayan gida. An sayar da aikin kuma ya ba ta damar neman tallafi don samun kudade don manyan siffofi.<ref name="Wroe2013" /> === ''Ghost'' === Bayan nune-nunen farko, Whiteread ta yanke shawarar jefa sararin da abubuwan gidanta zasu iya zama. Ta nemi tallafi, tana kwatanta aikin a matsayin "mummifying iska a cikin ɗaki". Ta kammala ''Ghost'' a cikin 1990. An jefa shi daga ɗaki a cikin gida a kan Archway Road a arewacin London, kamar gidan da ta girma a ciki. Ana fadada hanyar, kuma an rushe gidan. Ta yi amfani da gyare-gyare don jefa bangon ɗakin da rufin a cikin sassan kuma ta tara su a kan tsarin ƙarfe. An fara nuna ''Ghost'' a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Chisenhale . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive Past Exhibitions Rachel Whiteread |url=https://chisenhale.org.uk/exhibition/rachel-whiteread/ |access-date=3 June 2014 |publisher=Chisenhale Gallery |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719083429/https://chisenhale.org.uk/exhibition/rachel-whiteread/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Charles Saatchi ne ya sayi shi kuma ya haɗa shi tare da wasu ayyukan da Whiteread ya yi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Young British Art a shekarar 1992. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2004 gobara a cikin ɗakin ajiyar Momart ta lalata ayyuka da yawa daga tarin Saatchi, gami da, an yi imani, wasu daga Whiteread. Koyaya, kwanan nan an ƙaura ''Ghost'' daga ɗakin ajiya zuwa sabon Gidan Gagosian a London. National Gallery of Art a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] ne suka sayi aikin a cikin kaka na shekara ta 2004. A cewar National Gallery, "Ta yi aiki a kowane sikelin, tana bayyana sarari tsakanin masu kyau da marasa kyau, na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, da kayan ƙerawa da kayan da aka yi da hannu, koyaushe tare da taƙaitaccen, hankali, kyau, da iko. "<ref>{{Cite web |year=1990 |title=Ghost |url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.131285.html |access-date=14 October 2022 |website=Art Object Page}}</ref> === ''Gidan'' da Kyautar Turner === A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1993 Whiteread ya kammala House, simintin ''Gidan'' Victorian. Ta fara la'akari da jefa dukan gida a 1991. Ita da James Lingwood na Artangel sun kalli gidaje da za a rushe a Arewa da Gabashin London a shekarar 1992, amma ba tare da samun nasara ba wajen tabbatar da daya. A wannan lokacin a cikin 1992 da 1993, Whiteread yana da zama mai zane a Berlin tare da tallafin karatu daga Shirin Mai zane na DAAD.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2018 |title=Rachel Whiteread Biography |url=https://www.gagosian.com/artists/rachel-whiteread |access-date=5 June 2018 |publisher=Gagosian Gallery}}</ref> Yayinda take Berlin, ta kirkiro Untitled (Room), simintin ɗaki mai ban mamaki wanda ba a san shi ba wanda ta gina kanta. Ta gama ciki na akwatin ɗaki mai girman ɗaki tare da takarda, windows, da ƙofa kafin simintin. Hoton yana cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na zamani a New York . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Collection - Rachel Whiteread: Untitled (Room) |url=http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?criteria=O%3AAD%3AE%3A6910&page_number=9&template_id=1&sort_order=1 |access-date=5 June 2014 |publisher=Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> ''Gidan'', watakila mafi kyawun aikinta, wani siminti ne na ciki na dukan gidan da aka kammala a cikin kaka na 1993, wanda aka nuna a wurin gidan asali - 193 Grove Road - a Gabashin London (duk gidaje a kan titin an riga an rushe su ta majalisa). Ya jawo martani mai rikitarwa, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Turner don mafi kyawun matashi na Burtaniya a 1993 da kuma kyautar fasahar K Foundation don mafi munin mai zane na Burtaniya. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta lashe kyautar Turner . <ref name="Turner">{{Cite web |last=Greenberger |first=Alex |date=3 December 2013 |title=Art 101: A Short History of the Turner, the Art World's Most Scandalous Prize |url=http://www.artspace.com/magazine/art_101/art_market/the_scandalous_history_of_the_turner_prize-51816 |access-date=15 June 2016 |publisher=ArtSpace |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928132348/https://www.artspace.com/magazine/art_101/art_market/the_scandalous_history_of_the_turner_prize-51816 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tower Hamlets London Borough Council ta rushe House a ranar 11 ga Janairun 1994, wani yanke shawara wanda ya haifar da wasu rikice-rikice da kansa. === Ba a ba da lakabi ba (Wata ɗari) (1997) === Don nune-nunen Sensation a cikin 1997, Whiteread ya nuna Untitled (Wuraren Wuri), jerin resin da aka yi a ƙarƙashin kujerun. Ana iya ganin wannan aikin a matsayin zuriyar Bruce Nauman na yankin a ƙarƙashin kujera ta 1965. Amsar da aka yi ta haɗa da:<blockquote>"kamar filin manyan kayan zaki na kankara, shine mafi ban sha'awa, kuma shigarwa mai kyau har zuwa yau [...] Abubuwan tunawa da gida, suna kama da jellies masu ƙarfi, opalescent ice-cubes, ko sandunan sabulu - lavender, rose, spearmint, lilac. Suna kama da kabari mai tsarawa ko jerin duwatsu masu tsaye na gaba tare da kamani da shirye-shiryen talabijin. "</blockquote> : - Andrew Lambirth, The Spectator, 12 ga Oktoba 1996. === ''Hasumiyar Ruwa'' === A cikin 1998, Whiteread ya sanya ''Hasumiyar Ruwa'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na tallafi ga Asusun Fasaha na Jama'a na [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]]. Yankin, wanda yake 12' 2" da 9' a diamita, wani resin ne mai haske wanda aka sanya a kan rufin a cikin gundumar SoHo ta Birnin New York. An kira shi "wani abu mai kyau, wanda ke canza launi tare da sama, da kuma wanda ya dace sosai, yana murna da ɗaya daga cikin siffofi masu ban sha'awa da ban sha'a na sararin samaniya na New York." Wannan yanki yanzu yana cikin tarin dindindin na Gidan Tarihi na zamani (MoMA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rachel Whiteread. Water Tower. 1998 |url=http://www.moma.org/collection/object.php?object_id=82016 |access-date=22 February 2014 |publisher=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> Kamar dai yadda ''Ghost'' ya kai ga mafi girma kuma sananne House, don haka ''Hasumiyar Ruwa'' ta haifar da aikin jama'a na Trafalgar Square shekaru uku bayan haka. === Holocaust Monument a.k.a. Nameless Library (2000) === [[Fayil:Rachel_whitereadwien_holocaust_mahnmal_wien_judenplatz.jpg|right|thumb|''Abin tunawa da Holocaust'' (2000) Judenplatz, [[Vienna]]]] A lokacin Holocaust, an kashe Yahudawa 65,000 na [[Austriya]], kuma a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ''Abin tunawa ga Wadanda aka azabtar da Fascism'' wani abin tunawa ne da aka gina don tunawa da waɗannan rayuka da suka ɓace, duk da haka, an ga wannan yanki a matsayin mara gamsarwa, don haka Simon Wiesenthal ya ba da shawarar ra'ayin sabon abin tunawa ga magajin garin Vienna. Tare da yanayin cewa wannan abin tunawa ba zai iya zama na alama ba kuma ana buƙatar wakiltar dukkan rayuka 65,000 da sansanonin da aka kashe a ciki, an zaɓi Rachel Whiteread daga cikin masu zane-zane goma don ƙirƙirar wannan abin tunawa. An gina abin tunawa da shi a Judenplatz Square a Vienna kuma ya zama ɗakin karatu na ciki. An gina wannan tsari ne daga littattafan siminti da aka yi amfani da su wanda aka sanya tare da ƙashin su da ke fuskantar ciki. Rashin iya karanta waɗannan littattafan yana nuni da rayuwar da ta ɓace na Yahudawa 65,000 na Austriya waɗanda ba za a iya gaya wa labarun su ba wanda ya bar mai kallo da rashin fahimta. Wadannan littattafai kuma an ga su suna nufin ƙonewar littattafan Nazi. Har ila yau, siffar ba ta haɗa da kusurwa ko ɗakunan littattafai wanda ke nuna rashin tsari da tallafi. Har ila yau, an gina ɗakin karatu mara suna a kan wuraren tonowa na majami'u mafi tsufa na Vienna wanda ya haifar da zargi da yawa game da yanki kamar yadda yawancin 'yan ƙasa suka ji cewa filin ya isa ga abin tunawa da kansa. Wasu masu sukar har ma sun zarge ta da nuna wa Yahudawa "mutane na littafin" la'akari da cewa an rubuta abubuwan tunawa da Yahudawa a al'ada. Wannan abin tunawa kuma yana tambaya game da ra'ayoyin gine-gine na ciki da waje kamar yadda ginin da ke kewaye da bangon murabba'i ya zama bangon, da kuma tituna da ke kaiwa ciki kamar ƙofofi. Bugu da ƙari, rufin rufin da aka juya yana aiki a matsayin maɓallin ruwa zuwa cikin siffar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carley |first=Rachel |year=2010 |title=Silent Witness: Rachel Whiteread's Nameless Library |url=http://unitec.researchbank.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10652/2232/IDEA.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128010101/http://unitec.researchbank.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10652/2232/IDEA.pdf?sequence%3D1 |archive-date=2019-01-28 |access-date=30 March 2018 |website=Idea Journal}}</ref> === Abin tunawa da ba a ba shi da suna (2001) === Tare da Untitled Monument (2001), (wanda aka fi sani da Plinth ko Inverted Plinth), Whiteread ya zama mai zane na uku don samar da zane-zane don matattarar huɗu a cikin Trafalgar Square. Hotonta ya kasance mai nauyin tan 11 na resin da aka yi da kansa, wanda Mike Smith Studio, London, <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2001 |title=Monument - Mike Smith Studio |url=http://mikesmithstudio.com/projects/monument/}}</ref> ya yi, wanda ya tsaya a sama, yana haifar da wani nau'in madubi na plinth. An ce shi ne abu mafi girma da aka taɓa yi da resin, yana ɗaukar ƙoƙari takwas don samarwa saboda fashewar resin. An samar da aikin a rabi biyu, kuma an gyara kwalliya ta saman simintin ta hanyar cire su kuma cika ƙananan craters da allura na resin. Abin mamaki ga aikin jama'a, ta tara kudade don yanki kanta ta hanyar sayar da maquettes (ƙananan samfuran shirye-shirye); wannan ba ƙaramin alama ba ne tare da ƙirar kawai tana da tsada sama da £ 100,000 kuma jimlar farashin da aka kiyasta a £ 225,00 Amsar da aka yi ta haɗa da:<blockquote>"Wannan abin tunawa mai ban sha'awa ya yi kama da akwatin gilashi, amma bayyanar ruwa tana da alaƙa da babban maɓuɓɓugar da ke mamaye filin Trafalgar. Biye da taken ruwa, Abin tunawa na Whiteread yana tunatar da wurin da aka yi yakin sojan ruwa na 1805 wanda aka sanya sunan filin. "</blockquote> : - David Ebony, ''Artnet'' <blockquote>"Yana da sauƙi, amma mai tasiri, kuma haɗin da yake haɗawa - nauyi da haske, ƙasa da sama, mutuwa da rayuwa - suna haifar da tunani da yawa [...] Whiteread's Monument, kamar haske da haske kamar yadda matattarar take duhu da shimfiɗa, ita ce kawai ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarorin huɗu da aka ba da izini don nuna kai tsaye ga ma'anar matattarar matattarar ba. Ta ga shi a matsayin sarari da za a cika ba, amma a yarda da shi, kuma tana yin hakan da kyau.</blockquote> : - Ned Denny, New Statesman, 9 ga Yuli 2001. === ''Rashin ruwa'' (2005-2006) === A cikin bazara na shekara ta 2004, an ba ta kwamishinan jerin [[Unilever]] na shekara-shekara don samar da wani yanki don babban gidan Turbine Hall na Tate Modern, yana jinkirta karɓa na watanni biyar zuwa shida har sai ta amince da cewa za ta iya ɗaukar hoto game da aiki don cika sarari. A cikin rabin watan Satumba na shekara ta 2005 da kuma tsakiyar watan Oktoba an shigar da aikinta Embankment kuma an bayyana shi a fili a ranar 10 ga Oktoba. Ya ƙunshi wasu 14,000 translucent, fararen akwatunan polyethylene (su da kansu sun yi amfani da su a cikin akwatunan katako) an tara su a hanyoyi daban-daban; wasu a cikin tsaunuka masu tsawo da wasu a ƙasa (ko da yake har yanzu a kan tsawo na mutum), rectangular, mafi daidaitaccen tsari. An gyara su a matsayi tare da manne. Ta ambaci al'amuran ƙarshe na Raiders of the Lost Ark da Citizen Kane a matsayin masu gabatarwa na gani; ta kuma yi magana game da mutuwar mahaifiyarta da kuma lokacin tashin hankali wanda ya haɗa da shirya da motsa akwatuna masu kama da juna. An kuma yi tunanin cewa tafiyarta ta baya-bayan nan zuwa [[Arctic]] wahayi ne, kodayake masu sukar sun yi jayayya cewa fari shine kawai launi da polyethylene ke shigowa, kuma zai kara da yawa ga kudin da za a canza su. An ƙera akwatunan ne daga akwatunan katako guda goma da wani kamfani ke samar da kayan kwalliya da ƙuƙwalwar zirga-zirga. Amsar da aka yi ta haɗa da:<blockquote>"Tare da wannan aikin Whiteread ta zurfafa wasanta, kuma ta yi aiki mai wadata da basira kamar yadda yake da ban mamaki. Duk abin da yake, Embankment yana da karimci da ƙarfin zuciya, sanarwa ce ta niyya. "</blockquote> : - Adrian Searle, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 11 ga Oktoba 2005. <blockquote>"Duk abin da ke jin daɗi a cikin gida a sikelin, abubuwan da ke tsoratar da Turbine Hall sun ragu zuwa hanyoyin da ba daidai ba. Daga saman hanyar tafiya, yana kama da wurin ajiya wanda ke ci gaba da rasa makircin; daga ciki, yayin da kake hanyarka tsakanin tuddai na tubalan, yana jin kamar wani labyrinth mai sanyi. "</blockquote> : - Andrew Dickson, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 10 ga Oktoba 2005. <blockquote>"Wannan wani misali ne na gigantism mara amfani wanda zai iya kasancewa a ko'ina, kuma shine mafi ƙarancin nasara daga cikin yunkurin da aka yi na gallery don amfani da sararin samaniya mara tausayi, "<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/arts/articulate/200510/s1479726.htm Evening Standard, quoted in ABC news]{{Dead link|date=December 2018}} (Australia)</ref></blockquote> : - Brian Sewell, ''London Evening Standard'', Oktoba 2005. <blockquote>"[yana kama da] tarin tarin sukari mai girma [...] Abin farin ciki, aikin da aka tallafawa £ 400,000 ana iya sake amfani da shi. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moyes |first=Stephen |date=11 October 2005 |title=UNVEILED: TATE'S NEW ART..14,000 WHITE BOXES |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/tm_objectid%3D16232574%26method%3Dfull%26siteid%3D94762%26headline%3Dunveiled--tate-s-new-art--14-000-white-boxes--name_page.html |website=[[Daily Mirror]] |access-date=19 February 2025 |archive-date=26 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426133727/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/tm_objectid%3D16232574%26method%3Dfull%26siteid%3D94762%26headline%3Dunveiled--tate-s-new-art--14-000-white-boxes--name_page.html |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote> : - Stephen Moyes, Daily Mirror, 11 ga Oktoba 2005. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hj2tcmrlmluxdqtlgpd7b7rljh6438l 0 93499 883094 588873 2026-07-14T21:43:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aviâja Egede Lynge''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1974) masanin ilimin zamantakewar al'umma ne na [[Greenland|Greenlandic]] wanda ke goyon bayan haƙƙin 'yan asalin Inuit. A cikin asalinsa Greenland, ta ba da gudummawa ga horar da malamai don fahimtar asalin al'adunsu da haƙƙin 'yan asalin su. Tun daga shekara ta 2015, ta kasance Kakakin Greenland na 'Yancin Yara (børnetalsmand), matsayin da aka gayyace ta ta ci gaba har zuwa 2025. Tun daga shekarar 2020, ta kasance memba na Babban Taron [[International Indigenous Women’s Forum|Taron Mata na Kasa da Kasa]] (FIMI). == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife shi a Greenland a shekara ta 1974, Aviâja Egede Lynge an haife shi ne a cikin yanayin asali. Iyayenta da kakanninta, ciki har da kakanninsu dan kasar Denmark, suna da sha'awar samun al'adu da haƙƙin harshe ga Greenland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aviâja Egede Lynge |url=http://www.humanrightscolumbia.org/?q=content/avi%C3%A2ja-egede-lynge |access-date=10 August 2021 |publisher=Institute for the Study of Human Rights |language=}}</ref> Bayan ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Greenland, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin zamantakewar al'umma daga Jami'ar Edinburgh . Tana da sha'awa ta musamman a tarihin 'yan asalin ƙasar, a Greenland da kuma duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grønlandsudvalget 2013-14: Bilad 2, Kandidater til kommissionsmedlemmer |url=https://www.ft.dk/samling/20131/almdel/GRU/bilag/69/1393522.pdf |access-date=10 August 2021 |publisher=Folketinget |language=Danish}}</ref> Daga shekara ta 2006, ta jagoranci sashen ci gaba da ilimi a Jami'ar Greenland inda ta haɓaka darussan difloma na koyarwa da shirin digiri na biyu ga malamai na Greenland. Ta kuma koyar da ilimin zamantakewar al'umma kuma ta shiga cikin sauye-sauyen ilimi. Ta kasance mai aiki sosai wajen daidaita ci gaban ilimi ga 'yan asalin Kanada da Alaska. A shekara ta 2013, ta wakilci mata na Arctic a Taron Duniya na Mata na 'yan asalin ƙasar a Lima, Peru . [1] A shekarar 2015, an nada ta Kakakin 'Yancin Yara a Greenland . Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an nada ta memba na kwamitin Kungiyar Ayyuka ta Duniya don Harkokin 'Yan asalin (IWGIA). <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2017 |title=Grønlands børnetalsmand in IWGIAs bestyrelse |url=https://globalnyt.dk/content/groenlands-boernetalsmand-ind-i-iwgias-bestyrelse |access-date=10 August 2021 |publisher=Globalnyt |language=Danish}}</ref> A cikin 2020, ta zama memba na Babban Taron Taron Mata na Kasa da Kasa. <ref name="fimi">{{Cite web |title=Aviâja Egede Lynge |url=https://fimi-iiwf.org/aviaja-egede-lynge/?lang=en |access-date=9 August 2021 |publisher=20 FIMI |language= |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809154937/https://fimi-iiwf.org/aviaja-egede-lynge/?lang=en |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://fimi-iiwf.org/aviaja-egede-lynge/?lang=en "Aviâja Egede Lynge"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127103904/https://fimi-iiwf.org/aviaja-egede-lynge/?lang=en |date=2023-01-27 }}. 20 FIMI<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] pemwgm35wsfjs2jjylyaioe8lbs7a7w 0 94029 883360 605246 2026-07-15T09:39:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Evangeline Atwood''' (an haife ta a shekarar 1906 &#x2013; 1987) ƴar tarihi ce, ƴar gwagwarmaya, kuma ƴar agaji. Ita ce ta kasance mai haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi masu yawa a Alaska, ciki har da Ƙungiyar Alaska ta Jihar Alaska, Ƙungiyar Masu Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Anchorage, [[Alaska World Affairs Council|Majalisar Al'amuran Duniya ta Alaska]], Majalisar Iyaye-Malami na Anchorage, da [[Cook Inlet Historical Society]] . Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Alaska ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Tarihin Shekara a 1975. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2014 |title=James H. Ducker Historian of the Year - Alaska Historical Society |url=http://alaskahistoricalsociety.org/about-ahs/awards/historian-of-the-year/}}</ref> A cikin 2009, an ba ta suna zuwa Hall of Fame na Mata na Alaska . <ref> name="AWHF">{{Cite web |last=Pamela |title=Evangeline Atwood |url=http://alaskawomenshalloffame.org/2011/02/28/evangeline-atwood/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205158/http://alaskawomenshalloffame.org/2011/02/28/evangeline-atwood/ |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2013 |website=Hall of Fame |publisher=Alaska Women's Hall of Fame}}</ref> Mijinta Robert Atwood kuma shine mai haɗin gwiwa, tare da shi, na ''Anchorage Times'' . <ref name="lewwallace">{{Cite web |title=Evangeline Atwood and Lew M. Williams, Jr. "Bent Pins to Chains: Alaska and its Newspapers" |url=http://consortiumlibrary.org/archives/CollectionsList/CollectionDescriptions/hmc-0610cd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195450/http://consortiumlibrary.org/archives/CollectionsList/CollectionDescriptions/hmc-0610cd.html |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2013 |website=Historical Manuscripts Collection List |publisher=Consortium Library, University of Alaska Anchorage}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Maud "Evangeline" Rasmuson a 1906 a Sitka, Alaska . Iyayenta sune Edward Anton Rasmuson da Jenny Olsen. Tana da ɗan'uwa ɗaya, Elmer. Ta halarci Jami'ar Washington da Jami'ar Chicago, inda ta sami Bachelor of Arts da Master of Arts, bi da bi. <ref> name="papers1">{{Cite web |title=Atwood family papers |url=http://consortiumlibrary.org/archives/FindingAids/hmc-0989.html |access-date=October 27, 2013 |website=Archives and Special Collections |publisher=Consortium Library, University of Alaska Anchorage}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatun, ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin zamantakewa a Springfield, Illinois . Ta auri Robert Atwood a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1932, wanda ta sadu da shi yayin aiki a Springfield. <ref>name="Brown">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Tricia |title=Robert Bruce Atwood – 1907–1997 |url=http://www.litsite.org/index.cfm?section=Digital-Archives&page=Industry&cat=Media-and-Communications&viewpost=2&ContentId=2741 |access-date=October 27, 2013 |website=Digital Archives |publisher=University of Alaska Anchorage |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192917/http://www.litsite.org/index.cfm?section=Digital-Archives&page=Industry&cat=Media-and-Communications&viewpost=2&ContentId=2741 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sun ƙaura zuwa Anchorage, Alaska, a cikin 1935. <ref> name="lewwallace">{{Cite web |title=Evangeline Atwood and Lew M. Williams, Jr. "Bent Pins to Chains: Alaska and its Newspapers" |url=http://consortiumlibrary.org/archives/CollectionsList/CollectionDescriptions/hmc-0610cd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195450/http://consortiumlibrary.org/archives/CollectionsList/CollectionDescriptions/hmc-0610cd.html |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2013 |website=Historical Manuscripts Collection List |publisher=Consortium Library, University of Alaska Anchorage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195450/http://consortiumlibrary.org/archives/CollectionsList/CollectionDescriptions/hmc-0610cd.html "Evangeline Atwood and Lew M. Williams, Jr. "Bent Pins to Chains: Alaska and its Newspapers""]. ''Historical Manuscripts Collection List''. Consortium Library, University of Alaska Anchorage. Archived from [http://consortiumlibrary.org/archives/CollectionsList/CollectionDescriptions/hmc-0610cd.html the original] on October 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Ta zama ɗan tarihi mai mai da hankali kan tarihin Alaska . Za ta rubuta littattafai shida game da tarihin Alaska da al'adunta, ciki har da daya game da James Wickersham . Har ila yau, ta rubuta wa ''Anchorage Times'', a cikin abin da take da ginshiƙai guda biyu, "Matan Alaska a Siyasa" da "Maganar Tarihi." Ta kafa [[Alaska World Affairs Council|Majalisar Al'amuran Duniya ta Alaska]] . Za ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na hukumar da mai tsara taron na kungiyar. A 1935, ta haifi Marilyn Jeanette Atwood. A 1940, ta haifi wata 'yar, Sara "Elaine" Atwood. A cikin 1947, ita da Robert sun sayi Otal ɗin Anchorage . <ref name="papers1">{{Cite web |title=Atwood family papers |url=http://consortiumlibrary.org/archives/FindingAids/hmc-0989.html |access-date=October 27, 2013 |website=Archives and Special Collections |publisher=Consortium Library, University of Alaska Anchorage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://consortiumlibrary.org/archives/FindingAids/hmc-0989.html "Atwood family papers"]. ''Archives and Special Collections''. Consortium Library, University of Alaska Anchorage<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> A tsakiyar 1940s, ta kafa kungiyar Alaska Statehood Association, don tallafawa Ernest Gruening don samun matsayin jihar Alaska. Ta zama shugabar kungiyar da ke da wakilci a garuruwa goma na jihar. Kungiyar ta tallafa wa George Sundborg don samar da binciken bincike da za a yi amfani da shi don bayyana wa masu jefa kuri'a dalilin da ya sa za su mayar da Alaska jiha. An yi amfani da shi a zaɓen jihar Alaska na 1946, kuma an amince da ƙuri'ar raba gardama. Atwood ya fara ƙungiyar masu jefa ƙuri'a ta Anchorage a cikin 1950. Atwood ta adana yawancin takardunta da takardunta a gida, ciki har da takardun da suka shafi aikinta a ''Anchorage Times'' . Yawancin takardunta da ma'ajiyar tarihin iyali an lalata su a lokacin girgizar kasa ta Alaska a 1964 . <ref> name="papers1">{{Cite web |title=Atwood family papers |url=http://consortiumlibrary.org/archives/FindingAids/hmc-0989.html |access-date=October 27, 2013 |website=Archives and Special Collections |publisher=Consortium Library, University of Alaska Anchorage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://consortiumlibrary.org/archives/FindingAids/hmc-0989.html "Atwood family papers"]. ''Archives and Special Collections''. Consortium Library, University of Alaska Anchorage<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> == Daga baya rayuwa da gado == Atwood ne ya fara rubutun tarihin jaridun Alaska, kuma ɗan jarida Lew M. Williams, Jr., ya cika bayan mutuwarta. <ref> name="lewwallace">{{Cite web |title=Evangeline Atwood and Lew M. Williams, Jr. "Bent Pins to Chains: Alaska and its Newspapers" |url=http://consortiumlibrary.org/archives/CollectionsList/CollectionDescriptions/hmc-0610cd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195450/http://consortiumlibrary.org/archives/CollectionsList/CollectionDescriptions/hmc-0610cd.html |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2013 |website=Historical Manuscripts Collection List |publisher=Consortium Library, University of Alaska Anchorage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195450/http://consortiumlibrary.org/archives/CollectionsList/CollectionDescriptions/hmc-0610cd.html "Evangeline Atwood and Lew M. Williams, Jr. "Bent Pins to Chains: Alaska and its Newspapers""]. ''Historical Manuscripts Collection List''. Consortium Library, University of Alaska Anchorage. Archived from [http://consortiumlibrary.org/archives/CollectionsList/CollectionDescriptions/hmc-0610cd.html the original] on October 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> A cikin 2009, an ƙaddamar da Atwood a cikin Hall of Fame na Mata na Alaska . <ref name="AWHF">{{Cite web |last=Pamela |title=Evangeline Atwood |url=http://alaskawomenshalloffame.org/2011/02/28/evangeline-atwood/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205158/http://alaskawomenshalloffame.org/2011/02/28/evangeline-atwood/ |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2013 |website=Hall of Fame |publisher=Alaska Women's Hall of Fame}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPamela">Pamela. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205158/http://alaskawomenshalloffame.org/2011/02/28/evangeline-atwood/ "Evangeline Atwood"]. ''Hall of Fame''. Alaska Women's Hall of Fame. Archived from [http://alaskawomenshalloffame.org/2011/02/28/evangeline-atwood/ the original] on October 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Gidan kayan tarihi na Anchorage mai suna Bob da Evangeline Atwood Alaska Resource Center bayan ita da mijinta. <ref name="AM1">{{Cite web |title=Archives & Collections |url=http://www.anchoragemuseum.org/archives_collections/archives_collections.aspx |access-date=October 27, 2013 |website=Research |publisher=Anchorage Museum }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana gudanar da takaddun dangin Atwood a cikin tarin Jami'ar Alaska Anchorage . <ref name="papers1"/> Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Atwood a Cibiyar Alaska don Yin Arts ana kiransa bayan Atwood. <ref name="hall">{{Cite web |title=Atwood Concert Hall |url=http://www.myalaskacenter.com/facility/theatres_atwood.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027091133/http://myalaskacenter.com/facility/theatres_atwood.php |archive-date=October 27, 2013 |access-date=October 27, 2013 |website=About |publisher=Alaska Center for the Performing Arts}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Alaska ta ba da lambar yabo ta Evangeline Atwood don ƙwarewa a tarihin Alaska. <ref name="Brown">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Tricia |title=Robert Bruce Atwood – 1907–1997 |url=http://www.litsite.org/index.cfm?section=Digital-Archives&page=Industry&cat=Media-and-Communications&viewpost=2&ContentId=2741 |access-date=October 27, 2013 |website=Digital Archives |publisher=University of Alaska Anchorage |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192917/http://www.litsite.org/index.cfm?section=Digital-Archives&page=Industry&cat=Media-and-Communications&viewpost=2&ContentId=2741 |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBrown">Brown, Tricia. [http://www.litsite.org/index.cfm?section=Digital-Archives&page=Industry&cat=Media-and-Communications&viewpost=2&ContentId=2741 "Robert Bruce Atwood – 1907–1997"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192917/http://www.litsite.org/index.cfm?section=Digital-Archives&page=Industry&cat=Media-and-Communications&viewpost=2&ContentId=2741 |date=2013-10-29 }}. ''Digital Archives''. University of Alaska Anchorage<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> == Kara karantawa == * Atwood, Evangeline da Robert N. DeArmond. ''Wanene Wanene a Siyasar Alaska'' . 1977. <ref name="papers1"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1906]] auufyggbrwqirljqdpkc2wu5m4fmgeq 0 94572 883012 880873 2026-07-14T17:46:23Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 883012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nan Joyce''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1940 - 7 Agusta 2018) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pollak |first=Sorcha |date=8 August 2018 |title=Nan Joyce, trailblazer for Traveller rights, dies aged 78 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/nan-joyce-trailblazer-for-traveller-rights-dies-aged-78-1.3590010 |access-date=8 August 2018 |website=[[The Irish Times]]}}</ref> ƴar gwagwarmayar yancin matafiya ce na Irish . Ta yi aiki don inganta rayuwar Matafiya a [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]] da [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]] daga 1981 har zuwa mutuwarta a shekarar 2018. Ita ce 'yar takarar Matafiya ta farko a babban zaɓe na Irish, a cikin (1982). <ref>{{Cite web |last=RTÉ Libraries and Archives |author-link=RTÉ Libraries and Archives |title=Nan Joyce Stands For Election |url=https://www.rte.ie/archives/2017/1121/921778-traveller-activist-nan-joyce/}}</ref> == Rayuwar iyali == An haifi Joyce Ann O'Donoghue a Clogheen, County Tipperary, a cikin (1940). Ita ce ta biyu a cikin yara tara kuma iyayenta su ne John O'Donoghue, mai horar da doki, da Nan McCann. Mahaifinta ya kasance ƙwararren mai karatu wanda ya koya wa ’ya’yansa tarihin filaye da ƙauyuka da suke gani a tafiye-tafiyensu. Ya karanta aikin likita wanda ya ba shi damar magance yawancin cututtuka na 'ya'yansa. Ya yi magana Cant, kuma yana iya karatu da rubutu cikin [[Harshen Irish|Irish]] da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] . Matarshi ba ta iya karatu. Mahaifin Joyce ya mutu a cikin ɗakin ’yan sanda sa’ad da take ’yar shekara 12, kuma an tura mahaifiyarta kurkuku saboda yin sata don ta tallafa wa iyalinta. Joyce ta karɓi matsayin uwa kuma ta yi yawo a cikin kasar tare da 'yan uwanta. Bayan wasu shekaru, ta auri wani Matafiya, John Joyce, kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya goma sha ɗaya (11). Ta jimre da wahalhalu da dama da suka haɗa da son zuciya da rashin haƙuri, tare da zama a gefen titi ba tare da kayan aiki ba, ga kuma mummunan yanayi, wanda ya haifar da rashin lafiya da yanke ƙauna. Halin ya sa 'ya'yanta mata guda biyu 2 su sami raunin juyayi kuma an kai su asibiti. Wata 'yar kuma ta kamu da cutar dalma mai tsananin lokacin da aka jefar da batura a sansaninsu, kuma ta shiga kulawa na dogon lokaci. Mutane sun yi ta zubar da shara a sansanin Joyce a lokacin yajin aikin [[Tara shara|masu tara kaya]] a shekarar 1982, wanda ya jawo hankalin ɓeraye, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar jikarta mai shekara guda, wadda ta kamu da [[Sanƙarau|cutar sankarau]] daga wajensu. Ta zauna na wani lokaci a Clondalkin kafin ta koma Tallaght inda ta fara rayuwar jama'a, kuma daga baya ta zauna a Belfast, inda ta ci gaba da aiki don haƙƙin matafiya da jin daɗin rayuwar su. == Ƙaunar jama'a == === Shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a === Iyalin Joyce daga aurenta suna zaune ne a wani wurin dakatarwa a Clondalkin lokacin da masu zanga-zangar Majalisar gundumar Dublin suka tilasta musu fita a 1981. Sun ƙaura zuwa Tallaght inda Joyce ta sa 'ya'yanta a makaranta. Yayin da dangin ke zaune a cikin sabon kewayen su, majalisar gundumar ta yi ƙoƙarin buɗe sabon Tallaght By-pass, inda sama da iyalai matafiya ɗari 100 ke zaune, ba tare da cika aikinsu na doka ba na ba su madadin wurin. {{Refn|A Traveller, Roselle McDonald, won a court ruling in 1980 that Travellers could not be evicted from local authority property without being offered a suitable alternative, although the authorities side-stepped the ruling by harassment such as dumping rubbish and manure beside Traveller homes, causing them to move away.<ref name="red-black" />}} Wasu fusatattun mazauna yankin sun yi wa Joyces da sauran Iyalan Matafiya barazana, inda suka ba su wa'adi na barin yankin. <ref name="red-black">{{Cite journal |year=1996 |title=Racism in Ireland: Travellers Fighting Back |url=http://struggle.ws/pdfs/rbr2.pdf |journal=Red and Black Revolution |publisher=Workers Solidarity Movement |issue=2 |pages=22–5 |access-date=2013-08-12}}</ref> A lokacin da suka ki motsi, sai wasu ‘yan banga tare da goyon bayan wasu ‘yan siyasar yankin, suka shirya ’ yan banga don yin sintiri a duk wani fili da ke yankin, inda suka ziyarci sansanin Matafiya don tsoratar da su ta hanyar yin harbin iska da ihun “Fita! Wasu daga cikin mazauna garin Tallaght da suka zauna suka zo wurin kare matafiya suka tsaya tare da su. Mai watsa shirye-shirye Gay Byrne shi ma ya tallafa musu kuma ya watsa shirye-shiryensa na rediyo daga wurin da aka dakatar. Hakan ya ba Joyce dama ta farko ta yi magana a madadin al’ummarta game da zaluncin da suka sha. Ta karanta jaridu a kai a kai kuma ta damu da yadda suke bata sunan al’ummar matafiya: “Ba zan yi mamakin mutanen da ke zaune suna adawa da mu ba domin ba su ji komai ba sai dai mummuna,” in ji ta. Ta rubuta takardan masifu na Travellers ta bayyana bukatunsu kuma ta kai ga dukkan ofisoshin jaridu na cikin gida. Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar Matafiya kuma ta zaunar da mutanen da suka ƙirƙiri Kwamitin Haƙƙin Matafiya da yin taro a gidanta don haɗawa da sauran matafiya. Ta ba da jawabai a duk faɗin ƙasar ga makarantu, kwalejoji, da gidajen zuhudu don ilimantar da mutane game da tarihin matafiya da al'adun gargajiya. Ita da kwamitin kare haƙƙin matafiya sun jagoranci maci da kuma zaɓe, kuma an gudanar da wasu daga cikin waɗannan tarzoma a wajen Dail . Kungiyar kare hakkin matafiya ta farko, mai suna {{Lang|ga|Mincéir Misli}}, ta samo asali ne daga Kwamitin Haƙƙin Matafiya a 1983, kuma Joyce ta ci gaba da aikinta tare da su. === yakin neman zabe === Kwamitin ya zaɓi Joyce don yin takara a matsayin ɗan takara a babban zaɓe na Nuwamba 1982, a mazabar Dublin Kudu-Yamma, ta zama matafiyi na farko da ya yi takara don kujerar Dáil. Ta yi wa [[BBC]] wani shiri a lokacin yakin neman zabe don inganta goyon bayanta. Ta roki jama'a don neman kuri'u a titunan Dublin, sanye da makarufo mai boye kuma yayin da ake daukar hoton bidiyo a asirce. Ta samu fatan alheri da yawa amma kuma ta sadu da mutanen da suka gaya mata cewa Matafiya "datti" da "jaza" kuma "ya kamata a ƙone su". Wani dan takarar mazabar, Richard O'Reilly, ya yi takara don nuna adawa da ita a kan wani dandali na hana Tafiya ta hanyar amfani da slur, "Get the knackers out of Tallaght" a matsayin taken yaƙin neman zabensa. Ba a zaɓe Joyce ba amma ta sami kuri'u biyu fiye da O'Reilly. {{Refn|November 1982 general election results: Nan Joyce: 581 first preference votes; Richard O'Reilly: 297 votes.<ref name="electionsireland" />}} Jim kaɗan bayan zaben, an kama ta kuma an tuhume ta da laifin satar kayan ado. Al’amarin ya janyo hankulan jama’a sosai amma an yi watsi da tuhumar a gaban kotu saboda rashin shaida, duk da cewa imaninta ya lalace. Mutane da yawa sun gaskata cewa an tsara ta ne saboda yakin neman zabe. === Jawabin taron kasa da kasa === Ta halarci {{Lang|ga|[[Trócaire]]}} taron karawa juna sani a Galway a shekarar 1983 inda ta burge kungiyarta ta taron karawa juna sani wanda ya hada da wanda ya lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel, Seán MacBride, kuma an zabe ta a matsayin shugabar da za ta wakilce su. Ta gabatar da jawabi ga dubban limaman coci-coci da masu aikin jin kai daga ko'ina cikin duniya: "Ku jama'a kun damu sosai game da duniya ta uku. Ina ganin ya kamata ku ma ku damu da mu, mu ne duniya ta hudu. Muna zaune a cikin beraye a sansani ko ayari ... 'ya'yanmu suna fama da cututtuka masu yawa kamar na duniya ta uku." Ta samu karramawa sosai, kuma jaridar The Irish Times ta ruwaito cewa, "Mrs Joyce ta yi tasiri mai ban mamaki a taron karawa juna sani, inda ta samu yabo fiye da duk wanda ya gabatar da rahotanni." === Belfast === Daga baya ta koma Belfast na wasu shekaru. A can, ta ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar da za ta yi yaƙi don haƙƙin matafiya kuma ta yi nasarar samun nasara don sabbin wuraren dakatarwa a West Belfast tare da samar da ruwan sha, bandakuna, makarantar wasan yara, da kuma asibitin jarirai. Ta ci gaba da ziyarar makaranta a yankin don bayyana yadda yake da muhimmanci yaran matafiya su koyi al'adu da al'adun su. Wadannan ziyarce-ziyarcen sun yi tasiri ga yadda makarantun ke amfani da kayan koyarwa da abubuwan da ke cikin kwasa-kwasan don magance yaran matafiya kai tsaye. === Gado === Joyce ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matafiya na Irish. Ta fara aikin haƙƙin matafiya da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da ɗimbin matsalolin ɓoye da suke fuskanta. Kasancewar Kwamitin Haƙƙin Matafiya a cikin shekarun {1980} ya haɓaka ƙungiyoyin kashe-kashe da yawa waɗanda ke sadaukar da bukatun matafiya. Ta buga Traveller: tarihin kansa a cikin 1985, wanda ya sami kulawar masana, kuma shine batun babi a cikin nazarin mata masu tasiri na Irish, Mná na hÉireann: Matan da suka Siffata Ireland, a cikin 2009. == Bayanan kula == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] digyzhy0ob1ys6pl4ywe5r9xjshtpe9 883014 883012 2026-07-14T17:47:02Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 883014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nan Joyce''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1940 - 7 Agusta 2018) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pollak |first=Sorcha |date=8 August 2018 |title=Nan Joyce, trailblazer for Traveller rights, dies aged 78 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/nan-joyce-trailblazer-for-traveller-rights-dies-aged-78-1.3590010 |access-date=8 August 2018 |website=[[The Irish Times]]}}</ref> ƴar gwagwarmayar yancin matafiya ce na Irish . Ta yi aiki don inganta rayuwar Matafiya a [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]] da [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]] daga 1981 har zuwa mutuwarta a shekarar 2018. Ita ce 'yar takarar Matafiya ta farko a babban zaɓe na Irish, a cikin (1982). <ref>{{Cite web |last=RTÉ Libraries and Archives |author-link=RTÉ Libraries and Archives |title=Nan Joyce Stands For Election |url=https://www.rte.ie/archives/2017/1121/921778-traveller-activist-nan-joyce/}}</ref> == Rayuwar iyali == An haifi Joyce Ann O'Donoghue a Clogheen, County Tipperary, a cikin (1940). Ita ce ta biyu a cikin yara tara kuma iyayenta su ne John O'Donoghue, mai horar da doki, da Nan McCann. Mahaifinta ya kasance ƙwararren mai karatu wanda ya koya wa ’ya’yansa tarihin filaye da ƙauyuka da suke gani a tafiye-tafiyensu. Ya karanta aikin likita wanda ya ba shi damar magance yawancin cututtuka na 'ya'yansa. Ya yi magana Cant, kuma yana iya karatu da rubutu cikin [[Harshen Irish|Irish]] da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] . Matarshi ba ta iya karatu. Mahaifin Joyce ya mutu a cikin ɗakin ’yan sanda sa’ad da take ’yar shekara 12, kuma an tura mahaifiyarta kurkuku saboda yin sata don ta tallafa wa iyalinta. Joyce ta karɓi matsayin uwa kuma ta yi yawo a cikin kasar tare da 'yan uwanta. Bayan wasu shekaru, ta kuma auri wani Matafiya, John Joyce, kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya goma sha ɗaya (11). Ta jimre da wahalhalu da dama da suka haɗa da son zuciya da rashin haƙuri, tare da zama a gefen titi ba tare da kayan aiki ba, ga kuma mummunan yanayi, wanda ya haifar da rashin lafiya da yanke ƙauna. Halin ya sa 'ya'yanta mata guda biyu 2 su sami raunin juyayi kuma an kai su asibiti. Wata 'yar kuma ta kamu da cutar dalma mai tsananin lokacin da aka jefar da batura a sansaninsu, kuma ta shiga kulawa na dogon lokaci. Mutane sun yi ta zubar da shara a sansanin Joyce a lokacin yajin aikin [[Tara shara|masu tara kaya]] a shekarar 1982, wanda ya jawo hankalin ɓeraye, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar jikarta mai shekara guda, wadda ta kamu da [[Sanƙarau|cutar sankarau]] daga wajensu. Ta zauna na wani lokaci a Clondalkin kafin ta koma Tallaght inda ta fara rayuwar jama'a, kuma daga baya ta zauna a Belfast, inda ta ci gaba da aiki don haƙƙin matafiya da jin daɗin rayuwar su. == Ƙaunar jama'a == === Shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a === Iyalin Joyce daga aurenta suna zaune ne a wani wurin dakatarwa a Clondalkin lokacin da masu zanga-zangar Majalisar gundumar Dublin suka tilasta musu fita a 1981. Sun ƙaura zuwa Tallaght inda Joyce ta sa 'ya'yanta a makaranta. Yayin da dangin ke zaune a cikin sabon kewayen su, majalisar gundumar ta yi ƙoƙarin buɗe sabon Tallaght By-pass, inda sama da iyalai matafiya ɗari 100 ke zaune, ba tare da cika aikinsu na doka ba na ba su madadin wurin. {{Refn|A Traveller, Roselle McDonald, won a court ruling in 1980 that Travellers could not be evicted from local authority property without being offered a suitable alternative, although the authorities side-stepped the ruling by harassment such as dumping rubbish and manure beside Traveller homes, causing them to move away.<ref name="red-black" />}} Wasu fusatattun mazauna yankin sun yi wa Joyces da sauran Iyalan Matafiya barazana, inda suka ba su wa'adi na barin yankin. <ref name="red-black">{{Cite journal |year=1996 |title=Racism in Ireland: Travellers Fighting Back |url=http://struggle.ws/pdfs/rbr2.pdf |journal=Red and Black Revolution |publisher=Workers Solidarity Movement |issue=2 |pages=22–5 |access-date=2013-08-12}}</ref> A lokacin da suka ki motsi, sai wasu ‘yan banga tare da goyon bayan wasu ‘yan siyasar yankin, suka shirya ’ yan banga don yin sintiri a duk wani fili da ke yankin, inda suka ziyarci sansanin Matafiya don tsoratar da su ta hanyar yin harbin iska da ihun “Fita! Wasu daga cikin mazauna garin Tallaght da suka zauna suka zo wurin kare matafiya suka tsaya tare da su. Mai watsa shirye-shirye Gay Byrne shi ma ya tallafa musu kuma ya watsa shirye-shiryensa na rediyo daga wurin da aka dakatar. Hakan ya ba Joyce dama ta farko ta yi magana a madadin al’ummarta game da zaluncin da suka sha. Ta karanta jaridu a kai a kai kuma ta damu da yadda suke bata sunan al’ummar matafiya: “Ba zan yi mamakin mutanen da ke zaune suna adawa da mu ba domin ba su ji komai ba sai dai mummuna,” in ji ta. Ta rubuta takardan masifu na Travellers ta bayyana bukatunsu kuma ta kai ga dukkan ofisoshin jaridu na cikin gida. Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar Matafiya kuma ta zaunar da mutanen da suka ƙirƙiri Kwamitin Haƙƙin Matafiya da yin taro a gidanta don haɗawa da sauran matafiya. Ta ba da jawabai a duk faɗin ƙasar ga makarantu, kwalejoji, da gidajen zuhudu don ilimantar da mutane game da tarihin matafiya da al'adun gargajiya. Ita da kwamitin kare haƙƙin matafiya sun jagoranci maci da kuma zaɓe, kuma an gudanar da wasu daga cikin waɗannan tarzoma a wajen Dail . Kungiyar kare hakkin matafiya ta farko, mai suna {{Lang|ga|Mincéir Misli}}, ta samo asali ne daga Kwamitin Haƙƙin Matafiya a 1983, kuma Joyce ta ci gaba da aikinta tare da su. === yakin neman zabe === Kwamitin ya zaɓi Joyce don yin takara a matsayin ɗan takara a babban zaɓe na Nuwamba 1982, a mazabar Dublin Kudu-Yamma, ta zama matafiyi na farko da ya yi takara don kujerar Dáil. Ta yi wa [[BBC]] wani shiri a lokacin yakin neman zabe don inganta goyon bayanta. Ta roki jama'a don neman kuri'u a titunan Dublin, sanye da makarufo mai boye kuma yayin da ake daukar hoton bidiyo a asirce. Ta samu fatan alheri da yawa amma kuma ta sadu da mutanen da suka gaya mata cewa Matafiya "datti" da "jaza" kuma "ya kamata a ƙone su". Wani dan takarar mazabar, Richard O'Reilly, ya yi takara don nuna adawa da ita a kan wani dandali na hana Tafiya ta hanyar amfani da slur, "Get the knackers out of Tallaght" a matsayin taken yaƙin neman zabensa. Ba a zaɓe Joyce ba amma ta sami kuri'u biyu fiye da O'Reilly. {{Refn|November 1982 general election results: Nan Joyce: 581 first preference votes; Richard O'Reilly: 297 votes.<ref name="electionsireland" />}} Jim kaɗan bayan zaben, an kama ta kuma an tuhume ta da laifin satar kayan ado. Al’amarin ya janyo hankulan jama’a sosai amma an yi watsi da tuhumar a gaban kotu saboda rashin shaida, duk da cewa imaninta ya lalace. Mutane da yawa sun gaskata cewa an tsara ta ne saboda yakin neman zabe. === Jawabin taron kasa da kasa === Ta halarci {{Lang|ga|[[Trócaire]]}} taron karawa juna sani a Galway a shekarar 1983 inda ta burge kungiyarta ta taron karawa juna sani wanda ya hada da wanda ya lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel, Seán MacBride, kuma an zabe ta a matsayin shugabar da za ta wakilce su. Ta gabatar da jawabi ga dubban limaman coci-coci da masu aikin jin kai daga ko'ina cikin duniya: "Ku jama'a kun damu sosai game da duniya ta uku. Ina ganin ya kamata ku ma ku damu da mu, mu ne duniya ta hudu. Muna zaune a cikin beraye a sansani ko ayari ... 'ya'yanmu suna fama da cututtuka masu yawa kamar na duniya ta uku." Ta samu karramawa sosai, kuma jaridar The Irish Times ta ruwaito cewa, "Mrs Joyce ta yi tasiri mai ban mamaki a taron karawa juna sani, inda ta samu yabo fiye da duk wanda ya gabatar da rahotanni." === Belfast === Daga baya ta koma Belfast na wasu shekaru. A can, ta ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar da za ta yi yaƙi don haƙƙin matafiya kuma ta yi nasarar samun nasara don sabbin wuraren dakatarwa a West Belfast tare da samar da ruwan sha, bandakuna, makarantar wasan yara, da kuma asibitin jarirai. Ta ci gaba da ziyarar makaranta a yankin don bayyana yadda yake da muhimmanci yaran matafiya su koyi al'adu da al'adun su. Wadannan ziyarce-ziyarcen sun yi tasiri ga yadda makarantun ke amfani da kayan koyarwa da abubuwan da ke cikin kwasa-kwasan don magance yaran matafiya kai tsaye. === Gado === Joyce ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matafiya na Irish. Ta fara aikin haƙƙin matafiya da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da ɗimbin matsalolin ɓoye da suke fuskanta. Kasancewar Kwamitin Haƙƙin Matafiya a cikin shekarun {1980} ya haɓaka ƙungiyoyin kashe-kashe da yawa waɗanda ke sadaukar da bukatun matafiya. Ta buga Traveller: tarihin kansa a cikin 1985, wanda ya sami kulawar masana, kuma shine batun babi a cikin nazarin mata masu tasiri na Irish, Mná na hÉireann: Matan da suka Siffata Ireland, a cikin 2009. == Bayanan kula == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e3weux4a54h3igsldrqso9oy0qqdbrg 883015 883014 2026-07-14T17:48:14Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 883015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nan Joyce''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1940 - 7 Agusta 2018) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pollak |first=Sorcha |date=8 August 2018 |title=Nan Joyce, trailblazer for Traveller rights, dies aged 78 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/nan-joyce-trailblazer-for-traveller-rights-dies-aged-78-1.3590010 |access-date=8 August 2018 |website=[[The Irish Times]]}}</ref> ƴar gwagwarmayar yancin matafiya ce na Irish . Ta yi aiki don inganta rayuwar Matafiya a [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]] da [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]] daga 1981 har zuwa mutuwarta a shekarar 2018. Ita ce 'yar takarar Matafiya ta farko a babban zaɓe na Irish, a cikin (1982). <ref>{{Cite web |last=RTÉ Libraries and Archives |author-link=RTÉ Libraries and Archives |title=Nan Joyce Stands For Election |url=https://www.rte.ie/archives/2017/1121/921778-traveller-activist-nan-joyce/}}</ref> == Rayuwar iyali == An haifi Joyce Ann O'Donoghue a Clogheen, County Tipperary, a cikin (1940). Ita ce ta biyu a cikin yara tara kuma iyayenta su ne John O'Donoghue, mai horar da doki, da Nan McCann. Mahaifinta ya kasance ƙwararren mai karatu wanda ya koya wa ’ya’yansa tarihin filaye da ƙauyuka da suke gani a tafiye-tafiyensu. Ya karanta aikin likita wanda ya ba shi damar magance yawancin cututtuka na 'ya'yansa. Ya yi magana Cant, kuma yana iya karatu da rubutu cikin [[Harshen Irish|Irish]] da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] . Matarshi ba ta iya karatu. Mahaifin Joyce ya mutu a cikin ɗakin ’yan sanda sa’ad da take ’yar shekara 12, kuma an tura mahaifiyarta kurkuku saboda yin sata don ta tallafa wa iyalinta. Joyce ta karɓi matsayin uwa kuma ta yi yawo a cikin kasar tare da 'yan uwanta. Bayan wasu shekaru, ta kuma auri wani Matafiya, John Joyce, kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya goma sha ɗaya (11). Ta jimre da wahalhalu da dama da suka haɗa da son zuciya da kuma rashin haƙuri, tare da zama a gefen titi ba tare da kayan aiki ba, ga kuma mummunan yanayi, wanda ya haifar da rashin lafiya da yanke ƙauna. Halin ya sa 'ya'yanta mata guda biyu 2 su sami raunin juyayi kuma an kai su asibiti. Wata 'yar kuma ta kamu da cutar dalma mai tsananin lokacin da aka jefar da batura a sansaninsu, kuma ta shiga kulawa na dogon lokaci. Mutane sun yi ta zubar da shara a sansanin Joyce a lokacin yajin aikin [[Tara shara|masu tara kaya]] a shekarar 1982, wanda ya jawo hankalin ɓeraye, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar jikarta mai shekara guda, wadda ta kamu da [[Sanƙarau|cutar sankarau]] daga wajensu. Ta zauna na wani lokaci a Clondalkin kafin ta koma Tallaght inda ta fara rayuwar jama'a, kuma daga baya ta zauna a Belfast, inda ta ci gaba da aiki don haƙƙin matafiya da jin daɗin rayuwar su. == Ƙaunar jama'a == === Shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a === Iyalin Joyce daga aurenta suna zaune ne a wani wurin dakatarwa a Clondalkin lokacin da masu zanga-zangar Majalisar gundumar Dublin suka tilasta musu fita a 1981. Sun ƙaura zuwa Tallaght inda Joyce ta sa 'ya'yanta a makaranta. Yayin da dangin ke zaune a cikin sabon kewayen su, majalisar gundumar ta yi ƙoƙarin buɗe sabon Tallaght By-pass, inda sama da iyalai matafiya ɗari 100 ke zaune, ba tare da cika aikinsu na doka ba na ba su madadin wurin. {{Refn|A Traveller, Roselle McDonald, won a court ruling in 1980 that Travellers could not be evicted from local authority property without being offered a suitable alternative, although the authorities side-stepped the ruling by harassment such as dumping rubbish and manure beside Traveller homes, causing them to move away.<ref name="red-black" />}} Wasu fusatattun mazauna yankin sun yi wa Joyces da sauran Iyalan Matafiya barazana, inda suka ba su wa'adi na barin yankin. <ref name="red-black">{{Cite journal |year=1996 |title=Racism in Ireland: Travellers Fighting Back |url=http://struggle.ws/pdfs/rbr2.pdf |journal=Red and Black Revolution |publisher=Workers Solidarity Movement |issue=2 |pages=22–5 |access-date=2013-08-12}}</ref> A lokacin da suka ki motsi, sai wasu ‘yan banga tare da goyon bayan wasu ‘yan siyasar yankin, suka shirya ’ yan banga don yin sintiri a duk wani fili da ke yankin, inda suka ziyarci sansanin Matafiya don tsoratar da su ta hanyar yin harbin iska da ihun “Fita! Wasu daga cikin mazauna garin Tallaght da suka zauna suka zo wurin kare matafiya suka tsaya tare da su. Mai watsa shirye-shirye Gay Byrne shi ma ya tallafa musu kuma ya watsa shirye-shiryensa na rediyo daga wurin da aka dakatar. Hakan ya ba Joyce dama ta farko ta yi magana a madadin al’ummarta game da zaluncin da suka sha. Ta karanta jaridu a kai a kai kuma ta damu da yadda suke bata sunan al’ummar matafiya: “Ba zan yi mamakin mutanen da ke zaune suna adawa da mu ba domin ba su ji komai ba sai dai mummuna,” in ji ta. Ta rubuta takardan masifu na Travellers ta bayyana bukatunsu kuma ta kai ga dukkan ofisoshin jaridu na cikin gida. Ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar Matafiya kuma ta zaunar da mutanen da suka ƙirƙiri Kwamitin Haƙƙin Matafiya da yin taro a gidanta don haɗawa da sauran matafiya. Ta ba da jawabai a duk faɗin ƙasar ga makarantu, kwalejoji, da gidajen zuhudu don ilimantar da mutane game da tarihin matafiya da al'adun gargajiya. Ita da kwamitin kare haƙƙin matafiya sun jagoranci maci da kuma zaɓe, kuma an gudanar da wasu daga cikin waɗannan tarzoma a wajen Dail . Kungiyar kare hakkin matafiya ta farko, mai suna {{Lang|ga|Mincéir Misli}}, ta samo asali ne daga Kwamitin Haƙƙin Matafiya a 1983, kuma Joyce ta ci gaba da aikinta tare da su. === yakin neman zabe === Kwamitin ya zaɓi Joyce don yin takara a matsayin ɗan takara a babban zaɓe na Nuwamba 1982, a mazabar Dublin Kudu-Yamma, ta zama matafiyi na farko da ya yi takara don kujerar Dáil. Ta yi wa [[BBC]] wani shiri a lokacin yakin neman zabe don inganta goyon bayanta. Ta roki jama'a don neman kuri'u a titunan Dublin, sanye da makarufo mai boye kuma yayin da ake daukar hoton bidiyo a asirce. Ta samu fatan alheri da yawa amma kuma ta sadu da mutanen da suka gaya mata cewa Matafiya "datti" da "jaza" kuma "ya kamata a ƙone su". Wani dan takarar mazabar, Richard O'Reilly, ya yi takara don nuna adawa da ita a kan wani dandali na hana Tafiya ta hanyar amfani da slur, "Get the knackers out of Tallaght" a matsayin taken yaƙin neman zabensa. Ba a zaɓe Joyce ba amma ta sami kuri'u biyu fiye da O'Reilly. {{Refn|November 1982 general election results: Nan Joyce: 581 first preference votes; Richard O'Reilly: 297 votes.<ref name="electionsireland" />}} Jim kaɗan bayan zaben, an kama ta kuma an tuhume ta da laifin satar kayan ado. Al’amarin ya janyo hankulan jama’a sosai amma an yi watsi da tuhumar a gaban kotu saboda rashin shaida, duk da cewa imaninta ya lalace. Mutane da yawa sun gaskata cewa an tsara ta ne saboda yakin neman zabe. === Jawabin taron kasa da kasa === Ta halarci {{Lang|ga|[[Trócaire]]}} taron karawa juna sani a Galway a shekarar 1983 inda ta burge kungiyarta ta taron karawa juna sani wanda ya hada da wanda ya lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel, Seán MacBride, kuma an zabe ta a matsayin shugabar da za ta wakilce su. Ta gabatar da jawabi ga dubban limaman coci-coci da masu aikin jin kai daga ko'ina cikin duniya: "Ku jama'a kun damu sosai game da duniya ta uku. Ina ganin ya kamata ku ma ku damu da mu, mu ne duniya ta hudu. Muna zaune a cikin beraye a sansani ko ayari ... 'ya'yanmu suna fama da cututtuka masu yawa kamar na duniya ta uku." Ta samu karramawa sosai, kuma jaridar The Irish Times ta ruwaito cewa, "Mrs Joyce ta yi tasiri mai ban mamaki a taron karawa juna sani, inda ta samu yabo fiye da duk wanda ya gabatar da rahotanni." === Belfast === Daga baya ta koma Belfast na wasu shekaru. A can, ta ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar da za ta yi yaƙi don haƙƙin matafiya kuma ta yi nasarar samun nasara don sabbin wuraren dakatarwa a West Belfast tare da samar da ruwan sha, bandakuna, makarantar wasan yara, da kuma asibitin jarirai. Ta ci gaba da ziyarar makaranta a yankin don bayyana yadda yake da muhimmanci yaran matafiya su koyi al'adu da al'adun su. Wadannan ziyarce-ziyarcen sun yi tasiri ga yadda makarantun ke amfani da kayan koyarwa da abubuwan da ke cikin kwasa-kwasan don magance yaran matafiya kai tsaye. === Gado === Joyce ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matafiya na Irish. Ta fara aikin haƙƙin matafiya da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da ɗimbin matsalolin ɓoye da suke fuskanta. Kasancewar Kwamitin Haƙƙin Matafiya a cikin shekarun {1980} ya haɓaka ƙungiyoyin kashe-kashe da yawa waɗanda ke sadaukar da bukatun matafiya. Ta buga Traveller: tarihin kansa a cikin 1985, wanda ya sami kulawar masana, kuma shine batun babi a cikin nazarin mata masu tasiri na Irish, Mná na hÉireann: Matan da suka Siffata Ireland, a cikin 2009. == Bayanan kula == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gx7eurcacz3mwzuog7ooxu8tpdrblss 0 95069 883359 619561 2026-07-15T09:39:33Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 883359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lea Baider''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1939), farfesa ce a fannin ilimin halayyar likita, <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-01-30 |title=Prof. Leah Baider |url=https://cancersurvivorshiphaifa.wordpress.com/participants/prof-leah-baider/ |access-date=2019-10-29 |website=Cancer Survivorship Across the Life Span |language=en}}</ref> kuma an dauke ta daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa ilimin halayya. <ref>name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-22 |title=Pacienții cu cancer, atelier cu doamna profesor Lea Baider |url=https://ziarmedical.ro/2018/06/22/lea-baider/ |access-date=2019-10-29 |website=ZiarMedical.ro |language=ro-RO |archive-date=2019-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029170810/https://ziarmedical.ro/2018/06/22/lea-baider/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita ce darakta na ilimin halayyar dan adam a Cibiyar Sharsheret ta Oncology a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Hadassah a [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] . <ref> name=":2">{{Cite web |title=L'ospedale di Negrar da sostegno psicologico ai familiari di pazienti in fase terminale |url=http://www.veronasera.it/cronaca/pazienti-fase-terminale-sostegno-psicologico-familiari-ospedale-negrar-11-maggio-2015.html |access-date=2019-10-29 |website=VeronaSera |language=it}}</ref> Baider kuma memba ne na kungiyar Ciwon daji ta Gabas ta Tsakiya . Baider yana gudanar da bita a cikin ilimin halayyar mutum don fadada filin.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=27 February 2018 |title=Newsletter Psiho-Oncologie Februarie 2018 {{!}} APSCO |url=https://www.psychooncology.ro/newsletter-psiho-oncologie-februarie-2018/ |access-date=2019-10-29}}</ref> == Ilimi == An haifi Baider kuma ta girma a [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Prof. Lea Baider, Ph.D. |url=https://www.health-tourism.com/staffperson.aspx?b=307&sp=1889 |access-date=2019-10-29 |website=www.health-tourism.com}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu tare da B.A a ilimi 1957 daga Jami'ar Buenos Aires . <ref name=":4" /> A shekara ta 1963, ta kammala karatu tare da MA a fannin ilimin halayyar asibiti daga Jami'ar Buenos Aires . <ref name=":4" /> Tsakanin 1967 da 1968, ta kasance mai bincike a Jami'ar Tufts da [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . <ref name=":4" /> A shekara ta 1973, ta sami Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Brandeis, inda ta rubuta rubutun ta: Tsarin Iyali da Tsarin Mutuwa: Nazarin Marasa Lafiya da Ma'amala ta Iyali. == Ayyuka == Baider ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan ilimin halayyar dan adam a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar [[Boston]] . <ref> name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Prof. Lea Baider, Ph.D. |url=https://www.health-tourism.com/staffperson.aspx?b=307&sp=1889 |access-date=2019-10-29 |website=www.health-tourism.com}}</ref> Daga nan sai ta zama likitan halayyar dan adam a sashen ilimin kanjamau na Asibitin Shattuck, yayin da take gudanar da maganin rukuni don jaraba a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Boston . Daga nan sai ta zama mai kula da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Boston ta "shiryen horar da maganin iyali". Daga nan sai ta koma Isra'ila kuma ta zama abokiyar karatun postdoctoral a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] a Kiwon Lafiyar Iyali . === Ilimin kansa na kwakwalwa === A shekara ta 1982, Baider ya gina sashen ilimin halayyar dan adam a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Hadassah a [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]].<ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-01-30 |title=Prof. Leah Baider |url=https://cancersurvivorshiphaifa.wordpress.com/participants/prof-leah-baider/ |access-date=2019-10-29 |website=Cancer Survivorship Across the Life Span |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, ta kafa sashen ilimin halayyar dan adam a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Assuta da ke Tel Aviv . Ta kasance tsohon shugaban kungiyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ta duniya.<ref> name=":2">{{Cite web |title=L'ospedale di Negrar da sostegno psicologico ai familiari di pazienti in fase terminale |url=http://www.veronasera.it/cronaca/pazienti-fase-terminale-sostegno-psicologico-familiari-ospedale-negrar-11-maggio-2015.html |access-date=2019-10-29 |website=VeronaSera |language=it}} [[Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)]]</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015, Baider ya shiga cikin wani bita na koyar da likitoci game da ilimin halayyar mutum a cibiyar horar da Zuciya Mai Tsarki. A cikin 2018, ta gudanar da wani bita a [[Babes University|Jami'ar Babes]] . <ref>name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-22 |title=Pacienții cu cancer, atelier cu doamna profesor Lea Baider |url=https://ziarmedical.ro/2018/06/22/lea-baider/ |access-date=2019-10-29 |website=ZiarMedical.ro |language=ro-RO |archive-date=2019-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029170810/https://ziarmedical.ro/2018/06/22/lea-baider/ |url-status=dead }} [[Category:CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)]]</ref> Ta ci gaba da yin ilimin halayyar mutum ta hanyar ba da tallafi ga mata ta hanyar magani da warkewar ciwon nono.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2006 |title=No longer a death sentence - Health & Sci-Tech - Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/Health-and-Sci-Tech/Health/No-longer-a-death-sentence |access-date=2019-10-29 |website=www.jpost.com}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2018, Baider ya ci gaba da gudanar da bita game da ilimin halayyar mutum, horar da wasu don yin hakan.<ref> name=":3">{{Cite web |date=27 February 2018 |title=Newsletter Psiho-Oncologie Februarie 2018 {{!}} APSCO |url=https://www.psychooncology.ro/newsletter-psiho-oncologie-februarie-2018/ |access-date=2019-10-29}}</ref> == Littattafai da kyaututtuka == Baider ya sami lambar yabo ta tunawa da Arthur Sutherland don ilimin halayyar mutum.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=L'ospedale di Negrar da sostegno psicologico ai familiari di pazienti in fase terminale |url=http://www.veronasera.it/cronaca/pazienti-fase-terminale-sostegno-psicologico-familiari-ospedale-negrar-11-maggio-2015.html |access-date=2019-10-29 |website=VeronaSera |language=it}} [[Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)]]</ref> A shekara ta 1974, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Guggenheim Latin America da Caribbean Fellowship don ilimin halayyar dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Simon Guggenheim Foundation {{!}} Lea Baider |url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/lea-baider/ |access-date=2019-10-29 |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029170811/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/lea-baider/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta rubuta littafi mai suna Cancer and Family, kuma ta fitar da bugu na biyu na littafin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-01-30 |title=Prof. Leah Baider |url=https://cancersurvivorshiphaifa.wordpress.com/participants/prof-leah-baider/ |access-date=2019-10-29 |website=Cancer Survivorship Across the Life Span |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma wallafa kusan labarai 200 a cikin mujallu na kimiyya kamar The Oncologist da Future of Medicine . <ref name=":0" /> Ta kuma taimaka tare da bincike a madadin Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Kula da Ciwon daji. A can ta taimaka wajen sake duba bincike kan alamar muhimmiyar ta 6.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Psychosocial |url=https://www.mascc.org/psychosocial |access-date=2019-10-29 |website=www.mascc.org}}</ref> === ''Ciwon daji da Iyali'' === Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun wallafe-wallafen da ta fi sani da shi shine littafinta Cancer and the Family . Littafin game da yadda ciwon daji ke shafar yanayin iyali, da kuma kowane memba na iyali. Ya tattauna yadda yara ke amsawa ga ciwon daji da sabbin bayanai na asibiti game da rawar da iyali ke takawa a cikin ciwon daji, maganin ciwon daji. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] 0af6rnsh3xftdmx0lwtz9bt7pkdapwn 0 95641 882952 617918 2026-07-14T16:00:46Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882952 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} Fim din ya nuna samar da fi'''''Super 30''''' fim ne na tarihin rayuwar Indiyawa na 2019 wanda Vikas Bahl ya ba da umarni kuma Phantom Films, Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment, Reliance Entertainment da HRX Films suka shirya. Tauraro [[Hrithik Roshan]] a matsayin malamin lissafi kuma malami Anand Kumar, <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Shiksha |first=Shruti |title=Hrithik Roshan's Super 30: Actress Mrunal Thakur Spotted On Set. See Pics |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hrithik-roshans-super-30-actress-mrunal-thakur-spotted-on-set-see-pics-1810560 |access-date=9 February 2018 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> wanda ya haɓaka shirin ilimantarwa mai taken iri ɗaya . Nandish Sandhu, Virendra Saxena, [[Mrunal Thakur]], Pankaj Tripathi, Aditya Srivastava da Amit Sadh suna taka muhimmiyar rawa.na-finai na karshe na Phantom Films . Babban daukar hoto ya fara ne a watan Janairun 2018 kuma an rufe shi a watan Satumbar 2018. An sake shi a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 12 ga Yulin 2019 zuwa kyakkyawar karɓar maraba, tare da aikin Roshan wanda ya jawo yabo ta musamman. Grossing ₹208.93 crore a duk duniya, fim din ya fito ne a matsayin Fim na 12 mafi girma na [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] na 2019 . <ref name=":cr2">{{Cite web |date=11 July 2019 |title=Super 30 movie review and rating: Critics' verdict on Hrithik Roshan's film |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/super-30-movie-review-rating-hrithik-roshans-film-impresses-critics-early-shows-801400 |access-date=13 July 2019 |website=IB Times}}</ref><ref name="boxtg">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2019/|title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide Bollywood Hungama|access-date=15 August 2019|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> == Makirci == Fim din ya fara ne da Fugga, mutum mai cin nasara, yana ba da jawabi a London. Fugga ya tuna da kwarewarsa na koyo daga malaminsa, Anand Kumar . Abubuwan da suka faru sun koma baya a lokaci don nuna ƙaramin Anand a kwaleji. Anand dalibi ne mai ƙarancin aji wanda ke da sha'awar karatu kuma yana da kyau a ciki. A wani bikin taya murna na gida, ministan yankin, Shriram Singh, mai alfahari da shi, ya yi alkawarin taimakawa a duk lokacin da ake bukata. Anand akai-akai yana zuwa ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras don koyon lissafi ta hanyar warware matsaloli a cikin mujallar Math ta waje. Wata rana, mai kula da ɗakin karatu ya kama shi kuma ya ce ba shi da damar karatu a can. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatan ya ba da shawarar cewa ya sami labarin da aka buga a cikin wannan mujallar kuma ya sami biyan kuɗi kyauta. Anand ya tafi ofishin gidan waya, inda mahaifinsa Rajendra ke aiki a matsayin shugaban, kuma ya aika da wasika game da mafita ga matsala mai wuya ta Math wanda babu wanda ya iya warwarewa har yanzu. Daga nan sai ya fito a cikin mujallar don warware matsalar kuma ya sami wasika daga Farfesa Richard na Jami'ar Cambridge don shiga shirin a can. Iyalin Anand suna tallafa masa gaba ɗaya, amma iyalin ba su da isasshen kuɗi don ya yi tafiya zuwa Ingila. Anand da Rajendra sun je wurin ministan Shriram Singh don taimako, amma ya musanta duk wani irin wannan alkawarin. Anand yayi ƙoƙari ya nuna lambar yabo a matsayin hujja da kuma tunatarwa game da maganar girmamawa ta Shriram, amma har yanzu bai sami kuɗin ba. Dukansu suna ƙoƙarin tattara kuɗi amma ba su da taimako. A wannan dare, Rajendra ya kamu da ciwon zuciya kuma ya mutu yayin da 'ya'yansa maza suka kai shi asibiti. Anand ya ki zuwa Cambridge saboda mutuwar mahaifinsa da yanayin kudi. Daga nan sai ya sayar da papads a cikin birni don ƙara kuɗin shiga ga iyalin. Wata rana, ya sadu da Lallan Singh, wani [aboki\bawa] na Shriram Singh, wanda ke gudanar da cibiyar horarwa mai girma. Lallan ya dauki Anand a matsayin malami a Cibiyar Koyarwa ta Kwarewa. Wannan yana taimaka wa Anand a kudi kuma yana samun yabo ga koyarwarsa. Wata rana mai banƙyama, Anand ya ga halin da wani yaro ya bar saboda talauci. Da yake tunawa da kalmomin Rajendra, ya fahimci cewa waɗannan yara matalauta suna da 'yancin karatu. A ƙarshe, ya bar cibiyar horarwa kuma ya fara karatun daban-daban ga yara matalauta inda ya yi rajistar yara 30 a lokaci guda. Abin takaici, wannan ya cutar da shi a kudi kuma ya kashe shi goyon bayan sha'awar soyayya, Supriya. Amma ya yanke shawarar, duk da haka, ya koya wa yara cikin ƙwazo da kuma amfani ta hanyar share ra'ayoyi a hanya mai sauƙi da nishaɗi. Duk wannan ya fusata Lallan, wanda cibiyarsa ke fuskantar zargi saboda rashin riƙe Anand. Lallan, a kokarin dawo da Anand, yayi ƙoƙari ya ba da akwatunan lissafi kyauta ga cibiyar Anand amma bai yi nasara ba. Ya kalubalanci Anand zuwa duel, inda ɗaliban Lallan da ɗaliban Anand suka rubuta wannan jarrabawar, kuma za a rufe cibiyar horarwa tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin maki. Jarabawar ta faru. A wani bikin da ke sanar da sakamakon jarrabawar, ɗaliban Anand sun yi baƙin ciki da sanin cewa sun rasa. Don gabatar da takardun, wanda Anand ya sanya hannu kafin gasar, Lallan ta gayyaci Supriya, da mijinta Purshottam jami'in IAS, wanda ya girgiza Anand. Koyaya, ba a sami takardun ba, wanda ya sa Anand ya musanta irin wannan ikirarin cewa ya sanya hannu kan takardun. Daga baya an bayyana cewa Supriya ta ɓoye takardun, ma'ana ta fahimci shawarar Anand na koyar da yara matalauta. Yayinda yake karatun, Anand ya sami taimako mai yawa daga ɗan'uwansa Pranav da mahaifiyarsa Jayanti. Lallan da Shriram sun yi makirci don a kashe Anand da ɗaliban don yaransa ba za su ɗauki jarrabawar Cibiyar Fasaha ta Indiya (IIT-JEE). Anand ya ji mummunan rauni daga magoya bayan Lallan guda biyu kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti, a gefen mutuwa. Ya gaya wa ɗalibansa su yi amfani da iliminsu don kayar da masu fashi da Shriram ya aiko, yayin da ake kula da shi. Dalibai, cikin hadin kai, suna amfani da iliminsu game da ra'ayoyi da batutuwa daban-daban kuma suna kayar da masu fashi. Anand an bi da shi cikin nasara kuma ya warke. Bayan 'yan watanni ɗalibai suna yin jarrabawar IIT kuma dukansu 30 sun yi nasara. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Hrithik Roshan]] a matsayin Anand Kumar, masanin lissafi mai cin nasara wanda ya buɗe shirin da ake kira Super 30 don koyar da dalibai 30 marasa galihu don jarrabawar JEE Advanced * [[Mrunal Thakur]] a matsayin Supriya Singh, ƙwararren mai rawa, sha'awar soyayya ta Anand, matar Purushottam * Virendra Saxena a matsayin Rajendra Prasad Kumar, mahaifin Anand da Pranav wanda ya mutu bayan [[ciwon zuciya]] lokacin da Anand ya rasa damar shiga Jami'ar Cambridge saboda yana da talauci. * Nandish Sandhu a matsayin Pranav Kumar, ɗan'uwan Anand wanda ke tallafa masa a cikin aikinsa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2018 |title=Meet Nandish Singh, who plays Hrithik Roshan's brother in 'Super 30' |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-meet-nandish-singh-who-plays-hrithik-roshan-s-brother-in-super-30-2589947 |access-date=31 March 2018 |website=dnaindia.com}}</ref> * Aditya Srivastava a matsayin Lallan Singh, mugun mataimakin Shriram wanda ya yi amfani da ilimi kawai a matsayin hanyar kasuwanci. * Sadhana Singh a matsayin Jayanti Kumar, mahaifiyar Anand da Pranav mai aiki tuƙuru * Pankaj Tripathi a matsayin Shriram Singh, ministan yankin * Vijay Varma a matsayin Fugga Kumar, ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban Anand wanda ya tuna rayuwar malaminsa a matsayin mutum mai nasara a London. * Amit Sadh a matsayin Raghunath Bharat, mai ba da rahoto * Anud Singh Dhaka a matsayin taimakon Raghunath * Sharat Sonu a matsayin Haadim Malik, sakataren Shriram * Manav Gohil a matsayin IAS Purushottam Singh, mijin Supriya * Aayush Kumar Shukla a matsayin Vinod * Rahul Raj a matsayin Kishore * Dharmveer Jakhar a matsayin mai fafutukar zamantakewa * Deepali Gautam a matsayin Kusum * Ali Haji a matsayin Prithvi * Rajesh Sharma a matsayin Bachchi * Karishma Sharma a cikin lambar abu "Paisa" <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2019 |title=Super 30's Paisa Song: Hrithik Roshan Shows The Power Money Can Give! |url=https://m.desimartini.com/news/martini-shots/breakdowns/super-30s-paisa-song-hrithik-roshan-shows-the-power-money-can-give-article112078.htm }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2019 |title=Super 30 new song Paisa: Hrithik Roshan as Anand Kumar shows importance of money |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/super-30-new-song-paisa-hrithik-roshan-as-anand-kumar-shows-importance-of-money-1553307-2019-06-21}}</ref> * Vivek Jha a matsayin ɗan ƙauye == Fitarwa == Babban daukar hoto ya fara ne a watan Nuwamba 2017. An jefa [[Mrunal Thakur]] a gaban Hrithik Roshan a cikin fim din. An harbe fim din a Ramnagar Fort; an canza wani ɓangare na sansanin don yayi kama da cibiyar Super 30. <ref name="auto1"/> An kuma harbe fim din na kwanaki goma a Sambhar Lake Town wanda aka nuna a matsayin Kota, [[Rajasthan]] da Jaipur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2018 |title=Hrithik Roshan to kick-start the next schedule of Super 30 soon |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-to-kick-start-the-next-schedule-of-super-30-in-rajasthan-28543.html |access-date=26 May 2019 |website=Filmfare}}</ref> An kafa wani tsari a Mumbai a farashin ₹ 10 crore don sake gina birnin Patna na Bihar don sauƙaƙe harbi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2018 |title=Hrithik Roshan's 'Super 30' team to spend Rs 10 crore to recreate Bihar in Mumbai? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/most-talked-about-biopics-you-just-cannot-miss/Hrithik-Roshans-Super-30-team-to-spend-Rs-10-crore-to-recreate-Bihar-in-Mumbai/photostory/63015233.cms |access-date=25 May 2019 |website=Times of India}}</ref> A cikin jadawalin na biyu na harbi na Varanasi, an harbe fim din a Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras a ƙarshen Yuni 2018. Wannan shi ne fim na farko na Hindi wanda jami'ar ta ba da izinin harbe shi a harabarta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2019 |title=Hrithik Roshan Starrer 'Super 30' team shoots at Banaras Hindu University |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/movies-to-look-forward-to/hrithik-roshan-starrer-super-30-team-shoots-at-banaras-hindu-university/photostory/64841479.cms |access-date=25 May 2019 |website=Times of India}}</ref> An kammala fim din a watan Satumbar 2018. Dan wasan talabijin Nandish Sandhu ya fara fim dinsa na farko a fim din; ya buga dan uwan Roshan. == Sauti ==   Ajay Atul ya kirkiro kiɗa don fim ɗin kuma Amitabh Bhattacharya ne ya rubuta kalmomin. Vipin Nair na The ''Hindu'' ya ba da sauti 3.5/5, yana kiransa "mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'a". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-11 |title=Super 30 – Music Review (Bollywood Soundtrack) |url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2019/07/11/super-30-music-review-bollywood-soundtrack/ |access-date=2019-07-17 |website=Music Aloud}}</ref> Jaridar Times of [[Indiya|India]] ta Debarati Sen, a cikin bita, ta ce mawaƙan "ba su kasa burge su ba".{{Clear}} == Tallace-tallace da saki == An bayyana hotunan farko na Hrithik Roshan daga ''Super 30'' a ranar 5 ga Satumba 2018 don ya dace da Ranar Malamai a Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2018 |title=Hrithik Roshan unveils posters of Super 30 on Teacher's Day |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-super-30-posters-teachers-day-5340410/ |access-date=25 May 2019 |website=Indian Express}}</ref> An bayyana hoton na biyu tare da sabon ranar fitarwa a ranar 12 ga Janairun 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Bollywood actor Hrithik Roshan's much-anticipated venture 'Super 30' gets a new release date |url=https://www.republicworld2rld.com/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/hrithik-roshans-super-30-gets-a-new-release-date-details-here |access-date=25 May 2019 |website=Republic World }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wani kallo na Hrithik Roshan daga fim din da aka bayyana a sabon hoton a ranar 2 ga Yuni.<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=taran_adarsh|title=Hrithik Roshan... First look poster of #Super30... 12 July 2019 release. https://t.co/rFVBjh8efV}}</ref> Kashegari an saki wani hoton tare da Roshan yana shan ruwa a cikin ruwan sama na nasara tare da taken "Misaal Bano, Haqdaar Bano" (Ka zama misali, ka cancanci).<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2019 |title=Hrithik Roshan inspires youngsters with new poster of Super 30: Misaal Bano, Haqdaar Bano |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/hrithik-roshan-inspires-youngsters-with-the-new-poster-of-super-30-misaal-bano-haqdaar-bano-1541374-2019-06-03 |access-date=4 June 2019 |website=India Today}}</ref> kwana daya bayan haka a ranar 4 ga Yuni Reliance Entertainment ta fitar da fim din. Ya sami ra'ayoyi miliyan 44.99 tun lokacin da aka saki shi a YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2019 |title=Super 30 Official Trailer {{!}} Hrithik Roshan {{!}} Vikas Bahl {{!}} July 12 |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=QpvEWVVnICE |website=YouTube |publisher=Reliance Entertainment}}</ref> == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dsabjpc7a6p5ruweknr1f2jyhlss5v3 0 96519 883330 615973 2026-07-15T09:11:52Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 883330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Heide Göttner-Abendroth (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 1941, a Langewiesen, Jamus ) yar mata Jamus ce mai ba da shawara kan karatun mata (har ma karatun mata na zamani ), tana mai da hankali kan nazarin al'ummomin matrirchal ko matrilineal . == Rayuwa == An haifi Göttner-Abendroth a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], kuma tana da shekaru 12 ta ƙaura tare da iyayenta daga Jamus ta Gabas zuwa Jamus ta Yamma . Tana da digiri na uku a fannin falsafa daga Jami'ar Munich (1973) kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin malami a fannin falsafa a Jami'ar Munich daga 1973 zuwa 1983. Ta zama mai ƙwazo a tsarin mata na biyu daga 1976 kuma an ɗauke ta ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na nazarin mata a Jamus ta Yamma a lokacin. [1] Göttner-Abendroth ta bayyana ƙarin rikice-rikice da sauran masana ilimin kimiyya game da tunaninta. Wannan gwagwarmaya don karɓuwar ilimi na al'ada na karatun mata shine batun Ɗab'in Amalia's Die Diskriminierung der Matriarchatsforschung: Eine moderne Hexenjagd (2003), tarin kasidu daga malamai daban-daban a cikin fage masu tasowa. Babin da Göttner-Abendroth ya yi yana da taken ' Ka hana su ta kowane hali!' Bambance-bambancen binciken matriarchy na zamani da sakamakon aikin sa (wanda aka fassara daga Jamusanci). [1] A cikin tarihin rayuwarta mai tsawo a kan layi, Göttner-Abendroth ta bayyana rabuwa daga Jami'ar Munich a matsayin kasa da yarda: "Ganin cewa an hana ta ci gaba da lacca a Jami'ar, tana aiki a matsayin malami mai zaman kanta a cikin mawuyacin hali da mawuyacin hali na kudi." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Göttner-Abendroth |first=Heide |title="Biographical Notes" |url=https://www.goettner-abendroth.de/en/biography/long-biography/ |access-date=19 July 2020 |website=Dr. Heide Göttner-Abendroth (official website)}}</ref> Duk da haka, ta ci gaba da bincike da rubuce-rubuce. A cikin 1986 ta kafa Kwalejin Kasa da Kasa don Nazarin Matakan Zamani da Ruhaniya (HAGIA) a cikin 1986. A cikin 1992 ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'ar Innsbruck [[Austriya|Austria]] kuma ta sami tallafi daga Jami'ar Bremen . A cikin shekaru tun 1998 ta kasance mai aiki a cikin "Cibiyar Archaeomythology", da ke [[California]] (US), kuma ta fara buga littattafai kan tatsuniyoyi da matriarchy ta hanyar HAGIA ko ta hanyar masu wallafa masu zaman kansu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Göttner-Abendroth |first=Heide |title="Biographical Notes" |url=https://www.goettner-abendroth.de/en/biography/long-biography/ |access-date=19 July 2020 |website=Dr. Heide Göttner-Abendroth (official website)}}</ref> Tsakanin 2003 da 2011, binciken Göttner-Abendroth kan al'ummar matafiya ya fi mayar da hankali a duniya, yayin da tunaninta na nazarin karatun mata ya fara mai da hankali kan dangantakarsa da karatun 'yan asalin da shigar da kai tsaye da shigar da 'yan asalin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lister |first=Kate |title=Why Matriarchy Means Better Sex and a Better Society |url=https://www.vice.com/en_in/article/qv7vn3/why-matriarchy-means-better-sex-and-a-better-society |access-date=21 July 2020 |website=Vice}}</ref> Wannan hangen nesa na duniya ya haifar da jerin tarurrukan kasa da kasa game da yanayi da manufar karatun mata, a kowace shekara ciki har da ci gaba da ƙarin mahalarta daga al'adun matan yamma da ba na yamma ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Marcos / USA 2005 Second World Congress on Matriarchal Studies |url=https://www.hagia.de/en/program/conferences-and-congresses/2nd-world-congress-on-matriarchal-studies-texas/ |access-date=19 July 2020 |website=International Academy Hagia}}</ref> Buga na 2012 na ''Ƙungiyoyin Matriarchal: Nazarin kan Al'adun 'Yan Asalin Ƙasar Duniya'', ya nuna alamar canji a cikin dangantakar Göttner-Abendroth zuwa ilimin kimiyya na yau da kullum: shi ne karo na farko da aka karbi ɗaya daga cikin littattafanta ta hanyar nazari na ƙwararru tare da wani mawallafin ilimi na duniya, Peter Lang . A cikin 2014 Göttner-Abendroth an yi masa alama ta Jami'ar Oxford Press a matsayin babban editan babban editan sashen "karatun mata" na Oxford Bibliographies . , tare da masanin ilimin Senacan Barbara Alice Mann. Su biyun suna ci gaba da wannan rawar har zuwa 2020. == Dangantaka da karatun matrirchal da Academy Hagia == Karatun matan aure na zamani ya tsaya a cikin al'adar 1970s na biyu na mata, wanda Merlin Stone ya jagoranci ''lokacin da Allah Yake Mace'' . Göttner-Abendroth ya kafa "Ƙasashen Duniya don Nazarin Matasa na Zamani da Ruhaniya ta Mata" (HAGIA) a cikin 1986. Yana nufin haɗawa da "hankali, siyasa, fasaha, da kuma ruhaniya" a cikin abubuwan da suka faru, wanda ya fito daga "bikin asiri na mata" zuwa taron ilimi na duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |title=The International Academy Hagia |url=http://blog.world-citizenship.org/wp-archive/1529 |access-date=21 July 2020 |website=NGOs – we & others -- World Wide Asian-Eurasian Human Rights Forum |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104082704/http://blog.world-citizenship.org/wp-archive/1529 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A matsayinta na darektan HAGIA, Göttner-Abendroth ta shirya taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya guda uku akan Nazarin Matasa, a cikin 2003, 2005, da 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Oxford Bibliographies: Heide Goettner-Abendroth |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/ViewContributor/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0113.xml?id=con5642 |access-date=19 July 2020 |website=Oxford Bibliographies |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> Tun 2014 Göttner-Abendroth ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu gyara biyu da ke kula da jerin ayyukan ayyukan "Oxford Bibliographies" na Jami'ar Oxford don nazarin karatun mata (tare da Mann). Wannan ɗaba'ar tana da nufin samar da jeri mai ƙarfi na tushen tarihi da na yau da kullun masu alaƙa da karatun mata, kuma ya haɗa da bayanai da sharhi. == Littafi Mai Tsarki == * {{Cite journal |last=Göttner-Abendroth |first=Heide |date=2017 |title=Matriarchal studies: Past debates and new foundations |journal=[[Asian Journal of Women's Studies]] |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=2–6 |doi=10.1080/12259276.2017.1283843}} * ''The Goddess and Her Heros. Matriarchal Religion in Mythology, Fairy-Tales and Poetry''. Anthony Publishing Company, Stow USA 1995. (Die Göttin und ihr Heros – a study in matriarchal religion, Verlag Frauenoffensive, Munich 1980–1997.) * ''Matriarchal Societies: Studies on Indigenous Cultures Across the Globe''. Peter Lang Inc, 2013, <nowiki>ISBN 9781433125126</nowiki> * ''The Dancing Goddess. Principles of a Matriarchal Aesthetic''. Beacon Press, Boston USA 1991. (Die tanzende Göttin Verlag Frauenoffensive, Munich 1982–2001.) * ''Für die Musen'', Verlag Zweitausendeins, Frankfurt 1988–1999. * ''Für Brigida'', Verlag Zweitausendeins, Frankfurt 1998 and 2000. * {{Cite book|last3=Claudia von Werlhof}} * ''Das Matriarchat'', vol I, history of research on matriarchy, Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1988–1995; * ''Das Matriarchat'', vol II 1, contemporary matriarchal societies in East Asia, Indonesia, Oceania, Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1991 und 1999; * ''Das Matriarchat'', vol II 2, contemporary matriarchal societies in America, India, Africa Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 2000. * ''Inanna. Gilgamesch. Isis. Rhea'', Verlag Ulrike Helmer, Königstein 2004. * ''Fee Morgane. Der Heilige Gral'', Verlag Ulrike Helmer, Königstein 2005. * ''Frau Holle. Das Feenvolk der Dolomiten'', Verlag Ulrike Helmer, Königstein 2005. * ''Matriarchat in Südchina'' – matriarchy in South China, Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1998; film documentary: ''Im Matriarchat der Mosuo'' – matriarchy of the Mosuo, Academy Hagia, 1993. * with Kurt Derungs, ''Matriarchate als herrschaftsfreie Gesellschaften'' (1997)   == Duba kuma == * sarauta * Addinin aure == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.goettner-abendroth.de/}} * http://www.hagia.de/ * http://www.second-congress-matriarchal-studies.com/ [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6p43j1qjx8psgyhf3v6bv2ixlsrxz2a 0 96793 882891 604998 2026-07-14T12:06:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ana Rosa Chacón (1889 - 28 Maris 1985) malama ce ta Costa Rica, ma'aikaciyar ilimin kiwon lafiya, mai son mata kuma mai zaɓe. A shekara ta 1953, a zaɓe na farko da aka gudanar bayan da mata suka sami yanci a Costa Rica, Chacón ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata uku na farko da aka zaɓa don yin hidima a ofishin gwamnati. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Ana Rosa Chacón González an haife shi a cikin 1889 a [[San José|San José, Costa Rica]] . Ta halarci Colegio Superior de Señoritas, ta sami digiri a cikin ilimi da ilimin motsa jiki ta 1907. Ta yi karatu tare da aiwatar da shirye-shirye waɗanda ke da nufin haɓaka lafiyar yara ta hanyar motsin raha, gami da rawa, da haɓaka jiki. A cikin 1913, ta taimaka wajen samo shirin "La Gota de Leche" (Daga madara) tare da Ángela Acuña Braun, Marian Le Cappellain da Sara Casal, wanda ke nufin samar da madara ga yara marasa galihu da kuma ilmantar da iyayensu mata a cikin abinci mai kyau da kuma ƙarfafa shayarwa. A cikin 1919, Chacón ya shiga yajin aikin malami wanda Acuña ya jagoranta a kan gwamnatin Shugaba Federico Tinoco Granados don cin zarafin dokar aiki, tare da Matilde Carranza, Lilia González, Carmen Lyra, Victoria Madrigal, Vitalia Madrigal, [[Esther na Mézerville|Esther De Mezerville]], María [[Teodora Ortiz|Eradoster Silva]], [[Ester Silva|María Ortiz]] da [[Andrea Venegas|Tela Ortiz]] . <ref name="Solano Arias (2014)">{{Cite journal |last=Solano Arias |first=Marta E. |date=January–June 2014 |title=A 90 años de la fundación de la Liga Feminista Costarricense: los derechos políticos |url=http://www.tse.go.cr/revista/art/17/solano_arias.pdf |journal=Revista Derecho Electoral |language=Spanish |location=San José, Costa Rica |publisher=Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones República de Costa Rica |issue=17 |pages=357–375 |issn=1659-2069 |access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref> Babban abin da ya shafi malamai shi ne albashin su ba ya da yawa kuma abin ya taru saboda a bauchi ne kawai ake biyan su, wanda sau da yawa ana rage musu tsada kuma ana fansa da rabin darajarsu. A yayin zanga-zangar, malamai sun kona ofishin ''La Información'', jaridar gwamnati. <ref name="timeline">{{Cite web |last=Rodríguez S |first=Eugenia |title=Participación Socio-política Femenina en Costa Rica (1890 – 1952) |url=http://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/dialogos/article/viewFile/6254/5956 |access-date=9 August 2015 |publisher=Universidad de Costa Rica |language=Spanish |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305184427/http://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/dialogos/article/viewFile/6254/5956 |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRodríguez_S">Rodríguez S, Eugenia. [http://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/dialogos/article/viewFile/6254/5956 "Participación Socio-política Femenina en Costa Rica (1890 – 1952)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305184427/http://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/dialogos/article/viewFile/6254/5956 |date=2016-03-05 }} (in Spanish). San José, Costa Rica: Universidad de Costa Rica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Yawancin waɗannan malamai iri ɗaya, sun haɗu tare a cikin 1923 a kiran 'yar Mexico Elena Arizmendi Mejia . Ta kasance tana zaune a New York, tana buga mujallar ''Feminismo Internacional'' (International Feminism), kuma ta gayyaci mata a duk faɗin duniya don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyar International League of Iberian da matan Latin Amurka a ranar 12 ga Oktoba na waccan shekarar. Sakamakon haka, Chacón da sauransu sun kafa Liga Feminista Costarricense (LFC), ƙungiyar mata ta farko a Costa Rica, <ref name="Solano Arias (2014)" /> wadda ta zama sakatare. <ref name="inamu">{{Cite web |title=Ana Rosa Chacón |url=http://www.inamu.go.cr/web/inamu/ana-rosa-chacon |access-date=9 August 2015 |website=Inamu |publisher=Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres |language=Spanish |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305132422/http://www.inamu.go.cr/web/inamu/ana-rosa-chacon |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.inamu.go.cr/web/inamu/ana-rosa-chacon "Ana Rosa Chacón"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305132422/http://www.inamu.go.cr/web/inamu/ana-rosa-chacon |date=2016-03-05 }}. ''Inamu'' (in Spanish). San José, Costa Rica: Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> A cikin 1925, La Liga sun gabatar da bukatarsu na amincewa da 'yancin siyasa da na jama'a ga mata, suna mai kira ga cewa ba tare da kariyar doka ba sun kasance masu rauni a cikin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. A cikin 1931, ƙungiyar ta dawo gaban Majalisar Dokoki tana buƙatar a ba mata kuri'a, <ref name="assembly">{{Cite web |last=Herrera Morales |first=Sandra |date=2012 |title=Elaborado por la historiadora Laura María Rivera Figueroa |url=http://www.asamblea.go.cr/Centro_de_informacion/Servicios_Parlamentarios/Reseas%20histricas/La%20mujer%20costarricense%20obtiene%20derechos%20pol%C3%ADticos.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103928/http://www.asamblea.go.cr/Centro_de_informacion/Servicios_Parlamentarios/Reseas%20histricas/La%20mujer%20costarricense%20obtiene%20derechos%20pol%C3%ADticos.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=9 August 2015 |website=Asamblea Legislativa Costa Rica |publisher=Departamento de Servicios Parlamentarios |language=Spanish}}</ref> kuma a cikin 1934, ƙungiyar ta shirya taro da Majalisa. Sun kira wani kwamiti da ke mai da hankali kan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru da suka haɗa da fannin shari'a, zamantakewa, ilimi, adabi da kiwon lafiya. Manufar ita ce gabatar da cikakken bayani ga majalisar don ganin yadda rayuwar mata ta shafi. Chacón na cikin kwamitin ilimi kuma ko da yake ’yan majalisar sun amince cewa matsalolin matan sun dace, amma ba su dauki mataki ba. Chacón da sauran 'yan mata sun ci gaba da matsawa 'yancinsu na yin zabe, suna ganawa da kowace majalisa ta gaba-1939, 1941, 1944, 1947 - har zuwa ƙarshe, bayan yakin basasa na Costa Rica, an ba da izinin shiga cikin 1948. A cikin 1940, Chacón ya shiga tare da Acuña, [[Virginia Albertazzi]], [[Guillermina Bello]], Lidia Fernández da [[Esther Lina Salazar]] a cikin ƙirƙirar reshen Costa Rica na Pan American Round Table da Makarantar Amurka. Manufar ita ce a sami tallafin karatu ga ɗalibai masu cancanta, ƙirƙirar musayar malamai, gina ɗakunan karatu, da ba da ilimi ga ma’aikatan gida. A cikin 1943, lokacin da Shugaba [[Rafael Calderón Guardia]] ya yi ƙoƙari ya canza dokokin zaɓe don yin magudin zabe, Chacón na ɗaya daga cikin jagororin zanga-zangar kuma ya yi magana ba kawai game da sake fasalin ba amma buƙatar zaɓe. <ref name="timeline"/> A cikin juyin juya halin 1948, ta kuma halarci zanga-zangar jama'a, kuma ta shiga cikin rubuce-rubucen jarida da watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo tare da yin kira da a fahimci kimar al'umma na gudummawar mata. <ref name="inamu"/> Chacón na ɗaya daga cikin wakilai uku na farko da suka sami kujera a majalisar dokokin Costa Rica. A cikin 1953, zaɓe na farko da aka ba wa mata damar jefa ƙuri'a, Chacón, María Teresa Obregón da Estela Quesada, kowannensu ya sami kujera. Ta yi aiki daga 8 ga Mayu 1954 zuwa 8 ga Mayu 1958. <ref name="inamu"/> Ta mutu a ranar 21 ga Maris 1985. <ref name="death">{{Cite web |last=Portugal |first=Ana María |date=2004 |title=Efemérides de marzo 2004 |url=http://www.cimac.org.mx/cedoc/efemerides/efe_marzo.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103036/http://www.cimac.org.mx/cedoc/efemerides/efe_marzo.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=9 August 2015 |publisher=Cimac Noticias |page=4 |language=Spanish }}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPortugal2004">Portugal, Ana María (2004). <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: Cimac Noticias. p.&nbsp;4. Archived from [http://www.cimac.org.mx/cedoc/efemerides/efe_marzo.pdf the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103036/http://www.cimac.org.mx/cedoc/efemerides/efe_marzo.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oc4kpogelfgyuu3llclwfh9lzzfran2 0 96975 882921 762140 2026-07-14T14:29:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Anna Gifty Opoku-Agyeman''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1996) 'yar gwagwarmayar Amurka ce kuma marubuciya. tsohon Shugaba na Sadie Collective, da kuma ta kafa shirya Black Birders Week . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Opoku-Agyeman a [[Kumasi]], Ghana, kuma ya koma Amurka tun yana yaro. Opoku-Agyeman ta kammala karatu daga St. John's Parish Day School a Ellicott City, Maryland a cikin 2007, kuma daga Glenelg Country School, kuma a Ellicot City, a cikin 2014. A cikin 2019, ta sami B.A. a cikin lissafi tare da ƙarami a cikin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Maryland, BA County (UMBC). A matsayinta na dalibi, Opoku-Agyeman ya kasance Masanin Meyerhoff da NIH MARC U*STAR, kuma an yi rajista a Kwalejin girmamawa ta UMBC . <ref> name="2020-EPI-Profile">{{Cite web |title=Anna Gifty Opoku-Agyeman |url=https://www.epi.org/people/anna-gifty-opoku-agyeman/ |access-date=June 6, 2020 |website=[[Economic Policy Institute]]}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa daga kwaleji, Opoku-Agyeman ta halarci shirin horar da 'yan kasuwa na lokacin rani na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Amirka, wanda ke da niyyar kara bambancin tattalin arziki "ta hanyar shirya dalibai masu basira don shirye-shiryen digiri a cikin tattalin arziki da kuma fannoni masu alaƙa". <ref>{{Cite web |title=AEA Summer and Scholarship Programs |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/about-aea/committees/aeasp |access-date=30 June 2020 |website=AEA Summer and Scholarship Programs |publisher=American Economic Association}}</ref> Daga nan sai ta yi shekara ta 2019-2020 ta shiga cikin shirin karatun sakandare na [[Jami'ar Harvard]]. Yayinda Opoku-Agyeman ke cikin shirin Harvard postbaccalaureate, ta kasance mataimakiyar bincike ga farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Makarantar Ilimi ta Harvard kuma tana da alaƙa da Ofishin Binciken Tattalin Arziki na Kasa. A halin yanzu dalibi ce ta digiri a fannin Manufofin Jama'a da Tattalin Arziki a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy a matsayin Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa, Cibiyar Nazari ta Ford, da kuma Mata da Shirin Manufofin Jamaʼa Doctoral Fellow.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Agenda: A conversation with Anna Gifty Opoku-Agyeman : The Indicator from Planet Money |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/02/03/1078038540/black-agenda-a-conversation-with-anna-gifty-opoku-agyeman |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP) |url=https://www.research.gov/grfp/AwardeeList.do?method=sort&page=48 |website=Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP) |publisher=National Science Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ford Foundation Fellowship Programs |url=https://nrc58.nas.edu/FordFellows20/ExtRpts/PressReleaseRoster.aspx?RptMode=AW&CompYr=2021 |website=National Academy of Sciences |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |access-date=2025-03-21 |archive-date=2023-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207190949/https://nrc58.nas.edu/FordFellows20/ExtRpts/PressReleaseRoster.aspx?RptMode=AW&CompYr=2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Our Research Fellows |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/centers/wappp/research/research-fellowship-program/research-fellows |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=www.hks.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2023, ta kasance daga cikin waɗanda aka zaba don Forbes 30 Under 30 Local Boston class.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Forbes Under 30 |title=30 Under 30 Local 2023: Boston |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesunder30team/2023/08/09/30-under-30-local-2023-boston/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Ƙungiyar Sadie === A cikin 2018, Opoku-Agyeman da Fanta Traore sun kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ake kira Sadie Collective, wacce ke da niyyar kara yawan mata baƙi da ke aiki a fannonin bayanai masu yawa, gami da tattalin arziki, kimiyyar bayanai, da manufofin jama'a. Kungiyar tana ba da jagoranci da shirye-shiryen masu karɓar bakuncin, gami da taron Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander na shekara-shekara don Tattalin Arziki da Yankuna masu alaƙa.Opoku-Agyeman ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na kungiyar har zuwa Maris 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Advisory Board |url=https://www.sadiecollective.org/board |access-date=2021-04-25 |website=The Sadie Collective |language=en}}</ref> Yawancin ayyukanta da aka buga da kuma fasali na kafofin watsa labarai, waɗanda ke ba da shawara don ci gaba da haɗa mata baƙi a cikin tattalin arziki, sun kasance sakamakon haɗin gwiwa tare da Lisa D. Cook, mace ta farko ta Afirka ta Amirka kuma mace ta farko mai launi da ta zauna a Kwamitin Gwamnonin Tarayya. === Black Birders Week === A cikin 2020, Opoku-Agyeman ta kafa kuma ta shirya Black Birders Week, jerin abubuwan da suka faru a kan layi da aka shirya don nunawa da kuma yin bikin Black birders, naturalists, da masu sha'awar waje. Manufarta ita ce inganta ganuwar baƙar fata a cikin yanayi marasa daidaituwa, da kuma ba da shawara ga kungiyoyin kimiyya don ba wa baƙar fata dandamali da albarkatu don shiga cikin ayyukan shiga da yaɗa kai. Bugu da ƙari, Black Birders Week na farko ya samar da abun ciki tare da haɗin gwiwar National Audubon Society da Monterey Bay Aquarium. == Littattafai == === Littattafan ilimi === * {{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Petreena S. |last2=Mavingire |first2=Nicole |last3=Khan |first3=Salma |last4=Rowland |first4=Leah K. |last5=Wooten |first5=Jonathan V. |last6=Opoku-Agyeman |first6=Anna |last7=Guevara |first7=Ashley |last8=Soto |first8=Ubaldo |last9=Cavalli |first9=Fiorella |last10=Loaiza-Pérez |first10=Andrea Irene |last11=Nagaraj |first11=Gayathri |last12=Denham |first12=Laura J. |last13=Adeoye |first13=Olayemi |last14=Jenkins |first14=Brittany D. |last15=Davis |first15=Melissa B. |year=2019 |title=AhR ligand aminoflavone suppresses α6-integrin-Src-Akt signaling to attenuate tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells |journal=Journal of Cellular Physiology |volume=234 |issue=1 |pages=108–121 |doi=10.1002/jcp.27013 |issn=0021-9541 |pmc=6202151 |pmid=30076704}} * {{Cite journal |last=Opoku-Agyeman |first=Anna Gifty |year=2020 |title=The Impact of Early Childhood Malaria Risk on the Probability of School Delay in Ghana |url=https://ur.umbc.edu/files/2020/05/umbcReview_2020.pdf#page=47 |journal=UMBC Journal of Undergraduate Research |volume=21 |page=47}} === Sauran wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa === * "The Black Agenda: Bold Solutions for a Broken System," Anna Gifty Opoku-Agyeman ce ta shirya, tare da gabatarwar Tressie McMillan Cottom da masu rubutun ciki har da Dr. Sandy Darity, Dr. Hedwig Lee, Mary Heglar, da Janelle Jones. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Black Agenda |url=https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250276872/theblackagenda |access-date=2021-11-11 |website=Macmillan |language=en-US}}</ref> *   *   *   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] 3ibrf0v934zrxh4wgfbb0kehibill1e 0 97153 882915 788769 2026-07-14T14:17:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Reflist}} Anna Margareta "Ann-Margret" Holmgren, ( née Tersmeden ; 17 Fabrairu 1850 – 12 Oktoba 1940), marubucin Yaren mutanen Sweden ne, ɗan mata, mai fafutuka, kuma mai fafutuka . [1] [[Fayil:Villa_åsen_kåbo_uppsala.jpg|thumb| Villa Åsen a gundumar Kåbo a Uppsala]] == Rayuwa == An haifi Anna Margareta Holmgren a Hässle Manor a Upland, Sweden. Ita ce 'yar Baroness Augusta Jacquette Cederström (1818-1860) kuma ɗan siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma mai mulki, mai martaba Jacob Nils Tersmeden (1795-1867), don haka babbar jikan Yakubu Tersmeden da Lona Lisa Söderhielm . A cikin 1869, ta auri Frithiof Holmgren (1831-1897), likita kuma farfesa a Jami'ar Uppsala . Mazaunansu, Villa Åsen a gundumar Kåbo a Uppsala, ita ce wurin tarukan tattaunawa na ɗalibai masu hankali da kuma cibiyar ra'ayoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da na zamani. Daga cikin ra'ayoyin zamani a cikin waɗannan da'irar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun haɗa da gabatar da jamhuriya, dimokuradiyya, zaɓe, haƙƙin ma'aikata, hana haihuwa da rashin yarda da Allah. Ana tsammanin wannan ya ba Holmgren tausayi mai tsauri, kuma ta shiga cikin takarda mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ''Verdandi'' daga 1898-1905. <ref name="amh">{{Cite web |last=Steinrud |first=Marie |others=Translated by Alexia Grosjean |title=Anna Margareta (Ann Margret) Holmgren |url=https://skbl.se/en/article/AnnMargretHolmgren |access-date=December 1, 2018 |publisher=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar mijinta a 1897, ta koma Stockholm inda ta samu wahayi daga abokanta Ellen Key da Lydia Wahlström su shiga cikin [[Daidaiton jinsi|daidaito tsakanin jinsi]] . A matsayinta na mai son mata, Holmgren ya haifar da babbar muhawara ta hanyar goyon bayanta ga soyayya da jima'i a wajen aure, cikin rikici da ma'aunin jima'i na zamani. Ita kanta ba ta goyi bayan matsayin hukuma na kungiyar zaben ba cewa a baiwa mata ‘yancin kada kuri’a a kan “daidaitan sharuddan maza”, domin a zahiri hakan yana nufin cewa mata masu rinjaye ne kawai za su iya kada kuri’a; hakan zai cire matan aure, wadanda ke karkashin kulawar ma’aurata, don haka Holmgren ya kuma bukaci ‘yancin mata masu aure, wanda hakan ke nufin ta bukaci ‘yancin mata masu aure a bayyana manya. <ref name="amh"/> A cikin 1902, an gabatar da kudurori biyu game da sake fasalin zaɓen mata ga Majalisar Sweden . Daya daga Ministan Shari’a Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, ya ba da shawarar a bai wa mazajen aure kuri’u biyu, saboda ana iya daukar su a madadin matansu. Sauran motsi ya gabatar da Carl Lindhagen, wanda ya ba da shawara ga mata su yi zabe. Shawarar Hammarskjöld ta tayar da fushi a tsakanin masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata, wadanda suka kafa wata kungiya mai goyon bayan yunkurin Lindhagen. A ranar 4 ga Yuni 1902, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mata ( {{Lang|sv|Föreningen för Kvinnans Politiska Rösträtt}} ko FKPR) an kafa shi: farkon al'ummar Stockholm na gida, ta zama ƙungiya ta ƙasa shekara bayan. Holmgren ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar reshen Stockholm na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mata ta Ƙasa ( {{Lang|sv|Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt}} rösträtt). ko LKPR) daga 1902 zuwa 1904 da kuma sakataren kwamitin zartarwa na kungiyar Sweden don Suffrage daga 1903 zuwa 1906. A cikin yunƙurin jefa ƙuri'a, mafi mahimmancin aikin Holmgren shine na mai magana: ita ce mamba ta farko bayan kafuwar motsi don yin balaguro a duk faɗin ƙasar don yin magana, tara masu tausayawa da kafa sassan yanki na motsin zaɓe, aikin da ta yi amfani da fa'ida ta hanyar sadarwa tsakanin tsoffin ɗaliban Uppsala. A bikin cikarta shekaru 60 a shekara ta 1910, LKPR ta yi bikin bikin ta da sarkar zinare 60, saboda ta kafa rassa 60 na cikin gida na jama'ar zaɓen mata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ann Margret Holmgren |url=http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/rostratt/biografier/holmgren.xml |access-date=December 1, 2018 |publisher=Göteborgs Universitetsbibliotek |language=sv |archive-date=December 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235127/http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/rostratt/biografier/holmgren.xml |url-status=dead }}</ref> An ba ta lambar yabo ta Illis a bikin cikarta shekaru 75 da haihuwa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Franzén |first=Olle |title=Ann Margret Holmgren |url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Mobil/Artikel/13743 |access-date=December 1, 2018 |publisher=[[Svenskt biografiskt lexikon]] |language=sv |archive-date=December 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207045519/https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Mobil/Artikel/13743 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Holmgren shi ma mataimakin shugaban {{Lang|sv|Sveriges kvinnliga fredsförening}} (Ƙungiyar Zaman Lafiyar Mata ta Sweden) daga 1901 zuwa 1910, memba mai daraja na gidan kayan tarihi na Nordic da ƙungiyar raye-rayen ɗaliban Philochoros ( {{Lang|sv|Philochoros Studenternas Folkdansförening}} ). Bayan da aka narkar da LKPR bayan gabatar da zaɓen mata, Holmgren na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa {{Lang|sv|Svenska kvinnors medborgarförbund}} (Civic Society of Swedish Women) a cikin 1921. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Philochoros, the Royal Uppsala University Folk Dance Society |url=http://www.student.uu.se/studorg/philochoros/english.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235403/http://www.student.uu.se/studorg/philochoros/english.php |archive-date=December 6, 2018 |access-date=December 1, 2018 |publisher=Philochoros Studenternas Folkdansförening}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Holmgren ya kasance mai aiki a matsayin marubuci a ƙarƙashin sunan "Märta Bolle". Ta buga {{Lang|sv|Fru Stråhle. Tidsbilder ur tre släktled}} {{Lang|sv|Fru Stråhle. Tidsbilder ur tre släktled}} (1894) da {{Lang|sv|När riddar Ulf suckar. Ur familjekrönikan på Höögsborg}} {{Lang|sv|När riddar Ulf suckar. Ur familjekrönikan på Höögsborg}} (1896), duka an fassara su cikin [[Jamusanci|harshen Jamusanci]] . <ref name="amh"/> Holmgren da mijinta Frithof Holmgren sune iyayen yara takwas, ciki har da masanin kimiyya Israel Holmgren (1871-1961). Ta mutu a shekara ta 1940 kuma tare da mijinta an binne ta a tsohuwar makabarta ta Uppsala ( {{Lang|sv|Uppsala gamla kyrkogård}} ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ann Margret Holmgren |url=https://kulturpersoner.uppsalakyrkogardar.se/ann-margret-holmgren/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Gamla kyrkogården i Uppsala |language=sv-SE}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin sunayen masu fafutukar zaman lafiya == Manazarta == == Karatun mai alaƙa == * Walborg Hedberg; Louise Arosenius (1914) [https://runeberg.org/hwsvkvin/ ''Svenska kvinnor från skilda verksamhetsområden''] (Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag) * Ulrika Knutson (2004) ''Kvinnor på gränsen har genombrott'' (Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag)  * Barbro Hedwall; Susanna Eriksson Lundqvist. ja. (2011) ''Vår rättmätiga plats.'' ''Om kvinnornas kamp för rösträtt'' (Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag)  == Kara karantawa == * Ann-Margret Holmgren at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Works by or about Ann-Margret Holmgren at the Internet Archive [[Rukuni:Haihuwar 1850]] [[Rukuni:1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] op75htk5bi89owdtutrbv2vm5hxc3xd 0 97317 882923 800083 2026-07-14T14:34:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Anna_Kleman_at_the_International_Congress_of_Women1915.jpg|thumb| Anna Kleman a Majalisar Mata ta Duniya a 1915]] Anna Sofia Kleman (1862 – 1940) jami’ar inshorar Sweden ce kuma ’yar mata. Ana tunawa da ita a matsayinta na mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata kuma mai fafutukar tabbatar da zaman lafiya musamman ta fuskar zabe . Ta shiga cikin 1911 Stockholm Women's Suffrage Conference kuma ta wakilci Sweden a 1915 taron zaman lafiya na mata na duniya a Hague . [1] [2] Lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar agaji ta Save the Children a shekara ta 1919 tana cikin kwamitin takwararta ta Sweden Rädda Barnen . Daga karshe za ta zama shugabar hukumar. == Tarihin Rayuwa == [[Fayil:International_Congress_of_Women1915_(22785230005).jpg|left|thumb|320x320px| Majalisar Mata ta Duniya a 1915 . hagu zuwa dama:1. [[Lucy Thoumaian|Lucy Thumaian]] - Armenia, 2. [[Leopoldine Kulka]], 3. Laura Hughes - Kanada, 4. Rosika Schwimmer - Hungary, 5. Anita Augspurg - Jamus, 6. Jane Addams - Amurka, 7. Eugenie Hanner, 8. Aletta Jacobs - Netherlands, 9. Chrystal Macmillan - Birtaniya, 10. Rosa Genoni - Italiya, 11. Anna Kleman - Sweden, 12. [[Thora Daugaard]] - Denmark, 13. [[Louise Keilhau]] - Norway]] An haife shi a Karlskrona a 1862, Anna Sofia Kleman 'yar Kwamanda Carl Kleman (1820-1872) da Johanna Augusta Grahm (1825-1904). Kanwarta, Ellen Kleman (1867–1943), ita ma ta kasance mai himma a harkar mata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Toijer-Nilsson, Ying |title=Ellen E A Kleman |url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=11578 |access-date=21 January 2019 |publisher=Svensk biografiskt lexikon |language=sv |archive-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232636/https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=11578 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 1895, tana aiki da kamfanin inshora na Thule a [[Stockholm]] . Daga 1903, ta kasance mai aiki a ''Sudenter och Arbetare'' (Ƙungiyar ɗalibai da ma'aikata) kuma daga 1906 zuwa 1911, ta yi aiki a hukumar ''Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt'' (Kungiyar kare hakkin Siyasa ta Mata). A 1907 aka zabe ta a kwamitin kungiyar mata Nya Idun . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-23 |title=Anna Kleman |url=http://nyaidun.se/anna-kleman-2/ |access-date=2022-03-20 |language=sv}}</ref> Har ila yau, ta kasance mai goyon bayan 'yancin zaɓe na mata, ta zama ƙwararren ɗan takara a 1911 Stockholm Suffrage Congress. <ref name="kb">{{Cite web |last=Katta |title=Anna Kleman – med engagemang i kvinnofrågor och fredsarbete |url=https://kulturlandskapetblekinge.wordpress.com/2015/04/16/anna-kleman-unik-i-systerduo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807023045/https://kulturlandskapetblekinge.wordpress.com/2015/04/16/anna-kleman-unik-i-systerduo/ |archive-date=7 August 2020 |access-date=16 April 2015 |publisher=Kulturlandskapetblekinge |language=Swedish }}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKatta">Katta. (in Swedish). Kulturlandskapetblekinge. Archived from [https://kulturlandskapetblekinge.wordpress.com/2015/04/16/anna-kleman-unik-i-systerduo/ the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807023045/https://kulturlandskapetblekinge.wordpress.com/2015/04/16/anna-kleman-unik-i-systerduo/ |date=2020-08-07 }} on 7 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)]]</ref> Ta kuma halarci taron zaman lafiya na Mata a Hague (1915) da kuma Majalisar Mata ta Duniya don Zaman Lafiya da 'Yanci a Zürich (1919). <ref name="ug">{{Cite web |title=Anna Kleman |url=http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/fred/biografier/kleman_a.xml |access-date=19 January 2019 |publisher=Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek |language=Swedish |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417231813/http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/fred/biografier/kleman_a.xml |url-status=dead }}</ref> A matsayinta na marubuci, ta ba da gudummawar kasidu don nuna goyon baya ga zaɓen mata ga mujallar ''Rösträtt för kvinnor'' (Haƙƙin Zaɓe ga Mata) daga 1916. <ref name="kb"/> Kleman ya ƙara shiga tsakani a matsayin mai fafutukar zaman lafiya, yana shugabantar babin Sweden na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya don Aminci da 'Yanci daga 1915 zuwa 1918. A cikin 1925, ta halarci taron Majalisar Mata ta Duniya wanda Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa ta shirya a Washington, DC, tana ba da rahoto game da tattaunawa a ''Hertha'', wata mujalla mai sadaukar da kai ga yunkurin mata. <ref name="kb"/> Anna Kleman ya mutu a shekara ta 1940 a Stockholm. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kleman, släkter |url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=11575 |access-date=21 January 2019 |publisher=Riksarkivet: Svenskt biografiskt lexikon |language=sv |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028141403/https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=11575 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin sunayen masu fafutukar zaman lafiya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Kara karantawa == * Anna Kleman at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon [[Rukuni:Haihuwar 1862]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwar 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sph2evg9ynfmdxz0z8wgxpyks7j6rh2 0 97727 882969 740039 2026-07-14T16:47:39Z Usman saadu 46863 882969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hope Robina Mukisa''' (an Haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 1991) ta kasance 'yar majalisa ce kuma 'yar siyasa 'yar ƙasar [[Uganda]]. Ita ce wakiliyar mata ta gundumar Namayingo a majalisar dokokin [[Uganda]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Parliament of Uganda members of the 10th parliament |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=271 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=4 April 2020 |website=Parliament of uganda}}</ref> Ta shiga majalisa a shekara ta 2016 akan tikitin jam'iyyar Resistance Movement (NRM), <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=NRM parliamentary caucus |url=https://www.nrm.ug/organ/nrm-parliamentary-caucus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004122100/http://www.nrm.ug/organ/nrm-parliamentary-caucus |archive-date=4 October 2015 |access-date=4 April 2020 |website=NATIONAL RESISTANCE MOVEMENT |url-status=dead }}</ref> jam'iyyar a shugabancin siyasa a kasar Uganda ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Yoweri Museveni|Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]], shugaban Jamhuriyar Uganda. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Charles |first=Etukuri |date=2 December 2019 |title=Museveni summons NRM leaders for national conference |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1512423/museveni-summons-nrm-leaders-national-conference |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=4 April 2020 |website=New vision}}</ref> == Ilimi == Mukisa ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta St. Michael Mukono inda ta zauna rubuta jarrabawar a Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education (UACE) a shekarar 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Mukisa Robina Hope education background |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=271 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=4 April 2020 |website=Parliament of Uganda}}</ref> Daga nan ta halarci [[Jami'ar Makerere]] kuma ta kammala karatun digiri a fannin kasuwanci (BCOM) a shekarar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Mukisa Robina Hope education background |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=271 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=4 April 2020 |website=Parliament of Uganda}}</ref> == Aiki == Mukisa 'yar majalisar Uganda mai wakiltar al'ummar gundumar Namayingo a matsayin wakiliyar mata na gunduma, muƙamin da ta riƙe tun a shekarar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=List of members of the tenth parliament of uganda |url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_tenth_Parliament_of_Uganda |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=4 April 2020 |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> A cikin majalisa, tana aiki a kwamitin kasuwanci da masana'antu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D; &#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (November 2020)">shakatawa</span>]]''</sup> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Committee on tourism trade and industry |url=https://parliamentwatch.ug/committee/committee-on-tourism-trade-and-industry/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=4 April 2020 |website=Parliament watch}}</ref> Har ila yau, mamba ce a kungiyar 'yan majalisar dokokin Uganda (UWOPA), inda take aiki a cikin "aiki na nasara" kwamitin teburi. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=UWOPA round table committees |url=http://uwopa.or.ug/page/uwopa-round-table-committees |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418020754/http://uwopa.or.ug/page/uwopa-round-table-committees |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=4 April 2020 |website=Uganda Women parliamentary Association |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] 2u1p4sgv37jm5ufwg4u880h9sgdd2qi 0 100134 882939 617283 2026-07-14T15:32:50Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882939 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn">George Padmore</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:George_Padmore.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An haife shi | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline">Malcolm Ivan Meredith Nurse</div> <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1903-06-28</span>)</span> 28 Yuni 1903<br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Arouca, Trinidad and Tobago|Arouca]], [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad da Tobago]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ya mutu | class="infobox-data" |23 Satumba 1959 <span style="display:none">(1959-09-23)</span> (shekaru 56) &nbsp;<br /><div class="deathplace" style="display:inline">[[London|Landan]], Ingila</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin hutawa | class="infobox-data label" |[[Osu Castle|Gidan sarauta na Christiansborg]], Ghana |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ilimi | class="infobox-data" |[[Saint Mary's College, Trinidad and Tobago|Kwalejin St Mary]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma Matar&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[Fisk University|Jami'ar Fisk]] Howard Jami'ar<br />[[Howard University|Jami'ar Howard]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ayyuka | class="infobox-data role" |Jarida, marubuci, [[Pan-Africanist]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa</span> | class="infobox-data" |Ta yaya Burtaniya ke mulki a Afirka (1936); ''Afirka da Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya'' (1937); ''Pan-Africanism ko Kwaminisanci?'' <br /><br />''Yakin da ke zuwa ga Afirka'' (1956) |} George Padmore (28 Yuni 1903 - 23 Satumba 1959), an haife shi Malcolm Ivan Meredith Nurse, babban ɗan Afirka ne, ɗan jarida, kuma marubuci. Ya bar kasarsa ta Trinidad a shekarar 1924 inda ya karanci likitanci a Amurka, inda ya kuma shiga jam'iyyar Kwaminis. Daga nan ya koma Tarayyar Soviet, inda ya kasance mai himma a cikin jam'iyyar, kuma yana aiki a kan yunkurin 'yancin kai na Afirka. Ya kuma yi aiki da jam'iyyar a Jamus amma ya bar bayan hawan Nazi a cikin 1930s. A cikin 1935, tsarin manufofin harkokin waje na Tarayyar Soviet ya canza, Birtaniya da Faransa, masu mulkin mallaka tare da masu mulkin mallaka a Afirka, yanzu an kira su "demokradiyya-imperialisms", mafi ƙarancin fifiko fiye da nau'in "fascist-imperialist" iko, Jamus da [[Japan]]. Wannan sauye-sauyen ya ci karo da sabani kai tsaye da yadda Padmore ya ba da fifiko ga 'yancin kai na Afirka, kasancewar Jamus da Japan ba su da wani yanki na mulkin mallaka a Afirka. Padmore ya karya nan take tare da Kremlin, amma ya ci gaba da tallafawa tsarin gurguzu a akida. A cikin shekarar 1939, ra'ayi na hukuma ya sake canzawa, kamar yadda ya yi bayan 1941, da kuma bayan haka. Padmore ya zauna na wani lokaci a Faransa, kafin ya sauka a birnin Landan na ƙasar Ingila a shekara ta 1934. A ƙarshen rayuwarsa ya ƙaura zuwa birnin Accra na ƙasar Ghana, inda ya taimaka wajen tsara siyasar Kwame Nkrumah da jam'iyyar Convention People's Party. == Tarihin rayuwa == === Shekaru na farko === Malcolm Ivan Meredith Nurse, wanda aka fi sani da sunan sa George Padmore, an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Yuni 1903 a gundumar Arouca, Tacarigua. Trinidad, sa'an nan wani ɓangare na British West Indies. Kakan kakansa jarumi ne na Asante wanda aka kai fursuna aka sayar da shi bauta a Barbados, inda aka haifi kakansa. Mahaifinsa, James Hubert Alfonso Nurse, malamin makaranta ne na yankin wanda ya auri Anna Susanna Symister na Antigua, masanin halitta.<ref name="Hooker2" /> Ma'aikaciyar jinya ta halarci Kwalejin Intermediate na Tranquility a Port of Spain, kafin ta je Kwalejin St Mary na tsawon shekaru biyu (1914 da 1915). Ya koma makarantar sakandare ta Pamphylian, inda ya sauke karatu daga can a shekara ta 1918. Bayan haka, ya yi aiki na shekaru da yawa a matsayin ɗan jarida tare da Kamfanin Buga na Trinidad A ƙarshen 1924, ya yi tafiya zuwa Amurka don yin karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Fisk, kwalejin baƙar fata a tarihi a Tennessee. Ya yi aure kwanan nan, a ranar 10 ga Satumba na wannan shekarar, kuma matarsa ​​Julia Semper daga baya za ta bi shi a Amurka. Ta bar 'yarsu Blyden, wacce aka haifa a 1925 (kuma ta mutu a 2012). Bisa ga umarnin Nurse, an sanya mata suna ne don girmama ɗan ƙasar Afirka [[Edward Wilmot Blyden|Edward Blyden]] na [[Laberiya]]. Nurse daga baya ya yi rajista a Jami'ar New York amma nan da nan ya koma Jami'ar Howard. === Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci === A lokacin karatun koleji a Amurka, Nurse ya shiga cikin Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata (Communist) (CPUSA). Lokacin da ya tsunduma cikin kasuwancin jam'iyya, ya karɓi sunan George Padmore (wanda ya haɗa sunan surukin sa na Kirista, Babban Sajan-Major George Semper, da sunan sunan abokin wanda ya kasance mafi kyawun mutuminsa, Errol Padmore). Padmore ya shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci a hukumance a 1927 (lokacin da yake [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]) kuma yana aiki a cikin kungiyarsa da aka yi niyya ga bakaken fata Amurkawa, the American Negro Labour Congress. A cikin Maris 1929 ya kasance wakilin 'yan'uwa (marasa jefa kuri'a) zuwa taron kasa na 6th na CPUSA, wanda aka gudanar a birnin New York. Padmore, ƙwararren ma'aikaci kuma ƙwararren marubuci, shugaban ƙungiyar 'yan gurguzu William Z. Foster ne ya naɗa shi a matsayin tauraro mai tasowa. An kai shi birnin Moscow don ba da rahoto game da kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ga Ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci ta Duniya (Comintern) daga baya a cikin 1929. Bayan gabatar da nasa, an nemi Padmore ya ci gaba da zama a Moscow don ya jagoranci Ofishin Negro na Red International of Labor Unions (Profintern) <ref name="Solomon60" /> An zabe shi a cikin Moscow City Soviet . A matsayinsa na shugaban ofishin Profintern's Negro, Padmore ya taimaka wajen samar da wallafe-wallafen ƙasidu kuma ya ba da gudummawar labarai ga jaridar Moscow ta Turanci, jaridar Moscow Daily News.An kuma yi amfani da shi lokaci-lokaci a matsayin mai jigilar kudade daga Moscow zuwa Jam'iyyun Kwaminisanci daban-daban na kasashen waje. {{Quote box|quote=As a deputy of the Moscow soviet, Padmore had served on the commission to investigate the [1930 racial] assault on [[Robert Robinson (engineer)|[Robert] Robinson]] [in Stalingrad].... Even after he had renounced Communism in the mid-1930s, Padmore continued until his death in 1959 to cite the trial of Robinson's assailants as evidence that the USSR was the only country that had effectively eradicated racial discrimination. --Meredith L. Roman, "Robert Robinson (1930s)", in Beatriz Gallotti Mamigonian and Karen Racine (eds), ''The Human Tradition in the Black Atlantic, 1500–2000'', p. 142, Rowman & Littlefield (16 November 2009), {{ISBN|0742567303}}.|width=40%|align=left}} A cikin Yuli 1930, Padmore ya taimaka wajen shirya taron kasa da kasa a Hamburg, Jamus. Ta kaddamar da wata kungiya ta kasa da kasa mai goyon bayan Comintern na kungiyoyin kwadago na bakar fata mai suna International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers (ITUCNW) Padmore ya zauna a [[Vienna]], [[Austriya|Austria]], a wannan lokacin, inda ya shirya littafin kowane wata na sabon rukuni, The Negro Worker . <ref name="Solomon178" /> A cikin 1931, Padmore ya koma Hamburg kuma ya hanzarta fitar da rubuce-rubucensa, ya ci gaba da samar da mujallar ITUCNW tare da rubuta ƙasidu fiye da 20 a cikin shekara guda. Wannan haɗin kai na Jamus ya zo kusa kusa da tsakiyar 1933, duk da haka, yayin da ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suka mamaye ofisoshin Negro Worker bayan kwace iko da Nazi. Gwamnatin Jamus ta kori Padmore zuwa Ingila, yayin da Comintern ya sanya ITUCNW da Ma'aikacin Negro a kan hutu a cikin Agusta 1933. <ref name="Solomon179" /> Bacin rai da abin da ya dauka a matsayin goyon bayan Comintern ga manufar 'yancin kai na al'ummomin mulkin mallaka don goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet na neman kawancen diflomasiyya da masu mulkin mallaka, Padmore ya yanke dangantakarsa da ITUCNW a ƙarshen lokacin rani na 1933. Hukumar ladabtarwa ta Comintern, Hukumar Kula da Yakin Duniya (ICC), ta nemi ya bayyana matakin da ya dauka ba tare da izini ba. Lokacin da ya ki yin haka, ICC ta kore shi daga kungiyar gurguzu a ranar 23 ga Fabrairun 1934. <ref name="Solomon179" /> Wani bangare na tafiyar siyasa ta Padmore ya ƙare. Sakamakon kasancewarsa mamba a jam'iyyar gurguzu da kuma yi mata aiki a Tarayyar Soviet da Jamus, an hana Padmore sake shiga Amurka. Shi ba dan kasa ba ne kuma gwamnati ba ta so ta yarda da sanannun kwaminisanci. === Pan-Africanist === Ko da yake ya rabu da Stalinism, Padmore ya kasance mai ra'ayin gurguzu. Ya nemi sabbin hanyoyin yin aiki don samun 'yancin Afirka daga mulkin mallaka. Komawa zuwa Faransa, inda Garan Kouyaté ya kasance abokin tarayya daga kwanakinsa na Comintern, Padmore ya fara rubuta littafi: Yadda Biritaniya Rules Afirka. Tare da taimakon tsohuwar magajin Amurka Nancy Cunard, ya sami wakilin London kuma, a ƙarshe, mawallafi (Wishart). Ya buga littafin a cikin 1936, shekarar da mawallafin ya zama Lawrence da Wishart, wanda aka sani yana jin tausayin 'yan gurguzu. Ba a cika yin buguwar littattafan baƙar fata a wancan lokacin a ƙasar Ingila. Wani mai shela a Switzerland ya rarraba fassarar Jamusanci a Jamus. A cikin 1934, Padmore ya koma Landan, inda ya zama cibiyar al'ummar marubuta da suka sadaukar da kai ga al'adun Afirka da 'yancin kai na Afirka. Abokinsa na yaro C.L.R. James, kuma daga Trinidad, ya riga ya kasance a wurin, yana rubutu da bugawa. James ya fara abokanan Afirka na Duniya na Habasha don mayar da martani ga mamayar da Italiya ta yi wa Habasha. Wannan kungiya ta ci gaba zuwa Hukumar Kula da Hidimar Afirka ta Duniya (IASB), wacce ta zama cibiya ga ayyukan ’yan mulkin mallaka na Afirka da Caribbean. Padmore shi ne shugaban IASB, ƙwararren ƙwadago na Barbadiya Chris Braithwaite shi ne sakatare na shiryawa, kuma James ya yi gyara na lokaci-lokaci, Ra'ayin Afirka ta Duniya. Ras Makonnen daga Guiana na Biritaniya ne ya kula da ƙarshen kasuwancin. Sauran mahimman mambobi sun haɗa da [[Jomo Kenyatta]] daga Kenya da Amy Ashwood Garvey . Kamar yadda Carol Polsgrove ya nuna a Ƙarshen Mulkin Birtaniyya a Afirka: Marubuta a cikin Harka gama gari, Padmore da abokansa a cikin 1930s da 1940s - daga cikinsu akwai C. L. R. James, Jomo Kenyatta na Kenya, Kwame Nkrumah na Gold Coast da Peter Abrahams na Afirka ta Kudu - sun ga bugawa a matsayin dabarun canza siyasa. Sun buga kananan jaridu na lokaci-lokaci, wanda a wasu lokuta hukumomi sukan kama su lokacin da suka isa yankunan. Sun buga labarai a cikin littattafan wasu lokaci-lokaci, alal misali, Sabon Shugaban Jam'iyyar Labour mai zaman kanta. Sun buga ƙasidu. Sun rubuta wa editan wasiƙu; kuma, godiya ga goyon bayan mai wallafa Fredric Warburg (na Secker & Warburg), sun buga littattafai. Warburg ya fitar da Padmore's Africa and World Peace (1937), da kuma littattafan Kenyatta da James duka. A cikin riga-kafi ga Afirka da Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya, dan siyasar Labour Sir Stafford Cripps ya rubuta: "George Padmore ya sake yin wani babban hidimar fadakarwa a cikin wannan littafi. Abubuwan da ya bayyana da rashin tausayi babu shakka ba su da daɗi, labarin da ya ba da labarin mulkin mallaka na Afirka yana da ban tsoro a cikin matsananciyar yanayi, amma duka abubuwan da suka faru sun kasance a cikin mu. na 'nauyin farin mutum', kuma hankalinmu ya ruɗe da ruɗewa da ci gaba da farfagandar daular mulkin mallaka ta yadda za mu iya kusan kadu da wannan baƙar magana da jajircewa na babban tatsuniya na wayewar manufa ta dimokuradiyya na yammacin Afirka a Afirka. Bayanan Halitta akan murfin ya bayyana Padmore a matsayin wakilin Turai na Pittsburgh Courier, Gold Coast Spectator, African Morning Post, Panama Tribune, Belize Independent da The Bantu World. ". Kafin yakin duniya na biyu, James ya tafi Amurka, inda ya hadu da Kwame Nkrumah, dalibi daga Gold Coast, wanda ya yi karatu a jami'ar Lincoln da ke Pennsylvania. James ya ba Nkrumah wasiƙar gabatarwa ga Padmore . Lokacin da Nkrumah ya isa Landan a watan Mayun 1945 da niyyar karatun shari'a, Padmore ya same shi a tashar. Shi ne farkon dogon kawance. Padmore ya kasance yana shirya taron 1945 na Manchester Pan-African Congress (wanda aka nada na Pan-African Congress na biyar), ba kawai da'irar IASB ta ciki ba har ma da W. E. B. Du Bois, wanda ya shirya taron Pan-African na farko. Taron Manchester ya taimaka wajen tsara ajandar kawar da mulkin mallaka a lokacin yakin bayan yakin. Padmore ya yi amfani da London a matsayin sansaninsa fiye da shekaru ashirin. Shi da Dorothy Pizer, marubuci Bature Bature kuma abokin aikinsa na gida kuma abokin aikin sa, sun raba wani gida da ya zama cibiyar masu kishin Afirka. Padmore ya ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa a duk faɗin duniya, yana aika labarai zuwa jaridu na duniya da kuma ci gaba da yin rubutu tare da marubutan Amurka da masu fafutuka W. E.B. Du Bois da Richard Wright. Na karshen yana zaune a Paris. A cikin roƙon Padmore, Wright ya yi tafiya zuwa Gold Coast a cikin 1953 don bincika ginin don samun 'yancin kai, kuma ya rubuta littafinsa Black Power (1954). Kafin Wright ya bar gabar tekun Gold, ya ba da rahoton sirri kan Nkrumah ga karamin ofishin jakadancin Amurka; daga baya ya ba da rahoto game da Padmore ga Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Paris. A cewar asusun ofishin jakadancin, Wright ya ce Nkrumah ya dogara sosai kan Padmore yayin da yake shirin samun 'yancin kai. Lokacin da Wright ya buga Black Power a cikin 1954, Padmore yana kammala wani littafi da yake fatan zai zama tarihi da tsarin 'yancin kai na Afirka: Pan-Africanism ko Kwaminisanci? Ƙoƙarinsa ne na yaƙi da zarge-zargen yaƙin cacar-baki a ƙasashen yammacin duniya cewa yunƙurin 'yancin kai na Afirka na da asali na kwaminisanci. Yayin da 'yancin kai ya kusa zuwa ga Gold Coast, al'ummar London sun rabu. A cikin 1956, James ya dawo daga Amurka, amma Padmore da Pizer sun yi masa nuni da tawali'u a wasiƙu zuwa Wright. A halin yanzu, tsohon abokin Padmore Peter Abrahams ya buga wani ɗan roman à clef mai suna A Wreath for Udomo (1956), wanda ke ɗauke da hotuna marasa daɗi na membobin wannan ƙungiyar siyasar London. Mutane da yawa sun gano George Padmore a matsayin abin ƙira don halayen "Tom Lanwood". Alamar Padmore da Nkrumah ta tsaya tsayin daka. Daga lokacin da Nkrumah ya koma Gold Coast a shekarar 1947 domin ya jagoranci yunkurin yancin kai, Padmore ya shawarce shi da dogon wasiku. Ya kuma rubuta labarai da dama ga jaridar Nkrumah, Accra Evening News, kuma ya rubuta tarihin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Gold Coast (1953). Tare da Dorothy Pizer (wanda marubuci ne kuma sakatare), Padmore ya ƙarfafa jagoran ya rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa. Nkrumah ya wallafa tarihin rayuwarsa a shekarar 1957, a shekarar da Gold Coast ta samu 'yancin kai ga Ghana. Padmore ya wakilci Nkrumah a matsayin Mutum mafi kyau lokacin da 'yar Sir Stafford Cripps [[Peggy Cripps|Peggy]] ta auri mai adawa da mulkin mallaka [[Joe Appiah]], wanda yake daya daga cikin abokan Nkrumah mafi kusa a lokacin. Padmore ya amince da gayyatar Nkrumah zuwa Ghana, amma zamansa a matsayin mai baiwa Nkrumah shawara kan harkokin Afirka ke da wuya. Padmore yana magana da abokai game da barin Ghana ya zauna a wani wuri lokacin da ya koma London don jinyar cirrhosis na hanta. Padmore ya mutu a ranar 23 ga Satumba 1959, yana da shekaru 56, a Asibitin Kwalejin Jami'ar da ke London. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, da yake mayar da martani ga jita-jitar cewa an sa wa dan gwagwarmaya guba, abokinsa Pizer ya buga cikakken bayani game da mutuwarsa. Ta ce ciwon hanta ya kara tsananta a cikin watanni tara da suka gabata, kafin ya nemi magani daga wani abokinsa da ya dade yana likita. Sakamakon gazawar hantarsa, ya yi fama da zubar jini wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwarsa. === Kyauta === * Bayan mutuwar Padmore, Nkrumah ya jinjina masa a wani shirin rediyo: "Wata rana, dukkanin kasashen Afirka za su kasance cikin 'yanci da hadin kai kuma idan aka ba da labarin karshe, za a bayyana muhimmancin aikin George Padmore." A cikin Pittsburgh Courier, George Schuyler ya ce rubuce-rubucen Padmore sun kasance "abin ƙarfafawa ga mutanen da suka yi mafarkin samun 'yanci na Afirka". Abokin likitan Padmore, Cecil Belfield Clarke, ya rubuta labarin mutuwar da ya gudana a cikin The Times, yana kwatanta Padmore a matsayin marubuci wanda ya rubuta littattafai kuma yayi nazarin su. Wani dan Afirka dan kasar Jamaica kuma jami'in diflomasiyya Dudley Thompson ya rubuta game da Padmore a cikin wata wasika zuwa ga The Guardian: "Ya kasance kasa da kasa da gaske kuma duk duniyar mulkin mallaka ta yi asara.". * Bayan hidimar jana'izar a wani wurin ƙone gawa a London, an binne toka na Padmore a Christiansborg Castle a Ghana a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1959 . An watsa bikin ne a Amurka ta gidan talabijin na [[NBC]]. Kamar yadda C. L. R. James ya rubuta, <blockquote>...Kasashe takwas sun aika da tawaga zuwa jana'izarsa a birnin Landan. Sai dai a Ghana ne aka tokare tokarsa kuma kowa ya ce a kasar nan da ta shahara wajen zanga-zangar siyasa, ba a taba samun fitowar jama'a irin wanda mutuwar Padmore ya haddasa ba. Makiyaya daga yankuna masu nisa, wanda mutum zai yi tunanin, ba su taba jin sunansa ba, sun yi nasarar gano hanyarsu ta zuwa Accra don yin karramawar karshe ga yammacin Indiyan da ya yi rayuwarsa a hidimarsu.</blockquote>Ci gaba da zama a Accra, Dorothy Pizer ta rubuta gabatarwa don bugun Faransanci na Padmore's Pan-Africanism ko Kwaminisanci. Ta fara bincike don tarihin Padmore. Duk da haka, kamar yadda ta gaya wa Nancy Cunard, ta ji takaici saboda halinsa na lalata takardunsa kuma bai yi magana game da abubuwan da ya gabata ba. * [[Laburaren Bincike na George Padmore|George Padmore Research Library]], a unguwar Ridge, Accra, Ghana, an sanya masa suna. Kwame Nkrumah ya yi magana a buɗe ginin da aka keɓe wa Padmore a matsayin ɗakin karatu na tunawa a ranar 30 ga Yuni 1961. Nkrumah ya sanya Padmore a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin manyan gine-gine na ƙungiyar 'yanci ta Afirka ... wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga ƙungiyar Afirka da' yanci". * James, wanda ya koma Port of Spain, Trinidad, ya rubuta jerin labarai a kan Padmore don The Nation . James kuma ya fara tattara kayan don tarihin rayuwa amma daga ƙarshe ya samar da rubutun hannu kawai, "Notes on the Life of George Padmore. " Shekaru da yawa James ya yi ƙoƙari ya buga littafinsa Nkrumah da Ghana Revolution; an buga littafin a 1977 (London: Allison da Busby). A ciki, James ya watsar da duk wani ambaton littafin Padmore na 1953 game da juyin juya halin Gold Coast; wasikarsa tana da nassoshi da yawa game da ra'ayinsa cewa Padmore bai fahimci juyin juya hali ba. * Ras Makonnen, wanda ya fahimci mahimmancin littattafai game da ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa na Afirka, ya wallafa nasa cikakken labarin al'ummar London da ke kusa da Padmore, Pan-Africanism from Inin (1973). James R. Hooker ya rubuta tarihin Padmore, Black Revolutionary (1967). Padmore shine babban jigon da aka nuna a cikin Ƙarshen Mulkin Biritaniya na Carol Polsgrove a Afirka: Writers in a Common Cause, wanda aka buga a 2009. A cikin 1991, John La Rose ya kafa Cibiyar George Padmore (GPI), mai tushe a Arewacin London, tare da manufar "ci gaba da al'adun da suka tsara rayuwarsa: mai zaman kansa, hangen nesa da hangen nesa da ke haɗa Caribbean, Afirka, Turai, Arewacin Amirka da Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who was George Padmore? |url=https://www.georgepadmoreinstitute.org/Who%20We%20Are/who-was-george-padmore |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228081634/https://www.georgepadmoreinstitute.org/Who%20We%20Are/who-was-george-padmore |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=7 October 2020 |publisher=George Padmore Institute}}</ref> Yana da ajiya, kayan ilimi da cibiyar bincike da ke da alaƙa da baƙar fata na Caribbean, asalin Afirka da Asiya a Burtaniya da nahiyar Turai. La Rose kuma ta kafa Makarantar George Padmore a shekarar 1969. * A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2011 - shekaru 98 zuwa ranar da aka haifi Padmore - Nubian Jak Community Trust ta bayyana takardar shuɗi a tsohon adireshin Padmore, 22 Cranleigh Street a cikin London Borough of Camden, a cikin wani bikin da Babban Kwamishinan Trinidad & Tobago, Babban Kwamishina na Ghana, Magajin garin Camden, [[Selma James]], Nina Baden-Semper (wanda ke da alaƙa da surukan Padmore), <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2011 |title=BBC London News - George Padmore Plaque unveiling |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ja8FOE9-S9c |access-date=10 November 2021 |via=YouTube}}</ref> A cewar Cameron Duodu: "Yawancin maganganu da litattafai, da kuma wasikun da shugabannin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Afirka suka yi yaƙi da manufofin Ofishin mulkin mallaka a London, an tsara su ne a teburin cin abinci na 22 Cranleigh Street. Har ila yau, wurin da George Padmore ya shirya taron Pan-African na 5 a Manchester a 1945. " * George Padmore Road da George Padmore Lane, a Hurlingham, [[Nairobi|Nairobi, Kenya]], an sanya musu suna bayan shi. == Ayyuka == * Rayuwa da gwagwarmayar Negro Toilers (London: Red International of Labor Unions Magazine for International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers, 1931) Haiti, Ƙasar Bawan Amurka (Centrizdat, 1931) Ma'aikatan Negro da Tsarin Yakin Imperialist a cikin USSR (1931) Yadda Biritaniya ke Mulkin Afirka (London: Littattafan Wishart, 1936) Afirka da Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya (Maganganun Magana ta Sir Stafford Cripps; London: Martin Secker da Warburg Ltd, 1937) Hands Off the Protectorates (London: International African Service Bureau, 1938) Hannu daga Mallaka! Sabon Jagora, 25 Fabrairu 1938 [https://www.marxists.org/archive/padmore/1938/hands-off.htm]. * Ayyukan White Man: Binciken Tambayar mulkin mallaka a cikin Hasken Yarjejeniyar Atlantic (tare da Nancy Cunard) (London: W. H. Allen &amp;amp; Co., 1942) * Muryar Ma'aikata Masu Launi (Speeches da Rahotanni na Wakilan mulkin mallaka zuwa Taron Kwadago na Duniya, 1945) (edita) (Manchester: Panaf Service, 1945) * Yadda Rasha ta Canja Daular mulkin mallaka: Kalubale ga Ƙarfin Imperialist (tare da haɗin gwiwar Dorothy Pizer) (London: Dennis Dobson, 1946) * "Tarihin Majalisa ta Pan-Afirka (Colonial and Coloured Unity: A Programme of Action) " (edita) (1947). An sake buga shi a cikin [[Hakim Adi]] da Marika Sherwood, The 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress Revisited (London: New Beacon Books, 1995) * ''Afirka: Daular Burtaniya ta Uku'' (London: Dennis Dobson, 1949) * ''Juyin Juya Halin Gold Coast: Yakin Mutanen Afirka daga Bautar zuwa 'Yanci'' (London: Dennis Dobson, 1953) * Pan-Africanism ko Kwaminisanci? The Coming Struggle for Africa (Maganar farko ta Richard Wright. London: Dennis Dobson, 1956) Abubuwan da ke kan layi suna samuwa a https://www.marxists.org/archive/padmore/ == Bayani == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1902]] b1n07s3x1x4kakrll9n59b8rvhpt0p4 0 100621 883150 621857 2026-07-15T04:17:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Nahiyar [[Afirka]] na ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da aka fi fama da bautar zamani . [[Bautar da Mutane a Afrika|Bauta a Afirka]] yana da dogon tarihi, a cikin Afirka tun kafin bayanan tarihi, amma yana ƙaruwa tare da cinikin bayi na [[Cinikin bayi na Sahara|trans-Saharan]] da Tekun Indiya da kuma sake tare da [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|trans-Atlantic]] da cinikin bayi na Barbary ; Bukatar bayi ya haifar da dukkanin jerin masarautu da suka wanzu a cikin yanayin yaki na dindindin don samar da fursunonin yakin da suka wajaba don fitar da bayi masu riba. Waɗannan alamu sun ci gaba har zuwa lokacin mulkin mallaka a ƙarshen 19th da farkon karni na 20. Ko da yake hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun yi ƙoƙarin murkushe bautar a shekara ta 1900, ƙoƙarinsu bai yi tasiri ba. Ko bayan cire mulkin mallaka, ana ci gaba da bautar a sassa da dama na Afirka duk da cewa haramun ne a hukumance. Bautar da ke yankin [[Sahel]] (kuma zuwa ƙanƙanin ƙahon Afirka ) na wanzuwa tare da iyakokin launin fata da al'adu na Larabawa Berbers a arewa da kuma 'yan Afirka masu duhu a kudu. Bautar da ake yi a jahohin [[Sahel]] na Mauritaniya da Mali da [[Bautar bayi a Nijar|Nijar]] da Chadi da Sudan musamman na ci gaba da yin bautar gado na tsawon shekaru aru-aru. <ref>{{Cite journal |year=1974 |title=Chad-Mali-Mauritania-Niger-Senegal-Upper Volta: Convention Establishing a Permanent Inter-State Drought Control Committee for the Sahel |journal=International Legal Materials |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=537–539 |doi=10.1017/s002078290004568x |s2cid=249000440}}</ref> Akwai sauran nau'o'in bautar gargajiya a sassan Ghana, Benin, Togo da [[Fataucin Mutane a Najeriya|Najeriya]] . Akwai wasu nau'o'in bautar da ba na al'ada ba a Afirka a yau, wanda akasari ya shafi [[Safarar Mutane|fataucin mutane]] da bautar da [[Yara a cikin soja|yara sojoji]] da masu aikin bautar yara, misali fataucin mutane a Angola, da [[Cinikin yara|fataucin yara]] daga Togo, Benin da [[Fataucin Mutane a Najeriya|Najeriya]] zuwa Gabon da Kamaru . <ref>{{Cite journal |title=news-from-human-rights-watch-vol-l5-no8a-borderline-slavery-child-trafficking-in-togo-april-2003-84-pp |journal=Human Rights Documents Online |doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-2156-0326}}</ref> Bautar zamani a Afirka bisa ga Ƙungiyar Anti-Slavery ta haɗa da cin gajiyar al'ummomin da ke ƙarƙashin ikonsu ko da kuwa ba a ce yanayin su a fasaha ba "Bautar": <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Booker T. Washington}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=Although this exploitation is often not called slavery, the conditions are the same. People are sold like objects, forced to work for little or no pay and are at the mercy of their "employers".|author=Antislavery Society|source=What is Modern Slavery?}} An yi kiyasin yin aikin tilastawa a [[Yankin Saharar Afirka|yankin kudu da hamadar sahara]] a 660,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Workers' Alliance against Forced Labour and Trafficking - ITUC |url=http://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/mapEN.pdf |access-date=2015-10-14 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075729/http://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/mapEN.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan ya hada da mutanen da ke da hannu a hakar lu'u-lu'u ba bisa ka'ida ba na [[Saliyo]] da [[Laberiya]], wanda kuma sakamakon yakin basasa a wadannan yankuna ne kai tsaye. <ref name="ForcedLabour">{{Cite web |title=Forced Labour |url=http://www.antislavery.org/english/slavery_today/forced_labour/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026112927/http://antislavery.org/english/slavery_today/forced_labour.aspx |archive-date=2010-10-26 |access-date=2015-10-14 |publisher=[[Anti-Slavery International]]}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Ofishin Kwadago na Duniya ya kiyasta cewa 7 a cikin kowane mutum 1,000 a Afirka suna fama da bauta. == Nau'in bautar zamani == [[Fayil:Child_labor,_Artisan_Mining_in_Kailo_Congo.jpg|thumb| Bautar gada da bautar da yara na kamfanoni a Afirka]] === Cinikin jima'i === Yayin da aka dakatar da bautar da hukumomi a duk duniya, akwai rahotanni da yawa game da bayi mata masu yin jima'i a yankunan da ba su da ingantaccen iko na gwamnati, irin su Sudan da [[Laberiya]], [[Saliyo]], arewacin [[Uganda]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Kongo]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest North San Diego County headlines |url=http://www.nctimes.com/articles/2007/03/04/news/nation/17_58_563_3_07.txt |access-date=8 May 2015 |website=U-T San Diego}}</ref> [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] . A [[Ghana]], [[Togo]], da kuma [[Benin]], wani nau'i na (tilasta) karuwanci na addini da aka sani da ''trokosi'' (" [[Ritual servitude|bautar al'ada]] ") ta tilasta wa dubban 'yan mata da mata a wuraren ibada na gargajiya a matsayin "matan alloli", inda firistoci ke yin jima'i a maimakon alloli. === Aikin tilas === Aikin tilas, wanda zai iya bambanta da bautar, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brachet |first=Julien |last2=Scheele |first2=Judith |year=2022 |title=Captives at Large: On the Political Economy of Human Containment in the Sahara |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/00323292211014373 |journal=[[ Politics & Society]] |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=255–278 |doi=10.1177/00323292211014373 |s2cid=236365246 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> an bayyana shi a matsayin duk wani aiki ko ayyuka da aka tilasta wa mutane yin ba tare da son ransu ba karkashin barazanar wani nau'i na hukunci. A [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango]], al'ummar Pygmy galibi suna fama da 'yan uwansu [[Mutanen Bantu|na Bantu]], wadanda suka maye gurbin mukaman Larabawa da Turawa. <ref name="ForcedLabour"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boddy-Evans |first=Alistair |date=20 June 2019 |title=Types of Enslavement in Africa and the World Today |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-slavery-in-africa-44542 |access-date=29 April 2022 |publisher=ThoughtCo}}</ref>   === Cinikin bautar yara === An samu rahoton cinikin yara a [[Najeriya]] da [[Benin]] na zamani. Masu bauta a jihohin da ke fama da talauci, irin su Benin da Togo ne ke sace su ko kuma su saya su a kan dala 20-70 kowannensu, kuma ana sayar da su a matsayin bayi a gidajen jima'i ko kuma a matsayin bayin gida da ba a biya su albashin dala 350 kowacce a jihohi masu arzikin man fetur, kamar Najeriya da Gabon. <ref>{{Cite web |title=West is master of slave trade guilt |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20855855-28737,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613155944/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20855855-28737,00.html |archive-date=13 June 2007 |access-date=2015-10-14 |website=The Australian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery – Nigeria |url=http://gvnet.com/humantrafficking/Nigeria.htm |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2014, [[Boko Haram]] ta sace dalibai mata 276 daga [[Chibok]], Borno. <ref>{{Cite journal |title=Nigeria: Government Still Failing Victims of Boko Haram Four Years On From Chibok |journal=Human Rights Documents Online |doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9211-20181220}}</ref> Fiye da 50 daga cikinsu sun tsere nan da nan, amma ba a sako sauran ba. A maimakon haka, shugaban Boko Haram, [[Abubakar Shekau]], wanda ke da tukuicin dala miliyan 7 da ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta bayar tun watan Yunin 2013 ga duk wanda ya bayar da bayanin da ya kai ga kama shi, ya bayyana aniyarsa ta sayar da su a matsayin [[Bauta|bayi]] . === Bautar al'ada === '''Bautar ibada''' (Trokosi) al'ada ce a [[Ghana]], [[Togo]], da [[Benin]] inda wuraren ibada na gargajiya ke ɗaukar 'yan adam, yawanci 'yan mata budurwai, don biyan hidima, ko kuma yin kafara na addini don zargin laifin wani ɗan gida-kusan mace. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Female Ritual Servitude |url=https://www.cbeinternational.org/resource/article/mutuality-blog-magazine/female-ritual-servitude |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126204853/https://www.cbeinternational.org/resource/article/mutuality-blog-magazine/female-ritual-servitude |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=2020-05-28 |publisher=CBE International}}</ref> A Ghana da Togo, ’yan kabilar Ewe da ke yankin Volta ne ke yin ta, kuma a Benin, ’yan kabilar Fon ne ke yin ta. == Bauta ta ƙasa == === Chadi === Al'adar bautar da ake yi a kasar Chadi kamar yadda ake yi a jahohin Sahel gaba daya, wani lamari ne da ke da dadadden tarihi, inda aka koma cinikin bayi da ake yi a kasashen Sahel, kuma yana ci gaba a yau. Kamar sauran wurare a Afirka ta Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka, lamarin yana nuna rashin jituwar kabilanci, kabilanci da addini. IRIN (Integrated Regional Information Networks) na ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na <ref>{{Cite journal |title=Figure 4.5. Relatively smaller contributions from non-DAC providers to the UN MPTF Office-administered funds |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933247237 |doi=10.1787/888933247237 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> mai kula da harkokin jin kai <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gerhart |first=Gail M. |year=2002 |title=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=81 |issue=5 |pages=197 |doi=10.2307/20033282 |jstor=20033282}}</ref> ya ba da rahoton cewa iyayensu na sayar da yara ga makiyaya Larabawa a [[Cadi|Chadi]] saboda talauci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-12-21 |title=IRIN Africa – CHAD: Children sold into slavery for the price of a calf – Chad – Children – Economy – Governance – Human Rights |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=52490 |access-date=8 May 2015 |agency=IRIN}}</ref> === Kongo === bautar bashi kamar bauta ta yi kamari a sassan Kongo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-08 |title=Your Phone Was Made By Slaves: A Primer on the Secret Economy |url=http://blog.longreads.com/2016/03/08/your-phone-was-made-by-slaves-a-primer-on-the-secret-economy/ |access-date=2016-03-28 |website=Longreads Blog}}</ref> A cewar Ƙididdigar Bautar Duniya, kusan, sama da mutane miliyan ɗaya ne ake bautar da su a yankin Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kwango. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Africa |url=https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/findings/regional-analysis/africa/ |website=Global Slavery Index}}</ref> === Habasha === Mahider Bitew, masani kan kare hakkin yara da kare hakkin yara a [[Mata a kasar Habasha|ma’aikatar mata]], <ref>{{Cite journal |title=FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 2014 Ministry of Women�s Affairs Annual Report |journal=Human Rights Documents Online |doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-4027-2014003}}</ref> ya ce wasu bincike daga nesa da aka gudanar a [[Dire Dawa|garuruwan Dire Dawa]], Shashemene, Awassa, da wasu garuruwa uku na kasar nan na nuni da cewa matsalar fataucin yara na da matukar tsanani. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2003 ya nuna cewa an yi safarar yara kusan dubu daya ta Dire Dawa zuwa kasashen [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] . Yawancin wadannan yaran mata ne, wadanda akasarinsu aka tilasta musu yin karuwanci bayan sun bar kasar. Kungiyar Kwadago ta kasa da kasa ta bayyana karuwanci a matsayin mafi muni na aikin yara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Labour Standards on Child labour |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/child-labour/lang--en/index.htm |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=ilo.org |language=en}}</ref> A [[Itofiya|Habasha]], ana fataucin yara zuwa [[karuwanci]], don samar da arha ko aikin da ba a biya ba, da kuma yin aiki a matsayin bayin gida ko mabarata. Yawan shekarun wadannan yaran na tsakanin shekaru 10 zuwa 18 ne, kuma ana safarar su daga kasar zuwa manyan birane da birane zuwa kasa. Sau da yawa ana sa ran samari za su yi ayyuka kamar kiwon shanu a yankunan karkara da kuma sana’ar masaka a [[Addis Ababa]] da sauran manyan garuruwa. Ana son 'yan mata su dauki nauyin ayyukan gida, kula da yara, da kula da marasa lafiya, da yin karuwanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |title=Figure 28. Inactive women who cite family commitments (childcare, looking after incapacitated adults, or other family reasons) as the main reason for not looking for work, 2012-13 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933157638 |doi=10.1787/888933157638 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Ghana, Togo, Benin === A wasu sassa na [[Ghana]] a tsakanin mutanen Ewe, ana iya hukunta iyali don wani laifi ta wajen ba da budurwa mace don ta yi jima’i a cikin dangin da aka yi wa laifi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slavery in Ghana |url=http://www.sos-sexisme.org/English/slavery.htm |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> A wannan yanayin, mace ba ta samun lakabin "mata". <ref>{{Cite journal |year=1911 |title=Adverse Possession. Who May Gain Title. Wife against Husband |journal=Harvard Law Review |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=316–317 |doi=10.2307/1324067 |jstor=1324067}}</ref> A wasu sassa na Ghana, [[Togo]], da [[Benin]], bautar wuraren bauta ya ci gaba, duk da cewa ba bisa ka'ida ba a Ghana tun 1998. Ana kiran wannan tsarin bautar wani lokaci [[Ritual servitude|trokosi]] (a Ghana), ko [[Ritual servitude|voodoosi]] a Togo da Benin, ko bautar al'ada. Ana ba wa ‘yan mata budurwa bayi a matsayin bayi a wuraren ibadar gargajiya kuma malamai na yin lalata da su, baya ga ba da aikin yi kyauta. Karuwai da yawa na kasar Sin ana safarar su zuwa Ghana don yiwa al'ummomin da ke gudun hijira hidima a kasar, in ji wani bincike na kungiyar kare hakkin bayi da yammacin Afirka (EPAWA). [1] Kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke Accra ta shaida wa Citi Newsroom cewa ana daukar wadanda abin ya shafa aiki ne a matsayin masu taimakawa gidan abinci. Sannan ana tsare su kuma a tilasta musu su ba da sabis na jima'i. === Madagascar === Bautar cikin gida da aikin tilastawa aiki ne na ci gaba da karuwa sakamakon tsananin talauci a Madagascar, a cewar wata manufa ta 2012 da Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan bautar da ake yi a wannan zamani. Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman ya bayyana yara a matsayin masu rauni musamman kuma ya damu da yadda ake bautar da matasa a aikin hakar ma'adinai da lalata ko kuma auren zaman banza. === Mali === Ana ci gaba da samun bauta a kasar Mali a dukkan kabilun kasar musamman a tsakanin al'ummomin [[Buzaye|Abzinawa]] . Faransawa ta soke bautar a cikin 1905, amma bayi da yawa sun kasance tare da iyayengijinsu har zuwa 1946 lokacin da babban fafutukar 'yanci ya faru. <ref name="Mauxion">{{Cite journal |last=Mauxion |first=Aurelien |year=2012 |title=Moving to Stay: ''Iklan'' Spatial Strategies Towards Socioeconomic Emancipation in Northern Mali, 1898–1960 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=195–213 |doi=10.1017/s0021853712000394 |s2cid=161662370}}</ref> Gwamnatin Mali mai cin gashin kanta ta farko ta yi kokarin kawo karshen bauta, amma wannan yunkurin ya ci tura tare da mulkin kama-karya na soja daga 1968 zuwa 1991. <ref>{{Cite journal |title=help-bring-justice-and-reunite-families-who-were-victims-of-argentinas-military-dictatorship |journal=Human Rights Documents Online |doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-2714-0049}}</ref> Bauta ta ci gaba da wanzuwa a yau tare da ci gaba da tsare dubban mutane a bauta; duk da haka, wani motsi na zamantakewa mai suna Temedt (wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2012 Anti-Slavery International ) yana matsawa gwamnati lamba don kawo karshen bauta a kasar. <ref name="Hahonou">{{Cite journal |last=Hahonou |first=Eric |last2=Pelckmans |first2=Lotte |year=2011 |title=West African Antislavery Movements: Citizenship Struggles and the Legacies of Slavery |url=http://www.univie.ac.at/ecco/stichproben/20_Pelckmans_Hahonou.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Stichproben. Wiener Zeitschrift für Kritische Afrikastudien |issue=20 |pages=141–162 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512042058/http://www.univie.ac.at/ecco/stichproben/20_Pelckmans_Hahonou.pdf |archive-date=12 May 2013}}</ref> Ko da yake gwamnatin Mali ta musanta cewa ana ci gaba da bautar da bayi, marubuciyar National Geographic mai suna Kira Salak ta yi iƙirarin a shekara ta 2002 cewa bautar da ake yi ta yi fice sosai kuma ita da kanta ta siya sannan ta 'yantar da bayi biyu a Timbuktu . Bugu da kari, tare da Tawayen Tuareg na 2012, an sami rahotannin tsoffin bayin da aka sake kama su da tsoffin iyayengijinsu. === Mauritania === A cewar Kididdigar Tsaro ta Duniya Mauritania tana daya daga cikin mafi girman yawan raunin da ake fama da ita ga bautar, inda take matsayi na 4 a yankin. <ref name=":0"/> Akwai wani tsari a yanzu wanda Larabawa musulmi —’yan bidi’a—suka mallaki bakaken bayi, ‘yan harati . Kimanin 'yan Mauritaniya 90,000 ne suka kasance bayi a zahiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Essays - The Feminist Sexual Ethics Project - Brandeis University |url=http://www.brandeis.edu/projects/fse/muslim/slavery.html |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> Bidanawa masu mulki (sunan yana nufin a zahiri fararen fata) zuriyar Sanhaja [[Abzinawa|Berbers]] da Beni Hassan Larabawa ne da suka yi hijira zuwa arewa maso yammacin [[Afirka]] da [[yammacin Sahara]] da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] a [[zamanin Tsakiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-03-05 |title=IRIN Africa – MAURITANIA: Fair elections haunted by racial imbalance – Mauritania – Governance – Human Rights |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=70522 |access-date=8 May 2015 |agency=IRIN}}</ref> A cewar wasu ƙididdiga, har zuwa 600,000 Mauritaniya, ko 20% na yawan jama'a, har yanzu suna bautar, yawancinsu ana amfani da su azaman aikin haɗin gwiwa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC World Service – The Abolition season on BBC World Service |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1458_abolition/page4.shtml |access-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> An hukunta bauta a Mauritania a watan Agustan 2007. Malouma Messoud, wata tsohuwar bawa musulma ta bayyana yadda ta kasance bayi ga wani shugabar addini:   === Nijar === Nijar na ci gaba da fuskantar manyan matsaloli tare da nau'o'in bautar zamani guda uku: bautar gado, abin da Anti-Slavery International ke cewa "Bautar da ba ta dace ba", da auren bautar da ake kira ''wahaya'' . <ref name="Abdelkader">{{Cite web |last=Abdelkader |first=Galy kadir |year=2004 |title=Slavery in Niger:Historical, Legal, and Contemporary Perspectives |url=http://www.antislavery.org/includes/documents/cm_docs/2009/f/full_english_slavery_in_niger.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529195531/http://www.antislavery.org/includes/documents/cm_docs/2009/f/full_english_slavery_in_niger.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2014 |access-date=8 February 2013 |publisher=Anti-Slavery International}}</ref> Saboda ci gaba da matsalar bauta da matsin lamba daga kungiyar [[Timidria]], Nijar ta zama kasa ta farko a yammacin Afirka da ta kafa wata doka ta musamman da ta haramta bautar. Duk da dokar, bautar da ke ci gaba da wanzuwa a ko'ina cikin kabilu daban-daban na kasar, mata sun fi fama da rauni, kuma ƙidayar jama'a a shekara ta 2002 ta tabbatar da wanzuwar bayi 43,000 kuma an kiyasta cewa jimilar jama'a za ta iya zarce mutane 870,000. <ref name="Abdelkader" /> A wani lamari mai matukar muhimmanci a shekara ta 2008, [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka]] (ECOWAS) Kotun Al'umma ta gano gwamnatin Nijar da alhakin ci gaba da zama kuyanga a matsayin wata mace a auren wahaya kuma ta ba ta {{US$|21,500}} . <ref name="Duffy">{{Cite journal |last=Duffy |first=Helen |year=2008 |title=HadijatouMani Koroua v Niger: Slavery Unveiled by the ECOWAS Court |url=http://www.interights.org/files/28/HelenDuffyHRLR.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Human Rights Law Review |pages=1–20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604021132/http://www.interights.org/files/28/HelenDuffyHRLR.pdf |archive-date=4 June 2015}}</ref> === Sudan === Kasar Sudan ta sake ganin koma bayan bautar da aka yi tun shekarar 1983, wanda ke da nasaba da yakin basasar Sudan na biyu . Kiyasin sace mutane ya kai daga 14,000 zuwa 200,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2002 |title=Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/af/rls/rpt/2002/10445.htm |access-date=20 March 2014 |publisher=US Department of State}}</ref> A Sudan, ana bautar da masu kishin addini da kiristoci a yakin basasa, sannan kuma ana yin lalata da fursunonin mata, inda masu garkuwa da su [[musulmi]] ke ikirarin cewa [[Shari'a|shari’ar Musulunci]] ta ba su izini. A cewar CBS News, an sayar da bayi akan $ 50 ga kowane mutum. A cikin 2001, [[CNN]] ta ruwaito cewa gwamnatin Bush na fuskantar matsin lamba daga Majalisa, ciki har da Kiristoci masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da suka damu da zalunci da bautar da addini, don magance matsalolin da ke cikin rikicin Sudan. CNN ta kuma nakalto zargin ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka : <ref>{{Cite journal |title=Figure 2.13. Norway has also experienced job polarisation |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888934072144 |doi=10.1787/888934072144 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> "Taimakon gwamnatin [Sudan] na bautar da kuma ci gaba da ayyukan soji da ta yi wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane da dama na da nasaba da [[Addini|akidar addinin]] wadanda abin ya shafa ." Jok Madut Jok, farfesa na Tarihi a Jami'ar Loyola Marymount, <ref>{{Cite journal |title=Loyola Marymount University (LMU), African American Studies |journal=African Studies Companion Online |doi=10.1163/_afco_asc_1708}}</ref> ya bayyana cewa sace mata da yara na kudu ta arewa shine bauta ta kowace ma'ana. Gwamnatin Sudan ta dage cewa, duk wannan batu bai wuce rikicin kabilanci na al'ada ba kan albarkatun kasa. === Afirka ta Kudu === Duk da gagarumin kokarin da gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta yi na yaki da fataucin mutane, an sanya kasar a cikin "Tier 2 Watch List" <ref>{{Cite journal |title=Table 2: Watch list mutations and their effects on stability. |doi=10.7717/peerj.1674/table-2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> na Ma'aikatar fataucin mutane ta Amurka tsawon shekaru hudu da suka gabata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2010 |title=Human trafficking in South Africa: 2010 and beyond |url=http://www.sacbc.org.za/Site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=286&Itemid=111 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205080913/http://www.sacbc.org.za/Site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=286&Itemid=111 |archive-date=5 December 2010 |access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref> Afirka ta Kudu tana da iyaka da Namibiya, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Mozambique da Eswatini. Yana da tashar jiragen ruwa na hukuma 72 na shigarwa "da kuma yawan tashoshin shiga da ba na hukuma ba inda mutane ke shiga da fita ba tare da an gano su ba" tare da 5 000.&nbsp;iyakar kasa mai tsayin kilomita. Matsalar tabarbarewar iyakoki na da nasaba da rashin isassun ma’aikata, wanda hakan ya sa jami’an ‘yan sanda kadan ke da iko da manyan yankunan gabar tekun kasar. <ref>{{Cite journal |year=1983 |title=A lack of adequately trained engineers |journal=Production Engineer |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=46 |doi=10.1049/tpe.1983.0018}}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Bauta a Afirka]] k1ki0spjtd4fajvfyfl46qvdwgbcq35 0 101064 883333 623873 2026-07-15T09:12:43Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 883333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Thomas Clarkson (1760-1846), mai gabatar da abolitionist na Ingilishi, ya shirya "map" na "rawanni" na "masu gaba da haɗin gwiwa" na ƙungiyar abolitionist, wanda ya buga a cikin aikinsa, The History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave-Trade by the British Parliament buga a 1808. Taswirar ta nuna koguna tare da rassa daban-daban waɗanda suka haifar da motsi na ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha takwas wanda ya shawo kan Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya [[Dokar Kasuwancin Bayi ta 1807|don hana cinikin bayi]]. Jerin da ke ƙasa an ɗauke shi ne daga taswirar Clarkson. Babu mata da suka bayyana a cikin jerin ban da Elizabeth I, kodayake da yawa a zahiri suna da hannu a cikin motsi ciki har da Hannah More, Joanna Baillie, da Anna Laetitia Barbauld. James Oglethorpe bai bayyana a cikin jerin ba, duk da cewa shi da sauran masu kula da [[Georgia]] sun haramta bautar a Lardin Georgia. Oglethorpe daga baya ya hada kai wajen adawa da cinikin bayi tare da Granville Sharp, wanda Clarkson ya bayyana a matsayin "mahaifin dalilin a Ingila". Bautar a matsayin damuwa ta ɗabi'a da shari'a ta tashi a farkon kwanakin mulkin mallaka na Georgia, wanda ya haramta bautar a cikin 1735 kuma maƙwabcin [[South Carolina]], ƙungiyar masu mallakar bayi sun kalubalance shi. Sauran da yawa da suka ba da izinin ambaton bazai yarda da su a cikin jerin Clarkson ba. An samar da wani sashi a ƙasa don ƙara wasu masu gaba. == Jerin Clarkson == [[Fayil:The_history_of_the_rise,_progress,_and_accomplishment_of_the_abolition_of_the_African_Slave-trade_by_the_British_parliament_(1808)_(14589556558).jpg|thumb|300x300px|Taswirar Clarkson]] Jerin "masu gaba da masu haɗin gwiwa" a taswirar: === Masu gabatar da abubuwa daban-daban zuwa 1787 === * Kadanal Ximenes * Charles V, Sarkin sarakuna na Roma Mai Tsarki * [[Elizabeth I]] * Paparoma Leo X * Louis na 13 * Hill (Tarihin Jirgin Ruwa na Hill) * Richard Baxter * Morgan Godwyn * Kudancin (mai waka) * Thomas Tryon * Richard Steele * Dokta Primatt * Montesquieu * Alexander Paparoma * James Thomson * Francis Hutcheson * John Atkins * Jean-Jacques Rousseau * Richard Savage * Foster * Griffith Hughes * Wallis * Bishop Hayter * William Shenstone * John Dyer * Edmund Burke * [[Adam Smith]] * Malachi Postlethwayt (ba a san ko wannan Malachy Postlethwayt ne, mai kare cinikin Afirka ba) * Laurence Sterne * Thomas Jeffery * William Warburton * Granville Sharp * James Beattie * John Bicknell (Bickness?) * Thomas * John Wesley * David Hartley * Sir George Saville * Abbe Liévin-Bonaventure Proyart * Millan * Robertson * Guillaume Thomas François Raynal * Dokta William Paley * Ranar Thomas * Bishop Porteus * G. Wakefield * William Cowper * Dokta Gregory * James Ramsay * Jacques Necker * John Chubb da George White (Bridgewater Petition, 1785) * James Currie * Kyaftin J. S. Smith * William Roscoe * Edward Rushton === Quakers na farko a Ingila === * George Fox * William Edmundson === Quakers da / ko abolitionists a Amurka daga 1688 === * David Cooper * John Blunston * William Burling * Ralph Sandiford * Benjamin Lay * John Woolman * Quakers na New England, New York, [[Maryland]] (tsakiyar 1700s) * Anthony Benezet * William Dillwyn * Quakers na Virginia, Carolina, da Georgia: * Warner Mifflin * James Pemberton * George Whitefield * Alkalin Sewel (Sewall) * Benjamin Rush * Winchester === Quakers da / ko abolitionists daban-daban a Ingila da Amurka === * Benjamin Franklin * [[Thomas Jefferson]] * John Jay * William Dillwyn * Joseph Woods (Miss. * Samuel Hoare Jr. * George Harrison * Dokta Thomas Knowles * John Lloyd * David Barclay * James Phillips * Joseph Gurney Bevan * Joseph Hancock, wani Wisbech Quaker (ya taimaka wa Clarkson ya sami mai bugawa don rubutunsa "Shin yana da kyau a bautar wasu ba tare da son zuciyarsu ba?") === Sauran, har zuwa 1787 === * Dokta Peckard * Thomas Clarkson * Bennet Langton * Ubangiji Scarsdale * Dokta Baker * Richard Phillips * Sheldon * Sir Charles Middleton * Sir Herbert Mackworth * William Wilberforce * John Villiers * Powys (Lord Lilford) (watakila 1st baron) * Sir Richard Hill (watakila Baronet na biyu) * Ubangiji Balgonie (Leven) * L. Hawkins Browne == Masu gabatar da kawarwa da ba a lissafa su a taswirar Clarkson ba == * Magnus na IV na Sweden * Joanna Baillie * Anna Laetitia Barbauld * Samuel Johnson * Margaret Middleton (an haife ta Gambier) * Hannah More * James Oglethorpe * Olaudah Equiano == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Thomas Clarkson "map" http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/emancipation/TCAbolMap/clarkson.html cfeehbw4bqf9skjngjzr61cg5spnef2 0 101475 883353 787774 2026-07-15T09:23:56Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 883353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Oued-Zem''' ya kasance wani babban boren Moroccan da ƙabilun da ke kewaye da Oued Zem suka yi, bayan tilastawa Mohammed V na [[Moroko|Maroko]]. Wannan lamarin ya kai ga kashe Turawa mazauna birnin tare da yin arangama da jami’an tsaro na yankin. == Tarihi == Kisan gillar da aka yi shi ne kai tsaye sakamakon gudun hijira na tilastawa Mohamed V, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |title=20 août 1955: flambée de violence en Afrique du Nord |url=https://www.force-publique.net/1955/08/20/la-flambee-de-violence-en-afrique-du-nord/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> wanda daga baya aka tura shi gudun hijira a [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] kuma ya maye gurbinsa da wani ɗan uwansa na nesa, Mohamed Ben Arafa. Dangane da martani, a ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, 1955 (kamar yadda majiyoyin Moroccan suka bayyana, ba tare da wata alama a Faransa ba), fiye da mutane dubu goma Moroccan ne suka fito kan titunan Oued Zem don neman a dawo da Sarkinsu. Sojojin Faransa da ke wurin sun murkushe zanga-zangar da karfi, inda suka kashe 'yan Moroko fiye da 12,000 (wasu shahidai a Maroko). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Essafi |date=2023-08-19 |title=فعاليات تطالب الرئيس الفرنسي بالإعتذار لسكان وادي زم |url=https://www.alousboue.ma/94450/ |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=الأسبوع الصحفي |language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-17 |title=مغاربة يذكرون فرنسا بجرائم القتل والاغتصاب في وادزم ويطالبون ماكرون بالاعتذار |url=https://al3omk.com/864793.html |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=al3omk.com |language=ar}}</ref> Washegari sai ƙabilun suka koma birni. == Kisan kiyashi == Ƙabilun da abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da Bani Smir, Smaala, sauran ƙabilun Ouardigha, da Beni Khirane. <ref>{{Cite web |last=diplomatique |first=Maroc |date=2022-08-18 |title=Les Soulèvements du 19 et 20 août 1955 contre le colonisateur: un événement à forte charge historique et symbolique |url=https://maroc-diplomatique.net/les-soulevements-du-19-et-20-aout-1955-contre-le-colonisateur-un-evenement-a-forte-charge-historique-et-symbolique/ |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=Maroc Diplomatique |language=fr-FR}}</ref> A cikin su, Smaala sun yi fice a lokacin da suke jagorantar al'amuran cikin gari.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vatikiotis |first1=P. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LeUsCgAAQBAJ&dq=Massacre+Oued+Zem+Smala&pg=PT190 |title=Revolution in the Middle East: And Other Case Studies |date=2015-07-16 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-39719-9 |language=en |access-date=2024-09-06}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gellner |first1=Ernest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLnUyrlpCDsC&dq=Massacre+Oued+Zem+Smala&pg=PA201 |title=Muslim Society |date=1983-03-03 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-27407-4 |language=en |access-date=2024-09-06}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Lamarin dai ya fara ne da misalin karfe 8 na safe, lokacin da maharan suka isa Bou Jaad. Da ƙarfe 8:30, gungun 'yan ƙabilar Beni Khirane suka shiga birnin da manyan motoci da dawakai. Da misalin karfe tara na safe ne ƙabilun Smaala, Bani Smir, da Beni Khirane suka mamaye birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=fatima.khalidi |date=2023-01-26 |title=جرائم فرنسا في المغرب.. قتل الآلاف من المتظاهرين بواد زم سنة 1955 |url=https://www.barlamane.com/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85/ |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=برلمان.كوم |language=ar}}</ref> Sama da mutane 20,000 ne suka kai hari a birnin, irin su Razias, har ma da kai hari a asibiti. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1955-08-23 |title=OUED-ZEM : un déchaînement démentiel de cruauté et de barbarie |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1955/08/23/oued-zem-un-dechainement-dementiel-de-cruaute-et-de-barbarie_1941798_1819218.html |access-date=2024-09-06 |language=fr}}</ref> Da karfe 11 na safe ne aka sanar da runduna ta 2 ta 4 ta REI game da ta'asar da aka yi a Oued Zem. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-10-10 |title=Jean Balazuc: 1955 - La Légion face aux émeutiers au Maroc |url=https://www.legionetrangere.fr/la-fsale/actualites-de-la-fsale/2135-jean-balazuc-1955-la-legion-face-aux-emeutiers-au-maroc.html |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=www.legionetrangere.fr |language=fr-fr}}</ref> Masu ɗauke da [[gatari]], sanduna, duwatsu, da bindigu, 'yan Morocco sun harbe tare da jifan jandarmomi na Faransa a Oued Zem. Ɗaya daga cikinsu mai suna Gendarme Soumagne ya samu rauni sosai. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |title=20 août 1955: flambée de violence en Afrique du Nord |url=https://www.force-publique.net/1955/08/20/la-flambee-de-violence-en-afrique-du-nord/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.force-publique.net/1955/08/20/la-flambee-de-violence-en-afrique-du-nord/ "20 août 1955: flambée de violence en Afrique du Nord"] (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-04-26</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Na tsawon sa'o'i da yawa, Laftanar Bach da mutanensa sun yi ƙoƙarin kashe sojojin Smaala, a ƙafa da dawakai, mafi yawan makamai da bindigogi, daga kwata na Turai har sai da ƙarfafawa suka isa. Jandarma a wurin ya ruwaito tsakanin 50 da 75 Turawa sun kashe (fiye da 77 bisa ga Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen waje <ref name=":1" /> ). <ref name=":0" /> <ref> {{Cite web |date=21–22 August 1955 |title=La révolte d'Oued Zem où 50 européens ont été assassinés |language=fr}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an kashe jami'an tsaro 19. <ref name=":1" /> Daga cikin jagororin kisan kiyashin har da caïd Bel Hajj [al-Smaali], ɗan ƙabilar Smaala kuma mai fada a ji. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1955-08-27 |title=The New York herald tribune |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t5924519/f3.item.r=Massacre%20Oued%20Zem%201955.zoom |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=Gallica |language=FR}}</ref> Haka nan kuma babban hafsan sojin ƙasar Bendaoud ben al-Ghazwani al-Smiri na kungiyar Bani Smir, wanda ya jagoranci wani ɓangare na kisan gilla tare da kashe wasu Faransawa biyar, inda ya yi ta gwabzawa har zuwa ƙarshe ya ki miƙa wuya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-20 |title=المقاوم دويدة ثائر من ورديغة |url=https://fassetv.ma/27946.html |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Fasse |language=ar}}</ref> == Bayan haka == A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, 1955, babban ɓangare na mahalarta kisan kiyashin sun miƙa wuya kuma suka nemi aman (aikin jin kai na al'ada), suna ba da biyayyarsu don musanya zaman lafiya. An karɓi roƙonsu, kuma suka yi hadaya da shanu 12. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indépendances - La répression des émeutes berbères - Ina.fr |url=https://fresques.ina.fr/independances/fiche-media/Indepe00166/la-repression-des-emeutes-berberes.html |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=Indépendances}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, [[2023]], don cika shekaru 68 na abubuwan da suka faru, gungun zuriyar shahidai 2,000 sun aika da wasika game da laifukan da suka faru a ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, 1955 zuwa ga shugaban Jamhuriyar Faransa [[Emmanuel Macron]], amma abin ya ci tura. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=فعاليات حقوقية تعيد إلى الواجهة ملف "جرائم الاحتلال الفرنسي" بالمغرب |url=https://agadir24.info/%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81-%D8%AC%D8%B1/ |access-date=2024-09-06 |language=ar}}</ref> == Manazarta == cid6rcpoukso5k0t9m3weypnfr7yxtx 0 103099 882953 878776 2026-07-14T16:02:48Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A lokacin tarihin motsi na Ranar Ƙarshe, dangantakar da ke tsakanin '''Baƙar fata da Mormonism''' ta haɗa da bautar, warewa da haɗawa, da kuma nuna bambanci na hukuma da na hukuma. [[Bakar fata|Baƙar fata]] suna da [[hannu]] tare da ƙungiyar Ƙarshe tun farkonta a cikin shekarun 1830s. Abubuwan da suke samu sun bambanta sosai, ya danganta da yardar a cikin adalci da lokacin sa hannu. <ref name="Harris2015" /> Daga tsakiyar 1800s zuwa 1978, ƙungiyar Mormonism mafi girma{{Spaced en dash}}Ikilisiyar [[Isa|Yesu]] Almasihu na Waliyai na Ƙarshe (Cocin LDS){{Spaced en dash}}ya hana mata da maza Baƙar fata shiga cikin farillai na haikalinsa waɗanda suka zama dole don mafi girman matakin ceto, kuma an ware yawancin mazan Baƙar fata na Afirka daga naɗawa a cikin majami'ar coci, matsayin firist na maza duka . A wannan lokacin Ikilisiyar LDS kuma ta yi adawa da auren jinsi, ta goyi bayan wariyar launin fata a cikin al'ummominta da makarantun cocin, kuma ta koyar da cewa baƙar fata masu adalci za su zama fari bayan mutuwa. Shugabannin coci sun ɗage haikalin haikali da kabilanci na kabilanci a cikin 1978. A cikin 2013, Ikilisiyar LDS ta yi watsi da koyarwar da ta gabata game da tsere a karon farko. Ƙungiyoyin firistoci na yawancin ɗarikun ɗariƙar Mormon, irin su Bickertonite da majami'un Strangite, sun kasance a buɗe ga membobin kowane jinsi . Haka abin yake a cikin darikar Mormonism ta biyu mafi girma, Community of Christ (wanda aka fi sani da Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints ko RLDS), sai dai a cikin ƴan shekaru da aka hana baƙar fata shiga aikin firist. Ƙarin ƙungiyoyi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, irin su Ikilisiyar Kirista ta Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe (FLDS), Apostolic United Brothers (AUB), da kuma Ikilisiyar Gaskiya da Rayuwa ta Yesu Almasihu na Waliyai na Kwanaki na Ƙarshe (TLC), suna ci gaba da cire mutanen Black kamar na 2018. Ra'ayoyin Ikilisiyar LDS game da Baƙar fata sun sāke a cikin tarihinta . Ra'ayoyin shugabannin Ikklisiya na farko game da bautar Baƙar fata sun tafi daga tsaka tsaki zuwa [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|kawarwa]] zuwa ra'ayi na bautar. Tun a shekara ta 1844, shugabannin coci sun koyar da cewa ruhohin Baƙar fata ba su da adalci a rayuwa kafin mutuwa (kafin a haife su). Wanda ya kafa Mormonism Joseph Smith da magajinsa a matsayin shugaban coci tare da mafi yawan mabiya, Brigham Young, dukansu sun koyar da cewa launin fata na Baƙar fata shine sakamakon la'anar Kayinu da Ham . A cikin karni na 20, yawancin shugabannin LDS sun yi adawa da yunkurin kare hakkin jama'a . A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Ikklisiya ta yi Allah wadai da [[wariyar launin fata]] kuma ta ƙara yunƙurin wayar da kan jama'a a cikin al'ummomin Baƙar fata. Har yanzu ana zarginta da ci gaba da nuna wariyar launin fata ta hanyar rashin ba da uzuri, amincewa, ko kuma magance illar imaninta na baya da ayyukan wariya kamar wariya . <ref name="Black and mormon">{{Cite book|edition=Darron T.}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> {{Rp|7}}Shugabannin Ikilisiya sun yi aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ( NAACP ) tun daga 2010s, kuma sun ba da gudummawar miliyoyin daloli ga ƙungiyoyin Black. Akwai kimanin 400,000 zuwa miliyan ɗaya membobin Cocin Black LDS a dukan duniya, kuma aƙalla haikalin cocin LDS guda biyar a Afirka . Ƙarin haikali goma sha huɗu suna wani mataki na ci gaba ko ginawa a nahiyar, ban da haikali da dama a tsakanin al'ummomin [[Al'ummar Afirka|ƙasashen Afirka]] da ke zaune kamar [[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Jamhuriyar Dominican]] da [[Haiti]] . Ƙungiyar Kristi tana da ikilisiyoyin a cikin ƙasashen Afirka goma sha biyu, tare da yawan membobinsu. <ref name="Increasing">{{Cite web |last=Hoyt |first=Amy |date=Aug 2020 |title=A Brief Introduction to Mormonism in Africa |url=https://research.cgu.edu/mormonism-migration-project/study-resources/mormonism-in-africa/ |publisher=[[Claremont Graduate University]]}}</ref> == Ra'ayin Joseph Smith == [[Fayil:Joseph_Smith,_Jr._portrait_owned_by_Joseph_Smith_III.jpg|alt=Painting of Joseph Smith|thumb| Wanda ya kafa Mormonism, Joseph Smith, ya bayyana ra'ayoyi da dama game da Baƙar fata a tsawon rayuwarsa.]] Ra'ayin Joseph Smith game da Baƙar fata ya bambanta a lokacin rayuwarsa. A matsayin wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Saint Day ta Ƙarshe, Smith ya haɗa da Baƙar fata a cikin farillai da naɗaɗɗen firist amma yana da ra'ayi daban-daban game da wariyar launin fata da la'anar Kayinu da Ham . Ya sauya ra'ayinsa game da bauta sau da yawa, a ƙarshe ya ɗauki matakin adawa da bautar a baya a rayuwarsa. <ref name="Reeve 2015">{{Cite book|last3=W. Paul Reeve}}</ref> {{Rp|126}} {{Rp|79}}<ref name="Neither White Nor Black">{{Cite book|edition=Armand L.}}</ref> === Akan bauta === Smith da farko ya nuna adawa da bautar, amma ya guje wa tattaunawa game da batun bayan da aka tsara coci a 1830. {{Rp|16}}<ref name="Ty Andersen">{{Cite web |last=Andersen |first=Ty |title=Break Off the Shackles From the Poor Black Man: Joseph Smith's Abolitionist Rhetoric in the 1844 Presidential Campaign |url=https://www.academia.edu/1545972 |access-date=17 April 2023 |publisher=[[Academia.edu]]}}</ref> A cikin shekarun [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]], ya yi ƙoƙarin wanzar da zaman lafiya tare da maƙwabta masu goyon bayan bautar; <ref name="Saints, Slaves, and Blacks" /> {{Rp|16}}a shekara ta 1835, Ikklisiya ta bayyana cewa "ba daidai ba ne a tsoma baki tare da bayi-bayi, ko kuma yi musu baftisma sabanin nufin iyayengijinsu" ko sa "su kasa gamsu da yanayinsu a wannan rayuwa." <ref name="Saints, Slaves, and Blacks" /> {{Rp|17}} Smith ya buga wata makala mai tausayi ga bauta a cikin shekara mai zuwa, yana jayayya da yiwuwar "yakin kabilanci", yana ba da hujja ga bauta bisa la'anar Ham, kuma ya ce 'yan arewa ba su da "yancin cewa Kudu ba zai rike bayi ba, fiye da Kudu ya ce Arewa za ta yi." {{Rp|22}} {{Rp|212–214}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Smith |date=9 Apr 1836 |title=Letter to Oliver Cowdery, c. 9 April 1836 |url=https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/letter-to-oliver-cowdery-circa-9-april-1836/1 |website=[[The Joseph Smith Papers]] |publisher=[[LDS Church]]}}</ref> A lokacin zama na Nauvoo, Smith ya fara wa'azin abolitionism da daidaiton jinsi. Ya yi kira da "rushe [na] bauta" a lokacin yakin neman zabensa na shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1844, kuma yana so ya 'yantar da dukan bayin da aka yi a shekara ta 1850. <ref name="Harris2015" /> {{Rp|29}}<ref name="Ty Andersen" /> {{Rp|10}} === Akan haikali da shiga aikin firist === [[Fayil:Elijah_Abel.jpg|alt=Photograph of Elijah Abel|thumb| Iliya Habila shi ne farkon shugaban firist na LDS a cikin adadin mutane saba'in .]] A fili Smith ya kasance a wurin nadin firist Iliya Abel, mutum mai bambancin al'adu mai ban sha'awa na Baƙar fata, zuwa ofisoshin dattijo da saba'in kuma ya ba da izinin naɗa wasu Baƙaƙen maza cikin firist na Ikilisiyar farko. <ref name="Mauss 2003">{{Cite book|last3=Armand L. Mauss}}</ref> {{Rp|213}} Ko da yake Habila ya karɓi farillansa na wanke-wanke da shafewar haikali a ƙarƙashin Smith, bai karɓi kyautar haikalin ba; An ki amincewa da kokensa a kansu sama da shekaru talatin bayan haka, kuma babu wani tarihin wani Bakar fata da ya karbi kyautar Nauvoo. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=W. Paul Reeve}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar Smith, Brigham Young ya hana baƙar fata daga kyautar haikali, hatimin aure, da matsayin firist. <ref name="nytimes.com" /> Babu wata shaida ta zamani da ke nuna cewa ƙuntatawa na adawa da Baƙar fata-firist ya samo asali ne daga Smith. <ref name="Neither White Nor Black"/> <ref name="BushDialogue">{{Cite journal |last=Bush |first=Lester E. |author-link=Lester E. Bush Jr. |date=1973 |title=Mormonism's Negro Doctrine: An Historical Overview |url=https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V08N01_13.pdf |journal=[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought|Dialogue]] |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |volume=8 |issue=1}}</ref> {{Rp|21}} === Akan daidaito da wariya === Smith ya ce baƙar fata da fararen fata za su fi kyau idan sun kasance "rabu amma bisa doka ɗaya", suna ba da shawarar wariya: "Idan da wani abu da na yi da negro, zan tsare su da tsauraran doka ga nasu jinsin, da kuma sanya su a kan kasa daidaita." Ya kuma ce, "Suna da rayuka, kuma su ne talakawan ceto. Ku shiga Cincinnati ko kowane birni, ku sami wani negro mai ilimi, wanda ke hawa a cikin abin hawansa, kuma za ku ga mutumin da ya tashi da ikon kansa zuwa ga maɗaukakin matsayi na girmamawa." == Manufofin LDS da koyarwa == === Rayuwar kafin mutuwa === Bayan mutuwar Smith a cikin 1844 da rikicin gado na watanni shida, babban magajinsa shine Brigham Young; reshen Brighamite na Mormonism ya zama Cocin LDS. A wannan shekarar, shugabannin LDS sun ba da gaskiya ga manufofin nuna wariya tare da imani cewa ruhohin Baƙar fata kafin rayuwa ta duniya sun kasance "masu shinge" tsakanin Allah da shaidan kuma ba su da nagarta fiye da fararen rayuka. Matasa sun ƙi wannan bayanin, amma manzanni Orson Pratt, Orson Hyde, da John Taylor sun goyi bayan ra'ayi kuma mambobin LDS sun yarda da shi sosai. <ref name="BushDialogue"/> {{Rp|27}} <ref name="Powerful">{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Joseph R. |date=Sep 2018 |title='A More Powerful Effect upon the Body': Early Mormonism's Theory of Racial Redemption and American Religious Theories of Race |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/church-history/article/abs/more-powerful-effect-upon-the-body-early-mormonisms-theory-of-racial-redemption-and-american-religious-theories-of-race/6B910C6575F406655F36313AB5815270 |journal=Church History: Studies in Christianity and Culture |location=Cambridge, England |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=87 |issue=3 |page=27 |doi=10.1017/S0009640718001580 |s2cid=165766064 |url-access=subscription |quote=These apostles [Orson Hyde and John Taylor] viewed skin color as an inescapable punishment for black Africans because of their own volition (premortal fence sitting) or their ancestors' choices (made by Ham or Cain).}}</ref> Ƙarni daga baya, a cikin wata sanarwa ta 1949, Fadar Shugaban Ƙasa ta farko (mafi girmar hukumar gudanarwa ta coci) ta ce baƙar fata ba su cancanci samun cikakkiyar albarkar bishara ba kuma sun kawo wahayin da suka gabata game da wanzuwa a matsayin barata. {{Rp|66}}<ref name="Neither White Nor Black"/> {{Rp|221}}Bayan an sauya haikalin da haikalin firistoci a cikin 1978, shugabannin cocin sun musanta imanin cewa Baƙar fata ba su da ƙwarin gwiwa wajen wanzuwa. Ikklisiya ta yi watsi da koyarwar da ta gabata game da launin fata a karon farko a cikin 2013, tare da yin tir da duk wata hujja ga haikali da hani na firistoci bisa ga pre-mutuwa. <ref name="Race and the Priesthood">{{Cite web |date=10 Dec 2013 |title=Race and the Priesthood |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics-essays/race-and-the-priesthood?lang=eng |access-date=17 April 2023 |publisher=[[LDS Church]]}}</ref> === La'anar Kayinu da Ham === [[Fayil:Ksenophontov_noah.jpg|alt=Painting of Noah cursing Ham|thumb| Nuhu yana zagin Ham. Smith da Young sun koyar da cewa Baƙar fata suna da la'anar Ham da la'anar Kayinu . <ref name="Marks">{{Cite journal |last=Stuart Bingham |first=Ryan |date=July 2015 |title=Curses and Marks: Racial Dispensations and Dispensations of Race in Joseph Smith's Bible Revision and the Book of Abraham |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jmormhist.41.3.22 |journal=[[Journal of Mormon History]] |location=Champaign, Illinois |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=22, 29, 30–31, 43, 54–57 |doi=10.5406/jmormhist.41.3.22 |jstor=10.5406/jmormhist.41.3.22 |s2cid=246574026 |url-access=registration |quote=By preserving Cain’s line through Canaan, proponents of the Cain-theory version of the curse of Ham myth were able to unite the mark of Cain with the curse of slavery. ... We shall see that in his scriptural works Joseph Smith, like others, employed matrilineal ancestry to position Cain as an ancestor of the Canaanites ... Lastly, Smith’s explicit identification of African peoples with the cursed descendants of Cain, Ham, or Canaan outside of his scriptural texts is highly significant. ... Smith [referred] to blacks as 'the Negroes or Sons of Cain' in his personal journal ... Beyond the question of racial slavery, Smith consistently relied on the Cain-theory version of the curse of Ham myth as an account of racial origins. ... When he referred to the sons of Ham, Canaan, or Cain, he did so with the assumption that his audience understood who these sons were.}}</ref> {{R|Reeve 2015}} <sup class="reference nowrap">&#x3A;&#x200A;<span class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;" title="Page: 256 Quotation: &quot;Joseph ... sought to 'show that the Indians have greater cause to complain of the treatment of the whites than the Negroes or Sons of Cain.'&quot;">256</span>&#x200A;</sup><ref name="BYCainCurse">{{Cite book|last3=Cleon Skousen}}</ref>]] Koyarwa game da la'anar Kayinu, la'anar Ham, da dangantakarsu da Baƙar fata sun canza a tarihin coci. Joseph Smith da Brigham Young sun kira la'anar Ham hujja ga bautar Baƙar fata. <ref name="Reeve 2015"/> {{Rp|126}}<ref name="JSHamCurse">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Smith |date=April 1836 |title=For the Messenger and Advocate |url=https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/letter-to-oliver-cowdery-circa-9-april-1836/2 |journal=[[Messenger and Advocate]] |publisher=[[LDS Church]] |volume=2 |issue=7 |page=290 |quote=After having expressed myself so freely upon this subject [of slavery], I do not doubt, but those who have been forward in raising their voices against the South, will cry out against me .... It is my privilege then to name certain passages from the Bible, and examine the teachings of the ancients upon the matter as the fact is uncontrovertible [sic] that the first mention we have of slavery is found in the Holy Bible, pronounced by a man [Noah] who was perfect in his generation, and walked with God. And so far from that prediction being averse to the mind of God, it remains as a lasting monument of the decree of Jehovah, to the shame and confusion of all who have cried out against the South, in consequence of their holding the sons of Ham in servitude. 'And he said, Cursed be Canaan; a servant of servants shall he be unto his brethren.' ... (Gen. 9:25–26). Trace the history of the world from this notable event down to this day, and you will find the fulfillment of this singular prophecy. [T]he curse is not yet taken off from the sons of Canaan, neither will be until it is affected by as great a power as caused it to come; and the people who interfere the least with the purposes of God in this matter, will come under the least condemnation before Him .... |via=[[The Joseph Smith Papers]]}}</ref> Smith ya yi imanin cewa duhu fata alama ce ta mutanen Baƙar fata na Afirka kamar yadda Allah ya la'ance shi. <ref name="Marks" /> {{Rp|27}}A cikin bita na Littafi Mai-Tsarki na King James da kuma samar da Littafin Ibrahim, ya bi diddigin yanayinsu zuwa la'anar da aka yi wa [[Kabila|Kayinu]] da Ham kuma ya danganta la'anar da ke cikin Littafin Ibrahim ta wurin sanya zuriyar Kan'ana ta Ham a matsayin zuriyar Kayinu da aka la'anta a baya. <ref name="Marks">{{Cite journal |last=Stuart Bingham |first=Ryan |date=July 2015 |title=Curses and Marks: Racial Dispensations and Dispensations of Race in Joseph Smith's Bible Revision and the Book of Abraham |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jmormhist.41.3.22 |journal=[[Journal of Mormon History]] |location=Champaign, Illinois |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=22, 29, 30–31, 43, 54–57 |doi=10.5406/jmormhist.41.3.22 |jstor=10.5406/jmormhist.41.3.22 |s2cid=246574026 |url-access=registration |quote=By preserving Cain’s line through Canaan, proponents of the Cain-theory version of the curse of Ham myth were able to unite the mark of Cain with the curse of slavery. ... We shall see that in his scriptural works Joseph Smith, like others, employed matrilineal ancestry to position Cain as an ancestor of the Canaanites ... Lastly, Smith’s explicit identification of African peoples with the cursed descendants of Cain, Ham, or Canaan outside of his scriptural texts is highly significant. ... Smith [referred] to blacks as 'the Negroes or Sons of Cain' in his personal journal ... Beyond the question of racial slavery, Smith consistently relied on the Cain-theory version of the curse of Ham myth as an account of racial origins. ... When he referred to the sons of Ham, Canaan, or Cain, he did so with the assumption that his audience understood who these sons were.}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFStuart_Bingham2015">Stuart Bingham, Ryan (July 2015). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jmormhist.41.3.22 "Curses and Marks: Racial Dispensations and Dispensations of Race in Joseph Smith's Bible Revision and the Book of Abraham"]</span>. ''[[Journal of Mormon History]]''. '''41''' (3). Champaign, Illinois: [[University of Illinois Press]]: 22, 29, <span class="nowrap">30–</span>31, 43, <span class="nowrap">54–</span>57. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.5406/jmormhist.41.3.22|10.5406/jmormhist.41.3.22]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jmormhist.41.3.22 10.5406/jmormhist.41.3.22]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246574026 246574026]. <q>By preserving Cain's line through Canaan, proponents of the Cain-theory version of the curse of Ham myth were able to unite the mark of Cain with the curse of slavery. ... We shall see that in his scriptural works Joseph Smith, like others, employed matrilineal ancestry to position Cain as an ancestor of the Canaanites ... Lastly, Smith's explicit identification of African peoples with the cursed descendants of Cain, Ham, or Canaan outside of his scriptural texts is highly significant. ... Smith [referred] to blacks as 'the Negroes or Sons of Cain' in his personal journal ... Beyond the question of racial slavery, Smith consistently relied on the Cain-theory version of the curse of Ham myth as an account of racial origins. ... When he referred to the sons of Ham, Canaan, or Cain, he did so with the assumption that his audience understood who these sons were.</q></cite></ref> Karkashin jagorancin Smith, Brigham Young ya zama kamar bude ga Bakar fata masu rike da mukamin firist. A matsayinsa na magajin Smith, ya yi amfani da la'anar Littafi Mai-Tsarki a matsayin hujja don hana maza baƙar fata daga aikin firist, haramta auren jinsi, da adawa da haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a na Baƙar fata. <ref name="Neither White Nor Black"/> {{Rp|70}}{{R|YoungTeachings}} <ref name="BYCainCurse">{{Cite book|last3=Cleon Skousen}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSkousen2016">[[Cleon Skousen|Skousen, Cleon]] (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=PEySBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA586 ''Treasures from the Book of Mormon, Volume Two: Enos 1 to Alma 29''] (2016 eBook&nbsp;ed.). Brigham City, Utah: Brigham Distributing. p.&nbsp;586. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780934364492|<bdi>9780934364492</bdi>]] &#x2013; via [[Google Books]]. <q>Why are so many of the inhabitants of the earth cursed with a skin of blackness? It comes in consequence of their fathers rejecting the power of the Holy Priesthood, and the law of God. They will go down to death. And when all the rest of the children have received their blessings in the Holy Priesthood, then that curse will be removed from the seed of Cain, and they will then come up and possess the priesthood, and receive all the blessings which we now are entitled to.</q></cite></ref> Matashi ya ce za a ɗauke la'anar Allah a kan Baƙar fata wata rana, kuma za su iya samun aikin firist bayan sun mutu. {{Rp|66}} Bisa ga [[Baibûl|Littafi Mai Tsarki]], Allah ya la’anci [[Adam|Kayinu]] ɗan Adamu kuma ya sa masa alama bayan Kayinu ya kashe Habila ; rubutun bai fayyace yanayin alamar ba. {{Rp|xii}} Littafin littafin Smith, Lu'u-lu'u na Babban Farashin, ya kwatanta alamar Kayinu a matsayin fata mai duhu; {{Rp|12}} a matsayin shugaban coci, Young ya ce: "Mene ne alamar [Kain]? Za ku gan shi a fuskar kowane ɗan Afirka da kuka taɓa gani". {{Rp|42}} A wani labarin Littafi Mai Tsarki, ɗan Adamu na takwas Ham ya gano mahaifinsa [[Nuhu]] yana bugu da tsirara a cikin tantinsa. Saboda haka, Nuhu ya la’anci jikansa Kan’ana (ɗan Ham) a matsayin “bawan bayi”. <ref name="Reeve 2015"/> {{Rp|125}} Ko da yake nassosin LDS ba su ambaci launin fata na Ham ko na ɗansa, Kan'ana ba, wasu koyarwar coci sun haɗa da la'anar Hamitic tare da Baƙar fata kuma sun yi amfani da ita don tabbatar da bautar su. <ref name="Reeve 2015" /> {{Rp|125}} A shekara ta 1978, sa’ad da cocin ya ƙare haikali da hani na firistoci, manzo Bruce R. McConkie ya koyar da cewa la’anar Kayinu da Ham sun daina aiki a dā. {{Rp|117}}Shugabannin coci sun yi watsi da ra'ayin cewa baƙar fata alama ce ta la'ana a karon farko a cikin 2013. <ref name="Harris2015" /> {{Rp|59}} === Albarkatu na Uba === A cikin Cocin LDS, ana ba membobi albarkatu na uba. Albarka tana bayyana asalin dangin memba a cikin kabilar Isra’ila, tana bayyana karfi da rauninsu, kuma tana ba da shawara ga nan gaba. A karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, membobi sun fi yin imani cewa sun fito ne daga kabilar Isra’ila.rp|13–15 Baƙaƙen membobin cocin LDS na farko wani lokaci ba su samun asali, ko kuma sun samo daga zuriyar Ham wadda ba ta Isra’ila ba.rp|106 Bayan wahayin 1978, ubannin wani lokaci ba su bayyana asalinsu ga baƙaƙen membobi ba; tun daga nan, wasu baƙaƙen membobi sun nemi (kuma sun samu) albarkar uba wadda ta haɗa da asali.rp|126 === Adalcin Baƙaƙen Mutane Zai Mai da Fari === Shugabannin cocin na farko sun koyar da cewa bayan mutuwa da tashin matattu kowa a cikin masarautar sama (mataki mafi girma na sama) zai zama "fari a dawwama." Sun kasance suna daidaita farare da adalci, kuma sun koyar da cewa Allah ya halicci 'ya'yansa fari a cikin surarsa.rp|231 Smith ya ruwaito cewa a cikin wahayinsa, Yesu yana da "fari fata" da "idanun shuɗi"—wata kwatance da wani mai bi Anson Call ya tabbatar a wani wahayi da aka ruwaito. Rahoton Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Bil'Adama ta Amurka na 1959 ya gano cewa yawancin Mormons na Utah sun yi imani cewa "ta hanyar rayuwa mai adalci, launin fatar baƙaƙen mutane za su iya sake zama fari da faranta rai." Cocin kuma ya koyar da cewa fatar fari masu ridda za ta yi duhu, kuma a cikin bikin ba da sadaka na haikali (har zuwa akalla shekarun 1960) an ce Shaidan yana da fatar baƙa.rp|28 An gaya wa Baƙaƙen Mormons da yawa cewa za su zama fari. Hyrum Smith ya gaya wa Jane Manning James cewa Allah zai iya ba ta sabon asali, kuma ya yi mata alkawari a cikin albarkar ubanta cewa za ta zama "fari da faranta rai".rp|148 A cikin 1836, Elijah Abel ma an yi masa alkawari cewa zai "zama ... fari a dawwama".rp|38 Darius Gray, wani sanannen Baƙar fata Mormon, an gaya masa cewa launin fatarsa zai yi haske. A cikin 1978, manzo LeGrand Richards ya ce la'anar duhun fata saboda mugunta da alkawarin farar fata ta hanyar adalci ya shafi 'yan asalin Amurka ne kawai, ba baƙaƙen mutane ba.rp|115 Cocin LDS ta buga wani kasida a 2013 tana karyata waɗannan ra'ayoyin, tana bayyana koyarwar cocin da ta gabata tana tabbatar da takura a matsayin "ra'ayoyin gargajiya" na launin fata. Ta ce baƙar fata a cikin ilimin tauhidi na Latter-day Saint alama ce ta rashin biyayya ga Allah, kuma ba lallai ba ce launin fata. Wata malamar makarantar Lahadi an cire ta daga mukaminta saboda koyarwa daga wannan kasida a 2015. === Bauta === Farkon waɗanda suka tuba zuwa Mormon daga Arewa ne kuma suna adawa da bauta, wanda ya haifar da jayayya a cikin jihar Missouri mai bauta. Shugabancin cocin daga nan ya fara nisanta kansa daga kawar da bauta, wani lokaci yana tabbatar da bauta da koyarwar Littafi Mai Tsarki. Wasu fararen mutane da suka bautar da baƙaƙen mutane sun shiga cocin kuma sun kawo mutanen su da aka bautar dasu lokacin da suka koma Nauvoo, Illinois, kuma cocin ya hana tasiri ga mutanen da aka bautar don su "gaji da yanayin su".rp|17 Jayayya tsakanin Latter-day Saints masu adawa da bauta da masu bautar da su daga Kudu ta kai ga korar Mormons daga Jackson County, Missouri, a yakin Mormon na 1838. Joseph Smith ya fara yakin neman zaɓensa a kan manufar gwamnati ta sayi mutanen da aka bautar don samun 'yanci tsawon shekaru. Ya yi kira ga "rugujewar bauta" da kuma cire "sarkar daga bakon mutum".rp|54 Bayan kisan Smith a 1844, yawancin Latter-day Saints sun bi Young zuwa Utah (wani yanki na lardin Mexico na Alta [[California]] har zuwa 1848) a 1847. An kawo wasu mutanen da aka bautar zuwa Utah, kodayake wasu sun gudu. Brigham Young ya fara koyar da cewa bautar da mutane Allah ne ya umurce ta, amma ya ci gaba da adawa da samar da tattalin arzikin da ya dogara da bauta a Utah. Yankin Utah, a ƙarƙashin mulkin Young, ya halatta sayan baƙaƙen mutane da 'yan asalin Amurka don bauta a 1852. Daga baya a wannan shekarar Young ya taya majalisar dokoki murna yana mai cewa dokar ta sami sakamako da ake so kuma "kusan ta 'yantar da yankin daga launin fatar mutane."rp|p=227 A karkashin Young, Utah ta zartar da dokokin da ke goyon bayan bauta da hana baƙaƙen mutane jefa ƙuri'a, rike mukamin gwamnati, shiga sojoji na gida, ko auren fararen mutane. Dokokin bautar Utah sun bambanta da na jihohin Kudancin Amurka wajen ba da izinin bauta da ta fi kusa da bautar kwangila fiye da bautar gonaki ta Kudu.rp|69 An bautar da baƙaƙen mutane ashirin da shida a Yankin Utah, a cewar ƙididdigar 1850, kuma an ruwaito ashirin da tara a ƙididdigar 1860. Kamar sauran yankuna, ɗaya daga cikin manufofin dokokin bauta shine hana baƙaƙen mutane zama a Utah da kuma sarrafa waɗanda suke a can.rp|25 Yawancin sanannun membobin coci sun bautar da mutane, ciki har da William H. Hooper, Abraham O. Smoot, Charles C. Rich, Brigham Young da Heber C. Kimball.rp|52 Membobi sun sayi kuma sun sayar da mutane, sun ba wa cocin mutanen da aka bautar a matsayin [[zakka]], kuma sun sake kama waɗanda suka gudu daga masu bautar da su. A California, an ba da izinin bautar da baƙaƙen mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin al'ummar Mormon na San Bernardino duk da dokokin California da ke hana aikin. Bayan yakin basasa, gwamnatin Amurka ta 'yantar da mutanen da aka bautar kuma ta ba wa yawancin manya baƙaƙen haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1920, akwai daruruwan membobin Ku Klux Klan (KKK) a Utah. Kodayake shugabannin Coci sun adawa da KKK, wasu membobin LDS sun kasance membobin Klan. === Haƙƙin Bil'Adama === Bayan yakin basasa, kaɗan ne ya canza a matsayin coci game da baƙaƙen mutane da haƙƙinsu har zuwa motsin kare haƙƙin bil'adama.rp|2 NAACP ta soki matsayin cocin game da haƙƙin bil'adama, ta jagoranci zanga-zangar nuna adawa da nuna wariya kuma ta shigar da karar coci dangane da dabi'ar ta na kin barin baƙaƙen yara su zama shugabannin Boy Scout.rp|234 Dalibai daga wasu makarantu sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da ayyukan wariya na BYU da kuma takunkumin launin fata na coci. Cocin ya ba da sanarwa yana goyon bayan haƙƙin bil'adama, kuma ya canza manufofinsa na shugaban Boy Scout. Manzo Ezra Taft Benson ya soki motsin kare haƙƙin bil'adama kuma ya kalubalanci zargin zalunci na 'yan sanda.rp|78 'Yan wasa baƙaƙe sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da ayyukan wariya na BYU ta hanyar kin buga wasa da kungiyoyin makarantar. Bayan soke haramcin haikali da firistoci a 1978, shugabannin LDS sun yi shiru game da haƙƙin bil'adama kuma daga baya sun kulla kawance da NAACP. A shekarar 2017, shugabannin cocin na gida a Mississippi da NAACP sun fara aiki tare a kan ayyuka don maido da ofishin NAACP inda Medgar Evers ya yi aiki. A shekara mai zuwa, an sanar da cewa cocin da NAACP za su fara shirin haɗin gwiwa don ilimin kuɗi ga mazauna Gabashin Tekun a Baltimore, [[Atlanta]] da Camden, [[New Jersey]]. A shekarar 2019, shugaban cocin Russell M. Nelson ya yi jawabi a taron ƙasa na NAACP a [[Detroit]]. A watan Yuni 2020, wani mai magana da yawun NAACP ya ce babu "yarda daga cocin don yin wani abu mai mahimmanci... Lokaci ya yi yanzu fiye da kalamai masu daɗi." A taron cocin na Oktoba 2020, shugabanni sun la'anci wariyar launin fata kuma sun yi kira ga membobin coci da su ɗauki mataki a kansa. Nelson ya nemi membobin coci da su "jagoranci wajen watsi da halaye da ayyukan nuna wariya." A wancan watan, a wani jawabi a BYU, manzo Dallin H. Oaks ya la'anci wariyar launin fata, ya amince da saƙon "Rayukan Baƙaƙe suna da mahimmanci" (yana hana amfani da shi don gabatar da shawarwari masu rikitarwa), kuma ya yi kira ga membobin coci da su kawar da halaye, halaye da manufofin wariyar launin fata. === Rarrabuwa === A cikin ƙarni na farko na wanzuwarta, cocin ya hana mu'amala ta zamantakewa ko aure da baƙaƙen mutane kuma ya ƙarfafa rarrabuwar launin fata a cikin ikilisiyoyinsa, wuraren shakatawa, da jami'arsa, a cikin jinin jinya, da kuma a makarantun gwamnati. Joseph Smith ya goyi bayan rarrabuwa, yana cewa: "Zan iyakance su [baƙaƙen mutane] ta hanyar doka mai tsauri ga nau'insu". Har zuwa 1963, yawancin shugabannin coci sun goyi bayan rarrabuwar launin fata ta doka; David O. McKay, J. Reuben Clark, Henry D. Moyle, Ezra Taft Benson, Joseph Fielding Smith, Harold B. Lee, da Mark E. Petersen sun kasance manyan masu goyon baya.rp|67 An gaya wa baƙaƙen iyalai ta hanyar shugabancin coci kada su halarci coci, ko kuma sun zaɓi kada su halarci bayan fararen membobi sun koka.rp|68 Cocin ya ba da shawarar dokokin rarrabuwa kuma ya aiwatar da rarrabuwa a wuraren sa, kamar Hotel Utah da wasannin Tabernacle. Shugabannin coci sun ba da shawara ga membobi su sayi gidaje don baƙaƙen mutane kada su koma kusa da coci-coci na LDS.rp|67 A cikin 1954, manzo Mark E. Petersen ya koyar da cewa rarrabuwa Allah ne ya yi wahayinsa.rp|65 Shugabanni sun ba da shawarar rarrabuwar jinin da aka bayar, suna damuwa cewa ba wa fararen membobi jini daga baƙaƙen mutane na iya hana su firistoci.rp|67 Shugabannin coci sun adawa da kawar da rarrabuwa a makarantun gwamnati da kuma a BYU.rp|67 === Aure Tsakanin Kabilu === Kusan kowane shekaru goma fiye da karni, tun daga kafa cocin a shekarun 1830 har zuwa shekarun 1970, an ga la'anar auren tsakanin kabilu; yawancin sun mai da hankali kan auren baƙar fata da fari.rp|42–43 Matsayin cocin game da auren tsakanin kabilu ya kasance daidai tsawon sama da karni, yayin da halayen game da baƙaƙen mutane da firistoci da daidaitattun haƙƙoƙi sun canza. Ra'ayoyin shugabannin coci sun samo asali ne daga manufofin haikali da firistoci da kuma ka'idodin "halittu da zamantakewa" na wariyar launin fata na wancan lokacin.rp|89–90 A karkashin jagorancin Smith a Nauvoo, haramun ne ga baƙaƙen maza su auri fararen mata; ya ci tarar baƙaƙen maza biyu saboda keta haramcinsa. Aƙalla sau uku (1847, 1852, da 1865), Brigham Young ya koyar da cewa hukuncin auren baƙar fata da fari shine mutuwa; kisan ma'aurata baƙar fata da fari da 'ya'yansu wani ɓangare ne na fansar jini wanda zai zama albarka a gare su.rp|37, 39 Young kuma ya ce idan cocin ya amince da auren farare da baƙaƙen mutane, za a lalata shi kuma za a cire firistoci. Har zuwa (aƙalla) shekarun 1960, cocin ya ci tarar fararen membobin da suka auri baƙaƙen mutane ta hanyar hana su duka shiga haikali. Haramcin haikali da firistoci an ɗaga su a 1978, amma cocin har yanzu yana hana aure tsakanin kabilu.rp|5 Har zuwa 2013, aƙalla littafin jagora guda ɗaya na coci ya ci gaba da ƙarfafa membobi su auri a cikin kabilarsu. ==Takurawa Haikali da Fikira a Cikin Cocin LDS== [[File:Brigham Young by Charles William Carter.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of Brigham Young|upright=0.7|Brigham Young ya jagoranci reshen mabiyan zuwa Utah, kuma a matsayin gwamna, ya halatta bautar Baƙar fata kuma ya aiwatar da takurawa haikali da fikira wanda ya dore sama da shekaru 120.]] Kodayake an nada wasu 'yan maza Baƙar fata a matsayin firistoci a ƙarƙashin Smith kafin mutuwarsa a 1844, daga 1849 zuwa 1978 Cocin LDS na Brighamite ya hana duk wanda ke da asalin Baƙar fata na gaske (ko wanda ake zargi) daga shiga cikin Ayyukan ibada a cikin Haikalinsa, hidima a cikin manyan kira na coci, yin mishan, <ref name="Stack2007">{{cite news |first=Peggy|last=Fletcher Stack |year=2007 |author-link=Peggy Fletcher Stack|title=Faithful witness: New film and revived group help many feel at home in their church|newspaper=The Salt Lake Tribune |url=https://archive.sltrib.com/story.php?ref=/ci_6316597}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Hale |first=Lee |date=May 31, 2018 |title=Mormon Church Celebration Of 40 Years Of Black Priesthood Brings Up Painful Past |work=All Things Considered |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/05/31/615911082/mormon-church-celebration-of-40-years-of-black-priesthood-brings-up-painful-past}}</ref> halartar taron firistoci,<ref name="embry">{{cite book |last=Embry |first=Jessie |url=https://archive.org/details/blacksaintsinwhi0000embr |title=Black Saints in a White Church |publisher=Signature Books |year=1994 |isbn=1-56085-044-2 |location=Salt Lake City |oclc=30156888 |url-access=registration|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>{{rp|64}} nadawa zuwa ofishin firist, yin magana a wuraren taro,<ref name="Harris2015" />{{rp|67}} ko karɓar asali a cikin albarkar uba.<ref name="Bates">{{cite journal |last1=Bates |first1=Irene M. |date=1993 |title=Patriarchal Blessings and the Routinization of Charisma |url=https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V26N03_11.pdf |journal=Dialogue |publisher=University of Illinois Press |volume=26 |issue=3 |access-date=17 April 2023}}</ref> An kuma haramtawa ma'auratan Baƙar fata da baƙar fata shiga haikali.<ref name=Development>{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Devery S. |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=U8LLSAAACAAJ}}|title=The Development of LDS Temple Worship, 1846–2000: A Documentary History |date=2011 |publisher=Signature Books |isbn=9781560852117 |location=Salt Lake City |page=xlvi|via=Google Books}}</ref> Domin ana ɗaukar ayyukan haikali a matsayin masu mahimmanci don shiga babban matakin sama, keɓewar na nufin an hana Baƙar fata tserewa.<ref name=Kendall>{{cite journal |last1=White |first1=O. Kendall Jr. |title=Integrating Religious and Racial Identities: An Analysis of LDS African American Explanations of the Priesthood Ban |journal=Review of Religious Research |date=March 1995 |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=296–297 |doi=10.2307/3511536 |jstor=3511536 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3511536|quote='Celestial' or 'temple' marriage is a necessary condition for 'exaltation' ... Without the priesthood, Black men and women ... were denied complete exaltation, the ultimate goal of Mormonism.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Harris2015" />{{rp|164}}<ref name=BushDialogue/>{{rp|261}} An sassauta takurawa a hankali ta yadda Baƙar fata za su iya halartar taron firistoci kuma an ba wasu mutane da "asilin tambaya" firistoci, kamar [[Fiji]], 'Yan Asalin Australiya, Masarawa, da [[Brazil]] da Afirka ta Kudu waɗanda ba a san asalin su ba waɗanda ba su da alamar asalin Baƙar fata.<ref name="Prince" />{{rp|94}} A cikin 1978, Shugabancin Farko na cocin ya fitar da Sanarwa ta Biyu a cikin 1978, yana ɗage takura launin fata; daga baya aka ɗauke shi a matsayin nassi.<ref name="Harris2015" />{{rp|108}}<ref name="Official Declaration 2"/> Fiye da shekaru 120 na takura, cocin ya ce Allah ne ya kafa su kuma sun ba da bayani da yawa dangane da launin fata, ciki har da imani cewa Kain da zuriyarsa an la'anta su,<ref name="Neither White Nor Black" /> cewa auren Ham da Egyptus ya sanya la'ana a kan zuriyar Kan'ana,<ref name="Harris2015" />{{rp|62}}<ref name="Neither White Nor Black"/> kuma Baƙar fata ba su da ƙarfin hali a rayuwarsu ta farko.<ref name="kidd" />{{rp|236}} Shugabanni sun yi amfani da nassosin LDS don tabbatar da bayanan, ciki har da Littafin Ibrahim (wanda ke koyar da cewa zuriyar Kan'ana baƙar fata ne, kuma Fir'auna ba zai iya samun firist ba saboda yana ɗaya daga cikin zuriyar Kan'ana).<ref name="Neither White Nor Black" />{{rp|41–42}} Tun daga 2013, ba a karɓi bayanan da suka gabata a matsayin koyarwar coci kuma cocin yana koyar da adawa da wariyar launin fata.<ref name="Harris2015" />{{rp|200}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=McCombs |first1=Brady |title=Mormons add call to eradicate prejudice, racism to handbook |url=https://apnews.com/article/race-and-ethnicity-coronavirus-pandemic-1122b62368dbabb8b0ae3b1499220b95|access-date=17 April 2023 |publisher=Associated Press |date=18 Dec 2020}}</ref><ref name=Despite/> ===Tarihi=== [[File:Jane Elizabeth Manning James.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of a seated Jane Manning|Jane Manning ta kasance memba na farko na coci kuma baiwa<ref name="Saints, Slaves, and Blacks"/>{{rp|223}} a cikin gidan Smith a Nauvoo, kuma ta bi Young zuwa Yankin Utah. Ta nemi shugabancin coci don karɓar gudummawar haikali, amma an ƙi ta akai-akai saboda ita Baƙar fata ce.<ref name="Coleman 2008">{{cite book |last=Coleman |first=Ronald G. |title=African American Women Confront the West, 1600–2000 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=uwKuLlDDT-wC}}|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8061-3979-1 |editor1-link=Quintard Taylor |editor1-last=Taylor |editor1-first=Quintard |location=Norman, Oklahoma |pages=144–162 |chapter='Is There No Blessing For Me?': Jane Elizabeth Manning James, a Mormon African American Woman |quote=Jane Elizabeth James never understood the continued denial of her church entitlements. Her autobiography reveals a stubborn adherence to her church even when it ignored her pleas. |editor2-last=Moore |editor2-first=Shirley Ann Wilson |chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=uwKuLlDDT-wC|page=144}}|via=Google Books}}</ref>{{rp|154}}]] A lokacin farkon shekarun motsin Latter Day Saint, aƙalla 'yan maza Baƙar fata biyu sun zama firistoci: Elijah Abel da Walker Lewis.<ref name="Mauss 2003"/>{{rp|213}} Abel ya sami ofishin firist na Dattijo da ofishin Seventi, a bayyane a gaban Smith.<ref name="Mauss 2003" />{{rp|213}} Masana tarihi Armand Mauss da Lester E. Bush Jr. sun gano cewa bayanan game da goyon bayan Smith ga takurawar sun kasance sakamakon ƙoƙarin sulhu na shugabannin coci daga baya bayan mutuwarsa don daidaita manufofin Smith da Brigham Young.<ref name="Neither White Nor Black" /><ref name=BushDialogue/>{{rp|21}} Tushen yana ba da shawarar wasu masu riƙe da firist na Baƙar fata a farkon coci, ciki har da Peter Kerr da baƙon Jamaica Joseph T. Ball.<ref name=Ball>{{cite web |title=Century of Black Mormons: Ball, Joseph T. |url=https://exhibits.lib.utah.edu/s/century-of-black-mormons/page/ball-joseph-t#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-1529%2C-215%2C5566%2C4288 |publisher=University of Utah}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Staker|pages=64–65|first= Mark L.|date= 2009|title= Hearken, O Ye People: The Historical Setting of Joseph Smith's Ohio Revelations|publisher= Greg Kofford Books|isbn= 9781589581135|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P39lEAAAQBAJ|via=Google Books}}</ref> Sauran manyan membobin Baƙar fata na farkon cocin sun haɗa da Jane Manning James, Green Flake, da Samuel D. Chambers.<ref>{{cite web|author=Kiser, Benjamin|title='Flake, Green.' Century of Black Mormons|publisher=University of Utah|url=https://exhibits.lib.utah.edu/s/century-of-black-mormons/page/flake-green#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-298%2C-63%2C1618%2C1247}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Riess| first=Jana|author-link=Jana Riess|title=Black Mormon Pioneer Jane Manning James Finally Gets Her Due|publisher=Religion News Service|date=21 Nov 2019|url=https://religionnews.com/2019/06/13/black-mormon-pioneer-jane-manning-james-finally-gets-her-due/}}</ref><ref name="embry"/>{{rp|40–41}} Bayan mutuwar Smith a 1844 da rikicin maye gurbin watanni shida, Young ya zama shugaban mafi yawan mabiyan Smith kuma ya jagoranci majagaba na Mormon zuwa abin da zai zama Yankin Utah. Kamar yawancin shugabannin Amurka a lokacin, Young ya inganta ra'ayoyin nuna bambanci game da Baƙar fata lokacin da yake gwamnan yanki.<ref>{{cite news |last=Riess |first=Jana |author-link=Jana Riess |title=Was Brigham Young a racist? |url=https://religionnews.com/2014/04/16/brigham-young-racist/ |work=Religion News Service |date=16 Apr 2014}}</ref> A cikin 1852, Young ya gaya wa Majalisar Dokoki ta Yankin Utah cewa "kowane mutum da ke da digo ɗaya na zuriyar Kain... a cikinsa ba zai iya riƙe firist ba."<ref name="Neither White Nor Black" />{{rp|70}} ===Manufa da Dokoki=== Shugabannin coci sun koyar da fiye da ƙarni ɗaya cewa haramcin nadin firist da ayyukan haikali umarnin Allah ne; a cewar Young, "ka'ida ce ta har abada ta gaskiya da Ubangiji Maɗaukaki ya kafa."<ref name="Harris2015" />{{rp|37}} A cikin 1949, Shugabancin Farko a ƙarƙashin George Albert Smith ya fitar da sanarwa cewa takura "ta ci gaba kamar yadda take koyaushe" kuma "ba batun bayyana manufa ba ne amma umarnin kai tsaye daga Ubangiji."<ref name="Reeve 2015" />{{rp|222–223}}<ref name="Official Declaration 2">{{cite book |last1=LeBaron |first1=E. Dale |title=Sperry Symposium Classics: The Doctrine and Covenants|chapter=Official Declaration 2: Revelation on the Priesthood |url=https://rsc.byu.edu/book/sperry-symposium-classics-doctrine-covenants-0|chapter-url=https://rsc.byu.edu/sperry-symposium-classics-doctrine-covenants/official-declaration-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923044122/https://rsc.byu.edu/archived/sperry-symposium-classics-doctrine-and-covenants/23-official-declaration-2-revelation |archive-date=September 23, 2016 |access-date=17 April 2023 |via=Internet Archive|date=2004|publisher=BYU Religious Studies Center}}</ref><ref name="Neither White Nor Black" />{{rp|221}} Sanarwa ta biyu ta Shugabancin Farko shekaru ashirin bayan haka, a ƙarƙashin David O. McKay, ta sake nanata cewa "bambancin da ake gani na Cocin ga Negro ba wani abu ba ne wanda ya samo asali daga mutum; amma ya dawo zuwa farkon tare da Allah."<ref>{{cite journal |date=February 1970 |title=Letter of First Presidency Clarifies Church's Position on the Negro |url=https://archive.org/stream/improvementera7302unse#page/n71/mode/1up |journal=Improvement Era |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=70–71 |access-date=17 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="Reeve 2015" />{{rp|223}}<ref name="Neither White Nor Black" />{{rp|222}} Shugaban coci Spencer W. Kimball ya ce a 1973 cewa takurawar "ba manufa ta ba ce ko manufar Cocin ba. Manufar Ubangiji ce wanda ya kafa ta."<ref>{{cite book |last1=LeBaron |first1=E. Dale |editor-last=Davies |editor-first=Douglas J. |title=Mormon Identities in Transition |date=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London |isbn=9781474281294 |chapter=Mormonism in black Africa |page=82|chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=BBzmDAAAQBAJ|page=82}}|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=BBzmDAAAQBAJ}}|via=Google Books}}</ref> Game da dokoki da manufofi da suka cire takura launin fata, manzo Dallin H. Oaks ya ce a 1988: "Ban sani ba idan yana yiwuwa a bambanta tsakanin manufa da doka a cikin coci wanda ya yi imani da ci gaba da wahayi kuma ya goyi bayan shugabansa a matsayin annabi... Ban tabbata ba zan iya tabbatar da bambancin doka da manufa a cikin gaskiyar cewa kafin 1978 mutum ba zai iya riƙe firist ba kuma bayan 1978 za su iya riƙe firist."<ref>{{cite news |date=9 Jun 1988 |title=New policy occasions church comment |via=Newspapers.com|work=Times-News (Burlington, North Carolina)|Times-News |agency=Associated Press |location=Burlington, North Carolina|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21138508/partial-transcript-of-ap-interview-with/ |quote=AP: Was the ban on ordaining Black people to the priesthood a matter of policy or doctrine? ... OAKS: I don't know that its possible to distinguish between policy and doctrine in a church that believes in continuing revelation and sustains its leader as a prophet. ... I'm not sure I could justify the difference in doctrine and policy in the fact that before 1978 a person could not hold the priesthood and after 1978 they could hold the priesthood. AP: Did you feel differently about the issue before the revelation was given? OAKS: I decided a long time ago, 1961 or 2, that there's no way to talk about it in terms of doctrine, or policy, practice, procedure. All of those words just lead you to reaffirm your prejudice, whichever it was.}}</ref> Binciken masana tarihi Armand Mauss, Newell G. Bringhurst, da Lester E. Bush ya raunana ra'ayin cewa takurawar doka ce.<ref name="Harris2015" /> Bush ya ce a gaskiya babu rikodin wahayi da Young ya karɓa game da takurawar;<ref name=BushDialogue/> an samar da hujja ga manufofin Young daga baya ta shugabannin coci da malamai.<ref name=BushDialogue/> ===Ƙarshen Takurawar Haikali da Fikira=== [[Image:Joseph Freeman, Jr. 2014.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|alt=Photo of a smiling Joseph Freeman|Joseph Freeman shine Baƙar fata na farko da aka nada zuwa firist bayan an ɗage takurawar a 1978.]] Cocin LDS ya daidaita ga matsalolin muhalli a cikin tarihinsa, ciki har da sauyawa daga auren mata fiye da ɗaya zuwa auren mace ɗaya, daga rarrabuwar siyasa zuwa haɗuwa da Amurka, da kuma daga gurguzu zuwa jari-hujja na kamfani.<ref name=Sociological/>{{rp|231}} A ranar 9 ga Yuni, 1978,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/06/10/archives/new-jersey-pages-mormon-church-strikes-down-ban-against-blacks-in.html|title=Mormon Church Strikes Down Ban Against Blacks in Priesthood|first=Kenneth A. |last=Briggs|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 10, 1978|page=47}}</ref> Shugabancin Farko na Cocin LDS ya fitar da sanarwa wanda ke ba da izini ga "dukkan mambobin coci maza masu cancanta su nada zuwa firist ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba",<ref name="Official Declaration 2" /> wanda ya ba wa mata da maza Baƙar fata damar shiga gudummawar haikali da hatimi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Edmunds |first1=Tressa |date=5 Mar 2013 |title=Mormons can finally say 'we got it wrong' over black priest ban |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2013/mar/05/mormons-black-priests-ban |quote=It wasn't until 1978 that black men were again allowed to receive the priesthood and black women were allowed to attend the temple. Most members were unaware that there was ever a time when black people were allowed equal participation in the gospel. ... In 1978 the prophet Spencer W Kimball announced the lifting of the priesthood ban and temple restriction....}}</ref><ref name=Despite/> Wannan shine mafi mahimmancin canjin manufar coci a cikin shekaru da yawa.<ref name=Sociological/>{{rp|231}} Bisa ga labaran da yawa daga waɗanda ke halarta, Shugabancin Farko da Quorum na Manzanni Goma Sha Biyu sun karɓi wahayi don cire takura launin fata yayin da suke addu'a a Haikali na Salt Lake. Manzo Bruce R. McConkie ya rubuta cewa duk waɗanda ke halarta "sun karɓi saƙo ɗaya", kuma sun iya fahimtar "nufin Ubangiji."<ref name="Official Declaration 2"/><ref name="Harris2015" />{{rp|116}} Abubuwa da yawa sun kai ga canjin,<ref name=Sociological/>{{rp|231–232}} ciki har da matsin lamba daga NAACP, karuwar membobi da haikali a Brazil,<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Mark L.|last1=Grover|url=https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V23N01_41.pdf|title=The Mormon Priesthood Revelation and the São Paulo Brazil Temple|journal=Dialogue |publisher=University of Illinois Press |volume=23|issue=1|pages=39–53|date=Spring 1990|doi=10.2307/45225842 |jstor=45225842 |s2cid=254321222 }}</ref> matsin lamba daga masu fafutukar membobi, mummunar talla, da buƙatar warware matsalar dokoki.<ref name=Sociological/>{{rp|231–232}}<ref name="Bushman">{{cite book |last=Bushman |first=Claudia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGF7LdsbatoC|via=Google Books|url-access=limited |title=Contemporary Mormonism: Latter-day Saints in Modern America |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|Praeger Publishers |year=2006 |isbn=0-275-98933-X |location=Westport, CN |oclc=61178156 |author-link=Claudia Lauper Bushman}}</ref>{{rp|94–95}} Saboda tallar da aka samu daga babban labarin Lester Bush "Mormonism's Negro Doctrine" a 1973, mataimakin shugaban BYU Robert K. Thomas ya ji tsoron cewa cocin zai rasa matsayin sa na keɓe haraji.<ref name="Harris2015"/>{{rp|95}}<ref>{{cite news |title=The Mormon Curse |url=https://chicagodefender.com/the-mormon-curse/ |work=Chicago Defender |agency=Real Times |location=Chicago |id={{ProQuest|2492670491}} |date=13 Sep 2012 |quote=The Carter Administration had threatened BYU and the LDS church with denial of their tax-exempt status if they continued to discriminate against Blacks.}}</ref><ref name="Harris2015"/>{{rp|106–107}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gurwell |first1=Lance |title=Critics Still Question 'Revelation' on Blacks |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1988-06-02-8801040230-story.html |work=Chicago Tribune |date=1 Jun 1988 |quote=Despite church claims that the change came from revelation, critics say the move was pure business, that the Mormons wanted to expand further into black Third World countries and would not be able to do so as long as blacks were discriminated against, and that the Mormon church, the fastest growing mainstream church in the U.S., stood to lose its tax-exempt status for discriminating against blacks.}}</ref> Labarin ya bayyana dalla-dalla ayyukan nuna bambancin launin fata na cocin kuma ya zaburar da tattaunawa tsakanin shugabannin coci, wanda ya raunana ra'ayin cewa takurawar haikali da firist sune dokoki.<ref name="Harris2015" />{{rp|95}} ===Koyarwa game da takurawa bayan 1978=== Sanarwar 1978 na cire takurawar launin fata ba ta ba da dalili don cire su ba, ba ta yi watsi da su ba, ba ta nemi afuwa ba, ko kuma ta maye gurbinsu.<ref name="Brooks2020">{{cite book |last1=Brooks |first1=Joanna |author1-link=Joanna Brooks |title=Mormonism and White Supremacy: American Religion and The Problem of Racial Innocence |date=May 2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=9780190081751 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IcDgDwAAQBAJ|via=Google Books}}</ref>{{rp|163}} Saboda ba a musanta takurawar a hukumance ba, hujjar su ta ci gaba a 2020.<ref name="Brooks2020" />{{rp|163, 174}} ==Maganar Mambobi da Ayyukansu== Wasu 'yan Mormon sun riƙe ra'ayoyin wariyar launin fata, kuma hana su shiga haikali da al'adun firistoci ba shine kaɗai nuna bambanci ga Baƙaƙe ba; a matsayinsa na magajin garin Nauvoo, Joseph Smith ya hana su riƙe muƙami ko shiga sojojin Nauvoo Legion.<ref name="Fleisher" /> Brigham Young ya koyar da cewa ƙoƙarin daidaito ba daidai ba ne, yana mai cewa waɗanda suka yi yaƙi don daidaito ga Baƙaƙe suna ƙoƙarin ɗaga su "zuwa daidaito da waɗanda Halitta da Allah na Halitta suka nuna su zama ubangijinsu, iyayensu".<ref name=BushDialogue/>{{rp|68}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Journals of the House of Representatives|publisher=Utah Territorial Legislative Assembly|chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=PH1DAQAAMAAJ|page=109}}|editor-last=Young |editor-first=Brigham Hamilton |pages=109–110|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=PH1DAQAAMAAJ}} |chapter=Representative's Hall, Monday, Jan. 5, 1852|date=5 Jan 1852|location=Salt Lake City |volume=1|via=Google Books}}</ref> Rahoton ƙasa baki ɗaya na shekarar 1959 daga Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Bil'adama ta Amurka ya gano cewa Baƙaƙe sun fuskanci nuna bambanci sosai a Utah, kuma an yi amfani da koyarwar Mormon don tabbatar da maganin wariyar launin fata.<ref name=US_Commission_1959 /><ref name=Despite/> A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, 'yan Mormon a yammacin Amurka sun kasance kusa da matsakaicin ƙasa baki ɗaya a halayen launin fata.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mauss |first1=Armand L. |title=The Angel and the Beehive: The Mormon Struggle with Assimilation |author-link=Armand L. Mauss|date=1994 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=9780252020711 |pages=51–54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTBUCGwdG8MC|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="Mormonism and Secular Attitudes toward Negroes">{{cite journal|last1=Mauss|first1=Armand L.|author-link=Armand L. Mauss|title=Mormonism and Secular Attitudes toward Negroes|publisher=Pacific Sociological Association|journal=The Pacific Sociological Review|date=October 1966|volume=9|issue=2|pages=91–99|doi=10.2307/1388243|jstor=1388243|s2cid=158067784|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1388243|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Halayen launin fata na Amurka sun haifar da matsaloli lokacin da cocin ta yi ƙoƙarin amfani da ka'idarta ta digo ɗaya zuwa wasu yankuna masu bambancin kabilanci kamar Brazil; Yawancin membobin Brazil ba su fahimci rarrabuwar launin fata na Amurka ba da kuma yadda suka shafi haramcin haikali da firistoci, wanda ya haifar da matsala tsakanin mishaneri da membobi.<ref name=Grover/> Barkwanci game da Baƙaƙe sun yawaita tsakanin 'yan Mormon kafin wahayin 1978.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=William A.|last2=Poulsen|first2=Richard C.|title=The Curse of Cain and Other Stories: Blacks in Mormon Folklore|journal=Sunstone (magazine)|date=Nov–Dec 1980|volume=5|issue=6|url=https://sunstone.org/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/024-09-13.pdf |access-date=17 April 2023}}</ref> Manzo Spencer W. Kimball ya fara wa'azi game da wariyar launin fata tun farkon shekarun 1970, yana kiran rashin haƙuri daga membobin coci "abin ƙyama".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Teachings of Spencer W. Kimball|page=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TA6QAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Bookcraft|date=1982|isbn=9780884944720 |quote=Intolerance by church members is despicable. A special problem exists with respect to Black people because they may not now receive the priesthood. Some members of the Church would justify their own un-Christian discrimination against [Black people] because of that rule with respect to the priesthood, but while this restriction has been imposed by the Lord, it is not for us to add burdens upon the shoulders of our black brethren.|via=Google Books}}</ref> Dangane da binciken 1972–1996, an nuna membobin coci a Amurka suna da ƙananan ƙimar amincewa da raba gardama fiye da sauran ƙungiyoyin Amurka da saurin raguwar amincewa da raba gardama.<ref name="Black and mormon" />{{rp|94–97}} Cocin tana adawa da wariyar launin fata tsakanin mambobinta, tana aiki don kai wa al'ummomin Baƙaƙe, kuma tana da wards masu yawan Baƙaƙe a Amurka.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wilcox|first1=Lauren|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/09/AR2007050901770.html|title=The Saints Go Marching In|newspaper=Washington Post|date=May 13, 2007}}</ref><ref name=Despite/> A cikin 2017, Cocin LDS ta fitar da sanarwa tana yin tir da wariyar launin fata don mayar da martani ga taron white-nationalist Unite the Right rally a Virginia.<ref name=Forced>{{cite magazine |last1=Gaffey |first1=Connor |title=How a Charlottesville Speaker Forced the Mormon Church to Condemn 'Sinful' White Supremacists |url=https://www.newsweek.com/charlottesville-mormons-white-supremacists-651747 |magazine=Newsweek |date=17 Aug 2017}}</ref><ref name=Graham2017>{{cite magazine|last1=Graham|first1=Ruth|title=The Mormon Church Condemned White Supremacists, and This Mormon White Supremacist Mom Is Very Mad About It|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2017/08/18/the_mormon_church_condemned_white_supremacists_and_this_mormon_white_supremacist.html|access-date=17 April 2023|magazine=Slate (magazine)|date=August 18, 2017}}</ref> Wani memba na coci mai ra'ayin alt-right kuma mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo ya kira sanarwar ba ta da hurumi, tunda ta fito daga sashin hulɗa da jama'a maimakon First Presidency (LDS Church).<ref name=Forced/><ref name=Graham2017 /> ===Adawar Fara'a ta LDS ga Manufofin Launin Fata=== A cikin rabi na biyu na karni na 20, wasu fararen membobin coci sun yi zanga-zanga kan koyarwa da manufofin da ke hana Baƙaƙe shiga al'adun haikali da firistoci; an kori membobi uku a cikin shekarun 1970 saboda sukar wadannan koyarwa a bainar jama'a.<ref name="Stevenson2014"/>{{rp|345–346}} An hana wasu fararen membobin da suka yi adawa da wasu koyarwa da manufofin coci game da Baƙaƙe shiga haikali.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Syphers|first1=Grant|title=Letters to the Editor|journal=Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought| date=Winter 1967|volume=2 |issue=4|page=6| url=https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V02N04_7.pdf#page=2 |access-date=17 April 2023 |publisher= University of Illinois Press}}</ref> Ɗan siyasa Stewart Udall ya rubuta wata wasika mai tsauri a bainar jama'a a 1967 yana sukar takunkumin launin fata na coci.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Udall|first1=Stewart|author-link=Stewart Udall|title=Letters to the Editor|journal=Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought|date=Summer 1967|volume=2|issue=2|pages=5–6|doi=10.1126/science.186.4162.393-a |publisher=University of Illinois Press |pmid=17737112|url=https://dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V02N02_7.pdf|quote=[This race policy issue] must be resolved because we are wrong and it is past time that we should have seen the right ... My fear is that the very character of Mormonism is being distorted and crippled by adherence to a belief and practice that denies the oneness of mankind. We violate the rights and dignity of our Negro brothers, and for this we bear a measure of guilt; but surely we harm ourselves even more. What a sad irony it is that a once outcast people, tempered for nearly a century in the fires of persecution, are one of the last to remove a burden from the most persecuted people ever to live on this continent. ... By comparison, the restriction now imposed on Negro fellowship is a social and institutional practice having no real sanction in essential Mormon thought. It is clearly contradictory to our most cherished spiritual and moral ideals.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wallace|first1=Turner|title=Mormons Urged to Face Negro Issue|page=12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109045850/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2691582/udall_urges_change_to_lds_black_policy/|archive-date=November 9, 2017|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/?spot=2691582|work=Edwardsville Intelligencer|location=Edwardsville, Illinois|agency=The New York Times|date=May 26, 1967|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Wasikarsa ta samu ɗaruruwan martani masu sukar, ciki har da wasiƙu daga manzannin Delbert L. Stapley da Spencer W. Kimball.<ref name="Lecture">{{cite journal|last1=Peterson|first1=F. Ross|title='Do Not Lecture The Brethren': Stewart L. Udall's Pro-Civil Rights Stance, 1967|journal=Journal of Mormon History|date=Spring 1999|volume=25|issue=1|pages=272–287|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Champaign, Illinois|via=Internet Archive|url=https://archive.org/stream/DoNotLectureTheBrethren/Do%20Not%20Lecture%20The%20Brethren#page/n0/mode/1up|jstor=23287745}}</ref>{{rp|279–283}} ===Nuna Bambancin Launin Fata Bayan Soke Haramcin 1978=== Masana tarihi na LDS Wayne J. Embry sun yi hira da wasu membobin coci Baƙaƙe a 1987, kuma sun ruwaito cewa dukkan mahalarta sun ba da rahoton "abubuwan da suka faru na nuna wariya daga fararen membobi, jinkiri ko ƙin musafaha da su ko zama kusa da su, da maganganun wariyar launin fata da aka yi musu." Embry ya ce wata Baƙar mace ta halarci coci har tsawon shekaru uku, duk da cewa abokan ikilisiyarta sun yi mata watsi; "dole ne ta rubuta kai tsaye ga shugaban Cocin LDS don gano yadda za a yi mata baftisma", saboda babu wani daga cikin abokan ikilisiyar da zai gaya mata.<ref name="Black and mormon" />{{rp|371}} Wariyar launin fata a cikin coci ya ci gaba bayan sanarwa daga shugabancin coci game da bambancin launin fata da kuma ƙarshen haramcin haikali da firistoci na 1978. Farar memba na coci kuma farfesa a BYU Eugene England ya rubuta a 1998 cewa yawancin 'yan Mormon har yanzu suna da ra'ayoyin wariyar launin fata, ciki har da imani cewa Baƙaƙe sun fito daga Kayinu da Ham kuma suna ƙarƙashin la'anarsu. Dalibai na England a BYU waɗanda suka ba da rahoton cewa suna da waɗannan imani sun ce sun koya su daga iyayensu ko daga masu koyarwa a coci, kuma ba su san cewa sun saba wa koyarwar coci ta yanzu ba.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Musser|first1=Donald W.|last2=Paulsen|first2=David L.|title=Mormonism in Dialogue with Contemporary Christian Theologies|date=2007|url-access=registration|publisher=Mercer University Press|location=Macon, GA|isbn=978-0-88146-083-4|via=Internet Archive|url=https://archive.org/details/mormonismindialo00paul}}</ref> Memba na coci Baƙar fata Darron Smith ya lura da matsala makamanciya a 2003, kuma ya rubuta a ''Sunstone (magazine)'' game da ci gaba da imani na wariyar launin fata. Smith ya rubuta cewa wariyar launin fata ya ci gaba saboda shugabancin coci bai yi magana kan asalin haramcin ba: imani cewa Baƙaƙe zuriyar Kayinu ne, cewa ba su da tsaka-tsaki a yakin sama, kuma cewa launin fata yana nuna adalci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Darron |title=The Persistence of Racialized Discourse in Mormonism |journal=Sunstone (magazine) |date=March 2003|url=https://sunstone.org/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/126-31-33.pdf}}</ref> Yar jarida kuma memba na coci Peggy Fletcher Stack ta rubuta a 2007 cewa Baƙaƙe 'yan Mormon har yanzu suna jin sun rabu da sauran membobin coci saboda yadda sauran membobin ke yi musu, wanda ya fito daga kiran su "kalmar n" zuwa ƙananan zagi. Rashin Baƙaƙe a cikin shugabancin coci shi ma ya ba da gudummawa ga jin Baƙaƙe na rashin shiga.<ref name="Stack2007"/><ref name=Despite/> Alice Faulkner Burch, shugabar ƙungiyar Baƙaƙe ta Genesis Group mai tallafin LDS, ta ce a 2016 cewa Baƙaƙe "har yanzu suna buƙatar tallafi don ci gaba da zama a cikin coci—ba saboda dalilan koyarwa ba amma saboda dalilan al'adu." Burch ya ƙara da cewa "ana yi wa mata ba'a game da gashinmu&nbsp;... ana ambaton su da kalmomin wulakanci, ana yi wa yaranmu rashin mutunci, kuma ana hana su kira." Lokacin da aka tambaye ta abin da Baƙaƙe mata a cikin coci suke so, ta ce wata mace ta gaya mata cewa tana fatan "samun damar halartar coci sau ɗaya ba tare da wani ya taɓa gashina ba."<ref name="All is not well in Zion">{{cite news|last1=Fletcher Stack|first1=Peggy|author-link=Peggy Fletcher Stack|title=All is not well in Zion on the race front, Black Mormon tells historians|url=http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=4006506&itype=CMSID|access-date=17 April 2023|newspaper=The Salt Lake Tribune|date=June 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821082634/https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=4006506&itype=CMSID|archive-date=21 August 2022|url-status=live|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Manufar makarantar Lahadi ta 2020 ta ƙunshi koyarwa game da "fatar duhu" a cikin Littafin Mormon kasancewar "alama ce ta la'ana"; "la'anar ita ce janyewar Ruhun Ubangiji". Matsin jama'a ya sa coci ta canza fasalin dijital na littafin, wanda daga baya ya ce yanayin da bayyanar alamar fatar duhu ba a fahimta gaba ɗaya ba.<ref name="Error">{{cite news |last=Fletcher Stack |first=Peggy|author-link=Peggy Fletcher Stack |date=18 January 2020 |title=Error in printed LDS Church manual could revive racial criticisms |url-access=limited|newspaper=The Salt Lake Tribune |url=https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2020/01/18/error-printed-lds-church/ |access-date=17 April 2023}}</ref> Bayan 'yan kwanaki, datta Gary E. Stevenson ya gaya wa taron NAACP na Ranar Martin Luther King cewa ya "yi baƙin ciki" da "kuskuren",<ref name="Stack"/><ref name="steele">{{cite news |last=Steele |first=Michalyn |title=Native American law professor discusses the 'curse' and how to view troubling scripture |url=https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2020/01/22/mormon-land-native/ |url-access=limited|newspaper=The Salt Lake Tribune |date=22 Jan 2020}}</ref> kuma cocin tana "neman membobi su yi watsi da sakin layi a cikin littafin da aka buga."<ref name="Stack">{{cite news |last=Fletcher Stack |first1=Peggy|author-link=Peggy Fletcher Stack |title=LDS Church and NAACP becoming closer allies, apostle says during MLK Day speech |url=https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2020/01/21/lds-church-naacp-becoming/|url-access=limited |newspaper=The Salt Lake Tribune |access-date=17 April 2023}}</ref> Farfesa na shari'a na BYU Michalyn Steele, ɗan asalin Amurka, daga baya ya nuna damuwa game da ayyukan edita na coci da kuma rashin jin daɗi cewa masu ilimin coci suna ci gaba da nuna wariyar launin fata.<ref name="steele" /> A lokacin rani na 2020, Nelson ya fitar da sanarwa ta haɗin gwiwa tare da shugabannin NAACP uku suna yin tir da wariyar launin fata kuma suna kira ga dukkan cibiyoyi da su yi aiki don kawar da wariyar launin fata da ke ci gaba.<ref>{{cite news |title=President Nelson joins leaders of the NAACP in condemning racism and calling for increased love and understanding |url=https://www.postregister.com/star/news/president-nelson-joins-leaders-of-the-naacp-in-condemning-racism-and-calling-for-increased-love/article_d08f54e3-0312-592c-9643-e9b0272661c3.html |work=The Jefferson Star |publisher=Post Register |date=24 Jun 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A taron babban taro na Oktoba 2020, Nelson, mai ba da shawara na farko Dallin H. Oaks, da manzo Quentin L. Cook sun yi tir da wariyar launin fata a cikin jawabin su.<ref name=Blunt>{{Cite news |last1=Fletcher Stack |first1=Peggy |last2=Pierce |first2=Scott D. |last3=Noyce |first3=David |author1-link=Peggy Fletcher Stack|date=4 October 2020 |title=In blunt language, Nelson denounces racism, urges Latter-day Saints to 'lead out' against prejudice |url-access=limited|url=https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2020/10/04/blunt-language-nelson/ |newspaper=The Salt Lake Tribune}}</ref> Dangane da binciken 2016 na 'yan Mormon da suka bayyana kansu, fiye da kashi 60 cikin ɗari sun ce sun sani (kashi 37 cikin ɗari) ko sun yi imani (kashi 25.5 cikin ɗari) cewa haramcin firistoci da haikali nufin Allah ne; wasu kashi 17 cikin ɗari sun ce yana iya zama gaskiya, kuma kashi 22 cikin ɗari sun ce sun sani (ko sun yi imani) cewa ba nufin Allah ba ne.<ref name="Jana Riess">{{cite news |last1=Riess |first1=Jana |author-link=Jana Riess|title=Forty years on, most Mormons still believe the racist temple ban was God's will |url=https://religionnews.com/2018/06/11/40-years-later-most-mormons-still-believe-the-racist-priesthood-temple-ban-was-gods-will/ |publisher=Religion News Service |date=June 11, 2018 |access-date=17 April 2023}}</ref> Binciken 2023 na tsoffin membobin coci sama da 1,000 a yankin Mormon corridor ya gano batutuwan launin fata a cikin coci a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilai uku da aka ruwaito dalilin da ya sa suka rabu.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Riess |first1=Jana |author-link=Jana Riess|date=8 March 2024 |title=Who is leaving the LDS Church? Eight key survey findings |newspaper=The Salt Lake Tribune|location=Salt Lake City |url=https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2024/03/08/jana-riess-who-is-leaving-lds/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309020640/https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2024/03/08/jana-riess-who-is-leaving-lds/ |archive-date=9 March 2024|agency=Religion News Service|via=Internet Archive|url-access=limited}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{reflist|2}} e9yzjc264gzqxdjbt5jldivqbczndyr 0 106309 883324 685851 2026-07-15T09:08:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Aja Binta Jammeh-Sidibe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1950) 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata ce daga [[Gambiya]] . Jammeh-Sidibe sananniya ce a matsayin mai fafutuka game da yankan mata kuma a matsayin mai gwagwarmaya ga lafiyar mata ta tattalin arziki da ta jiki ta hanyar ba da riba, Association for Promoting Girls and Women's Advancement (APGWA). == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko da aiki === An haifi Aja Binta Jammeh a [[Banjul]] ga iyayen Natoma Marong Jammeh da Alhagie Karamo Jammeh . Iyalinta sun fito ne daga ƙauyen Illiassa a cikin Kerewan LGA na Gundumar Lower Baddibu . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Personality of the Week: Spotlight on Mrs Aja Binta Jammeh Sidibeh: Executive Director, APGWA/SOBEYA skills training center - The Point |url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/personality-of-the-week-spotlight-on-mrs-aja-binta-jammeh-sidibeh-executive-director-apgwasobeya-ski |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=thepoint.gm |language=en-US}}</ref> Yayinda take daliba, Binta Jammeh ta fito fili a fannin ilimi, ta sami mafi girma a makarantar firamare da kuma na uku mafi girma a cikin ƙasa.<ref name=":0" /> Daga 1967 zuwa 1974 Binta Jammeh ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Gambiya, inda lambobinta suka kasance a saman kashi uku na dukkan dalibai, kuma inda ta sami tallafin gwamnati don karatu a kasashen waje.<ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 1975, ta yi tafiya zuwa Amurka don gudanar da karatun digiri a Jami'ar Indiana inda ta yi karatu a tarihin Afirka tare da ƙarami a ilimin zamantakewa. Ta kammala karatu a 1978 kuma ta koma Gambiya. Bayan ya dawo Gambiya, Binta Jammeh ya yi aiki a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Banjul kuma daga baya a matsayin jami'in horo ga Hukumar Kula da Ci gaban Duniya ta Amurka. Za ta yi aiki ga USAID har zuwa 1988.<ref name=":0"/> A shekara ta 1987, an fara zabar ta a matsayin memba na Majalisar Mata ta Kasa, daga inda za ta fara zama sananne saboda aikinta kan 'yancin mata. <ref name=":0" /> === Ƙarfafa mata === A cikin aikinta, Jammeh-Sidibe sananniya ce don bayar da shawarwari game da yankan mata, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sillah |first=Nyima |date=2024-07-10 |title=Women’s Bureau Former Executive Director Upbeat about FGM Law - |url=https://www.voicegambia.com/2024/07/10/womens-bureau-former-executive-director-upbeat-about-fgm-law/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220151244/https://www.voicegambia.com/2024/07/10/womens-bureau-former-executive-director-upbeat-about-fgm-law/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> tashin hankali ga mata, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Violence Against Women is Discriminatory - APGWA Executive Director - The Point |url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/violence-against-women-is-discriminatory-apgwa-executive-director |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=thepoint.gm |language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma inganta karfafa mata ta hanyar ci gaban ƙwarewa. <ref name=":0"/> A shekara ta 1992, Jammeh-Sidibe ta kafa kungiyar don inganta 'yan mata da ci gaban mata (APGWA), kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka sadaukar don kawar da Bambancin jinsi a Gambiya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=APGWA raises awareness on Women’s Act 2010 - The Point |url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/apgwa-raises-awareness-on-womens-act-2010 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=thepoint.gm |language=en-US}}</ref> Kungiyar tana tallafawa mata da 'yan mata wajen bunkasa ayyukan samar da kudaden shiga, samar da karamin kudi da kuma samar da albarkatu don ilimin makarantar jariri.<ref name=":2" /> Tare da APGWA, Jammeh-Sidibe ta haɓaka Cibiyar Horar da Kwarewar Sobeya, ƙungiyar da ke koyar da ƙwarewar mata da 'yan mata da ke ba su damar ci gaba a wurin aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SDF/GTTI launches programme for women and girls in male dominated technical skills - The Point |url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/sdfgtti-launches-programme-for-women-and-girls-in-male-dominated-technical-skills |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=thepoint.gm |language=en-US}}</ref> Jammeh-Sidibe ya inganta aikin Gambian na taroolu don tallafawa karfafa mata. A cikin Gambiya, taroolu yana nufin aikin haɓaka ƙungiyoyi masu haɗin gwiwa don ba da shawara ga takamaiman manufofi. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata a kasar sun yi nasarar amfani da aikin don aiwatar da canjin siyasa da zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women’s Struggles through Collective Action in The Gambia, 1950s to 1970 |url=https://asq.africa.ufl.edu/janneh_2022/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=African Studies Quarterly |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daga baya ta zama babban darakta na Ofishin Mata na Gambiya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sillah |first=Nyima |date=2024-06-03 |title=There Is No Peace When Women Don’t Have Rights-Sidibe - |url=https://www.voicegambia.com/2024/06/03/there-is-no-peace-when-women-dont-have-rights-sidibe/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220151159/https://www.voicegambia.com/2024/06/03/there-is-no-peace-when-women-dont-have-rights-sidibe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin wannan rawar, ta yi aiki tare da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Gambiya don ƙirƙirar gyare-gyare ga Dokar Mata ta 2010 wacce za ta aikata laifuka ta yankan mata a kasar. Majalisar dokoki ta zartar da gyare-gyaren a shekarar 2015.<ref name=":1"/> A cikin 2024, majalisar dokokin Gambiya ta ki amincewa da yunkurin soke dokar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-02 |title=Different perspectives after rejection of FGM Bill in Gambia {{!}} Missing Perspectives |url=https://missingperspectives.com/posts/different-perspectives-after-rejection-of-fgm-bill-in-gambia/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |language=en-AU}}</ref> Bayan ta yi ritaya daga mukamin gwamnati a shekarar 2019, Jammeh-Sidibe ta ci gaba da bayar da shawarwari ga lafiyar mata da karfafawa ta hanyar Association for Promoting Girls and Women's Advancement (APGWA) da kuma cibiyar horar da Sobeya Skills, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin babban darakta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=APGWA, Gambia {{!}} Association for Promoting Girls & Women's Advancement |url=https://www.accessgambia.com/biz1/apgwa-association-for-promoting-girls-and-womens-advancement.html |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=www.accessgambia.com}}</ref> === Ayyuka na baya da gwagwarmaya === A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun 2020, Hukumar Sakatariyar Harkokin Musulunci ta Gambiya ta nada Jammeh Sidibe a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Ƙasa na 15 na Taron Musulunci na Ƙungiyar Harkokin Musulmai da za a gudanar a Banjul a cikin 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Binta Jammeh Sidibe, New LOC Chair - The Gambia-OIC Secretariat |url=https://www.oicgambia.org/news/e42acd7e-11a0-11ed-9b31-029254d29bb1 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=www.oicgambia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gambia-OIC Secretariat appoints new local organising committee chair - The Point |url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/gambia-oic-secretariat-appoints-new-local-organising-committee-chair |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=thepoint.gm |language=en-US}}</ref> Za a gudanar da taron a shekarar 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=15th Summit - The Gambia-OIC Secretariat |url=https://www.oicgambia.org/15th-summit#:~:text=The%20OIC%20Banjul%20Summit%20is,from%204%20%E2%80%93%205th%20May%202024. |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=www.oicgambia.org}}</ref> A cikin 2020, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Vanguard African Achievers Award saboda aikinta na tallafawa haƙƙin mata a Gambiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |date=2020-12-14 |title=African Achievers awards honourees announced |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/african-achievers-awards-honourees-announced/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> A cikin 2024, ta yi kira ga mata a Gambiya da su taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa mata da ke neman matsayi na siyasa, da kuma kasancewa da ƙarfin zuciya game da tallafawa mata a siyasa a kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sillah |first=Nyima |date=2024-06-19 |title=Binta Sidibe Advocates for Women to Manage Their Own Affairs - |url=https://www.voicegambia.com/2024/06/19/binta-sidibe-advocates-for-women-to-manage-their-own-affairs/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == * Binta Jammeh Sidibeh da Saim M. L. Kinteh. Nazarin kan Matsayin Al'ada na Maza da Mata a cikin al'ummar Gambiya da kuma yadda suke shafar al'umma. Yanayin Tattalin Arziki na Mata, Gambiya National Women's Council & Bureau, 1990. * Yankewar jima'i na mata a Gambiya == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] k560tfa8cy5ent5o11ni8kik2nphji9 0 106546 883283 666075 2026-07-15T08:50:06Z Pharouqenr 25549 883283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zaben gwamna na [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]] na 2007''' shi ne zaben gwamna na 4 na Jihar Adamawa. An gudanar da shi a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2007, dan takarar Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Jama'a [[Murtala Nyako]] ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke Joel Madaki na [[Nigeria Labour Party|Jam'iyyar Labour]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-04-15 |title=Rigged Elections: Results So Far |url=http://saharareporters.com/2007/04/15/rigged-elections-results-so-far |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref> == Sakamakon == [[Murtala Nyako]] daga [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]] ta lashe zaben, inda ta doke Joel Madaki daga Jam'idar Labour. Masu jefa kuri'a da aka yi rajista sun kasance 1,315,950.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-04-16 |title=allAfrica.com: Nigeria: Fashola Wins Lagos, Uduaghan Takes Delta (Page 1 of 3) |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200704160094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416091910/https://allafrica.com/stories/200704160094.html |archive-date=2007-04-16 |access-date=2021-05-17}}</ref>{{Election box begin}} {{Election box candidate with party link}} {{Election box candidate with party link}} {{Election box hold with party link no swing}} {{End}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} a5ovlyhn6lknoa71w9w99303bs2m6ba 883284 883283 2026-07-15T08:50:25Z Pharouqenr 25549 883284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zaben gwamna na [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]] na 2007''' shi ne zaben gwamna na 4 na Jihar [[Adamawa]]. An gudanar da shi a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2007, dan takarar Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Jama'a [[Murtala Nyako]] ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke Joel Madaki na [[Nigeria Labour Party|Jam'iyyar Labour]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-04-15 |title=Rigged Elections: Results So Far |url=http://saharareporters.com/2007/04/15/rigged-elections-results-so-far |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref> == Sakamakon == [[Murtala Nyako]] daga [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]] ta lashe zaben, inda ta doke Joel Madaki daga Jam'idar Labour. Masu jefa kuri'a da aka yi rajista sun kasance 1,315,950.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-04-16 |title=allAfrica.com: Nigeria: Fashola Wins Lagos, Uduaghan Takes Delta (Page 1 of 3) |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200704160094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416091910/https://allafrica.com/stories/200704160094.html |archive-date=2007-04-16 |access-date=2021-05-17}}</ref>{{Election box begin}} {{Election box candidate with party link}} {{Election box candidate with party link}} {{Election box hold with party link no swing}} {{End}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} qikqeim873wis4m5jv5hkn9omjpggfq 0 107824 883370 834371 2026-07-15T09:53:31Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 883370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gregory V. Jones''' masanin binciken yanayi ne na Amurka wanda ke ƙwarewa a cikin ilimin yanayi na ruwan inabi, tare da mai da hankali kan yadda bambancin yanayi ke tasiri ga ci gaban inabi, samar da ruwan inabi. Jones yana aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Abacela Vineyards da Winery <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2021 |title=Abacela winery names Gregory Jones as its new CEO |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/wine/2021/07/abacela-winery-names-gregory-jones-as-its-new-ceo.html |access-date=July 23, 2021 |website=oregonlive.org |publisher=The Oregonian}}</ref> a Roseburg, [[Oregon]] . A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Cibiyar Ilimi ta Wine kuma Farfesa ne na Nazarin Muhalli a Kwalejin Linfield da ke McMinnville, Oregon kuma a matsayin Dakatare na Sashen Kasuwanci, Sadarwa da Muhalli a Jami'ar Kudancin Oregon da ke Ashland, Oregon kuma ya kasance Farfesa a Shirin Kimiyya da Manufofin Muhalli na jami'ar. == Tarihi == Gregory V. Jones (an haife shi 1959 a Murray, [[Kentucky]]) ya sami BA (1993) da Ph.D. (1998) a cikin Kimiyyar Muhalli tare da maida hankali a cikin Kimiyyar yanayi daga Jami'ar Virginia Sashen Kimiyyar Muhalli. Littafin karatunsa ya bayyana bincike a [[Bordeaux]], Faransa kan yanayin yanayi na viticulture yana binciken bambance-bambancen sararin samaniya a cikin phenology na innabi, abun da ke tattare da innabi da yawan amfanin ƙasa, da yadda waɗannan ke da alaƙa da ingancin ruwan inabi. Jones ya fi saninsa don bincikensa a fannin yanayi, yanayin yanayi, aikin gona da ilimin ruwa; phenology na tsarin [[shuka]]; hulɗar tsakanin biosphere da yanayi; yanayin yanayi da sauyin yanayi; da hanyoyin ƙididdigewa a cikin nazarin sararin samaniya da na ɗan lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eastman |first=Janet |title=2009 Wine Person of the Year: Climatologist Greg Jones |url=http://oregonwinepress.com/article?articleTitle=person-of-the-year-climatologist-greg-jones--1262036157--76-- |access-date=30 October 2015 |website=OregonWinePress.com}}</ref> An gayyaci Jones don yin magana game da yanayin yanayi da binciken da ya shafi ruwan inabi a daruruwan taron yanki, na ƙasa da na duniya, kuma sanannen mai ba da shawara ne ga masana'antar inabi da ruwan inabi. A cikin shekara ta 2014, Jones ta shiga cikin wani kwamitin, A New World of Wine: Yadda Taswirar Viticultural ke Canjawa a babban Cibiyar Masters of Wine ta 8th shekara-shekara a Florence, Italiya. Jones mai gabatarwa ne na yau da kullun a taron Terroir na kasa da kasa, kwanan nan a Xth International Terroir Congress a Tokaj-Eger, Hungary . A matsayin mai shirya a cikin 2016, Jones ya kawo taron XIth International Terroir Congress zuwa Willamette Valley, Oregon . == Bincike == Binciken Jones yana mai da hankali kan rawar da yanayi ke takawa a cikin tsari da halaye na tsarin noma. Saboda haka yana da sha'awar yadda yanayi ke tasiri ko amfanin gona ya dace da wani yanki, yadda yanayi ke sarrafa samar da amfanin gona da inganci, kuma a ƙarshe yana haifar da dorewar tattalin arziki. Babban abin da ya mayar da hankali kan tasirin yanayi a kan kasuwancin gona shine a cikin ruwan inabi da samar da ruwan inabi inda yanayin shine mafi mahimmancin al'amari a cikin ripening 'ya'yan itace zuwa mafi kyawun halaye don samar da salon ruwan inabi. Jones yayi nazarin rawar da yanayi ke takawa wajen bunkasa ruwan inabi da samar da ruwan inabi daga hangen nesa mai zurfi yana ƙoƙarin fahimtar 1) yanayin yanayi da tsarin yanayi da ake buƙata don inganci mafi kyau da halaye na samarwa, 2) yanayin da ya dace da nau'ikan inabi daban-daban, 3) bambancin yanayi a yankunan da ke samar da ruwan sha, da 4) tasirin canjin yanayi akan tsarin, dacewa, da bambancin yanayi. An bayyana binciken Jones kuma an lura da kwarewarsa a cikin wallafe-wallafen kasuwanci da shafukan yanar gizo ciki har da: Mujallar Wine & Spirits (Mayu 2015), Jaridar Oregonian (Mayu 2016), Southern Oregon Wine Scene Magazine (Summer 2015), Great Northwest Wine (Afrilu 2015), Slate.com (Disamba 2014), Vine2Wine (Maris 2014), Wine-Searcher (Nuwamba 2013), Jaridar Willamette Week (Satumba 2013), [4] Wines and Vines (Nuwano 2012), [5] da kuma mujallar Mail Tribune 2009). == Daraja da kyaututtuka == A cikin 2016, an ba Jones suna Honorary Confrade tare da Rank of Infanção (Nobleman) ta Confraria do Vinho do [[Porto]] saboda aikinsa tare da masana'antar ruwan inabi ta [[Portugal]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daspit, MJ |date=December 8, 2016 |title=Wine Honors for SOU's Greg Jones Reach Worldwide |url=http://www.dailytidings.com/news/20161208/wine-honors-for-sous-greg-jones-reach-worldwide |access-date=1 February 2016 |website=Ashland Daily Tidings |archive-date=9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209145956/http://www.dailytidings.com/news/20161208/wine-honors-for-sous-greg-jones-reach-worldwide |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haɗa Jones a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Shugabannin Masana'antar Ruwan Ruwan Ruyan Ruwan Ru'ya ta Waya ta Watanni na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 50 Wine Industry Leaders |url=https://www.winebusiness.com/blog/?go=getBlogEntry&cms_preview=true&dataid=177343 |access-date=1 February 2017 |website=Wine Business Monthly |publisher=Wine Communications Group}}</ref> da 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Top Wine Industry Leaders 2017 |url=https://www.winebusiness.com/leaders/2017/ |website=Wine Business Monthly}}</ref> A cikin 1998 da 2004 Jones ta sami lambar yabo ta gida ta hanyar Vineyard Data Quantification Society, ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta masana tattalin arziki da ke aiki da inabi da ruwan inabi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashenfelter, Orley |last2=Greg Jones |title=The Demand for Expert Opinion: Bordeaux Wine |url=http://www.vdqs.net/fr/prix/index.asp |access-date=3 November 2015 |website=Vineyard Data Quantification Society Oenometrics Prize: Prix d'Ajaccio, 1998 |archive-date=17 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017085902/http://www.vdqs.net/fr/prix/index.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jones ya ba da gudummawa ga Rahoton Bincike na IPCC na 4 ga [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|Kwamitin Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi]], wanda ya raba Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya ta 2007 tare da Al Gore . Mujallar Decanter ta kira Jones zuwa jerin wutar lantarki ta 2009, ta ƙidaya shi daga cikin manyan masu tasiri hamsin a duniyar ruwan inabi, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Woodward |first=Guy |date=27 May 2009 |title=The Decanter Power List 2009 – Top 10, New Entries and Fallers |url=http://www.decanter.com/specials/the-decanter-power-list-2009-top-10-new-entries-and-fallers-70815/ |access-date=30 October 2015 |website=Decanter |publisher=Time Inc UK }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma IntoWine.com ta haɗa da Jones a cikin manyan mutane ɗari masu tasiri a masana'antar ruwan inabi ta Amurka a cikin 2012 da 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cervin |first=Michael |title=The IntoWine.com 2nd Annual "Top 100 Most Influential People in the U.S. Wine Industry" – 2013 |url=http://www.intowine.com/intowinecom-2nd-annual-%E2%80%9Ctop-100-most-influential-people-us-wine-industry-%E2%80%93-2013 |access-date=1 October 2015 |website=IntoWine.com}}</ref> Jones kuma an ba shi suna Oregon Wine Press's 2009 Wine Person of the Year, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eastman |first=Janet |title=2009 Wine Person of the Year: Climatologist Greg Jones |url=http://oregonwinepress.com/article?articleTitle=person-of-the-year-climatologist-greg-jones--1262036157--76-- |access-date=30 October 2015 |website=OregonWinePress.com}}</ref> an nuna shi a cikin Linfield College History of Wine Archives, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Gregory V. |date=27 May 2015 |title=Oral History from the Linfield College History of Wine Archives |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=phKvT28hdO0 |access-date=30 October 2015 |website=YouTube.com |publisher=Linfield College}}</ref> kuma an haɗa shi a cikin Hannon Library na Southern Oregon University. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Southern Oregon University Hannon Library |title=Gregory V. Jones |url=http://digital.hanlib.sou.edu/cdm/search/collection/p16085coll8/searchterm/gregory%20v.%20jones/order/winery |access-date=6 November 2015 |website=Wine of Southern Oregon Digital Archives |publisher=Southern Oregon University |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094145/http://digital.hanlib.sou.edu/cdm/search/collection/p16085coll8/searchterm/gregory%20v.%20jones/order/winery |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qn2utb37o7fw2unjqupn3bdii8j595u 0 108070 883312 726857 2026-07-15T09:05:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 883312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Un-guinea.png|thumb|350x350px|Taswirar da ke nuna Biranen Guinea da Rarrabawar gudanarwa.]] [[Fayil:LocationGuinea.svg|thumb|Yanayin Guinea]] [[Gini|Guinea]] ƙasa ce a bakin tekun Afirka ta Yamma kuma tana da iyaka da [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]], [[Senegal]], [[Mali]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Laberiya]], da [[Saliyo]] . Guinea ta kasu kashi huɗu: Maritime Guinea (Lower Guinea) fili ne na bakin teku wanda ke gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu a bayan bakin teku; tsaunuka na [[Fouta Djallon|Futa Djallon]] (Middle Guinea); arewacin Savanna (Upper Guinea); da kuma yankin kudu maso gabashin ruwan sama (Forest Guinea). == Wurin da yake == Guinea tana cikin yammacin [[Afirka]], iyaka da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] ta Arewa, tsakanin Guinea-Bissau da Saliyo. Yanayinta na ƙasa shine 11°00′N 10°00′W / 11.000°N 10.000°W / 11.000. == Yankin da iyakoki == ; Yankin ;* Jimillar: 245,857 km2 ;** ''Matsayi na ƙasa a duniya:'' 77th ;* Ƙasa: 245,717 km2 ;* Ruwa: 140 km2 ; Yankin kwatankwacin :* Kwatanta Australia: dan kadan ya fi Victoria girma :* Kanada kwatankwacin: dan kadan fiye da ⁠1/2⁠ girman Yukon  :* Kwatanta United Kingdom: kusan girman United Kingdom :* Kwatanta Amurka: dan kadan karami fiye da [[Oregon]] :* Kwatanta EU: dan kadan ya fi [[Romainiya|Romania]] girma Iyakokin kasar Guinea sun kai kimanin kilomita 4,046: da Ivory Coast kilomita 816, Guinea-Bissau 421km, Liberia 590km, Mali 1,062km, Senegal 363km, da Saliyo 794km.  Tana da bakin teku mai nisan kilomita 320, kuma tana da'awar keɓantaccen yanki na tattalin arziki na 200 nmi (kilomita 370.4; 230.2 mi), tare da iyakar tekun 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi). == Yanayi == Yankin bakin teku na Guinea da mafi yawan cikin gida suna da yanayi na wurare masu zafi, tare da lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa wanda ke faruwa daga Afrilu zuwa Nuwamba, yanayin zafi mai yawa da daidaituwa, iskõki na kudu maso yamma, da zafi mai yawa. Babban birnin [[Conakry]] na shekara-shekara shine {{Convert|32|C|F|1}} ° C (89.6 ° F), kuma ƙananan shine {{Convert|21|C|F|1}} ° C (69.8 ° F). Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na Conakry kusan {{Convert|3800|mm|in|1}} in). Sahelian Upper Guinea yana da ɗan gajeren lokacin ruwan sama da kuma bambancin zafin jiki na yau da kullun. Akwai lokacin fari (Disamba zuwa Mayu) tare da iskar arewa maso gabas.{{Weather box}} == Koguna da ruwa == [[Fayil:Guinea_Topography.png|thumb|350x350px|Yanayin ƙasar Guinea.]] [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]], [[Kogin Gambiya]], da [[Kogin Senegal]] suna daga cikin koguna 22 na Yammacin Afirka waɗanda suka samo asali a Guinea. == Yankunan halittu == * Ginin gandun daji na Guinea ya rufe mafi yawan ƙasar, ya rufe mafi yawancin Maritime Guinea da Upper Guinea, da kuma ƙananan tsaunuka na Fouta Djallon. Ya kai arewa zuwa Guinea Bissau da Senegal, da gabas ta hanyar Mali da Ivory Coast. * Yammacin Guinea lowland gandun daji sun mamaye yankin kudu maso yammacin Maritime Guinea a kusa da Conakry, da Forest Guinea, tare da bakin tekun Saliyo, Laberiya, da yammacin Ivory Coast. * dazuzzukan tsaunuka na Guinea, sun rufe Fouta Djallon da Guinea Highlands na kudu maso gabashin Guinea sama da tsawo na mita 600. * Gidajen mangroves na Guinea, a cikin bakin teku. Ƙungiyoyin sun kai arewa zuwa Guinea Bissau, Gambiya da Senegal, da kudu maso gabas ta hanyar Saliyo, Laberiya, da Ivory Coast. == Albarkatarwa da muhalli == Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasar sun haɗa da ƙarfe, lu'u-lu'u, , wutar lantarki, kifi, da gishiri. Yana da 12.21% ƙasar noma, kuma 2.85% na ƙasar amfanin gona ne na dindindin. 949.2 km2 (2003) na ƙasa ana ban ruwa. Jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na Guinea sun kai 226 km3.&nbsp;&nbsp; === Batutuwan muhalli === Batutuwan muhalli na yanzu a Guinea sun haɗa da: [[Gandun daji|sare daji]]; rashin isasshen ruwa mai sha; hamada; [[Gurɓatar ƙasa|gurɓata ƙasa]] da rushewa; da Yawan kamun kifi da Yawan jama'a a yankunan gandun daji. Rashin ayyukan [[hakar ma'adinai]] sun haifar da lalacewar muhalli. Guinea tana cikin yarjejeniyar muhalli ta kasa da kasa masu zuwa: Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling. == Yankin == Yankin ta gabaɗaya fili ne na bakin teku, tuddai zuwa tsaunuka. Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci a ƙasar shine Tekun Atlantika (0 m), kuma mafi girma shine Mont Nimba (1,752 m).&nbsp; Wani bincike na nesa na duniya na baya-bayan nan ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai 549km2 na filayen ruwa a Guinea, yana mai da shi ƙasa ta 47 dangane da yankin filayen ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=N.J. |last2=Phinn |first2=S.R. |last3=DeWitt |first3=M. |last4=Ferrari |first4=R. |last5=Johnston |first5=R. |last6=Lyons |first6=M.B. |last7=Clinton |first7=N. |last8=Thau |first8=D. |last9=Fuller |first9=R.A. |date=2019 |title=The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0805-8 |journal=Nature |volume=565 |issue=7738 |pages=222–225 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8 |pmid=30568300 |s2cid=56481043 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wannan jerin manyan wurare ne na [[Gini|Guinea]], wuraren da ke arewa, kudu, gabas ko yamma fiye da kowane wuri. * Yankin arewacin - ɓangaren arewacin iyaka da [[Senegal]], Yankin Boké*. * Gabashin Gabas - haɗuwa kogin Gben da kogin Férédougouba a kan iyaka da [[Ivory Coast]], Yankin Nzérékoré . * Yankin kudu - wurin da ba a san shi ba a kan iyaka da [[Laberiya]] nan da nan a kudancin ƙauyen Gonon, yankin Nzérékoré . * Yammacin Yamma - Ile du Noufrage, Yankin Boké. * Yammacin Yammacin (ƙasar) - inda iyakar da [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]] ta shiga kogin Rio Compony. * *''Lura: Guinea ba ta da iyakar arewa, wannan ɓangaren iyakar an kafa ta hanyar layin latitudinal madaidaiciya'' ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l44s1s6vhm0enoosi63nspxbhlle153 883313 883312 2026-07-15T09:05:25Z Pharouqenr 25549 883313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Un-guinea.png|thumb|350x350px|Taswirar da ke nuna Biranen Guinea da Rarrabawar gudanarwa.]] [[Fayil:LocationGuinea.svg|thumb|Yanayin Guinea]] [[Gini|Guinea]] ƙasa ce a bakin tekun Afirka ta Yamma kuma tana da iyaka da [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]], [[Senegal]], [[Mali]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Laberiya]], da [[Saliyo]] . Guinea ta kasu kashi huɗu: Maritime Guinea (Lower Guinea) fili ne na bakin teku wanda ke gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu a bayan bakin teku; tsaunuka na [[Fouta Djallon|Futa Djallon]] (Middle Guinea); arewacin Savanna (Upper Guinea); da kuma yankin kudu maso gabashin ruwan sama (Forest Guinea). == Wurin da yake == Guinea tana cikin yammacin [[Afirka]], iyaka da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] ta Arewa, tsakanin Guinea-Bissau da Saliyo. Yanayinta na ƙasa shine 11°00′N 10°00′W / 11.000°N 10.000°W / 11.000. == Yankin da iyakoki == ; Yankin ;* Jimillar: 245,857 km2 ;** ''Matsayi na ƙasa a duniya:'' 77th ;* Ƙasa: 245,717 km2 ;* Ruwa: 140 km2 ; Yankin kwatankwacin :* Kwatanta Australia: dan kadan ya fi Victoria girma :* Kanada kwatankwacin: dan kadan fiye da ⁠1/2⁠ girman Yukon  :* Kwatanta United Kingdom: kusan girman United Kingdom :* Kwatanta Amurka: dan kadan karami fiye da [[Oregon]] :* Kwatanta EU: dan kadan ya fi [[Romainiya|Romania]] girma Iyakokin kasar Guinea sun kai kimanin kilomita 4,046: da Ivory Coast kilomita 816, Guinea-Bissau 421km, Liberia 590km, Mali 1,062km, Senegal 363km, da Saliyo 794km.  Tana da bakin teku mai nisan kilomita 320, kuma tana da'awar keɓantaccen yanki na tattalin arziki na 200 nmi (kilomita 370.4; 230.2 mi), tare da iyakar tekun 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi). == Yanayi == Yankin bakin teku na Guinea da mafi yawan cikin gida suna da yanayi na wurare masu zafi, tare da lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa wanda ke faruwa daga Afrilu zuwa Nuwamba, yanayin zafi mai yawa da daidaituwa, iskõki na kudu maso yamma, da zafi mai yawa. Babban birnin [[Conakry]] na shekara-shekara shine {{Convert|32|C|F|1}} ° C (89.6 ° F), kuma ƙananan shine {{Convert|21|C|F|1}} ° C (69.8 ° F). Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na Conakry kusan {{Convert|3800|mm|in|1}} in). Sahelian Upper Guinea yana da ɗan gajeren lokacin ruwan sama da kuma bambancin zafin jiki na yau da kullun. Akwai lokacin fari (Disamba zuwa Mayu) tare da iskar arewa maso gabas.{{Weather box}} == Koguna da ruwa == [[Fayil:Guinea_Topography.png|thumb|350x350px|Yanayin ƙasar Guinea.]] [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]], [[Kogin Gambiya]], da [[Kogin Senegal]] suna daga cikin koguna 22 na Yammacin Afirka waɗanda suka samo asali a Guinea. == Yankunan halittu == * Ginin gandun daji na Guinea ya rufe mafi yawan ƙasar, ya rufe mafi yawancin Maritime Guinea da Upper Guinea, da kuma ƙananan tsaunuka na Fouta Djallon. Ya kai arewa zuwa Guinea Bissau da Senegal, da gabas ta hanyar Mali da Ivory Coast. * Yammacin Guinea lowland gandun daji sun mamaye yankin kudu maso yammacin Maritime Guinea a kusa da Conakry, da Forest Guinea, tare da bakin tekun Saliyo, Laberiya, da yammacin Ivory Coast. * dazuzzukan tsaunuka na Guinea, sun rufe Fouta Djallon da Guinea Highlands na kudu maso gabashin Guinea sama da tsawo na mita 600. * Gidajen mangroves na Guinea, a cikin bakin teku. Ƙungiyoyin sun kai arewa zuwa Guinea Bissau, Gambiya da Senegal, da kudu maso gabas ta hanyar Saliyo, Laberiya, da Ivory Coast. == Albarkatarwa da muhalli == Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasar sun haɗa da ƙarfe, lu'u-lu'u, , wutar lantarki, kifi, da gishiri. Yana da 12.21% ƙasar noma, kuma 2.85% na ƙasar amfanin gona ne na dindindin. 949.2 km2 (2003) na ƙasa ana ban ruwa. Jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na Guinea sun kai 226 km3.&nbsp;&nbsp; === Batutuwan muhalli === Batutuwan muhalli na yanzu a Guinea sun haɗa da: [[Gandun daji|sare daji]]; rashin isasshen ruwa mai sha; hamada; [[Gurɓatar ƙasa|gurɓata ƙasa]] da rushewa; da Yawan kamun kifi da Yawan jama'a a yankunan gandun daji. Rashin ayyukan [[hakar ma'adinai]] sun haifar da lalacewar muhalli. Guinea tana cikin yarjejeniyar muhalli ta kasa da kasa masu zuwa: Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling. == Yankin == Yankin ta gabaɗaya fili ne na bakin teku, tuddai zuwa tsaunuka. Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci a ƙasar shine Tekun Atlantika (0 m), kuma mafi girma shine Mont Nimba (1,752 m).&nbsp; Wani bincike na nesa na duniya na baya-bayan nan ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai 549km2 na filayen ruwa a Guinea, yana mai da shi ƙasa ta 47 dangane da yankin filayen ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=N.J. |last2=Phinn |first2=S.R. |last3=DeWitt |first3=M. |last4=Ferrari |first4=R. |last5=Johnston |first5=R. |last6=Lyons |first6=M.B. |last7=Clinton |first7=N. |last8=Thau |first8=D. |last9=Fuller |first9=R.A. |date=2019 |title=The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0805-8 |journal=Nature |volume=565 |issue=7738 |pages=222–225 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8 |pmid=30568300 |s2cid=56481043 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wannan jerin manyan wurare ne na [[Gini|Guinea]], wuraren da ke arewa, kudu, gabas ko yamma fiye da kowane wuri. * Yankin arewacin - ɓangaren arewacin iyaka da [[Senegal]], Yankin Boké*. * Gabashin Gabas - haɗuwa kogin Gben da kogin Férédougouba a kan iyaka da [[Ivory Coast]], Yankin Nzérékoré . * Yankin kudu - wurin da ba a san shi ba a kan iyaka da [[Laberiya]] nan da nan a kudancin ƙauyen Gonon, yankin Nzérékoré . * Yammacin Yamma - Ile du Noufrage, Yankin Boké. * Yammacin Yammacin (ƙasar) - inda iyakar da [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]] ta shiga kogin Rio Compony. * *''Lura: Guinea ba ta da iyakar arewa, wannan ɓangaren iyakar an kafa ta hanyar layin latitudinal madaidaiciya'' ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2t2rgx4fto1x3tf25vbf60ddlk13hgb 0 108595 883108 677727 2026-07-14T22:54:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Enfants_au_travail_dans_le_monde.png|thumb|Ayyukan yara a Indiya da sauran duniya, a cikin shekara ta 2003 a cikin rukunin shekaru 10-18, tare da kimanin 11%, yana cikin kore tare da matakan 10-20%, tare da ƙasashe a ja (30%-40%) da launin ruwan kasa da baƙi (40%-100%), Bankin Duniya na Ci Gaban Duniya 2005.]] Kashi na '''yara a Indiya suna aiki da yara'''. A cikin shekara ta 2011, ƙididdigar ƙasa ta Indiya ta gano cewa jimlar yawan ma'aikatan yara, masu shekaru [5-14], ya kai miliyan 10.12, daga cikin jimlar yara miliyan 259.64 a wannan rukunin shekaru. Matsalar aikin yara ba ta musamman ba ce ga Indiya; a duk duniya, kimanin yara miliyan 217 suna aiki, da yawa na cikakken lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Child Labour - ILO |url=http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/child-labour/lang--en/index.htm |publisher=ILO, United Nations}}</ref> Kamar yadda Dokar Kula da Yara da Matasa (Harkakewa da Dokar), 1986, wanda aka yi gyare-gyare a cikin 2016 ("Dokar CLPR"), an bayyana "Yara" a matsayin kowane mutum a ƙasa da shekaru 14, kuma Dokar CLPR ta haramta yin aiki da yaro a kowane aiki, gami da a matsayin taimakon gida; yin in ba haka ba laifi ne. Sabanin haka, ana bayyana yara tsakanin shekaru 14 zuwa 18 a matsayin "Matasa" kuma ana ba su izinin yin aiki sai dai a cikin hakar ma'adinai, kayan wuta da masu fashewa, da sauran matakai masu haɗari, bisa ga Dokar Masana'antu ta 1948. <ref>{{Cite web |title=India: Child Labour (Prohibition And Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016 Of India |url=http://www.mondaq.com/india/x/602434/employee+rights+labour+relations/Child+Labour+Prohibition+And+Regulation+Amendment+Act+2016+Of+India}}</ref> A shekara ta 2001, kimanin kashi 1% na dukkan ma'aikatan yara, ko kimanin yara 120,000 a Indiya suna cikin aiki mai haɗari.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Children and Work (Annual Report 2009) |url=https://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/annual_report_2009_10_english_part_1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830025545/https://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/annual_report_2009_10_english_part_1.pdf |archive-date=30 August 2024 |access-date=26 February 2025 |publisher=[[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Government of India Ministry of Labour & Employment]] |page=108}}</ref> Musamman, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ya haramta aikin yara a masana'antu masu haɗari (amma ba a masana'antun da ba masu haɗari ba) a matsayin Hakki na asali a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 24.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of India |url=http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/constitution/constitutionofindia.html |website=Vakilno1.com |publisher=Government of India |access-date=2025-07-29 |archive-date=2021-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007142545/http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/constitution/constitutionofindia.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[UNICEF]] ta kiyasta cewa Indiya tare da yawan jama'arta, tana da mafi yawan ma'aikata a duniya a ƙarƙashin shekaru 14, yayin da ƙasashen Afirka na kudu da Sahara suna da mafi yawan yara da aka tura a matsayin ma'aikatan yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India- The big picture |url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/india_background.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907225835/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/india_background.html |archive-date=7 September 2019 |access-date=19 October 2009 |publisher=[[UNICEF]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDREN - 2011 |url=http://www.unicef.org/sowc2011/pdfs/SOWC-2011-Main-Report_EN_02092011.pdf |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref> Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta kiyasta cewa noma, a kashi 60 cikin dari, shine mafi girman ma'aikacin aikin yara a duniya, yayin da Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyashi kashi 70% na aikin yara ana tura su cikin noma da ayyukan da suka shafi.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Facts on Child Labor - 2010 |url=http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_126685.pdf |publisher=ILO, Geneva}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Agriculture accounts for 70 percent of child labour worldwide |url=http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000394/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114214137/http://www.fao.org/Newsroom/en/news/2006/1000394/index.html |archive-date=14 November 2020 |access-date=13 July 2012 |publisher=FAO, United Nations}}</ref> A waje da aikin gona, ana lura da aikin yara a kusan dukkanin bangarorin da ba a sani ba na tattalin arzikin Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Child Labour |url=http://labour.nic.in/cwl/welcome.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512153454/http://labour.nic.in/cwl/welcome.html |archive-date=12 May 2012 |access-date=13 July 2012 |publisher=Labour.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://labour.nic.in/cwl/ListHazardous.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129102953/http://labour.nic.in/cwl/ListHazardous.htm |archive-date=29 January 2012 |access-date=2012-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Burra |first=Neera |title=Child labour in rural areas with a special focus on migration, agriculture, mining and brick kilns |url=http://www.ncpcr.gov.in/Reports/Child_Labour_in_Rural_areas_with_special_focus_on_Migration_Agriculture_%20Mining_by_Neera_Burra.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124054134/http://ncpcr.gov.in/Reports/Child_Labour_in_Rural_areas_with_special_focus_on_migration_agriculture_%20mining_by_Neera_Burra.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2009 |access-date=19 October 2009 |publisher=National Commission for Protection of Child Rights}}</ref> Kamfanoni ciki har da Gap, Primark, da Monsanto an soki su saboda aikin yara a cikin samfuran su. Kamfanonin suna da'awar cewa suna da ƙa'idodi masu tsauri game da sayar da samfuran da yara marasa ƙanana suka yi don ribar kansu, amma akwai hanyoyin haɗi da yawa a cikin jerin kayayyaki da ke sa ya zama da wahala a kula da su duka.<ref name="forbes" /> A cikin shekara ta 2011, bayan shekaru uku na kokarin Primark, BBC ta yarda cewa rahoton aikin jarida na bincike na cin nasara game da amfani da aikin yara na Indiya da Primark ya yi karya ne. BBC ta nemi gafara ga Primark, ga masu samar da kayayyaki na Indiya da duk masu kallo.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Primark and BBC Panorama: the true story |url=http://www.primarkresponse.com/panorama/timeline-of-events/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911094612/http://www.primarkresponse.com/panorama/timeline-of-events/ |archive-date=11 September 2012 |publisher=Primark}}</ref> Wani kamfani da ya zo karkashin bincike mai yawa shine Nike. Nike tana ƙarƙashin matsin lamba don yin magana game da wuraren da ake zargi da su da yara waɗanda kamfanin ke amfani da su don yin sneakers. Tun daga wannan lokacin Nike ta fito da shafin yanar gizo daban wanda ke nuna inda suke samun kayayyakinsu daga kuma inda ake kera kayayyakinsu. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ta Amurka ta ba da ''Jerin Kayayyakin da Yara ke samarwa ko Aikin tilas'' da Indiya da aka lissafa a cikin kasashe 74 inda aka lura da muhimmiyar yanayin aiki mai tsanani. Ba kamar kowace ƙasa ba, an ba da kayan aiki 23 ga Indiya, mafi yawansu ana samar da su ta hanyar ma'aikatan yara a bangaren masana'antu.  Baya ga haramtacciyar doka game da aikin yara masu haɗari, dokoki daban-daban a Indiya, kamar Dokar Shari'a ta Yara (kiyayewa da kariya) na Dokar Yara-2000, da Dokar Ayyukan Yara (Harkakewa da Abolition) ta 1986 sun ba da tushe a cikin doka don ganowa, gurfanar da kuma dakatar da aikin yara a Indiya.<ref name="ilolaw">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=National Legislation and Policies Against Child in India |url=http://www.ilo.org/legacy/english/regions/asro/newdelhi/ipec/responses/india/national.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809084340/http://www.ilo.org/legacy/english/regions/asro/newdelhi/ipec/responses/india/national.htm |archive-date=9 August 2012 |access-date=13 July 2012 |publisher=International Labour Organization - an Agency of the United Nations, Geneva}}</ref> == Ma'anar aikin yara == Kalmar 'aikin yara', ta nuna ILO, <ref>{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=What is child labour? |url=http://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/lang--en/index.htm |publisher=International Labour Organization}}</ref> an fi bayyana shi azaman aikin da ke hana yara ƙuruciyarsu, iyawarsu da mutuntakarsu, kuma hakan yana da lahani ga ci gaban jiki da tunani. Yana tsoma baki tare da karatunsu ta hanyar hana su damar halartar makaranta; tilasta musu barin makaranta da wuri; ko kuma yana buƙatar su yi ƙoƙari su haɗa halartar makaranta tare da aiki mai tsawo da nauyi. [[UNICEF]] ta bayyana aikin yara daban. Wani yaro, ya nuna UNICEF, yana da hannu a cikin ayyukan aikin yara idan tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 11, ya yi akalla sa'a daya na ayyukan tattalin arziki ko akalla sa-a'o'i 28 na aikin gida a cikin mako, kuma idan akwai yara tsakanin shekaru 12 zuwa 14, ya yi akasin haka sa'o'in 14 na ayyukan tattalin arziƙi ko akalla awanni 42 na ayyukan tattalin arzikin da aikin gida a kowane mako.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Definitions: Child Protection |url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/stats_popup9.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126060422/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/stats_popup9.html |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=13 July 2012 |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref> UNICEF, a cikin wani rahoto, ya nuna cewa "Aikin yara yana buƙatar a gan shi kamar yadda yake faruwa tare da ci gaba, tare da aiki mai lalacewa ko cin zarafi a gefe ɗaya da aiki mai fa'ida - inganta ko inganta ci gaban yara ba tare da tsoma baki da karatunsu ba, nishaɗi da hutawa - a ɗayan. Kuma tsakanin waɗannan sanduna biyu akwai manyan wuraren aiki waɗanda ba sa buƙatar shafar ci gaban yaro.{{Spaced en dash}}{{Spaced en dash}} Ofishin kididdigar Indiya na shekara ta 2001, ya bayyana aikin yara <ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Figures: An Analysis of Census 2001 Child Labour Facts and Figures |url=http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@sro-new_delhi/documents/projectdocumentation/wcms_125442.pdf |publisher=Govt of India and ILO}}</ref> a matsayin shiga cikin yaro wanda bai kai shekara 17 ba a kowane aikin tattalin arziki mai amfani tare da ko ba tare da diyya ba, albashi ko riba. Irin wannan shiga na iya zama na jiki ko na tunani ko duka biyun. Wannan aikin ya haɗa da taimako na ɗan lokaci ko aikin da ba a biya ba a gona, kasuwancin iyali ko a kowane aikin tattalin arziki kamar noma da samar da madara don sayarwa ko amfani da gida. Gwamnatin Indiya ta rarraba ma'aikatan yara zuwa rukuni biyu: manyan ma'aikata su ne waɗanda ke aiki watanni 6 ko fiye a kowace shekara, kuma ma'aikatan ma'aikata na yara su ne waɗanda suke aiki a kowane lokaci a cikin shekara amma ƙasa da watanni 6 a cikin shekara. Wasu masu fafutukar kare hakkin yara suna jayayya cewa aikin yara dole ne ya hada da kowane yaro wanda ba a makaranta ba saboda shi ma'aikacin yaro ne.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Abolition of Child Labour– A Brief Note |url=http://www.nac.nic.in/pdf/child_labour.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119084332/http://www.nac.nic.in/pdf/child_labour.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012 |publisher=National Advisory Council}}</ref> UNICEF, duk da haka, ya nuna cewa Indiya tana fuskantar babban karancin makarantu, ɗakunan ajiya da malamai musamman a yankunan karkara inda ake lura da kashi 90 cikin dari na matsalar aikin yara. Kimanin 1 a cikin makarantun firamare 5 suna da malami daya kawai don koyar da dalibai a duk maki.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=The Children - Education |url=http://www.unicef.org/india/children_2359.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103091108/http://www.unicef.org/india/children_2359.htm |archive-date=3 January 2015 |access-date=13 July 2012 |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2006 |title=Global campaign for children - More teachers needed |url=http://www.unicef.org/india/education_1551.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619222407/http://www.unicef.org/india/education_1551.htm |archive-date=19 June 2014 |access-date=13 July 2012 |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref> Bayan samun 'yancin kai daga mulkin mallaka, Indiya ta zartar da kariya da dokoki da yawa game da aikin yara. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya a cikin Ka'idojin Hakki na asali da Dokokin Dokokin Manufofin Jiha ya haramta aikin yara a ƙasa da shekaru 14 a kowane masana'anta ko ma'adinai ko gidan sarauta ko shiga cikin kowane aiki mai haɗari (Mataki na 24). Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kuma yi la'akari da cewa Indiya za ta, nan da shekara ta 1960, samar da ababen more rayuwa da albarkatu don ilimi kyauta da tilas ga duk yara masu shekaru shida zuwa 14. (Mataki na 21-A da Mataki na 45).<ref name="ilolaw"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of india |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/contents.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325025912/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/contents.htm |archive-date=25 March 2016 |access-date=13 July 2012 |publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice, Govt. of India]]}}</ref> Indiya tana da tsarin gwamnati na tarayya, kuma aiki yana cikin jerin abubuwan da ke tattare da su, gwamnatocin tsakiya da jihohi na iya kuma sun ba da doka game da aikin yara. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] koaia42x1kxbsynr8j7l8rrvbxuic8a 0 108814 883202 679597 2026-07-15T08:20:33Z BnHamid 12586 883202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Un-central-african-republic.png|thumb|550x550px|Taswirar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]]]] [[Fayil:LocationCentralAfricanRepublic.svg|thumb|Wurin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] al'umma ce da ba ta da iyaka a cikin [[Afirka|Nahiyar Afirka]]. Yana da iyaka da [[Kamaru]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Sudan]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] da [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]]. Mafi yawan ƙasar sun ƙunshi lebur, da mirgine savanna, kusan ƙafa 1,640 (mita 500) sama da matakin teku.  A arewa maso gabas akwai tsaunin Fertit, sannan akwai tsaunuka masu warwatse a yankin kudu maso yammacin kasar.  A arewa maso yamma akwai tsaunin Karre (wanda kuma aka sani da Yade Massif), tudun dutse mai tsayi mai tsayin ƙafa 3,750 (m1,143 m). A kilomita 622,984 (240,535 sq , Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ita ce ƙasa ta 45 mafi girma a duniya (bayan [[Somaliya]]). Ya yi daidai da girman [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]]. Yawancin iyakar kudancin an kafa ta ne ta hanyar [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]], tare da [[Kogin Mbomou]] a gabas ya haɗu da [[Kogin Uele]] don samar da [[Kogin Ubangi]]. A yamma, [[Kogin Sangha]] yana gudana ta wani ɓangare na ƙasar. Yankin gabashin yana gefen kogin Congo-Nile. A Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya gandun daji yana da kusan kashi 36% na jimlar ƙasar, daidai da hectare 22,303,000 na gandun daji a cikin 2020, ƙasa daga hekta 23,203,000 (ha) a cikin 1990.  daji ya mamaye hekta 2,000 (ha).  Daga cikin gandun dajin da ke sake farfadowa a zahiri kashi 9% an ba da rahoton cewa su ne dajin na farko (wanda ya ƙunshi nau'in bishiyar bishiyar da ba a bayyana alamun ayyukan ɗan adam ba).  A cikin shekara ta 2015, an ba da rahoton kashi 91% na yankin dajin yana ƙarƙashin ikon jama'a da kuma 9% na masu zaman kansu..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Central African Republic |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/CAF/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> A cikin 2021, yawan [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ya karu da kashi 71% . Dajin yana da bambanci sosai kuma ya haɗa da nau'ikan kasuwanci masu mahimmanci na Ayous, Sapele da Sipo. == Yanayi == [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_CAF_1991–2020.svg|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya na rarraba yanayi na Köppen.]] Yanayin J''Am'' Afirka ta Tsakiya gabaɗaya yanayi ne na savanna mai zafi (Köppen ''Aw''), kodayake akwai yankuna da ke da yanayin zafi mai zafi (Köppen Am) kuma a arewa akwai kuma yanayin zafi mai tsaka-tsaki (Köpp ''BSh''). Akwai lokacin rigar da lokacin fari, kuma zafin jiki yana da zafi a duk shekara. Yankunan arewa suna ƙarƙashin iskar Harmattan, wanda yake da zafi, bushewa, kuma yana ɗauke da ƙura. Yankin yankunan arewa sun kasance ƙarƙashin hamada. Sauran ƙasar suna fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa daga koguna da ke kusa. Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan jama'ar Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ba su da damar samun ruwa mai tsabta.{{Weather box}} == Bayani == [[Fayil:Satellite_map_of_the_Central_African_Republic.png|thumb|450x450px|Taswirar tauraron dan adam na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya.]] [[Fayil:Central_African_Republic_Topography.png|thumb|450x450px|Yanayin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya .]] '''Wurin:''' [[Afirka]] ta Tsakiya, arewacin [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] ; Yankin kwatankwacin :* Ƙananan [[Somaliya]] :* Ya fi girma fiye da [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] :* Australia kwatankwacin: dan kadan fiye da ⁠3/4⁠ girman New South Wales  :* Kwatanta Kanada: dan kadan karami fiye da Manitoba :* Kwatanta United Kingdom: dan kadan fiye da 2 ⁠1/2⁠ sau girman United Kingdom  :* Kwatanta Amurka: kusan 1 / 10⁠ karami fiye da [[Texas]]  :* Kwatanta EU: kusan 1/5⁠ ya fi [[Ispaniya|Spain]] girma  Yankin ƙasa: ''jimillar:'': ''Kasashen iyaka:'' na kilomita 5,920: [[Kamaru]] 901 km, [[Cadi|Chadi]] 1,556 km, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo 1,747 km, Jëwriyar Kongo 487 km, [[Sudan]] 174 km da [[Sudan ta Kudu]] 1,055 km&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Yankin bakin teku:''' 0 km (ƙasasshe) &nbsp; '''Yankin:''' babba, mai laushi zuwa mai juyawa, tudu mai laushi; tsaunuka da aka warwatsa a arewa maso gabas da kudu maso yamma Babban tsawo: ''mafi ƙasƙanci:'' [[Kogin Ubangi|Kogin Oubangui]] 335 m mafi girma: Dutsen Ngaoui 1,420 m '''Albarkatun halitta:''' lu'u-lu'u, uranium, katako, [[Zinare|zinariya]], [[Danyen mai|man fetur]], wutar lantarki '''Amfani da ƙasa:''' ƙasa mai noma: 2.89% ''amfanin gona na dindindin:'' 0.13% wasu: 96.98% (2012 est.) Ƙasar da ake ban ruwa: 1.35 km² (2003) &nbsp; '''Jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa:''' 144.4 km³ (2011) &nbsp; '''Rashin ruwa mai laushi (na gida / masana'antu / aikin gona):''' ''jimillar:'': 0.07 km³/shekara (8³%/17%/1%) ''ga kowane mutum:'' 17.42 m3/shekaru (2005) &nbsp; '''Hadarin halitta:''' zafi, bushe, iska mai ƙura tana shafar yankunan arewa; ambaliyar ruwa ta zama ruwan dare '''Muhalli - batutuwan yanzu:''' ruwan famfo ba mai sha ba ne; farauta ta rage sunanta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mafaka na karshe na namun daji; hamada '''Muhalli - yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa:''' ''jam'iyya zuwa:'' Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands ''sanya hannu, amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba:'' [[Dokar teku|Dokar Tekun]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hyqdnrk1ep730gmguswsz1vxid3e3n4 883205 883202 2026-07-15T08:20:59Z BnHamid 12586 883205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Un-central-african-republic.png|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]]]] [[Fayil:LocationCentralAfricanRepublic.svg|thumb|Wurin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] al'umma ce da ba ta da iyaka a cikin [[Afirka|Nahiyar Afirka]]. Yana da iyaka da [[Kamaru]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Sudan]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] da [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]]. Mafi yawan ƙasar sun ƙunshi lebur, da mirgine savanna, kusan ƙafa 1,640 (mita 500) sama da matakin teku.  A arewa maso gabas akwai tsaunin Fertit, sannan akwai tsaunuka masu warwatse a yankin kudu maso yammacin kasar.  A arewa maso yamma akwai tsaunin Karre (wanda kuma aka sani da Yade Massif), tudun dutse mai tsayi mai tsayin ƙafa 3,750 (m1,143 m). A kilomita 622,984 (240,535 sq , Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ita ce ƙasa ta 45 mafi girma a duniya (bayan [[Somaliya]]). Ya yi daidai da girman [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]]. Yawancin iyakar kudancin an kafa ta ne ta hanyar [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]], tare da [[Kogin Mbomou]] a gabas ya haɗu da [[Kogin Uele]] don samar da [[Kogin Ubangi]]. A yamma, [[Kogin Sangha]] yana gudana ta wani ɓangare na ƙasar. Yankin gabashin yana gefen kogin Congo-Nile. A Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya gandun daji yana da kusan kashi 36% na jimlar ƙasar, daidai da hectare 22,303,000 na gandun daji a cikin 2020, ƙasa daga hekta 23,203,000 (ha) a cikin 1990.  daji ya mamaye hekta 2,000 (ha).  Daga cikin gandun dajin da ke sake farfadowa a zahiri kashi 9% an ba da rahoton cewa su ne dajin na farko (wanda ya ƙunshi nau'in bishiyar bishiyar da ba a bayyana alamun ayyukan ɗan adam ba).  A cikin shekara ta 2015, an ba da rahoton kashi 91% na yankin dajin yana ƙarƙashin ikon jama'a da kuma 9% na masu zaman kansu..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Central African Republic |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/CAF/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> A cikin 2021, yawan [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ya karu da kashi 71% . Dajin yana da bambanci sosai kuma ya haɗa da nau'ikan kasuwanci masu mahimmanci na Ayous, Sapele da Sipo. == Yanayi == [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_CAF_1991–2020.svg|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya na rarraba yanayi na Köppen.]] Yanayin J''Am'' Afirka ta Tsakiya gabaɗaya yanayi ne na savanna mai zafi (Köppen ''Aw''), kodayake akwai yankuna da ke da yanayin zafi mai zafi (Köppen Am) kuma a arewa akwai kuma yanayin zafi mai tsaka-tsaki (Köpp ''BSh''). Akwai lokacin rigar da lokacin fari, kuma zafin jiki yana da zafi a duk shekara. Yankunan arewa suna ƙarƙashin iskar Harmattan, wanda yake da zafi, bushewa, kuma yana ɗauke da ƙura. Yankin yankunan arewa sun kasance ƙarƙashin hamada. Sauran ƙasar suna fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa daga koguna da ke kusa. Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan jama'ar Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ba su da damar samun ruwa mai tsabta.{{Weather box}} == Bayani == [[Fayil:Satellite_map_of_the_Central_African_Republic.png|thumb|450x450px|Taswirar tauraron dan adam na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya.]] [[Fayil:Central_African_Republic_Topography.png|thumb|450x450px|Yanayin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya .]] '''Wurin:''' [[Afirka]] ta Tsakiya, arewacin [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] ; Yankin kwatankwacin :* Ƙananan [[Somaliya]] :* Ya fi girma fiye da [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] :* Australia kwatankwacin: dan kadan fiye da ⁠3/4⁠ girman New South Wales  :* Kwatanta Kanada: dan kadan karami fiye da Manitoba :* Kwatanta United Kingdom: dan kadan fiye da 2 ⁠1/2⁠ sau girman United Kingdom  :* Kwatanta Amurka: kusan 1 / 10⁠ karami fiye da [[Texas]]  :* Kwatanta EU: kusan 1/5⁠ ya fi [[Ispaniya|Spain]] girma  Yankin ƙasa: ''jimillar:'': ''Kasashen iyaka:'' na kilomita 5,920: [[Kamaru]] 901 km, [[Cadi|Chadi]] 1,556 km, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo 1,747 km, Jëwriyar Kongo 487 km, [[Sudan]] 174 km da [[Sudan ta Kudu]] 1,055 km&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Yankin bakin teku:''' 0 km (ƙasasshe) &nbsp; '''Yankin:''' babba, mai laushi zuwa mai juyawa, tudu mai laushi; tsaunuka da aka warwatsa a arewa maso gabas da kudu maso yamma Babban tsawo: ''mafi ƙasƙanci:'' [[Kogin Ubangi|Kogin Oubangui]] 335 m mafi girma: Dutsen Ngaoui 1,420 m '''Albarkatun halitta:''' lu'u-lu'u, uranium, katako, [[Zinare|zinariya]], [[Danyen mai|man fetur]], wutar lantarki '''Amfani da ƙasa:''' ƙasa mai noma: 2.89% ''amfanin gona na dindindin:'' 0.13% wasu: 96.98% (2012 est.) Ƙasar da ake ban ruwa: 1.35 km² (2003) &nbsp; '''Jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa:''' 144.4 km³ (2011) &nbsp; '''Rashin ruwa mai laushi (na gida / masana'antu / aikin gona):''' ''jimillar:'': 0.07 km³/shekara (8³%/17%/1%) ''ga kowane mutum:'' 17.42 m3/shekaru (2005) &nbsp; '''Hadarin halitta:''' zafi, bushe, iska mai ƙura tana shafar yankunan arewa; ambaliyar ruwa ta zama ruwan dare '''Muhalli - batutuwan yanzu:''' ruwan famfo ba mai sha ba ne; farauta ta rage sunanta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mafaka na karshe na namun daji; hamada '''Muhalli - yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa:''' ''jam'iyya zuwa:'' Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands ''sanya hannu, amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba:'' [[Dokar teku|Dokar Tekun]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pb2bakgcda4ed1x9sb0ud56n70xks6n 0 108995 883368 680689 2026-07-15T09:48:55Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 883368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Firman na 1854''', wani lokacin ana kiransa '''Haramcin cinikin bayi na Circassian da Jojiya''', yana nufin ''Firman'' Firman ko ''Ferman'' ( Dokar ) da Sultan Abdülmecid I ya bayar a watan Oktoba 1854, ya haramta cinikin bayi a cikin bayin Circassian da Georgian ga [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] . An ba da shi musamman ga [[Cinikin bayi na na bakin teku|cinikin bayi na Circassian]] a cikin 'yan mata bayi daga Caucasus, don bautar jima'i a matsayin ƙwaraƙwara a cikin Harem Ottoman. Bai hana bautar irin wannan ba, sai dai cinikin bayi. An aiwatar da dokar ne kawai na shekaru hudu, kuma an soke shi a cikin 1858. Yana daya daga cikin gyare-gyaren da ke wakiltar tsarin soke bautar da aka yi a hukumance a cikin Daular Ottoman, ciki har da [[Farashi a 1830|Firman na 1830]], Rushewar Kasuwar Bawan [[Istanbul]] (1847), Rushewar [[Rushe cinikin bayi a cikin Tekun Fasha|cinikin bayi a Tekun Fasha]] (1847), Haramcin Baƙar fata da Jojiya, [[Hana Kasuwancin Bayi Baƙaƙen fata|Haramcin Bawan Bawa-]] 185 (185) (1857), da [[Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Ottoman ta 1880|Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Ottoman na 1880]] . == Fage == An ba da Firman ne a lokacin da Daular Usmaniyya ta fuskanci matsin lamba na diflomasiyya daga kasashen yamma don murkushe cinikin bayi da [[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire|bauta a daular Usmaniyya]] . [[Farashi a 1830|Firman na 1830]] ya 'yantar da dukkan bayi fararen fata a cikin Daular. Bayan haka ne aka rufe kasuwar bayi da ke birnin Constantinople ta hanyar ruguza kasuwar bayi ta Istanbul a shekara ta 1847. Bayan wannan kwanan wata, an sayar da bayi a bayan fage maimakon a fili, kuma ba a ga baki ga baki. A cikin wannan lokaci, fataucin 'yan mata daga Caucasus a haye tekun Black Sea zuwa Daular Usmaniyya ya ja hankalin kasashen yamma. An sayar da ’yan matan ga ’yan kasuwa bayi kuma aka yi safarar su zuwa Konstantinoful, inda aka sayar da su [[Bautar Jima'i|bautar jima’i]] a matsayin ƙwaraƙwarai a cikin ’yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu. Daya daga cikin wadannan haramun su ne Imperial harem . [[Cinikin bayi na na bakin teku|Kasuwancin bautar da ake kira Circassian]] ya zama magajin tsohuwar [[Cinikin bayi na na bakin teku|cinikin bayi na Crimea]] kuma ana kallonsa a matsayin kasuwancin alatu a daular Usmaniyya, inda mazaje masu fada aji da yawa suka sayi ƙwaraƙwarai ko surukai mata na gaba daga wannan kasuwancin. A kasashen yamma, wannan ciniki ya haifar da karuwar adawa. Bayan shekara ta 1846, an rufe kasuwar bayi a Konstantinoful. Bayan haka, an sayar da ’yan matan kuyangi a hankali daga gidajen ’yan kasuwa na bayi, maimakon a bainar jama’a. A lokacin yakin Crimean, matsin lamba ga daular Ottoman daga kasashen Birtaniya da Faransa ya yi tsanani. == Firman == A shekara ta 1854, Daular Usmaniyya ta haramta cinikin mata fararen fata bayan matsin lamba daga Burtaniya da Faransa. Firman ya haramta cinikin bayi a cikin fararen bayi daga Caucasus da Georgia. An umurci gwamnonin lardunan da su hana sayar da yaran Caucasus da kuma kwace tare da kwato yaran Caucasian a hannun ‘yan kasuwar bayi.<ref name="Toledano, Ehud R. 1998 p. 31-32">Toledano, Ehud R. (1998). Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle East. University of Washington Press. p. 31-32</ref> Wasu bayin da aka nada a matsayin amintattu za su mayar da su zuwa ga iyalansu, sai dai idan sun musulunta, inda za a shigar da su aikin soja; Su kuma ‘yan matan, wadanda suka musulunta sai a daura musu aure. An ci gaba da matsin lamba daga kasashen yamma. A cikin 1855, an hana cinikin bayin Afirka zuwa Crete da Janina.<ref>Badem, C. (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Tyskland: Brill. p353-355</ref> A cikin [[Hana Kasuwancin Bayi Baƙaƙen fata|firman na 1857]], daular Ottoman ta haramta cinikin bayi na Afirka a hukumance. Har ila yau, manufar abolitionist ta kasance daidai da ƙoƙarin sake fasalin zamani na zamanin Tanzimat.<ref>Badem, C. (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Tyskland: Brill. p353-355</ref> Firman na 1854 yana ɗaya daga cikin musabbabin tawayen Hejaz na 1855-1856. Abdulmuttalib Efendi, Sarkin Makkah, ya tattara goyon bayansa inda ya nemi jiga-jigan Jeddah da su rubuta wa Sharifai da malaman [[Makkah|Makka]] a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1855 wasika, inda suka yi Allah wadai da Firman a matsayin rangwame ga Turawa, tun da ya ba wa gwamnonin Ottoman izinin hana cinikin bayi, ya halatta wa wadanda ba musulmi ba su kafa ginshikin Larabawa, wadanda ba musulmi ba, da musulmi maza.<ref>Toledano, E. R. (2014). The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression: 1840-1890. USA: Princeton University Press. 124</ref> ya haramta kutsawa cikin suturar mata, kuma manyan mutanen Jeddah sun roki sarkin da ya kai karar Sarkin Musulmi.<ref name="Erdem, Y. 1996 p106">Erdem, Y. (1996). Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise 1800-1909. Storbritannien: Palgrave Macmillan UK. p106</ref> A ranar 11 ga Janairun 1856 [[Seyhülislam Arif Efendi]] ya yanke hukuncin cewa Firman ba ta keta [[Shari'a|sharia]] ga manyan mutanen Makka,<ref>Badem, C. (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Tyskland: Brill. p356</ref> kuma yayin da ta haramta cinikin bayi, ba ta haramta bautar da kanta ba, kuma ba ta yi barazana ga mallakar bayi na dukiyarsu ba.<ref>Badem, C. (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Tyskland: Brill. p357</ref> Lokacin da aka gabatar da [[Hana Kasuwancin Bayi Baƙaƙen fata|firman na 1857]] a shekara mai zuwa, yana hana cinikin bayi na Afirka, an cire Hejaz daga haramcin.<ref>Badem, C. (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Tyskland: Brill. p358</ref> == Bayan haka == An aiwatar da Firman na tsawon shekaru hudu kawai. Wannan tilastawa ya haifar da hauhawar hauhawar ’yan mata farar fata a kasuwar bayin daular Usmaniyya. A cikin Maris 1858, gwamnan Ottoman na Trapezunt ya sanar da Jakadan Birtaniya cewa haramcin na 1854 ya kasance wani lokaci na yaki na wucin gadi saboda matsin lamba na kasashen waje, kuma an ba shi umarni don ba da izinin jiragen ruwa a Bahar Black su wuce hanyarsu ta zuwa Constantinople. A cikin Disamba 1858, an gabatar da ka'idodin haraji na yau da kullun, wanda ya sake halatta cinikin bayi na Circassian. <ref name="Toledano, Ehud R. 1998 p. 31-32" /> Jami'an diflomasiyya na Yamma sun yi zanga-zangar akai-akai game da gaskiyar cewa an dawo da cinikin bayi na Circassian duk da Firman na 1854 amma an sadu da su akai-akai tare da amsa cewa Firman na 1854 ya kasance ma'aunin yaƙi na ɗan lokaci ne kawai, kuma ba a sake amfani da shi ba. Sana'ar bawan jima'i a cikin 'yan mata farar fata don bautar jima'i (kwarwarta) bai daina ba, kuma marubucin balaguro na Burtaniya John Murray ya bayyana rukunin 'yan mata farar bayi a Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin 1870s: : "Kwayoyin jikinsu ba su da kyau, kuma babu ɗayansu [sic] da ke da kyan gani. Amma wanka na Turkiyya na yau da kullum, kariya daga rana, da abinci mai kyau, aiki da kyakkyawan tsarin mulki, yana yin abubuwan al'ajabi a cikin gajeren lokaci". Kasuwancin bayi na Circassian, yayin da ake aiwatar da shi a hankali a hankali, ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen daular Usmaniyya a farkon karni na 20. == Magana == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 87fa98lxzprgxx35sjztit12kp1u89v 0 109238 882947 813363 2026-07-14T15:41:59Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Deion Luwynn Sanders Sr'''. (an haife shi a watan Agusta 9, 1967) Ya kasance kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka wanda shine babban kocin ƙwallon ƙafa a Jami'ar Colorado-Boulder. Hakanan tsohon ƙwararren ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando, wanda ya taka leda a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa (NFL) na lokutan 14 tare da [[Atlanta]] Falcons, San Francisco 49ers, Dallas Cowboys, Washington Redskins, da Baltimore Ravens, da yanayi tara na Major League Baseball (MLB) tare da New York Yankees, Atlanta Braves, Cincinnati Reds, da San Francisco Giants. Ya lashe taken Super Bowl guda biyu kuma ya yi fitowar jerin jerin gwanon duniya guda daya a cikin 1992, wanda ya sa shi kadai ne dan wasa da ya taka leda a Super Bowl da World Series. Sanders ya buga wasan kwallon kafa na kwaleji a matsayin kusurwa don Seminoles na Jihar Florida, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Jim Thorpe a cikin 1988 kafin Falcons gabaɗaya ta zaɓi ta biyar a cikin daftarin 1989 NFL. Ya kuma taka leda a matsayin ƙwararren mai dawowa kuma lokaci-lokaci a matsayin mai karɓa mai faɗi yayin aikinsa na NFL, yana karɓar ƙungiyoyin farko na All-Pros guda shida da lambobin girma na Pro Bowl tara. Ya ci Super Bowl XXIX tare da 49ers da Super Bowl XXX tare da Cowboys. An shigar da Sanders a cikin Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa da Pro Football Hall of Fame a cikin 2011. Wanda aka sani da "Prime Time" a cikin kwanakin wasansa kuma daga baya "Coach Prime", Sanders ya ɗan yi aiki a matsayin manazarci don Cibiyar sadarwa ta NFL kafin horar da 'yan wasan sakandare a cikin 2010s. A cikin 2020, an nada Sanders a matsayin babban kocin kungiyar Tigers na Jihar Jackson, wanda ya jagoranci su zuwa wasannin Celebration Bowl guda biyu a jere da kuma lokacin farko na makarantar da ba a ci nasara ba a cikin 2022. An nada Sanders babban kocin Colorado a 2023. 'Ya'yansa Shilo da Shedeur sun buga masa wasa tare da Jihar Jackson da Colorado. ==Rayuwar farko== An haifi Sanders a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1967, a Fort Myers, Florida, ga Connie Sanders da Mims Sanders. Iyayensa sun sake aure lokacin Sanders yana da shekaru biyu. Mahaifiyarsa ne da sabon mijinta Willie Knight suka rene Sanders, wanda Sanders ya yi la'akari da kasancewarsa mai tasiri a rayuwarsa. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Arewa Fort Myers, kuma ya kasance mai wasiƙa kuma mai karrama Duk-Jihar a ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙwallon kwando da ƙwallon kwando. A cikin 1985, an sanya sunan Sanders zuwa Ƙungiyar Manyan Makarantun Florida Duk-ƙarni waɗanda suka zaɓi manyan 'yan wasa 33 a cikin tarihin shekaru 100 na ƙwallon ƙafa na makarantar sakandare a cikin jihar. Kansas City Royals sun zaɓi Sanders daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Arewa Fort Myers a zagaye na shida na daftarin Baseball na 1985. Koyaya, bai sanya hannu tare da Royals ba. Sanders ya yanke shawarar yin wasa da Jami'ar Jihar Florida maimakon sanya hannu tare da Kansas City Royals.<ref>Haft, Chris. "Deion enjoyed 'Prime' moments on diamond". ''Major League Baseball''. Archived from the original on February 5, 2015. Retrieved February 5,2015.</ref> ==Ayyuna== Sanders ya yi rajista a Jami'ar Jihar Florida kuma ya buga wasanni uku don Seminoles na Jihar Florida: ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙwallon kwando, da waƙa. Tun daga shekararsa ta farko, ya fara sakandire na Seminoles, ya buga wasan waje ga kungiyar kwallon kwando wadda ta kare a matsayi na biyar a kasar, kuma ya taimaka wajen jagorantar ’yan wasan tsere da filin zuwa gasar cin kofin duniya. A karkashin kocin Bobby Bowden, Sanders ya kasance dan wasa na uku na Amurka a cikin 1986, kuma sau biyu yarjejeniya All-American cornerback a 1987 da 1988, intercepting 14 passs a cikin aikinsa, ciki har da uku a cikin wasanni na kwano, kuma ya sami nasarar dawo da tsaka-tsakin yadi 100 don taɓawa. Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Jim Thorpe a 1988. Ya kuma kasance fitaccen dan komowa jihar Florida, wanda ya jagoranci al'umma a 1988 tare da matsakaicin dawowar sa, kuma ya karya rikodin makarantar na aikin punt dawo yadudduka. Sanders ya yi tsaka-tsaki tare da saura daƙiƙa biyar don rufe nasarar jihar Florida 13 – 7 akan Auburn a cikin 1989 Sugar Bowl a lokacin 1988 postseason. Dangane da waɗancan lambobin yabo, rigar sa mai lamba 2 a Jihar Florida ta yi ritaya a cikin 1995. Ya gama aikinsa tare da dawowar 126 punt don yadi 1,429 da taɓawa uku, da kuma 14 interceptions, mayar da su don 287 yards da maki uku. A ƙarshen aikinsa na FSU, Sanders' 14 interceptions shine na biyu mafi girma a tarihin makaranta.<ref>Florida State Football Guide". Issuu.com. August 17, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2012.</ref>Daga baya Bowden zai bayyana cewa Sanders shine "sandansa na aunawa don iya wasa".<ref>Price, S.L. (August 25, 1997). "CUT OFF FROM THE HERD". ''Sports Illustrated Vault''. Retrieved September 26, 2024.</ref>Yayin da yake buga wasan baseball a karkashin kocin Mike Martin a jihar Florida, matsakaicin batting Sanders ya kasance .331 a 1986. Ya kuma hada sansanonin sata 27 a 1987.<ref>Donahue, Ben (September 22, 2020). "The Life And Career Of Deion Sanders (Complete Story)". ''Pro Football History''. Retrieved September 26, 2024.</ref> A ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1987 (yayin da ake buga wasan ƙwallon kwando na Metro Conference da gasar zakarun waƙa a lokaci ɗaya a Columbia, [[South Carolina]]), Sanders ya buga wasan ƙwallon kwando na kusa da na ƙarshe da Kudancin Mississippi, ya yi nasarar tseren tseren 4 × 100, sannan ya dawo don yin wasa a wasan ƙwallon kwando da Cincinnati.Ko da yake ƙungiyar relay Sanders ba ta shiga cikin taron ba, ƙungiyar ta FSU ce ta zama zakaran taron gabaɗaya, kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta lashe taken taron. ==Rayuwar sirri== Sanders ya yi aure sau biyu: Ya auri Carolyn Chambers (1989-1998), wanda yake da yara biyu, Deiondra Sanders da Deion Sanders Jr. Aurensa na biyu yana tare da Pilar Biggers-Sanders (1999-2015), wanda yake da 'ya'ya uku, Shilo, Shedeur, da Shelomi Sanders. A cikin 1997, Sanders ya shiga tsaka mai wuya a rayuwarsa lokacin da aurensa na farko ya ƙare kuma ya ce ya yi ƙoƙarin kashe kansa ta hanyar tuki mota daga wani dutse a Cincinnati yayin da yake buga wa Reds wasa. Ya ce yana tafiya da sauri kamar 70 mph lokacin da ya tuka motarsa daga wani dutse mai tsawon ƙafa 30 zuwa 40 (kimanin mita 9 zuwa 12) amma cewa "babu wani ɓarna a kaina ko a motar. Sanders, Kirista, ya ce, "A ƙarshe na durƙusa na ba da duka ga Ubangiji." Ya kuma ce mulki, kudi, jima'i, da nasararsa sun kusan lalata rayuwarsa; daga baya ya rubuta tarihin rayuwar sa mai taken irin wannan. An yi wahayi zuwa littafin bayan ya fara ba da shawara tare da Bishop T. D. Jakes. Ya ambaci sunan wakilinsa, Eugene Parker, a matsayin wani wanda ya yi tasiri a rayuwarsa. A cikin Afrilu 2012, takaddama tsakanin Sanders da matar sa, Pilar Sanders, ya haifar da Pilar da Deion duk suna fuskantar tuhumar cin zarafi, amma daga baya alkali ya yanke hukuncin cewa babu wata ƙungiya da ta yi tashin hankali na iyali a cikin wannan misali. Tsofaffin ma'auratan sun sami takaddama mai daci a shekarar 2013 kan 'ya'yansu uku, kuma wani alkali a [[Texas]] ya kada kuri'ar bai wa Deion Sanders rikon 'ya'yansu maza biyu da kuma kula da 'yarsu ta hadin gwiwa. Pilar ya soki hukuncin, yana mai cewa alkali bai yarda a ba da shaida game da takaddamar 2012 ba. A cikin 2012, Sanders ya haɗa haɗin gwiwar kafa makarantar firamare Prep Academy. Daga baya an kori Sanders a matsayin kocin bayan da CFO Kevin Johnson ya yi zargin cewa Sanders ya ci zarafinsa. Sanders ya musanta ikirarin a bainar jama'a, amma shaidu sun ce ya kama jami'in makarantar da kwala, wanda ya sa ya fadi. Sanders ya ki amsa laifin da ake tuhumarsa da shi kuma ya biya tarar $765.70. An soki Cibiyar Prep Prep Academy saboda rashin mayar da hankali ga malamai da rashin kulawa, kuma an rufe ta a 2015. Makarantar ta tara bashi, saboda biyan kuɗi ga IRS da asusun fansho na malamai, kuma, lokacin da aka rufe, ba ta da isasshen kuɗin da za ta iya biyan albashi.A cikin 2015, an nada Sanders a matsayin Shugaba na FOCUS Academies kuma ya ba da matsayin koci a Triple A Academy, wanda Sanders ya jagoranci fuskantar makarantarsa ta Arewa Fort Myers High School a Florida, wasan da ke nuna mahimmin daidaitawa tsakanin masu daukar ma'aikata da yawa.A ranar 17 ga Agusta, 2017, CBS Sports ta sanar cewa Sanders zai canza matsayi na koyawa a sabuwar makarantar sakandare don zama mai gudanarwa mai cin zarafi a makarantar sakandaren Trinity Christian-Cedar Hill a Cedar Hill, Texas. Yunkurin ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga Sanders, yayin da 'ya'yansa maza biyu suka taka rawa a makarantar sakandare. Sanders ya yi aiki a kan ma'aikatan a matsayin mai gudanarwa na cin zarafi a karkashin tsohon Dallas Cowboy Aveion Cason. Biyu daga cikin 'ya'yansa maza sun buga kwallon kafa a Jami'ar Colorado: Shilo aminci ne kuma Shedeur, shine farkon kwata. A cikin 2020, Sanders ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Talladega tare da digiri na farko a fannin gudanar da kasuwanci tare da mai da hankali kan gudanar da ƙungiyoyi.A shekarar 2021, an yi wa Sanders tiyata a kafa da dama kuma an yanke masa yatsu biyu a kafarsa ta hagu sakamakon gudan jini. A cikin daftarin 2025 NFL, ɗa Sanders Shedeur an zaɓi shi a zagaye na biyar ta Cleveland Browns. A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2025, Sanders ya ba da sanarwar cewa yana da ciwon daji na mafitsara kuma an cire masa mafitsara. An dauke shi ba tare da ciwon daji ba bayan hanya. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1967]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 6eq805uct9frnkcxcodbcrwu1uplb3g 0 109724 882930 693996 2026-07-14T15:01:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:AnneFrankHumanRightsMemorialUniversalDeclarationOfHumanRights.jpg|thumb|Alamar farko ta Universal Declaration of Human Rights a cikin tsari mai ban mamaki ita ce abu na farko da aka lalata]] '''[[Anne Frank]] Human Rights Memorial''' wani yanki ne na {{Convert|.81|acre|ha}} da kuma [[Educational park|wurin shakatawa na ilimi]] a Boise, Idaho kusa da ɗakin karatu na Boise da Greenbelt, wanda tsakiya shine mutum-mutumi na Anne Frank. Cibiyar Wassmuth ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Ma'aikatar Boise ta Parks and Recreation ne ke kula da hadin gwiwa, kuma ita ce kawai abin tunawa da Anne Frank a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Idaho Anne Frank Human Rights Memorial |url=https://idahohumanities.org/anne-frank-human-rights-memorial}}</ref> An tsara shi ne ta hanyar gine-ginen Idaho Falls Kurt Karst, tsiro na Anne Frank Tree da kuma ambaton wasu sanannun mutane sittin da ba a sani ba (ciki har da mawaƙa, masu gwagwarmaya, 'yan siyasa da diflomasiyya, waɗanda suka tsira daga Holocaust, da waɗanda ba su yi ba) sanannun shigarwa ne.<ref name="Idaho Anne Frank Human Rights Memorial">{{Cite web |author-link=Boise Parks & Recreation |title=Idaho Anne Frank Human Rights Memorial |url=http://parks.cityofboise.org/parks-locations/parks/idaho-anne-frank-human-rights-memorial/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205906/http://parks.cityofboise.org/parks-locations/parks/idaho-anne-frank-human-rights-memorial/ |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2017-05-13}}</ref> Har ila yau, yana da ɗaya daga cikin 'yan shigarwa inda cikakken rubutun Universal Declaration of Human Rights yake a kan nuni na dindindin na jama'a. Gidan shakatawa ya sami amincewar International Coalition of Sites of Conscience . <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Coalition of Sites of Conscience |url=http://wassmuthcenter.org/the-memorial/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514025439/http://wassmuthcenter.org/the-memorial/ |archive-date=2017-05-14 |access-date=2017-05-15 |website=Wassmuth Center for Human Rights}}</ref> An gyara shi sosai a watan Satumbar 2018, tare da ɗakin aji na waje da sabon siffar, "The Spiral of Injustice".<ref name="September 2018 renovation">{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Sven |date=2018-09-20 |title=With racist graffiti in the past, Boise celebrates new day for Anne Frank memorial |url=https://www.idahostatesman.com/news/local/community/boise/article218740890.html |access-date=2018-09-21 |website=The Idaho Statesman}}</ref> Mai binciken gidan kayan gargajiya Brigitte Sion ya rubuta cewa a cikin neman amfani da Anne Frank a matsayin alama ga batutuwan duniya da na parish, abin tunawa yana ba da tsarkakewa na Anne Frank wanda ke musanta gaskiyar tarihinta. Sion ta rubuta "Babu wani abu a cikin sanarwar manufa ta Boise memorial, wallafe-wallafen hukuma, ko kuma a shafin da kansa kai tsaye ya nuna Anne Frank a matsayin Bayahude wanda aka azabtar da Holocaust ko ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa ta ɓoye, ba tare da kama ta ba, korar ta, da mutuwa a sansanin Nazi. ". Shafin ba wai kawai yana aiki ne a matsayin wuri mai dacewa don tarurruka, tafiye-tafiye, da zanga-zangar ba (kuma gabaɗaya a matsayin wurin tunani), shi ne inda Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta Boise ke ɗaukar sabbin jami'an da aka ba su izini kafin horar da su.<ref name="More Vandalism">{{Cite web |last=Kyle |first=Zach |date=2017-05-11 |editor2-link=Idaho Statesman |title=Anne Frank Memorial hit with another act of vandalism: 'It's a cowardly act, it's a criminal act' |url=http://www.idahostatesman.com/news/local/community/boise/article149968282.html}}</ref><ref name="Building Bridges in Boise">{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Steve |date=2018-12-21 |title=Building Bridges in Boise |url=https://pridefoundation.org/2018/12/building-bridges-in-boise/ |access-date=2018-12-23 |website=Pride Foundation}}</ref> == Kashewa == A farkon watan Mayu na shekara ta 2017 an lalata takardar da ke nuna farkon cikakken sanarwar 'yancin dan adam ta duniya tare da rubutun adawa da Yahudawa a cikin ja; gabaɗaya an lalata yankuna biyu daban-daban na shafin a cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa tare da laifukan wariyar launin fata akan baƙar fata da Yahudawa wanda ya haifar da lalacewar $ 20,000, saboda wani ɓangare na yunkurin farko na gyarawa.<ref name="Woman donates $20,000 to repair Anne Frank Memorial">{{Cite web |last=Shaver |first=Natalie |date=2017-05-12 |title=Woman donates $20,000 to repair Anne Frank Memorial |url=http://www.ktvb.com/news/local/woman-donates-20000-to-repair-anne-frank-memorial/439023387 |website=KTVB |access-date=2025-08-02 |archive-date=2017-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005001220/http://www.ktvb.com/news/local/woman-donates-20000-to-repair-anne-frank-memorial/439023387 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Anne Frank Memorial in Idaho Vandalized">{{Cite web |last=Morlin |first=Bill |date=2017-05-10 |title=Anne Frank Memorial in Idaho Vandalized |url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2017/05/10/anne-frank-memorial-idaho-vandalized |website=Southern Poverty Law Center}}</ref> An yi bincike kan lalata, ta farko tun lokacin da aka keɓe wurin tunawa a shekara ta 2002, a matsayin yiwuwar aikata laifukan ƙiyayya, kuma an ba da gudummawa da yawa don gyara.<ref name="Donations pour in to repair Boise’s Anne Frank Memorial after vandalism">{{Cite web |last=Sowell |first=John |date=2014-05-13 |title=Donations pour in to repair Boise's Anne Frank Memorial after vandalism |url=http://www.idahostatesman.com/news/local/community/boise/article150299527.html |website=Idaho Statesman}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2020, an lalata abin tunawa da takarda da ke karantawa "muna ko'ina" da kuma nuna swastika.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=REBECCA BOONE |date=10 December 2020 |title=Idaho Anne Frank memorial defaced with swastika stickers |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/national/idaho-anne-frank-memorial-defaced-with-swastika-stickers/article_d3bc83c9-3315-52ff-b4d5-4141227a4aac.html |access-date=2020-12-10 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en |agency=Associated Press }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wannan ya sa Magajin garin Lauren McLean ya ce, "Masu wasan kwaikwayo marasa kyau da ke amfani da maganganun wariyar launin fata da tashin hankali ba a maraba da su a cikin wannan al'umma ba. "<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Idaho Anne Frank Memorial Defaced With Nazi Propaganda |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/12/10/945150729/idaho-anne-frank-memorial-defaced-with-nazi-propaganda |access-date=2020-12-10 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Matakai goma na kisan kare dangi * Jerin wuraren shakatawa a Boise == Manazarta == mwpdics8gk8geibnym9gmmdrqyanh2f 0 110231 883035 721792 2026-07-14T18:40:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Arlo Looking Cloud (an haife shi Fritz Arlo Lookin Cloud; Maris 25, 1954) tsohon dan gwagwarmayar Amurka ne. An fi saninsa da hannu a kisan dan gwagwarmayar Indiyawan Indiyawan Amurka [[Anna Mae Aquash]] . An same shi da laifin kisan ta kuma an yanke masa hukuncin rai da rai a kurkuku. Koyaya, a cikin 2011, an rage hukuncinsa zuwa shekaru 20 a matsayin lada ga shaidarsa a kan wanda aka tuhume shi, [[John Graham (mai fafutuka na Kanada)|John Graham]] . An saki Looking Cloud daga kurkuku a shekarar 2020. == Rayuwa ta farko == Looking Cloud wani Lakota Sioux ne wanda ya girma a Pine Ridge Indian Reservation . <ref name="LATimes">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=4 April 2004 |title=Second Man Is Wanted in 1970s Slaying of an Indian Activist |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-apr-04-na-aim4-story.html |access-date=15 August 2016 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> == Tarihin Shari'a == === Kisan Anna Mae Aquash === [[Anna Mae Aquash|Anna Mae Pictou-Aquash]] mace ce mai fafutuka a cikin rukunin [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]] . A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1975, Looking Cloud, tare da [[Theda Nelson Clarke]] da [[John Graham (mai fafutuka na Kanada)|John "John Boy Patton" Graham]], sun tilasta wa Aquash shiga bayan mota kuma suka kai ta wani bangare mai nisa na Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, inda aka harbe Aquash a bayan kai kuma ya bar ya mutu.<ref name="Legend of Pine Ridge">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2008 |title=Why Was Anna Mae Aquash Really Murdered? |url=http://legendofpineridge.blogspot.com/2008/07/why-was-anna-mae-aquash-really-murdered.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Legend of Pine Ridge}}</ref> An gano jikinta a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1976 a Pine Ridge Indian Reservation a kasan wani kwari da ke kusa da wata babbar hanya. <ref name="Huffington Post">{{Cite web |date=27 August 2007 |title=What is the Truth About the Murder of Anna Mae? |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tim-giago/what-is-the-truth-about-t_b_62521.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=The Huffington Post}}</ref><ref name="First Nation's Drums">{{Cite web |date=26 December 2000 |title=What is the Truth About the Murder of Anna Mae? |url=http://www.firstnationsdrum.com/2000/12/murder-of-anna-mae-aquash-unsolved-after-23-years |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717020733/http://firstnationsdrum.com/2000/12/murder-of-anna-mae-aquash-unsolved-after-23-years/ |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=First Nation's Drums}}</ref> An bayyana cewa an harbe Aquash har lahira; an matse bakin bindigar a bayan wuyanta, kamar yadda binciken gawa ya bayyana.<ref name="Mail Archives">{{Cite web |date=7 August 1999 |title=NATIVE_NEWS: ANNA MAE: A Badlands trail of secrets and murder |url=https://www.mail-archive.com/nativenews@mlists.net/msg03815.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Mail Archives |archive-date=29 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829024549/https://www.mail-archive.com/nativenews@mlists.net/msg03815.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rahoton mai binciken ya nuna cewa ban da mummunan raunin bindiga, fallasawa ya ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar Aquash.<ref name="Occupirate">{{Cite web |last=Sparrow |first=CJ |date=22 June 2013 |title=Who killed Anna Mae Aquash and who cares anyway? |url=http://occupirate.blogspot.com/2013/06/who-killed-anna-mae-aquash-and-who.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Occupirate}}</ref> === Kamawa === A ranar 27 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2003, mai kula da 'yan sanda na [[Denver]], Abe Alonzo, ya ga Looking Cloud, wanda ya kasance mai shekaru 49 da ba shi da gida, yana tafiya a kan Colfax Avenue. Daga baya aka kama Looking Cloud a kan wata takardar shaidar da hukumomin tarayya suka bayar a [[South Dakota|Dakota ta Kudu]], inda aka zargi Looking Cloud da wani mutum da harbi Pictou-Aquash yayin satar mutane a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1975 kusa da Wanblee, Dakota ta Kudu.<ref name="Dick Shovel #2">{{Cite web |last=Mendez |first=Deborah |date=3 April 2003 |title=Man Held in Decades-old Slaying of American Indian Activist |url=http://dickshovel.com/3apr03.html |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Dick Shovel}}</ref> ==== Amurka v. Looking Cloud ==== Darlene Nichols ta shaida cewa Leonard Peltier, wani dan gwagwarmayar [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka|AIM]] wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa da laifin kashe wasu jami'an [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] biyu a cikin Pine Ridge Shootout <ref name="Free Leonard">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Quick Facts· Case of Leonard Peltier |url=http://www.freeleonard.org/case/ |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Free Leonard}}</ref> (wanda FBI ta sanya shi a hukumance RESMURS), <ref name="FBI">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=RESMURS Case (Reservation Murders) |url=https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/resmurs-case-reservation-murders |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=FBI}}</ref> ya gaya mata da Aquash cewa ya kashe jami'an FBI guda biyu a lokacin wani harbi na Yuni 1975 a wani wurin kiwon Pine Ridge. A cewar shaidar Ecoffey, "Ya ce (mai bayyanawa){{Sic}} yana roƙon ransa, amma na harbe shi duk da haka." <ref name="Native Times #1">{{Cite web |last=Merchant |first=Norman |date=8 December 2010 |title=Prosecution rests in 1975 AIM slaying trial |url=http://www.nativetimes.com/news/crime/4709-prosecution-rests-in-1975-aim-slaying-trial |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Native Times}}</ref> A cewar Nichols-Ecoffey, ita, tare da Leonard Peltier, 'yan uwanta Bernie Nichols-Lafferty <ref name="Ani-Kutani">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Leonard Peltier |url=http://www.ani-kutani.com/nativeamericanfacts/leonardpeltier.htm |access-date=6 March 2016 |website=Ani-Kutani}}</ref> da Barbara Robideau, <ref name="Rapid City Journal">{{Cite web |last=Banks |first=Dennis |date=3 December 2010 |title=Testimony of Witness testifies FBI agent threatened Aquash's life |url=http://www.jfamr.org/doc/kmtest1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518032313/http://www.jfamr.org/doc/kmtest1.html |archive-date=18 May 2008 |access-date=6 March 2016 |website=JFAMR}}</ref> sai mijinta Dennis Banks <ref name="JFAMR #3">{{Cite web |last=DeMain |first=Paul |date=23 February 2004 |title=Jury convicts man in 1975 murder of Anna Mae Pictou Aquash of Being Party to 1st Degree Murder |url=http://jfamr.org/compile.html |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=JFAMR}}</ref> da sauransu suna tafiya a cikin motar Hollywood a lokacin da motar [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka|Indiya]] ta Indiya . Ya ba da labarin wannan taron [ <ref name="Journal Star">{{Cite web |last=Kolpack |first=Dave |date=12 April 2010 |title=Trial set in 1975 killing of AIM activist in S.D. |url=http://journalstar.com/news/state-and-regional/nebraska/trial-set-in-killing-of-aim-activist-in-s-d/article_58f9725e-46a6-11df-9f3d-001cc4c002e0.html |access-date=6 March 2016 |website=Journal Star}}</ref> ya shaida yadda ta ji Peltier ya ce ya yi tunanin Aquash ne. A lokacin shari'ar, Nichols ya ba da shaida game da abubuwan da suka faru na tashin hankali da suka shafi [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]]. Uku daga cikin wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, The Custer Courthouse Riot Incident wanda ya shafi daruruwan mutane, zama na kwana saba'in da daya na Wounded Knee, da kuma harbi a kusa da gidanta wanda ya kashe jami'an FBI biyu.<ref name="Open Jurist" /> Nichols ya kuma tattauna zargin da kusan mambobi ashirin na [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]] suka yi game da Aquash ya zama mai ba da labari, ko kuma aƙalla sun saba da jita-jita.<ref name="Open Jurist" /> Nichols ya kuma ba da shaida cewa mambobi da yawa, daya daga cikinsu ya riga ya yi barazanar rayuwar Aquash saboda ya yi zargin cewa ita mai ba da labari ce, ya ɗauki Aquash na makonni don "duba ta," yana bayanin cewa koyaushe tana ƙarƙashin kulawar Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka, ba a yarda ta je ko'ina ba, kuma ba a yarda da ita ta koma gida duk da buƙatun ta na yin hakan.<ref name="Open Jurist" /> Mathalene White Bear, wani tsohon memba na Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka wanda ya ba da mafaka ga Aquash a 1975, ya ba da shaida cewa Aquash ta yi imanin cewa rayuwarta tana cikin haɗari tun farkon Satumba na wannan shekarar.<ref name="Case Law #4">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Fritz Arlo LOOKING CLOUD, Defendant-Appellant. No. 04-2173. Decided: August 19, 2005 |url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-8th-circuit/1467051.html |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Case Law}}</ref> Darlene Nichols ta shaida cewa [[Leonard Crow Dog]] da Leonard Peltier sun yi tunanin Aquash mai ba da labari ne, kuma Nichols, 'yarta, da Dennis Banks, sun ji Peltier ya ce ya yi tunanin Aquasha mai ba da rahoto ne.<ref name="Open Jurist">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=419 F. 3d 781 - United States of America v. Fritz Arlo Looking Cloud. |url=http://openjurist.org/419/f3d/781/united-states-of-america-v-fritz-arlo-looking-cloud |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=OpenJurist}}</ref> Don shiga cikin kisan Aquash, Looking Cloud ya furta cewa ya kori Aquash daga [[Denver]] zuwa Rapid City sannan zuwa wurin da aka kashe Aquash; duk da haka, ya yi zargin cewa bai san komai game da shirin kashe Aquash ba, kuma memba ne na [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka|AIM]] [[John Graham (mai fafutuka na Kanada)|John Graham]], wanda ake kira John Boy Patton, <ref name="JFAMR #33">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Justice Delayed for Murdered Mi'kmaq Woman Annie Mae Pictou Aquash 32-year-old Murder Trial Delayed |url=http://jfamr.org/delayed.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608054040/http://jfamr.org/delayed.html |archive-date=8 June 2016 |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=JFAMR}}</ref> wanda ya harbe Aquash. <ref name="Freedom Archives">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 February 2004 |title=Leonard Peltier's Reaction to Kamook & Arlo Looking Cloud Trial |url=http://freedomarchives.org/pipermail/news_freedomarchives.org/2004-February/000130.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Freedom Archives}}</ref> Richard Two Elk daga baya zai ba da shaida a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta shafi kisan Aquash. Two Elk ya ba da shaida wanda ya nuna cewa Arlo Looking Cloud ya tuntube shi a cikin kaka na 1994, yana neman shawara kan yadda za a amsa wa hukumomin da ke binciken kisan Aquash, kuma Two Elk sun bayyana cewa Looking Cloud ta yarda da shiga cikin lamarin.<ref name="JFAMR2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Testimony of Richard Two Elk in the Trial of Arlo Looking Cloud |url=http://www.jfamr.org/doc/elktest.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608132438/http://www.jfamr.org/doc/elktest.html |archive-date=8 June 2016 |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=JFAMR}}</ref> Two Elk ya bayyana cewa ya yi imanin cewa ɗan'uwansa na tallafi yana da hannu a kisan Aquash kuma cewa a cikin shekaru, Looking Cloud kawai "yana aiki ne akan umarni".<ref name="Dick Shovel #333332">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Former AIM activist reveals allegations in Anna Mae Aquash's murder |url=http://www.dickshovel.com/annatp1.html |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=Dick Shovel}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2004, bayan juriyar tarayya (wanda ya kunshi mata 7 da maza 5) sun yi shawarwari na tsawon sa'o'i bakwai, sun yanke Arlo Looking Cloud hukunci a cikin kisan kiyashi na 1975 na Aquash. <ref name="Sites by Dawn">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=21st-century Developments |url=http://www.sitesbydawn.com/FreedomWonFreedomLost.com/Developments.html |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Sites by Dawn |archive-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308123520/http://www.sitesbydawn.com/FreedomWonFreedomLost.com/Developments.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Dick Shovel">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Carson |date= |title=Jury convicts Looking Cloud in 1975 murder |url=http://dickshovel.com/guilty.html |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Dick Shovel}}</ref> ==== Daukaka kara ==== A shekara ta 2005, Looking Cloud ya daukaka kara ga Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka, amma an soke karar kuma an tabbatar da hukuncin da aka yanke masa a kurkuku.<ref name="Open Jurist"/> ==== Yarjejeniyar rantsuwa ==== A watan Agustan shekara ta 2011, Alkalin Gundumar Amurka Lawrence Piersol ya sanya hannu kan wani umarni wanda ya rage lokacin da aka yanke hukuncin rai na asali na Looking Cloud zuwa shekaru 20 don musayar shaidar da aka ba masu gabatar da kara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010 a kan abokin makirci [[John Graham (mai fafutuka na Kanada)|John Graham]] . <ref name="Huffington Post #2">{{Cite web |last=Lammers |first=Dirk |date=26 September 2011 |title=Denver Man's Sentence Reduced In 1975 AIM Slaying |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/26/denver-mans-sentence-redu_n_981867.html |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Huffington Post}}</ref><ref name="Indian Country's News">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=October 2011 |title=Looking Cloud has sentence reduced in Aquash murder case |url=http://www.indiancountrynews.com/index.php/investigations/annie-mae-pictou-aquash/12087-looking-cloud-has-sentence-reduced-in-aquash-murder-case |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Indian Country News |archive-date=21 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321181918/http://www.indiancountrynews.com/index.php/investigations/annie-mae-pictou-aquash/12087-looking-cloud-has-sentence-reduced-in-aquash-murder-case |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shaidar Looking Cloud ta ba da ƙarin haske game da kisan Aquash, tare da Looking Cloud yana zargin cewa ya tsaya kusa yayin da Graham ya harbe Aquash.<ref name="Indian Country's News" /><ref name="The Denver Post">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=26 September 2011 |title=Denver man's sentence reduced in 1975 AIM slaying |url=http://www.denverpost.com/2011/09/26/denver-mans-sentence-reduced-in-1975-aim-slaying/ |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=The Denver Post}}</ref> An sanya Looking Cloud BOP # 07609-073 kuma an sake shi daga FTC Oklahoma City a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2020. == Kyauta == Shari'ar kotu game da Looking Cloud ta bar rarrabuwar da ke ci gaba. Akwai wasu bangarorin da suka yi imanin cewa Looking Cloud ba shi da laifi. A cewar Russell Means, memba na [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]], wariyar launin fata shine zuciyar yanke hukunci na tarayya na Looking Cloud. An nakalto shi yana cewa, "Racism ya ci gaba. An yi watsi da al'adunmu kuma ba a haɗa su ba, kuma an ba daya daga cikin mutanen da suka fi tausayi a birnin Denver alhakin kisan da wani shugaban kungiyar Indiyawan Amurka ya ba da umarni. Ina da cikakken fushi kuma ya yi takaici sosai". <ref name="Rapid City Journal #2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 February 2004 |title=Arlo Looking Cloud Given Heroin Before So-Called Video Confession |url=http://rapidcityjournal.com/news/looking-cloud-guilty/article_4ca12fe1-13ea-5824-a5e4-2b1f7f4c6f19.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Rapid City Journal}}</ref> Looking Cloud ya yi zargin cewa an ba shi barasa da heroin kafin a tilasta masa ikirarin.<ref name="BSNorrell">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 July 2007 |title=Arlo Looking Cloud Given Heroin Before So-Called Video Confession |url=http://bsnorrell.blogspot.com/2007/07/arlo-given-alcohol-heroin-in-jail.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=BSNorrell}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2005, a cikin wata wasika da aka rubuta da hannu, Looking Cloud ya yi zargin cewa lauyansa na shari'a, Timothy Rensch, ya yi makirci da Bruce Ellison, lauyan Leonard Peltier. A cewar Looking Cloud, "Na sami wasika da ke sanar da ni cewa [[Vernon Bellecourt|Vernon B. Bellecourt]] ya ba da duk kayan shari'ata a cikin shari'ata ga Laliberte [ Lauyan Graham] a Kanada, a bayyane yake samun shi daga lauyan daukaka kara na Gilbert Arlo. Kuma na karanta Vernon da Gilbert suka koma baya. Kuma yadda Rensch ya yi aiki sosai don tabbatar da Candy Hamilton ba zai iya ambaton sunan Bruce Ellison ba. <ref name="4 Struggle Mag">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 August 2004 |title=The Trial and Conviction of Arlo Looking Cloud in the Murder of Anna Mae Aquash |url=https://4strugglemag.org/2004/08/03/the-trial-and-conviction-of-arlo-looking-cloud-in-the-murder-of-anna-mae-aquash/ |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=BSNorrell |archive-date=19 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919070333/https://4strugglemag.org/2004/08/03/the-trial-and-conviction-of-arlo-looking-cloud-in-the-murder-of-anna-mae-aquash/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pelmony, tsohon abokin aikinsa Leech da Ellison ya koma baya ga shaidar da aka yi amfani da ita ga Barry Bachtier, mai suna Looking Cloud ba don tabbatar da ita ba don tabbatarwa ba.<ref name="Portland Indy Media">{{Cite web |last=Robideau |first=Robert |date=July 2007 |title=JOHN TRUDELL, A PROFILE OF COWARDICE AN FBI INFORMANT COVERS HIS TRACKS IN THE MURDER OF A |url=http://portland.indymedia.org/en/2007/07/362371.shtml?discuss |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=BSNorrell |archive-date=17 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917021726/http://portland.indymedia.org/en/2007/07/362371.shtml?discuss |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hakazalika, an soki lauyan da aka nada a kotun Looking Cloud, Timothy Rensch, saboda rashin sanya kyakkyawar kariya tare don Looking Cloud . <ref name="IndianCountryTodayMediaNetwork #2">{{Cite web |last=Melmer |first=David |date=12 February 2004 |title=Looking Cloud trial raises questions |url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2004/02/12/looking-cloud-trial-raises-questions-89957 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019101343/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2004/02/12/looking-cloud-trial-raises-questions-89957 |archive-date=19 October 2016 |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Indianz}}</ref> A cikin roƙonsa na sabon shari'a, Looking Cloud ya haɗa da sabon lauya a cikin roƙon, amma kuma an musanta shi.<ref name="Indianz">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 March 2004 |title=Commentary: Racist Trial for Aquash murder |url=https://4strugglemag.org/2004/08/03/the-trial-and-conviction-of-arlo-looking-cloud-in-the-murder-of-anna-mae-aquash/ |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Indianz |archive-date=19 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919070333/https://4strugglemag.org/2004/08/03/the-trial-and-conviction-of-arlo-looking-cloud-in-the-murder-of-anna-mae-aquash/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kuma duk da yarjejeniyar neman gafara ta Looking Cloud wanda ya haɗa da musayar shaidar da [[John Graham (mai fafutuka na Kanada)|John Graham]], Kwamitin Tsaro na Graham ya nuna cewa zai taimaka wa Looking Cloud ya kafa ƙungiyar daukaka kara ta shari'a. A cewar wani wakilin daga Kwamitin Tsaro na Graham, ban da tabbacin Looking Cloud wanda ya dogara da rashin shaidar shari'a, sun kuma nuna cewa, "Duk da haka kwamitin Tsaro naGraham zai taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyar daukaka kara ta shari'a don Looking Cloud. Me ya sa ya taimaka masa lokacin da ya shafi John? Ba mu yi imani da ya yi niyyar shigar da John ba. "<ref name="IndianCountryTodayMediaNetwork #2"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 08f8kyikjq0mznw68xjpbngogakl6pf 0 110853 883305 690440 2026-07-15T09:01:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 883305 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Tsibirin Buckle''' yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tsibirai uku a cikin rukunin Tsibirin Balleny da ba a zaune ba wanda ke cikin Kudancin Tekun. Ya kasance {{Convert|25|km|0}} km (16 arewa maso yammacin Tsibirin Sturge da {{Convert|8|km|0}} km (5 kudu maso gabashin tsibirin Young, kimanin {{Convert|110|km|0}}<ref>U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Buckle Island</ref> arewa-arewa maso gabashin Belousov Point a kan yankin Antarctic. Tsibirin ya samar da wasu sassan Ross Dependency, wanda [[New Zealand]] ta yi ikirarin. == Bayyanawa == Tsibirin yana da siffar triangular, tare da gabas da yammacin gabar teku da gajeren arewacin gabar. Yana da kusan {{Convert|3|nmi|0}} km; 3 fadi a arewa, tare da matsakaicin tsawon {{Convert|13|nmi|0}} km; 15 . Yana da asalin dutsen wuta, kuma har yanzu yana aiki da dutsen wuta. Yankin arewacin shine [[Cape Cornish]] . Ƙananan tsibirai da yawa suna cikin tashar da ke raba Cape Cornish da Young Island, mafi girma daga cikinsu shine Borradaile Island. Ƙananan tsibirai da yawa suna kwance a gefen kudancin tsibirin, Cape McNab, gami da Sabrina Islet da tarin mita 80 (262 na The Monolith. Dukansu tsibirin Buckle da Sabrina Islet gida ne ga yankunan [[Adelie penguin|Adelie]] da chinstrap penguins. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pzc4yb7rzxb9rjxe75eol7bojf0t0fv 883306 883305 2026-07-15T09:02:10Z Pharouqenr 25549 883306 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Tsibirin Buckle''' yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tsibirai uku a cikin rukunin Tsibirin Balleny da ba a zaune ba wanda ke cikin Kudancin Tekun. Ya kasance {{Convert|25|km|0}} km (16 arewa maso yammacin Tsibirin Sturge da {{Convert|8|km|0}} km (5 kudu maso gabashin tsibirin Young, kimanin {{Convert|110|km|0}}<ref>U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Buckle Island</ref> arewa-arewa maso gabashin Belousov Point a kan yankin Antarctic. Tsibirin ya samar da wasu sassan Ross Dependency, wanda [[New Zealand]] ta yi ikirarin. == Bayyanawa == Tsibirin yana da siffar triangular, tare da gabas da yammacin gabar teku da gajeren arewacin gabar. Yana da kusan {{Convert|3|nmi|0}} km; 3 fadi a arewa, tare da matsakaicin tsawon {{Convert|13|nmi|0}} km; 15 . Yana da asalin dutsen wuta, kuma har yanzu yana aiki da dutsen wuta. Yankin arewacin shine Cape Cornish . Ƙananan tsibirai da yawa suna cikin tashar da ke raba Cape Cornish da Young Island, mafi girma daga cikinsu shine Borradaile Island. Ƙananan tsibirai da yawa suna kwance a gefen kudancin tsibirin, Cape McNab, gami da Sabrina Islet da tarin mita 80 (262 na The Monolith. Dukansu tsibirin Buckle da Sabrina Islet gida ne ga yankunan [[Adelie penguin|Adelie]] da chinstrap penguins. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 495gemojqz38ry0vh9oh9lxq9c22sww 883307 883306 2026-07-15T09:02:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 883307 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Tsibirin Buckle''' yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tsibirai uku a cikin rukunin Tsibirin Balleny da ba a zaune ba wanda ke cikin Kudancin Tekun. Ya kasance {{Convert|25|km|0}} km (16 arewa maso yammacin Tsibirin Sturge da {{Convert|8|km|0}} km (5 kudu maso gabashin tsibirin Young, kimanin {{Convert|110|km|0}}<ref>U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Buckle Island</ref> arewa-arewa maso gabashin Belousov Point a kan yankin Antarctic. Tsibirin ya samar da wasu sassan Ross Dependency, wanda [[New Zealand]] ta yi ikirarin. == Bayyanawa == Tsibirin yana da siffar triangular, tare da gabas da yammacin gabar teku da gajeren arewacin gabar. Yana da kusan {{Convert|3|nmi|0}} km; 3 fadi a arewa, tare da matsakaicin tsawon {{Convert|13|nmi|0}} km; 15 . Yana da asalin dutsen wuta, kuma har yanzu yana aiki da dutsen wuta. Yankin arewacin shine Cape Cornish . Ƙananan tsibirai da yawa suna cikin tashar da ke raba Cape Cornish da Young Island, mafi girma daga cikinsu shine Borradaile Island. Ƙananan tsibirai da yawa suna kwance a gefen kudancin tsibirin, Cape McNab, gami da Sabrina Islet da tarin mita 80 (262 na The Monolith. Dukansu tsibirin Buckle da Sabrina Islet gida ne ga yankunan Adelie da chinstrap penguins. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hcqetqy8fqd9nxsqrdpy86grorq03tc 883308 883307 2026-07-15T09:03:02Z Pharouqenr 25549 883308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tsibirin Buckle''' yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tsibirai uku a cikin rukunin Tsibirin Balleny da ba a zaune ba wanda ke cikin Kudancin Tekun. Ya kasance {{Convert|25|km|0}} km (16 arewa maso yammacin Tsibirin Sturge da {{Convert|8|km|0}} km (5 kudu maso gabashin tsibirin Young, kimanin {{Convert|110|km|0}}<ref>U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Buckle Island</ref> arewa-arewa maso gabashin Belousov Point a kan yankin Antarctic. Tsibirin ya samar da wasu sassan Ross Dependency, wanda [[New Zealand]] ta yi ikirarin. == Bayyanawa == Tsibirin yana da siffar triangular, tare da gabas da yammacin gabar teku da gajeren arewacin gabar. Yana da kusan {{Convert|3|nmi|0}} km; 3 fadi a arewa, tare da matsakaicin tsawon {{Convert|13|nmi|0}} km; 15 . Yana da asalin dutsen wuta, kuma har yanzu yana aiki da dutsen wuta. Yankin arewacin shine Cape Cornish . Ƙananan tsibirai da yawa suna cikin tashar da ke raba Cape Cornish da Young Island, mafi girma daga cikinsu shine Borradaile Island. Ƙananan tsibirai da yawa suna kwance a gefen kudancin tsibirin, Cape McNab, gami da Sabrina Islet da tarin mita 80 (262 na The Monolith. Dukansu tsibirin Buckle da Sabrina Islet gida ne ga yankunan Adelie da chinstrap penguins. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2z589588r282oqpyvl4u8i0o6yyr1sd 0 111855 883106 693626 2026-07-14T22:48:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ayyukan kasuwanci game da Canjin yanayi''' batu ne wanda tun daga shekara ta 2000 ya haɗa da ayyukan da suka shafi canjin yanayi, da kuma rinjayar yanke shawara na siyasa game da tsarin canjin yanayi na yanayi, kamar Kyoto Protocol . Manyan kamfanoni masu yawa sun taka rawa kuma har zuwa wani lokaci suna ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin siyasar canjin yanayi, musamman a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], ta hanyar yin amfani da gwamnati da kuma tallafawa [[Ƙin canjin yanayi|Masu musanta canjin yanayi]]. Har ila yau, kasuwanci yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen [[rage canjin yanayi]], ta hanyar yanke shawara don saka hannun jari a cikin bincike da aiwatar da sabbin fasahohin makamashi da matakan inganta makamashi. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == [[Fayil:Firms_are_waking_up_to_the_reality_of_climate_change.jpg|thumb|254x254px]] Hadarin jiki na canjin yanayi a saman jerin abubuwan da suka shafi kasuwanci ga kamfanonin Amurka da EU. A cikin 1989 a Amurka, masana'antun [[Danyen mai|man fetur]] da na motoci da Ƙungiyar Masana'antu ta Kasa sun kirkiro Ƙungiyar Yanayi ta Duniya (GCC) don tsayayya da matakai na tilas don magance dumamar duniya. A shekara ta 1997, lokacin da Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta zartar da ƙuduri game da tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Kyoto]], masana'antar ta ba da kuɗin tallace-tallace na masana'antu na dala miliyan 13 a cikin gudu zuwa zabe.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Snowed |url=https://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2005/05/snowed.html |access-date=2009-12-03 |publisher=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]}}</ref> A cikin 1998 The New York Times ta buga wata sanarwa ta Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Amurka (API) da ke tsara dabarun da ke da niyyar yin "sanin rashin tabbas ... wani ɓangare na 'hikima na al'ada.'" <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 1998 |title=Global Science Communications |url=http://www.environmentaldefense.org/documents/3860_GlobalClimateSciencePlanMemo.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715153809/http://www.edf.org/documents/3860_GlobalClimateSciencePlanMemo.pdf |archive-date=July 15, 2007}} Also available [https://web.archive.org/web/20070224102903/http://www.euronet.nl/users/e_wesker/ew@shell/API-prop.html here] and [https://www.eenews.net/assets/2018/03/14/document_cw_01.pdf here]</ref> An kwatanta sanarwa da wata sanarwa a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 ta kamfanin taba Brown da Williamson, wanda ya lura: "Sakamani shine samfurinmu tunda ita ce mafi kyawun hanyar yin gasa da 'jiki na gaskiya' wanda ke cikin tunanin jama'a. <ref name="motherjones2005">{{Cite web |date= |title=Some Like It Hot |url=https://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2005/05/some_like_it_hot.html |access-date=2009-12-03 |publisher=Mother Jones}}</ref> Har ila yau da kullun, Cibiyar Kasuwanci mai suna Jeffrey Cell, mai suna Marshall' A watan Yunin shekara ta 2005 tsohon lauyan API, Philip Cooney, ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na Fadar White House bayan zarge-zargen siyasa na lalata rahotanni na kimiyya. A shekara ta 2002, bayan raguwar membobin da kuma janyewar Shugaba Bush daga [[Yarjejeniyar Kyoto]], GCC ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta "ƙare" kanta. == Kungiyoyin Kasuwanci da Shirye-shiryen == === Haɗin Kai na Duniya === Wata kungiya ta tsakiya a musanta yanayin yanayi ita ce Global Climate Coalition (1989-2002), ƙungiyar manyan kamfanonin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da ke adawa da mataki nan take don rage hayakin gas. Kungiyar ta ba da kuɗin masu musun tare da takardun shaida na kimiyya don zama masu magana da yawun jama'a, sun ba masana'antu murya game da canjin yanayi kuma sun yi yaƙi da [[Yarjejeniyar Kyoto]]. ''[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]'' ta ruwaito cewa "ko da yake hadin gwiwar ta yi aiki don canza ra'ayi [zuwa musantawa], masana kimiyya da fasaha na kansu suna ba da shawara cewa kimiyya da ke tallafawa rawar da iskar gas ke takawa a cikin dumamar duniya ba za a iya karyata ta ba. " A cikin shekara ta 2000, yawan mambobin kamfanoni da suka bar ya hanzarta lokacin da suka zama manufa na kamfen ɗin fitar da kayayyaki na kasa wanda John Passacantando da [[Phil Radford]] suka gudanar tare da kungiyar Ozone Action. A cewar The New York Times, lokacin da Kamfanin Motar Ford ya kasance kamfani na farko da ya bar hadin gwiwa, shi ne "mafi kyawun alamar rarrabuwa a cikin masana'antu masu nauyi kan yadda za a amsa ga dumamar duniya". <ref name="Canvassing Works2">{{Cite web |title=Canvassing Works |url=http://www.canvassingworks.org/canvassingworks/2006/09/alumni_update_p.html |access-date=2013-07-19 |publisher=Canvassing Works |archive-date=2019-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729035431/https://www.canvassingworks.org/canvassingworks/2006/09/alumni_update_p.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan haka, tsakanin Disamba 1999 da farkon Maris 2000, Daimler-Chrysler, Texaco, [[Southern Company|Kamfanin Kudancin]] da General Motors sun bar GCC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2022 |title=GCC Suffers Technical Knockout, Industry defections decimate Global Climate Coalition |url=http://www.heatisonline.org/contentserver/objecthandlers/index.cfm?id=3440&method=full}}</ref> Kungiyar ta rufe a shekara ta 2002, ko kuma a cikin kalmomin su, 'sun kashe'. === Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya === A farkon karni na 21 Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya ya fara magance matsalolin muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environment and Natural Resource Security |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/archive/environment-and-natural-resource-security |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=weforum.org |publisher=World Economic Forum}}</ref> A cikin Davos Manifesto 2020 an ce kamfani tsakanin sauran abubuwa: "yana aiki a matsayin mai kula da muhalli da sararin samaniya na al'ummomi masu zuwa. Yana da hankali yana kare yanayinmu kuma yana jagorantar tattalin arzikin zagaye, da aka raba da kuma sake farfadowa. " "yana kula da kusan lokaci, matsakaici da kuma kirkirar darajar dogon lokaci don neman dawowar masu hannun jari masu ɗorewa waɗanda ba sa sadaukar da makomar gaba don yanzu". === Haɗin gwiwar Ayyukan Yanayi na Amurka === An kafa Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Yanayi ta Amurka (USCAP) a watan Janairun 2007 tare da babban burin tasiri ga tsarin fitar da iskar gas ta Amurka. Mambobin asali sun hada da Janar Electric, Alcoa, da Majalisar Tsaro ta Halitta, kuma ConocoPhillips da AIG sun shiga su a watan Afrilun 2007. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7m9wollcfox1h529m27zsc3iq36tpp6 0 114224 883276 704573 2026-07-15T08:44:10Z Pharouqenr 25549 883276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Upper_Canada_Slavery_advertisement_1806.jpg|thumb|Talla don sayar da bayi biyu a cikin Upper Canada Gazette, 10 Fabrairu 1806]] '''Bautar a Kanada''' ta haɗa da ayyukan tarihi na bautar da Al'ummai na farko suka yi har zuwa ƙarshen rabin karni na 19, da kuma masu mulkin mallaka a lokacin [[Turawa ta mallaki Amurka|Mulkin mallaka na Turai]]. Ayyukan bautar a Kanada ta masu mulkin mallaka sun ƙare yadda ya kamata a farkon karni na 19, ta hanyar dokoki na gida da yanke shawara na kotu wanda ya haifar da shari'a a madadin bayi da ke neman izini. Kotuna, zuwa matakai daban-daban, sun sa bautar ba za a iya aiwatar da ita ba a Lower Canada da [[Nova Scotia]]. A Lower Canada, alal misali, bayan yanke shawara na kotu a ƙarshen shekarun 1790, "ba za a iya tilasta wa bawa ya yi aiki fiye da yadda zai yi ba, kuma ... na iya barin ubangijinsa da son rai. " <ref name="archive.org2">{{Cite web |year=1920 |title=Full text of "The slave in Canada" |url=https://archive.org/stream/slaveincanada00ridd/slaveincanada00ridd_djvu.txt |website=archive.org}}</ref> [[Upper Canada]] ta zartar da Dokar Da Cutar a cikin 1793, ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko na adawa da bautar a duniya. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru a Kanada sun riga sun yanke shawarar Burtaniya ta haramta bautar ta hanyar mafi yawan [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] ta hanyar zartar da [[Dokar Haramta Bautar da Mutane ta 1833|Dokar Kawar da Bautar 1833]]. Kamar yadda [[Bauta a Amurka|bautar a Amurka]] ta ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da aka wuce [[Gyaran Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka na 13|Kwaskwarima ta goma sha uku]] a 1865, baƙar fata (yanci da bayi) sun fara ƙaura zuwa Kanada daga Amurka bayan Juyin Juya Halin Amurka kuma bayan Yaƙin 1812, kuma daga baya da yawa ta hanyar Jirgin Kasa. Saboda rawar da Kanada ke takawa a [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|Cinikin bayi na Atlantic]] ya iyakance, tarihin bautar baƙar fata a Kanada sau da yawa ana rufe shi da bautar da aka yi a wasu wurare a Amurka. == A karkashin mulkin 'yan asalin ƙasar == Mutanen da ke da bayi na abin da ya zama Kanada sune, alal misali, al'ummomin kamun kifi kamar Yurok, waɗanda ke zaune a bakin tekun Pacific daga Alaska zuwa California, a kan abin da wani lokacin ake bayyana shi a matsayin Pacific ko Arewa maso Yammacin Coast. [10] Wasu daga cikin 'Yan asalin yankin Pacific Northwest Coast, kamar Haida da Tlingit, an san su da al'ada a matsayin jarumawa masu tsananin gaske da masu cinikin bayi, suna kai hari har zuwa California. Bautar ta kasance ta gado, bayi sun kasance fursunonin yaki kuma zuriyarsu bayi ne.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Kenneth M. |date=June 2001 |title=Slaves, Chiefs and Labour on the Northern Northwest Coast |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00438240120047591 |journal=World Archaeology |volume=33 |issue=1 The Archaeology of Slavery |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1080/00438240120047591 |jstor=827885 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin abin da ya zama British Columbia, bautar tana bunƙasa a cikin shekarun 1830, sannu a hankali tana raguwa a cikin karni. A cikin shekarun 1870, mai kula da harkokin Indiya, Isra'ila Wood Powell, ya 'yantar da bayi a kan roƙonsu a gare shi yayin tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa gabar yammacin tsibirin Vancouver. Bautar ta kusan ƙare a cikin shekarun 1880 da 1890. Wasu kasashe a British Columbia sun ci gaba da rarrabewa da kuma fitar da zuriyar bayi har zuwa shekarun 1970s.[16] Daga cikin 'yan kasashe na Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yawan jama'a bayi ne. Wani ɗan Ingila, John R. Jewitt ne ya rubuta [[Labarin Bayi|Labarin bawa]] ɗaya. An kama shi da rai lokacin da mutanen Nuu-chah-nulth suka kama jirginsa a 1802 saboda kyaftin din jirgin ya zagi shugabansu, Maquinna, da sauran laifuka da wasu kyaftin din Amurka da Turai suka yi wa mutanensu. Tarihin Jewitt ya ba da cikakken bayani game da rayuwa a matsayin bawa.<ref name="Jette 2003">{{Cite web |last=Jette |first=Melinda |date=2003 |title=Under Attack at Nootka Sound, 1803 |url=https://www.oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/under-attack-at-nootka-sound-1803/ |access-date=March 11, 2023 |website=Oregon History Project |publisher=Oregon Historical Society}}</ref> == A karkashin mulkin mallaka na Turai == Maritimes sun ga bayi 1,200 zuwa 2,000 sun isa kafin a soke su, tare da 300 a Lower Canada, kuma tsakanin 500 da 700 a Upper Canada. Wani karamin ɓangare na Black Canadians a yau sun fito ne daga waɗannan bayi. Mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka sun kama su da karfi daga shugabannin yankin da sarakuna a matsayin bayi kuma sun sayar da su ga 'yan kasuwa da ke da alaka da yankunan kudancin Amurka. Wadanda ke cikin abin da ake kira Kanada a yanzu sun fito ne daga yankunan Amurka, saboda babu wani jirgi da ke dauke da kayan mutum da ya tafi Kanada kai tsaye daga Afirka. Babu manyan shuke-shuke a Kanada, sabili da haka babu buƙatar babban ma'aikacin bayi na irin wannan wanda ya wanzu a yawancin yankunan Turai a Amurka.<ref name="Greer 2003 86" /> === A karkashin mulkin Faransa ===   Under French rule, enslaved First Nations people outnumbered enslaved individuals of African descent.<ref name="Untold">{{Cite book|last3=Afua Cooper}}</ref> According to Afua Cooper, author of ''The Hanging of Angélique: The Untold Story of Canadian Slavery and the Burning of Old Montréal'', this was due to the relative ease with which New France could acquire First Nations slaves. She noted that the mortality of slaves was high, with the average age of First Nations slaves only 17, and the average age of slaves of African descent, 25. One of the first recorded Black slaves in Canada was brought by a British convoy to New France in 1628. Olivier le Jeune was the name given to the boy, originally from [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]].[25] A shekara ta 1688, yawan mutanen New France ya kai mutane 11,562, wadanda suka hada da 'yan kasuwa, masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, da manoma da suka zauna a kwarin St. Lawrence. Don taimakawa wajen shawo kan karancin ma'aikata da ma'aikata, Sarki Louis na 14 ya ba da takardar neman izinin New France don shigo da baƙi daga Afirka ta Yamma. Kodayake babu jigilar kayayyaki da suka zo daga Afirka, masu mulkin mallaka sun sami wasu bautar baki daga wasu yankunan Faransa da Burtaniya. Daga ƙarshen 1600s, sun kuma sami bayi na asali, galibi daga abin da ke yanzu jihohin Amurka ta Tsakiya, ta hanyar hanyoyin cinikin fata na yamma. Ana kiran bayi na asalin asalin "Panis", amma kaɗan ne suka fito daga kabilar Pawnee. Mafi yawanci, sun kasance daga asalin Fox, Dakota, Iowa, da Apache, fursunoni da 'yan asalin ƙasar da abokan ciniki na Faransanci suka kama a yaƙi. [[Fayil:Code_noir_-_Nantes_museum.jpg|thumb|Code Noir na 1742, gidan kayan gargajiya na tarihin [[Nantes]]]] Yayinda aka haramta bautar a Faransa, an ba da izini a cikin yankunanta a matsayin hanyar samar da ma'aikata masu yawa da ake buƙata don share ƙasa, gina gine-gine da (a cikin yankunan Caribbean) aiki a kan sukari, indigo da gonakin taba. Code Noir na 1685 ya kafa tsari don yin amfani da bautar 'yan sanda a West Indies. Ya buƙaci a koyar da dukkan bayi a matsayin Katolika ba a matsayin Furotesta ba. Ya mayar da hankali kan bayyana yanayin bautar, kuma ya kafa iko mai tsanani. Bayin ba su da kusan hakkoki, kodayake Dokar ta umarci iyayengiji su kula da marasa lafiya da tsofaffi. Code noir da alama bai yi amfani da shi ga Kanada ba don haka, a cikin 1709, mai kula Jacques Raudot ya ba da umarni da ya amince da bautar a New France; bautar ta wanzu kafin wannan ranar, amma a cikin 1709 ne kawai aka kafa shi cikin doka. Gabaɗaya, ta ƙididdigar Marcel Trudel, bayi 1,685 na 'yan asalin Amurka da baƙi 402 sun bayyana a cikin rikodin a lokacin mulkin Faransa, don jimlar bayi 2087. : 86 Bayan nasarar da Birtaniya ta yi a New France, mallakar bayi ta kasance ta hannun Faransanci. Trudel ya gano masu bautar 1,509, daga cikinsu 181 ne kawai na Turanci. Trudel ya kuma lura da aure 31 da aka yi tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka na Faransa da bayi na asali. === A karkashin mulkin Burtaniya ===   Al'ummai na farko sun mallaki ko sun yi ciniki da bayi, ma'aikatar da ta wanzu tsawon ƙarni ko fiye tsakanin wasu kungiyoyi. Shawnee, Potawatomi, da sauran kabilun yamma sun shigo da bayi daga Ohio da Kentucky kuma sun sayar ko kuma sun ba da su ga abokan tarayya da mazauna Kanada. Mohawk Chief Thayendenaga (Joseph Brant) ya yi amfani da baƙar fata da ya kama a lokacin juyin juya halin Amurka don gina Brant House a Burlington Beach da kuma gida na biyu kusa da Brantford . A cikin duka, Brant ya mallaki kusan bayi baƙi arba'in.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Derreck |first=Tom |date=February–March 2003 |title=In Bondage |journal=[[Canada's History|The Beaver]] |volume=83 |pages=14–19}}</ref> Baƙar fata bayi sun zauna a yankunan Burtaniya na Kanada a cikin karni na 18 - 104 an jera su a cikin ƙidayar 1767 na Nova [[Nova Scotia|Scotia]], amma adadinsu kaɗan ne har sai daular [[United Empire Loyalist]] ta shiga bayan 1783. Yayin da masu aminci farar fata suka gudu daga [[New Brunswick|sabuwar]] Jamhuriyyar Amurka, sun ɗauki bayi fiye da 2,000 baƙar fata baƙi: aƙalla 1,500 na Brunei. da [[Prince Edward Island|tsibirin Prince Edward]] ), <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Enslaved Black people in the Maritimes |url=http://biographi.ca/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=2474 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718183541/http://biographi.ca/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=2474 |archive-date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Dictionary of Canadian Biography}}</ref> 300 zuwa Lower Canada ( [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] ), da 500 zuwa Upper Canada ( [[Ontario]] ). A cikin Ontario, Dokar Imperial na Majalisar 1790 ya tabbatar wa masu son hijira cewa bayinsu za su kasance da dukiyarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=An Act To Prevent The Further Introduction Of Slaves |url=http://www.uppercanadahistory.ca/lluc/lluc3.html |access-date=February 25, 2011 |publisher=Uppercanadahistory.ca}}</ref> Kamar yadda a ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransanci, an riƙe bayi masu aminci a cikin ƙananan adadi kuma an yi amfani da su a matsayin bayin gida, hannun gonaki, da ƙwararrun masu sana'a. Bayan Yaƙin Filayen Ibrahim da cin nasarar Burtaniya na New France, ba a ambaci batun bautar a Kanada ba - ba a haramta ba ko kuma ba a ba da izini - a cikin Yarjejeniyar Paris ta 1783 da Dokar Quebec ta 1774 ko Yarjejeniyar París ta 1783. Tsarin aikin kungiya, da kuma cibiyoyin sarrafawa da zalunci, ba su bunkasa a Kanada ba kamar yadda ya faru a Amurka. Saboda ba su bayyana suna haifar da barazana ga iyayensu ba, an ba da izinin bayi su koyi karatu da rubutu, an ƙarfafa juyowa ta Kirista, kuma doka ta amince da aurensu. ==== Ƙananan Kanada ==== Ƙarshen bautar a Ƙananan Kanada ba za a iya ƙayyade kwanan wata ba :: 233 ">&#x3A;&#x200A;253&#x200A;, kuma tsari ne na sannu a hankali. :: 265  Da farko a shekara ta 1787, masu bautar sun damu game da kawar da bautar da ke gabatowa.<ref name=":02" /> : 233  Jaridar da aka buga game da bautar tun daga watan Yulin shekara ta 1790, tare da kamfen ɗin adawa da bautar da ya sami ƙarfi a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1791. Wannan ɗaukar hoto, duk da haka, na wucin gadi ne, kuma galibi ya mai da hankali kan bautar a matsayin abin mamaki na kasashen waje. : 233–236 {{Rp|pages=233-236}} A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1793, Pierre-Louis Panet ya gabatar da tambaya game da ko ya kamata a soke bautar ko a ci gaba da ita a Majalisar Dokoki (a matsayin "a lissafin [...] don kawar da bautar"). A ranar 8 ga watan Maris, an fara karatun lissafin; a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, an sake karanta lissafin na biyu kuma Panet ya koma don kirkirar Kwamitin Dukan Gida a kan lissafin a ranar 25. Koyaya, Pierre-Amable Debonne ya ba da shawarar jinkirta muhawara game da batun a cikin wani gyare-gyare mai lalacewa kuma George McBeath ya goyi bayan shi: gyare-garen ya wuce ta hanyar gefe mai yawa (31 zuwa 3). Wannan lissafin da ya gaza ya bayyana masu adawa da bautar a cikin House: Pierre-Louis Panet, Bonaventure Panet, Amable Berthelot da Louis Dunière . : 236–237  An kafa misali a shekara ta 1794 lokacin da alƙali ya 'yantar da bawa da aka kawo a gaban shari'a, yana mai da'awar cewa bautar ba ta da masaniya ga dokokin Ingila (sanarwa mai matukar muhawara). Babban Mai Shari'a William Osgoode, wanda aka nada a shekara ta 1794, bai amince da bautar ba kuma ya 'yantar da duk bayi da suka bayyana a kotu da aka shigar da su a matsayin bayi. :: 242 -243 Babban Alkalin ya ki amincewa da bautar, tare da kin amincewa da Majalisar Dokoki ta bayyana kanta, ya haifar da yawan yunkurin bayi.<ref name=":02" /> :: 250  Rashin yanke shawara na Majalisar Dokoki ya kuma haifar da bayi da suka fice daga wasu larduna da Amurka, har ma kafin majalisar dokoki ta yi aiki a Upper Canada don iyakance bautar.<ref name="archive.org">{{Cite web |year=1920 |title=Full text of "The slave in Canada" |url=https://archive.org/stream/slaveincanada00ridd/slaveincanada00ridd_djvu.txt |website=archive.org}}</ref> Bayan an 'yantar da bawa a irin wannan hanyar a cikin shekara ta 1798, yawan bayi a bayyane ya yi barazanar tawaye gaba ɗaya.<ref name=":02" /> : 242  Babban Alkalin Sir [[James Monk]], ba tare da sanin halattaccen bautar ba bisa ga fasaha game da rashin gidajen gyara, ya ba da jerin yanke shawara da ke lalata ikon tilasta wa bayi su bauta wa iyayengijinsu a ƙarshen shekarun 1790: bawa ba zai sake yin biyayya ga ubangijinsa ba kuma zai iya barin yadda yake so.[36] Ya yi watsi da karar da masu mallakar suka yi game da bayi masu gudu. An gudanar da fassarar Monk, har ma da zarar an kafa gidajen gyara.[38] Sayar da bawa na karshe ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 1797. A shekara ta gaba, tallan jarida na ƙarshe da ke sayar da bawa ya bayyana a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwAUg">Montreal Gazette</i></nowiki> kuma kalmar "bawa" ta ƙarshe ta bayyana a cikin rajistar farar hula. : 251 {{Rp|pages=251}} Farawa a cikin shekara ta 1799, masu mallakar bayi sun roki Majalisar dokoki da ta tsara doka kan batutuwan bautar don cire duk rashin tabbas game da matsayinta (ta hanyar kawar da shi, tabbatar da shi, tsara shi da / ko iyakance shi; dangane da korafin). Dukkanin yunkurin sun tsaya kuma sun kasa (1799, 1800 da 1803), kuma ba a sake yin ƙoƙari ba bayan 1803. : 243-{{Rp|pages=}} a sake tayar da batun bautar a Majalisar Dokoki bayan 1803. <ref name=":02" /> : 250  Bayan 1799, bayi goma sha tara ne kawai suka rage a cikin bayanan; ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka bayyana bayan 1808 (a cikin 1821) {{Rp|page=251}}. A lokacin da ''[[Dokar Haramta Bautar da Mutane ta 1833|Dokar Kawar da Bauta ta 1833]]'' ta fara aiki, bautar ya ɓace a kanta a cikin ƙananan Kanada, tare da watakila kawai 'yan baƙar fata baƙar fata ne kawai aka 'yantar da doka. <ref name=":02" /> {{Rp|page=}} A cikin 1829, mai gudanarwa na Lower Canada Sir James Kempt ya ki amincewa da bukatar da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi na dawo da bawa da ya tsere, bisa ga cewa dole ne a ba da 'yan gudun hijira ne kawai lokacin da laifin da ake tambaya ya kasance laifi a Lower Canada.[38] Gabaɗaya, bayi 787 na 'yan asalin Amurka da baƙi 730 sun bayyana a cikin rikodin, don jimlar bayi 1527. : 86 {{Rp|pages=}} ==== Upper Canada ==== [[Fayil:An_Act_Against_Slavery.jpg|thumb|Dokar da za ta hana ci gaba da gabatar da bayi da kuma iyakance lokacin kwangila don bautar a cikin wannan lardin, Majalisar dokokin Upper Canada, 1793]] A shekara ta 1790, yunkurin kawar da bautar ya sami amincewa a Kanada kuma mummunan niyyar bautar ya tabbatar da wani abin da ya faru wanda ya shafi wata baiwar da mai bautar ta yi mata fyade a kan hanyar sayar da ita a Amurka. A cikin shekara ta 1793, [[Chloe Cooley]], a cikin wani aikin rashin amincewa ya yi ihu na juriya. Peter Martin da William Grisely ne suka shaida cin zarafin da mai bautar ta yi da kuma tsayayyar da ta yi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enslaved Africans in Upper Canada |url=https://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/slavery/index.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104050050/http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/slavery/index.aspx |archive-date=January 4, 2013 |publisher=Archives of Ontario}}</ref> Peter Martin, tsohon bawa, ya kawo lamarin ga [[Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada|Mataimakin Gwamna]] [[John Graves Simcoe]]. A karkashin jagorancin Simcoe, an kafa Dokar Yaki da Bautar 1793. Zaɓaɓɓun membobin majalisar zartarwa, da yawa daga cikinsu 'yan kasuwa ne ko manoma waɗanda suka dogara da aikin bayi, ba su ga bukatar samun' yanci ba. Babban Lauyan [[John White (Frontenac County)|John White]] daga baya ya rubuta cewa akwai "yan adawa da yawa amma ɗan jayayya" ga ma'auninsa. A ƙarshe Majalisar ta zartar da Dokar Yaki da Bautar da ta tsara dokar kawar da bautar sannu a hankali: ba za a iya shigo da bayi ba; bayi da suka riga sun kasance bayi har zuwa mutuwa, ba za a kawo sabbin bayi ba zuwa Upper Canada, kuma yaran da aka haifa wa mata bayi za su zama bayi amma dole ne a 'yantar da su a shekara 25. Don hana mantawa, Dokar ta buƙaci maigidan ya samar da tsaro cewa tsohon bawa ba zai zama cajin jama'a ba. Dokar sulhu game da bautar ta tsaya a matsayin ƙoƙari na kowane majalisa na Ontario don yin aiki game da bauta.<ref name="Bode2">{{Cite journal |last=Bode |first=Patrick |date=1993 |title=Upper Canada, 1793: Simcoe and the Slaves |journal=Beaver |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=17–19}}</ref> Wannan doka ta tabbatar da ƙarshen bautar a Upper Canada, kodayake yayin da ya rage darajar sayarwa na bayi a cikin lardin ya kuma haifar da sayar da bayi ga Amurka. A cikin shekara ta 1798 akwai yunkurin da kungiyoyin masu fafutuka suka yi don gyara dokar da shigo da karin bayi.<ref name="Bode2" /> Bayin sun gano cewa za su iya samun 'yanci ta hanyar tserewa zuwa Ohio da Michigan a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cooper |first=Afua |date=Spring 2007 |title=Acts of Resistance: Black Men and Women Engage Slavery in Upper Canada, 1793-1803 |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/onhistory/2007-v99-n1-onhistory04967/1065793ar.pdf |journal=Ontario History |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=5–17 |doi=10.7202/1065793ar}}</ref> A shekara ta 1800, sauran larduna na Burtaniya ta Arewacin Amurka sun iyakance bautar ta hanyar yanke shawara na kotu da ke buƙatar tabbatar da mafi tsananin mallaka, wanda ba a samu ba. A cikin 1819, John Robinson, Babban Lauyan Upper Canada, ya ba da ra'ayi na shari'a cewa duk mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka da suka shiga Upper Canada ya kamata a tabbatar da 'yanci, koda kuwa an bautar da su a wata ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Chloe Cooley National Historic Person |url=https://parks.canada.ca/culture/designation/personnage-person/chloe-cooley |publisher=Parks Canada}}</ref> Bautar ta kasance doka, duk da haka, har sai Dokar kawar da bautar Majalisar Burtaniya ta 1833 ta soke bautar a mafi yawan sassan [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] daga ranar 1 ga Agusta 1834. ==== Nova Scotia ==== [[Fayil:RevJamesMacgregorMonumentPictouNovaScotia.jpg|thumb|Abin tunawa ga abolitionist James Drummond MacGregor - ya taimaka ya 'yantar da bayi na [[Baƙaƙen nova mutanen Scotland|Black Nova Scotian]]]] Duk da yake yawancin baƙar fata da suka isa Nova Scotia a lokacin juyin juya halin Amurka sun kasance 'yanci, wasu ba su da. Wasu baƙi sun isa Nova Scotia a matsayin mallakar fararen Amurka masu aminci. A shekara ta 1772, kafin juyin juya halin Amurka, Burtaniya ta haramta cinikin bayi a tsibirin Burtaniya sannan ''[[Joseph Knight (bawa)|Knight v. Wedderburn]]'' ya yanke shawara a Scotland a shekara ta 1778.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Enslaved Black people in the Maritimes |url=http://biographi.ca/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=2474 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718183541/http://biographi.ca/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=2474 |archive-date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Dictionary of Canadian Biography}}</ref> Wannan yanke shawara, bi da bi, ya rinjayi mulkin mallaka na Nova Scotia. A shekara ta 1788, abolitionist James Drummond MacGregor daga Pictou ya buga wallafe-wallafen adawa da bautar farko a Kanada kuma ya fara sayen 'yancin bayi da kuma azabtar da abokan aikinsa a cocin Presbyterian wanda ke da bayi. Masanin tarihi Alan Wilson ya bayyana takardar a matsayin "a landmark on the road to personal freedom in province and country". Masanin tarihi Robin Winks ya rubuta cewa "harin da ya fi karfi da ya zo daga alkalami na Kanada har ma a cikin shekarun 1840; ya kuma kawo muhawara ta jama'a wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya kai kotuna". (An binne lauyan Abolitionist Benjamin Kent a Halifax a shekara ta 1788.) A shekara ta 1790 John Burbidge ya 'yantar da bayinsa. Richard John Uniacke ne ya jagoranci, a cikin 1787, 1789 kuma a ranar 11 ga Janairun 1808 majalisar dokokin Nova Scotia ta ki halatta bautar. Manyan alƙalai biyu, Thomas Andrew Lumisden Strange (1790-1796) da Sampson Salter Blowers (1797-1832), sun taimaka wajen 'yantar da bayi daga masu su a Nova Scotia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating the 250th Anniversary of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. |url=http://courts.ns.ca/History_of_Courts/history_noframes/milestones.htm |website=courts.ns.ca |access-date=2025-08-18 |archive-date=2015-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112162616/http://courts.ns.ca/History_of_Courts/history_noframes/milestones.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cahill |first=Barry |date=1994 |title=Slavery and the Judges of Loyalist Nova Scotia |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/unblj/article/view/29646 |journal=UNB Law Journal |volume=43 |pages=73–135}}</ref> An yi musu girmamawa sosai a cikin mulkin mallaka. Mai shari'a Alexander Croke (1801-1815) ya kuma kwace jiragen bautar Amurka a wannan lokacin (wanda ya fi shahara shine Liverpool Packet). A lokacin yakin, Sir William Winniett na Nova Scotia ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikata a cikin HMS Tonnant a kokarin 'yantar da bayi daga Amurka. (A matsayin Gwamnan [[Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)|Gold Coast]], Winniett daga baya zai yi aiki don kawo karshen cinikin bayi a Yammacin Afirka.) A ƙarshen Yaƙin 1812 da isowar Black Refugees, akwai 'yan bayi da suka rage a Nova Scotia. ([[Dokar Kasuwancin Bayi ta 1807|Dokar Cinikin Bauta ta 1807]] ta haramta cinikin bayi a Daular Burtaniya kuma Dokar kawar da Bauta ta 1833 ta haramta bautar gaba ɗaya.) An kafa [[Kamfanin Saliyo]] don sake dawo da kungiyoyin tsoffin 'yan Afirka, kusan baƙar fata 1,200 na Nova Scotians, mafi yawansu sun tsere wa bautar a Amurka. Idan aka ba da yanayin bakin teku na Nova Scotia, mutane da yawa sun mutu daga matsanancin hunturu. Sun kirkiro wani yanki a cikin mulkin mallaka na yanzu a Saliyo (wanda aka riga aka kafa don yin gida ga "matalauta baƙi" na London) a Freetown a cikin shekara ta 1792. Yawancin "baƙi matalauta" sun haɗa da sauran mazaunan Afirka da Asiya na London. Ƙungiyar Freetown ta haɗu, musamman bayan 1834, da wasu ƙungiyoyin 'yan Afirka da aka' yanci kuma ta zama mafaka ta farko ta Afirka ga' yan Afirka da suka kasance bayi. ==== Hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa ==== [[Fayil:UndergroundRailroadmonumentWindsor.jpg|thumb|''Bikin Tunawa da Jirgin Kasa da Kasa'' a Windsor, Ontario]] A farkon zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19, an kafa [[Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa|Hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa]] a Amurka don 'yantar da bayi, ta hanyar kawo su wuraren da bayi za su sami 'yanci daga sake kama su. Birtaniya Arewacin Amurka, wanda yanzu aka sani da [[Kanada]], babban wuri ne na hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa bayan 1850, tare da tsakanin bayi 30,000 da 100,000 da ke neman mafaka.<ref name="CAN">{{Cite web |title=Settling Canada Underground Railroad |url=http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10166 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106114439/http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10166 |archive-date=January 6, 2010 |access-date=January 30, 2018 |website=[[Historica Minutes]] |quote=Between 1840 and 1860, more than 30,000 people enslaved in America came secretly to Canada and freedom}}</ref> A Nova Scotia, tsohon bawa Richard Preston ya kafa kungiyar African Abolition Society a cikin yakin kawo karshen bautar a Amurka. An horar da Preston a matsayin minista a [[Ingila]] kuma ya sadu da yawancin manyan muryoyi a cikin ƙungiyar [[Kashe yin bauta a kasar ingila|abolitionist]] wanda ya taimaka wajen samun Dokar Abolition ta 1833 ta Majalisar Burtaniya. Lokacin da Preston ya koma Nova Scotia, ya zama shugaban kungiyar Abolitionist a Halifax. Akwai makabarta na bayi a wasu sassan Kanada, a cikin jihohi daban-daban, wasu an yi watsi da su kuma an watsar da su. Sun hada da makabarta a St-Armand, Quebec; Shelburne, Nova Scotia; da Priceville da Dresden a Ontario. == Bautar zamani == Tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Bauta 1926|Yarjejeniyar Bautar]] da Kanada ta yi a 1953 ya fara alkawuran kasa da kasa na kasar don magance bautar zamani. [[Safarar Mutane|Cinikin mutane]] a Kanada lamari ne na shari'a da siyasa, kuma an soki 'yan majalisa na Kanada saboda sun kasa magance matsalar ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa.<ref name="future">{{Cite web |title=Falling Short of the Mark: An International Study on the Treatment of Human Trafficking Victims. Future Group March 2006 |url=http://www.thefuturegroup.org/TFGhumantraffickingvictimsstudy.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503194528/http://www.thefuturegroup.org/TFGhumantraffickingvictimsstudy.pdf |archive-date=May 3, 2011}}</ref> Ofishin [[British Columbia]] don Yaki da Cinikin Mutane da aka kafa a cikin 2007, wanda ya sa British Columbia ta zama lardin farko na Kanada don magance fataucin mutane a cikin tsari.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Benjamin Perrin}}</ref> Babban shari'ar fataucin mutane a Tarihin Kanada ya kewaye rushewar Kungiyar masu aikata laifuka ta Domotor-Kolompar. A ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2012, Gwamnatin Kanada ta kafa Shirin Ayyuka na Kasa don Yaki da Cinikin Dan Adam don adawa da Cinikin Mutum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2012 |title=The Harper Government Launches Canada's National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking |url=http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/media/nr/2012/nr20120606-eng.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703001948/https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/media/nr/2012/nr20120606-eng.aspx |archive-date=July 3, 2013 |access-date=May 25, 2013 |publisher=[[Public Safety Canada]]}}</ref> An kafa kungiyar Trafficking Taskforce a watan Yunin 2012 don maye gurbin kungiyar Interdepartmental Working Group on Trafficky in Persons a matsayin hukumar da ke da alhakin ci gaban Manufofin jama'a da suka shafi fataucin mutane a Kanada. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2012 |title=Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography |url=http://rightsofchildren.ca/wp-content/uploads/CCRC-Response-to-List-of-Issues-on-OPSC.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022054200/http://rightsofchildren.ca/wp-content/uploads/CCRC-Response-to-List-of-Issues-on-OPSC.pdf |archive-date=October 22, 2013 |access-date=October 21, 2013 |publisher=Canadian Coalition for the Rights of Children |page=2}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin al'amuran da aka yada a yanzu shi ne ɓacewar mata na Aboriginal wanda wasu kafofin suka danganta da fataucin mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 23, 2013 |title=First Nations Women Are Being Sold into the Sex Trade On Ships Along Lake Superior |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/first-nations-women-are-being-sold-into-the-sex-trade-on-ships-along-lake-superior/ |access-date=January 18, 2015 |publisher=[[Vice News]]}}</ref> Tsohon Firayim Minista [[Stephen Harper]] ya kasance mai jinkirin magance batun a kan dalilin da ya sa ba "matsalar zamantakewa" ba ce kuma ya ki kirkirar bincike na kasa game da batun da ya saba wa ra'ayoyin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam cewa batun yana da mahimmanci kuma yana buƙatar bincike mafi girma. A watan Yulin 2024, wani rahoto ga Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta [[Mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman]] na Majalisar Dinkinobho kan nau'ikan bautar zamani Tomoya Obokata ya bayyana shirin ma'aikatan kasashen waje na wucin gadi a matsayin "ƙasa mai shayarwa ga bautar zamani". Rahoton Obokata ya sami lokuta da yawa na Bautar bashi, sata albashi, rashin kayan kariya na mutum, cin zarafi, da lalata.<ref name=":1" /> Ministan shige da fice Marc Miller ya ba da wata sanarwa ga ''Reuters'' yana cewa shirin "yana bukatar sake fasalin" kuma ana buƙatar bincika ƙananan albashi. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bpl1yrd0csskqk7i6iz6lrhcp9sa16u 883277 883276 2026-07-15T08:44:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 883277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Upper_Canada_Slavery_advertisement_1806.jpg|thumb|Talla don sayar da bayi biyu a cikin Upper Canada Gazette, 10 Fabrairu 1806]] '''Bautar a Kanada''' ta haɗa da ayyukan tarihi na bautar da Al'ummai na farko suka yi har zuwa ƙarshen rabin karni na 19, da kuma masu mulkin mallaka a lokacin [[Turawa ta mallaki Amurka|Mulkin mallaka na Turai]]. Ayyukan bautar a Kanada ta masu mulkin mallaka sun ƙare yadda ya kamata a farkon karni na 19, ta hanyar dokoki na gida da yanke shawara na kotu wanda ya haifar da shari'a a madadin bayi da ke neman izini. Kotuna, zuwa matakai daban-daban, sun sa bautar ba za a iya aiwatar da ita ba a Lower Canada da [[Nova Scotia]]. A Lower Canada, alal misali, bayan yanke shawara na kotu a ƙarshen shekarun 1790, "ba za a iya tilasta wa bawa ya yi aiki fiye da yadda zai yi ba, kuma ... na iya barin ubangijinsa da son rai."<ref name="archive.org2">{{Cite web |year=1920 |title=Full text of "The slave in Canada" |url=https://archive.org/stream/slaveincanada00ridd/slaveincanada00ridd_djvu.txt |website=archive.org}}</ref> [[Upper Canada]] ta zartar da Dokar Da Cutar a cikin 1793, ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko na adawa da bautar a duniya. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru a Kanada sun riga sun yanke shawarar Burtaniya ta haramta bautar ta hanyar mafi yawan [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] ta hanyar zartar da [[Dokar Haramta Bautar da Mutane ta 1833|Dokar Kawar da Bautar 1833]]. Kamar yadda [[Bauta a Amurka|bautar a Amurka]] ta ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da aka wuce [[Gyaran Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka na 13|Kwaskwarima ta goma sha uku]] a 1865, baƙar fata (yanci da bayi) sun fara ƙaura zuwa Kanada daga Amurka bayan Juyin Juya Halin Amurka kuma bayan Yaƙin 1812, kuma daga baya da yawa ta hanyar Jirgin Kasa. Saboda rawar da Kanada ke takawa a [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|Cinikin bayi na Atlantic]] ya iyakance, tarihin bautar baƙar fata a Kanada sau da yawa ana rufe shi da bautar da aka yi a wasu wurare a Amurka. == A karkashin mulkin 'yan asalin ƙasar == Mutanen da ke da bayi na abin da ya zama Kanada sune, alal misali, al'ummomin kamun kifi kamar Yurok, waɗanda ke zaune a bakin tekun Pacific daga Alaska zuwa California, a kan abin da wani lokacin ake bayyana shi a matsayin Pacific ko Arewa maso Yammacin Coast. [10] Wasu daga cikin 'Yan asalin yankin Pacific Northwest Coast, kamar Haida da Tlingit, an san su da al'ada a matsayin jarumawa masu tsananin gaske da masu cinikin bayi, suna kai hari har zuwa California. Bautar ta kasance ta gado, bayi sun kasance fursunonin yaki kuma zuriyarsu bayi ne.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Kenneth M. |date=June 2001 |title=Slaves, Chiefs and Labour on the Northern Northwest Coast |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00438240120047591 |journal=World Archaeology |volume=33 |issue=1 The Archaeology of Slavery |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1080/00438240120047591 |jstor=827885 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin abin da ya zama British Columbia, bautar tana bunƙasa a cikin shekarun 1830, sannu a hankali tana raguwa a cikin karni. A cikin shekarun 1870, mai kula da harkokin Indiya, Isra'ila Wood Powell, ya 'yantar da bayi a kan roƙonsu a gare shi yayin tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa gabar yammacin tsibirin Vancouver. Bautar ta kusan ƙare a cikin shekarun 1880 da 1890. Wasu kasashe a British Columbia sun ci gaba da rarrabewa da kuma fitar da zuriyar bayi har zuwa shekarun 1970s.[16] Daga cikin 'yan kasashe na Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yawan jama'a bayi ne. Wani ɗan Ingila, John R. Jewitt ne ya rubuta [[Labarin Bayi|Labarin bawa]] ɗaya. An kama shi da rai lokacin da mutanen Nuu-chah-nulth suka kama jirginsa a 1802 saboda kyaftin din jirgin ya zagi shugabansu, Maquinna, da sauran laifuka da wasu kyaftin din Amurka da Turai suka yi wa mutanensu. Tarihin Jewitt ya ba da cikakken bayani game da rayuwa a matsayin bawa.<ref name="Jette 2003">{{Cite web |last=Jette |first=Melinda |date=2003 |title=Under Attack at Nootka Sound, 1803 |url=https://www.oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/under-attack-at-nootka-sound-1803/ |access-date=March 11, 2023 |website=Oregon History Project |publisher=Oregon Historical Society}}</ref> == A karkashin mulkin mallaka na Turai == Maritimes sun ga bayi 1,200 zuwa 2,000 sun isa kafin a soke su, tare da 300 a Lower Canada, kuma tsakanin 500 da 700 a Upper Canada. Wani karamin ɓangare na Black Canadians a yau sun fito ne daga waɗannan bayi. Mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka sun kama su da karfi daga shugabannin yankin da sarakuna a matsayin bayi kuma sun sayar da su ga 'yan kasuwa da ke da alaka da yankunan kudancin Amurka. Wadanda ke cikin abin da ake kira Kanada a yanzu sun fito ne daga yankunan Amurka, saboda babu wani jirgi da ke dauke da kayan mutum da ya tafi Kanada kai tsaye daga Afirka. Babu manyan shuke-shuke a Kanada, sabili da haka babu buƙatar babban ma'aikacin bayi na irin wannan wanda ya wanzu a yawancin yankunan Turai a Amurka.<ref name="Greer 2003 86" /> === A karkashin mulkin Faransa ===   Under French rule, enslaved First Nations people outnumbered enslaved individuals of African descent.<ref name="Untold">{{Cite book|last3=Afua Cooper}}</ref> According to Afua Cooper, author of ''The Hanging of Angélique: The Untold Story of Canadian Slavery and the Burning of Old Montréal'', this was due to the relative ease with which New France could acquire First Nations slaves. She noted that the mortality of slaves was high, with the average age of First Nations slaves only 17, and the average age of slaves of African descent, 25. One of the first recorded Black slaves in Canada was brought by a British convoy to New France in 1628. Olivier le Jeune was the name given to the boy, originally from [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]].[25] A shekara ta 1688, yawan mutanen New France ya kai mutane 11,562, wadanda suka hada da 'yan kasuwa, masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, da manoma da suka zauna a kwarin St. Lawrence. Don taimakawa wajen shawo kan karancin ma'aikata da ma'aikata, Sarki Louis na 14 ya ba da takardar neman izinin New France don shigo da baƙi daga Afirka ta Yamma. Kodayake babu jigilar kayayyaki da suka zo daga Afirka, masu mulkin mallaka sun sami wasu bautar baki daga wasu yankunan Faransa da Burtaniya. Daga ƙarshen 1600s, sun kuma sami bayi na asali, galibi daga abin da ke yanzu jihohin Amurka ta Tsakiya, ta hanyar hanyoyin cinikin fata na yamma. Ana kiran bayi na asalin asalin "Panis", amma kaɗan ne suka fito daga kabilar Pawnee. Mafi yawanci, sun kasance daga asalin Fox, Dakota, Iowa, da Apache, fursunoni da 'yan asalin ƙasar da abokan ciniki na Faransanci suka kama a yaƙi. [[Fayil:Code_noir_-_Nantes_museum.jpg|thumb|Code Noir na 1742, gidan kayan gargajiya na tarihin [[Nantes]]]] Yayinda aka haramta bautar a Faransa, an ba da izini a cikin yankunanta a matsayin hanyar samar da ma'aikata masu yawa da ake buƙata don share ƙasa, gina gine-gine da (a cikin yankunan Caribbean) aiki a kan sukari, indigo da gonakin taba. Code Noir na 1685 ya kafa tsari don yin amfani da bautar 'yan sanda a West Indies. Ya buƙaci a koyar da dukkan bayi a matsayin Katolika ba a matsayin Furotesta ba. Ya mayar da hankali kan bayyana yanayin bautar, kuma ya kafa iko mai tsanani. Bayin ba su da kusan hakkoki, kodayake Dokar ta umarci iyayengiji su kula da marasa lafiya da tsofaffi. Code noir da alama bai yi amfani da shi ga Kanada ba don haka, a cikin 1709, mai kula Jacques Raudot ya ba da umarni da ya amince da bautar a New France; bautar ta wanzu kafin wannan ranar, amma a cikin 1709 ne kawai aka kafa shi cikin doka. Gabaɗaya, ta ƙididdigar Marcel Trudel, bayi 1,685 na 'yan asalin Amurka da baƙi 402 sun bayyana a cikin rikodin a lokacin mulkin Faransa, don jimlar bayi 2087. : 86 Bayan nasarar da Birtaniya ta yi a New France, mallakar bayi ta kasance ta hannun Faransanci. Trudel ya gano masu bautar 1,509, daga cikinsu 181 ne kawai na Turanci. Trudel ya kuma lura da aure 31 da aka yi tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka na Faransa da bayi na asali. === A karkashin mulkin Burtaniya ===   Al'ummai na farko sun mallaki ko sun yi ciniki da bayi, ma'aikatar da ta wanzu tsawon ƙarni ko fiye tsakanin wasu kungiyoyi. Shawnee, Potawatomi, da sauran kabilun yamma sun shigo da bayi daga Ohio da Kentucky kuma sun sayar ko kuma sun ba da su ga abokan tarayya da mazauna Kanada. Mohawk Chief Thayendenaga (Joseph Brant) ya yi amfani da baƙar fata da ya kama a lokacin juyin juya halin Amurka don gina Brant House a Burlington Beach da kuma gida na biyu kusa da Brantford . A cikin duka, Brant ya mallaki kusan bayi baƙi arba'in.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Derreck |first=Tom |date=February–March 2003 |title=In Bondage |journal=[[Canada's History|The Beaver]] |volume=83 |pages=14–19}}</ref> Baƙar fata bayi sun zauna a yankunan Burtaniya na Kanada a cikin karni na 18 - 104 an jera su a cikin ƙidayar 1767 na Nova [[Nova Scotia|Scotia]], amma adadinsu kaɗan ne har sai daular [[United Empire Loyalist]] ta shiga bayan 1783. Yayin da masu aminci farar fata suka gudu daga [[New Brunswick|sabuwar]] Jamhuriyyar Amurka, sun ɗauki bayi fiye da 2,000 baƙar fata baƙi: aƙalla 1,500 na Brunei. da [[Prince Edward Island|tsibirin Prince Edward]] ), <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Enslaved Black people in the Maritimes |url=http://biographi.ca/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=2474 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718183541/http://biographi.ca/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=2474 |archive-date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Dictionary of Canadian Biography}}</ref> 300 zuwa Lower Canada ( [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] ), da 500 zuwa Upper Canada ( [[Ontario]] ). A cikin Ontario, Dokar Imperial na Majalisar 1790 ya tabbatar wa masu son hijira cewa bayinsu za su kasance da dukiyarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=An Act To Prevent The Further Introduction Of Slaves |url=http://www.uppercanadahistory.ca/lluc/lluc3.html |access-date=February 25, 2011 |publisher=Uppercanadahistory.ca}}</ref> Kamar yadda a ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransanci, an riƙe bayi masu aminci a cikin ƙananan adadi kuma an yi amfani da su a matsayin bayin gida, hannun gonaki, da ƙwararrun masu sana'a. Bayan Yaƙin Filayen Ibrahim da cin nasarar Burtaniya na New France, ba a ambaci batun bautar a Kanada ba - ba a haramta ba ko kuma ba a ba da izini - a cikin Yarjejeniyar Paris ta 1783 da Dokar Quebec ta 1774 ko Yarjejeniyar París ta 1783. Tsarin aikin kungiya, da kuma cibiyoyin sarrafawa da zalunci, ba su bunkasa a Kanada ba kamar yadda ya faru a Amurka. Saboda ba su bayyana suna haifar da barazana ga iyayensu ba, an ba da izinin bayi su koyi karatu da rubutu, an ƙarfafa juyowa ta Kirista, kuma doka ta amince da aurensu. ==== Ƙananan Kanada ==== Ƙarshen bautar a Ƙananan Kanada ba za a iya ƙayyade kwanan wata ba :: 233 ">&#x3A;&#x200A;253&#x200A;, kuma tsari ne na sannu a hankali. :: 265  Da farko a shekara ta 1787, masu bautar sun damu game da kawar da bautar da ke gabatowa.<ref name=":02" /> : 233  Jaridar da aka buga game da bautar tun daga watan Yulin shekara ta 1790, tare da kamfen ɗin adawa da bautar da ya sami ƙarfi a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1791. Wannan ɗaukar hoto, duk da haka, na wucin gadi ne, kuma galibi ya mai da hankali kan bautar a matsayin abin mamaki na kasashen waje. : 233–236 {{Rp|pages=233-236}} A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1793, Pierre-Louis Panet ya gabatar da tambaya game da ko ya kamata a soke bautar ko a ci gaba da ita a Majalisar Dokoki (a matsayin "a lissafin [...] don kawar da bautar"). A ranar 8 ga watan Maris, an fara karatun lissafin; a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, an sake karanta lissafin na biyu kuma Panet ya koma don kirkirar Kwamitin Dukan Gida a kan lissafin a ranar 25. Koyaya, Pierre-Amable Debonne ya ba da shawarar jinkirta muhawara game da batun a cikin wani gyare-gyare mai lalacewa kuma George McBeath ya goyi bayan shi: gyare-garen ya wuce ta hanyar gefe mai yawa (31 zuwa 3). Wannan lissafin da ya gaza ya bayyana masu adawa da bautar a cikin House: Pierre-Louis Panet, Bonaventure Panet, Amable Berthelot da Louis Dunière . : 236–237  An kafa misali a shekara ta 1794 lokacin da alƙali ya 'yantar da bawa da aka kawo a gaban shari'a, yana mai da'awar cewa bautar ba ta da masaniya ga dokokin Ingila (sanarwa mai matukar muhawara). Babban Mai Shari'a William Osgoode, wanda aka nada a shekara ta 1794, bai amince da bautar ba kuma ya 'yantar da duk bayi da suka bayyana a kotu da aka shigar da su a matsayin bayi. :: 242 -243 Babban Alkalin ya ki amincewa da bautar, tare da kin amincewa da Majalisar Dokoki ta bayyana kanta, ya haifar da yawan yunkurin bayi.<ref name=":02" /> :: 250  Rashin yanke shawara na Majalisar Dokoki ya kuma haifar da bayi da suka fice daga wasu larduna da Amurka, har ma kafin majalisar dokoki ta yi aiki a Upper Canada don iyakance bautar.<ref name="archive.org">{{Cite web |year=1920 |title=Full text of "The slave in Canada" |url=https://archive.org/stream/slaveincanada00ridd/slaveincanada00ridd_djvu.txt |website=archive.org}}</ref> Bayan an 'yantar da bawa a irin wannan hanyar a cikin shekara ta 1798, yawan bayi a bayyane ya yi barazanar tawaye gaba ɗaya.<ref name=":02" /> : 242  Babban Alkalin Sir [[James Monk]], ba tare da sanin halattaccen bautar ba bisa ga fasaha game da rashin gidajen gyara, ya ba da jerin yanke shawara da ke lalata ikon tilasta wa bayi su bauta wa iyayengijinsu a ƙarshen shekarun 1790: bawa ba zai sake yin biyayya ga ubangijinsa ba kuma zai iya barin yadda yake so.[36] Ya yi watsi da karar da masu mallakar suka yi game da bayi masu gudu. An gudanar da fassarar Monk, har ma da zarar an kafa gidajen gyara.[38] Sayar da bawa na karshe ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 1797. A shekara ta gaba, tallan jarida na ƙarshe da ke sayar da bawa ya bayyana a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwAUg">Montreal Gazette</i></nowiki> kuma kalmar "bawa" ta ƙarshe ta bayyana a cikin rajistar farar hula. : 251 {{Rp|pages=251}} Farawa a cikin shekara ta 1799, masu mallakar bayi sun roki Majalisar dokoki da ta tsara doka kan batutuwan bautar don cire duk rashin tabbas game da matsayinta (ta hanyar kawar da shi, tabbatar da shi, tsara shi da / ko iyakance shi; dangane da korafin). Dukkanin yunkurin sun tsaya kuma sun kasa (1799, 1800 da 1803), kuma ba a sake yin ƙoƙari ba bayan 1803. : 243-{{Rp|pages=}} a sake tayar da batun bautar a Majalisar Dokoki bayan 1803. <ref name=":02" /> : 250  Bayan 1799, bayi goma sha tara ne kawai suka rage a cikin bayanan; ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka bayyana bayan 1808 (a cikin 1821) {{Rp|page=251}}. A lokacin da ''[[Dokar Haramta Bautar da Mutane ta 1833|Dokar Kawar da Bauta ta 1833]]'' ta fara aiki, bautar ya ɓace a kanta a cikin ƙananan Kanada, tare da watakila kawai 'yan baƙar fata baƙar fata ne kawai aka 'yantar da doka. <ref name=":02" /> {{Rp|page=}} A cikin 1829, mai gudanarwa na Lower Canada Sir James Kempt ya ki amincewa da bukatar da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi na dawo da bawa da ya tsere, bisa ga cewa dole ne a ba da 'yan gudun hijira ne kawai lokacin da laifin da ake tambaya ya kasance laifi a Lower Canada.[38] Gabaɗaya, bayi 787 na 'yan asalin Amurka da baƙi 730 sun bayyana a cikin rikodin, don jimlar bayi 1527. : 86 {{Rp|pages=}} ==== Upper Canada ==== [[Fayil:An_Act_Against_Slavery.jpg|thumb|Dokar da za ta hana ci gaba da gabatar da bayi da kuma iyakance lokacin kwangila don bautar a cikin wannan lardin, Majalisar dokokin Upper Canada, 1793]] A shekara ta 1790, yunkurin kawar da bautar ya sami amincewa a Kanada kuma mummunan niyyar bautar ya tabbatar da wani abin da ya faru wanda ya shafi wata baiwar da mai bautar ta yi mata fyade a kan hanyar sayar da ita a Amurka. A cikin shekara ta 1793, [[Chloe Cooley]], a cikin wani aikin rashin amincewa ya yi ihu na juriya. Peter Martin da William Grisely ne suka shaida cin zarafin da mai bautar ta yi da kuma tsayayyar da ta yi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enslaved Africans in Upper Canada |url=https://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/slavery/index.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104050050/http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/slavery/index.aspx |archive-date=January 4, 2013 |publisher=Archives of Ontario}}</ref> Peter Martin, tsohon bawa, ya kawo lamarin ga [[Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada|Mataimakin Gwamna]] [[John Graves Simcoe]]. A karkashin jagorancin Simcoe, an kafa Dokar Yaki da Bautar 1793. Zaɓaɓɓun membobin majalisar zartarwa, da yawa daga cikinsu 'yan kasuwa ne ko manoma waɗanda suka dogara da aikin bayi, ba su ga bukatar samun' yanci ba. Babban Lauyan [[John White (Frontenac County)|John White]] daga baya ya rubuta cewa akwai "yan adawa da yawa amma ɗan jayayya" ga ma'auninsa. A ƙarshe Majalisar ta zartar da Dokar Yaki da Bautar da ta tsara dokar kawar da bautar sannu a hankali: ba za a iya shigo da bayi ba; bayi da suka riga sun kasance bayi har zuwa mutuwa, ba za a kawo sabbin bayi ba zuwa Upper Canada, kuma yaran da aka haifa wa mata bayi za su zama bayi amma dole ne a 'yantar da su a shekara 25. Don hana mantawa, Dokar ta buƙaci maigidan ya samar da tsaro cewa tsohon bawa ba zai zama cajin jama'a ba. Dokar sulhu game da bautar ta tsaya a matsayin ƙoƙari na kowane majalisa na Ontario don yin aiki game da bauta.<ref name="Bode2">{{Cite journal |last=Bode |first=Patrick |date=1993 |title=Upper Canada, 1793: Simcoe and the Slaves |journal=Beaver |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=17–19}}</ref> Wannan doka ta tabbatar da ƙarshen bautar a Upper Canada, kodayake yayin da ya rage darajar sayarwa na bayi a cikin lardin ya kuma haifar da sayar da bayi ga Amurka. A cikin shekara ta 1798 akwai yunkurin da kungiyoyin masu fafutuka suka yi don gyara dokar da shigo da karin bayi.<ref name="Bode2" /> Bayin sun gano cewa za su iya samun 'yanci ta hanyar tserewa zuwa Ohio da Michigan a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cooper |first=Afua |date=Spring 2007 |title=Acts of Resistance: Black Men and Women Engage Slavery in Upper Canada, 1793-1803 |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/onhistory/2007-v99-n1-onhistory04967/1065793ar.pdf |journal=Ontario History |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=5–17 |doi=10.7202/1065793ar}}</ref> A shekara ta 1800, sauran larduna na Burtaniya ta Arewacin Amurka sun iyakance bautar ta hanyar yanke shawara na kotu da ke buƙatar tabbatar da mafi tsananin mallaka, wanda ba a samu ba. A cikin 1819, John Robinson, Babban Lauyan Upper Canada, ya ba da ra'ayi na shari'a cewa duk mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka da suka shiga Upper Canada ya kamata a tabbatar da 'yanci, koda kuwa an bautar da su a wata ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Chloe Cooley National Historic Person |url=https://parks.canada.ca/culture/designation/personnage-person/chloe-cooley |publisher=Parks Canada}}</ref> Bautar ta kasance doka, duk da haka, har sai Dokar kawar da bautar Majalisar Burtaniya ta 1833 ta soke bautar a mafi yawan sassan [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] daga ranar 1 ga Agusta 1834. ==== Nova Scotia ==== [[Fayil:RevJamesMacgregorMonumentPictouNovaScotia.jpg|thumb|Abin tunawa ga abolitionist James Drummond MacGregor - ya taimaka ya 'yantar da bayi na [[Baƙaƙen nova mutanen Scotland|Black Nova Scotian]]]] Duk da yake yawancin baƙar fata da suka isa Nova Scotia a lokacin juyin juya halin Amurka sun kasance 'yanci, wasu ba su da. Wasu baƙi sun isa Nova Scotia a matsayin mallakar fararen Amurka masu aminci. A shekara ta 1772, kafin juyin juya halin Amurka, Burtaniya ta haramta cinikin bayi a tsibirin Burtaniya sannan ''[[Joseph Knight (bawa)|Knight v. Wedderburn]]'' ya yanke shawara a Scotland a shekara ta 1778.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Enslaved Black people in the Maritimes |url=http://biographi.ca/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=2474 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718183541/http://biographi.ca/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=2474 |archive-date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Dictionary of Canadian Biography}}</ref> Wannan yanke shawara, bi da bi, ya rinjayi mulkin mallaka na Nova Scotia. A shekara ta 1788, abolitionist James Drummond MacGregor daga Pictou ya buga wallafe-wallafen adawa da bautar farko a Kanada kuma ya fara sayen 'yancin bayi da kuma azabtar da abokan aikinsa a cocin Presbyterian wanda ke da bayi. Masanin tarihi Alan Wilson ya bayyana takardar a matsayin "a landmark on the road to personal freedom in province and country". Masanin tarihi Robin Winks ya rubuta cewa "harin da ya fi karfi da ya zo daga alkalami na Kanada har ma a cikin shekarun 1840; ya kuma kawo muhawara ta jama'a wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya kai kotuna". (An binne lauyan Abolitionist Benjamin Kent a Halifax a shekara ta 1788.) A shekara ta 1790 John Burbidge ya 'yantar da bayinsa. Richard John Uniacke ne ya jagoranci, a cikin 1787, 1789 kuma a ranar 11 ga Janairun 1808 majalisar dokokin Nova Scotia ta ki halatta bautar. Manyan alƙalai biyu, Thomas Andrew Lumisden Strange (1790-1796) da Sampson Salter Blowers (1797-1832), sun taimaka wajen 'yantar da bayi daga masu su a Nova Scotia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating the 250th Anniversary of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. |url=http://courts.ns.ca/History_of_Courts/history_noframes/milestones.htm |website=courts.ns.ca |access-date=2025-08-18 |archive-date=2015-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112162616/http://courts.ns.ca/History_of_Courts/history_noframes/milestones.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cahill |first=Barry |date=1994 |title=Slavery and the Judges of Loyalist Nova Scotia |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/unblj/article/view/29646 |journal=UNB Law Journal |volume=43 |pages=73–135}}</ref> An yi musu girmamawa sosai a cikin mulkin mallaka. Mai shari'a Alexander Croke (1801-1815) ya kuma kwace jiragen bautar Amurka a wannan lokacin (wanda ya fi shahara shine Liverpool Packet). A lokacin yakin, Sir William Winniett na Nova Scotia ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikata a cikin HMS Tonnant a kokarin 'yantar da bayi daga Amurka. (A matsayin Gwamnan [[Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)|Gold Coast]], Winniett daga baya zai yi aiki don kawo karshen cinikin bayi a Yammacin Afirka.) A ƙarshen Yaƙin 1812 da isowar Black Refugees, akwai 'yan bayi da suka rage a Nova Scotia. ([[Dokar Kasuwancin Bayi ta 1807|Dokar Cinikin Bauta ta 1807]] ta haramta cinikin bayi a Daular Burtaniya kuma Dokar kawar da Bauta ta 1833 ta haramta bautar gaba ɗaya.) An kafa [[Kamfanin Saliyo]] don sake dawo da kungiyoyin tsoffin 'yan Afirka, kusan baƙar fata 1,200 na Nova Scotians, mafi yawansu sun tsere wa bautar a Amurka. Idan aka ba da yanayin bakin teku na Nova Scotia, mutane da yawa sun mutu daga matsanancin hunturu. Sun kirkiro wani yanki a cikin mulkin mallaka na yanzu a Saliyo (wanda aka riga aka kafa don yin gida ga "matalauta baƙi" na London) a Freetown a cikin shekara ta 1792. Yawancin "baƙi matalauta" sun haɗa da sauran mazaunan Afirka da Asiya na London. Ƙungiyar Freetown ta haɗu, musamman bayan 1834, da wasu ƙungiyoyin 'yan Afirka da aka' yanci kuma ta zama mafaka ta farko ta Afirka ga' yan Afirka da suka kasance bayi. ==== Hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa ==== [[Fayil:UndergroundRailroadmonumentWindsor.jpg|thumb|''Bikin Tunawa da Jirgin Kasa da Kasa'' a Windsor, Ontario]] A farkon zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19, an kafa [[Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa|Hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa]] a Amurka don 'yantar da bayi, ta hanyar kawo su wuraren da bayi za su sami 'yanci daga sake kama su. Birtaniya Arewacin Amurka, wanda yanzu aka sani da [[Kanada]], babban wuri ne na hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa bayan 1850, tare da tsakanin bayi 30,000 da 100,000 da ke neman mafaka.<ref name="CAN">{{Cite web |title=Settling Canada Underground Railroad |url=http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10166 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106114439/http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10166 |archive-date=January 6, 2010 |access-date=January 30, 2018 |website=[[Historica Minutes]] |quote=Between 1840 and 1860, more than 30,000 people enslaved in America came secretly to Canada and freedom}}</ref> A Nova Scotia, tsohon bawa Richard Preston ya kafa kungiyar African Abolition Society a cikin yakin kawo karshen bautar a Amurka. An horar da Preston a matsayin minista a [[Ingila]] kuma ya sadu da yawancin manyan muryoyi a cikin ƙungiyar [[Kashe yin bauta a kasar ingila|abolitionist]] wanda ya taimaka wajen samun Dokar Abolition ta 1833 ta Majalisar Burtaniya. Lokacin da Preston ya koma Nova Scotia, ya zama shugaban kungiyar Abolitionist a Halifax. Akwai makabarta na bayi a wasu sassan Kanada, a cikin jihohi daban-daban, wasu an yi watsi da su kuma an watsar da su. Sun hada da makabarta a St-Armand, Quebec; Shelburne, Nova Scotia; da Priceville da Dresden a Ontario. == Bautar zamani == Tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Bauta 1926|Yarjejeniyar Bautar]] da Kanada ta yi a 1953 ya fara alkawuran kasa da kasa na kasar don magance bautar zamani. [[Safarar Mutane|Cinikin mutane]] a Kanada lamari ne na shari'a da siyasa, kuma an soki 'yan majalisa na Kanada saboda sun kasa magance matsalar ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa.<ref name="future">{{Cite web |title=Falling Short of the Mark: An International Study on the Treatment of Human Trafficking Victims. Future Group March 2006 |url=http://www.thefuturegroup.org/TFGhumantraffickingvictimsstudy.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503194528/http://www.thefuturegroup.org/TFGhumantraffickingvictimsstudy.pdf |archive-date=May 3, 2011}}</ref> Ofishin [[British Columbia]] don Yaki da Cinikin Mutane da aka kafa a cikin 2007, wanda ya sa British Columbia ta zama lardin farko na Kanada don magance fataucin mutane a cikin tsari.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Benjamin Perrin}}</ref> Babban shari'ar fataucin mutane a Tarihin Kanada ya kewaye rushewar Kungiyar masu aikata laifuka ta Domotor-Kolompar. A ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2012, Gwamnatin Kanada ta kafa Shirin Ayyuka na Kasa don Yaki da Cinikin Dan Adam don adawa da Cinikin Mutum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2012 |title=The Harper Government Launches Canada's National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking |url=http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/media/nr/2012/nr20120606-eng.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703001948/https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/media/nr/2012/nr20120606-eng.aspx |archive-date=July 3, 2013 |access-date=May 25, 2013 |publisher=[[Public Safety Canada]]}}</ref> An kafa kungiyar Trafficking Taskforce a watan Yunin 2012 don maye gurbin kungiyar Interdepartmental Working Group on Trafficky in Persons a matsayin hukumar da ke da alhakin ci gaban Manufofin jama'a da suka shafi fataucin mutane a Kanada. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2012 |title=Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography |url=http://rightsofchildren.ca/wp-content/uploads/CCRC-Response-to-List-of-Issues-on-OPSC.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022054200/http://rightsofchildren.ca/wp-content/uploads/CCRC-Response-to-List-of-Issues-on-OPSC.pdf |archive-date=October 22, 2013 |access-date=October 21, 2013 |publisher=Canadian Coalition for the Rights of Children |page=2}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin al'amuran da aka yada a yanzu shi ne ɓacewar mata na Aboriginal wanda wasu kafofin suka danganta da fataucin mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 23, 2013 |title=First Nations Women Are Being Sold into the Sex Trade On Ships Along Lake Superior |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/first-nations-women-are-being-sold-into-the-sex-trade-on-ships-along-lake-superior/ |access-date=January 18, 2015 |publisher=[[Vice News]]}}</ref> Tsohon Firayim Minista [[Stephen Harper]] ya kasance mai jinkirin magance batun a kan dalilin da ya sa ba "matsalar zamantakewa" ba ce kuma ya ki kirkirar bincike na kasa game da batun da ya saba wa ra'ayoyin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam cewa batun yana da mahimmanci kuma yana buƙatar bincike mafi girma. A watan Yulin 2024, wani rahoto ga Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta [[Mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman]] na Majalisar Dinkinobho kan nau'ikan bautar zamani Tomoya Obokata ya bayyana shirin ma'aikatan kasashen waje na wucin gadi a matsayin "ƙasa mai shayarwa ga bautar zamani". Rahoton Obokata ya sami lokuta da yawa na Bautar bashi, sata albashi, rashin kayan kariya na mutum, cin zarafi, da lalata.<ref name=":1" /> Ministan shige da fice Marc Miller ya ba da wata sanarwa ga ''Reuters'' yana cewa shirin "yana bukatar sake fasalin" kuma ana buƙatar bincika ƙananan albashi. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jzt31bthqhgho995drh58g2hunemacv 883278 883277 2026-07-15T08:44:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 883278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Upper_Canada_Slavery_advertisement_1806.jpg|thumb|Talla don sayar da bayi biyu a cikin Upper Canada Gazette, 10 Fabrairu 1806]] '''Bautar a Kanada''' ta haɗa da ayyukan tarihi na bautar da Al'ummai na farko suka yi har zuwa ƙarshen rabin karni na 19, da kuma masu mulkin mallaka a lokacin [[Turawa ta mallaki Amurka|Mulkin mallaka na Turai]]. Ayyukan bautar a Kanada ta masu mulkin mallaka sun ƙare yadda ya kamata a farkon karni na 19, ta hanyar dokoki na gida da yanke shawara na kotu wanda ya haifar da shari'a a madadin bayi da ke neman izini. Kotuna, zuwa matakai daban-daban, sun sa bautar ba za a iya aiwatar da ita ba a Lower Canada da Nova Scotia. A Lower Canada, alal misali, bayan yanke shawara na kotu a ƙarshen shekarun 1790, "ba za a iya tilasta wa bawa ya yi aiki fiye da yadda zai yi ba, kuma ... na iya barin ubangijinsa da son rai."<ref name="archive.org2">{{Cite web |year=1920 |title=Full text of "The slave in Canada" |url=https://archive.org/stream/slaveincanada00ridd/slaveincanada00ridd_djvu.txt |website=archive.org}}</ref> [[Upper Canada]] ta zartar da Dokar Da Cutar a cikin 1793, ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko na adawa da bautar a duniya. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru a Kanada sun riga sun yanke shawarar Burtaniya ta haramta bautar ta hanyar mafi yawan [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] ta hanyar zartar da [[Dokar Haramta Bautar da Mutane ta 1833|Dokar Kawar da Bautar 1833]]. Kamar yadda [[Bauta a Amurka|bautar a Amurka]] ta ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da aka wuce [[Gyaran Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka na 13|Kwaskwarima ta goma sha uku]] a 1865, baƙar fata (yanci da bayi) sun fara ƙaura zuwa Kanada daga Amurka bayan Juyin Juya Halin Amurka kuma bayan Yaƙin 1812, kuma daga baya da yawa ta hanyar Jirgin Kasa. Saboda rawar da Kanada ke takawa a [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|Cinikin bayi na Atlantic]] ya iyakance, tarihin bautar baƙar fata a Kanada sau da yawa ana rufe shi da bautar da aka yi a wasu wurare a Amurka. == A karkashin mulkin 'yan asalin ƙasar == Mutanen da ke da bayi na abin da ya zama Kanada sune, alal misali, al'ummomin kamun kifi kamar Yurok, waɗanda ke zaune a bakin tekun Pacific daga Alaska zuwa California, a kan abin da wani lokacin ake bayyana shi a matsayin Pacific ko Arewa maso Yammacin Coast. [10] Wasu daga cikin 'Yan asalin yankin Pacific Northwest Coast, kamar Haida da Tlingit, an san su da al'ada a matsayin jarumawa masu tsananin gaske da masu cinikin bayi, suna kai hari har zuwa California. Bautar ta kasance ta gado, bayi sun kasance fursunonin yaki kuma zuriyarsu bayi ne.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Kenneth M. |date=June 2001 |title=Slaves, Chiefs and Labour on the Northern Northwest Coast |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00438240120047591 |journal=World Archaeology |volume=33 |issue=1 The Archaeology of Slavery |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1080/00438240120047591 |jstor=827885 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin abin da ya zama British Columbia, bautar tana bunƙasa a cikin shekarun 1830, sannu a hankali tana raguwa a cikin karni. A cikin shekarun 1870, mai kula da harkokin Indiya, Isra'ila Wood Powell, ya 'yantar da bayi a kan roƙonsu a gare shi yayin tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa gabar yammacin tsibirin Vancouver. Bautar ta kusan ƙare a cikin shekarun 1880 da 1890. Wasu kasashe a British Columbia sun ci gaba da rarrabewa da kuma fitar da zuriyar bayi har zuwa shekarun 1970s.[16] Daga cikin 'yan kasashe na Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yawan jama'a bayi ne. Wani ɗan Ingila, John R. Jewitt ne ya rubuta [[Labarin Bayi|Labarin bawa]] ɗaya. An kama shi da rai lokacin da mutanen Nuu-chah-nulth suka kama jirginsa a 1802 saboda kyaftin din jirgin ya zagi shugabansu, Maquinna, da sauran laifuka da wasu kyaftin din Amurka da Turai suka yi wa mutanensu. Tarihin Jewitt ya ba da cikakken bayani game da rayuwa a matsayin bawa.<ref name="Jette 2003">{{Cite web |last=Jette |first=Melinda |date=2003 |title=Under Attack at Nootka Sound, 1803 |url=https://www.oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/under-attack-at-nootka-sound-1803/ |access-date=March 11, 2023 |website=Oregon History Project |publisher=Oregon Historical Society}}</ref> == A karkashin mulkin mallaka na Turai == Maritimes sun ga bayi 1,200 zuwa 2,000 sun isa kafin a soke su, tare da 300 a Lower Canada, kuma tsakanin 500 da 700 a Upper Canada. Wani karamin ɓangare na Black Canadians a yau sun fito ne daga waɗannan bayi. Mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka sun kama su da karfi daga shugabannin yankin da sarakuna a matsayin bayi kuma sun sayar da su ga 'yan kasuwa da ke da alaka da yankunan kudancin Amurka. Wadanda ke cikin abin da ake kira Kanada a yanzu sun fito ne daga yankunan Amurka, saboda babu wani jirgi da ke dauke da kayan mutum da ya tafi Kanada kai tsaye daga Afirka. Babu manyan shuke-shuke a Kanada, sabili da haka babu buƙatar babban ma'aikacin bayi na irin wannan wanda ya wanzu a yawancin yankunan Turai a Amurka.<ref name="Greer 2003 86" /> === A karkashin mulkin Faransa ===   Under French rule, enslaved First Nations people outnumbered enslaved individuals of African descent.<ref name="Untold">{{Cite book|last3=Afua Cooper}}</ref> According to Afua Cooper, author of ''The Hanging of Angélique: The Untold Story of Canadian Slavery and the Burning of Old Montréal'', this was due to the relative ease with which New France could acquire First Nations slaves. She noted that the mortality of slaves was high, with the average age of First Nations slaves only 17, and the average age of slaves of African descent, 25. One of the first recorded Black slaves in Canada was brought by a British convoy to New France in 1628. Olivier le Jeune was the name given to the boy, originally from [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]].[25] A shekara ta 1688, yawan mutanen New France ya kai mutane 11,562, wadanda suka hada da 'yan kasuwa, masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, da manoma da suka zauna a kwarin St. Lawrence. Don taimakawa wajen shawo kan karancin ma'aikata da ma'aikata, Sarki Louis na 14 ya ba da takardar neman izinin New France don shigo da baƙi daga Afirka ta Yamma. Kodayake babu jigilar kayayyaki da suka zo daga Afirka, masu mulkin mallaka sun sami wasu bautar baki daga wasu yankunan Faransa da Burtaniya. Daga ƙarshen 1600s, sun kuma sami bayi na asali, galibi daga abin da ke yanzu jihohin Amurka ta Tsakiya, ta hanyar hanyoyin cinikin fata na yamma. Ana kiran bayi na asalin asalin "Panis", amma kaɗan ne suka fito daga kabilar Pawnee. Mafi yawanci, sun kasance daga asalin Fox, Dakota, Iowa, da Apache, fursunoni da 'yan asalin ƙasar da abokan ciniki na Faransanci suka kama a yaƙi. [[Fayil:Code_noir_-_Nantes_museum.jpg|thumb|Code Noir na 1742, gidan kayan gargajiya na tarihin [[Nantes]]]] Yayinda aka haramta bautar a Faransa, an ba da izini a cikin yankunanta a matsayin hanyar samar da ma'aikata masu yawa da ake buƙata don share ƙasa, gina gine-gine da (a cikin yankunan Caribbean) aiki a kan sukari, indigo da gonakin taba. Code Noir na 1685 ya kafa tsari don yin amfani da bautar 'yan sanda a West Indies. Ya buƙaci a koyar da dukkan bayi a matsayin Katolika ba a matsayin Furotesta ba. Ya mayar da hankali kan bayyana yanayin bautar, kuma ya kafa iko mai tsanani. Bayin ba su da kusan hakkoki, kodayake Dokar ta umarci iyayengiji su kula da marasa lafiya da tsofaffi. Code noir da alama bai yi amfani da shi ga Kanada ba don haka, a cikin 1709, mai kula Jacques Raudot ya ba da umarni da ya amince da bautar a New France; bautar ta wanzu kafin wannan ranar, amma a cikin 1709 ne kawai aka kafa shi cikin doka. Gabaɗaya, ta ƙididdigar Marcel Trudel, bayi 1,685 na 'yan asalin Amurka da baƙi 402 sun bayyana a cikin rikodin a lokacin mulkin Faransa, don jimlar bayi 2087. : 86 Bayan nasarar da Birtaniya ta yi a New France, mallakar bayi ta kasance ta hannun Faransanci. Trudel ya gano masu bautar 1,509, daga cikinsu 181 ne kawai na Turanci. Trudel ya kuma lura da aure 31 da aka yi tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka na Faransa da bayi na asali. === A karkashin mulkin Burtaniya ===   Al'ummai na farko sun mallaki ko sun yi ciniki da bayi, ma'aikatar da ta wanzu tsawon ƙarni ko fiye tsakanin wasu kungiyoyi. Shawnee, Potawatomi, da sauran kabilun yamma sun shigo da bayi daga Ohio da Kentucky kuma sun sayar ko kuma sun ba da su ga abokan tarayya da mazauna Kanada. Mohawk Chief Thayendenaga (Joseph Brant) ya yi amfani da baƙar fata da ya kama a lokacin juyin juya halin Amurka don gina Brant House a Burlington Beach da kuma gida na biyu kusa da Brantford . A cikin duka, Brant ya mallaki kusan bayi baƙi arba'in.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Derreck |first=Tom |date=February–March 2003 |title=In Bondage |journal=[[Canada's History|The Beaver]] |volume=83 |pages=14–19}}</ref> Baƙar fata bayi sun zauna a yankunan Burtaniya na Kanada a cikin karni na 18 - 104 an jera su a cikin ƙidayar 1767 na Nova [[Nova Scotia|Scotia]], amma adadinsu kaɗan ne har sai daular [[United Empire Loyalist]] ta shiga bayan 1783. Yayin da masu aminci farar fata suka gudu daga [[New Brunswick|sabuwar]] Jamhuriyyar Amurka, sun ɗauki bayi fiye da 2,000 baƙar fata baƙi: aƙalla 1,500 na Brunei. da [[Prince Edward Island|tsibirin Prince Edward]] ), <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Enslaved Black people in the Maritimes |url=http://biographi.ca/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=2474 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718183541/http://biographi.ca/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=2474 |archive-date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Dictionary of Canadian Biography}}</ref> 300 zuwa Lower Canada ( [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] ), da 500 zuwa Upper Canada ( [[Ontario]] ). A cikin Ontario, Dokar Imperial na Majalisar 1790 ya tabbatar wa masu son hijira cewa bayinsu za su kasance da dukiyarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=An Act To Prevent The Further Introduction Of Slaves |url=http://www.uppercanadahistory.ca/lluc/lluc3.html |access-date=February 25, 2011 |publisher=Uppercanadahistory.ca}}</ref> Kamar yadda a ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransanci, an riƙe bayi masu aminci a cikin ƙananan adadi kuma an yi amfani da su a matsayin bayin gida, hannun gonaki, da ƙwararrun masu sana'a. Bayan Yaƙin Filayen Ibrahim da cin nasarar Burtaniya na New France, ba a ambaci batun bautar a Kanada ba - ba a haramta ba ko kuma ba a ba da izini - a cikin Yarjejeniyar Paris ta 1783 da Dokar Quebec ta 1774 ko Yarjejeniyar París ta 1783. Tsarin aikin kungiya, da kuma cibiyoyin sarrafawa da zalunci, ba su bunkasa a Kanada ba kamar yadda ya faru a Amurka. Saboda ba su bayyana suna haifar da barazana ga iyayensu ba, an ba da izinin bayi su koyi karatu da rubutu, an ƙarfafa juyowa ta Kirista, kuma doka ta amince da aurensu. ==== Ƙananan Kanada ==== Ƙarshen bautar a Ƙananan Kanada ba za a iya ƙayyade kwanan wata ba :: 233 ">&#x3A;&#x200A;253&#x200A;, kuma tsari ne na sannu a hankali. :: 265  Da farko a shekara ta 1787, masu bautar sun damu game da kawar da bautar da ke gabatowa.<ref name=":02" /> : 233  Jaridar da aka buga game da bautar tun daga watan Yulin shekara ta 1790, tare da kamfen ɗin adawa da bautar da ya sami ƙarfi a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1791. Wannan ɗaukar hoto, duk da haka, na wucin gadi ne, kuma galibi ya mai da hankali kan bautar a matsayin abin mamaki na kasashen waje. : 233–236 {{Rp|pages=233-236}} A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1793, Pierre-Louis Panet ya gabatar da tambaya game da ko ya kamata a soke bautar ko a ci gaba da ita a Majalisar Dokoki (a matsayin "a lissafin [...] don kawar da bautar"). A ranar 8 ga watan Maris, an fara karatun lissafin; a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, an sake karanta lissafin na biyu kuma Panet ya koma don kirkirar Kwamitin Dukan Gida a kan lissafin a ranar 25. Koyaya, Pierre-Amable Debonne ya ba da shawarar jinkirta muhawara game da batun a cikin wani gyare-gyare mai lalacewa kuma George McBeath ya goyi bayan shi: gyare-garen ya wuce ta hanyar gefe mai yawa (31 zuwa 3). Wannan lissafin da ya gaza ya bayyana masu adawa da bautar a cikin House: Pierre-Louis Panet, Bonaventure Panet, Amable Berthelot da Louis Dunière . : 236–237  An kafa misali a shekara ta 1794 lokacin da alƙali ya 'yantar da bawa da aka kawo a gaban shari'a, yana mai da'awar cewa bautar ba ta da masaniya ga dokokin Ingila (sanarwa mai matukar muhawara). Babban Mai Shari'a William Osgoode, wanda aka nada a shekara ta 1794, bai amince da bautar ba kuma ya 'yantar da duk bayi da suka bayyana a kotu da aka shigar da su a matsayin bayi. :: 242 -243 Babban Alkalin ya ki amincewa da bautar, tare da kin amincewa da Majalisar Dokoki ta bayyana kanta, ya haifar da yawan yunkurin bayi.<ref name=":02" /> :: 250  Rashin yanke shawara na Majalisar Dokoki ya kuma haifar da bayi da suka fice daga wasu larduna da Amurka, har ma kafin majalisar dokoki ta yi aiki a Upper Canada don iyakance bautar.<ref name="archive.org">{{Cite web |year=1920 |title=Full text of "The slave in Canada" |url=https://archive.org/stream/slaveincanada00ridd/slaveincanada00ridd_djvu.txt |website=archive.org}}</ref> Bayan an 'yantar da bawa a irin wannan hanyar a cikin shekara ta 1798, yawan bayi a bayyane ya yi barazanar tawaye gaba ɗaya.<ref name=":02" /> : 242  Babban Alkalin Sir [[James Monk]], ba tare da sanin halattaccen bautar ba bisa ga fasaha game da rashin gidajen gyara, ya ba da jerin yanke shawara da ke lalata ikon tilasta wa bayi su bauta wa iyayengijinsu a ƙarshen shekarun 1790: bawa ba zai sake yin biyayya ga ubangijinsa ba kuma zai iya barin yadda yake so.[36] Ya yi watsi da karar da masu mallakar suka yi game da bayi masu gudu. An gudanar da fassarar Monk, har ma da zarar an kafa gidajen gyara.[38] Sayar da bawa na karshe ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 1797. A shekara ta gaba, tallan jarida na ƙarshe da ke sayar da bawa ya bayyana a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwAUg">Montreal Gazette</i></nowiki> kuma kalmar "bawa" ta ƙarshe ta bayyana a cikin rajistar farar hula. : 251 {{Rp|pages=251}} Farawa a cikin shekara ta 1799, masu mallakar bayi sun roki Majalisar dokoki da ta tsara doka kan batutuwan bautar don cire duk rashin tabbas game da matsayinta (ta hanyar kawar da shi, tabbatar da shi, tsara shi da / ko iyakance shi; dangane da korafin). Dukkanin yunkurin sun tsaya kuma sun kasa (1799, 1800 da 1803), kuma ba a sake yin ƙoƙari ba bayan 1803. : 243-{{Rp|pages=}} a sake tayar da batun bautar a Majalisar Dokoki bayan 1803. <ref name=":02" /> : 250  Bayan 1799, bayi goma sha tara ne kawai suka rage a cikin bayanan; ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka bayyana bayan 1808 (a cikin 1821) {{Rp|page=251}}. A lokacin da ''[[Dokar Haramta Bautar da Mutane ta 1833|Dokar Kawar da Bauta ta 1833]]'' ta fara aiki, bautar ya ɓace a kanta a cikin ƙananan Kanada, tare da watakila kawai 'yan baƙar fata baƙar fata ne kawai aka 'yantar da doka. <ref name=":02" /> {{Rp|page=}} A cikin 1829, mai gudanarwa na Lower Canada Sir James Kempt ya ki amincewa da bukatar da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi na dawo da bawa da ya tsere, bisa ga cewa dole ne a ba da 'yan gudun hijira ne kawai lokacin da laifin da ake tambaya ya kasance laifi a Lower Canada.[38] Gabaɗaya, bayi 787 na 'yan asalin Amurka da baƙi 730 sun bayyana a cikin rikodin, don jimlar bayi 1527. : 86 {{Rp|pages=}} ==== Upper Canada ==== [[Fayil:An_Act_Against_Slavery.jpg|thumb|Dokar da za ta hana ci gaba da gabatar da bayi da kuma iyakance lokacin kwangila don bautar a cikin wannan lardin, Majalisar dokokin Upper Canada, 1793]] A shekara ta 1790, yunkurin kawar da bautar ya sami amincewa a Kanada kuma mummunan niyyar bautar ya tabbatar da wani abin da ya faru wanda ya shafi wata baiwar da mai bautar ta yi mata fyade a kan hanyar sayar da ita a Amurka. A cikin shekara ta 1793, [[Chloe Cooley]], a cikin wani aikin rashin amincewa ya yi ihu na juriya. Peter Martin da William Grisely ne suka shaida cin zarafin da mai bautar ta yi da kuma tsayayyar da ta yi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enslaved Africans in Upper Canada |url=https://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/slavery/index.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104050050/http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/slavery/index.aspx |archive-date=January 4, 2013 |publisher=Archives of Ontario}}</ref> Peter Martin, tsohon bawa, ya kawo lamarin ga [[Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada|Mataimakin Gwamna]] [[John Graves Simcoe]]. A karkashin jagorancin Simcoe, an kafa Dokar Yaki da Bautar 1793. Zaɓaɓɓun membobin majalisar zartarwa, da yawa daga cikinsu 'yan kasuwa ne ko manoma waɗanda suka dogara da aikin bayi, ba su ga bukatar samun' yanci ba. Babban Lauyan [[John White (Frontenac County)|John White]] daga baya ya rubuta cewa akwai "yan adawa da yawa amma ɗan jayayya" ga ma'auninsa. A ƙarshe Majalisar ta zartar da Dokar Yaki da Bautar da ta tsara dokar kawar da bautar sannu a hankali: ba za a iya shigo da bayi ba; bayi da suka riga sun kasance bayi har zuwa mutuwa, ba za a kawo sabbin bayi ba zuwa Upper Canada, kuma yaran da aka haifa wa mata bayi za su zama bayi amma dole ne a 'yantar da su a shekara 25. Don hana mantawa, Dokar ta buƙaci maigidan ya samar da tsaro cewa tsohon bawa ba zai zama cajin jama'a ba. Dokar sulhu game da bautar ta tsaya a matsayin ƙoƙari na kowane majalisa na Ontario don yin aiki game da bauta.<ref name="Bode2">{{Cite journal |last=Bode |first=Patrick |date=1993 |title=Upper Canada, 1793: Simcoe and the Slaves |journal=Beaver |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=17–19}}</ref> Wannan doka ta tabbatar da ƙarshen bautar a Upper Canada, kodayake yayin da ya rage darajar sayarwa na bayi a cikin lardin ya kuma haifar da sayar da bayi ga Amurka. A cikin shekara ta 1798 akwai yunkurin da kungiyoyin masu fafutuka suka yi don gyara dokar da shigo da karin bayi.<ref name="Bode2" /> Bayin sun gano cewa za su iya samun 'yanci ta hanyar tserewa zuwa Ohio da Michigan a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cooper |first=Afua |date=Spring 2007 |title=Acts of Resistance: Black Men and Women Engage Slavery in Upper Canada, 1793-1803 |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/onhistory/2007-v99-n1-onhistory04967/1065793ar.pdf |journal=Ontario History |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=5–17 |doi=10.7202/1065793ar}}</ref> A shekara ta 1800, sauran larduna na Burtaniya ta Arewacin Amurka sun iyakance bautar ta hanyar yanke shawara na kotu da ke buƙatar tabbatar da mafi tsananin mallaka, wanda ba a samu ba. A cikin 1819, John Robinson, Babban Lauyan Upper Canada, ya ba da ra'ayi na shari'a cewa duk mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka da suka shiga Upper Canada ya kamata a tabbatar da 'yanci, koda kuwa an bautar da su a wata ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Chloe Cooley National Historic Person |url=https://parks.canada.ca/culture/designation/personnage-person/chloe-cooley |publisher=Parks Canada}}</ref> Bautar ta kasance doka, duk da haka, har sai Dokar kawar da bautar Majalisar Burtaniya ta 1833 ta soke bautar a mafi yawan sassan [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] daga ranar 1 ga Agusta 1834. ==== Nova Scotia ==== [[Fayil:RevJamesMacgregorMonumentPictouNovaScotia.jpg|thumb|Abin tunawa ga abolitionist James Drummond MacGregor - ya taimaka ya 'yantar da bayi na [[Baƙaƙen nova mutanen Scotland|Black Nova Scotian]]]] Duk da yake yawancin baƙar fata da suka isa Nova Scotia a lokacin juyin juya halin Amurka sun kasance 'yanci, wasu ba su da. Wasu baƙi sun isa Nova Scotia a matsayin mallakar fararen Amurka masu aminci. A shekara ta 1772, kafin juyin juya halin Amurka, Burtaniya ta haramta cinikin bayi a tsibirin Burtaniya sannan ''[[Joseph Knight (bawa)|Knight v. Wedderburn]]'' ya yanke shawara a Scotland a shekara ta 1778.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Enslaved Black people in the Maritimes |url=http://biographi.ca/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=2474 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718183541/http://biographi.ca/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=2474 |archive-date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Dictionary of Canadian Biography}}</ref> Wannan yanke shawara, bi da bi, ya rinjayi mulkin mallaka na Nova Scotia. A shekara ta 1788, abolitionist James Drummond MacGregor daga Pictou ya buga wallafe-wallafen adawa da bautar farko a Kanada kuma ya fara sayen 'yancin bayi da kuma azabtar da abokan aikinsa a cocin Presbyterian wanda ke da bayi. Masanin tarihi Alan Wilson ya bayyana takardar a matsayin "a landmark on the road to personal freedom in province and country". Masanin tarihi Robin Winks ya rubuta cewa "harin da ya fi karfi da ya zo daga alkalami na Kanada har ma a cikin shekarun 1840; ya kuma kawo muhawara ta jama'a wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya kai kotuna". (An binne lauyan Abolitionist Benjamin Kent a Halifax a shekara ta 1788.) A shekara ta 1790 John Burbidge ya 'yantar da bayinsa. Richard John Uniacke ne ya jagoranci, a cikin 1787, 1789 kuma a ranar 11 ga Janairun 1808 majalisar dokokin Nova Scotia ta ki halatta bautar. Manyan alƙalai biyu, Thomas Andrew Lumisden Strange (1790-1796) da Sampson Salter Blowers (1797-1832), sun taimaka wajen 'yantar da bayi daga masu su a Nova Scotia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating the 250th Anniversary of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. |url=http://courts.ns.ca/History_of_Courts/history_noframes/milestones.htm |website=courts.ns.ca |access-date=2025-08-18 |archive-date=2015-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112162616/http://courts.ns.ca/History_of_Courts/history_noframes/milestones.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cahill |first=Barry |date=1994 |title=Slavery and the Judges of Loyalist Nova Scotia |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/unblj/article/view/29646 |journal=UNB Law Journal |volume=43 |pages=73–135}}</ref> An yi musu girmamawa sosai a cikin mulkin mallaka. Mai shari'a Alexander Croke (1801-1815) ya kuma kwace jiragen bautar Amurka a wannan lokacin (wanda ya fi shahara shine Liverpool Packet). A lokacin yakin, Sir William Winniett na Nova Scotia ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikata a cikin HMS Tonnant a kokarin 'yantar da bayi daga Amurka. (A matsayin Gwamnan [[Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)|Gold Coast]], Winniett daga baya zai yi aiki don kawo karshen cinikin bayi a Yammacin Afirka.) A ƙarshen Yaƙin 1812 da isowar Black Refugees, akwai 'yan bayi da suka rage a Nova Scotia. ([[Dokar Kasuwancin Bayi ta 1807|Dokar Cinikin Bauta ta 1807]] ta haramta cinikin bayi a Daular Burtaniya kuma Dokar kawar da Bauta ta 1833 ta haramta bautar gaba ɗaya.) An kafa [[Kamfanin Saliyo]] don sake dawo da kungiyoyin tsoffin 'yan Afirka, kusan baƙar fata 1,200 na Nova Scotians, mafi yawansu sun tsere wa bautar a Amurka. Idan aka ba da yanayin bakin teku na Nova Scotia, mutane da yawa sun mutu daga matsanancin hunturu. Sun kirkiro wani yanki a cikin mulkin mallaka na yanzu a Saliyo (wanda aka riga aka kafa don yin gida ga "matalauta baƙi" na London) a Freetown a cikin shekara ta 1792. Yawancin "baƙi matalauta" sun haɗa da sauran mazaunan Afirka da Asiya na London. Ƙungiyar Freetown ta haɗu, musamman bayan 1834, da wasu ƙungiyoyin 'yan Afirka da aka' yanci kuma ta zama mafaka ta farko ta Afirka ga' yan Afirka da suka kasance bayi. ==== Hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa ==== [[Fayil:UndergroundRailroadmonumentWindsor.jpg|thumb|''Bikin Tunawa da Jirgin Kasa da Kasa'' a Windsor, Ontario]] A farkon zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19, an kafa [[Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa|Hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa]] a Amurka don 'yantar da bayi, ta hanyar kawo su wuraren da bayi za su sami 'yanci daga sake kama su. Birtaniya Arewacin Amurka, wanda yanzu aka sani da [[Kanada]], babban wuri ne na hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa bayan 1850, tare da tsakanin bayi 30,000 da 100,000 da ke neman mafaka.<ref name="CAN">{{Cite web |title=Settling Canada Underground Railroad |url=http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10166 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106114439/http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10166 |archive-date=January 6, 2010 |access-date=January 30, 2018 |website=[[Historica Minutes]] |quote=Between 1840 and 1860, more than 30,000 people enslaved in America came secretly to Canada and freedom}}</ref> A Nova Scotia, tsohon bawa Richard Preston ya kafa kungiyar African Abolition Society a cikin yakin kawo karshen bautar a Amurka. An horar da Preston a matsayin minista a [[Ingila]] kuma ya sadu da yawancin manyan muryoyi a cikin ƙungiyar [[Kashe yin bauta a kasar ingila|abolitionist]] wanda ya taimaka wajen samun Dokar Abolition ta 1833 ta Majalisar Burtaniya. Lokacin da Preston ya koma Nova Scotia, ya zama shugaban kungiyar Abolitionist a Halifax. Akwai makabarta na bayi a wasu sassan Kanada, a cikin jihohi daban-daban, wasu an yi watsi da su kuma an watsar da su. Sun hada da makabarta a St-Armand, Quebec; Shelburne, Nova Scotia; da Priceville da Dresden a Ontario. == Bautar zamani == Tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Bauta 1926|Yarjejeniyar Bautar]] da Kanada ta yi a 1953 ya fara alkawuran kasa da kasa na kasar don magance bautar zamani. [[Safarar Mutane|Cinikin mutane]] a Kanada lamari ne na shari'a da siyasa, kuma an soki 'yan majalisa na Kanada saboda sun kasa magance matsalar ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa.<ref name="future">{{Cite web |title=Falling Short of the Mark: An International Study on the Treatment of Human Trafficking Victims. Future Group March 2006 |url=http://www.thefuturegroup.org/TFGhumantraffickingvictimsstudy.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503194528/http://www.thefuturegroup.org/TFGhumantraffickingvictimsstudy.pdf |archive-date=May 3, 2011}}</ref> Ofishin [[British Columbia]] don Yaki da Cinikin Mutane da aka kafa a cikin 2007, wanda ya sa British Columbia ta zama lardin farko na Kanada don magance fataucin mutane a cikin tsari.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Benjamin Perrin}}</ref> Babban shari'ar fataucin mutane a Tarihin Kanada ya kewaye rushewar Kungiyar masu aikata laifuka ta Domotor-Kolompar. A ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2012, Gwamnatin Kanada ta kafa Shirin Ayyuka na Kasa don Yaki da Cinikin Dan Adam don adawa da Cinikin Mutum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2012 |title=The Harper Government Launches Canada's National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking |url=http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/media/nr/2012/nr20120606-eng.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703001948/https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/media/nr/2012/nr20120606-eng.aspx |archive-date=July 3, 2013 |access-date=May 25, 2013 |publisher=[[Public Safety Canada]]}}</ref> An kafa kungiyar Trafficking Taskforce a watan Yunin 2012 don maye gurbin kungiyar Interdepartmental Working Group on Trafficky in Persons a matsayin hukumar da ke da alhakin ci gaban Manufofin jama'a da suka shafi fataucin mutane a Kanada. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2012 |title=Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography |url=http://rightsofchildren.ca/wp-content/uploads/CCRC-Response-to-List-of-Issues-on-OPSC.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022054200/http://rightsofchildren.ca/wp-content/uploads/CCRC-Response-to-List-of-Issues-on-OPSC.pdf |archive-date=October 22, 2013 |access-date=October 21, 2013 |publisher=Canadian Coalition for the Rights of Children |page=2}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin al'amuran da aka yada a yanzu shi ne ɓacewar mata na Aboriginal wanda wasu kafofin suka danganta da fataucin mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 23, 2013 |title=First Nations Women Are Being Sold into the Sex Trade On Ships Along Lake Superior |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/first-nations-women-are-being-sold-into-the-sex-trade-on-ships-along-lake-superior/ |access-date=January 18, 2015 |publisher=[[Vice News]]}}</ref> Tsohon Firayim Minista [[Stephen Harper]] ya kasance mai jinkirin magance batun a kan dalilin da ya sa ba "matsalar zamantakewa" ba ce kuma ya ki kirkirar bincike na kasa game da batun da ya saba wa ra'ayoyin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam cewa batun yana da mahimmanci kuma yana buƙatar bincike mafi girma. A watan Yulin 2024, wani rahoto ga Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta [[Mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman]] na Majalisar Dinkinobho kan nau'ikan bautar zamani Tomoya Obokata ya bayyana shirin ma'aikatan kasashen waje na wucin gadi a matsayin "ƙasa mai shayarwa ga bautar zamani". Rahoton Obokata ya sami lokuta da yawa na Bautar bashi, sata albashi, rashin kayan kariya na mutum, cin zarafi, da lalata.<ref name=":1" /> Ministan shige da fice Marc Miller ya ba da wata sanarwa ga ''Reuters'' yana cewa shirin "yana bukatar sake fasalin" kuma ana buƙatar bincika ƙananan albashi. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kq4bku8ln7hpdqi0rpyvhwxu8hyjrcr 883279 883278 2026-07-15T08:45:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 883279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Upper_Canada_Slavery_advertisement_1806.jpg|thumb|Talla don sayar da bayi biyu a cikin Upper Canada Gazette, 10 Fabrairu 1806]] '''Bautar a Kanada''' ta haɗa da ayyukan tarihi na bautar da Al'ummai na farko suka yi har zuwa ƙarshen rabin karni na 19, da kuma masu mulkin mallaka a lokacin [[Turawa ta mallaki Amurka|Mulkin mallaka na Turai]]. Ayyukan bautar a Kanada ta masu mulkin mallaka sun ƙare yadda ya kamata a farkon karni na 19, ta hanyar dokoki na gida da yanke shawara na kotu wanda ya haifar da shari'a a madadin bayi da ke neman izini. Kotuna, zuwa matakai daban-daban, sun sa bautar ba za a iya aiwatar da ita ba a Lower Canada da Nova Scotia. A Lower Canada, alal misali, bayan yanke shawara na kotu a ƙarshen shekarun 1790, "ba za a iya tilasta wa bawa ya yi aiki fiye da yadda zai yi ba, kuma ... na iya barin ubangijinsa da son rai."<ref name="archive.org2">{{Cite web |year=1920 |title=Full text of "The slave in Canada" |url=https://archive.org/stream/slaveincanada00ridd/slaveincanada00ridd_djvu.txt |website=archive.org}}</ref> [[Upper Canada]] ta zartar da Dokar Da Cutar a cikin 1793, ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko na adawa da bautar a duniya. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru a Kanada sun riga sun yanke shawarar Burtaniya ta haramta bautar ta hanyar mafi yawan [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] ta hanyar zartar da [[Dokar Haramta Bautar da Mutane ta 1833|Dokar Kawar da Bautar 1833]]. Kamar yadda [[Bauta a Amurka|bautar a Amurka]] ta ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da aka wuce [[Gyaran Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka na 13|Kwaskwarima ta goma sha uku]] a 1865, baƙar fata (yanci da bayi) sun fara ƙaura zuwa Kanada daga Amurka bayan Juyin Juya Halin Amurka kuma bayan Yaƙin 1812, kuma daga baya da yawa ta hanyar Jirgin Kasa. Saboda rawar da Kanada ke takawa a [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|Cinikin bayi na Atlantic]] ya iyakance, tarihin bautar baƙar fata a Kanada sau da yawa ana rufe shi da bautar da aka yi a wasu wurare a Amurka. == A karkashin mulkin 'yan asalin ƙasar == Mutanen da ke da bayi na abin da ya zama Kanada sune, alal misali, al'ummomin kamun kifi kamar Yurok, waɗanda ke zaune a bakin tekun Pacific daga Alaska zuwa California, a kan abin da wani lokacin ake bayyana shi a matsayin Pacific ko Arewa maso Yammacin Coast. Wasu daga cikin 'Yan asalin yankin Pacific Northwest Coast, kamar Haida da Tlingit, an san su da al'ada a matsayin jarumawa masu tsananin gaske da masu cinikin bayi, suna kai hari har zuwa California. Bautar ta kasance ta gado, bayi sun kasance fursunonin yaki kuma zuriyarsu bayi ne.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Kenneth M. |date=June 2001 |title=Slaves, Chiefs and Labour on the Northern Northwest Coast |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00438240120047591 |journal=World Archaeology |volume=33 |issue=1 The Archaeology of Slavery |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1080/00438240120047591 |jstor=827885 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin abin da ya zama British Columbia, bautar tana bunƙasa a cikin shekarun 1830, sannu a hankali tana raguwa a cikin karni. A cikin shekarun 1870, mai kula da harkokin Indiya, Isra'ila Wood Powell, ya 'yantar da bayi a kan roƙonsu a gare shi yayin tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa gabar yammacin tsibirin Vancouver. Bautar ta kusan ƙare a cikin shekarun 1880 da 1890. Wasu kasashe a British Columbia sun ci gaba da rarrabewa da kuma fitar da zuriyar bayi har zuwa shekarun 1970s.[16] Daga cikin 'yan kasashe na Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yawan jama'a bayi ne. Wani ɗan Ingila, John R. Jewitt ne ya rubuta [[Labarin Bayi|Labarin bawa]] ɗaya. An kama shi da rai lokacin da mutanen Nuu-chah-nulth suka kama jirginsa a 1802 saboda kyaftin din jirgin ya zagi shugabansu, Maquinna, da sauran laifuka da wasu kyaftin din Amurka da Turai suka yi wa mutanensu. Tarihin Jewitt ya ba da cikakken bayani game da rayuwa a matsayin bawa.<ref name="Jette 2003">{{Cite web |last=Jette |first=Melinda |date=2003 |title=Under Attack at Nootka Sound, 1803 |url=https://www.oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/under-attack-at-nootka-sound-1803/ |access-date=March 11, 2023 |website=Oregon History Project |publisher=Oregon Historical Society}}</ref> == A karkashin mulkin mallaka na Turai == Maritimes sun ga bayi 1,200 zuwa 2,000 sun isa kafin a soke su, tare da 300 a Lower Canada, kuma tsakanin 500 da 700 a Upper Canada. Wani karamin ɓangare na Black Canadians a yau sun fito ne daga waɗannan bayi. Mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka sun kama su da karfi daga shugabannin yankin da sarakuna a matsayin bayi kuma sun sayar da su ga 'yan kasuwa da ke da alaka da yankunan kudancin Amurka. Wadanda ke cikin abin da ake kira Kanada a yanzu sun fito ne daga yankunan Amurka, saboda babu wani jirgi da ke dauke da kayan mutum da ya tafi Kanada kai tsaye daga Afirka. Babu manyan shuke-shuke a Kanada, sabili da haka babu buƙatar babban ma'aikacin bayi na irin wannan wanda ya wanzu a yawancin yankunan Turai a Amurka.<ref name="Greer 2003 86" /> === A karkashin mulkin Faransa ===   Under French rule, enslaved First Nations people outnumbered enslaved individuals of African descent.<ref name="Untold">{{Cite book|last3=Afua Cooper}}</ref> According to Afua Cooper, author of ''The Hanging of Angélique: The Untold Story of Canadian Slavery and the Burning of Old Montréal'', this was due to the relative ease with which New France could acquire First Nations slaves. She noted that the mortality of slaves was high, with the average age of First Nations slaves only 17, and the average age of slaves of African descent, 25. One of the first recorded Black slaves in Canada was brought by a British convoy to New France in 1628. Olivier le Jeune was the name given to the boy, originally from [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. A shekara ta 1688, yawan mutanen New France ya kai mutane 11,562, wadanda suka hada da 'yan kasuwa, masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, da manoma da suka zauna a kwarin St. Lawrence. Don taimakawa wajen shawo kan karancin ma'aikata da ma'aikata, Sarki Louis na 14 ya ba da takardar neman izinin New France don shigo da baƙi daga Afirka ta Yamma. Kodayake babu jigilar kayayyaki da suka zo daga Afirka, masu mulkin mallaka sun sami wasu bautar baki daga wasu yankunan Faransa da Burtaniya. Daga ƙarshen 1600s, sun kuma sami bayi na asali, galibi daga abin da ke yanzu jihohin Amurka ta Tsakiya, ta hanyar hanyoyin cinikin fata na yamma. Ana kiran bayi na asalin asalin "Panis", amma kaɗan ne suka fito daga kabilar Pawnee. Mafi yawanci, sun kasance daga asalin Fox, Dakota, Iowa, da Apache, fursunoni da 'yan asalin ƙasar da abokan ciniki na Faransanci suka kama a yaƙi. [[Fayil:Code_noir_-_Nantes_museum.jpg|thumb|Code Noir na 1742, gidan kayan gargajiya na tarihin [[Nantes]]]] Yayinda aka haramta bautar a Faransa, an ba da izini a cikin yankunanta a matsayin hanyar samar da ma'aikata masu yawa da ake buƙata don share ƙasa, gina gine-gine da (a cikin yankunan Caribbean) aiki a kan sukari, indigo da gonakin taba. Code Noir na 1685 ya kafa tsari don yin amfani da bautar 'yan sanda a West Indies. Ya buƙaci a koyar da dukkan bayi a matsayin Katolika ba a matsayin Furotesta ba. Ya mayar da hankali kan bayyana yanayin bautar, kuma ya kafa iko mai tsanani. Bayin ba su da kusan hakkoki, kodayake Dokar ta umarci iyayengiji su kula da marasa lafiya da tsofaffi. Code noir da alama bai yi amfani da shi ga Kanada ba don haka, a cikin 1709, mai kula Jacques Raudot ya ba da umarni da ya amince da bautar a New France; bautar ta wanzu kafin wannan ranar, amma a cikin 1709 ne kawai aka kafa shi cikin doka. Gabaɗaya, ta ƙididdigar Marcel Trudel, bayi 1,685 na 'yan asalin Amurka da baƙi 402 sun bayyana a cikin rikodin a lokacin mulkin Faransa, don jimlar bayi 2087. : 86 Bayan nasarar da Birtaniya ta yi a New France, mallakar bayi ta kasance ta hannun Faransanci. Trudel ya gano masu bautar 1,509, daga cikinsu 181 ne kawai na Turanci. Trudel ya kuma lura da aure 31 da aka yi tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka na Faransa da bayi na asali. === A karkashin mulkin Burtaniya ===   Al'ummai na farko sun mallaki ko sun yi ciniki da bayi, ma'aikatar da ta wanzu tsawon ƙarni ko fiye tsakanin wasu kungiyoyi. Shawnee, Potawatomi, da sauran kabilun yamma sun shigo da bayi daga Ohio da Kentucky kuma sun sayar ko kuma sun ba da su ga abokan tarayya da mazauna Kanada. Mohawk Chief Thayendenaga (Joseph Brant) ya yi amfani da baƙar fata da ya kama a lokacin juyin juya halin Amurka don gina Brant House a Burlington Beach da kuma gida na biyu kusa da Brantford . A cikin duka, Brant ya mallaki kusan bayi baƙi arba'in.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Derreck |first=Tom |date=February–March 2003 |title=In Bondage |journal=[[Canada's History|The Beaver]] |volume=83 |pages=14–19}}</ref> Baƙar fata bayi sun zauna a yankunan Burtaniya na Kanada a cikin karni na 18 - 104 an jera su a cikin ƙidayar 1767 na Nova [[Nova Scotia|Scotia]], amma adadinsu kaɗan ne har sai daular [[United Empire Loyalist]] ta shiga bayan 1783. Yayin da masu aminci farar fata suka gudu daga [[New Brunswick|sabuwar]] Jamhuriyyar Amurka, sun ɗauki bayi fiye da 2,000 baƙar fata baƙi: aƙalla 1,500 na Brunei. da [[Prince Edward Island|tsibirin Prince Edward]] ), <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Enslaved Black people in the Maritimes |url=http://biographi.ca/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=2474 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718183541/http://biographi.ca/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=2474 |archive-date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Dictionary of Canadian Biography}}</ref> 300 zuwa Lower Canada ( [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] ), da 500 zuwa Upper Canada ( [[Ontario]] ). A cikin Ontario, Dokar Imperial na Majalisar 1790 ya tabbatar wa masu son hijira cewa bayinsu za su kasance da dukiyarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=An Act To Prevent The Further Introduction Of Slaves |url=http://www.uppercanadahistory.ca/lluc/lluc3.html |access-date=February 25, 2011 |publisher=Uppercanadahistory.ca}}</ref> Kamar yadda a ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransanci, an riƙe bayi masu aminci a cikin ƙananan adadi kuma an yi amfani da su a matsayin bayin gida, hannun gonaki, da ƙwararrun masu sana'a. Bayan Yaƙin Filayen Ibrahim da cin nasarar Burtaniya na New France, ba a ambaci batun bautar a Kanada ba - ba a haramta ba ko kuma ba a ba da izini - a cikin Yarjejeniyar Paris ta 1783 da Dokar Quebec ta 1774 ko Yarjejeniyar París ta 1783. Tsarin aikin kungiya, da kuma cibiyoyin sarrafawa da zalunci, ba su bunkasa a Kanada ba kamar yadda ya faru a Amurka. Saboda ba su bayyana suna haifar da barazana ga iyayensu ba, an ba da izinin bayi su koyi karatu da rubutu, an ƙarfafa juyowa ta Kirista, kuma doka ta amince da aurensu. ==== Ƙananan Kanada ==== Ƙarshen bautar a Ƙananan Kanada ba za a iya ƙayyade kwanan wata ba :: 233 ">&#x3A;&#x200A;253&#x200A;, kuma tsari ne na sannu a hankali. :: 265  Da farko a shekara ta 1787, masu bautar sun damu game da kawar da bautar da ke gabatowa.<ref name=":02" /> : 233  Jaridar da aka buga game da bautar tun daga watan Yulin shekara ta 1790, tare da kamfen ɗin adawa da bautar da ya sami ƙarfi a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1791. Wannan ɗaukar hoto, duk da haka, na wucin gadi ne, kuma galibi ya mai da hankali kan bautar a matsayin abin mamaki na kasashen waje. : 233–236 {{Rp|pages=233-236}} A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1793, Pierre-Louis Panet ya gabatar da tambaya game da ko ya kamata a soke bautar ko a ci gaba da ita a Majalisar Dokoki (a matsayin "a lissafin [...] don kawar da bautar"). A ranar 8 ga watan Maris, an fara karatun lissafin; a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, an sake karanta lissafin na biyu kuma Panet ya koma don kirkirar Kwamitin Dukan Gida a kan lissafin a ranar 25. Koyaya, Pierre-Amable Debonne ya ba da shawarar jinkirta muhawara game da batun a cikin wani gyare-gyare mai lalacewa kuma George McBeath ya goyi bayan shi: gyare-garen ya wuce ta hanyar gefe mai yawa (31 zuwa 3). Wannan lissafin da ya gaza ya bayyana masu adawa da bautar a cikin House: Pierre-Louis Panet, Bonaventure Panet, Amable Berthelot da Louis Dunière . : 236–237  An kafa misali a shekara ta 1794 lokacin da alƙali ya 'yantar da bawa da aka kawo a gaban shari'a, yana mai da'awar cewa bautar ba ta da masaniya ga dokokin Ingila (sanarwa mai matukar muhawara). Babban Mai Shari'a William Osgoode, wanda aka nada a shekara ta 1794, bai amince da bautar ba kuma ya 'yantar da duk bayi da suka bayyana a kotu da aka shigar da su a matsayin bayi. :: 242 -243 Babban Alkalin ya ki amincewa da bautar, tare da kin amincewa da Majalisar Dokoki ta bayyana kanta, ya haifar da yawan yunkurin bayi.<ref name=":02" /> :: 250  Rashin yanke shawara na Majalisar Dokoki ya kuma haifar da bayi da suka fice daga wasu larduna da Amurka, har ma kafin majalisar dokoki ta yi aiki a Upper Canada don iyakance bautar.<ref name="archive.org">{{Cite web |year=1920 |title=Full text of "The slave in Canada" |url=https://archive.org/stream/slaveincanada00ridd/slaveincanada00ridd_djvu.txt |website=archive.org}}</ref> Bayan an 'yantar da bawa a irin wannan hanyar a cikin shekara ta 1798, yawan bayi a bayyane ya yi barazanar tawaye gaba ɗaya.<ref name=":02" /> : 242  Babban Alkalin Sir [[James Monk]], ba tare da sanin halattaccen bautar ba bisa ga fasaha game da rashin gidajen gyara, ya ba da jerin yanke shawara da ke lalata ikon tilasta wa bayi su bauta wa iyayengijinsu a ƙarshen shekarun 1790: bawa ba zai sake yin biyayya ga ubangijinsa ba kuma zai iya barin yadda yake so.[36] Ya yi watsi da karar da masu mallakar suka yi game da bayi masu gudu. An gudanar da fassarar Monk, har ma da zarar an kafa gidajen gyara.[38] Sayar da bawa na karshe ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 1797. A shekara ta gaba, tallan jarida na ƙarshe da ke sayar da bawa ya bayyana a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwAUg">Montreal Gazette</i></nowiki> kuma kalmar "bawa" ta ƙarshe ta bayyana a cikin rajistar farar hula. : 251 {{Rp|pages=251}} Farawa a cikin shekara ta 1799, masu mallakar bayi sun roki Majalisar dokoki da ta tsara doka kan batutuwan bautar don cire duk rashin tabbas game da matsayinta (ta hanyar kawar da shi, tabbatar da shi, tsara shi da / ko iyakance shi; dangane da korafin). Dukkanin yunkurin sun tsaya kuma sun kasa (1799, 1800 da 1803), kuma ba a sake yin ƙoƙari ba bayan 1803. : 243-{{Rp|pages=}} a sake tayar da batun bautar a Majalisar Dokoki bayan 1803. <ref name=":02" /> : 250  Bayan 1799, bayi goma sha tara ne kawai suka rage a cikin bayanan; ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka bayyana bayan 1808 (a cikin 1821) {{Rp|page=251}}. A lokacin da ''[[Dokar Haramta Bautar da Mutane ta 1833|Dokar Kawar da Bauta ta 1833]]'' ta fara aiki, bautar ya ɓace a kanta a cikin ƙananan Kanada, tare da watakila kawai 'yan baƙar fata baƙar fata ne kawai aka 'yantar da doka. <ref name=":02" /> {{Rp|page=}} A cikin 1829, mai gudanarwa na Lower Canada Sir James Kempt ya ki amincewa da bukatar da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi na dawo da bawa da ya tsere, bisa ga cewa dole ne a ba da 'yan gudun hijira ne kawai lokacin da laifin da ake tambaya ya kasance laifi a Lower Canada.[38] Gabaɗaya, bayi 787 na 'yan asalin Amurka da baƙi 730 sun bayyana a cikin rikodin, don jimlar bayi 1527. : 86 {{Rp|pages=}} ==== Upper Canada ==== [[Fayil:An_Act_Against_Slavery.jpg|thumb|Dokar da za ta hana ci gaba da gabatar da bayi da kuma iyakance lokacin kwangila don bautar a cikin wannan lardin, Majalisar dokokin Upper Canada, 1793]] A shekara ta 1790, yunkurin kawar da bautar ya sami amincewa a Kanada kuma mummunan niyyar bautar ya tabbatar da wani abin da ya faru wanda ya shafi wata baiwar da mai bautar ta yi mata fyade a kan hanyar sayar da ita a Amurka. A cikin shekara ta 1793, [[Chloe Cooley]], a cikin wani aikin rashin amincewa ya yi ihu na juriya. Peter Martin da William Grisely ne suka shaida cin zarafin da mai bautar ta yi da kuma tsayayyar da ta yi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enslaved Africans in Upper Canada |url=https://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/slavery/index.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104050050/http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/slavery/index.aspx |archive-date=January 4, 2013 |publisher=Archives of Ontario}}</ref> Peter Martin, tsohon bawa, ya kawo lamarin ga [[Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada|Mataimakin Gwamna]] [[John Graves Simcoe]]. A karkashin jagorancin Simcoe, an kafa Dokar Yaki da Bautar 1793. Zaɓaɓɓun membobin majalisar zartarwa, da yawa daga cikinsu 'yan kasuwa ne ko manoma waɗanda suka dogara da aikin bayi, ba su ga bukatar samun' yanci ba. Babban Lauyan [[John White (Frontenac County)|John White]] daga baya ya rubuta cewa akwai "yan adawa da yawa amma ɗan jayayya" ga ma'auninsa. A ƙarshe Majalisar ta zartar da Dokar Yaki da Bautar da ta tsara dokar kawar da bautar sannu a hankali: ba za a iya shigo da bayi ba; bayi da suka riga sun kasance bayi har zuwa mutuwa, ba za a kawo sabbin bayi ba zuwa Upper Canada, kuma yaran da aka haifa wa mata bayi za su zama bayi amma dole ne a 'yantar da su a shekara 25. Don hana mantawa, Dokar ta buƙaci maigidan ya samar da tsaro cewa tsohon bawa ba zai zama cajin jama'a ba. Dokar sulhu game da bautar ta tsaya a matsayin ƙoƙari na kowane majalisa na Ontario don yin aiki game da bauta.<ref name="Bode2">{{Cite journal |last=Bode |first=Patrick |date=1993 |title=Upper Canada, 1793: Simcoe and the Slaves |journal=Beaver |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=17–19}}</ref> Wannan doka ta tabbatar da ƙarshen bautar a Upper Canada, kodayake yayin da ya rage darajar sayarwa na bayi a cikin lardin ya kuma haifar da sayar da bayi ga Amurka. A cikin shekara ta 1798 akwai yunkurin da kungiyoyin masu fafutuka suka yi don gyara dokar da shigo da karin bayi.<ref name="Bode2" /> Bayin sun gano cewa za su iya samun 'yanci ta hanyar tserewa zuwa Ohio da Michigan a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cooper |first=Afua |date=Spring 2007 |title=Acts of Resistance: Black Men and Women Engage Slavery in Upper Canada, 1793-1803 |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/onhistory/2007-v99-n1-onhistory04967/1065793ar.pdf |journal=Ontario History |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=5–17 |doi=10.7202/1065793ar}}</ref> A shekara ta 1800, sauran larduna na Burtaniya ta Arewacin Amurka sun iyakance bautar ta hanyar yanke shawara na kotu da ke buƙatar tabbatar da mafi tsananin mallaka, wanda ba a samu ba. A cikin 1819, John Robinson, Babban Lauyan Upper Canada, ya ba da ra'ayi na shari'a cewa duk mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka da suka shiga Upper Canada ya kamata a tabbatar da 'yanci, koda kuwa an bautar da su a wata ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Chloe Cooley National Historic Person |url=https://parks.canada.ca/culture/designation/personnage-person/chloe-cooley |publisher=Parks Canada}}</ref> Bautar ta kasance doka, duk da haka, har sai Dokar kawar da bautar Majalisar Burtaniya ta 1833 ta soke bautar a mafi yawan sassan [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] daga ranar 1 ga Agusta 1834. ==== Nova Scotia ==== [[Fayil:RevJamesMacgregorMonumentPictouNovaScotia.jpg|thumb|Abin tunawa ga abolitionist James Drummond MacGregor - ya taimaka ya 'yantar da bayi na [[Baƙaƙen nova mutanen Scotland|Black Nova Scotian]]]] Duk da yake yawancin baƙar fata da suka isa Nova Scotia a lokacin juyin juya halin Amurka sun kasance 'yanci, wasu ba su da. Wasu baƙi sun isa Nova Scotia a matsayin mallakar fararen Amurka masu aminci. A shekara ta 1772, kafin juyin juya halin Amurka, Burtaniya ta haramta cinikin bayi a tsibirin Burtaniya sannan ''[[Joseph Knight (bawa)|Knight v. Wedderburn]]'' ya yanke shawara a Scotland a shekara ta 1778.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Enslaved Black people in the Maritimes |url=http://biographi.ca/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=2474 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718183541/http://biographi.ca/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=2474 |archive-date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Dictionary of Canadian Biography}}</ref> Wannan yanke shawara, bi da bi, ya rinjayi mulkin mallaka na Nova Scotia. A shekara ta 1788, abolitionist James Drummond MacGregor daga Pictou ya buga wallafe-wallafen adawa da bautar farko a Kanada kuma ya fara sayen 'yancin bayi da kuma azabtar da abokan aikinsa a cocin Presbyterian wanda ke da bayi. Masanin tarihi Alan Wilson ya bayyana takardar a matsayin "a landmark on the road to personal freedom in province and country". Masanin tarihi Robin Winks ya rubuta cewa "harin da ya fi karfi da ya zo daga alkalami na Kanada har ma a cikin shekarun 1840; ya kuma kawo muhawara ta jama'a wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya kai kotuna". (An binne lauyan Abolitionist Benjamin Kent a Halifax a shekara ta 1788.) A shekara ta 1790 John Burbidge ya 'yantar da bayinsa. Richard John Uniacke ne ya jagoranci, a cikin 1787, 1789 kuma a ranar 11 ga Janairun 1808 majalisar dokokin Nova Scotia ta ki halatta bautar. Manyan alƙalai biyu, Thomas Andrew Lumisden Strange (1790-1796) da Sampson Salter Blowers (1797-1832), sun taimaka wajen 'yantar da bayi daga masu su a Nova Scotia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating the 250th Anniversary of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. |url=http://courts.ns.ca/History_of_Courts/history_noframes/milestones.htm |website=courts.ns.ca |access-date=2025-08-18 |archive-date=2015-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112162616/http://courts.ns.ca/History_of_Courts/history_noframes/milestones.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cahill |first=Barry |date=1994 |title=Slavery and the Judges of Loyalist Nova Scotia |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/unblj/article/view/29646 |journal=UNB Law Journal |volume=43 |pages=73–135}}</ref> An yi musu girmamawa sosai a cikin mulkin mallaka. Mai shari'a Alexander Croke (1801-1815) ya kuma kwace jiragen bautar Amurka a wannan lokacin (wanda ya fi shahara shine Liverpool Packet). A lokacin yakin, Sir William Winniett na Nova Scotia ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikata a cikin HMS Tonnant a kokarin 'yantar da bayi daga Amurka. (A matsayin Gwamnan [[Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)|Gold Coast]], Winniett daga baya zai yi aiki don kawo karshen cinikin bayi a Yammacin Afirka.) A ƙarshen Yaƙin 1812 da isowar Black Refugees, akwai 'yan bayi da suka rage a Nova Scotia. ([[Dokar Kasuwancin Bayi ta 1807|Dokar Cinikin Bauta ta 1807]] ta haramta cinikin bayi a Daular Burtaniya kuma Dokar kawar da Bauta ta 1833 ta haramta bautar gaba ɗaya.) An kafa [[Kamfanin Saliyo]] don sake dawo da kungiyoyin tsoffin 'yan Afirka, kusan baƙar fata 1,200 na Nova Scotians, mafi yawansu sun tsere wa bautar a Amurka. Idan aka ba da yanayin bakin teku na Nova Scotia, mutane da yawa sun mutu daga matsanancin hunturu. Sun kirkiro wani yanki a cikin mulkin mallaka na yanzu a Saliyo (wanda aka riga aka kafa don yin gida ga "matalauta baƙi" na London) a Freetown a cikin shekara ta 1792. Yawancin "baƙi matalauta" sun haɗa da sauran mazaunan Afirka da Asiya na London. Ƙungiyar Freetown ta haɗu, musamman bayan 1834, da wasu ƙungiyoyin 'yan Afirka da aka' yanci kuma ta zama mafaka ta farko ta Afirka ga' yan Afirka da suka kasance bayi. ==== Hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa ==== [[Fayil:UndergroundRailroadmonumentWindsor.jpg|thumb|''Bikin Tunawa da Jirgin Kasa da Kasa'' a Windsor, Ontario]] A farkon zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19, an kafa [[Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa|Hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa]] a Amurka don 'yantar da bayi, ta hanyar kawo su wuraren da bayi za su sami 'yanci daga sake kama su. Birtaniya Arewacin Amurka, wanda yanzu aka sani da [[Kanada]], babban wuri ne na hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa bayan 1850, tare da tsakanin bayi 30,000 da 100,000 da ke neman mafaka.<ref name="CAN">{{Cite web |title=Settling Canada Underground Railroad |url=http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10166 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106114439/http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10166 |archive-date=January 6, 2010 |access-date=January 30, 2018 |website=[[Historica Minutes]] |quote=Between 1840 and 1860, more than 30,000 people enslaved in America came secretly to Canada and freedom}}</ref> A Nova Scotia, tsohon bawa Richard Preston ya kafa kungiyar African Abolition Society a cikin yakin kawo karshen bautar a Amurka. An horar da Preston a matsayin minista a [[Ingila]] kuma ya sadu da yawancin manyan muryoyi a cikin ƙungiyar [[Kashe yin bauta a kasar ingila|abolitionist]] wanda ya taimaka wajen samun Dokar Abolition ta 1833 ta Majalisar Burtaniya. Lokacin da Preston ya koma Nova Scotia, ya zama shugaban kungiyar Abolitionist a Halifax. Akwai makabarta na bayi a wasu sassan Kanada, a cikin jihohi daban-daban, wasu an yi watsi da su kuma an watsar da su. Sun hada da makabarta a St-Armand, Quebec; Shelburne, Nova Scotia; da Priceville da Dresden a Ontario. == Bautar zamani == Tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Bauta 1926|Yarjejeniyar Bautar]] da Kanada ta yi a 1953 ya fara alkawuran kasa da kasa na kasar don magance bautar zamani. [[Safarar Mutane|Cinikin mutane]] a Kanada lamari ne na shari'a da siyasa, kuma an soki 'yan majalisa na Kanada saboda sun kasa magance matsalar ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa.<ref name="future">{{Cite web |title=Falling Short of the Mark: An International Study on the Treatment of Human Trafficking Victims. Future Group March 2006 |url=http://www.thefuturegroup.org/TFGhumantraffickingvictimsstudy.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503194528/http://www.thefuturegroup.org/TFGhumantraffickingvictimsstudy.pdf |archive-date=May 3, 2011}}</ref> Ofishin [[British Columbia]] don Yaki da Cinikin Mutane da aka kafa a cikin 2007, wanda ya sa British Columbia ta zama lardin farko na Kanada don magance fataucin mutane a cikin tsari.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Benjamin Perrin}}</ref> Babban shari'ar fataucin mutane a Tarihin Kanada ya kewaye rushewar Kungiyar masu aikata laifuka ta Domotor-Kolompar. A ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2012, Gwamnatin Kanada ta kafa Shirin Ayyuka na Kasa don Yaki da Cinikin Dan Adam don adawa da Cinikin Mutum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2012 |title=The Harper Government Launches Canada's National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking |url=http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/media/nr/2012/nr20120606-eng.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703001948/https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/media/nr/2012/nr20120606-eng.aspx |archive-date=July 3, 2013 |access-date=May 25, 2013 |publisher=[[Public Safety Canada]]}}</ref> An kafa kungiyar Trafficking Taskforce a watan Yunin 2012 don maye gurbin kungiyar Interdepartmental Working Group on Trafficky in Persons a matsayin hukumar da ke da alhakin ci gaban Manufofin jama'a da suka shafi fataucin mutane a Kanada. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2012 |title=Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography |url=http://rightsofchildren.ca/wp-content/uploads/CCRC-Response-to-List-of-Issues-on-OPSC.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022054200/http://rightsofchildren.ca/wp-content/uploads/CCRC-Response-to-List-of-Issues-on-OPSC.pdf |archive-date=October 22, 2013 |access-date=October 21, 2013 |publisher=Canadian Coalition for the Rights of Children |page=2}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin al'amuran da aka yada a yanzu shi ne ɓacewar mata na Aboriginal wanda wasu kafofin suka danganta da fataucin mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 23, 2013 |title=First Nations Women Are Being Sold into the Sex Trade On Ships Along Lake Superior |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/first-nations-women-are-being-sold-into-the-sex-trade-on-ships-along-lake-superior/ |access-date=January 18, 2015 |publisher=[[Vice News]]}}</ref> Tsohon Firayim Minista [[Stephen Harper]] ya kasance mai jinkirin magance batun a kan dalilin da ya sa ba "matsalar zamantakewa" ba ce kuma ya ki kirkirar bincike na kasa game da batun da ya saba wa ra'ayoyin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam cewa batun yana da mahimmanci kuma yana buƙatar bincike mafi girma. A watan Yulin 2024, wani rahoto ga Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta [[Mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman]] na Majalisar Dinkinobho kan nau'ikan bautar zamani Tomoya Obokata ya bayyana shirin ma'aikatan kasashen waje na wucin gadi a matsayin "ƙasa mai shayarwa ga bautar zamani". Rahoton Obokata ya sami lokuta da yawa na Bautar bashi, sata albashi, rashin kayan kariya na mutum, cin zarafi, da lalata.<ref name=":1" /> Ministan shige da fice Marc Miller ya ba da wata sanarwa ga ''Reuters'' yana cewa shirin "yana bukatar sake fasalin" kuma ana buƙatar bincika ƙananan albashi. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0fo1b52qag366lxhmug1dcner25j6ab 883280 883279 2026-07-15T08:45:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 883280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Upper_Canada_Slavery_advertisement_1806.jpg|thumb|Talla don sayar da bayi biyu a cikin Upper Canada Gazette, 10 Fabrairu 1806]] '''Bautar a Kanada''' ta haɗa da ayyukan tarihi na bautar da Al'ummai na farko suka yi har zuwa ƙarshen rabin karni na 19, da kuma masu mulkin mallaka a lokacin [[Turawa ta mallaki Amurka|Mulkin mallaka na Turai]]. Ayyukan bautar a Kanada ta masu mulkin mallaka sun ƙare yadda ya kamata a farkon karni na 19, ta hanyar dokoki na gida da yanke shawara na kotu wanda ya haifar da shari'a a madadin bayi da ke neman izini. Kotuna, zuwa matakai daban-daban, sun sa bautar ba za a iya aiwatar da ita ba a Lower Canada da Nova Scotia. A Lower Canada, alal misali, bayan yanke shawara na kotu a ƙarshen shekarun 1790, "ba za a iya tilasta wa bawa ya yi aiki fiye da yadda zai yi ba, kuma ... na iya barin ubangijinsa da son rai."<ref name="archive.org2">{{Cite web |year=1920 |title=Full text of "The slave in Canada" |url=https://archive.org/stream/slaveincanada00ridd/slaveincanada00ridd_djvu.txt |website=archive.org}}</ref> [[Upper Canada]] ta zartar da Dokar Da Cutar a cikin 1793, ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko na adawa da bautar a duniya. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru a Kanada sun riga sun yanke shawarar Burtaniya ta haramta bautar ta hanyar mafi yawan [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] ta hanyar zartar da [[Dokar Haramta Bautar da Mutane ta 1833|Dokar Kawar da Bautar 1833]]. Kamar yadda [[Bauta a Amurka|bautar a Amurka]] ta ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da aka wuce [[Gyaran Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka na 13|Kwaskwarima ta goma sha uku]] a 1865, baƙar fata (yanci da bayi) sun fara ƙaura zuwa Kanada daga Amurka bayan Juyin Juya Halin Amurka kuma bayan Yaƙin 1812, kuma daga baya da yawa ta hanyar Jirgin Kasa. Saboda rawar da Kanada ke takawa a [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|Cinikin bayi na Atlantic]] ya iyakance, tarihin bautar baƙar fata a Kanada sau da yawa ana rufe shi da bautar da aka yi a wasu wurare a Amurka. == A karkashin mulkin 'yan asalin ƙasar == Mutanen da ke da bayi na abin da ya zama Kanada sune, alal misali, al'ummomin kamun kifi kamar Yurok, waɗanda ke zaune a bakin tekun Pacific daga Alaska zuwa California, a kan abin da wani lokacin ake bayyana shi a matsayin Pacific ko Arewa maso Yammacin Coast. Wasu daga cikin 'Yan asalin yankin Pacific Northwest Coast, kamar Haida da Tlingit, an san su da al'ada a matsayin jarumawa masu tsananin gaske da masu cinikin bayi, suna kai hari har zuwa California. Bautar ta kasance ta gado, bayi sun kasance fursunonin yaki kuma zuriyarsu bayi ne.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ames |first=Kenneth M. |date=June 2001 |title=Slaves, Chiefs and Labour on the Northern Northwest Coast |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00438240120047591 |journal=World Archaeology |volume=33 |issue=1 The Archaeology of Slavery |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1080/00438240120047591 |jstor=827885 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin abin da ya zama British Columbia, bautar tana bunƙasa a cikin shekarun 1830, sannu a hankali tana raguwa a cikin karni. A cikin shekarun 1870, mai kula da harkokin Indiya, Isra'ila Wood Powell, ya 'yantar da bayi a kan roƙonsu a gare shi yayin tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa gabar yammacin tsibirin Vancouver. Bautar ta kusan ƙare a cikin shekarun 1880 da 1890. Wasu kasashe a British Columbia sun ci gaba da rarrabewa da kuma fitar da zuriyar bayi har zuwa shekarun 1970s.[16] Daga cikin 'yan kasashe na Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yawan jama'a bayi ne. Wani ɗan Ingila, John R. Jewitt ne ya rubuta [[Labarin Bayi|Labarin bawa]] ɗaya. An kama shi da rai lokacin da mutanen Nuu-chah-nulth suka kama jirginsa a 1802 saboda kyaftin din jirgin ya zagi shugabansu, Maquinna, da sauran laifuka da wasu kyaftin din Amurka da Turai suka yi wa mutanensu. Tarihin Jewitt ya ba da cikakken bayani game da rayuwa a matsayin bawa.<ref name="Jette 2003">{{Cite web |last=Jette |first=Melinda |date=2003 |title=Under Attack at Nootka Sound, 1803 |url=https://www.oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/under-attack-at-nootka-sound-1803/ |access-date=March 11, 2023 |website=Oregon History Project |publisher=Oregon Historical Society}}</ref> == A karkashin mulkin mallaka na Turai == Maritimes sun ga bayi 1,200 zuwa 2,000 sun isa kafin a soke su, tare da 300 a Lower Canada, kuma tsakanin 500 da 700 a Upper Canada. Wani karamin ɓangare na Black Canadians a yau sun fito ne daga waɗannan bayi. Mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka sun kama su da karfi daga shugabannin yankin da sarakuna a matsayin bayi kuma sun sayar da su ga 'yan kasuwa da ke da alaka da yankunan kudancin Amurka. Wadanda ke cikin abin da ake kira Kanada a yanzu sun fito ne daga yankunan Amurka, saboda babu wani jirgi da ke dauke da kayan mutum da ya tafi Kanada kai tsaye daga Afirka. Babu manyan shuke-shuke a Kanada, sabili da haka babu buƙatar babban ma'aikacin bayi na irin wannan wanda ya wanzu a yawancin yankunan Turai a Amurka.<ref name="Greer 2003 86" /> === A karkashin mulkin Faransa ===   Under French rule, enslaved First Nations people outnumbered enslaved individuals of African descent.<ref name="Untold">{{Cite book|last3=Afua Cooper}}</ref> According to Afua Cooper, author of ''The Hanging of Angélique: The Untold Story of Canadian Slavery and the Burning of Old Montréal'', this was due to the relative ease with which New France could acquire First Nations slaves. She noted that the mortality of slaves was high, with the average age of First Nations slaves only 17, and the average age of slaves of African descent, 25. One of the first recorded Black slaves in Canada was brought by a British convoy to New France in 1628. Olivier le Jeune was the name given to the boy, originally from [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. A shekara ta 1688, yawan mutanen New France ya kai mutane 11,562, wadanda suka hada da 'yan kasuwa, masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, da manoma da suka zauna a kwarin St. Lawrence. Don taimakawa wajen shawo kan karancin ma'aikata da ma'aikata, Sarki Louis na 14 ya ba da takardar neman izinin New France don shigo da baƙi daga Afirka ta Yamma. Kodayake babu jigilar kayayyaki da suka zo daga Afirka, masu mulkin mallaka sun sami wasu bautar baki daga wasu yankunan Faransa da Burtaniya. Daga ƙarshen 1600s, sun kuma sami bayi na asali, galibi daga abin da ke yanzu jihohin Amurka ta Tsakiya, ta hanyar hanyoyin cinikin fata na yamma. Ana kiran bayi na asalin asalin "Panis", amma kaɗan ne suka fito daga kabilar Pawnee. Mafi yawanci, sun kasance daga asalin Fox, Dakota, Iowa, da Apache, fursunoni da 'yan asalin ƙasar da abokan ciniki na Faransanci suka kama a yaƙi. [[Fayil:Code_noir_-_Nantes_museum.jpg|thumb|Code Noir na 1742, gidan kayan gargajiya na tarihin [[Nantes]]]] Yayinda aka haramta bautar a Faransa, an ba da izini a cikin yankunanta a matsayin hanyar samar da ma'aikata masu yawa da ake buƙata don share ƙasa, gina gine-gine da (a cikin yankunan Caribbean) aiki a kan sukari, indigo da gonakin taba. Code Noir na 1685 ya kafa tsari don yin amfani da bautar 'yan sanda a West Indies. Ya buƙaci a koyar da dukkan bayi a matsayin Katolika ba a matsayin Furotesta ba. Ya mayar da hankali kan bayyana yanayin bautar, kuma ya kafa iko mai tsanani. Bayin ba su da kusan hakkoki, kodayake Dokar ta umarci iyayengiji su kula da marasa lafiya da tsofaffi. Code noir da alama bai yi amfani da shi ga Kanada ba don haka, a cikin 1709, mai kula Jacques Raudot ya ba da umarni da ya amince da bautar a New France; bautar ta wanzu kafin wannan ranar, amma a cikin 1709 ne kawai aka kafa shi cikin doka. Gabaɗaya, ta ƙididdigar Marcel Trudel, bayi 1,685 na 'yan asalin Amurka da baƙi 402 sun bayyana a cikin rikodin a lokacin mulkin Faransa, don jimlar bayi 2087. : 86 Bayan nasarar da Birtaniya ta yi a New France, mallakar bayi ta kasance ta hannun Faransanci. Trudel ya gano masu bautar 1,509, daga cikinsu 181 ne kawai na Turanci. Trudel ya kuma lura da aure 31 da aka yi tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka na Faransa da bayi na asali. === A karkashin mulkin Burtaniya ===   Al'ummai na farko sun mallaki ko sun yi ciniki da bayi, ma'aikatar da ta wanzu tsawon ƙarni ko fiye tsakanin wasu kungiyoyi. Shawnee, Potawatomi, da sauran kabilun yamma sun shigo da bayi daga Ohio da Kentucky kuma sun sayar ko kuma sun ba da su ga abokan tarayya da mazauna Kanada. Mohawk Chief Thayendenaga (Joseph Brant) ya yi amfani da baƙar fata da ya kama a lokacin juyin juya halin Amurka don gina Brant House a Burlington Beach da kuma gida na biyu kusa da Brantford . A cikin duka, Brant ya mallaki kusan bayi baƙi arba'in.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Derreck |first=Tom |date=February–March 2003 |title=In Bondage |journal=[[Canada's History|The Beaver]] |volume=83 |pages=14–19}}</ref> Baƙar fata bayi sun zauna a yankunan Burtaniya na Kanada a cikin karni na 18 - 104 an jera su a cikin ƙidayar 1767 na Nova [[Nova Scotia|Scotia]], amma adadinsu kaɗan ne har sai daular [[United Empire Loyalist]] ta shiga bayan 1783. Yayin da masu aminci farar fata suka gudu daga [[New Brunswick|sabuwar]] Jamhuriyyar Amurka, sun ɗauki bayi fiye da 2,000 baƙar fata baƙi: aƙalla 1,500 na Brunei. da [[Prince Edward Island|tsibirin Prince Edward]] ), <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Enslaved Black people in the Maritimes |url=http://biographi.ca/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=2474 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718183541/http://biographi.ca/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=2474 |archive-date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Dictionary of Canadian Biography}}</ref> 300 zuwa Lower Canada ( [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] ), da 500 zuwa Upper Canada ( [[Ontario]] ). A cikin Ontario, Dokar Imperial na Majalisar 1790 ya tabbatar wa masu son hijira cewa bayinsu za su kasance da dukiyarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=An Act To Prevent The Further Introduction Of Slaves |url=http://www.uppercanadahistory.ca/lluc/lluc3.html |access-date=February 25, 2011 |publisher=Uppercanadahistory.ca}}</ref> Kamar yadda a ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransanci, an riƙe bayi masu aminci a cikin ƙananan adadi kuma an yi amfani da su a matsayin bayin gida, hannun gonaki, da ƙwararrun masu sana'a. Bayan Yaƙin Filayen Ibrahim da cin nasarar Burtaniya na New France, ba a ambaci batun bautar a Kanada ba - ba a haramta ba ko kuma ba a ba da izini - a cikin Yarjejeniyar Paris ta 1783 da Dokar Quebec ta 1774 ko Yarjejeniyar París ta 1783. Tsarin aikin kungiya, da kuma cibiyoyin sarrafawa da zalunci, ba su bunkasa a Kanada ba kamar yadda ya faru a Amurka. Saboda ba su bayyana suna haifar da barazana ga iyayensu ba, an ba da izinin bayi su koyi karatu da rubutu, an ƙarfafa juyowa ta Kirista, kuma doka ta amince da aurensu. ==== Ƙananan Kanada ==== Ƙarshen bautar a Ƙananan Kanada ba za a iya ƙayyade kwanan wata ba :: 233 ">&#x3A;&#x200A;253&#x200A;, kuma tsari ne na sannu a hankali. :: 265  Da farko a shekara ta 1787, masu bautar sun damu game da kawar da bautar da ke gabatowa.<ref name=":02" /> : 233  Jaridar da aka buga game da bautar tun daga watan Yulin shekara ta 1790, tare da kamfen ɗin adawa da bautar da ya sami ƙarfi a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1791. Wannan ɗaukar hoto, duk da haka, na wucin gadi ne, kuma galibi ya mai da hankali kan bautar a matsayin abin mamaki na kasashen waje. : 233–236 {{Rp|pages=233-236}} A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1793, Pierre-Louis Panet ya gabatar da tambaya game da ko ya kamata a soke bautar ko a ci gaba da ita a Majalisar Dokoki (a matsayin "a lissafin [...] don kawar da bautar"). A ranar 8 ga watan Maris, an fara karatun lissafin; a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, an sake karanta lissafin na biyu kuma Panet ya koma don kirkirar Kwamitin Dukan Gida a kan lissafin a ranar 25. Koyaya, Pierre-Amable Debonne ya ba da shawarar jinkirta muhawara game da batun a cikin wani gyare-gyare mai lalacewa kuma George McBeath ya goyi bayan shi: gyare-garen ya wuce ta hanyar gefe mai yawa (31 zuwa 3). Wannan lissafin da ya gaza ya bayyana masu adawa da bautar a cikin House: Pierre-Louis Panet, Bonaventure Panet, Amable Berthelot da Louis Dunière . : 236–237  An kafa misali a shekara ta 1794 lokacin da alƙali ya 'yantar da bawa da aka kawo a gaban shari'a, yana mai da'awar cewa bautar ba ta da masaniya ga dokokin Ingila (sanarwa mai matukar muhawara). Babban Mai Shari'a William Osgoode, wanda aka nada a shekara ta 1794, bai amince da bautar ba kuma ya 'yantar da duk bayi da suka bayyana a kotu da aka shigar da su a matsayin bayi. :: 242 -243 Babban Alkalin ya ki amincewa da bautar, tare da kin amincewa da Majalisar Dokoki ta bayyana kanta, ya haifar da yawan yunkurin bayi.<ref name=":02" /> :: 250  Rashin yanke shawara na Majalisar Dokoki ya kuma haifar da bayi da suka fice daga wasu larduna da Amurka, har ma kafin majalisar dokoki ta yi aiki a Upper Canada don iyakance bautar.<ref name="archive.org">{{Cite web |year=1920 |title=Full text of "The slave in Canada" |url=https://archive.org/stream/slaveincanada00ridd/slaveincanada00ridd_djvu.txt |website=archive.org}}</ref> Bayan an 'yantar da bawa a irin wannan hanyar a cikin shekara ta 1798, yawan bayi a bayyane ya yi barazanar tawaye gaba ɗaya.<ref name=":02" /> : 242  Babban Alkalin Sir [[James Monk]], ba tare da sanin halattaccen bautar ba bisa ga fasaha game da rashin gidajen gyara, ya ba da jerin yanke shawara da ke lalata ikon tilasta wa bayi su bauta wa iyayengijinsu a ƙarshen shekarun 1790: bawa ba zai sake yin biyayya ga ubangijinsa ba kuma zai iya barin yadda yake so.[36] Ya yi watsi da karar da masu mallakar suka yi game da bayi masu gudu. An gudanar da fassarar Monk, har ma da zarar an kafa gidajen gyara.[38] Sayar da bawa na karshe ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 1797. A shekara ta gaba, tallan jarida na ƙarshe da ke sayar da bawa ya bayyana a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwAUg">Montreal Gazette</i></nowiki> kuma kalmar "bawa" ta ƙarshe ta bayyana a cikin rajistar farar hula. : 251 {{Rp|pages=251}} Farawa a cikin shekara ta 1799, masu mallakar bayi sun roki Majalisar dokoki da ta tsara doka kan batutuwan bautar don cire duk rashin tabbas game da matsayinta (ta hanyar kawar da shi, tabbatar da shi, tsara shi da / ko iyakance shi; dangane da korafin). Dukkanin yunkurin sun tsaya kuma sun kasa (1799, 1800 da 1803), kuma ba a sake yin ƙoƙari ba bayan 1803. : 243-{{Rp|pages=}} a sake tayar da batun bautar a Majalisar Dokoki bayan 1803. <ref name=":02" /> : 250  Bayan 1799, bayi goma sha tara ne kawai suka rage a cikin bayanan; ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka bayyana bayan 1808 (a cikin 1821) {{Rp|page=251}}. A lokacin da ''[[Dokar Haramta Bautar da Mutane ta 1833|Dokar Kawar da Bauta ta 1833]]'' ta fara aiki, bautar ya ɓace a kanta a cikin ƙananan Kanada, tare da watakila kawai 'yan baƙar fata baƙar fata ne kawai aka 'yantar da doka. <ref name=":02" /> {{Rp|page=}} A cikin 1829, mai gudanarwa na Lower Canada Sir James Kempt ya ki amincewa da bukatar da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi na dawo da bawa da ya tsere, bisa ga cewa dole ne a ba da 'yan gudun hijira ne kawai lokacin da laifin da ake tambaya ya kasance laifi a Lower Canada.[38] Gabaɗaya, bayi 787 na 'yan asalin Amurka da baƙi 730 sun bayyana a cikin rikodin, don jimlar bayi 1527. : 86 {{Rp|pages=}} ==== Upper Canada ==== [[Fayil:An_Act_Against_Slavery.jpg|thumb|Dokar da za ta hana ci gaba da gabatar da bayi da kuma iyakance lokacin kwangila don bautar a cikin wannan lardin, Majalisar dokokin Upper Canada, 1793]] A shekara ta 1790, yunkurin kawar da bautar ya sami amincewa a Kanada kuma mummunan niyyar bautar ya tabbatar da wani abin da ya faru wanda ya shafi wata baiwar da mai bautar ta yi mata fyade a kan hanyar sayar da ita a Amurka. A cikin shekara ta 1793, [[Chloe Cooley]], a cikin wani aikin rashin amincewa ya yi ihu na juriya. Peter Martin da William Grisely ne suka shaida cin zarafin da mai bautar ta yi da kuma tsayayyar da ta yi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enslaved Africans in Upper Canada |url=https://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/slavery/index.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104050050/http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/slavery/index.aspx |archive-date=January 4, 2013 |publisher=Archives of Ontario}}</ref> Peter Martin, tsohon bawa, ya kawo lamarin ga [[Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada|Mataimakin Gwamna]] [[John Graves Simcoe]]. A karkashin jagorancin Simcoe, an kafa Dokar Yaki da Bautar 1793. Zaɓaɓɓun membobin majalisar zartarwa, da yawa daga cikinsu 'yan kasuwa ne ko manoma waɗanda suka dogara da aikin bayi, ba su ga bukatar samun' yanci ba. Babban Lauyan [[John White (Frontenac County)|John White]] daga baya ya rubuta cewa akwai "yan adawa da yawa amma ɗan jayayya" ga ma'auninsa. A ƙarshe Majalisar ta zartar da Dokar Yaki da Bautar da ta tsara dokar kawar da bautar sannu a hankali: ba za a iya shigo da bayi ba; bayi da suka riga sun kasance bayi har zuwa mutuwa, ba za a kawo sabbin bayi ba zuwa Upper Canada, kuma yaran da aka haifa wa mata bayi za su zama bayi amma dole ne a 'yantar da su a shekara 25. Don hana mantawa, Dokar ta buƙaci maigidan ya samar da tsaro cewa tsohon bawa ba zai zama cajin jama'a ba. Dokar sulhu game da bautar ta tsaya a matsayin ƙoƙari na kowane majalisa na Ontario don yin aiki game da bauta.<ref name="Bode2">{{Cite journal |last=Bode |first=Patrick |date=1993 |title=Upper Canada, 1793: Simcoe and the Slaves |journal=Beaver |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=17–19}}</ref> Wannan doka ta tabbatar da ƙarshen bautar a Upper Canada, kodayake yayin da ya rage darajar sayarwa na bayi a cikin lardin ya kuma haifar da sayar da bayi ga Amurka. A cikin shekara ta 1798 akwai yunkurin da kungiyoyin masu fafutuka suka yi don gyara dokar da shigo da karin bayi.<ref name="Bode2" /> Bayin sun gano cewa za su iya samun 'yanci ta hanyar tserewa zuwa Ohio da Michigan a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cooper |first=Afua |date=Spring 2007 |title=Acts of Resistance: Black Men and Women Engage Slavery in Upper Canada, 1793-1803 |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/onhistory/2007-v99-n1-onhistory04967/1065793ar.pdf |journal=Ontario History |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=5–17 |doi=10.7202/1065793ar}}</ref> A shekara ta 1800, sauran larduna na Burtaniya ta Arewacin Amurka sun iyakance bautar ta hanyar yanke shawara na kotu da ke buƙatar tabbatar da mafi tsananin mallaka, wanda ba a samu ba. A cikin 1819, John Robinson, Babban Lauyan Upper Canada, ya ba da ra'ayi na shari'a cewa duk mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka da suka shiga Upper Canada ya kamata a tabbatar da 'yanci, koda kuwa an bautar da su a wata ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Chloe Cooley National Historic Person |url=https://parks.canada.ca/culture/designation/personnage-person/chloe-cooley |publisher=Parks Canada}}</ref> Bautar ta kasance doka, duk da haka, har sai Dokar kawar da bautar Majalisar Burtaniya ta 1833 ta soke bautar a mafi yawan sassan [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] daga ranar 1 ga Agusta 1834. ==== Nova Scotia ==== [[Fayil:RevJamesMacgregorMonumentPictouNovaScotia.jpg|thumb|Abin tunawa ga abolitionist James Drummond MacGregor - ya taimaka ya 'yantar da bayi na [[Baƙaƙen nova mutanen Scotland|Black Nova Scotian]]]] Duk da yake yawancin baƙar fata da suka isa Nova Scotia a lokacin juyin juya halin Amurka sun kasance 'yanci, wasu ba su da. Wasu baƙi sun isa Nova Scotia a matsayin mallakar fararen Amurka masu aminci. A shekara ta 1772, kafin juyin juya halin Amurka, Burtaniya ta haramta cinikin bayi a tsibirin Burtaniya sannan ''[[Joseph Knight (bawa)|Knight v. Wedderburn]]'' ya yanke shawara a Scotland a shekara ta 1778.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Enslaved Black people in the Maritimes |url=http://biographi.ca/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=2474 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718183541/http://biographi.ca/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=2474 |archive-date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Dictionary of Canadian Biography}}</ref> Wannan yanke shawara, bi da bi, ya rinjayi mulkin mallaka na Nova Scotia. A shekara ta 1788, abolitionist James Drummond MacGregor daga Pictou ya buga wallafe-wallafen adawa da bautar farko a Kanada kuma ya fara sayen 'yancin bayi da kuma azabtar da abokan aikinsa a cocin Presbyterian wanda ke da bayi. Masanin tarihi Alan Wilson ya bayyana takardar a matsayin "a landmark on the road to personal freedom in province and country". Masanin tarihi Robin Winks ya rubuta cewa "harin da ya fi karfi da ya zo daga alkalami na Kanada har ma a cikin shekarun 1840; ya kuma kawo muhawara ta jama'a wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya kai kotuna". (An binne lauyan Abolitionist Benjamin Kent a Halifax a shekara ta 1788.) A shekara ta 1790 John Burbidge ya 'yantar da bayinsa. Richard John Uniacke ne ya jagoranci, a cikin 1787, 1789 kuma a ranar 11 ga Janairun 1808 majalisar dokokin Nova Scotia ta ki halatta bautar. Manyan alƙalai biyu, Thomas Andrew Lumisden Strange (1790-1796) da Sampson Salter Blowers (1797-1832), sun taimaka wajen 'yantar da bayi daga masu su a Nova Scotia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating the 250th Anniversary of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. |url=http://courts.ns.ca/History_of_Courts/history_noframes/milestones.htm |website=courts.ns.ca |access-date=2025-08-18 |archive-date=2015-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112162616/http://courts.ns.ca/History_of_Courts/history_noframes/milestones.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cahill |first=Barry |date=1994 |title=Slavery and the Judges of Loyalist Nova Scotia |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/unblj/article/view/29646 |journal=UNB Law Journal |volume=43 |pages=73–135}}</ref> An yi musu girmamawa sosai a cikin mulkin mallaka. Mai shari'a Alexander Croke (1801-1815) ya kuma kwace jiragen bautar Amurka a wannan lokacin (wanda ya fi shahara shine Liverpool Packet). A lokacin yakin, Sir William Winniett na Nova Scotia ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikata a cikin HMS Tonnant a kokarin 'yantar da bayi daga Amurka. (A matsayin Gwamnan [[Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)|Gold Coast]], Winniett daga baya zai yi aiki don kawo karshen cinikin bayi a Yammacin Afirka.) A ƙarshen Yaƙin 1812 da isowar Black Refugees, akwai 'yan bayi da suka rage a Nova Scotia. ([[Dokar Kasuwancin Bayi ta 1807|Dokar Cinikin Bauta ta 1807]] ta haramta cinikin bayi a Daular Burtaniya kuma Dokar kawar da Bauta ta 1833 ta haramta bautar gaba ɗaya.) An kafa [[Kamfanin Saliyo]] don sake dawo da kungiyoyin tsoffin 'yan Afirka, kusan baƙar fata 1,200 na Nova Scotians, mafi yawansu sun tsere wa bautar a Amurka. Idan aka ba da yanayin bakin teku na Nova Scotia, mutane da yawa sun mutu daga matsanancin hunturu. Sun kirkiro wani yanki a cikin mulkin mallaka na yanzu a Saliyo (wanda aka riga aka kafa don yin gida ga "matalauta baƙi" na London) a Freetown a cikin shekara ta 1792. Yawancin "baƙi matalauta" sun haɗa da sauran mazaunan Afirka da Asiya na London. Ƙungiyar Freetown ta haɗu, musamman bayan 1834, da wasu ƙungiyoyin 'yan Afirka da aka' yanci kuma ta zama mafaka ta farko ta Afirka ga' yan Afirka da suka kasance bayi. ==== Hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa ==== [[Fayil:UndergroundRailroadmonumentWindsor.jpg|thumb|''Bikin Tunawa da Jirgin Kasa da Kasa'' a Windsor, Ontario]] A farkon zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19, an kafa [[Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa|Hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa]] a Amurka don 'yantar da bayi, ta hanyar kawo su wuraren da bayi za su sami 'yanci daga sake kama su. Birtaniya Arewacin Amurka, wanda yanzu aka sani da [[Kanada]], babban wuri ne na hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa bayan 1850, tare da tsakanin bayi 30,000 da 100,000 da ke neman mafaka.<ref name="CAN">{{Cite web |title=Settling Canada Underground Railroad |url=http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10166 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106114439/http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10166 |archive-date=January 6, 2010 |access-date=January 30, 2018 |website=[[Historica Minutes]] |quote=Between 1840 and 1860, more than 30,000 people enslaved in America came secretly to Canada and freedom}}</ref> A Nova Scotia, tsohon bawa Richard Preston ya kafa kungiyar African Abolition Society a cikin yakin kawo karshen bautar a Amurka. An horar da Preston a matsayin minista a [[Ingila]] kuma ya sadu da yawancin manyan muryoyi a cikin ƙungiyar [[Kashe yin bauta a kasar ingila|abolitionist]] wanda ya taimaka wajen samun Dokar Abolition ta 1833 ta Majalisar Burtaniya. Lokacin da Preston ya koma Nova Scotia, ya zama shugaban kungiyar Abolitionist a Halifax. Akwai makabarta na bayi a wasu sassan Kanada, a cikin jihohi daban-daban, wasu an yi watsi da su kuma an watsar da su. Sun hada da makabarta a St-Armand, Quebec; Shelburne, Nova Scotia; da Priceville da Dresden a Ontario. == Bautar zamani == Tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Bauta 1926|Yarjejeniyar Bautar]] da Kanada ta yi a 1953 ya fara alkawuran kasa da kasa na kasar don magance bautar zamani. [[Safarar Mutane|Cinikin mutane]] a Kanada lamari ne na shari'a da siyasa, kuma an soki 'yan majalisa na Kanada saboda sun kasa magance matsalar ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa.<ref name="future">{{Cite web |title=Falling Short of the Mark: An International Study on the Treatment of Human Trafficking Victims. Future Group March 2006 |url=http://www.thefuturegroup.org/TFGhumantraffickingvictimsstudy.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503194528/http://www.thefuturegroup.org/TFGhumantraffickingvictimsstudy.pdf |archive-date=May 3, 2011}}</ref> Ofishin [[British Columbia]] don Yaki da Cinikin Mutane da aka kafa a cikin 2007, wanda ya sa British Columbia ta zama lardin farko na Kanada don magance fataucin mutane a cikin tsari.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Benjamin Perrin}}</ref> Babban shari'ar fataucin mutane a Tarihin Kanada ya kewaye rushewar Kungiyar masu aikata laifuka ta Domotor-Kolompar. A ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2012, Gwamnatin Kanada ta kafa Shirin Ayyuka na Kasa don Yaki da Cinikin Dan Adam don adawa da Cinikin Mutum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2012 |title=The Harper Government Launches Canada's National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking |url=http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/media/nr/2012/nr20120606-eng.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703001948/https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/media/nr/2012/nr20120606-eng.aspx |archive-date=July 3, 2013 |access-date=May 25, 2013 |publisher=[[Public Safety Canada]]}}</ref> An kafa kungiyar Trafficking Taskforce a watan Yunin 2012 don maye gurbin kungiyar Interdepartmental Working Group on Trafficky in Persons a matsayin hukumar da ke da alhakin ci gaban Manufofin jama'a da suka shafi fataucin mutane a Kanada. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2012 |title=Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography |url=http://rightsofchildren.ca/wp-content/uploads/CCRC-Response-to-List-of-Issues-on-OPSC.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022054200/http://rightsofchildren.ca/wp-content/uploads/CCRC-Response-to-List-of-Issues-on-OPSC.pdf |archive-date=October 22, 2013 |access-date=October 21, 2013 |publisher=Canadian Coalition for the Rights of Children |page=2}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin al'amuran da aka yada a yanzu shi ne ɓacewar mata na Aboriginal wanda wasu kafofin suka danganta da fataucin mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 23, 2013 |title=First Nations Women Are Being Sold into the Sex Trade On Ships Along Lake Superior |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/first-nations-women-are-being-sold-into-the-sex-trade-on-ships-along-lake-superior/ |access-date=January 18, 2015 |publisher=[[Vice News]]}}</ref> Tsohon Firayim Minista [[Stephen Harper]] ya kasance mai jinkirin magance batun a kan dalilin da ya sa ba "matsalar zamantakewa" ba ce kuma ya ki kirkirar bincike na kasa game da batun da ya saba wa ra'ayoyin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam cewa batun yana da mahimmanci kuma yana buƙatar bincike mafi girma. A watan Yulin 2024, wani rahoto ga Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta [[Mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman]] na Majalisar Dinkinobho kan nau'ikan bautar zamani Tomoya Obokata ya bayyana shirin ma'aikatan kasashen waje na wucin gadi a matsayin "ƙasa mai shayarwa ga bautar zamani". Rahoton Obokata ya sami lokuta da yawa na Bautar bashi, sata albashi, rashin kayan kariya na mutum, cin zarafi, da lalata.<ref name=":1" /> Ministan shige da fice Marc Miller ya ba da wata sanarwa ga ''Reuters'' yana cewa shirin "yana bukatar sake fasalin" kuma ana buƙatar bincika ƙananan albashi. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 31ew6o4cuo9bw32k8u0xap9r6g2ea79 0 114551 883331 702687 2026-07-15T09:12:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 883331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dahiru Musa''' ya kasance dan siyasar [[Najeriya]] ne mai wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Waje'Nassarawa a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]]. == Farkon Rayuwa da Ilimi == An haifi Musa a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1957, a Kano.<ref name=":0">News article or government website confirming his representation of Waje'Nassarawa Federal Constituency</ref> Ya halarci makarantu daban-daban, ciki har da makarantar firamare ta Dakata, makarantar sakandaren maza ta Bagauda, ​​Kwalejin Malamai ta Pivotal, da Jami’ar Bayero.<ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a == A matsayinsa na jami’in gudanarwa, Musa ya yi ayyuka da dama.<ref name=":0" /> A halin yanzu yana wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Waje'Nassarawa ta jihar Kano. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Musa yana da aure da ‘ya’ya hudu. A lokacinsa na kyauta, yana jin daɗin ƙwallon ƙafa, tafiye-tafiye, da karatu.<ref name=":0" /> == Kalli kuma == - 'Yan siyasar Najeriya - Wakilan jihar Kano - Jami'an Gudanarwa == Manazarta == q0zk69vys8hpiqo3hwx0klm7qf5d9h2 883332 883331 2026-07-15T09:12:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 883332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dahiru Musa''' ya kasance dan siyasar [[Najeriya]] ne mai wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Waje'Nassarawa a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]]. == Farkon Rayuwa da Ilimi == An haifi Musa a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1957, a Kano.<ref name=":0">News article or government website confirming his representation of Waje'Nassarawa Federal Constituency</ref> Ya halarci makarantu daban-daban, ciki har da makarantar firamare ta Dakata, makarantar sakandaren maza ta Bagauda, ​​Kwalejin Malamai ta Pivotal, da Jami’ar Bayero.<ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a == A matsayinsa na jami’in gudanarwa, Musa ya yi ayyuka da dama.<ref name=":0" /> A halin yanzu yana wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Waje'Nassarawa ta jihar Kano. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Musa yana da aure da ‘ya’ya hudu. A lokacinsa na kyauta, yana jin daɗin ƙwallon ƙafa, tafiye-tafiye, da karatu.<ref name=":0" /> == Kalli kuma == 'Yan siyasar Najeriya -Wakilan jihar Kano Jami'an Gudanarwa == Manazarta == 1xzqrrengx1a8t1upk8mpmyshlm2wm9 883334 883332 2026-07-15T09:12:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 883334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dahiru Musa''' ya kasance dan siyasar [[Najeriya]] ne mai wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Waje'Nassarawa a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]]. == Farkon Rayuwa da Ilimi == An haifi Musa a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1957, a Kano.<ref name=":0">News article or government website confirming his representation of Waje'Nassarawa Federal Constituency</ref> Ya halarci makarantu daban-daban, ciki har da makarantar firamare ta Dakata, makarantar sakandaren maza ta Bagauda, ​​Kwalejin Malamai ta Pivotal, da Jami’ar Bayero.<ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a == A matsayinsa na jami’in gudanarwa, Musa ya yi ayyuka da dama.<ref name=":0" /> A halin yanzu yana wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Waje'Nassarawa ta jihar Kano. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Musa yana da aure da ‘ya’ya hudu. A lokacinsa na kyauta, yana jin daɗin ƙwallon ƙafa, tafiye-tafiye, da karatu.<ref name=":0" /> == Kalli kuma == 'Yan siyasar Najeriya Wakilan jihar Kano Jami'an Gudanarwa == Manazarta == 0f06afpzo73z1w1e8x1nj1svac8qmjg 883335 883334 2026-07-15T09:13:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 883335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dahiru Musa''' ya kasance dan siyasar [[Najeriya]] ne mai wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Waje'Nassarawa a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]]. == Farkon Rayuwa da Ilimi == An haifi Musa a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1957, a Kano.<ref name=":0">News article or government website confirming his representation of Waje'Nassarawa Federal Constituency</ref> Ya halarci makarantu daban-daban, ciki har da makarantar firamare ta Dakata, makarantar sakandaren maza ta Bagauda, ​​Kwalejin Malamai ta Pivotal, da Jami’ar Bayero.<ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a == A matsayinsa na jami’in gudanarwa, Musa ya yi ayyuka da dama.<ref name=":0" /> A halin yanzu yana wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Waje'Nassarawa ta jihar Kano. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Musa yana da aure da ‘ya’ya hudu. A lokacinsa na kyauta, yana jin daɗin ƙwallon ƙafa, tafiye-tafiye, da karatu.<ref name=":0" /> == Kalli kuma == * 'Yan siyasar Najeriya * Wakilan jihar Kano * Jami'an Gudanarwa == Manazarta == 68thah6je1fua3o1efhqs99tackeijp 883338 883335 2026-07-15T09:13:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 883338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dahiru Musa''' ya kasance dan siyasar [[Najeriya]] ne mai wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Waje'Nassarawa a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]]. == Farkon Rayuwa da Ilimi == An haifi Musa a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1957, a Kano.<ref name=":0">News article or government website confirming his representation of Waje'Nassarawa Federal Constituency</ref> Ya halarci makarantu daban-daban, ciki har da makarantar firamare ta Dakata, makarantar sakandaren maza ta Bagauda, ​​Kwalejin Malamai ta Pivotal, da Jami’ar Bayero.<ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a == A matsayinsa na jami’in gudanarwa, Musa ya yi ayyuka da dama.<ref name=":0" /> A halin yanzu yana wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Waje'Nassarawa ta jihar Kano. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Musa yayi aure da ‘ya’ya hudu. A lokacinsa na kyauta, yana jin daɗin ƙwallon ƙafa, tafiye-tafiye, da karatu.<ref name=":0" /> == Kalli kuma == * 'Yan siyasar Najeriya * Wakilan jihar Kano * Jami'an Gudanarwa == Manazarta == 3fzsz5nvb8kyz0h9xify4lfhpufg7u5 883339 883338 2026-07-15T09:13:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 883339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dahiru Musa''' ya kasance dan siyasar [[Najeriya]] ne mai wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Waje'Nassarawa a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]]. == Farkon Rayuwa da Ilimi == An haifi Musa a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1957, a [[Kano]].<ref name=":0">News article or government website confirming his representation of Waje'Nassarawa Federal Constituency</ref> Ya halarci makarantu daban-daban, ciki har da makarantar firamare ta Dakata, makarantar sakandaren maza ta Bagauda, ​​Kwalejin Malamai ta Pivotal, da Jami’ar Bayero.<ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a == A matsayinsa na jami’in gudanarwa, Musa ya yi ayyuka da dama.<ref name=":0" /> A halin yanzu yana wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Waje'Nassarawa ta jihar Kano. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Musa yayi aure da ‘ya’ya hudu. A lokacinsa na kyauta, yana jin daɗin ƙwallon ƙafa, tafiye-tafiye, da karatu.<ref name=":0" /> == Kalli kuma == * 'Yan siyasar Najeriya * Wakilan jihar Kano * Jami'an Gudanarwa == Manazarta == 1t9494ygmr4mypl2ke5lomf9n62fg17 0 115263 883201 707917 2026-07-15T08:20:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 883201 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Arrow of God, wanda aka buga a 1964, shine littafi na uku na [[Chinua Achebe]]. Tare da Things Fall Apart da No Longer at Ease, an dauke shi wani ɓangare na The African Trilogy, yana raba irin wannan saituna da jigogi. Littafin ya shafi Ezeulu, babban firist na ƙauyuka da yawa na [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] a cikin [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka na Najeriya]], wanda ke fuskantar ikon mulkin mallaka da masu wa'azi na Kirista a cikin shekarun 1920. An buga littafin a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin marubuta na Afirka na Heinemann . Kalmomin "Arrow of God" an samo su ne daga karin magana na Igbo inda aka ce mutum, ko kuma wani lokacin wani abu, yana wakiltar nufin Allah.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith, Daniel Jordan |date=22 September 2001 |title='The Arrow of God' pentecostalism, inequality, and the supernatural in South-Eastern Nigeria |journal=[[Africa (journal)|Africa]] |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=587 |doi=10.2307/1161581 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1161581}}</ref> Arrow of God ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta Jock Campbell / New Statesman don rubuce-rubucen Afirka.<ref>Ezenwa-Ohaeto (1997), ''Chinua Achebe: A Biography'', James Currey Ltd, {{ISBN|0-85255-545-8}}, p. 105.</ref> A cikin 2022, an haɗa shi a cikin jerin "Big Jubilee Read" na littattafai 70 da marubuta na [[Kasashen common wealth|Commonwealth]] suka zaba don bikin Platinum Jubilee na Elizabeth II. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2022 |title=The Big Jubilee Read: A literary celebration of Queen Elizabeth II's record-breaking reign |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2Ynpj933DJ2YG5nsMS6fn8k/a-literary-celebration-of-queen-elizabeth-iis-record-breaking-reign |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=BBC}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == An kafa littafin ne a tsakanin ƙauyukan [[Inyamurai|Mutanen Igbo]] a [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka na Najeriya]] a cikin shekarun 1920. Eze''Ulu'' shine babban firist na Allah Ulu, wanda ƙauyuka shida na Umuaro ke bauta masa. Littafin ya fara ne da Ezeulu da Umuaro suna fada da wani kauye da ke kusa, Okperi . An warware rikicin ba zato ba tsammani lokacin da T. K. Winterbottom, mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, ya shiga tsakani. Bayan rikici, wani ɗan asalin Afirka Kirista mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, John Goodcountry, ya isa Umuaro. Goodcountry ya fara gaya wa ƙauyuka labarun 'yan Najeriya a cikin Neja Delta waɗanda suka watsar (kuma suka yi yaƙi) da al'adunsu na gargajiya "mummunan al'adu" don goyon bayan Kiristanci. Winterbottom ya kira Ezeulu daga ƙauyensa kuma an gayyace shi ya zama wani ɓangare na mulkin mallaka, manufofin da aka sani da mulkin kai tsaye. Ezeulu ya ki zama "shugaban farar fata" kuma an jefa shi a kurkuku. A Umuaro, mutane ba za su iya girbe yam ba har sai Ezeulu ya kira Sabon Yam don gode wa Ulu. Lokacin da Ezeulu ya dawo daga kurkuku, ya ki kiran bikin duk da cewa wasu manyan mutane a ƙauyen sun roƙe shi don yin sulhu. Ezeulu ya yi wa mutane da kansa tunanin cewa ba nufinsa ba ne amma na Ulu; Ezeulu ya yarda da kansa rabin ruhu ne da rabin mutum. [[Doya|yams]] sun fara ruɓewa a filin, kuma yunwa ta biyo baya wanda ƙauyen ya zargi Ezeulu. Ganin wannan a matsayin dama, John Goodcountry ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙauyen ya ba da godiya ga [[God in Christianity|Allah na Kirista]] a maimakon haka kuma za su iya girbe abin da ya rage na amfanin gonarsu tare da "rashin lafiya". Yawancin mazauna ƙauyen sun riga sun rasa bangaskiyarsu ga Ezeulu. Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Ezeulu, Obika, ya mutu a lokacin bikin gargajiya, kuma mazauna ƙauyen sun fassara wannan a matsayin alamar cewa Ulu ya goyi bayan su a kan firist dinsa. Don wannan hukunci a bayyane game da Ezeulu da kuma alkawarin kariya da Allah Kirista ya yi, a girbi na Kirista, wanda ya faru 'yan kwanaki bayan mutuwar Obika, mutane da yawa sun rungumi Kiristanci ta hanyar aika ɗansu can tare da yams. Taken Arrow of God yana nufin siffar Ezeulu na kansa a matsayin kibiya a cikin baka na allahn sa.<ref name="Mathuray">{{Cite journal |last=Mathuray, Mark |year=2003 |title=Realizing the Sacred: Power and Meaning in Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God |journal=[[Research in African Literatures]] |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=46 |doi=10.1353/ral.2003.0071}}</ref> == Jigogi == Ulu, ƙauyukan Umuaro da Okperi, da jami'an mulkin mallaka duk almara ne. Koyaya, kwatancin mulkin mallaka na Najeriya daidai ne wajen nuna rikici tsakanin imani da addinai na gargajiya na Najeriya da dabi'un kasashen waje da Turawa suka gabatar, gami da Kristanci. Bugu da kari, hukumomin mulkin mallaka a Yammacin Afirka sun fi son mulkin kai tsaye a matsayin hanyar rage farashin mulkin mallaka. An dauki littafin a matsayin aikin hakikanin wallafe-wallafen Afirka. Littafin farko na Achebe, Things Fall Apart, ya ba da labarin Okonkwo, jagora a cikin al'ummarsa wanda ya shiga rikici tare da hukumomin mulkin mallaka. Arrow of God kamar haka ya bayyana faduwar shugaba na gargajiya a hannun hukumomin mulkin mallaka. Babban rikice-rikice na littafin ya shafi gwagwarmaya tsakanin ci gaba da canji, kamar Ezeulu ya ki yin hidima ga Winterbottom, ko tsakanin mazauna ƙauyen gargajiya da ɗan Ezeulu wanda ke karatun Kiristanci. An fahimci canji a matsayin abin da ba za a iya gujewa ba tsakanin mutanen Igbo.<ref name="Mathuray">{{Cite journal |last=Mathuray, Mark |year=2003 |title=Realizing the Sacred: Power and Meaning in Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God |journal=[[Research in African Literatures]] |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=46 |doi=10.1353/ral.2003.0071}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMathuray,_Mark2003">Mathuray, Mark (2003). "Realizing the Sacred: Power and Meaning in Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God". ''[[Research in African Literatures]]''. '''34''' (3): 46. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/ral.2003.0071|10.1353/ral.2003.0071]].</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jymmia4oqnkgfqvabzjos3pp2hwz4fl 883203 883201 2026-07-15T08:20:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 883203 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Arrow of God, wanda aka buga a 1964, shine littafi na uku na [[Chinua Achebe]]. Tare da Things Fall Apart da No Longer at Ease, an dauke shi wani ɓangare na The African Trilogy, yana raba irin wannan saituna da jigogi. Littafin ya shafi Ezeulu, babban firist na ƙauyuka da yawa na [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] a cikin [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka na Najeriya]], wanda ke fuskantar ikon mulkin mallaka da masu wa'azi na Kirista a cikin shekarun 1920. An buga littafin a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin marubuta na Afirka na Heinemann . Kalmomin "Arrow of God" an samo su ne daga karin magana na Igbo inda aka ce mutum, ko kuma wani lokacin wani abu, yana wakiltar nufin Allah.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith, Daniel Jordan |date=22 September 2001 |title='The Arrow of God' pentecostalism, inequality, and the supernatural in South-Eastern Nigeria |journal=[[Africa (journal)|Africa]] |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=587 |doi=10.2307/1161581 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1161581}}</ref> Arrow of God ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta Jock Campbell / New Statesman don rubuce-rubucen Afirka.<ref>Ezenwa-Ohaeto (1997), ''Chinua Achebe: A Biography'', James Currey Ltd, {{ISBN|0-85255-545-8}}, p. 105.</ref> A cikin 2022, an haɗa shi a cikin jerin "Big Jubilee Read" na littattafai 70 da marubuta na [[Kasashen common wealth|Commonwealth]] suka zaba don bikin Platinum Jubilee na Elizabeth II.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2022 |title=The Big Jubilee Read: A literary celebration of Queen Elizabeth II's record-breaking reign |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2Ynpj933DJ2YG5nsMS6fn8k/a-literary-celebration-of-queen-elizabeth-iis-record-breaking-reign |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=BBC}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == An kafa littafin ne a tsakanin ƙauyukan [[Inyamurai|Mutanen Igbo]] a [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka na Najeriya]] a cikin shekarun 1920. Eze''Ulu'' shine babban firist na Allah Ulu, wanda ƙauyuka shida na Umuaro ke bauta masa. Littafin ya fara ne da Ezeulu da Umuaro suna fada da wani kauye da ke kusa, Okperi . An warware rikicin ba zato ba tsammani lokacin da T. K. Winterbottom, mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, ya shiga tsakani. Bayan rikici, wani ɗan asalin Afirka Kirista mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, John Goodcountry, ya isa Umuaro. Goodcountry ya fara gaya wa ƙauyuka labarun 'yan Najeriya a cikin Neja Delta waɗanda suka watsar (kuma suka yi yaƙi) da al'adunsu na gargajiya "mummunan al'adu" don goyon bayan Kiristanci. Winterbottom ya kira Ezeulu daga ƙauyensa kuma an gayyace shi ya zama wani ɓangare na mulkin mallaka, manufofin da aka sani da mulkin kai tsaye. Ezeulu ya ki zama "shugaban farar fata" kuma an jefa shi a kurkuku. A Umuaro, mutane ba za su iya girbe yam ba har sai Ezeulu ya kira Sabon Yam don gode wa Ulu. Lokacin da Ezeulu ya dawo daga kurkuku, ya ki kiran bikin duk da cewa wasu manyan mutane a ƙauyen sun roƙe shi don yin sulhu. Ezeulu ya yi wa mutane da kansa tunanin cewa ba nufinsa ba ne amma na Ulu; Ezeulu ya yarda da kansa rabin ruhu ne da rabin mutum. [[Doya|yams]] sun fara ruɓewa a filin, kuma yunwa ta biyo baya wanda ƙauyen ya zargi Ezeulu. Ganin wannan a matsayin dama, John Goodcountry ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙauyen ya ba da godiya ga [[God in Christianity|Allah na Kirista]] a maimakon haka kuma za su iya girbe abin da ya rage na amfanin gonarsu tare da "rashin lafiya". Yawancin mazauna ƙauyen sun riga sun rasa bangaskiyarsu ga Ezeulu. Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Ezeulu, Obika, ya mutu a lokacin bikin gargajiya, kuma mazauna ƙauyen sun fassara wannan a matsayin alamar cewa Ulu ya goyi bayan su a kan firist dinsa. Don wannan hukunci a bayyane game da Ezeulu da kuma alkawarin kariya da Allah Kirista ya yi, a girbi na Kirista, wanda ya faru 'yan kwanaki bayan mutuwar Obika, mutane da yawa sun rungumi Kiristanci ta hanyar aika ɗansu can tare da yams. Taken Arrow of God yana nufin siffar Ezeulu na kansa a matsayin kibiya a cikin baka na allahn sa.<ref name="Mathuray">{{Cite journal |last=Mathuray, Mark |year=2003 |title=Realizing the Sacred: Power and Meaning in Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God |journal=[[Research in African Literatures]] |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=46 |doi=10.1353/ral.2003.0071}}</ref> == Jigogi == Ulu, ƙauyukan Umuaro da Okperi, da jami'an mulkin mallaka duk almara ne. Koyaya, kwatancin mulkin mallaka na Najeriya daidai ne wajen nuna rikici tsakanin imani da addinai na gargajiya na Najeriya da dabi'un kasashen waje da Turawa suka gabatar, gami da Kristanci. Bugu da kari, hukumomin mulkin mallaka a Yammacin Afirka sun fi son mulkin kai tsaye a matsayin hanyar rage farashin mulkin mallaka. An dauki littafin a matsayin aikin hakikanin wallafe-wallafen Afirka. Littafin farko na Achebe, Things Fall Apart, ya ba da labarin Okonkwo, jagora a cikin al'ummarsa wanda ya shiga rikici tare da hukumomin mulkin mallaka. Arrow of God kamar haka ya bayyana faduwar shugaba na gargajiya a hannun hukumomin mulkin mallaka. Babban rikice-rikice na littafin ya shafi gwagwarmaya tsakanin ci gaba da canji, kamar Ezeulu ya ki yin hidima ga Winterbottom, ko tsakanin mazauna ƙauyen gargajiya da ɗan Ezeulu wanda ke karatun Kiristanci. An fahimci canji a matsayin abin da ba za a iya gujewa ba tsakanin mutanen Igbo.<ref name="Mathuray">{{Cite journal |last=Mathuray, Mark |year=2003 |title=Realizing the Sacred: Power and Meaning in Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God |journal=[[Research in African Literatures]] |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=46 |doi=10.1353/ral.2003.0071}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMathuray,_Mark2003">Mathuray, Mark (2003). "Realizing the Sacred: Power and Meaning in Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God". ''[[Research in African Literatures]]''. '''34''' (3): 46. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/ral.2003.0071|10.1353/ral.2003.0071]].</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mp4j7nav6rmzvu0bvmfqmu4omg2bwfm 883204 883203 2026-07-15T08:20:51Z Pharouqenr 25549 883204 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Arrow of God''', wanda aka buga a 1964, shine littafi na uku na [[Chinua Achebe]]. Tare da Things Fall Apart da No Longer at Ease, an dauke shi wani ɓangare na The African Trilogy, yana raba irin wannan saituna da jigogi. Littafin ya shafi Ezeulu, babban firist na ƙauyuka da yawa na [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] a cikin [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka na Najeriya]], wanda ke fuskantar ikon mulkin mallaka da masu wa'azi na Kirista a cikin shekarun 1920. An buga littafin a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin marubuta na Afirka na Heinemann . Kalmomin "Arrow of God" an samo su ne daga karin magana na Igbo inda aka ce mutum, ko kuma wani lokacin wani abu, yana wakiltar nufin Allah.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith, Daniel Jordan |date=22 September 2001 |title='The Arrow of God' pentecostalism, inequality, and the supernatural in South-Eastern Nigeria |journal=[[Africa (journal)|Africa]] |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=587 |doi=10.2307/1161581 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1161581}}</ref> Arrow of God ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta Jock Campbell / New Statesman don rubuce-rubucen Afirka.<ref>Ezenwa-Ohaeto (1997), ''Chinua Achebe: A Biography'', James Currey Ltd, {{ISBN|0-85255-545-8}}, p. 105.</ref> A cikin 2022, an haɗa shi a cikin jerin "Big Jubilee Read" na littattafai 70 da marubuta na [[Kasashen common wealth|Commonwealth]] suka zaba don bikin Platinum Jubilee na Elizabeth II.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2022 |title=The Big Jubilee Read: A literary celebration of Queen Elizabeth II's record-breaking reign |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2Ynpj933DJ2YG5nsMS6fn8k/a-literary-celebration-of-queen-elizabeth-iis-record-breaking-reign |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=BBC}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == An kafa littafin ne a tsakanin ƙauyukan [[Inyamurai|Mutanen Igbo]] a [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka na Najeriya]] a cikin shekarun 1920. Eze''Ulu'' shine babban firist na Allah Ulu, wanda ƙauyuka shida na Umuaro ke bauta masa. Littafin ya fara ne da Ezeulu da Umuaro suna fada da wani kauye da ke kusa, Okperi . An warware rikicin ba zato ba tsammani lokacin da T. K. Winterbottom, mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, ya shiga tsakani. Bayan rikici, wani ɗan asalin Afirka Kirista mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, John Goodcountry, ya isa Umuaro. Goodcountry ya fara gaya wa ƙauyuka labarun 'yan Najeriya a cikin Neja Delta waɗanda suka watsar (kuma suka yi yaƙi) da al'adunsu na gargajiya "mummunan al'adu" don goyon bayan Kiristanci. Winterbottom ya kira Ezeulu daga ƙauyensa kuma an gayyace shi ya zama wani ɓangare na mulkin mallaka, manufofin da aka sani da mulkin kai tsaye. Ezeulu ya ki zama "shugaban farar fata" kuma an jefa shi a kurkuku. A Umuaro, mutane ba za su iya girbe yam ba har sai Ezeulu ya kira Sabon Yam don gode wa Ulu. Lokacin da Ezeulu ya dawo daga kurkuku, ya ki kiran bikin duk da cewa wasu manyan mutane a ƙauyen sun roƙe shi don yin sulhu. Ezeulu ya yi wa mutane da kansa tunanin cewa ba nufinsa ba ne amma na Ulu; Ezeulu ya yarda da kansa rabin ruhu ne da rabin mutum. [[Doya|yams]] sun fara ruɓewa a filin, kuma yunwa ta biyo baya wanda ƙauyen ya zargi Ezeulu. Ganin wannan a matsayin dama, John Goodcountry ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙauyen ya ba da godiya ga [[God in Christianity|Allah na Kirista]] a maimakon haka kuma za su iya girbe abin da ya rage na amfanin gonarsu tare da "rashin lafiya". Yawancin mazauna ƙauyen sun riga sun rasa bangaskiyarsu ga Ezeulu. Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Ezeulu, Obika, ya mutu a lokacin bikin gargajiya, kuma mazauna ƙauyen sun fassara wannan a matsayin alamar cewa Ulu ya goyi bayan su a kan firist dinsa. Don wannan hukunci a bayyane game da Ezeulu da kuma alkawarin kariya da Allah Kirista ya yi, a girbi na Kirista, wanda ya faru 'yan kwanaki bayan mutuwar Obika, mutane da yawa sun rungumi Kiristanci ta hanyar aika ɗansu can tare da yams. Taken Arrow of God yana nufin siffar Ezeulu na kansa a matsayin kibiya a cikin baka na allahn sa.<ref name="Mathuray">{{Cite journal |last=Mathuray, Mark |year=2003 |title=Realizing the Sacred: Power and Meaning in Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God |journal=[[Research in African Literatures]] |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=46 |doi=10.1353/ral.2003.0071}}</ref> == Jigogi == Ulu, ƙauyukan Umuaro da Okperi, da jami'an mulkin mallaka duk almara ne. Koyaya, kwatancin mulkin mallaka na Najeriya daidai ne wajen nuna rikici tsakanin imani da addinai na gargajiya na Najeriya da dabi'un kasashen waje da Turawa suka gabatar, gami da Kristanci. Bugu da kari, hukumomin mulkin mallaka a Yammacin Afirka sun fi son mulkin kai tsaye a matsayin hanyar rage farashin mulkin mallaka. An dauki littafin a matsayin aikin hakikanin wallafe-wallafen Afirka. Littafin farko na Achebe, Things Fall Apart, ya ba da labarin Okonkwo, jagora a cikin al'ummarsa wanda ya shiga rikici tare da hukumomin mulkin mallaka. Arrow of God kamar haka ya bayyana faduwar shugaba na gargajiya a hannun hukumomin mulkin mallaka. Babban rikice-rikice na littafin ya shafi gwagwarmaya tsakanin ci gaba da canji, kamar Ezeulu ya ki yin hidima ga Winterbottom, ko tsakanin mazauna ƙauyen gargajiya da ɗan Ezeulu wanda ke karatun Kiristanci. An fahimci canji a matsayin abin da ba za a iya gujewa ba tsakanin mutanen Igbo.<ref name="Mathuray">{{Cite journal |last=Mathuray, Mark |year=2003 |title=Realizing the Sacred: Power and Meaning in Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God |journal=[[Research in African Literatures]] |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=46 |doi=10.1353/ral.2003.0071}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMathuray,_Mark2003">Mathuray, Mark (2003). "Realizing the Sacred: Power and Meaning in Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God". ''[[Research in African Literatures]]''. '''34''' (3): 46. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/ral.2003.0071|10.1353/ral.2003.0071]].</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ktgg1sm6pg1iw054sugbu1whxegjtlm 883206 883204 2026-07-15T08:21:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 883206 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Arrow of God''', wanda aka buga a 1964, shine littafi na uku na [[Chinua Achebe]]. Tare da Things Fall Apart da No Longer at Ease, an dauke shi wani ɓangare na The African Trilogy, yana raba irin wannan saituna da jigogi. Littafin ya shafi Ezeulu, babban firist na ƙauyuka da yawa na [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] a cikin [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka na Najeriya]], wanda ke fuskantar ikon mulkin mallaka da masu wa'azi na Kirista a cikin shekarun 1920. An buga littafin a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin marubuta na Afirka na Heinemann . Kalmomin "Arrow of God" an samo su ne daga karin magana na Igbo inda aka ce mutum, ko kuma wani lokacin wani abu, yana wakiltar nufin Allah.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith, Daniel Jordan |date=22 September 2001 |title='The Arrow of God' pentecostalism, inequality, and the supernatural in South-Eastern Nigeria |journal=[[Africa (journal)|Africa]] |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=587 |doi=10.2307/1161581 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1161581}}</ref> Arrow of God ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta Jock Campbell / New Statesman don rubuce-rubucen Afirka.<ref>Ezenwa-Ohaeto (1997), ''Chinua Achebe: A Biography'', James Currey Ltd, {{ISBN|0-85255-545-8}}, p. 105.</ref> A cikin 2022, an haɗa shi a cikin jerin "Big Jubilee Read" na littattafai 70 da marubuta na [[Kasashen common wealth|Commonwealth]] suka zaba don bikin Platinum Jubilee na Elizabeth II.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2022 |title=The Big Jubilee Read: A literary celebration of Queen Elizabeth II's record-breaking reign |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2Ynpj933DJ2YG5nsMS6fn8k/a-literary-celebration-of-queen-elizabeth-iis-record-breaking-reign |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=BBC}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == An kafa littafin ne a tsakanin ƙauyukan [[Inyamurai|Mutanen Igbo]] a [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka na Najeriya]] a cikin shekarun 1920. Eze''Ulu'' shine babban firist na Allah Ulu, wanda ƙauyuka shida na Umuaro ke bauta masa. Littafin ya fara ne da Ezeulu da Umuaro suna fada da wani kauye da ke kusa, Okperi . An warware rikicin ba zato ba tsammani lokacin da T. K. Winterbottom, mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, ya shiga tsakani. Bayan rikici, wani ɗan asalin Afirka Kirista mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, John Goodcountry, ya isa Umuaro. Goodcountry ya fara gaya wa ƙauyuka labarun 'yan Najeriya a cikin Neja Delta waɗanda suka watsar (kuma suka yi yaƙi) da al'adunsu na gargajiya "mummunan al'adu" don goyon bayan Kiristanci. Winterbottom ya kira Ezeulu daga ƙauyensa kuma an gayyace shi ya zama wani ɓangare na mulkin mallaka, manufofin da aka sani da mulkin kai tsaye. Ezeulu ya ki zama "shugaban farar fata" kuma an jefa shi a kurkuku. A Umuaro, mutane ba za su iya girbe yam ba har sai Ezeulu ya kira Sabon Yam don gode wa Ulu. Lokacin da Ezeulu ya dawo daga kurkuku, ya ki kiran bikin duk da cewa wasu manyan mutane a ƙauyen sun roƙe shi don yin sulhu. Ezeulu ya yi wa mutane da kansa tunanin cewa ba nufinsa ba ne amma na Ulu; Ezeulu ya yarda da kansa rabin ruhu ne da rabin mutum. [[Doya|yams]] sun fara ruɓewa a filin, kuma yunwa ta biyo baya wanda ƙauyen ya zargi Ezeulu. Ganin wannan a matsayin dama, John Goodcountry ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙauyen ya ba da godiya ga Allah na Kirista a maimakon haka kuma za su iya girbe abin da ya rage na amfanin gonarsu tare da "rashin lafiya". Yawancin mazauna ƙauyen sun riga sun rasa bangaskiyarsu ga Ezeulu. Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Ezeulu, Obika, ya mutu a lokacin bikin gargajiya, kuma mazauna ƙauyen sun fassara wannan a matsayin alamar cewa Ulu ya goyi bayan su a kan firist dinsa. Don wannan hukunci a bayyane game da Ezeulu da kuma alkawarin kariya da Allah Kirista ya yi, a girbi na Kirista, wanda ya faru 'yan kwanaki bayan mutuwar Obika, mutane da yawa sun rungumi Kiristanci ta hanyar aika ɗansu can tare da yams. Taken Arrow of God yana nufin siffar Ezeulu na kansa a matsayin kibiya a cikin baka na allahn sa.<ref name="Mathuray">{{Cite journal |last=Mathuray, Mark |year=2003 |title=Realizing the Sacred: Power and Meaning in Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God |journal=[[Research in African Literatures]] |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=46 |doi=10.1353/ral.2003.0071}}</ref> == Jigogi == Ulu, ƙauyukan Umuaro da Okperi, da jami'an mulkin mallaka duk almara ne. Koyaya, kwatancin mulkin mallaka na Najeriya daidai ne wajen nuna rikici tsakanin imani da addinai na gargajiya na Najeriya da dabi'un kasashen waje da Turawa suka gabatar, gami da Kristanci. Bugu da kari, hukumomin mulkin mallaka a Yammacin Afirka sun fi son mulkin kai tsaye a matsayin hanyar rage farashin mulkin mallaka. An dauki littafin a matsayin aikin hakikanin wallafe-wallafen Afirka. Littafin farko na Achebe, Things Fall Apart, ya ba da labarin Okonkwo, jagora a cikin al'ummarsa wanda ya shiga rikici tare da hukumomin mulkin mallaka. Arrow of God kamar haka ya bayyana faduwar shugaba na gargajiya a hannun hukumomin mulkin mallaka. Babban rikice-rikice na littafin ya shafi gwagwarmaya tsakanin ci gaba da canji, kamar Ezeulu ya ki yin hidima ga Winterbottom, ko tsakanin mazauna ƙauyen gargajiya da ɗan Ezeulu wanda ke karatun Kiristanci. An fahimci canji a matsayin abin da ba za a iya gujewa ba tsakanin mutanen Igbo.<ref name="Mathuray">{{Cite journal |last=Mathuray, Mark |year=2003 |title=Realizing the Sacred: Power and Meaning in Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God |journal=[[Research in African Literatures]] |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=46 |doi=10.1353/ral.2003.0071}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMathuray,_Mark2003">Mathuray, Mark (2003). "Realizing the Sacred: Power and Meaning in Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God". ''[[Research in African Literatures]]''. '''34''' (3): 46. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/ral.2003.0071|10.1353/ral.2003.0071]].</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] glt8iwcn7a8s9ouqe2a0wkihlginnct 883209 883206 2026-07-15T08:21:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 883209 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Arrow of God''', wanda aka buga a 1964, shine littafi na uku na [[Chinua Achebe]]. Tare da Things Fall Apart da No Longer at Ease, an dauke shi wani ɓangare na The African Trilogy, yana raba irin wannan saituna da jigogi. Littafin ya shafi Ezeulu, babban firist na ƙauyuka da yawa na [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] a cikin [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka na Najeriya]], wanda ke fuskantar ikon mulkin mallaka da masu wa'azi na Kirista a cikin shekarun 1920. An buga littafin a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin marubuta na Afirka na Heinemann . Kalmomin "Arrow of God" an samo su ne daga karin magana na Igbo inda aka ce mutum, ko kuma wani lokacin wani abu, yana wakiltar nufin Allah.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith, Daniel Jordan |date=22 September 2001 |title='The Arrow of God' pentecostalism, inequality, and the supernatural in South-Eastern Nigeria |journal=[[Africa (journal)|Africa]] |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=587 |doi=10.2307/1161581 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1161581}}</ref> Arrow of God ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta Jock Campbell / New Statesman don rubuce-rubucen Afirka.<ref>Ezenwa-Ohaeto (1997), ''Chinua Achebe: A Biography'', James Currey Ltd, {{ISBN|0-85255-545-8}}, p. 105.</ref> A cikin 2022, an haɗa shi a cikin jerin "Big Jubilee Read" na littattafai 70 da marubuta na [[Kasashen common wealth|Commonwealth]] suka zaba don bikin Platinum Jubilee na Elizabeth II.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2022 |title=The Big Jubilee Read: A literary celebration of Queen Elizabeth II's record-breaking reign |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2Ynpj933DJ2YG5nsMS6fn8k/a-literary-celebration-of-queen-elizabeth-iis-record-breaking-reign |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=BBC}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == An kafa littafin ne a tsakanin ƙauyukan [[Inyamurai|Mutanen Igbo]] a [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka na Najeriya]] a cikin shekarun 1920. Eze''Ulu'' shine babban firist na Allah Ulu, wanda ƙauyuka shida na Umuaro ke bauta masa. Littafin ya fara ne da Ezeulu da Umuaro suna fada da wani kauye da ke kusa, Okperi . An warware rikicin ba zato ba tsammani lokacin da T. K. Winterbottom, mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, ya shiga tsakani. Bayan rikici, wani ɗan asalin Afirka Kirista mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, John Goodcountry, ya isa Umuaro. Goodcountry ya fara gaya wa ƙauyuka labarun 'yan Najeriya a cikin Neja Delta waɗanda suka watsar (kuma suka yi yaƙi) da al'adunsu na gargajiya "mummunan al'adu" don goyon bayan Kiristanci. Winterbottom ya kira Ezeulu daga ƙauyensa kuma an gayyace shi ya zama wani ɓangare na mulkin mallaka, manufofin da aka sani da mulkin kai tsaye. Ezeulu ya ki zama "shugaban farar fata" kuma an jefa shi a kurkuku. A Umuaro, mutane ba za su iya girbe yam ba har sai Ezeulu ya kira Sabon Yam don gode wa Ulu. Lokacin da Ezeulu ya dawo daga kurkuku, ya ki kiran bikin duk da cewa wasu manyan mutane a ƙauyen sun roƙe shi don yin sulhu. Ezeulu ya yi wa mutane da kansa tunanin cewa ba nufinsa ba ne amma na Ulu; Ezeulu ya yarda da kansa rabin ruhu ne da rabin mutum. [[Doya]] sun fara ruɓewa a filin, kuma yunwa ta biyo baya wanda ƙauyen ya zargi Ezeulu. Ganin wannan a matsayin dama, John Goodcountry ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙauyen ya ba da godiya ga Allah na Kirista a maimakon haka kuma za su iya girbe abin da ya rage na amfanin gonarsu tare da "rashin lafiya". Yawancin mazauna ƙauyen sun riga sun rasa bangaskiyarsu ga Ezeulu. Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Ezeulu, Obika, ya mutu a lokacin bikin gargajiya, kuma mazauna ƙauyen sun fassara wannan a matsayin alamar cewa Ulu ya goyi bayan su a kan firist dinsa. Don wannan hukunci a bayyane game da Ezeulu da kuma alkawarin kariya da Allah Kirista ya yi, a girbi na Kirista, wanda ya faru 'yan kwanaki bayan mutuwar Obika, mutane da yawa sun rungumi Kiristanci ta hanyar aika ɗansu can tare da yams. Taken Arrow of God yana nufin siffar Ezeulu na kansa a matsayin kibiya a cikin baka na allahn sa.<ref name="Mathuray">{{Cite journal |last=Mathuray, Mark |year=2003 |title=Realizing the Sacred: Power and Meaning in Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God |journal=[[Research in African Literatures]] |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=46 |doi=10.1353/ral.2003.0071}}</ref> == Jigogi == Ulu, ƙauyukan Umuaro da Okperi, da jami'an mulkin mallaka duk almara ne. Koyaya, kwatancin mulkin mallaka na Najeriya daidai ne wajen nuna rikici tsakanin imani da addinai na gargajiya na Najeriya da dabi'un kasashen waje da Turawa suka gabatar, gami da Kristanci. Bugu da kari, hukumomin mulkin mallaka a Yammacin Afirka sun fi son mulkin kai tsaye a matsayin hanyar rage farashin mulkin mallaka. An dauki littafin a matsayin aikin hakikanin wallafe-wallafen Afirka. Littafin farko na Achebe, Things Fall Apart, ya ba da labarin Okonkwo, jagora a cikin al'ummarsa wanda ya shiga rikici tare da hukumomin mulkin mallaka. Arrow of God kamar haka ya bayyana faduwar shugaba na gargajiya a hannun hukumomin mulkin mallaka. Babban rikice-rikice na littafin ya shafi gwagwarmaya tsakanin ci gaba da canji, kamar Ezeulu ya ki yin hidima ga Winterbottom, ko tsakanin mazauna ƙauyen gargajiya da ɗan Ezeulu wanda ke karatun Kiristanci. An fahimci canji a matsayin abin da ba za a iya gujewa ba tsakanin mutanen Igbo.<ref name="Mathuray">{{Cite journal |last=Mathuray, Mark |year=2003 |title=Realizing the Sacred: Power and Meaning in Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God |journal=[[Research in African Literatures]] |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=46 |doi=10.1353/ral.2003.0071}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMathuray,_Mark2003">Mathuray, Mark (2003). "Realizing the Sacred: Power and Meaning in Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God". ''[[Research in African Literatures]]''. '''34''' (3): 46. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/ral.2003.0071|10.1353/ral.2003.0071]].</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mtsc41f04yx8pqmw16ia1lftuxj8tig 883211 883209 2026-07-15T08:22:14Z Hafsah3639 35826 Gyara 883211 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Arrow of God''', wanda aka buga a shekarar 1964, shine littafi na uku na [[Chinua Achebe]]. Tare da Things Fall Apart da No Longer at Ease, an dauke shi wani ɓangare na The African Trilogy, yana raba irin wannan saituna da jigogi. Littafin ya shafi Ezeulu, babban firist na ƙauyuka da yawa na [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] a cikin [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka na Najeriya]], wanda ke fuskantar ikon mulkin mallaka da masu wa'azi na Kirista a cikin shekarun 1920. An buga littafin a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin marubuta na Afirka na Heinemann . Kalmomin "Arrow of God" an samo su ne daga karin magana na Igbo inda aka ce mutum, ko kuma wani lokacin wani abu, yana wakiltar nufin Allah.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith, Daniel Jordan |date=22 September 2001 |title='The Arrow of God' pentecostalism, inequality, and the supernatural in South-Eastern Nigeria |journal=[[Africa (journal)|Africa]] |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=587 |doi=10.2307/1161581 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=1161581}}</ref> Arrow of God ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta Jock Campbell / New Statesman don rubuce-rubucen Afirka.<ref>Ezenwa-Ohaeto (1997), ''Chinua Achebe: A Biography'', James Currey Ltd, {{ISBN|0-85255-545-8}}, p. 105.</ref> A cikin shekarar 2022, an haɗa shi a cikin jerin "Big Jubilee Read" na littattafai 70 da marubuta na [[Kasashen common wealth|Commonwealth]] suka zaba don bikin Platinum Jubilee na Elizabeth II.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2022 |title=The Big Jubilee Read: A literary celebration of Queen Elizabeth II's record-breaking reign |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2Ynpj933DJ2YG5nsMS6fn8k/a-literary-celebration-of-queen-elizabeth-iis-record-breaking-reign |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=BBC}}</ref> == Takaitaccen Bayani == An kafa littafin ne a tsakanin ƙauyukan [[Inyamurai|Mutanen Igbo]] a [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin mallaka na Najeriya]] a cikin shekarun 1920. Eze''Ulu'' shine babban firist na Allah Ulu, wanda ƙauyuka shida na Umuaro ke bauta masa. Littafin ya fara ne da Ezeulu da Umuaro suna fada da wani kauye da ke kusa, Okperi . An warware rikicin ba zato ba tsammani lokacin da T. K. Winterbottom, mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, ya shiga tsakani. Bayan rikici, wani ɗan asalin Afirka Kirista mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, John Goodcountry, ya isa Umuaro. Goodcountry ya fara gaya wa ƙauyuka labarun 'yan Najeriya a cikin Neja Delta waɗanda suka watsar (kuma suka yi yaƙi) da al'adunsu na gargajiya "mummunan al'adu" don goyon bayan Kiristanci. Winterbottom ya kira Ezeulu daga ƙauyensa kuma an gayyace shi ya zama wani ɓangare na mulkin mallaka, manufofin da aka sani da mulkin kai tsaye. Ezeulu ya ki zama "shugaban farar fata" kuma an jefa shi a kurkuku. A Umuaro, mutane ba za su iya girbe yam ba har sai Ezeulu ya kira Sabon Yam don gode wa Ulu. Lokacin da Ezeulu ya dawo daga kurkuku, ya ki kiran bikin duk da cewa wasu manyan mutane a ƙauyen sun roƙe shi don yin sulhu. Ezeulu ya yi wa mutane da kansa tunanin cewa ba nufinsa ba ne amma na Ulu; Ezeulu ya yarda da kansa rabin ruhu ne da rabin mutum. [[Doya]] sun fara ruɓewa a filin, kuma yunwa ta biyo baya wanda ƙauyen ya zargi Ezeulu. Ganin wannan a matsayin dama, John Goodcountry ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙauyen ya ba da godiya ga Allah na Kirista a maimakon haka kuma za su iya girbe abin da ya rage na amfanin gonarsu tare da "rashin lafiya". Yawancin mazauna ƙauyen sun riga sun rasa bangaskiyarsu ga Ezeulu. Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Ezeulu, Obika, ya mutu a lokacin bikin gargajiya, kuma mazauna ƙauyen sun fassara wannan a matsayin alamar cewa Ulu ya goyi bayan su a kan firist dinsa. Don wannan hukunci a bayyane game da Ezeulu da kuma alkawarin kariya da Allah Kirista ya yi, a girbi na Kirista, wanda ya faru 'yan kwanaki bayan mutuwar Obika, mutane da yawa sun rungumi Kiristanci ta hanyar aika ɗansu can tare da yams. Taken Arrow of God yana nufin siffar Ezeulu na kansa a matsayin kibiya a cikin baka na allahn sa.<ref name="Mathuray">{{Cite journal |last=Mathuray, Mark |year=2003 |title=Realizing the Sacred: Power and Meaning in Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God |journal=[[Research in African Literatures]] |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=46 |doi=10.1353/ral.2003.0071}}</ref> == Jigogi == Ulu, ƙauyukan Umuaro da Okperi, da jami'an mulkin mallaka duk almara ne. Koyaya, kwatancin mulkin mallaka na Najeriya daidai ne wajen nuna rikici tsakanin imani da addinai na gargajiya na Najeriya da dabi'un kasashen waje da Turawa suka gabatar, gami da Kristanci. Bugu da kari, hukumomin mulkin mallaka a Yammacin Afirka sun fi son mulkin kai tsaye a matsayin hanyar rage farashin mulkin mallaka. An dauki littafin a matsayin aikin hakikanin wallafe-wallafen Afirka. Littafin farko na Achebe, Things Fall Apart, ya ba da labarin Okonkwo, jagora a cikin al'ummarsa wanda ya shiga rikici tare da hukumomin mulkin mallaka. Arrow of God kamar haka ya bayyana faduwar shugaba na gargajiya a hannun hukumomin mulkin mallaka. Babban rikice-rikice na littafin ya shafi gwagwarmaya tsakanin ci gaba da canji, kamar Ezeulu ya ki yin hidima ga Winterbottom, ko tsakanin mazauna ƙauyen gargajiya da ɗan Ezeulu wanda ke karatun Kiristanci. An fahimci canji a matsayin abin da ba za a iya gujewa ba tsakanin mutanen Igbo.<ref name="Mathuray">{{Cite journal |last=Mathuray, Mark |year=2003 |title=Realizing the Sacred: Power and Meaning in Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God |journal=[[Research in African Literatures]] |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=46 |doi=10.1353/ral.2003.0071}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMathuray,_Mark2003">Mathuray, Mark (2003). "Realizing the Sacred: Power and Meaning in Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God". ''[[Research in African Literatures]]''. '''34''' (3): 46. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/ral.2003.0071|10.1353/ral.2003.0071]].</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jmsykm0wkgxmkts5l9aqu627fuymw03 0 115764 883151 721884 2026-07-15T04:41:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bayani da ilimin kafofin watsa labarai''' ('''IML''') yana bawa mutane damar nunawa da yin hukunci mai kyau a matsayin masu amfani da bayanai da kafofin watsa labarai, da kuma zama masu ƙirƙirar ƙwarewa da masu samar da bayanai da saƙonnin kafofin watsa labarai.<ref name="portal.unesco.org">{{Cite web |title=Media and Information Literacy |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15886&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051110135741/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D15886%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2005-11-10 |access-date=2013-07-28 |publisher=Portal.unesco.org}}</ref> IML haɗuwa ce ta ilimin bayanai da ilimin kafofin watsa labarai. Yanayin canji na IML ya haɗa da ayyukan kirkira da ƙirƙirar sabon ilmi; don bugawa da haɗin gwiwa da alhakin yana buƙatar fahimtar ɗabi'a, al'adu da zamantakewa. IML kuma an san shi da ilimin kafofin watsa labarai da bayanai (MIL). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Media and Information Literacy (MIL): A Rendezvous with Information – Academic Libraries |url=https://ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in/lisp11/chapter/media-and-information-literacy-mil-a-rendezvous-with-information-2/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[UNESCO]] ta fara karɓar kalmar MIL a cikin 2008 a matsayin "mahimmanci" wanda ya haɗu da ƙwarewar ilimin bayanai da ilimin kafofin watsa labarai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Media and information literacy |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000265509 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Media and information literacy: policy and strategy guidelines |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000225606 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref> UNESCO ta jaddada muhimmancin ilimin duniya a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da ilimin bayanai, kuma a cikin 2013 ta bayyana ilimin kafofin watsa labarai na bayanai (MIL) a matsayin ikon samun dama, kimantawa, amfani, da ƙirƙirar bayanai da abubuwan kafofin watsa labarai ta hanyoyi masu mahimmanci da na ɗabi'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media and information literacy: policy and strategy guidelines |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000225606 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |language=en}}</ref> Kafin shekarun 1990s, babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga ilimin bayanai shine ƙwarewar bincike.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Information Literacy - WikEd |url=http://wik.ed.uiuc.edu/index.php/Information_Literacy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422143339/http://wik.ed.uiuc.edu/index.php/Information_Literacy |archive-date=April 22, 2009 |access-date=July 16, 2009}}</ref> Ilimin kafofin watsa labarai, binciken da ya fito a cikin shekarun 1970s, a al'adance yana mai da hankali kan bincike da isar da bayanai ta hanyar nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About CML &#124; Center for Media Literacy |url=http://www.medialit.org/about_cml.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825191946/http://www.medialit.org/about_cml.html |archive-date=2010-08-25 |access-date=2013-07-28 |publisher=Medialit.org}}</ref> Bayanan bayanai, a matsayin ƙwarewar da aka gabatar tun farkon shekara ta 1974, yana kan ikon mutum na gane bukatun bayanai da kuma ganowa, kimantawa, da amfani da bayanai.<ref name="alair.ala.org">{{Cite web |url=https://alair.ala.org/items/294803b6-2521-4a96-a044-96976239e3fb |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=alair.ala.org}}</ref> Wadannan kwanakin, an tsawaita nazarin ilimin bayanai don haɗawa da nazarin ilimin kafofin watsa labarai a ƙasashe da yawa kamar Burtaniya, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] da [[New Zealand]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian and New Zealand Information Literacy Framework |url=http://www.anziil.org/resources/Info%20lit%202nd%20edition.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530015206/http://www.anziil.org/resources/Info%20lit%202nd%20edition.pdf |archive-date=2009-05-30 |access-date=2009-07-16 |website=Australian and New Zealand Institute for Information Literacy}}</ref> Hakanan ana kiranta da fasahar bayanai da sadarwa (ICT) a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definitions |url=http://www.infolit.org/definitions.html |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=InformationLiteracy (InfoLit)}}</ref> Malamai irin su Gregory Ulmer sun kuma bayyana filin a matsayin [[Rashin wutar lantarki|wutar lantarki]]. Ilimin kafofin watsa labarai shine ikon yin bincike da tunani game da bayanai. Ya haɗa da ikon fahimtar, kimantawa, da ƙirƙirar abun ciki na kafofin watsa labarai, kuma ƙwarewa ce mai mahimmanci a cikin al'ummar bayanai ta yau.<ref name="alair.ala.org" /> Livingstone, Van Couvering, and Thumim (2008) sun bayyana bambancin tsakanin ilimin kafofin watsa labarai da ilimin bayanai: "Media literacy yana kallon kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin ruwan tabarau ko windows don lura da duniya da bayyana kai, yayin da ilimin bayanai yana ganin bayanai a matsayin kayan aiki don yin aiki a duniya. "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones-Jang |first=S. Mo |last2=Mortensen |first2=Tara |last3=Liu |first3=Jingjing |date=February 2021 |title=Does Media Literacy Help Identification of Fake News? Information Literacy Helps, but Other Literacies Don't |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002764219869406 |journal=American Behavioral Scientist |language=en |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=371–388 |doi=10.1177/0002764219869406 |issn=0002-7642 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Haɗin kafofin watsa labarai da ilimin bayanai == A tarihi, fannonin bayanai da ilimin kafofin watsa labarai sun kasance daban, amma a cikin karni na 21 an yi kira don haɗa bangarorin biyu. Yawancin ma'anar bayanai da ilimin kafofin watsa labarai sun haɗa da ba kawai iyawa don ganowa, samun dama, da kuma nazarin bayanai ba har ma da ikon ƙirƙirar bayanai. Sai kawai ta hanyar haɗa ilimin kafofin watsa labarai tare da ilimin bayanai ne kawai ɗalibai za su iya fahimtar tushen bayanai da kuma yadda ake amfani da shi.<ref name="tandfonline.com">{{Cite journal |last=Zanin-Yost |first=Alessia |last2=Freie |first2=Carrie |date=2020-04-02 |title=Voices and Choices: Critical Information/Media Literacy and Behrman's Practices |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02763877.2020.1755765 |journal=The Reference Librarian |language=en |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=133–153 |doi=10.1080/02763877.2020.1755765 |issn=0276-3877 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ilimin kafofin watsa labarai ya fara ne a cibiyoyin ilimi, yayin da ilimin bayanai ya fara ne da farko a cikin ɗakunan karatu. Tattaunawar da ke kewaye da haɗuwa da ilimin bayanai da ilimin kafofin watsa labarai sun fito ne a tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen 2000s da 2010s kamar yadda Marcus Leaning ya lura.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Media Literacy + Information Literacy: Converging Spaces / Transcending Silos - The Journal of Media Literacy |url=https://ic4ml.org/journal-article/media-literacy-information-literacy-converging-spaces-transcending-silos/ |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=International Council for Media Literacy |language=en-US}}</ref> == A cikin zamanin dijital == Ma'anar karatu da rubutu shine "ikon karatu da rubutu".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cambridge Dictionary {{!}} English Dictionary, Translations & Thesaurus |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=dictionary.cambridge.org |language=en}}</ref> A aikace ana buƙatar ƙarin ƙwarewa da yawa don ganowa, kimantawa da kuma yin amfani da bayanai. Ta hanyar fadadawa, karatu da rubutu yanzu ya haɗa da ikon sarrafawa da hulɗa tare da bayanan dijital da kafofin watsa labarai, a cikin yankuna na sirri, na raba da na jama'a.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=UNESCO |date=2017 |title=Media and Information Curriculum for Teachers |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CI/CI/pdf/media_and_information_literacy_curriculum_for_teachers_en.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=JISC |date=2018 |title=Building digital capabilities: The six elements defined |url=http://repository.jisc.ac.uk/6611/1/JFL0066F_DIGIGAP_MOD_IND_FRAME.PDF}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Secker |first=Jane |date=2018-06-04 |title=The revised CILIP definition of information literacy |journal=Journal of Information Literacy |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=156 |doi=10.11645/12.1.2454 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |issn=1750-5968 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=van Laar |first=Ester |last2=van Deursen |first2=Alexander J. A. M. |last3=van Dijk |first3=Jan A. G. M. |last4=de Haan |first4=Jos |date=2017-07-01 |title=The relation between 21st-century skills and digital skills: A systematic literature review |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563217301590 |journal=Computers in Human Behavior |language=en |volume=72 |pages=577–588 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.010 |issn=0747-5632}}</ref> A tarihi, an ga "bayyanar bayanai" da yawa daga saman-kasa, ra'ayi na ƙungiya na ɗakin karatu da kimiyyar bayanai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lloyd |first=Annemaree |date=2017-06-05 |title=Information literacy and literacies of information: a mid-range theory and model |url=https://ojs.lboro.ac.uk/JIL/article/view/PRA-V11-I1-5 |journal=Journal of Information Literacy |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=91–105 |doi=10.11645/11.1.2185 |issn=1750-5968 |doi-access=free |access-date=2025-09-13 |archive-date=2023-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203064603/https://ojs.lboro.ac.uk/JIL/article/view/PRA-V11-I1-5 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Koyaya ana amfani da wannan kalmar don bayyana ƙwarewar "bayani da rubutu".<ref name=":0" /> Zamanin dijital na zamani ya haifar da yaduwar bayanai da aka yada a duk faɗin Intanet. Dole ne mutane su iya gane ko bayanai gaskiya ne ko ƙarya kuma mafi kyau duk da haka su san yadda za a gano, kimantawa, amfani, da kuma sadarwa bayanai a cikin tsari daban-daban; <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Media and Information Literacy in the Digital Age |url=https://www.ebsco.com/blogs/ebscopost/media-and-information-literacy-digital-age |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=www.ebsco.com |language=en}}</ref> wannan ana kiransa ilimin bayanai. Zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20, an sake bayyana karatu da rubutu don haɗawa da "sabon karatu" dangane da sabbin ƙwarewar da ake buƙata a cikin kwarewar yau da kullun.<ref name=":1"/> "Multiliteracies" sun fahimci yawan karatu, wanda ake amfani dashi sau da yawa a hade. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=The New London Group |date=1996 |title=A Pedagogy of Multiliteracies: Designing Social Futures |journal=Harvard Educational Review |language=en |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=60–93 |doi=10.17763/haer.66.1.17370n67v22j160u |issn=0017-8055}}</ref> Tsarin "Kwarewar ƙarni na 21" yana haɗa sabbin ilimin karatu da karatu zuwa ƙwarewar rayuwa mai zurfi kamar ƙwarewa, tunani mai mahimmanci, lissafi. <ref name=":1" /> Abin da waɗannan hanyoyin suke da shi shine mai da hankali kan ƙwarewar da mutane ke buƙata don kewayawa sauye-sauyen mutum, ƙwararru da jama'a.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knobel |first=Michele |last2=Lankshear |first2=Colin |date=2014 |title=Studying New Literacies |journal=Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy |language=en |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=97–101 |doi=10.1002/jaal.314}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sang |first=Yuan |date=2017 |title=Expanded Territories of "Literacy": New Literacies and Multiliteracies |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322937480 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> Kamar yadda ma'anar al'ada na [[Ilimin karatu|karatu da rubutu]] kanta ke ci gaba da bunkasa tsakanin masu aiki, don haka ma yana da ma'anar ilimin bayanai. Ma'anar da aka sani sun haɗa da: * Zurkowski ya bayyana ilimin bayanai a matsayin "ikon samun sanannun ko sanannun abun ciki a kan kowane batu".<ref name="tandfonline.com"/> * CILIP, Cibiyar Chartered Institute of Library and Information Practitioners, ta bayyana ilimin bayanai a matsayin "ikon yin tunani mai mahimmanci da yin hukunci mai kyau game da duk wani bayanin da muke samu da amfani da shi".<ref name=":4"/> * A cikin Amurka, ma'anar da Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) ta gabatar ita ce mafi yawan ganewa. Ya bayyana ilimin bayanai a matsayin "saitin iyawa da ke buƙatar mutane su gane lokacin da ake buƙatar bayanai da kuma ganowa, kimantawa, da amfani da bayanan da ake buƙata yadda ya kamata".<ref name="tandfonline.com" /> * JISC, Kwamitin Tsarin Bayanai na hadin gwiwa, yana nufin ilimin bayanai a matsayin daya daga cikin "ƙwarewar dijital" guda shida, wanda aka gani a matsayin ƙungiyar abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da juna da ke kan "bayani na ICT".<ref name=":3"/> * Mozilla ta haɗa dijital da sauran karatu a matsayin "ƙwarewar ƙarni na 21", "babban ilimin, ƙwarewa, halaye da halaye waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don cin nasara a duniyar yau".<ref>{{Cite web |title=21st Century Skills - Mozilla Learning |url=https://learning.mozilla.org/en-US/web-literacy/skills |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=learning.mozilla.org |language=en |archive-date=2020-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216134224/https://learning.mozilla.org/en-US/web-literacy/skills |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[UNESCO]], Ƙungiyar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta fahimci bukatar koyarwa da ilmantarwa na gargajiya da sababbin nau'ikan bayanai, an jaddada muhimmancin ilimi na duniya a cikin 2008 ta hanyar "Malami Media da Bayani na Bayani (MIL) Curriculum". Ya bayyana MIL a matsayin saiti na ƙwarewa wanda ke ba 'yan ƙasa damar samun dama, dawo da su, fahimta, kimantawa, amfani, ƙirƙirar, da raba bayanai da abubuwan kafofin watsa labarai a duk tsarin ta hanyar kayan aiki daban-daban a cikin hanya mai mahimmanci, ɗabi'a, da tasiri, don shiga da aiwatar da ayyukan mutum, ƙwararru, da zamantakewa.<ref name="tandfonline.com" /> Baya ga wannan, UNESCO ta kuma tabbatar da ilimin bayanai a matsayin "dama na ɗan adam na duniya". <ref name=":2"/> == Dalibai na ƙarni na 21 == A cikin al'umma ta zamani, kodayake matakin ilimi gabaɗaya ya inganta, tashoshin samar da ilimi da rarraba sun zama masu yawa da kasuwanci, kuma cibiyoyin gargajiya na gargajiya ba su da iko akan tabbatar da ilimi. Duk da yake dandamali na dijital sun fadada damar samun bayanai, sun kuma raunana hanyoyin amincewa da ka'idojin kimantawa, suna mai da shakku na epistemological ya zama al'ada. Bugu da ƙari, tare da tashi da yaduwar kafofin sada zumunta, ana iya samun bayanai marasa kyau da kuma ɓarna cikin sauƙi a cikin yankuna masu yawa da ƙarancin jama'a. Wadannan dalilai sun kara jaddada muhimmancin ilimin ilimin ilimin bayanai.<ref name="Drotner S56–S66">{{Cite journal |last=Drotner |first=Kirsten |date=August 2020 |title=Minimizing Knowledge Scepticism – Resourcing Students through Media and Information Literacy |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1062798720000903/type/journal_article |journal=European Review |language=en |volume=28 |issue=S1 |pages=S56–S66 |doi=10.1017/S1062798720000903 |issn=1062-7987}}</ref> Ikon ilmantarwa na IML yana shirya ɗalibai don su zama masu karatu na ƙarni na 21. A cewar Jeff Wilhelm (2000), "fasaha tana da komai da ke da alaƙa da karatu da rubutu. Kuma kasancewa da damar amfani da sabbin fasahohin lantarki yana da komai da kasancewa da ilimi. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Literacy by Design: Why is all This Technology so Important? |url=http://www.teachnet-lab.org/fklane/wilhelm.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927034957/http://www.teachnet-lab.org/fklane/wilhelm.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref> Yana goyan bayan gardamarsa tare da bayanin J. David Bolter cewa "idan ɗalibanmu ba sa karatu da rubutu da fasahar lantarki daban-daban, to ba su da shiri don nan gaba; ba su da ilimi a yanzu ba, a cikin lokacinmu da mahallinmu na yanzu. " A cikin ma'ana mai zurfi, haɓaka wannan ƙwarewar kafofin watsa labarai da ilimin bayanai yana da mahimmanci, saboda yana da mahimmanci ga ɗalibai su yi amfani da 'yancin faɗarsu a ƙarni na 21.<ref name="Drotner S56–S662">{{Cite journal |last=Drotner |first=Kirsten |date=August 2020 |title=Minimizing Knowledge Scepticism – Resourcing Students through Media and Information Literacy |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1062798720000903/type/journal_article |journal=European Review |language=en |volume=28 |issue=S1 |pages=S56–S66 |doi=10.1017/S1062798720000903 |issn=1062-7987}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ony76dvunxs3v20vs82si9a8tspxyqf 0 117793 883197 721803 2026-07-15T08:18:29Z BnHamid 12586 883197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Doum''' na iya zama: * Doum, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya * Doum Doum, Chadi * ''Hyphaene thebaica'' ko dabino na doum, wani nau'in itacen dabino gswipsr06hast5avxc6a72iu5d6xmji 0 118748 883238 726206 2026-07-15T08:30:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 883238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Infobox organization|founder=[[Chris Oyakhilome]]|type=[[Non-governmental]]|headquarters=[[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]]}} '''Gidauniyar Kula da Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya''' kungiya ce mai zaman kanta a karkashin jagorancin Gidauniya ta Chris Oyakhilome International (COFI) <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pastor Chris Oyakhilome Foundation International Takes the Lead in Humanitarian Efforts Across the African Continent |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/279285/the-pastor-chris-oyakhilome-foundation-international-takes-t.html |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> wacce ke aiki don inganta bala'i da amsawar likita ta gaggawa da isar da kula da rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |date=2019-12-28 |title=Horror of Nigeria's dysfunctional emergency medical services (PART 2) |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/horror-of-nigerias-dysfunctional-emergency-medical-services-part-2/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=International Centre for Investigative Reporting |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Biography Of Pastor Chris Oyakhilome: The Glorious Life Of The Man Of God |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/a-biography-of-pastor-chris-oyakhilome-the-glorious-life-of-the-man-of-god/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=tribuneonlineng.com}}</ref> Gidauniyar Kula da Kulawa ta Duniya tana ba da horo na likita a cikin taimakon farko da kuma taimakon gaggawa ga masu amsawa, malamai, jami'an 'yan sanda, masu kulawa da ma'aikatan sufuri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria HomePage - Breaking News, Business, Sports, Entertainment and Video News |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/279285/the-pastor-chris-oyakhilome-foundation-international-takes-t.htm |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=www.thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref> == Nasarorin da aka samu == A cikin 2018, Guinness World Records ta amince da Gidauniyar Kula da Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Duniya don yin rajistar mafi yawan mutane don ba da gudummawar jini a cikin sa'o'i 8. Mutane 3,310 ne suka yi rajista.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pastor Chris' Trauma Care International Foundation Sets Guinness World Record |url=https://loveworldnews.com/posts/pastor-chris-trauma-care-international-foundation-sets-guinness-world-record |website=loveworldnews.com}}</ref> A cikin 2019, [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta ba da Gidauniyar Kula da Trauma ta Duniya matsayi na musamman a Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkinobho (ESOSOC). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Continuing Session, Non-Governmental Organizations Committee Approves 75 Entities for Status with Economic and Social Council, Defers Action on 43 Others |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/ecosoc6983.doc.htm |website=un.org}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Gidauniyar Kula da Harkokin Kasashen Duniya ta ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen da zai iya haɗa wadanda ke fama da gaggawa ga masu ba da agaji na farko na kungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okanlawon |first=Taiwo |date=2021-03-25 |title=TCIF launches Trauma Care emergency response mobile app, TCERA |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/03/25/tcif-launches-trauma-care-emergency-response-mobile-app-tcera/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=P.M. News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-29 |title=Foundation unveils trauma care emergency response app |url=https://punchng.com/foundation-unveils-trauma-care-emergency-response-app/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> 286at9mkx0sbk5iozqrm5tkam6vvn3z 883240 883238 2026-07-15T08:31:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 883240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Infobox organization|founder=[[Chris Oyakhilome]]|type=[[Non-governmental]]|headquarters=[[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]]}} '''Gidauniyar Kula da Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya''' kungiya ce mai zaman kanta a karkashin jagorancin Gidauniya ta Chris Oyakhilome International (COFI) <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pastor Chris Oyakhilome Foundation International Takes the Lead in Humanitarian Efforts Across the African Continent |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/279285/the-pastor-chris-oyakhilome-foundation-international-takes-t.html |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> wacce ke aiki don inganta bala'i da amsawar likita ta gaggawa da isar da kula da rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |date=2019-12-28 |title=Horror of Nigeria's dysfunctional emergency medical services (PART 2) |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/horror-of-nigerias-dysfunctional-emergency-medical-services-part-2/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=International Centre for Investigative Reporting |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Biography Of Pastor Chris Oyakhilome: The Glorious Life Of The Man Of God |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/a-biography-of-pastor-chris-oyakhilome-the-glorious-life-of-the-man-of-god/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=tribuneonlineng.com}}</ref> Gidauniyar Kula da Kulawa ta Duniya tana ba da horo na likita a cikin taimakon farko da kuma taimakon gaggawa ga masu amsawa, [[Malami|malamai]], jami'an 'yan sanda, masu kulawa da ma'aikatan sufuri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria HomePage - Breaking News, Business, Sports, Entertainment and Video News |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/279285/the-pastor-chris-oyakhilome-foundation-international-takes-t.htm |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=www.thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref> == Nasarorin da aka samu == A cikin 2018, Guinness World Records ta amince da Gidauniyar Kula da Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Duniya don yin rajistar mafi yawan mutane don ba da gudummawar jini a cikin sa'o'i 8. Mutane 3,310 ne suka yi rajista.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pastor Chris' Trauma Care International Foundation Sets Guinness World Record |url=https://loveworldnews.com/posts/pastor-chris-trauma-care-international-foundation-sets-guinness-world-record |website=loveworldnews.com}}</ref> A cikin 2019, [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta ba da Gidauniyar Kula da Trauma ta Duniya matsayi na musamman a Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkinobho (ESOSOC). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Continuing Session, Non-Governmental Organizations Committee Approves 75 Entities for Status with Economic and Social Council, Defers Action on 43 Others |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/ecosoc6983.doc.htm |website=un.org}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Gidauniyar Kula da Harkokin Kasashen Duniya ta ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen da zai iya haɗa wadanda ke fama da gaggawa ga masu ba da agaji na farko na kungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okanlawon |first=Taiwo |date=2021-03-25 |title=TCIF launches Trauma Care emergency response mobile app, TCERA |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/03/25/tcif-launches-trauma-care-emergency-response-mobile-app-tcera/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=P.M. News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-29 |title=Foundation unveils trauma care emergency response app |url=https://punchng.com/foundation-unveils-trauma-care-emergency-response-app/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> c3jd844yh0txh5h0o63nnaqrc6n3ywu 883242 883240 2026-07-15T08:31:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 883242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Infobox organization|founder=[[Chris Oyakhilome]]|type=[[Non-governmental]]|headquarters=[[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]]}} '''Gidauniyar Kula da Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya''' kungiya ce mai zaman kanta a karkashin jagorancin Gidauniya ta Chris Oyakhilome International (COFI) <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pastor Chris Oyakhilome Foundation International Takes the Lead in Humanitarian Efforts Across the African Continent |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/279285/the-pastor-chris-oyakhilome-foundation-international-takes-t.html |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> wacce ke aiki don inganta bala'i da amsawar likita ta gaggawa da isar da kula da rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |date=2019-12-28 |title=Horror of Nigeria's dysfunctional emergency medical services (PART 2) |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/horror-of-nigerias-dysfunctional-emergency-medical-services-part-2/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=International Centre for Investigative Reporting |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Biography Of Pastor Chris Oyakhilome: The Glorious Life Of The Man Of God |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/a-biography-of-pastor-chris-oyakhilome-the-glorious-life-of-the-man-of-god/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=tribuneonlineng.com}}</ref> Gidauniyar Kula da Kulawa ta Duniya tana ba da horo na likita a cikin taimakon farko da kuma taimakon gaggawa ga masu amsawa, [[Malami|malamai]], jami'an 'yan sanda, masu kulawa da ma'aikatan sufuri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria HomePage - Breaking News, Business, Sports, Entertainment and Video News |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/279285/the-pastor-chris-oyakhilome-foundation-international-takes-t.htm |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=www.thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref> == Nasarorin da aka samu == A cikin 2018, Guinness World Records ta amince da Gidauniyar Kula da Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Duniya don yin rajistar mafi yawan mutane don ba da gudummawar jini a cikin sa'o'i 8. Mutane 3,310 ne suka yi rajista.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pastor Chris' Trauma Care International Foundation Sets Guinness World Record |url=https://loveworldnews.com/posts/pastor-chris-trauma-care-international-foundation-sets-guinness-world-record |website=loveworldnews.com}}</ref> A cikin 2019, [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta ba da Gidauniyar Kula da Trauma ta Duniya matsayi na musamman a Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkinobho (ESOSOC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Continuing Session, Non-Governmental Organizations Committee Approves 75 Entities for Status with Economic and Social Council, Defers Action on 43 Others |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/ecosoc6983.doc.htm |website=un.org}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Gidauniyar Kula da Harkokin Kasashen Duniya ta ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen da zai iya haɗa wadanda ke fama da gaggawa ga masu ba da agaji na farko na kungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okanlawon |first=Taiwo |date=2021-03-25 |title=TCIF launches Trauma Care emergency response mobile app, TCERA |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/03/25/tcif-launches-trauma-care-emergency-response-mobile-app-tcera/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=P.M. News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-29 |title=Foundation unveils trauma care emergency response app |url=https://punchng.com/foundation-unveils-trauma-care-emergency-response-app/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> 4syzbnx84orghf4llv3o5pya9z1blvv 883243 883242 2026-07-15T08:31:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 883243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Infobox organization|founder=[[Chris Oyakhilome]]|type=[[Non-governmental]]|headquarters=[[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]]}} '''Gidauniyar Kula da Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya''' kungiya ce mai zaman kanta a karkashin jagorancin Gidauniya ta Chris Oyakhilome International (COFI) <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pastor Chris Oyakhilome Foundation International Takes the Lead in Humanitarian Efforts Across the African Continent |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/279285/the-pastor-chris-oyakhilome-foundation-international-takes-t.html |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> wacce ke aiki don inganta bala'i da amsawar likita ta gaggawa da isar da kula da rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |date=2019-12-28 |title=Horror of Nigeria's dysfunctional emergency medical services (PART 2) |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/horror-of-nigerias-dysfunctional-emergency-medical-services-part-2/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=International Centre for Investigative Reporting |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Biography Of Pastor Chris Oyakhilome: The Glorious Life Of The Man Of God |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/a-biography-of-pastor-chris-oyakhilome-the-glorious-life-of-the-man-of-god/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=tribuneonlineng.com}}</ref> Gidauniyar Kula da Kulawa ta Duniya tana ba da horo na likita a cikin taimakon farko da kuma taimakon gaggawa ga masu amsawa, [[Malami|malamai]], jami'an 'yan sanda, masu kulawa da ma'aikatan sufuri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria HomePage - Breaking News, Business, Sports, Entertainment and Video News |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/279285/the-pastor-chris-oyakhilome-foundation-international-takes-t.htm |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=www.thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref> == Nasarorin da aka samu == A cikin 2018, Guinness World Records ta amince da Gidauniyar Kula da Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Duniya don yin rajistar mafi yawan mutane don ba da gudummawar jini a cikin sa'o'i 8. Mutane 3,310 ne suka yi rajista.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pastor Chris' Trauma Care International Foundation Sets Guinness World Record |url=https://loveworldnews.com/posts/pastor-chris-trauma-care-international-foundation-sets-guinness-world-record |website=loveworldnews.com}}</ref> A cikin 2019, [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta ba da Gidauniyar Kula da Trauma ta Duniya matsayi na musamman a Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkinobho (ESOSOC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Continuing Session, Non-Governmental Organizations Committee Approves 75 Entities for Status with Economic and Social Council, Defers Action on 43 Others |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/ecosoc6983.doc.htm |website=un.org}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Gidauniyar Kula da Harkokin Kasashen Duniya ta ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen da zai iya haɗa wadanda ke fama da gaggawa ga masu ba da agaji na farko na kungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okanlawon |first=Taiwo |date=2021-03-25 |title=TCIF launches Trauma Care emergency response mobile app, TCERA |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/03/25/tcif-launches-trauma-care-emergency-response-mobile-app-tcera/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=P.M. News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-29 |title=Foundation unveils trauma care emergency response app |url=https://punchng.com/foundation-unveils-trauma-care-emergency-response-app/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}<references /> pbzrbfruvp0ezzhcqvakf27nvay3ts5 0 119125 882936 732685 2026-07-14T15:29:56Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 882936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} John Qace Hardbattle (1945-1996) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu fafutukar Bushman a Botswana . "Dan mahaifiyar r'''Rubutu mai gwaɓi'''abin-Bushman, Khwa, da mahaifin Ingila, Tom Hardbattle". Mahaifinsa ɗan sanda ne mai ritaya wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Afirka ta Kudu]] sannan kuma Botswana. A can ya auri "Kawi", mahaifiyar John. [1] John Hardbattle ya haɗu (tare da Roy Sesana ) kuma ya zama shugaban mutanen farko na Kalahari (FPK) . == Rayuwar farko == John Hardbattle ya yi aiki a cikin sojojin Burtaniya, ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Oxford]], kuma ya yi noman shanu a Ghanzi kafin ya dauki matakin kare hakkin Bushman. == Mutanen Kalahari na farko == Hardbattle ya kafa ƙungiyar jama'a ta Farko Mutanen Kalahari (FPK) a cikin 1991 tare da Roy Sesana don yada sako mai sauƙi: Tsararrun Wasan Kalahari ta Tsakiya na Bushmen ne, kuma sun cancanci rawar da za su taka wajen tantance makomarsu. Ba da jimawa ba FPK ta zama dandalin siyasa ga Bushmen na Botswana da ke fuskantar korarsu daga ƙasashen kakanninsu, waɗanda har yau ba su da wakilci a majalisar dokokin Botswana ko a majalisar sarakunan ta. == Yaƙin neman zaɓe == A wani yunƙuri na gyara wannan lamarin kuma a lokaci guda don yaƙar korar da ke tafe, John Hardbattle ya zagaya Birtaniya da Amurka don faɗakar da al'ummar duniya game da halin da Bushmen ke ciki da kuma samun goyon bayan jama'a ga manufar Bushman. Hardbattle ya ba da haske game da gaskiyar cewa tsarin mulkin Botswana bayan samun 'yancin kai ya iyakance shiga cikin tsakiyar Kalahari Game Reserve "don kariya da jin daɗin Bushmen." wani batu da ya gabatar wa masu sauraro a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da jaridun duniya. Bugu da ƙari, Hardbattle ya yi zargin cewa korar San daga ƙasashen kakanninsu ba wai game da yawan farauta ba ne, kuma ba batun ci gaba ba ne, amma saboda gwamnatin Botswana tare da manyan masu samar da lu'u-lu'u da ke Antwerp da Isra'ila, sun damu cewa FPK za ta fara neman wani kaso na duk wani kudaden shiga da aka samu ta hanyar hakar lu'u-lu'u a Kalahari Hardbattle ya haifar da sha'awa mai mahimmanci da damuwa ga yanayin San a kan tafiyarsa, yana jawo goyon baya daga Gloria Steinem, Jama'ar Farko a Duniya, Cultural Survival and Survival International, tare da buga labaran da dama a cikin jaridu na duniya. A lokaci guda kuma an tara wasu muhimman gudummawa ga FPK. Sakamakon kokarin Hardbattle, gwamnatin Botswana ta tilastawa yin watsi da shirinta na korar da kuma sake tsugunar da ta. == Early life == John Hardbattle ya yi aiki a cikin sojojin Burtaniya, ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Oxford, kuma ya noma shanu a Ghanzi kafin ya ɗauki dalilin haƙƙin Bushman.[1] == Early life == John Qace Hardbattle (1945-1996) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu fafutukar Bushman a Botswana . "Dan mahaifiyar rabin-Bushman, Khwa, da mahaifin Ingila, Tom Hardbattle". Mahaifinsa ɗan sanda ne mai ritaya wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa Afirka ta Kudu sannan kuma Botswana. A can ya auri "Kawi", mahaifiyar John. [1] John Hardbattle ya haɗu (tare da Roy Sesana ) kuma ya zama shugaban mutanen farko na Kalahari (FPK) . == Rayuwar farko == John Hardbattle ya yi aiki a cikin sojojin Burtaniya, ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Oxford, kuma ya noma shanu a Ghanzi kafin ya ɗauki dalilin haƙƙin Bushman.[1] == Mutanen Kalahari na farko == Hardbattle ya kafa ƙungiyar jama'a ta Farko Mutanen Kalahari (FPK) a cikin 1991 tare da Roy Sesana don yada sako mai sauƙi: Tsararrun Wasan Kalahari ta Tsakiya na Bushmen ne, kuma sun cancanci rawar da za su taka wajen tantance makomarsu. Ba da jimawa ba FPK ta zama dandalin siyasa ga Bushmen na Botswana da ke fuskantar korarsu daga ƙasashen kakanninsu, waɗanda har yau ba su da wakilci a majalisar dokokin Botswana ko a majalisar sarakunan ta. == Yaƙin neman zaɓe == A wani yunƙuri na gyara wannan lamarin kuma a lokaci guda don yaƙar korar da ke tafe, John Hardbattle ya zagaya Birtaniya da Amurka don faɗakar da al'ummar duniya game da halin da Bushmen ke ciki da kuma samun goyon bayan jama'a ga manufar Bushman. Hardbattle ya ba da haske game da gaskiyar cewa tsarin mulkin Botswana bayan samun 'yancin kai ya iyakance shiga cikin tsakiyar Kalahari Game Reserve "don kariya da jin daɗin Bushmen." wani batu da ya gabatar wa masu sauraro a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da jaridun duniya. Bugu da ƙari, Hardbattle ya yi zargin cewa korar San daga ƙasashen kakanninsu ba wai game da yawan farauta ba ne, kuma ba batun ci gaba ba ne, amma saboda gwamnatin Botswana tare da manyan masu samar da lu'u-lu'u da ke Antwerp da Isra'ila, sun damu cewa FPK za ta fara neman wani kaso na duk wani kudaden shiga da aka samu ta hanyar hakar lu'u-lu'u a Kalahari Hardbattle ya haifar da sha'awa mai mahimmanci da damuwa ga yanayin San a kan tafiyarsa, yana jawo goyon baya daga Gloria Steinem, Jama'ar Farko a Duniya, Cultural Survival and Survival International, tare da buga labaran da dama a cikin jaridu na duniya. A lokaci guda kuma an tara wasu muhimman gudummawa ga FPK. Sakamakon kokarin Hardbattle, gwamnatin Botswana ta tilastawa yin watsi da shirinta na korar da kuma sake tsugunar da ta. == Mutuwa == John Hardbattle ya mutu kwatsam kuma ba zato ba tsammani daga ciwon daji na lymphatic a cikin 1996 a ƙarshen ɗan gajeren yakin neman zabensa. Bayan mutuwarsa, gwamnatin Botswana ta ci gaba da kokarinta na kawar da mutanen [[Mutanen San|San]] da karfi da kuma mayar da su daga tsakiyar yankin Kalahari . Babban abokinsa [[Roy Sesana]] da 'yar uwarsa Andrea Hardbattle sun ci gaba da aikin Hardbattle daban-daban. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Kara karantawa == * Sandy Gall. Bushmen na Kudancin Afirka: Kisan marar laifi. London: Chatto & Windus, 2001 * Rupert Isaacson. Ƙasar Waraka: Bushmen da Hamada Kalahari. London. Grove Press, Maris 2003 * Boustany, Nora (1995) Mai Ba da Shawarar Bushmen: Rarraba Duniya Biyu, John Hardbattle Yayi Magana akan Halin No'akwe na Botswana. Washington Post, Disamba 18, 1995, shafi D1, D4 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * https://web.archive.org/web/20070928030015/http://www.hollynear.com/africa.page/history.html * https://web.archive.org/web/20070817193125/http://www.kalahari-san.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/recent-history.htm * http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14819984.700-first-and-last.html * http://www.san.org.za/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126091535/http://www.san.org.za/ |date=2021-01-26 }} Archived == Mutuwa == John Hardbattle ya mutu kwatsam kuma ba zato ba tsammani daga ciwon daji na lymphatic a cikin 1996 a ƙarshen ɗan gajeren yakin neman zabensa. Bayan mutuwarsa, gwamnatin Botswana ta ci gaba da kokarinta na kawar da mutanen [[Mutanen San|San]] da karfi da kuma mayar da su daga tsakiyar yankin Kalahari . Babban abokinsa [[Roy Sesana]] da 'yar uwarsa Andrea Hardbattle sun ci gaba da aikin Hardbattle daban-daban. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Kara karantawa == * Sandy Gall. Bushmen na Kudancin Afirka: Kisan marar laifi. London: Chatto & Windus, 2001 * Rupert Isaacson. Ƙasar Waraka: Bushmen da Hamada Kalahari. London. Grove Press, Maris 2003 * Boustany, Nora (1995) Mai Ba da Shawarar Bushmen: Rarraba Duniya Biyu, John Hardbattle Yayi Magana akan Halin No'akwe na Botswana. Washington Post, Disamba 18, 1995, shafi D1, D4 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * https://web.archive.org/web/20070928030015/http://www.hollynear.com/africa.page/history.html * https://web.archive.org/web/20070817193125/http://www.kalahari-san.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/recent-history.htm * http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14819984.700-first-and-last.html * http://www.san.org.za/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126091535/http://www.san.org.za/ |date=2021-01-26 }} Archived [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fa9k0u0kes9lxjgczwr61e7spl2xbux 0 119410 883060 869811 2026-07-14T19:58:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin koyarwa na Komfo Anokye''' (KATH), wanda aka fi sani da GEE bayan sunan 'yan kwangilar Messrs. GEE Walter & Slater <ref name="KATH">{{Cite web |title=Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital-About Us |url=https://kath.gov.gh/our-history/ |access-date=31 January 2024 |publisher=Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital online |archive-date=14 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914192006/https://kath.gov.gh/our-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> a [[Kumasi|Kumasi, yankin Ashanti]], Ghana, shine [[asibiti]] na biyu mafi girma a Ghana, <ref name="Govindaraj">{{Cite web |last=Govindaraj |first=Ramesh |last2=A.A.D. Obuobi |last3=N.K.A. Enyimayew |last4=P. Antwi |last5=S. Ofosu-Amaah |date=August 1996 |title=Hospital Autonomy (GEE) in Ghana: The Experience of Korle Bu and Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospitals |url=http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ihsg/publications/pdf/No-41.PDF |access-date=12 March 2007 |website=Data for Decision Making Project |publisher=School of Public Health, University of Ghana and Harvard School of Public Health}}</ref> kuma babbar jami'a ta kiwon lafiya a [[yankin Ashanti]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ashiagbor |first=George |last2=Ofori-Asenso |first2=Richard |last3=Forkuo |first3=Eric K. |last4=Agyei-Frimpong |first4=Seth |date=September 2020 |title=Measures of geographic accessibility to health care in the Ashanti Region of Ghana |journal=Scientific African |volume=9 |bibcode=2020SciAf...900453A |doi=10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00453 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Komfo Ankye Teaching Hospital |url=https://combat-amr.org/komfo-ankye-teaching-hospital/ }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihi == Asibitin koyarwa na Komfo Anokye shine babban asibitin turawa ga [[Yankin Ashanti|Ashanti]], [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|Brong Ahafo]] da yankunan [[Yankin Arewaci (Ghana)|Arewa]] Ghana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agbenorku |first=Pius |last2=Donwi |first2=Isaac K. |last3=Kuadzi |first3=Pawson |last4=Saunderson |first4=Paul |date=2012 |title=Buruli Ulcer: Treatment Challenges at Three Centres in Ghana |journal=Journal of Tropical Medicine |volume=2012 |doi=10.1155/2012/371915 |pmc=3517849 |pmid=23251191 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Har zuwa wannan lokacin Asibitin Yankin Tamale an inganta shi zuwa asibitin Koyarwa don haka kula da turawa daga yankunan Arewa, Upper East da Upper West don haka sauƙaƙe matsin lamba a kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2013 |title=Tamale Teaching Hospital leads in endoscopy services |url=http://www.ghananewsagency.org/health/tamale-teaching-hospital-leads-in-endoscopy-services-56958 |access-date=3 March 2014 |publisher=Ghana News Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Doctors, nurses and babies suffocate from excessive heat at Tamale Teaching Hospital |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2014/February-13th/doctors-nurses-and-babies-suffocate-from-excessive-heat-at-tamale-teaching-hospital.php |access-date=3 March 2014 |publisher=MyJoyonline. }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An gina asibitin a shekara ta 1954,<ref name="Govindaraj"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital |url=https://www.moh.gov.gh/komfo-anokye-teaching-hospital/#:~:text=In%201954/55%20the%20new,legendary%20fetish%20priest,%20Komfo%20Anokye. |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Ministry Of Health |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012210841/https://www.moh.gov.gh/komfo-anokye-teaching-hospital/#:~:text=In%201954/55%20the%20new,legendary%20fetish%20priest,%20Komfo%20Anokye. |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Our History">{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://kath.gov.gh/our-history/ |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914192006/https://kath.gov.gh/our-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> a matsayin Asibitin Tsakiya na Kumasi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://kath.gov.gh/our-history/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |archive-date=2025-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914192006/https://kath.gov.gh/our-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="INORMUS">{{Cite web |title=INORMUS |url=http://www.inormus.ca/our-growing-network/66 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.inormus.ca |archive-date=2025-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250731134148/http://inormus.ca/our-growing-network/66 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=afrisearch |date=2020-11-14 |title=Why The komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital is Called "Gee" |url=https://african-research.com/research/why-the-komfo-anokye-teaching-hospital-is-called-gee/ |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=African Research Consult |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251204153004/https://african-research.com/research/why-the-komfo-anokye-teaching-hospital-is-called-gee/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga baya aka sanya masa suna Asibitin Komfo Anokye bayan Okomfo Anokyi, wani sanannen firist na [[Mutanen Ashanti|Ashanti]].<ref name="About Us">{{Cite web |title=Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital-About Us |url=http://www.kathhsp.org/aboutus1.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719104101/http://www.kathhsp.org/aboutus1.php |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=13 August 2013 |publisher=Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital online}}</ref> An ce Anokye ya sanya takobi mai motsi a tsakiyar daular Ashanti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana - Komfo Anokye Sword Site |url=https://visitghana.com/attractions/okomfo-anokye-sword-site/#google_vignette |access-date=2025-10-29 |archive-date=2025-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208070852/https://visitghana.com/attractions/okomfo-anokye-sword-site/#google_vignette |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mutane da yawa sun yi ƙoƙari kuma sun kasa cire takobi. A shekara ta 1996, an gina [[Okomfo Anokye]] Sword Site a kusa da takobi a filin asibitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sword That Can't Be Moved – Africa Dispatch |url=https://nyujournalismprojects.org/africadispatch/2012/06/the-sword-that-cant-be-moved/ |access-date=2021-01-18 |website=nyujournalismprojects}}</ref> Asibitin ya zama asibitin koyarwa a 1975 <ref name="Our History"/> wanda ke da alaƙa da makarantar likita ta [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah]]. <ref name="INORMUS"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=College of Health Sciences:Faculty of Medicine |url=http://www.knust.edu.gh/chsci/about_medicine.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812215505/http://www.knust.edu.gh/chsci/about_medicine.htm |archive-date=12 August 2007 |access-date=12 March 2007 |website=Official Website |publisher=Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology}}</ref> Har ila yau, asibitin ya sami izini don horo na digiri na biyu daga Kwalejin Likitocin Yammacin Afirka a cikin tiyata, obstetrics da gynaecology, otorhinolaryingology, ophthalmology da radiology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Accredited Institutions for Training |url=http://www.wacs-coac.org/list3.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070522063136/http://www.wacs-coac.org/list3.htm |archive-date=22 May 2007 |access-date=12 March 2007 |website=Official Website |publisher=West African College of Surgeons}}</ref> Asibitin a halin yanzu yana da kusan gadaje 1000, daga farkon 500 lokacin da aka fara gina shi.<ref name="About Us"/> Ginin da aka kara a asibitin Komfo Anokye shine Cibiyar Hadari da Gaggawa ta Kasa. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2019, an yi aikin tiyata na farko a zuciya a asibiti ba tare da yin yanka ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=KATH Makes History As Ghanaian Doctors Perform Heart Surgery Without A Cut |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/962619/kath-makes-history-as-ghanaian-doctors-perform.html |access-date=2019-11-16 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-21 |title=KATH completes first successful open-heart surgery - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/kath-completes-first-successful-open-heart-surgery/ |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, asibitin ya sami kyaututtuka hudu a 2019 Ghana Procurement and Supply Chain Awards . Kyaututtuka sun kasance don Kyautattun Kasuwanci da Sadarwar Sayarwa (ƙungiya ta azurfa), Kasuwancin Jama'a da Kasuwancin Kasuwanci (ƙungiyar azurfa) Ƙungiyar Sadarwar Kasuwanci ta Shekara (ƙungiyoyin Bronze). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-06 |title=KATH wins four procurement awards |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/komfo-anokye-teaching-hospital-wins-four-procurement-awards.html |access-date=2019-11-07 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, asibitin ya karbi gudummawar gadaje 100 daga Ghana Oil Company Limited (GOIL) don inganta damar samun gadaje ta marasa lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2022 |title=GOIL donates 100 beds to KATH |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/goil-donates-100-beds-to-kath.html |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=GNA |date=2022-03-05 |title=GOIL donates 100 hospital beds to KATH |url=https://gna.org.gh/2022/03/goil-donates-100-hospital-beds-to-kath/ |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Ghana News Agency |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-06 |title=GOIL donates 100 beds to Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/goil-donates-100-beds-to-komfo-anokye-teaching-hospital/ |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GOIL HANDS OVER ONE THOUSAND BEDS TO MINISTRY OF HEALTH |url=https://goil.com.gh/goil-hands-over-one-thousand-beds-to-min-of-health/ |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=GOIL PLC |language=en-US}}</ref> == Daraktan gudanarwa == Asibitin yana da daraktocin asibiti da wadanda ba na asibiti ba. [[Fayil:Ghanaian_Medical_Doctors_–_Ward_rounds_at_Komfo_Anokye_Teaching_Hospital,_Kumasi,_Ghana.jpg|right|thumb|{{Center|[[Physician]]s at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH)}}]] [[Fayil:Komfo_Anokye_Teaching_Hospital,_Kumasi.jpg|right|thumb|Na waje da Shigar Asibitin Koyarwa na Komfo Anokye (KATH) ]] Daraktan asibiti sun hada da: * Anaesthesia da Cibiyar Kula da Kulawa ta Ƙari (ICU) * Lafiyar Yara * Lafiyar baki * Idanu, Kunnuwa, Kunnuwar da Makogwaro * Binciken ganewar asali * Magunguna * Magungunan haihuwa da ilimin mata * [[Oncology|Kimiyyar cutar kanjamau]] * Magungunan Iyali * Aikin tiyata * Sashen Hadari da Gaggawa * [[Kyamis|Gidan magani]] * Magungunan jiki * Gidan gwaje-gwaje<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-18 |title=KATH laboratory workers still agitated over refusal to reassign 2 medical specialists |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/05/kath-laboratory-workers-still-agitated-over-refusal-to-reassign-2-medical-specialists/ |access-date=2021-05-18 |website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> Daraktan da ba na asibiti ba sun hada da: * Ayyukan Gida * Tsaro * Gudanar da Sadarwar Sayarwa * Ayyukan fasaha == Cibiyar Hadari da Gaggawa ta Kasa == Gine-gine na Cibiyar Hadari da Gaggawa ta Kasa sun fara ne a shekara ta 2004 kuma an kammala su a shekara ta 2008. Dukkanin aikin an gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar Hospital Engineering GmbH da GerTech GmbH daga Jamus. An yi aikin ne a matsayin aikin Turn-Key, gami da tsarawa, tsarawa, ci gaban aikin, ayyukan gini da aiwatarwa gami da samarwa da shigar da kayan aikin likita da fasaha. Akwai sassan da ke biyowa: [[Fayil:Komfo_Anokye_Teaching_Hospital,_Kumasi,_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Gina KATH]] * Yin wanki * Cibiyoyin Kasuwanci * Mutuwa * Shagon Gishiri na Likita * Bankin Jini * Ayyukan Mai ba da jini * Haematology * [[Ilimin halittu]] * [[Biochemistry]] * Ilimin kwayar cuta * Gidajen kallo * Yankin tashin hankali * Gidan magani * Bayin Taimako na Farko * Radiology * ICU * [[Asibiti|Wards]] * CSSD * Ma'aikatar Gidan Wasanni * Rukunin Ƙonewa * Gudanarwa Wani takamaiman fasalin Cibiyar Hadari da Gaggawa ta Kasa shine cibiyar zamani don Magungunan Magunguna. == Labarin jariri da ya ɓace == A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 2014 an kwantar da Suwaiba Abdul Mumin a asibiti don haihuwar jaririnta. An sanar da ita cewa jaririn ya mutu kuma lokacin da ta nemi ganin gawar, an gaya mata cewa ba za a iya samun shi ba.<ref name="Ghana Web2">{{Cite web |last=Yushaw, Ismail |date=19 February 2014 |title=The Truth concerning the stolen Baby at KATH |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=301223 |access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref> Jikin wasu yara hudu da asibitin ya bayyana sun mutu a wannan rana suma sun ɓace.<ref name="BBC2">{{Cite web |date=28 February 2014 |title=Ghana hospital given 14 days to find 'missing babies' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26382532 |access-date=3 March 2014 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> "Rashin jarirai" da ake zargi ya zama babban labari tare da wasu suna ba da shawarar [[Cinikin yara|Kasuwancin sayar da jarirai]] ba bisa ka'ida ba ta hanyar masu juna biyu da hukumomin asibiti. An tuhumi mutane bakwai amma an ba su beli a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2014. Ministan Lafiya [[Sherry Ayittey|Sherry Ayitey]] ya sanya likita da mai juna biyu, da kuma babban jami'in asibitin, a kan hutu mara iyaka.<ref name="Ghana Web2" /><ref name="BBC2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gma Must Stop The Blackmail - Felix Kwakye Ofosu |url=http://article.wn.com/view/2014/03/03/GMA_Must_Stop_The_Blackmail_Felix_Kwakye_Ofosu/ |access-date=3 March 2014 |publisher=wn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2014 |title=KATH CEO asked to proceed on leave |url=http://tv3network.com/Health/kath-ceo-asked-to-proceed-on-leave.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326130454/http://tv3network.com/Health/kath-ceo-asked-to-proceed-on-leave.html |archive-date=26 March 2014 |access-date=20 March 2015 |website=Ghana News Agency |publisher=Tv3 News}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da ba da shawarar diyya ta Ghc 50,000 wanda Suweiba da iyalinta suka ƙi wanda har yanzu suna riƙe da cewa jaririn yana da rai. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 784y0g5b7bxp9xlwodx8j1f43eoqf6g 0 119504 883249 729161 2026-07-15T08:34:29Z BnHamid 12586 883249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Girma Amente''' 'Dan siyasan Kasar Habasha ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Noma na Kasar Habasha daga watan Janairun shekarar 2023 zuwa watan Agusta shekarar 2025. Ya kuma kasance memba ne na Kwamitin Gudanar da Bankin Ci Gaban Habasha tun daga ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=H.E. Girma Amente (PhD) – Development Bank of Ethiopia |url=https://dbe.com.et/?stm_staff=h-e-girma-amente-phd |access-date=2025-08-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ilimi == Girma ya samu digirinsa na farko a fannin daji wato (forestry) daga Jami'ar Harmaya dake habasha , sanan ya samu digirinsa na biyu daga Jami'ar Swedish na harkan Noma sanan kuma ya samu digirinsa na uku a fannin Al'adu a zamanan ce daga makarantar Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Germany.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0jh2pcneg6c7ful6xk3sg57b7qrhnka 0 120701 883352 744058 2026-07-15T09:20:21Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 883352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Luke Thomas Armstrong''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Ingila]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na [[ƙungiyar Carlisle United ta Ƙasa]] . Armstrong ya zo ne ta hanyar matsayi a Middlesbrough da [[Birmingham]] City. Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a Scotland tare da Cowdenbeath, ya shiga Blyth Spartans waɗanda mahaifinsa [[Alun Armstrong]] ke sarrafawa. A Blyth, Armstrong zai lashe [[Northern Premier League|Gasar Firimiya ta Arewa]], yana jan hankalin tsohon kungiyar Middlesbrough. Ya sami nasarar aro a Gateshead daga kungiyar Middlesbrough kafin ya shiga Accrington Stanley a kan aro. A shekara ta 2019, ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Salford City da aka inganta a League Two kafin ya shiga kungiyar Hartlepool United ta National League a aro. Armstrong ya kasance memba na kungiyar da ta lashe kyautar Hartlepool, inda ya ci kwallo a wasan karshe na kungiyar a shekarar 2021. Daga baya ya sanya hannu a kungiyar League Two ta Harrogate Town don kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Farkon aiki === Armstrong ya fara aikinsa tare da kungiyar [[Middlesbrough]], yana tafiya ta hanyar kungiyoyin makarantar har sai kulob din ya sake shi a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2014. <ref name="Birmingham City Trial">{{Cite web |date=18 August 2014 |title=Triallist Luke Armstrong Handed Birmingham Deal |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/triallist-luke-armstrong-handed-birmingham-7634193 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=birminghammail.co.uk |publisher=Birmingham Mail}}</ref> Daga baya ya shiga kungiyar matasa ta Birmingham City a kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda bayan nasarar gwaji amma zai bar bayan an sanar da shi cewa ba za a sabunta kwangilarsa da Birmingham City a lokacin rani na 2015.<ref name="Birmingham City Exit">{{Cite web |date=26 January 2015 |title=Birmingham City Offer New Deal To Talented Teenager Charlee Adams |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/birmingham-city-offer-new-deal-8520419 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=birminghammail.co.uk |publisher=Birmingham Mail}}</ref> Armstrong daga nan ya sami nasarar gwaji tare da ƙungiyar Scottish League One Cowdenbeath, wanda ya kai ga ba shi yarjejeniyar shekara guda.<ref name="Cowdenbeath Trial">{{Cite web |date=24 July 2015 |title=Cowdenbeath Sign Ex-Middlesbrough and Birmingham City Youngster Luke Armstrong and Sam Orritt |url=http://www.deadlinenews.co.uk/2015/07/24/cowdenbeath-sign-ex-middlesbrough-and-birmingham-city-youngster-luke-armstrong-and-sam-orritt/ |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=deadlinenews.co.uk |publisher=Deadline News}}</ref> Bayan watanni shida tare da kulob din, Armstrong ya yanke shawarar dakatar da kwangilarsa saboda lokacin wasansa yana iyakance ga 'yan sauye-sauye kaɗan a lokacin rabin kakar.<ref name="Cowdenbeath Exit">{{Cite web |date=28 January 2016 |title=Striker Leaves Cowdenbeath After Six Month's Service |url=https://www.centralfifetimes.com/sport/14237753.luke-seeks-new-club/ |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=centralfifetimes.com |publisher=The Central Fife Times}}</ref> Bayan wannan koma baya, Armstrong zai shiga kungiyar Blyth Spartans ta Arewacin Premier League, wanda mahaifinsa, [[Alun Armstrong]] ke jagoranta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2017 |title=Blyth Spartans 3–2 North Shields |url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/blyth-spartans-3-2-north-12950668 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=chroniclelive.co.uk |publisher=The Chronicle}}</ref> Zai zira kwallaye 23 a duk lokacin kakar, ya taimaka wa tawagarsa ta lashe kofin Northumberland Senior Cup da kuma gasar, daga karshe ya ja hankalin daya daga cikin ma'aikatansa na baya a cikin hanyar Middlesbrough.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2017 |title=Middlesbrough Raid Blyth Spartans To Sign Luke Armstrong |url=https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/middlesbrough-raid-northern-league-sign-12873441 |access-date=12 January 2019 |publisher=The Gazette}}</ref> === Komawa zuwa Middlesbrough da rance === On 16 July 2018, Armstrong joined National League club Gateshead on loan until the end of the season.<ref name="Gateshead Loan">{{Cite web |title=Heed Loan Boro Striker |url=https://www.gateshead-fc.com/heed-loan-boro-striker/ |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=gateshead-fc.com |publisher=Gateshead F.C. |archive-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716223814/https://www.gateshead-fc.com/heed-loan-boro-striker/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 29 July 2018, he notably scored a hat-trick against his former club Blyth Spartans during a 3–1 victory in a friendly at Croft Park.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2018 |title=Gateshead 3–1 Blyth Spartans |url=https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/outstanding-middlesbrough-striker-scores-hat-14967853 |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=gazettelive.co.uk |publisher=The Gazette}}</ref> After scoring on his ''Heed'' début, Armstrong would score two goals against Salford City in a 2–1 victory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2018 |title=Gateshead 2–1 Salford City |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45014885 |access-date=17 September 2020 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> He went on to make 18 appearances for the club, during which he scored a further seven goals, by the time his loan was cut short by parent club Middlesbrough on 31 December 2018.<ref name="Gateshead Exit">{{Cite web |title=Luke Armstrong Signs New Boro Deal |url=https://www.mfc.co.uk/news/luke-armstrong-signs-new-boro-deal |access-date=12 January 2019 |website=mfc.co.uk |publisher=Middlesbrough F.C.}}</ref> Bayan ya dawo Middlesbrough, Armstrong zai sanya hannu kan sabon kwangilar shekaru biyu da rabi tare da kulob din Championship, kafin a tura shi aro zuwa Accrington Stanley na League One a ranar 11 ga Janairun 2019. Ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa washegari, a wasan da ba shi da kwallo da [[Bristol]] Rovers a Filin wasa na Wham. === Birnin Salford === A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin 2019, Armstrong ya shiga sabuwar kungiyar Salford City da aka inganta a League Two a kan canja wurin dindindin, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2019 |title=Luke Armstrong: Salford City sign Middlesbrough striker on three-year deal |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49125587 |access-date=26 July 2019 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko a kan Walsall, inda ya bude kwallaye a nasarar 3-0 yayin da Salford ya ci nasara a karo na farko a gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2019 |title=Walsall 0–3 Salford: City record historic first EFL away win at Banks's Stadium |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/walsall-vs-salford-city/report/410595 |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Disamba 2020, Armstrong ya koma Hartlepool United har zuwa karshen kakar 2020-21 a aro. Armstrong ya zira kwallaye a rana mai zuwa a karon farko da ya yi wa Hartlepool a nasarar 2-0 a kan King's Lynn Town. Armstrong ya ci gaba da zira kwallaye 15 a duk wasannin da aka yi wa Pools, ciki har da daya a wasan karshe na gasar zakarun kasa na 2021 da suka yi da Torquay United.<ref name="sw">{{Soccerway|luke-armstrong/410525|Luke Armstrong}}</ref> === Birnin Harrogate === A ranar 26 ga Yuni 2021 an ba da sanarwar cewa ya sanya hannu a Harrogate Town don kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. Armstrong ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwangila a ƙarshen kakar 2021-22 wanda zai ci gaba da kasancewa a kulob din har zuwa lokacin rani na 2025. Kafin fara kakar 2023-24, bayan kulob din ya ki amincewa da tayin canja wurinsa, Armstrong ya sanya kansa ba zai kasance ba don zabar. A ranar ƙarshe ta taga na canja wurin bazara, Wrexham ya amince da sharuddan tare da Harrogate don sanya hannu kan Armstrong. Koyaya, ba a kammala yarjejeniyar ba kafin ranar 23:00, saboda haka Armstrong ya kasance dan wasan Harrogate Town.<ref name="Wrexham" /> A cikin wata sanarwa ta kulob din, Wrexham ya ce "ba za a iya kammala takardun da ake buƙata da buƙatun izini a cikin lokaci ba kuma an ƙi rajistar Armstrong".<ref name="Wrexham" /> === Carlisle United === A ranar 18 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, an ba da sanarwar cewa Armstrong zai shiga kungiyar [[Carlisle United F.C.|Carlisle United]] ta League One lokacin da aka bude taga a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2024. An tabbatar da matakin ne a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2024, Armstrong ya shiga don kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba a kwangilar shekaru uku da rabi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=CONTRACT: Luke Armstrong signing confirmed |url=https://www.carlisleunited.co.uk/news/2024/january/contract-luke-armstrong-signing-confirmed/ |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=www.carlisleunited.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=Carlisle sign midfielder Neal and defender Grehan |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/67882369 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko na Carlisle a cikin 2-1 a [[Barnsley F.C.|Barnsley]] . A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun 2025, Armstrong ya shiga kulob din Firimiya na Scotland Motherwell a kan aro don sauran kakar.<ref> {{Cite web |date=24 January 2025 |title=Luke Armstrong Arrives in ML1 |url=https://www.motherwellfc.co.uk/2025/01/24/luke-armstrong-arrives-in-ml1/ |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=www.motherwellfc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2025 |title=Motherwell add Carlisle striker Luke Armstrong on loan |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/articles/c1km80vjzmro |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Luke shi ne ɗan tsohon ɗan wasan kungiyar Stockport County, Middlesbrough, Ipswich Town da Darlington [[Alun Armstrong]] . Ya halarci Makarantar Wolsingham kuma ya cancanci zama mai horar da kansa bayan ya sami cancanta na matakin 3 a Kwalejin Darlington.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2017 |title=Sports Student, Luke Signs Contract for Middlesbrough Football Club |url=https://darlington.ac.uk/sports-student-luke-signs-contract-middlesbrough-football-club/ |website=Darlington College}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2021, Armstrong ya bude wani cafe a Wolsingham da ake kira No 10.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2021 |title=Top Scorer Luke Armstrong Extends Town Contract |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/19810913.wolsingham-cafe-bought-harrogate-town-striker-luke-armstrong/ |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=Northern Echo}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0mc0oenziebi521ekp38jd1tbsrou7t 0 120931 883185 737190 2026-07-15T08:14:47Z BnHamid 12586 883185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Pizza]] Rat''' wani meme ne na intanet wanda ya danganci bidiyon kwayar cuta na wani bera mai launin ruwan kasa <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Chain |first=Lydia |date=September 23, 2015 |title=Why Do Rats Love Pizza? |url=https://www.popsci.com/why-do-rats-love-pizza-nyc-subway/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414181015/https://www.popsci.com/why-do-rats-love-pizza-nyc-subway/ |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=Popular Science |language=en}}</ref> dauke da wani yanki na pizza a matakai na tashar jirgin karkashin kasa ta New York City a Manhattan. An fara wallafawa bidiyon zuwa [[Instagram]] a ranar 21 ga Satumba, 2015, kuma an loda kwafin zuwa [[YouTube]] daga baya. izuwa watan Satumbar 2023, bidiyon YouTube yana da makallata sama da miliyan 12.35.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Little |first=Matt |date=September 21, 2015 |title=New York City rat taking pizza home on the subway (Pizza Rat™) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPXUG8q4jKU |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410010457/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPXUG8q4jKU |archive-date=April 10, 2016 |access-date=September 3, 2023 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> == Tasirin == A cikin sa'o'i na bidiyon, #PizzaRat yana da yawa a kan [[Twitter]], kuma a ranar 23 ga Satumba, an kalli shirin sama da sau miliyan biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noriega |first=Margarita |date=2015-09-21 |title=Pizza Rat: New York City's infamous rodent, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/9/21/9366729/ny-subway-pizza-rat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314211314/https://www.vox.com/2015/9/21/9366729/ny-subway-pizza-rat |archive-date=March 14, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref> Gawker, BuzzFeed, DNAinfo, da Gothamist ne suka rubuta labarai da sauri.<ref name=":0" /> An kirkiro kayan ado na Pizza Rat, da kuma kayan ado na "sexy" Pizza Rat, kuma an sa su don Halloween a wannan shekarar. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Koman |first=Tess |date=2015-10-05 |title=Here's the Sexy Pizza Rat Costume You've Been Waiting For |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/lifestyle/news/a47267/sexy-pizza-rat-costume/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120003935/https://www.cosmopolitan.com/lifestyle/news/a47267/sexy-pizza-rat-costume/ |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=Cosmopolitan |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mallenbaum |first=Carly |date=October 6, 2015 |title=Even a 'pizza rat' costume can be made sexy for Halloween |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2015/10/06/sexy-halloween-costumes-2015/73458748/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204010242/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2015/10/06/sexy-halloween-costumes-2015/73458748/ |archive-date=December 4, 2020 |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref> shahararriyar er kimiyya the gano beran a mastayin gama garin bera wanda yake da launin durawa, sannan kuma ta gano cewa mutane suna kusan tarsu sosai kamar mutanen da suka wallafa vidio din a youtube. sun bada gudun mawa akan beran yagi zama waje daya, ku kuma yafi anfani ga wasu mutane akan wasu berayen. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Chain |first=Lydia |date=September 23, 2015 |title=Why Do Rats Love Pizza? |url=https://www.popsci.com/why-do-rats-love-pizza-nyc-subway/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414181015/https://www.popsci.com/why-do-rats-love-pizza-nyc-subway/ |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=Popular Science |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChain2015">Chain, Lydia (September 23, 2015). [https://www.popsci.com/why-do-rats-love-pizza-nyc-subway/ "Why Do Rats Love Pizza?"]. ''Popular Science''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210414181015/https://www.popsci.com/why-do-rats-love-pizza-nyc-subway/ Archived] from the original on April 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 9aj3w8slj0zodts9x9qpvk104ptkxbd 0 121180 883149 738733 2026-07-15T04:02:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883149 wikitext text/x-wiki Al'amuran muhalli na [[Senegal]] sun bambanta. A cewar littafin gaskiya na CIA, akwai matsaloli masu latsawa tare da: raguwar yawan namun dajin da ke fuskantar barazana ta hanyar farauta, sare dazuzzuka, kiwo, zaizayar kasa, kwararowar hamada, da kuma kifayen kifaye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/2032.html#sg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404053054/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/2032.html |archive-date=2015-04-04 |website=www.cia.gov}} </ref> == Canjin yanayi == {{Excerpt|Climate change in Senegal}} == Kashe daji da lalacewar ƙasa == Kamar sauran sassan [[Afirka ta Yamma]] da kasashe masu tasowa, karfi da manufofin zamantakewa suna haifar da sare bishiyoyi da lalata tsarin halittu, wanda ke haifar da illa kamar Hamada da zaizayar kasa. Samar da gawayi, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bensch |first=Gunther |last2=Peters |first2=Jörg |date=2013-11-01 |title=Alleviating Deforestation Pressures? Impacts of Improved Stove Dissemination on Charcoal Consumption in Urban Senegal |url=http://le.uwpress.org/content/89/4/676 |journal=Land Economics |language=en |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=676–698 |doi=10.3368/le.89.4.676 |issn=0023-7639 |s2cid=153981110 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> tare da matsa lamba don fadada aikin noma a [[Senegal]] don saduwa da adadin mutane sau hudu ya haifar da asarar dazuzzuka. <ref name="Inter Press Service 2018">{{Cite web |date=2018-03-15 |title=ENVIRONMENT-SENEGAL: An Ongoing Battle Against Deforestation |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2007/04/environment-senegal-an-ongoing-battle-against-deforestation/ |access-date=2018-03-15 |website=Inter Press Service |quote=Where does a four-fold increase in a country’s population over half a century make itself felt most acutely? Concerning Senegal, the answer to this might well be: in the forests. At the time of independence in 1960, the West African country was home to three million people. By 1976, the figure had increased to seven million, while in July 2006 it stood at some 11.9 million. This quadrupling of the population in 47 years has led to an increase in the amount of land under cultivation, rising demand for firewood and charcoal, and accelerated [[urbanisation]]. The result: Senegal loses about 350,000 hectares of its forests annually to fires that are frequently started to clear land for farming, and more than 80,000 hectares for agricultural needs, according to the Centre for Environmental Preservation (Centre pour la sauvegarde de l’environnement, CSE).}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, Senegal har yanzu tana da 45.1% - ko kimanin hekta 8,673,000 - na gandun daji tare da 18.4% - ko kusan hekta 1,598,000 - an rarraba su a matsayin gandun daji na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forest data: Senegal Deforestation Rates and Related Forestry Figures |url=https://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/archive/Senegal.htm |access-date=2018-03-15 |website=Rainforests |ref={{sfnref | Rainforests}}}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007 [[Senegal]] tana rasa hekta 350,000 na gandun daji a kowace shekara ta hanyar yanka da ƙonewa don noma saboda yawan jama'arta da ke ƙaruwa da sauri.<ref name="Inter Press Service 2018"/> Canjin ruwan sama tare da batutuwan kamar canjin yanayi, suna jagorantar Kimanin kashi 13% na ƙasar - suna riƙe da kusan kashi 22% na yawan jama'a - yanzu ana ɗaukar su da ƙasƙanci.<ref name="SeneNews.com 2016">{{Cite web |date=2016-05-24 |title=Déforestation: Le Sénégal perd chaque année 40 000 hectares soit 2,1 % du PIB |url=https://www.senenews.com/actualites/deforestation-le-senegal-perd-chaque-annee-40-000-hectares-soit-21-du-pib_158686.html |access-date=2018-03-15 |website=SeneNews.com |language=fr}}</ref> Senegal tana da 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index na 7.11/10, wanda ya sanya shi na 56 a duniya daga cikin kasashe 172. <ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last=Grantham |first=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 2016, gwamnati ta yi gargadin cewa dajin Casamance zai bace nan da shekarar 2018, idan aka ci gaba da yin sara ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref name="AfricaNews 2016">{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2016-06-19 |title=Senegal govt warns against Casamance deforestation |url=http://www.africanews.com/2016/06/19/senegal-govt-warns-against-casamance-deforestation/ |access-date=2018-03-15 |website=Africanews}}</ref> === Ragewa === Tun daga shekarun 1970s Senegal ta rasa kashi 25% na gandun daji.<ref name=":1b">{{Cite web |title=Senegal is planting millions of mangrove trees to fight deforestation |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/09/senegal-is-planting-millions-of-mangrove-trees-to-fight-deforestation/ |access-date=2020-04-28 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Ƙoƙarin da aka yi kwanan nan ne kungiyar [[Oceanium (NGO)|Oceanium]] ta jagoranci don sake dasa mangroves.<ref name=":1b" /> Hukumar kula da gandun daji ta kasa da aka tsara a farkon shekarun 2000 an tsara ta ne don samar da tsarin dimokuradiyya da raba tsarin kula da gandun daji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National forest programmes |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a0970e/a0970e12.htm |access-date=2020-04-28 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> Koyaya, bincike na gaba da masana ilimi suka yi ya gano cewa rashin daidaito yana ba da sha'awar kasuwanci da cin gajiyar karfin tattalin arziki. == Kifi da yawa == Al'ummomin Afirka ta Yamma suna fuskantar matsin lamba daga jiragen ruwa na cikin gida da kuma jiragen ruwa na Asiya da Turai da ke girbi daga kamun kifi a Afirka ta Yankin yayin da sauran kamun kifin suka zama yawan kamun kiɗa ko rushewa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Meaghan Beatley and Sam |date=2018-05-31 |title=Overfished: In Senegal, empty nets lead to hunger and violence |url=https://gpinvestigations.pri.org/overfished-in-senegal-empty-nets-lead-to-hunger-and-violence-e3b5d0c9a686 |access-date=2020-04-28 |website=Public Radio International |language=en |archive-date=2024-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825151410/https://gpinvestigations.pri.org/overfished-in-senegal-empty-nets-lead-to-hunger-and-violence-e3b5d0c9a686 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Misali jiragen ruwa a cikin 2017 Saint-Louis, Senegal sun ga babban raguwa a cikin girbi, wanda ke haifar da tasirin tashin hankali akan abinci mai gina jiki da samar da abinci a cikin ƙasar, inda kashi 75% na furotin dabba ya fito ne daga kifi.<ref name=":0" /> White grouper fisheries a cikin ruwan Senegal sun rushe. == Dubi kuma == * Yanayin ƙasar Senegal * Aikin noma a Senegal * Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Senegal * Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli, Senegal * Taron masu ilimin muhalli na Senegal * Jerin dabbobi masu shayarwa na Senegal * Jerin ƙwayoyin da ba na ruwa ba na Senegal * Gidan shakatawa na Basse Casamance == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite web |last=Institute |first=World Resources |title=Senegal |url=http://www.globalforestwatch.org/country/SEN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315200253/http://www.globalforestwatch.org/country/SEN |archive-date=2018-03-15 |access-date=2018-03-15 |website=Global Forest Watch}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == 3k8m4qzgh9opb04ug13k2d8ui9eh3d8 0 122264 882960 743485 2026-07-14T16:24:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anthony David Driscoll-Glennon''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1999) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin hagu na ƙungiyar EFL League Two ta Newport County . Glennon ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa ga [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] da Burnley . Ya fara aikinsa na farko a lokacin aro tare da Grimsby Town a cikin 2020 kuma ya shafe lokaci a aro a Barrow. Ya buga wasanni uku a gasar cin kofin Burnley kafin ya koma Grimsby Town a kan yarjejeniya ta dindindin a watan Yulin 2022. == Ayyuka == === Liverpool === An haife shi a Bootle, Merseyside, Glennon ya fara aikin kwallon kafa yana wasa a kungiyar matasa ta Croxteth Park, tare da Trent Alexander-Arnold . <ref name="Grimsby">{{Cite web |last=Findlater |first=James |date=7 January 2020 |title=Who is Anthony Glennon? The lowdown on Grimsby Town's first January signing |url=https://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/anthony-glennon-grimsby-signing-burnley-3713486 |access-date=6 February 2021 |website=Grimsby Telegraph}}</ref> Ya shiga Kwalejin [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] yana da shekaru shida kuma ya shafe sama da shekaru goma a kulob din, yana ci gaba ta hanyar matasa zuwa ƙungiyar 'yan kasa da shekara 18 a ƙarƙashin Neil Critchley bayan ya bar makaranta.<ref name="Lpool">{{Cite web |last=Lynch |first=David |date=8 September 2017 |title=Meet the Academy: Anthony Glennon |url=https://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/academy/274139-meet-the-academy-anthony-glennon |access-date=6 February 2021 |website=Liverpool F.C.}}</ref> Ya ɗauki 'yan bugawa a kakar wasa ta farko a cikin 'yan kasa da shekara 18, wanda ya hana shi aiki kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami wuri a cikin tawagar har zuwa marigayi a cikin kakar.<ref name="Lpool" /> Dole ne ya jira har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu 2017 don fara farawa, lokacin da aka tsara shi zuwa layi a kan Wolverhampton Wanderers bayan raunin da ya samu ga wasu.<ref name="Lpool" /> An ci gaba da Critchley zuwa kocin kasa da shekaru 23 a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2017 kuma an maye gurbinsa da masanin ''Reds'' [[Steven Gerrard]], amma Glennon ya gina kyakkyawar dangantaka da sabon kocin.<ref name="Lpool" /> Koyaya, Glennon bai isa ya sami kwangilar ƙwararru ba kuma an sake shi a ƙarshen kakar.<ref name="Grimsby" /> === Burnley === Ya ci gaba da sanya hannu a kungiyar Burnley ta Premier League a watan Yulin 2018, bayan ya burge a gwaji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Glennon - Defender - U23 Team - Burnley Football Club |url=https://www.burnleyfootballclub.com/teams/u23-team/defender/anthony-glennon/ |website=www.burnleyfootballclub.com |access-date=2025-12-09 |archive-date=2019-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210031001/https://www.burnleyfootballclub.com/teams/u23-team/defender/anthony-glennon/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kocin Steve Stone ne ya nada shi a matsayin kyaftin din kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 jim kadan bayan isowarsa a Turf Moor, kuma kulob din ya sami ci gaba sosai a kakar wasa ta biyu a Kungiyar Ci Gaban Kwararru.<ref name="Grimsby"/> A ranar 25 ga watan Yulin 2019, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar tsawaita shekaru biyu tare da zaɓi na ƙarin shekara a Turf Moor biyo bayan kakar wasa ta farko mai ban sha'awa a cikin tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23, tare da sanya masa suna a kan benci na farko don wasan Premier League da Manchester City a watan Afrilu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2019 |title=New Deal For Glennon |url=https://www.burnleyfootballclub.com/news/2019/july/new-deal-for-glennon/ |access-date=26 January 2020 |via=Burnley F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 2020, ya zama kocin Ian Holloway na farko da ya sanya hannu lokacin da ya shiga kungiyar EFL League Two ta Grimsby Town a aro har zuwa karshen kakar. Wannan yunkuri ya faru ne yayin da Holloway ya yi aiki tare da babban jami'in aiki na Burnley Matt Williams lokacin da yake Blackpool, yana yin yawancin bincikensa.<ref name="Athletic 2">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Andy |date=14 March 2020 |title=Learning how to be good enough to play for Burnley – from Ian Holloway |url=https://theathletic.co.uk/1673970/ |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=The Athletic}}</ref> Holloway yana cikin matsanancin bukatar hagu-baya kuma ya amince da Williams sosai har ma bai kalli Glennon ya buga kansa ba kafin a kammala matakin.<ref name="Athletic 2" /> Ya koma aro zuwa Barrow a watan Janairun 2022. A ranar 10 ga Yuni 2022, Burnley ta sanar da cewa Glennon zai bar kulob din a ƙarshen watan lokacin da kwangilarsa ta kare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2019 |title=New Deal For Glennon |url=https://www.burnleyfootballclub.com/news/2019/july/new-deal-for-glennon/ |access-date=26 January 2020 |via=Burnley F.C.}}</ref> === Birnin Grimsby === A ranar 29 ga watan Yunin 2022, Glennon ya sanya hannu ga tsohon kungiyar Grimsby Town, inda ya taba taka leda a aro, a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Glennon - Defender - U23 Team - Burnley Football Club |url=https://www.burnleyfootballclub.com/teams/u23-team/defender/anthony-glennon/ |website=www.burnleyfootballclub.com |access-date=2025-12-09 |archive-date=2019-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210031001/https://www.burnleyfootballclub.com/teams/u23-team/defender/anthony-glennon/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Glennon ya kasance daga cikin tawagar Grimsby wacce ta kai wasan karshe na FA Cup a karo na farko tun 1939, ya buga cikakken minti 90 na nasarar 2-1 a kungiyar Premier League ta Southampton wacce ta sami wannan nasarar. An sake shi bayan kammala kakar 2023-24. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Glennon - Defender - U23 Team - Burnley Football Club |url=https://www.burnleyfootballclub.com/teams/u23-team/defender/anthony-glennon/ |website=www.burnleyfootballclub.com |access-date=2025-12-09 |archive-date=2019-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210031001/https://www.burnleyfootballclub.com/teams/u23-team/defender/anthony-glennon/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Gundumar Newport === A ranar 26 ga watan Yunin 2024 Glennon ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da kungiyar League Two Newport County, wanda ya fara aiki daga 1 ga watan Yulin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Glennon - Defender - U23 Team - Burnley Football Club |url=https://www.burnleyfootballclub.com/teams/u23-team/defender/anthony-glennon/ |website=www.burnleyfootballclub.com |access-date=2025-12-09 |archive-date=2019-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210031001/https://www.burnleyfootballclub.com/teams/u23-team/defender/anthony-glennon/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya fara bugawa Newport wasa a ranar 10 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2024 a wasan 3-2 na EFL League Two da aka yi wa Cheltenham Town.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2019 |title=New Deal For Glennon |url=https://www.burnleyfootballclub.com/news/2019/july/new-deal-for-glennon/ |access-date=26 January 2020 |via=Burnley F.C.}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko a Newport a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 2024 a wasan farko na FA Cup 4-2 da aka yi wa Peterborough United.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2020 |title=Anthony Glennon: Grimsby Town sign Burnley youngster on loan until end of the season |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51021834 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] 65vuit2tfb5nyfirvxsol0s7qj98e5h 0 122471 883187 744343 2026-07-15T08:15:48Z ~2026-32889-24 45473 gyara 883187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maria Teresa Goretti''' ( [maˈriːa teˈrɛːza ɡoˈretti]; 16 ga Oktoba 1890 - 6 ga Yulin shekarar 1902) budurwa ce ta Italiya mai shahadar [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]], kuma ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan tsarkaka da za a canonized. An haife ta ne a cikin iyalin manoma. Mahaifinta ya mutu lokacin da take da shekaru tara, kuma iyalin sun raba gida tare da wani iyali, Serenellis . Ta ɗauki ayyukan gida yayin da mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta suka yi aiki a gonaki.{{IPA|it|maˈriːa teˈrɛːza ɡoˈretti|lang}}{{IPA|it|maˈriːa teˈrɛːza ɡoˈretti|lang}}{{IPA|it|maˈriːa teˈrɛːza ɡoˈretti|lang}} Wata rana, Alessandro, ɗan Serenellis mai shekaru 20, ya yi mata jima'i. Lokacin da ta ki biyayya ga shi, sai ya soke ta sau 14. An kai ta asibiti amma ta mutu yayin da take gafarta masa. An kama shi, an yanke masa hukunci, kuma an daure shi. A lokacin da yake kurkuku, ya tuba. Bayan shekaru 27, an sake shi daga kurkuku kuma ya ziyarci mahaifiyarta don neman gafara, wanda ta ba da. Daga baya ya zama ɗan'uwa a gidan ibada na Capuchin kuma ya mutu a shekarar 1970. An yi wa Maria beatification a shekarar 1947 kuma an tsarkake ta a 1950. Ana girmama ta musamman a cikin Ikilisiyar Passion (Passionists). == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Maria a ranar 16 ga Oktoba shekarar 1890, a Corinaldo, a Lardin Ancona, sannan a Masarautar Italiya, ga Luigi Goretti da Assunta Carlini, na uku na yara bakwai: Antonio (wanda ya mutu tun yana jariri), Angelo, Maria, Mariano (Marino), Alessandro (Sandrino), Ersilia, da Teresa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The family |url=http://www.santamariagoretti.it/wp/en/marias-life/#famiglia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207144318/http://www.santamariagoretti.it/wp/en/marias-life/#famiglia |archive-date=December 7, 2017 |access-date=February 4, 2017 |publisher=Santuario de Corinaldo}}</ref> {{Rp|1}}{{Rp|48,59}} A lokacin da Maria ta kasance biyar, iyalinta sun zama matalauta sosai har aka tilasta musu barin gonarsu, su ƙaura, da kuma aiki ga wasu manoma. A shekara ta 1896, sun koma Colle Gianturco, kusa da Paliano da Frosinone, kimanin kilomita hamsin a wajen [[Rum|Roma]]; sannan a 1899 zuwa Le Ferriere, kusa da [[Lazio]]" id="mwQw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Latina, Lazio">Latina da Nettuno na zamani a Lazio, inda suka zauna a cikin wani gini, "La Cascina Antica," sun raba tare da wani iyali wanda ya hada da Giovanni Serenelli da dansa, Alessandro . : 1 : 20 Ba da daɗewa ba, mahaifinta ya yi rashin lafiya sosai da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]], kuma ya mutu lokacin da take da shekaru tara kawai. : 21 Yayinda mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta ke aiki a cikin gonaki, za ta dafa, ta sa, ta kalli Teresa, kuma ta kiyaye gidan da tsabta. === Mutuwa === [[Fayil:Photograph_of_Saint_Maria_Goretti,_1902.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton da aka sani kawai na Maria Goretti, wanda aka rubuta a farkon 1902]] A ranar 5 ga Yulin 1902, Maria mai shekaru goma sha ɗaya tana zaune a kan matakala na waje na gidanta, tana sutura ɗaya daga cikin rigunan Serenelli kuma tana kallon Teresa, yayin da Serenelli ke niƙa wake a cikin barnyard. : 87-89 Sanin cewa za ta kasance kadai, Alessandro ya koma gidan kuma ya yi barazanar soke ta da wuka idan ba ta yi abin da ya ce ba; yana da niyyar yi mata fyade. Ba za ta miƙa wuya ba, duk da haka, tana nuna rashin amincewa cewa abin da yake so ya yi zunubi ne kuma tana gargadi shi cewa zai je jahannama. : 46 Ta yi yaƙi sosai kuma ta ci gaba da ihu game da zunubin niyyar Alessandro. Alessandro ya maƙure Maria, sannan ya yi mata wuka sau goma sha huɗu lokacin da ta nace cewa ta fi so ta mutu fiye da miƙa wuya a gare shi; <ref name="Poage" />: 90, 101 sai ya gudu daga wurin, amma ba kafin ya yi wa Maria wuka sau uku ba lokacin da ta yi ƙoƙarin isa ƙofar. <ref name="RUEF" /> : 44 {{Rp|44}} Teresa ta farka da hayaniya kuma ta fara kuka, kuma lokacin da Assunta da Giovanni suka zo su duba ta, sun sami Maria tana zubar da jini a ƙasa kuma suka kai ta asibiti mafi kusa a Nettuno. An yi mata tiyata ba tare da anesthesia ba, amma raunin da ta samu bai wuce taimakon likitoci ba. A tsakiyar aikin tiyata, ta farka. Mai ba da magani ya gaya mata ta yi tunani game da shi a Aljanna. Ta kalli shi ta ce "To, wanene ya sani, wanene daga cikinmu zai kasance a can da farko?" Lokacin da likitan magani ya amsa cewa za ta kasance ta farko, Maria ta gaya masa cewa za ta "yi farin ciki" tunanin shi. Ta kuma nuna damuwa game da jin daɗin mahaifiyarta. : 54 Kashegari bayan harin, bayan da ta nuna gafara ga Alessandro kuma ta bayyana cewa tana so ta sami shi a sama tare da ita, Maria ta mutu daga raunin da ta samu. : 97, 105 {{Rp|97,105}} Jarida Noel Crusz ya ba da cikakken bayani: {{Blockquote|On 6 July in 1902, at 3 pm whilst <nowiki>[Maria's mother]</nowiki> Assunta and the other children were at the threshing floor, Serenelli who persistently sought sexual favours from the {{sic|12-year-old}}<!--DO NOT CHANGE TO ELEVEN YEARS OLD. THIS IS AN EXACT QUOTE AND WE CANNOT CHANGE IT.--> girl approached her. She was taking care of her infant sister in the farmhouse. {{sic|Allesandro}} threatened her with a 10-inch awl, and when she refused, as she had always done, he stabbed her 14 times. The wounds penetrated her throat, with lesions of the pericardium, heart, lungs, and diaphragm. Surgeons at Orsenigo were surprised that she was still alive. In a dying deposition, in the presence of the Chief of Police, she told her mother of Serenelli's sexual harassment, and two previous attempts made to rape her. She was afraid to reveal this earlier since she was threatened with death.<ref name="journalist" />}} Labari na uku na harin ya gabatar da shi ne daga masanin tarihin Italiya Giordano Bruno Guerri a shekarar 1985. Ya tabbatar da cewa, yayin da yake cikin kurkuku, Alessandro ya bayyana cewa bai kammala harin ba kuma Maria ta mutu budurwa. Guerri ya gano makamin a matsayin awl maimakon wuka. == Kurkuku na Alessandro == An kama Alessandro jim kadan bayan harin: 'yan sanda da suka kai shi kurkuku sun kama motar asibiti da ta kai Maria asibiti. : 54 Da farko, za a yanke masa hukuncin rai da rai, amma tun da yake yana ƙarami a wannan lokacin an sauya shi zuwa shekaru 30; alƙalai har ma sun yi la'akari da cewa bai manyanta ba kamar yadda ake sa ran ya kasance ga mai shekaru 20, kuma ya girma a cikin iyali matalauta, mai sakaci, tare da 'yan'uwa da dangi da yawa da ke fama da rashin lafiya da kuma mahaifin mai shaye-shaye. : 36, 60, 64 An kuma ba da shawarar cewa saboda rokon mahaifiyarta na jinƙai ne ba a yanke masa hukuncin kisa ba. Ya nace cewa ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi mata fyade sau da yawa kuma ya yanke shawarar kashe ta saboda ƙin ta da kuka mai tsanani. Ya kasance ba tare da tuba ba kuma ba tare da sadarwa ba daga duniya har tsawon shekaru uku, har sai wani bishop na gida, Monsignor Giovanni Blandini, ya ziyarce shi a kurkuku. Ya rubuta bayanin godiya ga Bishop yana neman addu'o'insa kuma yana gaya masa game da mafarki, "inda Maria ta ba shi lilies, wanda ya ƙone nan da nan a hannunsa" : 87{{Rp|87}} Bayan an sake shi, Alessandro ya ziyarci mahaifiyar Maria, Assunta, kuma ya roƙe ta gafara. Ta gafarta masa, kuma sun halarci Mass tare washegari, suna karɓar tarayya mai tsarki gefe da gefe. : 88 An ruwaito cewa ya yi addu'a ga Maria kowace rana kuma ya kira ta "ƙaramin saint na". <ref name="RUEF" />: 88-91{{Rp|88–91}} Alessandro daga baya ya zama ɗan'uwa na Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, yana zaune a gidan ibada kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncinsa da mai lambu har sai ya mutu a 1970 yana da shekaru 87. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The family |url=http://www.santamariagoretti.it/wp/en/marias-life/#famiglia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207144318/http://www.santamariagoretti.it/wp/en/marias-life/#famiglia |archive-date=December 7, 2017 |access-date=February 4, 2017 |publisher=Santuario de Corinaldo}}</ref> == yBeatification da canonization == [[Fayil:Visé_Maria_Goretti.jpg|right|thumb|Wani mutum-mutumi na Maria a cikin tufafin manoma yana riƙe da lilies da wuka]] [[Fayil:Major_Relics_of_St._Maria_Goretti_in_St._Joseph_Cathedral_(Columbus,_Ohio).jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Babban kayan tarihi na Maria da aka nuna a St. Joseph Cathedral (Columbus, Ohio) Cocin St. Joseph (Columbus, Ohio) ]] An yi wa Maria beatification a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1947. Wadanda suka halarci bikin sun kasance Assunta da Paparoma Pius XII. A daren bikin a [[Babban cocin Bitrus|Basilica na Saint Peter]], Paparoma ya tafi ya gaishe Assunta. Daga baya ta ba da rahoton, "Lokacin da na ga Paparoma yana zuwa, na yi addu'a, 'Madonna, don Allah ka taimake ni', kuma na ji rauni. Ya sanya hannunsa a kan kaina ya ce, 'Mahaifiyar da aka Albarka ta, uwa mai farin ciki, mahaifiyar mai albarka!'" Bayan haka, ana iya ganin su duka biyu da idanu da hawaye. : 67 {{Rp|67}} Shekaru uku bayan haka, a ranar 24 ga Yuni, 1950, Pius XII ya tsarkake Maria a matsayin mai tsarki, "Saint Agnes na karni na 20." Assunta ta sake halartar bikin, tare da sauran 'ya'yanta maza da mata hudu. Duk da abin da sanannun manema labarai suka ruwaito, Alessandro bai kasance ba don ko dai beatification ko canonization. Shi da 'yan majami'ar sun yanke shawarar, don kauce wa janye hankalinsu daga bikin, cewa ya fi kyau a gare shi kada ya halarci. Saboda yawan jama'a da ke wurin, an gudanar da bukukuwan da ke da alaƙa da canonization a waje da [[Babban cocin Bitrus|Basilica na Saint Peter]], a cikin Piazza San Pietro. Pius XII ya yi magana, ba kamar yadda ya gabata ba a cikin Latin, amma a cikin Italiyanci. "Muna ba da umarni kuma muna bayyana cewa za a iya girmama Maria Goretti mai albarka a matsayin Mai Tsarki, kuma muna gabatar da ita cikin Canon na Masu Tsarki. "Kimanin mutane 500,000, daga cikinsu yawancin matasa, sun zo daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Pius ya tambaye su: "Matasa, jin daɗin idanun Yesu, kun ƙuduri aniyar tsayayya da duk wani hari kan tsabtarku tare da taimakon alherin Allah?" Amsar ita ce "yes". : 71 {{Rp|71}} 'Yan uwan Maria guda uku za su yi iƙirarin cewa ta shiga cikin mu'ujiza a rayuwarsu. Angelo ya ji muryarta tana gaya masa ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka. An ruwaito cewa an ba Alessandro kudi ta hanyar mu'ujiza don biyan kuɗin ƙaura don shiga Angelo. Sandrino ya mutu a Amurka a 1917, kuma Angelo ya mutu a Italiya lokacin da ya dawo can a 1964. Mariano ya ce ya ji muryarta tana gaya masa ya zauna a cikin raminsa lokacin da sauran ƙungiyarsa suka shiga cikin cajin da aka yi wa sojojin Austro-Hungary a cikin [[Battles of the Isonzo|Isonzo]] a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na I. Shi, wanda kawai ya tsira daga wannan cajin, ya rayu har zuwa 1975 kuma yana da babban iyali. Ana adana gawar Maria a cikin kabari na Passionist Basilica na Nostra Signora delle Grazie e Santa Maria Goretti a Nettuno, kudu da [[Rum|Roma]]. Sau da yawa ana bayar da rahoton ba daidai ba cewa jikinta ya kasance ba tare da lalacewa ba bayan mutuwarta. Wannan shi ne saboda gawarwakinta suna cikin wani mutum-mutumi na albasa da ke kwance a bayansa a cikin akwati na gilashi kuma an yi kuskuren mutum-mutuni da jikinta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The family |url=http://www.santamariagoretti.it/wp/en/marias-life/#famiglia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207144318/http://www.santamariagoretti.it/wp/en/marias-life/#famiglia |archive-date=December 7, 2017 |access-date=February 4, 2017 |publisher=Santuario de Corinaldo}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7h90up3la094aujd2c9p4wk86wo5m9i 0 122599 883287 744994 2026-07-15T08:51:56Z Pharouqenr 25549 883287 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''''Fim ɗin The China Syndrome''''' fim ne na [[Amurka]] mai ban sha'awa na 1979 wanda James Bridges ya jagoranta kuma Bridges, Mike Gray, da TS Cook suka rubuta. Fim ɗin ya fito ne daga Jane Fonda, Jack Lemmon, da Michael Douglas (wadda ita ma ta shirya). Fim ɗin ya biyo bayan wata 'yar jarida a talabijin da mai ɗaukar hoto da ta gano abubuwan da suka ɓoye a cikin tsaro a wata tashar samar da [[Makamashin nukiliya|wutar lantarki ta nukiliya]] . " China Syndrome " kalma ce da ke bayyana sakamakon ƙarya na narkewar nukiliya, inda man fetur na reactor ke narkewa ta hanyar tsarin hana reactor shiga cikin ƙasa, " har zuwa China ". An fara nuna ''cutar China Syndrome'' a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na shekarar 1979, inda aka fafata a gasar Palme d'Or yayin da Lemmon ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jarumi . <ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{Cite web |title=Festival de Cannes: The China Syndrome |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1898/year/1979.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118064636/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1898/year/1979.html |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |access-date=May 24, 2009 |publisher=Festival-cannes.com}}</ref> An fitar da shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 16 ga Maris, 1979, kwanaki goma sha biyu kafin hatsarin nukiliya na Three Mile Island a Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, wanda ya ba wa batun fim ɗin wani tunani mai ban mamaki. Ya zama babban nasara da kasuwanci. Masu sharhi sun yaba da wasan kwaikwayo na fim ɗin, alkiblarsa, da kuma ayyukansa (musamman na Fonda da Lemmon), yayin da ya tara dala miliyan 51.7 ( equivalent to $223,986,000 a shekarar 2024 ) akan kasafin kuɗin samarwa na dala miliyan 5.9 ( equivalent to $25,561,000 a shekarar 2024 ). Fim ɗin ya sami zaɓe huɗu a kyaututtukan Academy na 52 ; Mafi Kyawun Jarumi (don Lemmon), Mafi Kyawun Jaruma (don Fonda), Mafi Kyawun Rubutun Asali da Mafi Kyawun Darakta na Fasaha . == Labari == A lokacin da suka ziyarci tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ventana da ke wajen [[Los Angeles]], mai ba da labarai a talabijin Kimberly Wells, mai daukar hoto Richard Adams da mai gabatar da karar su Hector Salas sun shaida yadda kamfanin ke tafiya a cikin [[Turbine trip|injin turbine]] da kuma rufewar gaggawa ( [[SCRAM]] ). Mai Kula da Ayyukan Shiri Jack Godell ya lura da wani girgiza mai ban mamaki a cikin kofinsa. Dangane da ma'aunin da ke nuna yawan ruwa, Godell ya fara cire ruwa daga tsakiyar, amma ma'aunin ya ci gaba da tsayi yayin da masu aiki ke buɗe ƙarin bawuloli don zubar da ruwa. Wani mai aiki ya lura da ma'aunin na biyu wanda ke nuna ƙarancin matakan ruwa. Godell ya danna ma'aunin farko, wanda nan da nan ya buɗe ya faɗi don nuna ƙarancin matakan. Ma'aikatan sun hanzarta tura ruwa zuwa ciki kuma suna murna cikin sauƙi da dawo da na'urar sarrafa iskar gas ɗin. {{Efn|The sequence of events in the movie is based on events that occurred in 1970 at the [[Dresden Generating Station]] outside Chicago. In that case, the indicator stuck low and the operators responded by adding even more water.}} Adams ta ɗauki bidiyon lamarin cikin sirri, duk da cewa an nemi kada ta ɗauki fim saboda dalilan tsaro. Shugabar Wells ta ƙi watsa rahotonta game da lamarin. Adams ta sace bidiyon ta kuma nuna wa ƙwararru waɗanda suka kammala da cewa masana'antar ta kusa rugujewa - wato cutar China . A lokacin da ake duba masana'antar kafin a dawo da ita ta intanet, Godell ya gano wani kududdufi na ruwan rediyoaktif wanda da alama ya ɓullo daga famfo. Ya yi ƙoƙarin jinkirta sake kunna masana'antar, amma shugaban masana'antar yana son babu abin da zai hana sake kunna ta. Godell ya gano cewa jerin hotunan rediyo da ake zargin sun tabbatar da cewa walda da ke kan famfon da ke zubar da ruwa iri ɗaya ne - ɗan kwangilar ya ci gaba da sake gabatar da wannan hoton. Ya kawo shaidar ga shugaban kamfanin, wanda ya yi watsi da shi a matsayin abin tsoro, yana mai cewa sabbin hotunan rediyo za su kashe dala miliyan 20. Godell ya fuskanci Royce, ma'aikacin Foster-Sullivan wanda ya gina masana'antar, domin shi ne ya sanya hannu kan hotunan rediyo. Godell ya yi barazanar zuwa Hukumar Kula da Makamashin Nukiliya, amma Royce ya yi masa barazana; daga baya, wasu mutane biyu daga wurin shakatawa na Foster-Sullivan da ke wajen gidansa. Wells da Adams sun fuskanci Godell a gidansa kuma ya bayyana damuwarsa. Wells da Adams sun roƙe shi ya ba da shaida a zaman sauraron ƙarar NRC game da shirin Foster-Sullivan na gina wata tashar nukiliya. Godell ya yarda ya sami hotunan rediyo na ƙarya ta hanyar Salas don a yi zaman sauraron ƙarar. An gudu da motar Salas daga kan hanya kuma an kwace masa hotunan rediyo. Mutanen da ke jira a wajen gidansa suka bi Godell. Ya fake a cikin injin, inda ya ga ana kawo masa wutar lantarki. Ya kama bindiga daga wani mai gadi, ya tilasta wa kowa fita, ciki har da abokinsa kuma abokin aikinsa Ted Spindler, sannan ya nemi Wells ya yi masa tambayoyi a talabijin kai tsaye. Hukumar kula da injin ta amince da hirar domin a sami lokaci yayin da suke ƙoƙarin sake mallakar injin. Bayan mintuna kaɗan da fara watsa shirye-shiryen, masu fasahar injin sun yi amfani da SCRAM da gangan don su janye hankalin Godell su sake ɗaukar ɗakin sarrafawa. Wata ƙungiyar SWAT ta shigo da ƙarfi, aka yanke kebul na talabijin, aka harbi Godell. Kafin ya mutu, ya sake jin girgizar da ba a saba gani ba. Tsarin atomatik na injin ne kawai ke sarrafa SCRAM, kuma injin ya yi mummunan lalacewa yayin da famfon ya lalace. Jami'an masana'antar sun yi ƙoƙarin nuna Godell a matsayin wanda ke cikin damuwa a zuciya, amma wani Spindler da ke cikin damuwa a talabijin ya musanta zargin, yana cewa Godell ba mahaukaci ba ne kuma da ba zai taɓa ɗaukar irin wannan mataki mai tsauri ba da babu wani laifi. Wells ta kammala rahotonta cikin kuka, kuma labarin ya koma tallan tanda na microwave. == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == John Simon ya ce ''Ciwon China Syndrome'' wani abu ne mai ban sha'awa, mai hankali, kuma mai ban sha'awa har sai da ya zama abin dariya a ƙarshensa. Ya kira ƙarshen ƙarya kuma abin ban sha'awa. Fim ɗin yana da ƙimar kashi 88% akan Rotten Tomatoes bisa ga sharhin masu suka 40. Mahimman ra'ayoyin sun ce: "Tare da jigogi masu kayatarwa da kuma jarumai masu ban sha'awa, ''The China Syndrome'' shine fim mai ban sha'awa wanda ba kasafai yake da wahala ba wanda ke da ban sha'awa kamar yadda yake da wahala". <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> A kan Metacritic yana da maki 81 bisa ga sharhin masu suka 16, wanda ke nuna "yabo ga duniya". <ref>{{Cite web |title=The China Syndrome |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-china-syndrome |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> === Ofishin tikitoci === An buɗe fim ɗin a gidajen sinima 534 a Amurka kuma ya tara dala $4,354,854 a ƙarshen makon farko na fim ɗin. === Martanin masana'antar nukiliya === Fitowar Maris 1979 ta fuskanci suka daga masana'antar makamashin nukiliya wadda ta kira ta "labarin almara" da kuma "kisan gillar wani kamfani gaba ɗaya". <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Kwanaki goma sha biyu bayan haka, hatsarin nukiliya na Three Mile Island ya faru a gundumar Dauphin, Pennsylvania . Duk da cewa wasu sun yaba da lokacin da hatsarin ya ɗauka wajen taimakawa wajen sayar da tikiti, <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> ɗakin studio ya yi ƙoƙarin guje wa bayyana kamar suna amfani da haɗarin, gami da cire fim ɗin daga wasu gidajen sinima. === Accolades === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Award !Category !Recipient !Result |- | rowspan="4" |Academy Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> |Best Actor |Jack Lemmon | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actress |Jane Fonda | {{Nom}} |- |Best Screenplay – Written Directly for the Screen |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Art Direction |Art Direction: George Jenkins <br /><br /> Set Decoration: Arthur Jeph Parker | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |British Academy Film Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> |Best Film |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actor in a Leading Role |Jack Lemmon | {{Won}} |- |Best Actress in a Leading Role |Jane Fonda | {{Won}} |- |Best Screenplay |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Cannes Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web |title=The China Syndrome |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-china-syndrome |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> |Palme d'Or |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actor | rowspan="2" |Jack Lemmon | {{Won}} |- |David di Donatello Awards |Best Foreign Actor | {{Won}}{{efn|Tied with [[Dustin Hoffman]] for ''[[Kramer vs. Kramer]]''.}} |- |Directors Guild of America Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> |Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |Golden Globe Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> | colspan="2" |Best Motion Picture – Drama | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama |Jack Lemmon | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama |Jane Fonda | {{Nom}} |- |Best Director – Motion Picture |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Screenplay – Motion Picture |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |National Board of Review Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> | colspan="2" |Top Ten Films | {{draw|4th Place}} |- |National Society of Film Critics Awards |Best Actor |Jack Lemmon | {{draw|4th Place}} |- |Satellite Awards | colspan="2" |Best Classic DVD | {{Nom}} |- |Writers Guild of America Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=Writers Guild Award Winners 1995–1949 |url=https://awards.wga.org/awards/nominees-winners/1995-1949 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125193707/https://awards.wga.org/awards/nominees-winners/1995-1949 |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |access-date=February 21, 2019 |website=Writers Guild Awards}}</ref> |Best Drama Written Directly for the Screen |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Won}} |} == Duba kuma == * <nowiki><i id="mwATs">Chernobyl</i></nowiki> (jerin waƙoƙi masu sauƙi) * Hadurra da abubuwan da suka faru na nukiliya da radiation == Manazarta == <references /> jxjbopmjjmdyihcb1ydhvzd9cl6or0o 883288 883287 2026-07-15T08:52:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 883288 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''''Fim ɗin The China Syndrome''''' fim ne na [[Amurka]] mai ban sha'awa na 1979 wanda James Bridges ya jagoranta kuma Bridges, Mike Gray, da TS Cook suka rubuta. Fim ɗin ya fito ne daga Jane Fonda, Jack Lemmon, da Michael Douglas (wadda ita ma ta shirya). Fim ɗin ya biyo bayan wata 'yar jarida a talabijin da mai ɗaukar hoto da ta gano abubuwan da suka ɓoye a cikin tsaro a wata tashar samar da [[Makamashin nukiliya|wutar lantarki ta nukiliya]]." China Syndrome " kalma ce da ke bayyana sakamakon ƙarya na narkewar nukiliya, inda man fetur na reactor ke narkewa ta hanyar tsarin hana reactor shiga cikin ƙasa, " har zuwa China ". An fara nuna ''cutar China Syndrome'' a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na shekarar 1979, inda aka fafata a gasar Palme d'Or yayin da Lemmon ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jarumi.<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{Cite web |title=Festival de Cannes: The China Syndrome |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1898/year/1979.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118064636/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1898/year/1979.html |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |access-date=May 24, 2009 |publisher=Festival-cannes.com}}</ref> An fitar da shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 16 ga Maris, 1979, kwanaki goma sha biyu kafin hatsarin nukiliya na Three Mile Island a Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, wanda ya ba wa batun fim ɗin wani tunani mai ban mamaki. Ya zama babban nasara da kasuwanci. Masu sharhi sun yaba da wasan kwaikwayo na fim ɗin, alkiblarsa, da kuma ayyukansa (musamman na Fonda da Lemmon), yayin da ya tara dala miliyan 51.7 ( equivalent to $223,986,000 a shekarar 2024 ) akan kasafin kuɗin samarwa na dala miliyan 5.9 ( equivalent to $25,561,000 a shekarar 2024 ). Fim ɗin ya sami zaɓe huɗu a kyaututtukan Academy na 52 ; Mafi Kyawun Jarumi (don Lemmon), Mafi Kyawun Jaruma (don Fonda), Mafi Kyawun Rubutun Asali da Mafi Kyawun Darakta na Fasaha . == Labari == A lokacin da suka ziyarci tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ventana da ke wajen [[Los Angeles]], mai ba da labarai a talabijin Kimberly Wells, mai daukar hoto Richard Adams da mai gabatar da karar su Hector Salas sun shaida yadda kamfanin ke tafiya a cikin [[Turbine trip|injin turbine]] da kuma rufewar gaggawa ( [[SCRAM]] ). Mai Kula da Ayyukan Shiri Jack Godell ya lura da wani girgiza mai ban mamaki a cikin kofinsa. Dangane da ma'aunin da ke nuna yawan ruwa, Godell ya fara cire ruwa daga tsakiyar, amma ma'aunin ya ci gaba da tsayi yayin da masu aiki ke buɗe ƙarin bawuloli don zubar da ruwa. Wani mai aiki ya lura da ma'aunin na biyu wanda ke nuna ƙarancin matakan ruwa. Godell ya danna ma'aunin farko, wanda nan da nan ya buɗe ya faɗi don nuna ƙarancin matakan. Ma'aikatan sun hanzarta tura ruwa zuwa ciki kuma suna murna cikin sauƙi da dawo da na'urar sarrafa iskar gas ɗin. {{Efn|The sequence of events in the movie is based on events that occurred in 1970 at the [[Dresden Generating Station]] outside Chicago. In that case, the indicator stuck low and the operators responded by adding even more water.}} Adams ta ɗauki bidiyon lamarin cikin sirri, duk da cewa an nemi kada ta ɗauki fim saboda dalilan tsaro. Shugabar Wells ta ƙi watsa rahotonta game da lamarin. Adams ta sace bidiyon ta kuma nuna wa ƙwararru waɗanda suka kammala da cewa masana'antar ta kusa rugujewa - wato cutar China . A lokacin da ake duba masana'antar kafin a dawo da ita ta intanet, Godell ya gano wani kududdufi na ruwan rediyoaktif wanda da alama ya ɓullo daga famfo. Ya yi ƙoƙarin jinkirta sake kunna masana'antar, amma shugaban masana'antar yana son babu abin da zai hana sake kunna ta. Godell ya gano cewa jerin hotunan rediyo da ake zargin sun tabbatar da cewa walda da ke kan famfon da ke zubar da ruwa iri ɗaya ne - ɗan kwangilar ya ci gaba da sake gabatar da wannan hoton. Ya kawo shaidar ga shugaban kamfanin, wanda ya yi watsi da shi a matsayin abin tsoro, yana mai cewa sabbin hotunan rediyo za su kashe dala miliyan 20. Godell ya fuskanci Royce, ma'aikacin Foster-Sullivan wanda ya gina masana'antar, domin shi ne ya sanya hannu kan hotunan rediyo. Godell ya yi barazanar zuwa Hukumar Kula da Makamashin Nukiliya, amma Royce ya yi masa barazana; daga baya, wasu mutane biyu daga wurin shakatawa na Foster-Sullivan da ke wajen gidansa. Wells da Adams sun fuskanci Godell a gidansa kuma ya bayyana damuwarsa. Wells da Adams sun roƙe shi ya ba da shaida a zaman sauraron ƙarar NRC game da shirin Foster-Sullivan na gina wata tashar nukiliya. Godell ya yarda ya sami hotunan rediyo na ƙarya ta hanyar Salas don a yi zaman sauraron ƙarar. An gudu da motar Salas daga kan hanya kuma an kwace masa hotunan rediyo. Mutanen da ke jira a wajen gidansa suka bi Godell. Ya fake a cikin injin, inda ya ga ana kawo masa wutar lantarki. Ya kama bindiga daga wani mai gadi, ya tilasta wa kowa fita, ciki har da abokinsa kuma abokin aikinsa Ted Spindler, sannan ya nemi Wells ya yi masa tambayoyi a talabijin kai tsaye. Hukumar kula da injin ta amince da hirar domin a sami lokaci yayin da suke ƙoƙarin sake mallakar injin. Bayan mintuna kaɗan da fara watsa shirye-shiryen, masu fasahar injin sun yi amfani da SCRAM da gangan don su janye hankalin Godell su sake ɗaukar ɗakin sarrafawa. Wata ƙungiyar SWAT ta shigo da ƙarfi, aka yanke kebul na talabijin, aka harbi Godell. Kafin ya mutu, ya sake jin girgizar da ba a saba gani ba. Tsarin atomatik na injin ne kawai ke sarrafa SCRAM, kuma injin ya yi mummunan lalacewa yayin da famfon ya lalace. Jami'an masana'antar sun yi ƙoƙarin nuna Godell a matsayin wanda ke cikin damuwa a zuciya, amma wani Spindler da ke cikin damuwa a talabijin ya musanta zargin, yana cewa Godell ba mahaukaci ba ne kuma da ba zai taɓa ɗaukar irin wannan mataki mai tsauri ba da babu wani laifi. Wells ta kammala rahotonta cikin kuka, kuma labarin ya koma tallan tanda na microwave. == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == John Simon ya ce ''Ciwon China Syndrome'' wani abu ne mai ban sha'awa, mai hankali, kuma mai ban sha'awa har sai da ya zama abin dariya a ƙarshensa. Ya kira ƙarshen ƙarya kuma abin ban sha'awa. Fim ɗin yana da ƙimar kashi 88% akan Rotten Tomatoes bisa ga sharhin masu suka 40. Mahimman ra'ayoyin sun ce: "Tare da jigogi masu kayatarwa da kuma jarumai masu ban sha'awa, ''The China Syndrome'' shine fim mai ban sha'awa wanda ba kasafai yake da wahala ba wanda ke da ban sha'awa kamar yadda yake da wahala". <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> A kan Metacritic yana da maki 81 bisa ga sharhin masu suka 16, wanda ke nuna "yabo ga duniya". <ref>{{Cite web |title=The China Syndrome |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-china-syndrome |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> === Ofishin tikitoci === An buɗe fim ɗin a gidajen sinima 534 a Amurka kuma ya tara dala $4,354,854 a ƙarshen makon farko na fim ɗin. === Martanin masana'antar nukiliya === Fitowar Maris 1979 ta fuskanci suka daga masana'antar makamashin nukiliya wadda ta kira ta "labarin almara" da kuma "kisan gillar wani kamfani gaba ɗaya". <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Kwanaki goma sha biyu bayan haka, hatsarin nukiliya na Three Mile Island ya faru a gundumar Dauphin, Pennsylvania . Duk da cewa wasu sun yaba da lokacin da hatsarin ya ɗauka wajen taimakawa wajen sayar da tikiti, <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> ɗakin studio ya yi ƙoƙarin guje wa bayyana kamar suna amfani da haɗarin, gami da cire fim ɗin daga wasu gidajen sinima. === Accolades === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Award !Category !Recipient !Result |- | rowspan="4" |Academy Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> |Best Actor |Jack Lemmon | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actress |Jane Fonda | {{Nom}} |- |Best Screenplay – Written Directly for the Screen |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Art Direction |Art Direction: George Jenkins <br /><br /> Set Decoration: Arthur Jeph Parker | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |British Academy Film Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> |Best Film |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actor in a Leading Role |Jack Lemmon | {{Won}} |- |Best Actress in a Leading Role |Jane Fonda | {{Won}} |- |Best Screenplay |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Cannes Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web |title=The China Syndrome |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-china-syndrome |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> |Palme d'Or |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actor | rowspan="2" |Jack Lemmon | {{Won}} |- |David di Donatello Awards |Best Foreign Actor | {{Won}}{{efn|Tied with [[Dustin Hoffman]] for ''[[Kramer vs. Kramer]]''.}} |- |Directors Guild of America Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> |Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |Golden Globe Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> | colspan="2" |Best Motion Picture – Drama | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama |Jack Lemmon | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama |Jane Fonda | {{Nom}} |- |Best Director – Motion Picture |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Screenplay – Motion Picture |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |National Board of Review Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> | colspan="2" |Top Ten Films | {{draw|4th Place}} |- |National Society of Film Critics Awards |Best Actor |Jack Lemmon | {{draw|4th Place}} |- |Satellite Awards | colspan="2" |Best Classic DVD | {{Nom}} |- |Writers Guild of America Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=Writers Guild Award Winners 1995–1949 |url=https://awards.wga.org/awards/nominees-winners/1995-1949 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125193707/https://awards.wga.org/awards/nominees-winners/1995-1949 |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |access-date=February 21, 2019 |website=Writers Guild Awards}}</ref> |Best Drama Written Directly for the Screen |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Won}} |} == Duba kuma == * <nowiki><i id="mwATs">Chernobyl</i></nowiki> (jerin waƙoƙi masu sauƙi) * Hadurra da abubuwan da suka faru na nukiliya da radiation == Manazarta == <references /> dnawu0fstpw3my176nlojkv1snhqt7n 883289 883288 2026-07-15T08:52:47Z Pharouqenr 25549 883289 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''''Fim ɗin The China Syndrome''''' fim ne na [[Amurka]] mai ban sha'awa na 1979 wanda James Bridges ya jagoranta kuma Bridges, Mike Gray, da TS Cook suka rubuta. Fim ɗin ya fito ne daga Jane Fonda, Jack Lemmon, da Michael Douglas (wadda ita ma ta shirya). Fim ɗin ya biyo bayan wata 'yar jarida a talabijin da mai ɗaukar hoto da ta gano abubuwan da suka ɓoye a cikin tsaro a wata tashar samar da [[Makamashin nukiliya|wutar lantarki ta nukiliya]]." China Syndrome " kalma ce da ke bayyana sakamakon ƙarya na narkewar nukiliya, inda man fetur na reactor ke narkewa ta hanyar tsarin hana reactor shiga cikin ƙasa, " har zuwa China ". An fara nuna ''cutar China Syndrome'' a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na shekarar 1979, inda aka fafata a gasar Palme d'Or yayin da Lemmon ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jarumi.<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{Cite web |title=Festival de Cannes: The China Syndrome |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1898/year/1979.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118064636/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1898/year/1979.html |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |access-date=May 24, 2009 |publisher=Festival-cannes.com}}</ref> An fitar da shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 16 ga Maris, 1979, kwanaki goma sha biyu kafin hatsarin nukiliya na Three Mile Island a Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, wanda ya ba wa batun fim ɗin wani tunani mai ban mamaki. Ya zama babban nasara da kasuwanci. Masu sharhi sun yaba da wasan kwaikwayo na fim ɗin, alkiblarsa, da kuma ayyukansa (musamman na Fonda da Lemmon), yayin da ya tara dala miliyan 51.7 ( equivalent to $223,986,000 a shekarar 2024 ) akan kasafin kuɗin samarwa na dala miliyan 5.9 ( equivalent to $25,561,000 a shekarar 2024 ). Fim ɗin ya sami zaɓe huɗu a kyaututtukan Academy na 52 ; Mafi Kyawun Jarumi (don Lemmon), Mafi Kyawun Jaruma (don Fonda), Mafi Kyawun Rubutun Asali da Mafi Kyawun Darakta na Fasaha . == Labari == A lokacin da suka ziyarci tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ventana da ke wajen [[Los Angeles]], mai ba da labarai a talabijin Kimberly Wells, mai daukar hoto Richard Adams da mai gabatar da karar su Hector Salas sun shaida yadda kamfanin ke tafiya a cikin injin turbine da kuma rufewar gaggawa ( [[SCRAM]] ). Mai Kula da Ayyukan Shiri Jack Godell ya lura da wani girgiza mai ban mamaki a cikin kofinsa. Dangane da ma'aunin da ke nuna yawan ruwa, Godell ya fara cire ruwa daga tsakiyar, amma ma'aunin ya ci gaba da tsayi yayin da masu aiki ke buɗe ƙarin bawuloli don zubar da ruwa. Wani mai aiki ya lura da ma'aunin na biyu wanda ke nuna ƙarancin matakan ruwa. Godell ya danna ma'aunin farko, wanda nan da nan ya buɗe ya faɗi don nuna ƙarancin matakan. Ma'aikatan sun hanzarta tura ruwa zuwa ciki kuma suna murna cikin sauƙi da dawo da na'urar sarrafa iskar gas ɗin. {{Efn|The sequence of events in the movie is based on events that occurred in 1970 at the [[Dresden Generating Station]] outside Chicago. In that case, the indicator stuck low and the operators responded by adding even more water.}} Adams ta ɗauki bidiyon lamarin cikin sirri, duk da cewa an nemi kada ta ɗauki fim saboda dalilan tsaro. Shugabar Wells ta ƙi watsa rahotonta game da lamarin. Adams ta sace bidiyon ta kuma nuna wa ƙwararru waɗanda suka kammala da cewa masana'antar ta kusa rugujewa - wato cutar China . A lokacin da ake duba masana'antar kafin a dawo da ita ta intanet, Godell ya gano wani kududdufi na ruwan rediyoaktif wanda da alama ya ɓullo daga famfo. Ya yi ƙoƙarin jinkirta sake kunna masana'antar, amma shugaban masana'antar yana son babu abin da zai hana sake kunna ta. Godell ya gano cewa jerin hotunan rediyo da ake zargin sun tabbatar da cewa walda da ke kan famfon da ke zubar da ruwa iri ɗaya ne - ɗan kwangilar ya ci gaba da sake gabatar da wannan hoton. Ya kawo shaidar ga shugaban kamfanin, wanda ya yi watsi da shi a matsayin abin tsoro, yana mai cewa sabbin hotunan rediyo za su kashe dala miliyan 20. Godell ya fuskanci Royce, ma'aikacin Foster-Sullivan wanda ya gina masana'antar, domin shi ne ya sanya hannu kan hotunan rediyo. Godell ya yi barazanar zuwa Hukumar Kula da Makamashin Nukiliya, amma Royce ya yi masa barazana; daga baya, wasu mutane biyu daga wurin shakatawa na Foster-Sullivan da ke wajen gidansa. Wells da Adams sun fuskanci Godell a gidansa kuma ya bayyana damuwarsa. Wells da Adams sun roƙe shi ya ba da shaida a zaman sauraron ƙarar NRC game da shirin Foster-Sullivan na gina wata tashar nukiliya. Godell ya yarda ya sami hotunan rediyo na ƙarya ta hanyar Salas don a yi zaman sauraron ƙarar. An gudu da motar Salas daga kan hanya kuma an kwace masa hotunan rediyo. Mutanen da ke jira a wajen gidansa suka bi Godell. Ya fake a cikin injin, inda ya ga ana kawo masa wutar lantarki. Ya kama bindiga daga wani mai gadi, ya tilasta wa kowa fita, ciki har da abokinsa kuma abokin aikinsa Ted Spindler, sannan ya nemi Wells ya yi masa tambayoyi a talabijin kai tsaye. Hukumar kula da injin ta amince da hirar domin a sami lokaci yayin da suke ƙoƙarin sake mallakar injin. Bayan mintuna kaɗan da fara watsa shirye-shiryen, masu fasahar injin sun yi amfani da SCRAM da gangan don su janye hankalin Godell su sake ɗaukar ɗakin sarrafawa. Wata ƙungiyar SWAT ta shigo da ƙarfi, aka yanke kebul na talabijin, aka harbi Godell. Kafin ya mutu, ya sake jin girgizar da ba a saba gani ba. Tsarin atomatik na injin ne kawai ke sarrafa SCRAM, kuma injin ya yi mummunan lalacewa yayin da famfon ya lalace. Jami'an masana'antar sun yi ƙoƙarin nuna Godell a matsayin wanda ke cikin damuwa a zuciya, amma wani Spindler da ke cikin damuwa a talabijin ya musanta zargin, yana cewa Godell ba mahaukaci ba ne kuma da ba zai taɓa ɗaukar irin wannan mataki mai tsauri ba da babu wani laifi. Wells ta kammala rahotonta cikin kuka, kuma labarin ya koma tallan tanda na microwave. == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == John Simon ya ce ''Ciwon China Syndrome'' wani abu ne mai ban sha'awa, mai hankali, kuma mai ban sha'awa har sai da ya zama abin dariya a ƙarshensa. Ya kira ƙarshen ƙarya kuma abin ban sha'awa. Fim ɗin yana da ƙimar kashi 88% akan Rotten Tomatoes bisa ga sharhin masu suka 40. Mahimman ra'ayoyin sun ce: "Tare da jigogi masu kayatarwa da kuma jarumai masu ban sha'awa, ''The China Syndrome'' shine fim mai ban sha'awa wanda ba kasafai yake da wahala ba wanda ke da ban sha'awa kamar yadda yake da wahala". <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> A kan Metacritic yana da maki 81 bisa ga sharhin masu suka 16, wanda ke nuna "yabo ga duniya". <ref>{{Cite web |title=The China Syndrome |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-china-syndrome |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> === Ofishin tikitoci === An buɗe fim ɗin a gidajen sinima 534 a Amurka kuma ya tara dala $4,354,854 a ƙarshen makon farko na fim ɗin. === Martanin masana'antar nukiliya === Fitowar Maris 1979 ta fuskanci suka daga masana'antar makamashin nukiliya wadda ta kira ta "labarin almara" da kuma "kisan gillar wani kamfani gaba ɗaya". <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Kwanaki goma sha biyu bayan haka, hatsarin nukiliya na Three Mile Island ya faru a gundumar Dauphin, Pennsylvania . Duk da cewa wasu sun yaba da lokacin da hatsarin ya ɗauka wajen taimakawa wajen sayar da tikiti, <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> ɗakin studio ya yi ƙoƙarin guje wa bayyana kamar suna amfani da haɗarin, gami da cire fim ɗin daga wasu gidajen sinima. === Accolades === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Award !Category !Recipient !Result |- | rowspan="4" |Academy Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> |Best Actor |Jack Lemmon | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actress |Jane Fonda | {{Nom}} |- |Best Screenplay – Written Directly for the Screen |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Art Direction |Art Direction: George Jenkins <br /><br /> Set Decoration: Arthur Jeph Parker | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |British Academy Film Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> |Best Film |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actor in a Leading Role |Jack Lemmon | {{Won}} |- |Best Actress in a Leading Role |Jane Fonda | {{Won}} |- |Best Screenplay |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Cannes Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web |title=The China Syndrome |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-china-syndrome |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> |Palme d'Or |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actor | rowspan="2" |Jack Lemmon | {{Won}} |- |David di Donatello Awards |Best Foreign Actor | {{Won}}{{efn|Tied with [[Dustin Hoffman]] for ''[[Kramer vs. Kramer]]''.}} |- |Directors Guild of America Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> |Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |Golden Globe Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> | colspan="2" |Best Motion Picture – Drama | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama |Jack Lemmon | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama |Jane Fonda | {{Nom}} |- |Best Director – Motion Picture |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Screenplay – Motion Picture |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |National Board of Review Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> | colspan="2" |Top Ten Films | {{draw|4th Place}} |- |National Society of Film Critics Awards |Best Actor |Jack Lemmon | {{draw|4th Place}} |- |Satellite Awards | colspan="2" |Best Classic DVD | {{Nom}} |- |Writers Guild of America Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=Writers Guild Award Winners 1995–1949 |url=https://awards.wga.org/awards/nominees-winners/1995-1949 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125193707/https://awards.wga.org/awards/nominees-winners/1995-1949 |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |access-date=February 21, 2019 |website=Writers Guild Awards}}</ref> |Best Drama Written Directly for the Screen |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Won}} |} == Duba kuma == * <nowiki><i id="mwATs">Chernobyl</i></nowiki> (jerin waƙoƙi masu sauƙi) * Hadurra da abubuwan da suka faru na nukiliya da radiation == Manazarta == <references /> mchcr6ay6abtnkviha5r5xvgpkue5ep 883290 883289 2026-07-15T08:53:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 883290 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''''Fim ɗin The China Syndrome''''' fim ne na [[Amurka]] mai ban sha'awa na 1979 wanda James Bridges ya jagoranta kuma Bridges, Mike Gray, da TS Cook suka rubuta. Fim ɗin ya fito ne daga Jane Fonda, Jack Lemmon, da Michael Douglas (wadda ita ma ta shirya). Fim ɗin ya biyo bayan wata 'yar jarida a talabijin da mai ɗaukar hoto da ta gano abubuwan da suka ɓoye a cikin tsaro a wata tashar samar da [[Makamashin nukiliya|wutar lantarki ta nukiliya]]." China Syndrome " kalma ce da ke bayyana sakamakon ƙarya na narkewar nukiliya, inda man fetur na reactor ke narkewa ta hanyar tsarin hana reactor shiga cikin ƙasa, " har zuwa China ". An fara nuna ''cutar China Syndrome'' a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na shekarar 1979, inda aka fafata a gasar Palme d'Or yayin da Lemmon ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jarumi.<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{Cite web |title=Festival de Cannes: The China Syndrome |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1898/year/1979.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118064636/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1898/year/1979.html |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |access-date=May 24, 2009 |publisher=Festival-cannes.com}}</ref> An fitar da shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 16 ga Maris, 1979, kwanaki goma sha biyu kafin hatsarin nukiliya na Three Mile Island a Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, wanda ya ba wa batun fim ɗin wani tunani mai ban mamaki. Ya zama babban nasara da kasuwanci. Masu sharhi sun yaba da wasan kwaikwayo na fim ɗin, alkiblarsa, da kuma ayyukansa (musamman na Fonda da Lemmon), yayin da ya tara dala miliyan 51.7 ( equivalent to $223,986,000 a shekarar 2024 ) akan kasafin kuɗin samarwa na dala miliyan 5.9 ( equivalent to $25,561,000 a shekarar 2024 ). Fim ɗin ya sami zaɓe huɗu a kyaututtukan Academy na 52 ; Mafi Kyawun Jarumi (don Lemmon), Mafi Kyawun Jaruma (don Fonda), Mafi Kyawun Rubutun Asali da Mafi Kyawun Darakta na Fasaha . == Labari == A lokacin da suka ziyarci tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ventana da ke wajen [[Los Angeles]], mai ba da labarai a talabijin Kimberly Wells, mai daukar hoto Richard Adams da mai gabatar da karar su Hector Salas sun shaida yadda kamfanin ke tafiya a cikin injin turbine da kuma rufewar gaggawa ( SCRAM ). Mai Kula da Ayyukan Shiri Jack Godell ya lura da wani girgiza mai ban mamaki a cikin kofinsa. Dangane da ma'aunin da ke nuna yawan ruwa, Godell ya fara cire ruwa daga tsakiyar, amma ma'aunin ya ci gaba da tsayi yayin da masu aiki ke buɗe ƙarin bawuloli don zubar da ruwa. Wani mai aiki ya lura da ma'aunin na biyu wanda ke nuna ƙarancin matakan ruwa. Godell ya danna ma'aunin farko, wanda nan da nan ya buɗe ya faɗi don nuna ƙarancin matakan. Ma'aikatan sun hanzarta tura ruwa zuwa ciki kuma suna murna cikin sauƙi da dawo da na'urar sarrafa iskar gas ɗin. {{Efn|The sequence of events in the movie is based on events that occurred in 1970 at the [[Dresden Generating Station]] outside Chicago. In that case, the indicator stuck low and the operators responded by adding even more water.}} Adams ta ɗauki bidiyon lamarin cikin sirri, duk da cewa an nemi kada ta ɗauki fim saboda dalilan tsaro. Shugabar Wells ta ƙi watsa rahotonta game da lamarin. Adams ta sace bidiyon ta kuma nuna wa ƙwararru waɗanda suka kammala da cewa masana'antar ta kusa rugujewa - wato cutar China . A lokacin da ake duba masana'antar kafin a dawo da ita ta intanet, Godell ya gano wani kududdufi na ruwan rediyoaktif wanda da alama ya ɓullo daga famfo. Ya yi ƙoƙarin jinkirta sake kunna masana'antar, amma shugaban masana'antar yana son babu abin da zai hana sake kunna ta. Godell ya gano cewa jerin hotunan rediyo da ake zargin sun tabbatar da cewa walda da ke kan famfon da ke zubar da ruwa iri ɗaya ne - ɗan kwangilar ya ci gaba da sake gabatar da wannan hoton. Ya kawo shaidar ga shugaban kamfanin, wanda ya yi watsi da shi a matsayin abin tsoro, yana mai cewa sabbin hotunan rediyo za su kashe dala miliyan 20. Godell ya fuskanci Royce, ma'aikacin Foster-Sullivan wanda ya gina masana'antar, domin shi ne ya sanya hannu kan hotunan rediyo. Godell ya yi barazanar zuwa Hukumar Kula da Makamashin Nukiliya, amma Royce ya yi masa barazana; daga baya, wasu mutane biyu daga wurin shakatawa na Foster-Sullivan da ke wajen gidansa. Wells da Adams sun fuskanci Godell a gidansa kuma ya bayyana damuwarsa. Wells da Adams sun roƙe shi ya ba da shaida a zaman sauraron ƙarar NRC game da shirin Foster-Sullivan na gina wata tashar nukiliya. Godell ya yarda ya sami hotunan rediyo na ƙarya ta hanyar Salas don a yi zaman sauraron ƙarar. An gudu da motar Salas daga kan hanya kuma an kwace masa hotunan rediyo. Mutanen da ke jira a wajen gidansa suka bi Godell. Ya fake a cikin injin, inda ya ga ana kawo masa wutar lantarki. Ya kama bindiga daga wani mai gadi, ya tilasta wa kowa fita, ciki har da abokinsa kuma abokin aikinsa Ted Spindler, sannan ya nemi Wells ya yi masa tambayoyi a talabijin kai tsaye. Hukumar kula da injin ta amince da hirar domin a sami lokaci yayin da suke ƙoƙarin sake mallakar injin. Bayan mintuna kaɗan da fara watsa shirye-shiryen, masu fasahar injin sun yi amfani da SCRAM da gangan don su janye hankalin Godell su sake ɗaukar ɗakin sarrafawa. Wata ƙungiyar SWAT ta shigo da ƙarfi, aka yanke kebul na talabijin, aka harbi Godell. Kafin ya mutu, ya sake jin girgizar da ba a saba gani ba. Tsarin atomatik na injin ne kawai ke sarrafa SCRAM, kuma injin ya yi mummunan lalacewa yayin da famfon ya lalace. Jami'an masana'antar sun yi ƙoƙarin nuna Godell a matsayin wanda ke cikin damuwa a zuciya, amma wani Spindler da ke cikin damuwa a talabijin ya musanta zargin, yana cewa Godell ba mahaukaci ba ne kuma da ba zai taɓa ɗaukar irin wannan mataki mai tsauri ba da babu wani laifi. Wells ta kammala rahotonta cikin kuka, kuma labarin ya koma tallan tanda na microwave. == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == John Simon ya ce ''Ciwon China Syndrome'' wani abu ne mai ban sha'awa, mai hankali, kuma mai ban sha'awa har sai da ya zama abin dariya a ƙarshensa. Ya kira ƙarshen ƙarya kuma abin ban sha'awa. Fim ɗin yana da ƙimar kashi 88% akan Rotten Tomatoes bisa ga sharhin masu suka 40. Mahimman ra'ayoyin sun ce: "Tare da jigogi masu kayatarwa da kuma jarumai masu ban sha'awa, ''The China Syndrome'' shine fim mai ban sha'awa wanda ba kasafai yake da wahala ba wanda ke da ban sha'awa kamar yadda yake da wahala". <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> A kan Metacritic yana da maki 81 bisa ga sharhin masu suka 16, wanda ke nuna "yabo ga duniya". <ref>{{Cite web |title=The China Syndrome |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-china-syndrome |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> === Ofishin tikitoci === An buɗe fim ɗin a gidajen sinima 534 a Amurka kuma ya tara dala $4,354,854 a ƙarshen makon farko na fim ɗin. === Martanin masana'antar nukiliya === Fitowar Maris 1979 ta fuskanci suka daga masana'antar makamashin nukiliya wadda ta kira ta "labarin almara" da kuma "kisan gillar wani kamfani gaba ɗaya". <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Kwanaki goma sha biyu bayan haka, hatsarin nukiliya na Three Mile Island ya faru a gundumar Dauphin, Pennsylvania . Duk da cewa wasu sun yaba da lokacin da hatsarin ya ɗauka wajen taimakawa wajen sayar da tikiti, <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> ɗakin studio ya yi ƙoƙarin guje wa bayyana kamar suna amfani da haɗarin, gami da cire fim ɗin daga wasu gidajen sinima. === Accolades === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Award !Category !Recipient !Result |- | rowspan="4" |Academy Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> |Best Actor |Jack Lemmon | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actress |Jane Fonda | {{Nom}} |- |Best Screenplay – Written Directly for the Screen |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Art Direction |Art Direction: George Jenkins <br /><br /> Set Decoration: Arthur Jeph Parker | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |British Academy Film Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> |Best Film |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actor in a Leading Role |Jack Lemmon | {{Won}} |- |Best Actress in a Leading Role |Jane Fonda | {{Won}} |- |Best Screenplay |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Cannes Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web |title=The China Syndrome |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-china-syndrome |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> |Palme d'Or |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actor | rowspan="2" |Jack Lemmon | {{Won}} |- |David di Donatello Awards |Best Foreign Actor | {{Won}}{{efn|Tied with [[Dustin Hoffman]] for ''[[Kramer vs. Kramer]]''.}} |- |Directors Guild of America Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> |Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |Golden Globe Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> | colspan="2" |Best Motion Picture – Drama | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama |Jack Lemmon | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama |Jane Fonda | {{Nom}} |- |Best Director – Motion Picture |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Screenplay – Motion Picture |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |National Board of Review Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> | colspan="2" |Top Ten Films | {{draw|4th Place}} |- |National Society of Film Critics Awards |Best Actor |Jack Lemmon | {{draw|4th Place}} |- |Satellite Awards | colspan="2" |Best Classic DVD | {{Nom}} |- |Writers Guild of America Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=Writers Guild Award Winners 1995–1949 |url=https://awards.wga.org/awards/nominees-winners/1995-1949 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125193707/https://awards.wga.org/awards/nominees-winners/1995-1949 |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |access-date=February 21, 2019 |website=Writers Guild Awards}}</ref> |Best Drama Written Directly for the Screen |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Won}} |} == Duba kuma == * <nowiki><i id="mwATs">Chernobyl</i></nowiki> (jerin waƙoƙi masu sauƙi) * Hadurra da abubuwan da suka faru na nukiliya da radiation == Manazarta == <references /> nrlm2ihv0wvx22xq5lwpsht2k9gox99 883291 883290 2026-07-15T08:53:21Z Pharouqenr 25549 883291 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''''Fim ɗin The China Syndrome''''' fim ne na [[Amurka]] mai ban sha'awa na 1979 wanda James Bridges ya jagoranta kuma Bridges, Mike Gray, da TS Cook suka rubuta. Fim ɗin ya fito ne daga Jane Fonda, Jack Lemmon, da Michael Douglas (wadda ita ma ta shirya). Fim ɗin ya biyo bayan wata 'yar jarida a talabijin da mai ɗaukar hoto da ta gano abubuwan da suka ɓoye a cikin tsaro a wata tashar samar da [[Makamashin nukiliya|wutar lantarki ta nukiliya]]." China Syndrome " kalma ce da ke bayyana sakamakon ƙarya na narkewar nukiliya, inda man fetur na reactor ke narkewa ta hanyar tsarin hana reactor shiga cikin ƙasa, " har zuwa China ". An fara nuna ''cutar China Syndrome'' a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na shekarar 1979, inda aka fafata a gasar Palme d'Or yayin da Lemmon ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jarumi.<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{Cite web |title=Festival de Cannes: The China Syndrome |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1898/year/1979.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118064636/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1898/year/1979.html |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |access-date=May 24, 2009 |publisher=Festival-cannes.com}}</ref> An fitar da shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 16 ga Maris, 1979, kwanaki goma sha biyu kafin hatsarin nukiliya na Three Mile Island a Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, wanda ya ba wa batun fim ɗin wani tunani mai ban mamaki. Ya zama babban nasara da kasuwanci. Masu sharhi sun yaba da wasan kwaikwayo na fim ɗin, alkiblarsa, da kuma ayyukansa (musamman na Fonda da Lemmon), yayin da ya tara dala miliyan 51.7 ( equivalent to $223,986,000 a shekarar 2024 ) akan kasafin kuɗin samarwa na dala miliyan 5.9 ( equivalent to $25,561,000 a shekarar 2024 ). Fim ɗin ya sami zaɓe huɗu a kyaututtukan Academy na 52 ; Mafi Kyawun Jarumi (don Lemmon), Mafi Kyawun Jaruma (don Fonda), Mafi Kyawun Rubutun Asali da Mafi Kyawun Darakta na Fasaha . == Labari == A lokacin da suka ziyarci tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ventana da ke wajen [[Los Angeles]], mai ba da labarai a talabijin Kimberly Wells, mai daukar hoto Richard Adams da mai gabatar da karar su Hector Salas sun shaida yadda kamfanin ke tafiya a cikin injin turbine da kuma rufewar gaggawa ( SCRAM ). Mai Kula da Ayyukan Shiri Jack Godell ya lura da wani girgiza mai ban mamaki a cikin kofinsa. Dangane da ma'aunin da ke nuna yawan ruwa, Godell ya fara cire ruwa daga tsakiyar, amma ma'aunin ya ci gaba da tsayi yayin da masu aiki ke buɗe ƙarin bawuloli don zubar da ruwa. Wani mai aiki ya lura da ma'aunin na biyu wanda ke nuna ƙarancin matakan ruwa. Godell ya danna ma'aunin farko, wanda nan da nan ya buɗe ya faɗi don nuna ƙarancin matakan. Ma'aikatan sun hanzarta tura ruwa zuwa ciki kuma suna murna cikin sauƙi da dawo da na'urar sarrafa iskar gas ɗin. {{Efn|The sequence of events in the movie is based on events that occurred in 1970 at the [[Dresden Generating Station]] outside Chicago. In that case, the indicator stuck low and the operators responded by adding even more water.}} Adams ta ɗauki bidiyon lamarin cikin sirri, duk da cewa an nemi kada ta ɗauki fim saboda dalilan tsaro. Shugabar Wells ta ƙi watsa rahotonta game da lamarin. Adams ta sace bidiyon ta kuma nuna wa ƙwararru waɗanda suka kammala da cewa masana'antar ta kusa rugujewa - wato cutar China. A lokacin da ake duba masana'antar kafin a dawo da ita ta intanet, Godell ya gano wani kududdufi na ruwan rediyoaktif wanda da alama ya ɓullo daga famfo. Ya yi ƙoƙarin jinkirta sake kunna masana'antar, amma shugaban masana'antar yana son babu abin da zai hana sake kunna ta. Godell ya gano cewa jerin hotunan rediyo da ake zargin sun tabbatar da cewa walda da ke kan famfon da ke zubar da ruwa iri ɗaya ne - ɗan kwangilar ya ci gaba da sake gabatar da wannan hoton. Ya kawo shaidar ga shugaban kamfanin, wanda ya yi watsi da shi a matsayin abin tsoro, yana mai cewa sabbin hotunan rediyo za su kashe dala miliyan 20. Godell ya fuskanci Royce, ma'aikacin Foster-Sullivan wanda ya gina masana'antar, domin shi ne ya sanya hannu kan hotunan rediyo. Godell ya yi barazanar zuwa Hukumar Kula da Makamashin Nukiliya, amma Royce ya yi masa barazana; daga baya, wasu mutane biyu daga wurin shakatawa na Foster-Sullivan da ke wajen gidansa. Wells da Adams sun fuskanci Godell a gidansa kuma ya bayyana damuwarsa. Wells da Adams sun roƙe shi ya ba da shaida a zaman sauraron ƙarar NRC game da shirin Foster-Sullivan na gina wata tashar nukiliya. Godell ya yarda ya sami hotunan rediyo na ƙarya ta hanyar Salas don a yi zaman sauraron ƙarar. An gudu da motar Salas daga kan hanya kuma an kwace masa hotunan rediyo. Mutanen da ke jira a wajen gidansa suka bi Godell. Ya fake a cikin injin, inda ya ga ana kawo masa wutar lantarki. Ya kama bindiga daga wani mai gadi, ya tilasta wa kowa fita, ciki har da abokinsa kuma abokin aikinsa Ted Spindler, sannan ya nemi Wells ya yi masa tambayoyi a talabijin kai tsaye. Hukumar kula da injin ta amince da hirar domin a sami lokaci yayin da suke ƙoƙarin sake mallakar injin. Bayan mintuna kaɗan da fara watsa shirye-shiryen, masu fasahar injin sun yi amfani da SCRAM da gangan don su janye hankalin Godell su sake ɗaukar ɗakin sarrafawa. Wata ƙungiyar SWAT ta shigo da ƙarfi, aka yanke kebul na talabijin, aka harbi Godell. Kafin ya mutu, ya sake jin girgizar da ba a saba gani ba. Tsarin atomatik na injin ne kawai ke sarrafa SCRAM, kuma injin ya yi mummunan lalacewa yayin da famfon ya lalace. Jami'an masana'antar sun yi ƙoƙarin nuna Godell a matsayin wanda ke cikin damuwa a zuciya, amma wani Spindler da ke cikin damuwa a talabijin ya musanta zargin, yana cewa Godell ba mahaukaci ba ne kuma da ba zai taɓa ɗaukar irin wannan mataki mai tsauri ba da babu wani laifi. Wells ta kammala rahotonta cikin kuka, kuma labarin ya koma tallan tanda na microwave. == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == John Simon ya ce ''Ciwon China Syndrome'' wani abu ne mai ban sha'awa, mai hankali, kuma mai ban sha'awa har sai da ya zama abin dariya a ƙarshensa. Ya kira ƙarshen ƙarya kuma abin ban sha'awa. Fim ɗin yana da ƙimar kashi 88% akan Rotten Tomatoes bisa ga sharhin masu suka 40. Mahimman ra'ayoyin sun ce: "Tare da jigogi masu kayatarwa da kuma jarumai masu ban sha'awa, ''The China Syndrome'' shine fim mai ban sha'awa wanda ba kasafai yake da wahala ba wanda ke da ban sha'awa kamar yadda yake da wahala". <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> A kan Metacritic yana da maki 81 bisa ga sharhin masu suka 16, wanda ke nuna "yabo ga duniya". <ref>{{Cite web |title=The China Syndrome |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-china-syndrome |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> === Ofishin tikitoci === An buɗe fim ɗin a gidajen sinima 534 a Amurka kuma ya tara dala $4,354,854 a ƙarshen makon farko na fim ɗin. === Martanin masana'antar nukiliya === Fitowar Maris 1979 ta fuskanci suka daga masana'antar makamashin nukiliya wadda ta kira ta "labarin almara" da kuma "kisan gillar wani kamfani gaba ɗaya". <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Kwanaki goma sha biyu bayan haka, hatsarin nukiliya na Three Mile Island ya faru a gundumar Dauphin, Pennsylvania . Duk da cewa wasu sun yaba da lokacin da hatsarin ya ɗauka wajen taimakawa wajen sayar da tikiti, <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> ɗakin studio ya yi ƙoƙarin guje wa bayyana kamar suna amfani da haɗarin, gami da cire fim ɗin daga wasu gidajen sinima. === Accolades === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Award !Category !Recipient !Result |- | rowspan="4" |Academy Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> |Best Actor |Jack Lemmon | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actress |Jane Fonda | {{Nom}} |- |Best Screenplay – Written Directly for the Screen |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Art Direction |Art Direction: George Jenkins <br /><br /> Set Decoration: Arthur Jeph Parker | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |British Academy Film Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> |Best Film |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actor in a Leading Role |Jack Lemmon | {{Won}} |- |Best Actress in a Leading Role |Jane Fonda | {{Won}} |- |Best Screenplay |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Cannes Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web |title=The China Syndrome |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-china-syndrome |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> |Palme d'Or |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actor | rowspan="2" |Jack Lemmon | {{Won}} |- |David di Donatello Awards |Best Foreign Actor | {{Won}}{{efn|Tied with [[Dustin Hoffman]] for ''[[Kramer vs. Kramer]]''.}} |- |Directors Guild of America Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> |Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |Golden Globe Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> | colspan="2" |Best Motion Picture – Drama | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama |Jack Lemmon | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama |Jane Fonda | {{Nom}} |- |Best Director – Motion Picture |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Screenplay – Motion Picture |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |National Board of Review Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> | colspan="2" |Top Ten Films | {{draw|4th Place}} |- |National Society of Film Critics Awards |Best Actor |Jack Lemmon | {{draw|4th Place}} |- |Satellite Awards | colspan="2" |Best Classic DVD | {{Nom}} |- |Writers Guild of America Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=Writers Guild Award Winners 1995–1949 |url=https://awards.wga.org/awards/nominees-winners/1995-1949 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125193707/https://awards.wga.org/awards/nominees-winners/1995-1949 |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |access-date=February 21, 2019 |website=Writers Guild Awards}}</ref> |Best Drama Written Directly for the Screen |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Won}} |} == Duba kuma == * <nowiki><i id="mwATs">Chernobyl</i></nowiki> (jerin waƙoƙi masu sauƙi) * Hadurra da abubuwan da suka faru na nukiliya da radiation == Manazarta == <references /> syh643c95mih69rw757sfblsnyzkxc6 883292 883291 2026-07-15T08:54:17Z Pharouqenr 25549 883292 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''''Fim ɗin The China Syndrome''''' fim ne na [[Amurka]] mai ban sha'awa na 1979 wanda James Bridges ya jagoranta kuma Bridges, Mike Gray, da TS Cook suka rubuta. Fim ɗin ya fito ne daga Jane Fonda, Jack Lemmon, da Michael Douglas (wadda ita ma ta shirya). Fim ɗin ya biyo bayan wata 'yar jarida a talabijin da mai ɗaukar hoto da ta gano abubuwan da suka ɓoye a cikin tsaro a wata tashar samar da [[Makamashin nukiliya|wutar lantarki ta nukiliya]]." China Syndrome " kalma ce da ke bayyana sakamakon ƙarya na narkewar nukiliya, inda man fetur na reactor ke narkewa ta hanyar tsarin hana reactor shiga cikin ƙasa, " har zuwa China ". An fara nuna ''cutar China Syndrome'' a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na shekarar 1979, inda aka fafata a gasar Palme d'Or yayin da Lemmon ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jarumi.<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{Cite web |title=Festival de Cannes: The China Syndrome |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1898/year/1979.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118064636/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1898/year/1979.html |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |access-date=May 24, 2009 |publisher=Festival-cannes.com}}</ref> An fitar da shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 16 ga Maris, 1979, kwanaki goma sha biyu kafin hatsarin nukiliya na Three Mile Island a Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, wanda ya ba wa batun fim ɗin wani tunani mai ban mamaki. Ya zama babban nasara da kasuwanci. Masu sharhi sun yaba da wasan kwaikwayo na fim ɗin, alkiblarsa, da kuma ayyukansa (musamman na Fonda da Lemmon), yayin da ya tara dala miliyan 51.7 ( equivalent to $223,986,000 a shekarar 2024 ) akan kasafin kuɗin samarwa na dala miliyan 5.9 ( equivalent to $25,561,000 a shekarar 2024 ). Fim ɗin ya sami zaɓe huɗu a kyaututtukan Academy na 52 ; Mafi Kyawun Jarumi (don Lemmon), Mafi Kyawun Jaruma (don Fonda), Mafi Kyawun Rubutun Asali da Mafi Kyawun Darakta na Fasaha . == Labari == A lokacin da suka ziyarci tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ventana da ke wajen [[Los Angeles]], mai ba da labarai a talabijin Kimberly Wells, mai daukar hoto Richard Adams da mai gabatar da karar su Hector Salas sun shaida yadda kamfanin ke tafiya a cikin injin turbine da kuma rufewar gaggawa ( SCRAM ). Mai Kula da Ayyukan Shiri Jack Godell ya lura da wani girgiza mai ban mamaki a cikin kofinsa. Dangane da ma'aunin da ke nuna yawan ruwa, Godell ya fara cire ruwa daga tsakiyar, amma ma'aunin ya ci gaba da tsayi yayin da masu aiki ke buɗe ƙarin bawuloli don zubar da ruwa. Wani mai aiki ya lura da ma'aunin na biyu wanda ke nuna ƙarancin matakan ruwa. Godell ya danna ma'aunin farko, wanda nan da nan ya buɗe ya faɗi don nuna ƙarancin matakan. Ma'aikatan sun hanzarta tura ruwa zuwa ciki kuma suna murna cikin sauƙi da dawo da na'urar sarrafa iskar gas ɗin. {{Efn|The sequence of events in the movie is based on events that occurred in 1970 at the [[Dresden Generating Station]] outside Chicago. In that case, the indicator stuck low and the operators responded by adding even more water.}} Adams ta ɗauki bidiyon lamarin cikin sirri, duk da cewa an nemi kada ta ɗauki fim saboda dalilan tsaro. Shugabar Wells ta ƙi watsa rahotonta game da lamarin. Adams ta sace bidiyon ta kuma nuna wa ƙwararru waɗanda suka kammala da cewa masana'antar ta kusa rugujewa - wato cutar China. A lokacin da ake duba masana'antar kafin a dawo da ita ta intanet, Godell ya gano wani kududdufi na ruwan rediyoaktif wanda da alama ya ɓullo daga famfo. Ya yi ƙoƙarin jinkirta sake kunna masana'antar, amma shugaban masana'antar yana son babu abin da zai hana sake kunna ta. Godell ya gano cewa jerin hotunan rediyo da ake zargin sun tabbatar da cewa walda da ke kan famfon da ke zubar da ruwa iri ɗaya ne - ɗan kwangilar ya ci gaba da sake gabatar da wannan hoton. Ya kawo shaidar ga shugaban kamfanin, wanda ya yi watsi da shi a matsayin abin tsoro, yana mai cewa sabbin hotunan rediyo za su kashe dala miliyan 20. Godell ya fuskanci Royce, ma'aikacin Foster-Sullivan wanda ya gina masana'antar, domin shi ne ya sanya hannu kan hotunan rediyo. Godell ya yi barazanar zuwa Hukumar Kula da Makamashin Nukiliya, amma Royce ya yi masa barazana; daga baya, wasu mutane biyu daga wurin shakatawa na Foster-Sullivan da ke wajen gidansa. Wells da Adams sun fuskanci Godell a gidansa kuma ya bayyana damuwarsa. Wells da Adams sun roƙe shi ya ba da shaida a zaman sauraron ƙarar NRC game da shirin Foster-Sullivan na gina wata tashar nukiliya. Godell ya yarda ya sami hotunan rediyo na ƙarya ta hanyar Salas don a yi zaman sauraron ƙarar. An gudu da motar Salas daga kan hanya kuma an kwace masa hotunan rediyo. Mutanen da ke jira a wajen gidansa suka bi Godell. Ya fake a cikin injin, inda ya ga ana kawo masa wutar lantarki. Ya kama bindiga daga wani mai gadi, ya tilasta wa kowa fita, ciki har da abokinsa kuma abokin aikinsa Ted Spindler, sannan ya nemi Wells ya yi masa tambayoyi a talabijin kai tsaye. Hukumar kula da injin ta amince da hirar domin a sami lokaci yayin da suke ƙoƙarin sake mallakar injin. Bayan mintuna kaɗan da fara watsa shirye-shiryen, masu fasahar injin sun yi amfani da SCRAM da gangan don su janye hankalin Godell su sake ɗaukar ɗakin sarrafawa. Wata ƙungiyar SWAT ta shigo da ƙarfi, aka yanke kebul na talabijin, aka harbi Godell. Kafin ya mutu, ya sake jin girgizar da ba a saba gani ba. Tsarin atomatik na injin ne kawai ke sarrafa SCRAM, kuma injin ya yi mummunan lalacewa yayin da famfon ya lalace. Jami'an masana'antar sun yi ƙoƙarin nuna Godell a matsayin wanda ke cikin damuwa a zuciya, amma wani Spindler da ke cikin damuwa a talabijin ya musanta zargin, yana cewa Godell ba mahaukaci ba ne kuma da ba zai taɓa ɗaukar irin wannan mataki mai tsauri ba da babu wani laifi. Wells ta kammala rahotonta cikin kuka, kuma labarin ya koma tallan tanda na microwave. == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == John Simon ya ce ''Ciwon China Syndrome'' wani abu ne mai ban sha'awa, mai hankali, kuma mai ban sha'awa har sai da ya zama abin dariya a ƙarshensa. Ya kira ƙarshen ƙarya kuma abin ban sha'awa. Fim ɗin yana da ƙimar kashi 88% akan Rotten Tomatoes bisa ga sharhin masu suka 40. Mahimman ra'ayoyin sun ce: "Tare da jigogi masu kayatarwa da kuma jarumai masu ban sha'awa, ''The China Syndrome'' shine fim mai ban sha'awa wanda ba kasafai yake da wahala ba wanda ke da ban sha'awa kamar yadda yake da wahala". <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> A kan Metacritic yana da maki 81 bisa ga sharhin masu suka 16, wanda ke nuna "yabo ga duniya". <ref>{{Cite web |title=The China Syndrome |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-china-syndrome |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> === Ofishin tikitoci === An buɗe fim ɗin a gidajen sinima 534 a Amurka kuma ya tara dala $4,354,854 a ƙarshen makon farko na fim ɗin. === Martanin masana'antar nukiliya === Fitowar Maris 1979 ta fuskanci suka daga masana'antar makamashin nukiliya wadda ta kira ta "labarin almara" da kuma "kisan gillar wani kamfani gaba ɗaya". <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Kwanaki goma sha biyu bayan haka, hatsarin nukiliya na Three Mile Island ya faru a gundumar Dauphin, Pennsylvania . Duk da cewa wasu sun yaba da lokacin da hatsarin ya ɗauka wajen taimakawa wajen sayar da tikiti, <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> ɗakin studio ya yi ƙoƙarin guje wa bayyana kamar suna amfani da haɗarin, gami da cire fim ɗin daga wasu gidajen sinima. === Accolades === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Award !Category !Recipient !Result |- | rowspan="4" |Academy Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> |Best Actor |Jack Lemmon | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actress |Jane Fonda | {{Nom}} |- |Best Screenplay – Written Directly for the Screen |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Art Direction |Art Direction: George Jenkins <br /><br /> Set Decoration: Arthur Jeph Parker | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |British Academy Film Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> |Best Film |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actor in a Leading Role |Jack Lemmon | {{Won}} |- |Best Actress in a Leading Role |Jane Fonda | {{Won}} |- |Best Screenplay |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Cannes Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web |title=The China Syndrome |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-china-syndrome |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> |Palme d'Or |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actor | rowspan="2" |Jack Lemmon | {{Won}} |- |David di Donatello Awards |Best Foreign Actor | {{Won}}{{efn|Tied with [[Dustin Hoffman]] for ''[[Kramer vs. Kramer]]''.}} |- |Directors Guild of America Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> |Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |Golden Globe Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> | colspan="2" |Best Motion Picture – Drama | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama |Jack Lemmon | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama |Jane Fonda | {{Nom}} |- |Best Director – Motion Picture |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Screenplay – Motion Picture |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |National Board of Review Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> | colspan="2" |Top Ten Films | {{draw|4th Place}} |- |National Society of Film Critics Awards |Best Actor |Jack Lemmon | {{draw|4th Place}} |- |Satellite Awards | colspan="2" |Best Classic DVD | {{Nom}} |- |Writers Guild of America Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=Writers Guild Award Winners 1995–1949 |url=https://awards.wga.org/awards/nominees-winners/1995-1949 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125193707/https://awards.wga.org/awards/nominees-winners/1995-1949 |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |access-date=February 21, 2019 |website=Writers Guild Awards}}</ref> |Best Drama Written Directly for the Screen |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Won}} |} == Duba kuma == * <nowiki><i id="mwATs">Chernobyl</i></nowiki> (jerin waƙoƙi masu sauƙi) * Hadurra da abubuwan da suka faru na nukiliya da radiation == Manazarta == <references /> qe9bky9kdijyo3tsd2yrhzthi612inq 883293 883292 2026-07-15T08:55:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 883293 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''''Fim ɗin The China Syndrome''''' fim ne na [[Amurka]] mai ban sha'awa na 1979 wanda James Bridges ya jagoranta kuma Bridges, Mike Gray, da TS Cook suka rubuta. Fim ɗin ya fito ne daga Jane Fonda, Jack Lemmon, da Michael Douglas (wadda ita ma ta shirya). Fim ɗin ya biyo bayan wata 'yar jarida a talabijin da mai ɗaukar hoto da ta gano abubuwan da suka ɓoye a cikin tsaro a wata tashar samar da [[Makamashin nukiliya|wutar lantarki ta nukiliya]]." China Syndrome " kalma ce da ke bayyana sakamakon ƙarya na narkewar nukiliya, inda man fetur na reactor ke narkewa ta hanyar tsarin hana reactor shiga cikin ƙasa, " har zuwa China ". An fara nuna ''cutar China Syndrome'' a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na shekarar 1979, inda aka fafata a gasar Palme d'Or yayin da Lemmon ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jarumi.<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{Cite web |title=Festival de Cannes: The China Syndrome |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1898/year/1979.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118064636/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1898/year/1979.html |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |access-date=May 24, 2009 |publisher=Festival-cannes.com}}</ref> An fitar da shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 16 ga Maris, 1979, kwanaki goma sha biyu kafin hatsarin nukiliya na Three Mile Island a Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, wanda ya ba wa batun fim ɗin wani tunani mai ban mamaki. Ya zama babban nasara da kasuwanci. Masu sharhi sun yaba da wasan kwaikwayo na fim ɗin, alkiblarsa, da kuma ayyukansa (musamman na Fonda da Lemmon), yayin da ya tara dala miliyan 51.7 ( equivalent to $223,986,000 a shekarar 2024 ) akan kasafin kuɗin samarwa na dala miliyan 5.9 ( equivalent to $25,561,000 a shekarar 2024 ). Fim ɗin ya sami zaɓe huɗu a kyaututtukan Academy na 52 ; Mafi Kyawun Jarumi (don Lemmon), Mafi Kyawun Jaruma (don Fonda), Mafi Kyawun Rubutun Asali da Mafi Kyawun Darakta na Fasaha . == Labari == A lokacin da suka ziyarci tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ventana da ke wajen [[Los Angeles]], mai ba da labarai a talabijin Kimberly Wells, mai daukar hoto Richard Adams da mai gabatar da karar su Hector Salas sun shaida yadda kamfanin ke tafiya a cikin injin turbine da kuma rufewar gaggawa ( SCRAM ). Mai Kula da Ayyukan Shiri Jack Godell ya lura da wani girgiza mai ban mamaki a cikin kofinsa. Dangane da ma'aunin da ke nuna yawan ruwa, Godell ya fara cire ruwa daga tsakiyar, amma ma'aunin ya ci gaba da tsayi yayin da masu aiki ke buɗe ƙarin bawuloli don zubar da ruwa. Wani mai aiki ya lura da ma'aunin na biyu wanda ke nuna ƙarancin matakan ruwa. Godell ya danna ma'aunin farko, wanda nan da nan ya buɗe ya faɗi don nuna ƙarancin matakan. Ma'aikatan sun hanzarta tura ruwa zuwa ciki kuma suna murna cikin sauƙi da dawo da na'urar sarrafa iskar gas ɗin. {{Efn|The sequence of events in the movie is based on events that occurred in 1970 at the [[Dresden Generating Station]] outside Chicago. In that case, the indicator stuck low and the operators responded by adding even more water.}} Adams ta ɗauki bidiyon lamarin cikin sirri, duk da cewa an nemi kada ta ɗauki fim saboda dalilan tsaro. Shugabar Wells ta ƙi watsa rahotonta game da lamarin. Adams ta sace bidiyon ta kuma nuna wa ƙwararru waɗanda suka kammala da cewa masana'antar ta kusa rugujewa - wato cutar China. A lokacin da ake duba masana'antar kafin a dawo da ita ta intanet, Godell ya gano wani kududdufi na ruwan rediyoaktif wanda da alama ya ɓullo daga famfo. Ya yi ƙoƙarin jinkirta sake kunna masana'antar, amma shugaban masana'antar yana son babu abin da zai hana sake kunna ta. Godell ya gano cewa jerin hotunan rediyo da ake zargin sun tabbatar da cewa walda da ke kan famfon da ke zubar da ruwa iri ɗaya ne - ɗan kwangilar ya ci gaba da sake gabatar da wannan hoton. Ya kawo shaidar ga shugaban kamfanin, wanda ya yi watsi da shi a matsayin abin tsoro, yana mai cewa sabbin hotunan rediyo za su kashe dala miliyan 20. Godell ya fuskanci Royce, ma'aikacin Foster-Sullivan wanda ya gina masana'antar, domin shi ne ya sanya hannu kan hotunan rediyo. Godell ya yi barazanar zuwa Hukumar Kula da Makamashin Nukiliya, amma Royce ya yi masa barazana; daga baya, wasu mutane biyu daga wurin shakatawa na Foster-Sullivan da ke wajen gidansa. Wells da Adams sun fuskanci Godell a gidansa kuma ya bayyana damuwarsa. Wells da Adams sun roƙe shi ya ba da shaida a zaman sauraron ƙarar NRC game da shirin Foster-Sullivan na gina wata tashar nukiliya. Godell ya yarda ya sami hotunan rediyo na ƙarya ta hanyar Salas don a yi zaman sauraron ƙarar. An gudu da motar Salas daga kan hanya kuma an kwace masa hotunan rediyo. Mutanen da ke jira a wajen gidansa suka bi Godell. Ya fake a cikin injin, inda ya ga ana kawo masa wutar lantarki. Ya kama bindiga daga wani mai gadi, ya tilasta wa kowa fita, ciki har da abokinsa kuma abokin aikinsa Ted Spindler, sannan ya nemi Wells ya yi masa tambayoyi a talabijin kai tsaye. Hukumar kula da injin ta amince da hirar domin a sami lokaci yayin da suke ƙoƙarin sake mallakar injin. Bayan mintuna kaɗan da fara watsa shirye-shiryen, masu fasahar injin sun yi amfani da SCRAM da gangan don su janye hankalin Godell su sake ɗaukar ɗakin sarrafawa. Wata ƙungiyar SWAT ta shigo da ƙarfi, aka yanke kebul na talabijin, aka harbi Godell. Kafin ya mutu, ya sake jin girgizar da ba a saba gani ba. Tsarin atomatik na injin ne kawai ke sarrafa SCRAM, kuma injin ya yi mummunan lalacewa yayin da famfon ya lalace. Jami'an masana'antar sun yi ƙoƙarin nuna Godell a matsayin wanda ke cikin damuwa a zuciya, amma wani Spindler da ke cikin damuwa a talabijin ya musanta zargin, yana cewa Godell ba mahaukaci ba ne kuma da ba zai taɓa ɗaukar irin wannan mataki mai tsauri ba da babu wani laifi. Wells ta kammala rahotonta cikin kuka, kuma labarin ya koma tallan tanda na microwave. == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == John Simon ya ce ''Ciwon China Syndrome'' wani abu ne mai ban sha'awa, mai hankali, kuma mai ban sha'awa har sai da ya zama abin dariya a ƙarshensa. Ya kira ƙarshen ƙarya kuma abin ban sha'awa. Fim ɗin yana da ƙimar kashi 88% akan Rotten Tomatoes bisa ga sharhin masu suka 40. Mahimman ra'ayoyin sun ce: "Tare da jigogi masu kayatarwa da kuma jarumai masu ban sha'awa, ''The China Syndrome'' shine fim mai ban sha'awa wanda ba kasafai yake da wahala ba wanda ke da ban sha'awa kamar yadda yake da wahala". <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> A kan Metacritic yana da maki 81 bisa ga sharhin masu suka 16, wanda ke nuna "yabo ga duniya". <ref>{{Cite web |title=The China Syndrome |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-china-syndrome |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> === Ofishin tikitoci === An buɗe fim ɗin a gidajen sinima 534 a Amurka kuma ya tara dala $4,354,854 a ƙarshen makon farko na fim ɗin. === Martanin masana'antar nukiliya === Fitowar Maris 1979 ta fuskanci suka daga masana'antar makamashin nukiliya wadda ta kira ta "labarin almara" da kuma "kisan gillar wani kamfani gaba ɗaya". <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Kwanaki goma sha biyu bayan haka, hatsarin nukiliya na Three Mile Island ya faru a gundumar Dauphin, Pennsylvania . Duk da cewa wasu sun yaba da lokacin da hatsarin ya ɗauka wajen taimakawa wajen sayar da tikiti, <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> ɗakin studio ya yi ƙoƙarin guje wa bayyana kamar suna amfani da haɗarin, gami da cire fim ɗin daga wasu gidajen sinima. === Accolades === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Award !Category !Recipient !Result |- | rowspan="4" |Academy Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> |Best Actor |Jack Lemmon | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actress |Jane Fonda | {{Nom}} |- |Best Screenplay – Written Directly for the Screen |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Art Direction |Art Direction: George Jenkins <br /><br /> Set Decoration: Arthur Jeph Parker | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |British Academy Film Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> |Best Film |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actor in a Leading Role |Jack Lemmon | {{Won}} |- |Best Actress in a Leading Role |Jane Fonda | {{Won}} |- |Best Screenplay |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Cannes Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web |title=The China Syndrome |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-china-syndrome |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> |Palme d'Or |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actor | rowspan="2" |Jack Lemmon | {{Won}} |- |David di Donatello Awards |Best Foreign Actor | {{Won}}{{efn|Tied with [[Dustin Hoffman]] for ''[[Kramer vs. Kramer]]''.}} |- |Directors Guild of America Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> |Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |Golden Globe Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> | colspan="2" |Best Motion Picture – Drama | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama |Jack Lemmon | {{Nom}} |- |Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama |Jane Fonda | {{Nom}} |- |Best Director – Motion Picture |James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |Best Screenplay – Motion Picture |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Nom}} |- |National Board of Review Awards<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> | colspan="2" |Top Ten Films | {{draw|4th Place}} |- |National Society of Film Critics Awards |Best Actor |Jack Lemmon | {{draw|4th Place}} |- |Satellite Awards | colspan="2" |Best Classic DVD | {{Nom}} |- |Writers Guild of America Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=Writers Guild Award Winners 1995–1949 |url=https://awards.wga.org/awards/nominees-winners/1995-1949 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125193707/https://awards.wga.org/awards/nominees-winners/1995-1949 |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |access-date=February 21, 2019 |website=Writers Guild Awards}}</ref> |Best Drama Written Directly for the Screen |Mike Gray, T.S. Cook and James Bridges | {{Won}} |} == Duba kuma == * (jerin waƙoƙi masu sauƙi) * Hadurra da abubuwan da suka faru na nukiliya da radiation == Manazarta == <references /> 567if0sabz0v7qj0opyjehef56akw9p 0 124924 883349 825344 2026-07-15T09:17:44Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 883349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sakhi for South Asian Women kungiya ce mai adawa da tashin hankali na gida wacce ke aiki tare da al'ummar Kudancin Asiya a yankin New York. == Game da == Kungiyar ita ce ta biyu mafi tsufa a Amurka da aka kirkira ga mata na Kudancin Asiya. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, Sakhi ya taimaka wa mutane sama da 10,000 da ke fuskantar tashin hankali.<ref name=":0" /> Har ila yau, kungiyar tana aiki tare da al'ummar baƙi na Kudancin Asiya a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] don hana cin zarafi.<ref name=":0" /> Sakhi, a matsayin kungiya ta yi imanin cewa yana da mahimmanci a ba da shawara ba kawai don tsaron mata ba, har ma da haƙƙin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Munshi |first=Soniya |date=July 2011 |title=Multiplicities of Violence: Responses to September 11 from South Asian Women's Organizations |journal=Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=419–436 |doi=10.2979/racethmulglocon.4.3.419 |jstor=10.2979/racethmulglocon.4.3.419 |s2cid=145103293}}</ref> Sakhi ya ci gaba da fahimtar yanayin rikice-rikice na tashin hankali na jinsi, matsayin shige da fice, da mata na kudancin Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pham |first=Loan Anh |date=2020-10-01 |title=Domestic violence in Asian American families skyrockets |url=https://asamnews.com/2020/10/01/organizations-underfunded-and-overworked-as-domestic-violence-calls-surge-for-asian-american-women-facing-financial-insecurity-fear-of-discrimination/ |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=AsAmNews |language=en-US}}</ref> Sakhi tana gudanar da abincin dare na shekara-shekara a New York da ake kira "Celebrating Women's Lives". Abincin dare shine tara kuɗi da kuma hanyar sanar da wasu game da [[cin zarafin mata]].<ref name=":2" /> == Tarihi == An kafa kungiyar ne a shekarar 1989 da Anannya Bhattacharjee, Mallika Dutt, Tula Goenka, Geetanjali Misra da Romita Shetty. An zaɓi sunan "Sakhi" a matsayin hanyar da za a haɗa mata na kudancin Asiya saboda yana nufin "abokiyar mace" a cikin [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]], [[Urdu]], da Bengali.<ref name=":1" /> Sakhi ta sami tallafi na farko daga Gidauniyar New York, [[Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙasa game da Rikicin Cikin Gida|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Yaki da Rikicin Cikin Gida]], da Cibiyar Mata ta Asiya ta New York. <ref name=":4" /> Cibiyar Mata ta Asiya ta New York yanzu an san ta da Womankind kuma har yanzu tana da haɗin gwiwa tare da Sakhi. A shekara ta 1993, Sakhi ta gudana a matsayin kungiya mai zaman kanta tare da ma'aikatan mata 20 wadanda suka amsa hoton su, suka tura masu kira zuwa wasu ayyuka, kuma suka dauki bakuncin kungiyoyin tallafin wadanda suka tsira.[1] A wannan lokacin, sun kuma buga nasu takardar labarai kuma sun yi magana a masallatai, temples, da majami'u tare da yawan mutanen Kudancin Asiya.[1] Sun kuma fara samar da nasu bidiyon da ke nuna takamaiman gwagwarmayar da mace mai baƙo ta Asiya ta Kudu ta fuskanta mai taken "A Life Without Fear", wanda aka buga a 1994 kuma ana nuna shi a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Amirka a 1999.[1][2] Ya zuwa 1999, Sakhi tana da ma'aikatan mambobi 2, kwamitin daraktoci, da kuma mata masu sa kai 50.[3] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2000, Sakhi kuma tana ba da shawara ta shari'a da taimakon harshe a cikin shari'o'in kotu da kuma lokacin da ke kewaya ayyukan birni. Misali, Sakhi ta taimaka wa mata samun horo na aiki da samun damar samun gidaje ko mafaka. Tare da taimakon kungiyar Social Intervention Group ta Jami'ar Columbia, Sakhi ta fara kirkirar nasu bayanan gida.<ref name=":5" /> Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta New York ta kuma yi aiki tare da Sakhi don horar da jami'an' yan sanda kan shari'ar cin zarafin da ta shafi iyalai na Kudancin Asiya.<ref name=":5" /> Sakhi ta yi bikin cika shekaru 30 a Maris na Mata na 2019. Baya ga kasancewa abokin tarayya na hukuma kuma mai halarta a cikin Maris na Mata na 2019 a New York, Sakhi ta kasance memba na kwamitin jagora ga Maris na Mata a Washington DC.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Munshi |first=Soniya |date=July 2011 |title=Multiplicities of Violence: Responses to September 11 from South Asian Women's Organizations |journal=Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=419–436 |doi=10.2979/racethmulglocon.4.3.419 |jstor=10.2979/racethmulglocon.4.3.419 |s2cid=145103293}}</ref> Don mayar da martani ga annobar COVID-19, Sakhi ya kirkiro kundin adireshi na kan layi don bayanan COVID-19, taimakon juna, da kuma samun damar hana haihuwa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyar ta kirkiro zaɓi na saƙo don wayar tarho da shirin adalci na abinci don magance rashin tsaro na abinci na waɗanda suka tsira. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Munshi |first=Soniya |date=July 2011 |title=Multiplicities of Violence: Responses to September 11 from South Asian Women's Organizations |journal=Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=419–436 |doi=10.2979/racethmulglocon.4.3.419 |jstor=10.2979/racethmulglocon.4.3.419 |s2cid=145103293}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pham |first=Loan Anh |date=2020-10-01 |title=Domestic violence in Asian American families skyrockets |url=https://asamnews.com/2020/10/01/organizations-underfunded-and-overworked-as-domestic-violence-calls-surge-for-asian-american-women-facing-financial-insecurity-fear-of-discrimination/ |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=AsAmNews |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Sakhi ta dauki bakuncin tattaunawa tsakanin wanda ya tsira daga tashin hankali na gida Tanya Selvaratnam da In Her Words, wata jarida da 'yar jarida Alisha Haridasani Gupta ta rubuta. A ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, 2022, an ba Sakhi kyautar $ 20,000 daga kungiyar New York State Coalition Against Domestic Violence tare da tallafi daga shirin "Moving Ahead" na Gidauniyar Allstate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Munshi |first=Soniya |date=July 2011 |title=Multiplicities of Violence: Responses to September 11 from South Asian Women's Organizations |journal=Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=419–436 |doi=10.2979/racethmulglocon.4.3.419 |jstor=10.2979/racethmulglocon.4.3.419 |s2cid=145103293}}</ref> == Mutane == A cikin 2008- 2009, Purvi Shah ya kasance babban darakta na Sakhi . Tiloma Jayasinghe ta kasance babban darakta a shekara ta 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Southall |first=Ashley |date=2020-04-17 |title=Why a Drop in Domestic Violence Reports Might Not Be a Good Sign |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/17/nyregion/new-york-city-domestic-violence-coronavirus.html |access-date=2022-09-15 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2015, Shalini Somayaji ya zama Babban Darakta na gaba bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Daraktocin wucin gadi tun watan Fabrairun 2015. Ta kasance Babban Darakta har zuwa shekara ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Munshi |first=Soniya |date=July 2011 |title=Multiplicities of Violence: Responses to September 11 from South Asian Women's Organizations |journal=Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=419–436 |doi=10.2979/racethmulglocon.4.3.419 |jstor=10.2979/racethmulglocon.4.3.419 |s2cid=145103293}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Welcome Kavita Mehra, Sakhi's new Executive Director! {{!}} Sakhi for South Asian Women |url=https://www.sakhi.org/welcome-kavita-mehra-sakhis-new-executive-director/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915173614/https://www.sakhi.org/welcome-kavita-mehra-sakhis-new-executive-director/ |archive-date=2022-09-15 |access-date=2022-09-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga 2017 zuwa 2022, Kavita Mehra ya yi aiki a matsayin babban darakta na Sakhi. <ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pham |first=Loan Anh |date=2020-10-01 |title=Domestic violence in Asian American families skyrockets |url=https://asamnews.com/2020/10/01/organizations-underfunded-and-overworked-as-domestic-violence-calls-surge-for-asian-american-women-facing-financial-insecurity-fear-of-discrimination/ |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=AsAmNews |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Rikicin cikin gida a Amurka]] * Yanayin Mata == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 65nvuhhu690nhmletkzd0gvzwhjx5jk 0 126892 883326 758568 2026-07-15T09:09:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 883326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sir Raphael West Cilento''' (2 Disamba 1893 - 15 Afrilu 1985), wanda aka fi sani da "Ray", ya kasance likitan Australiya kuma mai kula da lafiyar jama'a.{{Spaced en dash}} == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Cilento a Jamestown, Kudancin Australia, a cikin 1893, ɗan Raphael Ambrose Cilento, mai kula da tashar (wanda mahaifinsa Salvatore ya yi hijira daga [[Napoli|Naples]], Italiya a cikin 1855), da Frances Ellen Elizabeth (née West). Yayansa, Alan Watson West Cilento (an haife shi a shekara ta 1908), ya zama Janar Manajan Bankin Tattalin Arziki na Kudancin Australia daga 1961 zuwa 1968.<ref name="Barnier">''Notable Australians'' ed. Cheryl Barnier Prestige Publishing Division of Paul Hamlyn Pty 1978; {{ISBN|0-86832-012-9}}</ref> Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Prince Alfred,<ref name="Barnier">''Notable Australians'' ed. Cheryl Barnier Prestige Publishing Division of Paul Hamlyn Pty 1978; {{ISBN|0-86832-012-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-86832-012-9|<bdi>0-86832-012-9</bdi>]]</ref> amma kodayake ya ƙaddara tun yana ƙarami don nazarin magani, da farko an hana shi yin hakan saboda rashin kuɗi. Saboda haka, ya fara horo a matsayin malamin makaranta, wanda Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta tallafawa, daga 1908 kuma ya koyar a Port Pirie a 1910 da 1911. Ya yi karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Adelaide. == Farkon aiki == A farkon rayuwarsa ta aiki, abubuwan da Cilento ke sha'awa sun fi dacewa da lafiyar jama'a kuma, musamman, maganin zafi. Ya yi aiki tare da Sojojin Tropical na Australiya a New Guinea wanda ya maye gurbin gwamnatin Jamus bayan Yaƙin Duniya na farko . Daga baya ya shiga aikin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Malaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Ron |date=1985 |title=Sir Raphael Cilento : a personal tribute |url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:203122 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=200-202 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105175142/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:203122 |archive-date=5 November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2024 |via=[[University of Queensland]]}}</ref> A lokacin da ya dawo Ostiraliya ya kasance Darakta na Cibiyar Kula da Magunguna ta Tropical ta Australiya a Townsville, Queensland, daga 1922 zuwa 1924. == Ayyuka na tsakiya == Bayan wani karin lokaci a New Guinea, Cilento ya zama Darakta na Sashen Kiwon Lafiyar Tropical na Gwamnatin Commonwealth a [[Brisbane]]. Ya rike wannan mukamin daga 1928 zuwa 1934. A cikin 1934, Gwamnatin Forgan Smith ta Queensland ta fara kirkirar daya daga cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya na farko. Ministan Lafiya Ned Hanlon ya dauki Cilento don cimma wannan burin a matsayin Darakta Janar na Lafiya da Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya. Cilento, duk da cewa ya kasance tare da bangaren dama na siyasa, bai taɓa rasa imaninsa game da kiwon lafiya da gwamnati ke tallafawa ba. Don taimakawa wajen aiwatar da manufofinsa, ya yi karatun shari'a kuma an shigar da shi cikin Bar a shekarar 1939.<ref name="adb" /> A matsayinsa na Darakta Janar (matsayin da ya rike har zuwa 1945), kuma ya haɗu da shugabancin Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar (kazalika da farfesa a fannin kiwon lafiya a Jami'ar Queensland), ya yi tsayayya da hanyoyin rigakafin cutar shan inna na Elizabeth Kenny, kodayake da farko ya yi magana da ladabi game da aikinta don ba da ra'ayi cewa ya fi son shi. Sarki George V ne ya ba Cilento daraja a 1935 (lokacin da yake da shekaru 42 kawai) saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga hidimar jama'a da likitanci na wurare masu zafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Ron |date=1985 |title=Sir Raphael Cilento : a personal tribute |url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:203122 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=200-202 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105175142/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:203122 |archive-date=5 November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2024 |via=[[University of Queensland]]}}</ref> Ya sami shahara a duniya bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] saboda aikinsa na taimakawa 'yan gudun hijira tare da Hukumar Taimako da Rehabilitation ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A watan Yulin 1945 shi ne likitan farar hula na farko da ya shiga sansanin fursuna na Belsen, bayan ya yi aiki mai yawa kan kula da zazzabin cizon sauro a cikin Balkans. Ya kasance Darakta na 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Masu Ruwa daga 1946 zuwa 1947. A watan Agustan 1948, a matsayin Darakta na Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Cilento ya zagaya yankunan da yaƙin ya shafa a Falasdinu tare da Count Folke Bernadotte, matsakanci na Majalisar Dattijai. Ya kalli matsalar 'yan gudun hijira ta Larabawa a matsayin bala'i wanda za'a iya kwatanta da girgizar ƙasa, ambaliyar ruwa ko raƙuman ruwa. Ya yi murabus a shekarar 1950 bayan ya nuna tausayi ga 'yan gudun hijirar Palasdinawa da aka kori. Ya koma Ostiraliya a shekarar 1951. == Rayuwa ta baya == Rayuwar Cilento daga baya a ƙasarsa ta kasance da takaici game da rashin iya samun aiki mai dacewa a cikin sabis na gwamnati ko ilimi. Wannan gazawar ta kasance aƙalla wani ɓangare sakamakon ra'ayoyin wariyar launin fata da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, wanda aka kwatanta da sa hannu tare da Australian League of Rights a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960 musamman, da kuma ci gaba da goyon bayan jama'a ga Manufar White Australia dogon lokaci bayan wannan rukunan ya daina zama wani ɓangare na jam'iyyar siyasa ta Australia. Farfesa Mark Finnane na Jami'ar Griffith ya rubuta a cikin mujallar Queensland Review cewa "[m] irin basirarsa, da aka yi amfani da ita sosai ga ci gaban bincike mai kyau da manufofi a cikin sarrafawa da kawar da cututtukan wurare masu zafi, an kuma ba da umarni ga yin amfani da fasahar ci gaba na ilmin annoba da maganin wurare masu zafi a cikin hidimar ra'ayoyi game da matsayi na launin fata wanda ke da tushe a cikin karni na sha tara. Wadannan ra'ayoyin a ƙarshe za su lalace su da kimiyya da ke bayyana daga shekarun 1920, amma har yanzu suna mai kyau ya rataye su sosai a cikin shekarun 1950s. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] io2zr46n0i61g2lwk6gmnbqdyjds4x8 883327 883326 2026-07-15T09:10:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 883327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sir Raphael West Cilento''' (2 Disamba 1893 - 15 Afrilu 1985), wanda aka fi sani da "Ray", ya kasance likitan Australiya kuma mai kula da lafiyar jama'a.{{Spaced en dash}} == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Cilento a Jamestown, Kudancin Australia, a cikin 1893, ɗan Raphael Ambrose Cilento, mai kula da tashar (wanda mahaifinsa Salvatore ya yi hijira daga [[Napoli|Naples]], Italiya a cikin 1855), da Frances Ellen Elizabeth (née West). Yayansa, Alan Watson West Cilento (an haife shi a shekara ta 1908), ya zama Janar Manajan Bankin Tattalin Arziki na Kudancin Australia daga 1961 zuwa 1968.<ref name="Barnier">''Notable Australians'' ed. Cheryl Barnier Prestige Publishing Division of Paul Hamlyn Pty 1978; {{ISBN|0-86832-012-9}}</ref> Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Prince Alfred,<ref name="Barnier">''Notable Australians'' ed. Cheryl Barnier Prestige Publishing Division of Paul Hamlyn Pty 1978; {{ISBN|0-86832-012-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-86832-012-9|<bdi>0-86832-012-9</bdi>]]</ref> amma kodayake ya ƙaddara tun yana ƙarami don nazarin magani, da farko an hana shi yin hakan saboda rashin kuɗi. Saboda haka, ya fara horo a matsayin malamin makaranta, wanda Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta tallafawa, daga 1908 kuma ya koyar a Port Pirie a 1910 da 1911. Ya yi karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Adelaide. == Farkon aiki == A farkon rayuwarsa ta aiki, abubuwan da Cilento ke sha'awa sun fi dacewa da lafiyar jama'a kuma, musamman, maganin zafi. Ya yi aiki tare da Sojojin Tropical na Australiya a New Guinea wanda ya maye gurbin gwamnatin Jamus bayan Yaƙin Duniya na farko . Daga baya ya shiga aikin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Malaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Ron |date=1985 |title=Sir Raphael Cilento : a personal tribute |url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:203122 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=200-202 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105175142/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:203122 |archive-date=5 November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2024 |via=[[University of Queensland]]}}</ref> A lokacin da ya dawo Ostiraliya ya kasance Darakta na Cibiyar Kula da Magunguna ta Tropical ta Australiya a Townsville, Queensland, daga 1922 zuwa 1924. == Ayyuka na tsakiya == Bayan wani karin lokaci a New Guinea, Cilento ya zama Darakta na Sashen Kiwon Lafiyar Tropical na Gwamnatin Commonwealth a [[Brisbane]]. Ya rike wannan mukamin daga 1928 zuwa 1934. A cikin 1934, Gwamnatin Forgan Smith ta Queensland ta fara kirkirar daya daga cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya na duniya na farko. Ministan Lafiya Ned Hanlon ya dauki Cilento don cimma wannan burin a matsayin Darakta Janar na Lafiya da Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya. Cilento, duk da cewa ya kasance tare da bangaren dama na siyasa, bai taɓa rasa imaninsa game da kiwon lafiya da gwamnati ke tallafawa ba. Don taimakawa wajen aiwatar da manufofinsa, ya yi karatun shari'a kuma an shigar da shi cikin Bar a shekarar 1939.<ref name="adb" /> A matsayinsa na Darakta Janar (matsayin da ya rike har zuwa 1945), kuma ya haɗu da shugabancin Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar (kazalika da farfesa a fannin kiwon lafiya a Jami'ar Queensland), ya yi tsayayya da hanyoyin rigakafin cutar shan inna na Elizabeth Kenny, kodayake da farko ya yi magana da ladabi game da aikinta don ba da ra'ayi cewa ya fi son shi. Sarki George V ne ya ba Cilento daraja a 1935 (lokacin da yake da shekaru 42 kawai) saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga hidimar jama'a da likitanci na wurare masu zafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Ron |date=1985 |title=Sir Raphael Cilento : a personal tribute |url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:203122 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=200-202 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105175142/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:203122 |archive-date=5 November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2024 |via=[[University of Queensland]]}}</ref> Ya sami shahara a duniya bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] saboda aikinsa na taimakawa 'yan gudun hijira tare da Hukumar Taimako da Rehabilitation ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A watan Yulin 1945 shi ne likitan farar hula na farko da ya shiga sansanin fursuna na Belsen, bayan ya yi aiki mai yawa kan kula da zazzabin cizon sauro a cikin Balkans. Ya kasance Darakta na 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Masu Ruwa daga 1946 zuwa 1947. A watan Agustan 1948, a matsayin Darakta na Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Cilento ya zagaya yankunan da yaƙin ya shafa a Falasdinu tare da Count Folke Bernadotte, matsakanci na Majalisar Dattijai. Ya kalli matsalar 'yan gudun hijira ta Larabawa a matsayin bala'i wanda za'a iya kwatanta da girgizar ƙasa, ambaliyar ruwa ko raƙuman ruwa. Ya yi murabus a shekarar 1950 bayan ya nuna tausayi ga 'yan gudun hijirar Palasdinawa da aka kori. Ya koma Ostiraliya a shekarar 1951. == Rayuwa ta baya == Rayuwar Cilento daga baya a ƙasarsa ta kasance da takaici game da rashin iya samun aiki mai dacewa a cikin sabis na gwamnati ko ilimi. Wannan gazawar ta kasance aƙalla wani ɓangare sakamakon ra'ayoyin wariyar launin fata da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, wanda aka kwatanta da sa hannu tare da Australian League of Rights a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960 musamman, da kuma ci gaba da goyon bayan jama'a ga Manufar White Australia dogon lokaci bayan wannan rukunan ya daina zama wani ɓangare na jam'iyyar siyasa ta Australia. Farfesa Mark Finnane na Jami'ar Griffith ya rubuta a cikin mujallar Queensland Review cewa "[m] irin basirarsa, da aka yi amfani da ita sosai ga ci gaban bincike mai kyau da manufofi a cikin sarrafawa da kawar da cututtukan wurare masu zafi, an kuma ba da umarni ga yin amfani da fasahar ci gaba na ilmin annoba da maganin wurare masu zafi a cikin hidimar ra'ayoyi game da matsayi na launin fata wanda ke da tushe a cikin karni na sha tara. Wadannan ra'ayoyin a ƙarshe za su lalace su da kimiyya da ke bayyana daga shekarun 1920, amma har yanzu suna mai kyau ya rataye su sosai a cikin shekarun 1950s. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] azvnx1dypcusnd6cri48fpruccy46zv 0 127327 883267 759671 2026-07-15T08:41:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 883267 wikitext text/x-wiki Taron '''EmTech''' (takaice don "Fasahohin Farfadowa"), wanda mujallar [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of]] [[Technology Review]] ta shirya, taro ne na shekara-shekara wanda ke nuna [[Invention|ƙirƙira]] da sabbin ci gaba a fannin [[Injinia.|injiniya]] da fasaha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Conference Attracts 900, Features Cutting-Edge Products |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930212500/http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |archive-date=2012-09-30 |access-date=2011-08-14}}</ref> An fara taron na 2011 a shekarar 1999, an shirya shi don 18-19 ga Oktoba a MIT. <ref name="emtechsite2">{{Cite web |title=EmTech 2019 |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/emtech/}}</ref> Ana kuma shirya Emtech a yankuna daban-daban kamar [[Turai]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emerging Technology Conference & Convention Europe |url=https://emtecheurope.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Europe |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Europe explores pathway to climate-friendly living |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/business/consumer/emtech-europe-explores-pathway-to-climate-friendly-living-3288396 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.newsletter.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> [[MENA]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emtechmena - Emtechmena |url=https://emtechmena.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=emtechmena.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-03 |title=EmTech MENA: Conference on emerging tech trends to kick off in Dubai |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1578441/business-economy |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Latin America|Latin Amurka]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Digital 2020 |url=https://www.emtechmexico.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Digital LATAM 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Redacción |last2=Redacción |date=2022-04-18 |title=Aplicaciones como WhatsApp y Tinder puertas para hackers |url=https://www.ororadio.com.mx/2022/04/aplicaciones-como-whatsapp-y-tinder-puertas-para-hackers/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |language=es}}</ref> [[Asia-Pacific|Asiya Pacific]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=MIT Review recognises 20 emerging innovators under 35 in APAC |url=https://www.biospectrumasia.com/news/54/15085/mit-review-recognises-20-emerging-innovators-under-35-in-apac.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.biospectrumasia.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Sin|China]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech China |url=http://www.emtechchina.cn/?lang=2 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=www.emtechchina.cn}}</ref> da [[Indiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2012 |title=You are being redirected... |url=https://www.ciol.com/mit-scientists-address-emtech-india/amp/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.ciol.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Arushi |date=2017-03-10 |title=How far has India come in its digitization journey? |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/nAIcrfPTv5G1yGLGQ54LzN/EmTech-India-2017-How-far-has-India-come-in-its-digitizatio.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Baya ga kwanaki biyu na gabatarwa, taron ya nuna wadanda suka lashe kyautar [[TR35]] ta shekara-shekara, inda aka karrama manyan masu kirkire-kirkire 35 a duniya 'yan kasa da shekaru 35. <ref name="emtechsite3">{{Cite web |title=EmTech 2019 |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/emtech/}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin shahararrun wadanda suka lashe kyautar sun hada da [[Larry Page]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Conference Attracts 900, Features Cutting-Edge Products |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930212500/http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |archive-date=2012-09-30 |access-date=2011-08-14}}</ref> da [[Sergey Brin]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emerging Technology Conference & Convention Europe |url=https://emtecheurope.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Europe |language=en}}</ref> (masu kirkirar [[Google]] ), [[Mark Zuckerberg]] (wanda ya kirkiro [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] ), <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Europe explores pathway to climate-friendly living |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/business/consumer/emtech-europe-explores-pathway-to-climate-friendly-living-3288396 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.newsletter.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> [[Jack Dorsey]] (wanda ya kirkiro [[Twitter]] ), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emtechmena - Emtechmena |url=https://emtechmena.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=emtechmena.com}}</ref> da [[Konstantin Novoselov]], wanda daga baya ya lashe [[Nobel Prize in Physics|kyautar Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-03 |title=EmTech MENA: Conference on emerging tech trends to kick off in Dubai |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1578441/business-economy |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == c4lrakjtmlpyzqdyhpq4fq0dtzv4zxn 883268 883267 2026-07-15T08:41:02Z KiranBOT 35988 cire bin AMP daga URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|cikakkun bayanai]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|rahoton kuskure]]) v2.2.9s 883268 wikitext text/x-wiki Taron '''EmTech''' (takaice don "Fasahohin Farfadowa"), wanda mujallar [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of]] [[Technology Review]] ta shirya, taro ne na shekara-shekara wanda ke nuna [[Invention|ƙirƙira]] da sabbin ci gaba a fannin [[Injinia.|injiniya]] da fasaha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Conference Attracts 900, Features Cutting-Edge Products |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930212500/http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |archive-date=2012-09-30 |access-date=2011-08-14}}</ref> An fara taron na 2011 a shekarar 1999, an shirya shi don 18-19 ga Oktoba a MIT. <ref name="emtechsite2">{{Cite web |title=EmTech 2019 |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/emtech/}}</ref> Ana kuma shirya Emtech a yankuna daban-daban kamar [[Turai]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emerging Technology Conference & Convention Europe |url=https://emtecheurope.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Europe |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Europe explores pathway to climate-friendly living |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/business/consumer/emtech-europe-explores-pathway-to-climate-friendly-living-3288396 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.newsletter.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> [[MENA]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emtechmena - Emtechmena |url=https://emtechmena.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=emtechmena.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-03 |title=EmTech MENA: Conference on emerging tech trends to kick off in Dubai |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1578441/business-economy |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Latin America|Latin Amurka]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Digital 2020 |url=https://www.emtechmexico.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Digital LATAM 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Redacción |last2=Redacción |date=2022-04-18 |title=Aplicaciones como WhatsApp y Tinder puertas para hackers |url=https://www.ororadio.com.mx/2022/04/aplicaciones-como-whatsapp-y-tinder-puertas-para-hackers/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |language=es}}</ref> [[Asia-Pacific|Asiya Pacific]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=MIT Review recognises 20 emerging innovators under 35 in APAC |url=https://www.biospectrumasia.com/news/54/15085/mit-review-recognises-20-emerging-innovators-under-35-in-apac.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.biospectrumasia.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Sin|China]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech China |url=http://www.emtechchina.cn/?lang=2 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=www.emtechchina.cn}}</ref> da [[Indiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2012 |title=You are being redirected... |url=https://www.ciol.com/mit-scientists-address-emtech-india/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.ciol.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Arushi |date=2017-03-10 |title=How far has India come in its digitization journey? |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/nAIcrfPTv5G1yGLGQ54LzN/EmTech-India-2017-How-far-has-India-come-in-its-digitizatio.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Baya ga kwanaki biyu na gabatarwa, taron ya nuna wadanda suka lashe kyautar [[TR35]] ta shekara-shekara, inda aka karrama manyan masu kirkire-kirkire 35 a duniya 'yan kasa da shekaru 35. <ref name="emtechsite3">{{Cite web |title=EmTech 2019 |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/emtech/}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin shahararrun wadanda suka lashe kyautar sun hada da [[Larry Page]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Conference Attracts 900, Features Cutting-Edge Products |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930212500/http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |archive-date=2012-09-30 |access-date=2011-08-14}}</ref> da [[Sergey Brin]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emerging Technology Conference & Convention Europe |url=https://emtecheurope.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Europe |language=en}}</ref> (masu kirkirar [[Google]] ), [[Mark Zuckerberg]] (wanda ya kirkiro [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] ), <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Europe explores pathway to climate-friendly living |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/business/consumer/emtech-europe-explores-pathway-to-climate-friendly-living-3288396 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.newsletter.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> [[Jack Dorsey]] (wanda ya kirkiro [[Twitter]] ), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emtechmena - Emtechmena |url=https://emtechmena.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=emtechmena.com}}</ref> da [[Konstantin Novoselov]], wanda daga baya ya lashe [[Nobel Prize in Physics|kyautar Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-03 |title=EmTech MENA: Conference on emerging tech trends to kick off in Dubai |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1578441/business-economy |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == 5il381cv9mhxm04dj1ddlfwyhisee9x 883269 883268 2026-07-15T08:41:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 883269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Taron '''EmTech''' (takaice don "Fasahohin Farfadowa"), wanda mujallar [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of]] [[Technology Review]] ta shirya, taro ne na shekara-shekara wanda ke nuna [[Invention|ƙirƙira]] da sabbin ci gaba a fannin [[Injinia.|injiniya]] da fasaha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Conference Attracts 900, Features Cutting-Edge Products |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930212500/http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |archive-date=2012-09-30 |access-date=2011-08-14}}</ref> An fara taron na 2011 a shekarar 1999, an shirya shi don 18-19 ga Oktoba a MIT. <ref name="emtechsite2">{{Cite web |title=EmTech 2019 |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/emtech/}}</ref> Ana kuma shirya Emtech a yankuna daban-daban kamar [[Turai]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emerging Technology Conference & Convention Europe |url=https://emtecheurope.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Europe |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Europe explores pathway to climate-friendly living |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/business/consumer/emtech-europe-explores-pathway-to-climate-friendly-living-3288396 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.newsletter.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> [[MENA]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emtechmena - Emtechmena |url=https://emtechmena.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=emtechmena.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-03 |title=EmTech MENA: Conference on emerging tech trends to kick off in Dubai |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1578441/business-economy |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Latin America|Latin Amurka]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Digital 2020 |url=https://www.emtechmexico.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Digital LATAM 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Redacción |last2=Redacción |date=2022-04-18 |title=Aplicaciones como WhatsApp y Tinder puertas para hackers |url=https://www.ororadio.com.mx/2022/04/aplicaciones-como-whatsapp-y-tinder-puertas-para-hackers/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |language=es}}</ref> [[Asia-Pacific|Asiya Pacific]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=MIT Review recognises 20 emerging innovators under 35 in APAC |url=https://www.biospectrumasia.com/news/54/15085/mit-review-recognises-20-emerging-innovators-under-35-in-apac.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.biospectrumasia.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Sin|China]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech China |url=http://www.emtechchina.cn/?lang=2 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=www.emtechchina.cn}}</ref> da [[Indiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2012 |title=You are being redirected... |url=https://www.ciol.com/mit-scientists-address-emtech-india/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.ciol.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Arushi |date=2017-03-10 |title=How far has India come in its digitization journey? |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/nAIcrfPTv5G1yGLGQ54LzN/EmTech-India-2017-How-far-has-India-come-in-its-digitizatio.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Baya ga kwanaki biyu na gabatarwa, taron ya nuna wadanda suka lashe kyautar [[TR35]] ta shekara-shekara, inda aka karrama manyan masu kirkire-kirkire 35 a duniya 'yan kasa da shekaru 35. <ref name="emtechsite3">{{Cite web |title=EmTech 2019 |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/emtech/}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin shahararrun wadanda suka lashe kyautar sun hada da [[Larry Page]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Conference Attracts 900, Features Cutting-Edge Products |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930212500/http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |archive-date=2012-09-30 |access-date=2011-08-14}}</ref> da [[Sergey Brin]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emerging Technology Conference & Convention Europe |url=https://emtecheurope.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Europe |language=en}}</ref> (masu kirkirar [[Google]] ), [[Mark Zuckerberg]] (wanda ya kirkiro [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] ), <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Europe explores pathway to climate-friendly living |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/business/consumer/emtech-europe-explores-pathway-to-climate-friendly-living-3288396 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.newsletter.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> [[Jack Dorsey]] (wanda ya kirkiro [[Twitter]] ), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emtechmena - Emtechmena |url=https://emtechmena.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=emtechmena.com}}</ref> da [[Konstantin Novoselov]], wanda daga baya ya lashe [[Nobel Prize in Physics|kyautar Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-03 |title=EmTech MENA: Conference on emerging tech trends to kick off in Dubai |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1578441/business-economy |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == oc8usoro2bbnu7k5viyhe1zyomaef7w 883270 883269 2026-07-15T08:41:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 883270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Taron '''EmTech''' (takaice don "Fasahohin Farfadowa"), wanda mujallar Massachusetts Institute of Technology Review ta shirya, taro ne na shekara-shekara wanda ke nuna [[Invention|ƙirƙira]] da sabbin ci gaba a fannin [[Injinia.|injiniya]] da fasaha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Conference Attracts 900, Features Cutting-Edge Products |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930212500/http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |archive-date=2012-09-30 |access-date=2011-08-14}}</ref> An fara taron na 2011 a shekarar 1999, an shirya shi don 18-19 ga Oktoba a MIT. <ref name="emtechsite2">{{Cite web |title=EmTech 2019 |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/emtech/}}</ref> Ana kuma shirya Emtech a yankuna daban-daban kamar [[Turai]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emerging Technology Conference & Convention Europe |url=https://emtecheurope.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Europe |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Europe explores pathway to climate-friendly living |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/business/consumer/emtech-europe-explores-pathway-to-climate-friendly-living-3288396 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.newsletter.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> [[MENA]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emtechmena - Emtechmena |url=https://emtechmena.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=emtechmena.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-03 |title=EmTech MENA: Conference on emerging tech trends to kick off in Dubai |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1578441/business-economy |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Latin America|Latin Amurka]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Digital 2020 |url=https://www.emtechmexico.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Digital LATAM 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Redacción |last2=Redacción |date=2022-04-18 |title=Aplicaciones como WhatsApp y Tinder puertas para hackers |url=https://www.ororadio.com.mx/2022/04/aplicaciones-como-whatsapp-y-tinder-puertas-para-hackers/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |language=es}}</ref> [[Asia-Pacific|Asiya Pacific]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=MIT Review recognises 20 emerging innovators under 35 in APAC |url=https://www.biospectrumasia.com/news/54/15085/mit-review-recognises-20-emerging-innovators-under-35-in-apac.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.biospectrumasia.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Sin|China]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech China |url=http://www.emtechchina.cn/?lang=2 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=www.emtechchina.cn}}</ref> da [[Indiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2012 |title=You are being redirected... |url=https://www.ciol.com/mit-scientists-address-emtech-india/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.ciol.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Arushi |date=2017-03-10 |title=How far has India come in its digitization journey? |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/nAIcrfPTv5G1yGLGQ54LzN/EmTech-India-2017-How-far-has-India-come-in-its-digitizatio.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Baya ga kwanaki biyu na gabatarwa, taron ya nuna wadanda suka lashe kyautar [[TR35]] ta shekara-shekara, inda aka karrama manyan masu kirkire-kirkire 35 a duniya 'yan kasa da shekaru 35. <ref name="emtechsite3">{{Cite web |title=EmTech 2019 |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/emtech/}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin shahararrun wadanda suka lashe kyautar sun hada da [[Larry Page]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Conference Attracts 900, Features Cutting-Edge Products |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930212500/http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |archive-date=2012-09-30 |access-date=2011-08-14}}</ref> da [[Sergey Brin]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emerging Technology Conference & Convention Europe |url=https://emtecheurope.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Europe |language=en}}</ref> (masu kirkirar [[Google]] ), [[Mark Zuckerberg]] (wanda ya kirkiro [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] ), <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Europe explores pathway to climate-friendly living |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/business/consumer/emtech-europe-explores-pathway-to-climate-friendly-living-3288396 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.newsletter.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> [[Jack Dorsey]] (wanda ya kirkiro [[Twitter]] ), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emtechmena - Emtechmena |url=https://emtechmena.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=emtechmena.com}}</ref> da [[Konstantin Novoselov]], wanda daga baya ya lashe [[Nobel Prize in Physics|kyautar Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-03 |title=EmTech MENA: Conference on emerging tech trends to kick off in Dubai |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1578441/business-economy |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == e2fxxshemb0boob4c1dx0xr6beqabtd 883271 883270 2026-07-15T08:41:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 883271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Taron '''EmTech''' (takaice don "Fasahohin Farfadowa"), wanda mujallar Massachusetts Institute of Technology Review ta shirya, taro ne na shekara-shekara wanda ke nuna ƙirƙira da sabbin ci gaba a fannin [[Injinia.|injiniya]] da fasaha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Conference Attracts 900, Features Cutting-Edge Products |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930212500/http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |archive-date=2012-09-30 |access-date=2011-08-14}}</ref> An fara taron na 2011 a shekarar 1999, an shirya shi don 18-19 ga Oktoba a MIT. <ref name="emtechsite2">{{Cite web |title=EmTech 2019 |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/emtech/}}</ref> Ana kuma shirya Emtech a yankuna daban-daban kamar [[Turai]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emerging Technology Conference & Convention Europe |url=https://emtecheurope.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Europe |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Europe explores pathway to climate-friendly living |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/business/consumer/emtech-europe-explores-pathway-to-climate-friendly-living-3288396 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.newsletter.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> [[MENA]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emtechmena - Emtechmena |url=https://emtechmena.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=emtechmena.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-03 |title=EmTech MENA: Conference on emerging tech trends to kick off in Dubai |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1578441/business-economy |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Latin America|Latin Amurka]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Digital 2020 |url=https://www.emtechmexico.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Digital LATAM 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Redacción |last2=Redacción |date=2022-04-18 |title=Aplicaciones como WhatsApp y Tinder puertas para hackers |url=https://www.ororadio.com.mx/2022/04/aplicaciones-como-whatsapp-y-tinder-puertas-para-hackers/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |language=es}}</ref> [[Asia-Pacific|Asiya Pacific]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=MIT Review recognises 20 emerging innovators under 35 in APAC |url=https://www.biospectrumasia.com/news/54/15085/mit-review-recognises-20-emerging-innovators-under-35-in-apac.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.biospectrumasia.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Sin|China]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech China |url=http://www.emtechchina.cn/?lang=2 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=www.emtechchina.cn}}</ref> da [[Indiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2012 |title=You are being redirected... |url=https://www.ciol.com/mit-scientists-address-emtech-india/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.ciol.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Arushi |date=2017-03-10 |title=How far has India come in its digitization journey? |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/nAIcrfPTv5G1yGLGQ54LzN/EmTech-India-2017-How-far-has-India-come-in-its-digitizatio.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Baya ga kwanaki biyu na gabatarwa, taron ya nuna wadanda suka lashe kyautar [[TR35]] ta shekara-shekara, inda aka karrama manyan masu kirkire-kirkire 35 a duniya 'yan kasa da shekaru 35. <ref name="emtechsite3">{{Cite web |title=EmTech 2019 |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/emtech/}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin shahararrun wadanda suka lashe kyautar sun hada da [[Larry Page]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Conference Attracts 900, Features Cutting-Edge Products |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930212500/http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |archive-date=2012-09-30 |access-date=2011-08-14}}</ref> da [[Sergey Brin]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emerging Technology Conference & Convention Europe |url=https://emtecheurope.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Europe |language=en}}</ref> (masu kirkirar [[Google]] ), [[Mark Zuckerberg]] (wanda ya kirkiro [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] ), <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Europe explores pathway to climate-friendly living |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/business/consumer/emtech-europe-explores-pathway-to-climate-friendly-living-3288396 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.newsletter.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> [[Jack Dorsey]] (wanda ya kirkiro [[Twitter]] ), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emtechmena - Emtechmena |url=https://emtechmena.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=emtechmena.com}}</ref> da [[Konstantin Novoselov]], wanda daga baya ya lashe [[Nobel Prize in Physics|kyautar Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-03 |title=EmTech MENA: Conference on emerging tech trends to kick off in Dubai |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1578441/business-economy |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == 8z72iv963vsabsx055exhgrss7j2wsy 883272 883271 2026-07-15T08:41:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 883272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Taron '''EmTech''' (takaice don "Fasahohin Farfadowa"), wanda mujallar Massachusetts Institute of Technology Review ta shirya, taro ne na shekara-shekara wanda ke nuna ƙirƙira da sabbin ci gaba a fannin [[Injinia.|injiniya]] da fasaha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Conference Attracts 900, Features Cutting-Edge Products |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930212500/http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |archive-date=2012-09-30 |access-date=2011-08-14}}</ref> An fara taron na 2011 a shekarar 1999, an shirya shi don 18-19 ga Oktoba a MIT. <ref name="emtechsite2">{{Cite web |title=EmTech 2019 |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/emtech/}}</ref> Ana kuma shirya Emtech a yankuna daban-daban kamar [[Turai]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emerging Technology Conference & Convention Europe |url=https://emtecheurope.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Europe |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Europe explores pathway to climate-friendly living |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/business/consumer/emtech-europe-explores-pathway-to-climate-friendly-living-3288396 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.newsletter.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> MENA, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emtechmena - Emtechmena |url=https://emtechmena.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=emtechmena.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-03 |title=EmTech MENA: Conference on emerging tech trends to kick off in Dubai |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1578441/business-economy |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Latin America|Latin Amurka]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Digital 2020 |url=https://www.emtechmexico.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Digital LATAM 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Redacción |last2=Redacción |date=2022-04-18 |title=Aplicaciones como WhatsApp y Tinder puertas para hackers |url=https://www.ororadio.com.mx/2022/04/aplicaciones-como-whatsapp-y-tinder-puertas-para-hackers/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |language=es}}</ref> [[Asia-Pacific|Asiya Pacific]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=MIT Review recognises 20 emerging innovators under 35 in APAC |url=https://www.biospectrumasia.com/news/54/15085/mit-review-recognises-20-emerging-innovators-under-35-in-apac.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.biospectrumasia.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Sin|China]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech China |url=http://www.emtechchina.cn/?lang=2 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=www.emtechchina.cn}}</ref> da [[Indiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2012 |title=You are being redirected... |url=https://www.ciol.com/mit-scientists-address-emtech-india/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.ciol.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Arushi |date=2017-03-10 |title=How far has India come in its digitization journey? |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/nAIcrfPTv5G1yGLGQ54LzN/EmTech-India-2017-How-far-has-India-come-in-its-digitizatio.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Baya ga kwanaki biyu na gabatarwa, taron ya nuna wadanda suka lashe kyautar [[TR35]] ta shekara-shekara, inda aka karrama manyan masu kirkire-kirkire 35 a duniya 'yan kasa da shekaru 35. <ref name="emtechsite3">{{Cite web |title=EmTech 2019 |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/emtech/}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin shahararrun wadanda suka lashe kyautar sun hada da [[Larry Page]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Conference Attracts 900, Features Cutting-Edge Products |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930212500/http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |archive-date=2012-09-30 |access-date=2011-08-14}}</ref> da [[Sergey Brin]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emerging Technology Conference & Convention Europe |url=https://emtecheurope.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Europe |language=en}}</ref> (masu kirkirar [[Google]] ), [[Mark Zuckerberg]] (wanda ya kirkiro [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] ), <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Europe explores pathway to climate-friendly living |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/business/consumer/emtech-europe-explores-pathway-to-climate-friendly-living-3288396 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.newsletter.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> [[Jack Dorsey]] (wanda ya kirkiro [[Twitter]] ), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emtechmena - Emtechmena |url=https://emtechmena.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=emtechmena.com}}</ref> da [[Konstantin Novoselov]], wanda daga baya ya lashe [[Nobel Prize in Physics|kyautar Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-03 |title=EmTech MENA: Conference on emerging tech trends to kick off in Dubai |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1578441/business-economy |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3vt6ven2jmrgn82vy03iv4ph801oikf 883273 883272 2026-07-15T08:42:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 883273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Taron '''EmTech''' (takaice don "Fasahohin Farfadowa"), wanda mujallar Massachusetts Institute of Technology Review ta shirya, taro ne na shekara-shekara wanda ke nuna ƙirƙira da sabbin ci gaba a fannin [[Injinia.|injiniya]] da fasaha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Conference Attracts 900, Features Cutting-Edge Products |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930212500/http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |archive-date=2012-09-30 |access-date=2011-08-14}}</ref> An fara taron na 2011 a shekarar 1999, an shirya shi don 18-19 ga Oktoba a MIT. <ref name="emtechsite2">{{Cite web |title=EmTech 2019 |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/emtech/}}</ref> Ana kuma shirya Emtech a yankuna daban-daban kamar [[Turai]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emerging Technology Conference & Convention Europe |url=https://emtecheurope.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Europe |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Europe explores pathway to climate-friendly living |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/business/consumer/emtech-europe-explores-pathway-to-climate-friendly-living-3288396 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.newsletter.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> MENA, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emtechmena - Emtechmena |url=https://emtechmena.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=emtechmena.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-03 |title=EmTech MENA: Conference on emerging tech trends to kick off in Dubai |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1578441/business-economy |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref> Latin Amurka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Digital 2020 |url=https://www.emtechmexico.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Digital LATAM 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Redacción |last2=Redacción |date=2022-04-18 |title=Aplicaciones como WhatsApp y Tinder puertas para hackers |url=https://www.ororadio.com.mx/2022/04/aplicaciones-como-whatsapp-y-tinder-puertas-para-hackers/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |language=es}}</ref> [[Asia-Pacific|Asiya Pacific]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=MIT Review recognises 20 emerging innovators under 35 in APAC |url=https://www.biospectrumasia.com/news/54/15085/mit-review-recognises-20-emerging-innovators-under-35-in-apac.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.biospectrumasia.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Sin|China]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech China |url=http://www.emtechchina.cn/?lang=2 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=www.emtechchina.cn}}</ref> da [[Indiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2012 |title=You are being redirected... |url=https://www.ciol.com/mit-scientists-address-emtech-india/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.ciol.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Arushi |date=2017-03-10 |title=How far has India come in its digitization journey? |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/nAIcrfPTv5G1yGLGQ54LzN/EmTech-India-2017-How-far-has-India-come-in-its-digitizatio.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Baya ga kwanaki biyu na gabatarwa, taron ya nuna wadanda suka lashe kyautar [[TR35]] ta shekara-shekara, inda aka karrama manyan masu kirkire-kirkire 35 a duniya 'yan kasa da shekaru 35. <ref name="emtechsite3">{{Cite web |title=EmTech 2019 |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/emtech/}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin shahararrun wadanda suka lashe kyautar sun hada da [[Larry Page]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Conference Attracts 900, Features Cutting-Edge Products |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930212500/http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |archive-date=2012-09-30 |access-date=2011-08-14}}</ref> da [[Sergey Brin]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emerging Technology Conference & Convention Europe |url=https://emtecheurope.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Europe |language=en}}</ref> (masu kirkirar [[Google]] ), [[Mark Zuckerberg]] (wanda ya kirkiro [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] ), <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Europe explores pathway to climate-friendly living |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/business/consumer/emtech-europe-explores-pathway-to-climate-friendly-living-3288396 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.newsletter.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> [[Jack Dorsey]] (wanda ya kirkiro [[Twitter]] ), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emtechmena - Emtechmena |url=https://emtechmena.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=emtechmena.com}}</ref> da [[Konstantin Novoselov]], wanda daga baya ya lashe [[Nobel Prize in Physics|kyautar Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-03 |title=EmTech MENA: Conference on emerging tech trends to kick off in Dubai |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1578441/business-economy |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == gcsvspbj39hdtqw1x3k03x3pvzrjt5d 883275 883273 2026-07-15T08:43:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 883275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Taron '''EmTech''' (takaice don "Fasahohin Farfadowa"), wanda mujallar Massachusetts Institute of Technology Review ta shirya, taro ne na shekara-shekara wanda ke nuna ƙirƙira da sabbin ci gaba a fannin [[Injinia.|injiniya]] da fasaha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Conference Attracts 900, Features Cutting-Edge Products |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930212500/http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |archive-date=2012-09-30 |access-date=2011-08-14}}</ref> An fara taron na 2011 a shekarar 1999, an shirya shi don 18-19 ga Oktoba a MIT. <ref name="emtechsite2">{{Cite web |title=EmTech 2019 |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/emtech/}}</ref> Ana kuma shirya Emtech a yankuna daban-daban kamar [[Turai]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emerging Technology Conference & Convention Europe |url=https://emtecheurope.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Europe |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Europe explores pathway to climate-friendly living |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/business/consumer/emtech-europe-explores-pathway-to-climate-friendly-living-3288396 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.newsletter.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> MENA, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emtechmena - Emtechmena |url=https://emtechmena.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=emtechmena.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-03 |title=EmTech MENA: Conference on emerging tech trends to kick off in Dubai |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1578441/business-economy |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref> Latin Amurka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Digital 2020 |url=https://www.emtechmexico.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Digital LATAM 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Redacción |last2=Redacción |date=2022-04-18 |title=Aplicaciones como WhatsApp y Tinder puertas para hackers |url=https://www.ororadio.com.mx/2022/04/aplicaciones-como-whatsapp-y-tinder-puertas-para-hackers/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |language=es}}</ref> [[Asia-Pacific|Asiya Pacific]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=MIT Review recognises 20 emerging innovators under 35 in APAC |url=https://www.biospectrumasia.com/news/54/15085/mit-review-recognises-20-emerging-innovators-under-35-in-apac.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.biospectrumasia.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Sin|China]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech China |url=http://www.emtechchina.cn/?lang=2 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=www.emtechchina.cn}}</ref> da [[Indiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2012 |title=You are being redirected... |url=https://www.ciol.com/mit-scientists-address-emtech-india/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.ciol.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Arushi |date=2017-03-10 |title=How far has India come in its digitization journey? |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/nAIcrfPTv5G1yGLGQ54LzN/EmTech-India-2017-How-far-has-India-come-in-its-digitizatio.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Baya ga kwanaki biyu na gabatarwa, taron ya nuna wadanda suka lashe kyautar [[TR35]] ta shekara-shekara, inda aka karrama manyan masu kirkire-kirkire 35 a duniya 'yan kasa da shekaru 35. <ref name="emtechsite3">{{Cite web |title=EmTech 2019 |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/emtech/}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin shahararrun wadanda suka lashe kyautar sun hada da [[Larry Page]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Conference Attracts 900, Features Cutting-Edge Products |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930212500/http://tech.mit.edu/V128/N42/emtech.html |archive-date=2012-09-30 |access-date=2011-08-14}}</ref> da [[Sergey Brin]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emerging Technology Conference & Convention Europe |url=https://emtecheurope.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=EmTech Europe |language=en}}</ref> (masu kirkirar [[Google]] ), [[Mark Zuckerberg]] (wanda ya kirkiro [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] ), <ref>{{Cite web |title=EmTech Europe explores pathway to climate-friendly living |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/business/consumer/emtech-europe-explores-pathway-to-climate-friendly-living-3288396 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.newsletter.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> [[Jack Dorsey]] (wanda ya kirkiro [[Twitter]] ), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emtechmena - Emtechmena |url=https://emtechmena.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=emtechmena.com}}</ref> da [[Konstantin Novoselov]], wanda daga baya ya lashe [[Nobel Prize in Physics|kyautar Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-03 |title=EmTech MENA: Conference on emerging tech trends to kick off in Dubai |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1578441/business-economy |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ae4zwe3xda2rsu6hs7ptfjf0pasb5p8 0 127639 883344 760424 2026-07-15T09:14:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 883344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sahabat Alam Malaysia''' -Abokan Duniya Malaysia, wanda aka rage wa suna '''SAM-FoEM''' ) wata kungiya ce [[Non-governmental organization|ta agaji]] [[Maleshiya|ta Malaysia]] da aka kafa a shekarar 1977 don fafutukar kare [[Gudanar da muhalli|muhallin]] Malaysia. SAM ta shiga [[Abokan Duniya|kungiyar Friends of the Earth International (FoEI)]] a shekarar 1983, kuma tana buga littattafai da mujallu na labarai. Matsayin SAM ya hada da kamfen kan gurɓata muhalli, amfani da filaye, sare dazuzzuka, kamun kifi, makamashi, ruwa, madatsun ruwa, noma, 'yancin 'yan asalin ƙasa da yawon buɗe ido. Shugabanta na yanzu shine Meenakshi Raman. Tana da hedikwata a Penang da [[Sarawak]] . <ref name="sam22">{{Cite web |last=FoE Malaysia |date= |title=About SAM |url=https://foe-malaysia.org/about-us |access-date=}}</ref> <ref name="sam3">{{Cite web |last=LandPortal |date= |title=Sahabat Alam Malaysia |url=https://landportal.org/organization/sahabat-alam-malaysia |access-date=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Malaysia Kini |title=Sahabat Alam Urges Reset as 'Extreme Weather' Becomes More Frequent |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/603929}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Abokan Duniya|FoEI]] * [[Third World Network|Cibiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya ta Uku]] * Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Penang == Manazarta == 8ktys1lt1rlgec2eta0g3unamjay7p5 883345 883344 2026-07-15T09:15:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 883345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sahabat Alam Malaysia''' -Abokan Duniya Malaysia, wanda aka rage wa suna '''SAM-FoEM''' ) wata kungiya ce ta agaji [[Maleshiya|ta Malaysia]] da aka kafa a shekarar 1977 don fafutukar kare [[Gudanar da muhalli|muhallin]] Malaysia. SAM ta shiga [[Abokan Duniya|kungiyar Friends of the Earth International (FoEI)]] a shekarar 1983, kuma tana buga littattafai da mujallu na labarai. Matsayin SAM ya hada da kamfen kan gurɓata muhalli, amfani da filaye, sare dazuzzuka, kamun kifi, makamashi, ruwa, madatsun ruwa, noma, 'yancin 'yan asalin ƙasa da yawon buɗe ido. Shugabanta na yanzu shine Meenakshi Raman. Tana da hedikwata a Penang da [[Sarawak]] . <ref name="sam22">{{Cite web |last=FoE Malaysia |date= |title=About SAM |url=https://foe-malaysia.org/about-us |access-date=}}</ref> <ref name="sam3">{{Cite web |last=LandPortal |date= |title=Sahabat Alam Malaysia |url=https://landportal.org/organization/sahabat-alam-malaysia |access-date=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Malaysia Kini |title=Sahabat Alam Urges Reset as 'Extreme Weather' Becomes More Frequent |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/603929}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Abokan Duniya|FoEI]] * [[Third World Network|Cibiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya ta Uku]] * Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Penang == Manazarta == f7wgi8zovplimsedweeyzm1kn30yiio 883346 883345 2026-07-15T09:15:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 883346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sahabat Alam Malaysia''' -Abokan Duniya Malaysia, wanda aka rage wa suna '''SAM-FoEM''' ) wata kungiya ce ta agaji [[Maleshiya|ta Malaysia]] da aka kafa a shekarar 1977 don fafutukar kare [[Gudanar da muhalli|muhallin]] Malaysia. SAM ta shiga [[Abokan Duniya|kungiyar Friends of the Earth International (FoEI)]] a shekarar 1983, kuma tana buga littattafai da mujallu na labarai. Matsayin SAM ya hada da kamfen kan gurɓata muhalli, amfani da filaye, sare dazuzzuka, kamun kifi, makamashi, ruwa, madatsun ruwa, noma, 'yancin 'yan asalin ƙasa da yawon buɗe ido. Shugabanta na yanzu shine Meenakshi Raman. Tana da hedikwata a Penang da [[Sarawak]].<ref name="sam22">{{Cite web |last=FoE Malaysia |date= |title=About SAM |url=https://foe-malaysia.org/about-us |access-date=}}</ref><ref name="sam3">{{Cite web |last=LandPortal |date= |title=Sahabat Alam Malaysia |url=https://landportal.org/organization/sahabat-alam-malaysia |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Malaysia Kini |title=Sahabat Alam Urges Reset as 'Extreme Weather' Becomes More Frequent |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/603929}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Abokan Duniya|FoEI]] * [[Third World Network|Cibiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya ta Uku]] * Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Penang == Manazarta == mqspt7sf3b9qeewpzjcybn3uw85li8z 883347 883346 2026-07-15T09:15:50Z Pharouqenr 25549 883347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sahabat Alam Malaysia''' -Abokan Duniya Malaysia, wanda aka rage wa suna '''SAM-FoEM''' ) wata kungiya ce ta agaji [[Maleshiya|ta Malaysia]] da aka kafa a shekarar 1977 don fafutukar kare [[Gudanar da muhalli|muhallin]] Malaysia. SAM ta shiga [[Abokan Duniya|kungiyar Friends of the Earth International (FoEI)]] a shekarar 1983, kuma tana buga littattafai da mujallu na labarai. Matsayin SAM ya hada da kamfen kan gurɓata muhalli, amfani da filaye, sare dazuzzuka, kamun kifi, makamashi, ruwa, madatsun ruwa, noma, 'yancin 'yan asalin ƙasa da yawon buɗe ido. Shugabanta na yanzu shine Meenakshi Raman. Tana da hedikwata a Penang da [[Sarawak]].<ref name="sam22">{{Cite web |last=FoE Malaysia |date= |title=About SAM |url=https://foe-malaysia.org/about-us |access-date=}}</ref><ref name="sam3">{{Cite web |last=LandPortal |date= |title=Sahabat Alam Malaysia |url=https://landportal.org/organization/sahabat-alam-malaysia |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Malaysia Kini |title=Sahabat Alam Urges Reset as 'Extreme Weather' Becomes More Frequent |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/603929}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Abokan Duniya|FoEI]] * [[Third World Network|Cibiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya ta Uku]] * Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Penang == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 3sgfnx445wn8ee3nouyxelb1hvis0y5 0 127648 883367 822218 2026-07-15T09:48:15Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 883367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adam Thomson''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1986) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda ya buga wa Port Adelaide da Richmond a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta ƙasar Australiya (AFL). == Ayyuka == Wani matashi mai tsakiya mai alƙawari, Port Adelaide ta ɗauki Thomson tare da zaɓi na 11 a cikin Draft na Kasa na 2004 na AFL. Ya buga wasanni biyu kawai a shekara ta 2005, yana ciyar da mafi yawan lokacinsa a cikin shekaru biyu na farko a Port Adelaide yana wasa a Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kudancin [[Asturaliya|Australia]] (SANFL), Sturt. A shekara ta 2006, Thomson ya buga wasanni uku na farko na kakar, amma an sauke shi bayan wasan da kungiyar ta yi da Fremantle a zagaye na 3, kodayake ya jagoranci burinsa na farko na AFL a lokacin wannan wasan. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Sturt, raunin da ya samu ga manyan 'yan wasan tsakiya da kuma buƙatar samun kwarewar AFL a cikin' yan wasan sa matasa, Port Adelaide a ƙarshe ta zaɓi Thomson a cikin tawagarta a kan Essendon na kasa a zagaye na 9. Thomson da sauran matasa da yawa na Port Adelaide sun nuna damar su a cikin wannan wasan. An dakatar da siffarsa mai ban sha'awa a zagaye masu zuwa na 2006 lokacin da ya ji rauni a baya a kan Arewacin [[Melbourne]] a zagaye na 18, wanda ya kawo karshen kakar sa. A shekara ta 2008, Thomson ya yi gwagwarmaya don ci gaba da zama a cikin ƙungiyar farawa ta Port. A ƙarshen kakar 2008 ta AFL, Thomson ya nemi a sayar da shi zuwa wani kulob saboda rashin dama. A lokacin 2008 Trade Week, an sayar da Thomson zuwa Richmond don dawo da lambar da aka zaɓa ta 42. Richmond ya cire Thomson a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2010, bayan ya buga wasanni hudu kawai a cikin lokutan sa biyu a kulob din. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Thomson ya kasance sananne ne saboda ƙaunarsa ga yarukan kaza daga kantin sayar da kaji na gida yayin aikinsa a Port Adelaide, kuma sau da yawa yakan yi tafiya zuwa fina-finai na gida tare da abokan aiki don kallon fim. Har ila yau, yana da al'ada mai ban mamaki na sanya hoodie da wando yayin da yake gudanar da horo mai ƙarfi.<ref>"PTV: 'Hard hitting' Adam Thomson - portadelaidefc.com.au". www.portadelaidefc.com.au. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] dvvbnnfel1gzs4klp99opuh7rap7vf9 0 128073 882935 761756 2026-07-14T15:29:17Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 882935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Dokta Babasaheb Ambedkar - Mahamanvachi Gauravgatha''''' (Fassara: Dokta Babasheb Ambedka - Glory Saga of Great Man) jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne na Marathi da aka watsa a kan Star Pravah . An saki wasan kwaikwayon ne akan rayuwar [[B. R. Ambedkar]] a ranar 18 ga Mayu 2019 a lokacin Buddha Purnima . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-18 |title=डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर यांचा जीवनपट उलगडणार छोट्या पडद्यावर |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/dr-babasaheb-ambedkars-life-journey-will-be-shown-small-screen/ |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर: छोट्या पडद्यावर उलगडणार डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकरांचा जीवनपट |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/new-marathi-tv-serial-on-dr-b-r-ambedkars-life-to-start-on-star-pravah/articleshow/68044422.cms |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A new show based on the life of Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar to go on-air soon - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/a-new-show-based-on-the-life-of-babasaheb-bhimrao-ambedkar-to-go-on-air-soon/articleshow/68023249.cms |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> == Makirci == [[B. R. Ambedkar]] yana karatu a ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar Columbia kuma Lala Lajpat Rai ya kusanci shi don shiga ƙungiyar mulkin gida amma Ambedkar ya ki yin hakan kamar yadda yake a Jami'ar a kan tallafinsa Sayajirao Gaekwad III na Jihar Baroda. Ambedkar ba zai iya samun damar karatu a Amurka ba don haka yana aiki na ɗan lokaci don wanke faranti da tsaftacewa. Ya wuce jarrabawar MA a watan Yunin 1915, yana karatun tattalin arziki, da sauran batutuwa na ilimin zamantakewa, tarihi, falsafar da ilimin ɗan adam. Ya gabatar da wata takarda, Tsohon Kasuwancin Indiya. John Dewey da aikinsa a kan dimokuradiyya sun rinjayi Ambedkar. A shekara ta 1916 ya kammala rubutunsa na biyu, National Dividend of [[Indiya|India]] - A Historic and Analytical Study for another MA. A watan Oktoba 1916, ya shiga karatun Bar a Gray's Inn, kuma a lokaci guda ya shiga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London inda ya fara aiki a kan rubutun digiri. 1917 Lokacin karatunsa daga Baroda ya ƙare, don haka an tilasta masa ya koma Indiya a watan Yuni tare da aikinsa ba a gama ba; duk da haka, an ba shi izinin dawowa ya gama cikin shekaru hudu. Ya aika da tarin littattafansa masu daraja da ƙaunatacce a kan jirgin ruwa - amma jirgin ruwa na Jamus Ambedkar ya rushe shi kuma ya nutse shi ya tafi Jihar Baroda don yin aiki a matsayin mai gwaji a Ofishin Janar na Accountant. An ba da tallafin karatu na 11.50 na Burtaniya a wata, na tsawon shekaru uku, ga saurayi Ambedkar kuma bisa ga yarjejeniyar da zai yi aiki da baroda na tsawon shekaru 10 bayan kammala karatunsa. Koyaya, lokacin da ya isa Baroda, ya fahimci cewa babu wani otal-otal na Hindu da zai ba shi damar zama saboda ƙananan kabilinsa. Ya sami masaukin Parsi, amma a nan, ba a yarda da wadanda ba Parsi ba su zauna. Shi da mai kula da gidan Parsi sun cimma matsaya, inda Ambedkar ya ba da sunansa a matsayin Parsi, kuma an ba shi izinin zama. Bayan ya shiga sabon ofishin a matsayin sabon babban jami'in (Jami'in Tabbatar) kasancewar ba a taɓa shi ba ma'aikacin ofishin bai ba shi fayil a hannunsa ba ya jefa fayiloli a kan teburinsa, Ambedkar yana jin ƙishirwa kuma ya nemi gilashin ruwa, ma'aikaci ya ce babu ruwa lokacin da ya ci gaba da shan ruwa daga tukunya, mutanen Upper caste sun sami wannan ba su yarda su sha ruwa daga wannan tukunya ba kamar yadda suke tunanin ta hanyar taɓallin zai gurɓata ruwa don haka za su iya gaya masa ruwan da za su iya taɓa shi. Bayan 'yan kwanaki na zama a Baroda wasu Parsis sun gano cewa shi ba Parsi ba ne kuma a rana ta goma sha ɗaya na zamansa, wani rukuni na mutanen Parsi masu fushi, dauke da sanduna, sun zo don cire shi daga masaukin. Dole ne ya bar masaukin a wannan rana, kuma ba shi da wurin zama, an tilasta masa barin Baroda ya koma [[Mumbai|Bombay]] don neman aiki a wani wuri. A Bombay, Ambedkar ya nemi matsayin farfesa a matsayin farfesa na tattalin arziki a Kwalejin Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziki ta Sydenham. A ranar farko ta aikinsa ɗalibai suna ba'a da shi suna tunanin abin da wannan ba za a taɓa shi ba zai koya musu ko ya san yadda ake magana da Turanci. A cikin ɗakin ma'aikata lokacin da Ambedkar ya kusanci tukunyar ruwa don sha ruwa wani farfesa mai suna Trivedi ba ya son shi kuma ya zagi shi. Shri [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]]" id="mwMQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu Maharaj na Kolhapur ya kusanci Ambedkar kuma Ambedkar ya fara jarida da ake kira Mooknayak a cikin shekara ta 1920. Ambedkar ya dauki taro a Mangaon a Kolhapur Shri Shahu Maharaj ya halarta. Maharaj ya bayyana a cikin annabci "Kun sami mai ceton ku a Ambedkar kuma ina da tabbacin cewa zai karya sarƙoƙi". == Masu ba da labari == * Sagar Deshmukh / Sanjay Jadhav a matsayin [[B. R. Ambedkar]] Amrut Gaikwad a matsayin karamin Ambedkar Sanket Korlekar a matsayin matashi Ambedkar ** Amrut Gaikwad a matsayin ƙaramin [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkar]] ** Sanket Korlekar a matsayin matashi [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkar]] * Shivani Rangole a matsayin Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar; matar Ambedkar ** Mrunmayee Supal a matsayin Matashi Ramabai Bhimrao Ambedkar * Milind Adhikari a matsayin Ramji Sakpal; mahaifin Ambedkar * Aditi Dravid a matsayin Tulsa Sakpal; 'yar'uwar Ambedkar * Srushti Deshmukkh a matsayin Manjula Sakpal; 'yar'uwar Ambedkar * Neelam Sawant a matsayin Jijabai Sapkal; mahaifiyar Ambedkar * Chinmayee Sumeet a matsayin Bhimabai Sakpal; mahaifiyar Ambedkar * Prathamesh Divate a matsayin Anand Sakpal; ɗan'uwan Ambedkar * Pooja Nayak a matsayin Meerabai Sakpal; mahaifiyar Ambedkar * Shivani Sonar a matsayin Laxmi Sakpal; matar Anand * Aditya Beedkar a matsayin Balaram Sakpal; ɗan'uwan Ambedkar * Rahul Solapurkar a matsayin Shahu Maharaj * Ritesh Tiwari a matsayin Nama * Kiran Mane a matsayin Keluskar Guruji * Bhagyashree Pane a matsayin mahaifiyar Nama == Fitarwa == === Ci gaba === Jerin da Dashami Creations suka samar, wanda Ganesh Rasane ya jagoranta. An gabatar da labarin farko a ranar 18 ga Mayu 2019 a lokacin Buddha Purnima . Duk tarihin Ambedkar daga ƙuruciyarsa zuwa mahaparinirvana an zana shi ta hanyar jerin. An sake nazarin aikinsa a fannoni daban-daban kamar zamantakewa, siyasa, tattalin arziki, ilimi, aikin jarida, doka a cikin jerin. Ya dogara ne akan littafin tarihin "Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar" (vol. 1 zuwa 12) na masanin tarihi Changdev Bhavanrao Khairmode, duk da haka an tattara littattafai sama da 800 a cikin Marathi, [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]], Turanci, da sauransu don wannan jerin. Satish Rajwade, Content Head da Star-Director na Star Pravah, wanda ya taimaka wajen yanke shawarar yin jerin a kan Ambedkar, ya ce, "A matsayin mai ba da labari, da kaina ina tsammanin Miliyoyin mutane daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar sun zo wurare kamar Deekshabhoomi a Nagpur. Mutane suna cewa Babasaheb ne kawai ke da haƙƙin gurasarmu, rayuwarmu, don haka tunanin yadda yawancin wannan mutumin zai kasance. Babasheb ya kamata ya zama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-18 |title=डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर यांचा जीवनपट उलगडणार छोट्या पडद्यावर |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/dr-babasaheb-ambedkars-life-journey-will-be-shown-small-screen/ |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref> An kuma gan shi a kasashen waje a [[Turai]] da Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर: छोट्या पडद्यावर उलगडणार डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकरांचा जीवनपट |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/new-marathi-tv-serial-on-dr-b-r-ambedkars-life-to-start-on-star-pravah/articleshow/68044422.cms |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref> === Kasuwanci === Darakta Satish Rajwade ya zaɓi Sagar Deshmukh don buga matashi na Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-18 |title=डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर यांचा जीवनपट उलगडणार छोट्या पडद्यावर |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/dr-babasaheb-ambedkars-life-journey-will-be-shown-small-screen/ |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref> & yarinya version buga da Amrut Gaikwad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर: छोट्या पडद्यावर उलगडणार डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकरांचा जीवनपट |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/new-marathi-tv-serial-on-dr-b-r-ambedkars-life-to-start-on-star-pravah/articleshow/68044422.cms |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref> An zaɓi Mrunmayee Supal don yin wasa da yarinyar Ramabai Ambedkar & Shivani Rangole an jefa shi a matsayin matashi na Ramabai Ambedkar .<ref>{{Cite web |title=A new show based on the life of Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar to go on-air soon - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/a-new-show-based-on-the-life-of-babasaheb-bhimrao-ambedkar-to-go-on-air-soon/articleshow/68023249.cms |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-18 |title=डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर यांचा जीवनपट उलगडणार छोट्या पडद्यावर |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/dr-babasaheb-ambedkars-life-journey-will-be-shown-small-screen/ |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref> === Tarihin watsa shirye-shirye === {| class="wikitable sortable" !A'a. !Ranar watsawa !Kwanaki !Lokaci (IST) |- |1 |18 ga Mayu 2019 - 25 ga Maris 2020 | rowspan="3" |Ranar Asabar | rowspan="2" |9 na yamma |- |2 |13 ga Yuli - 21 ga Agusta 2020 |- |3 |22 ga Agusta - 17 ga Oktoba 2020 |10.30 na yamma |} == Sauti == Waƙar taken ta ƙunshi kuma ta rubuta ta 'yan'uwa biyu Adarsh Shinde da Utkarsh Shinde, yayin da Adarsh Shinde ya yi waƙar. Adarsh da Utkarsh sun rubuta kalmomin bayan nazarin da yawa da karatun wannan taken. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da duo suka rubuta waƙar taken don jerin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-18 |title=डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर यांचा जीवनपट उलगडणार छोट्या पडद्यावर |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/dr-babasaheb-ambedkars-life-journey-will-be-shown-small-screen/ |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर: छोट्या पडद्यावर उलगडणार डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकरांचा जीवनपट |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/new-marathi-tv-serial-on-dr-b-r-ambedkars-life-to-start-on-star-pravah/articleshow/68044422.cms |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref> == Manazarta == 2aclejz8jc38vurfpt6hqmh4tr8wwgt 0 128212 883110 786906 2026-07-14T23:05:22Z Usman saadu 46863 883110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''BBC Japan''' tasha ce ta [[talabijin]] mai zaman kanta wacce BBC Worldwide da kuma reshen SKY PerfecTV! na Japan Mediarc suka mallaka, wacce aka samar ta hanyar tauraron dan adam a [[Japan]] . Manufar tashar ita ce ta nuna shirye-shiryen BBC ga kasuwar Japan, amma ta fuskanci matsalolin kudi daga abokin cinikinta wanda ya kai ga rufe tashar shekara guda bayan haka. == Tarihi == BBC ta sanar da tashar a ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 2004 don ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 1 ga Disamba. Tashar ta ƙaddamar kamar yadda aka tsara a wannan ranar, an watsa ta a tashar tauraron dan adam ta Sky PerfecTV! 110. Tashar ta ƙaddamar da adadi mai kyau, tare da rahotanni a BBC suna ambaton cewa masu sauraro galibi 'yan Japan ne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2005 |title=BBC Japan off to a solid start, despite distribution gripes |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2005/04/28/business/bbc-japan-off-to-a-solid-start-despite-distribution-gripes/}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Yuni, 2005, an ƙara tashar zuwa sabis ɗin IPTV na Kamfanin Talabijin na Online. A ranar 20 ga Maris 2006, BBC Worldwide ta sanar da cewa tashar za ta dakatar da aiki a watan Afrilu, tana mai cewa matsalolin kuɗi a Japan Mediarc na nufin ba za su iya cika alƙawarin kwangila na rarraba hanyar sadarwar ba. <ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3726608.stm BBC to entertain on Japanese TV], ''[[BBC News]]'', 8 October 2004</ref> A ranar 24 ga Afrilu 2006, an sanar da ranar rufewa ta 30 ga Afrilu, kuma tashar ta rufe kamar yadda aka tsara a wannan ranar. == Shirye-shirye == Kasancewar BBC Japan ta kasance abokiyar hulɗar [[BBC Prime|BBC Prime ta]] Japan, BBC Japan ta watsa shirye-shiryen da aka saba samu daga [[BBC Worldwide]] ko kuma manyan rumbun adana bayanai [[BBC|na BBC]], da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi wasu kamfanoni kamar [[ITV plc|Granada Media]] . Ganin cewa BBC Japan cibiyar sadarwa ce ta kasuwanci; an gyara shirye-shiryen don dacewa da lokacin, ma'ana za a rage lokacin da ake yi na sa'a guda zuwa mintuna 42 a tashar. Duk da cewa an yi wa wasu shirye-shiryen lakabi ko kuma an yi musu murya, yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin tashar an watsa su ne da Turanci tare da fassarar [[Harshen Japan|Jafananci]] . * ''azarta Absolutely Fabulous''<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3726608.stm BBC to entertain on Japanese TV], ''[[BBC News]]'', 8 October 2004</ref> * ''Angelmouse''<ref>[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2004/12/02/business/subscribers-get-first-view-of-bbc-japan-channel/#.VUev5_lVgoI Subscribers get first view of BBC Japan channel], ''[[The Japan Times]]'', 2 December 2004</ref> * ''Bargain Hunt''<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2005 |title=BBC Japan off to a solid start, despite distribution gripes |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2005/04/28/business/bbc-japan-off-to-a-solid-start-despite-distribution-gripes/}}</ref> * ''Binka''<ref>[https://www.c21media.net/bbc-deutsche-welle-launch-on-japan-iptv/ BBC, Deutsche Welle launch on Japan IPTV], C21Media, 14 June 2005</ref> * ''Blackadder'' * ''The Catherine Tate Show''<ref>[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2004/12/02/business/subscribers-get-first-view-of-bbc-japan-channel/#.VUev5_lVgoI Subscribers get first view of BBC Japan channel], ''[[The Japan Times]]'', 2 December 2004</ref> * ''Casualty''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC JAPAN JapaneseSite &#91;110CS-025ch&#93; |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204082629/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-date=4 February 2005}}</ref> * ''Changing Rooms''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan Lifestyle |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/lifestyle/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125154623/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/lifestyle/index.htm |archive-date=November 25, 2005 |access-date=August 16, 2024 |website=BBC Japan}}</ref> * ''Doctors''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125153446/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Fawlty Towers'' * ''Friends Like These''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125154316/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Ground Force''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/lifestyle/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125154623/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/lifestyle/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Holby City''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125153446/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Keeping Up Appearances''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212163452/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-date=12 December 2005}}</ref> * ''Miss Marple''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125153446/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''My Family''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212163452/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-date=12 December 2005}}</ref> * ''Only Fools and Horses''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212163452/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-date=12 December 2005}}</ref> * ''Parkinson''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125154316/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Ready Steady Cook''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/cooking/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210005143/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/cooking/index.htm |archive-date=10 February 2006}}</ref> * ''Red Dwarf''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212163452/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-date=12 December 2005}}</ref> * ''Shooting Stars''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125154316/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Sounds of the 60s''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/music/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125153608/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/music/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Sounds of the 70s''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/music/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125153608/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/music/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Top Gear''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125154316/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Top of the Pops''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC JAPAN JapaneseSite &#91;110CS-025ch&#93; |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/music/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050212040417/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/music/index.htm |archive-date=12 February 2005}}</ref> * ''Tweenies''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/kids/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210005044/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/kids/index.htm |archive-date=10 February 2006}}</ref> * ''The Vicar of Dibley''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212163452/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-date=12 December 2005}}</ref> * ''The Weakest Link''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125154316/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Gidan Jarida]] bch0gufat01htd2pi6qj4e448wyzdo7 883111 883110 2026-07-14T23:06:53Z Usman saadu 46863 883111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''BBC Japan''' tasha ce ta [[talabijin]] mai zaman kanta wacce BBC Worldwide da kuma reshen SKY PerfecTV! na Japan Mediarc suka mallaka, wacce aka samar ta hanyar tauraron dan adam a [[Japan]] . Manufar tashar ita ce ta nuna shirye-shiryen BBC ga kasuwar Japan, amma ta fuskanci matsalolin kudi daga abokin cinikinta wanda ya kai ga rufe tashar shekara guda bayan haka. == Tarihi == BBC ta sanar da tashar a ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 2004 don ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 1 ga Disamba. Tashar ta ƙaddamar kamar yadda aka tsara a wannan ranar, an watsa ta a tashar tauraron dan adam ta Sky PerfecTV! 110. Tashar ta ƙaddamar da adadi mai kyau, tare da rahotanni a BBC suna ambaton cewa masu sauraro galibi 'yan Japan ne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2005 |title=BBC Japan off to a solid start, despite distribution gripes |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2005/04/28/business/bbc-japan-off-to-a-solid-start-despite-distribution-gripes/}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Yuni, 2005, an ƙara tashar zuwa sabis ɗin IPTV na Kamfanin Talabijin na Online. A ranar 20 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 2006, BBC Worldwide ta sanar da cewa tashar za ta dakatar da aiki a watan Afrilu, tana mai cewa matsalolin kuɗi a Japan Mediarc na nufin ba za su iya cika alƙawarin kwangila na rarraba hanyar sadarwar ba. <ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3726608.stm BBC to entertain on Japanese TV], ''[[BBC News]]'', 8 October 2004</ref> A ranar 24 ga watan Afrilu 2006, an sanar da ranar rufewa ta 30 ga Afrilu, kuma tashar ta rufe kamar yadda aka tsara a wannan ranar. == Shirye-shirye == Kasancewar BBC Japan ta kasance abokiyar hulɗar [[BBC Prime|BBC Prime ta]] Japan, BBC Japan ta watsa shirye-shiryen da aka saba samu daga [[BBC Worldwide]] ko kuma manyan rumbun adana bayanai [[BBC|na BBC]], da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi wasu kamfanoni kamar [[ITV plc|Granada Media]] . Ganin cewa BBC Japan cibiyar sadarwa ce ta kasuwanci; an gyara shirye-shiryen don dacewa da lokacin, ma'ana za a rage lokacin da ake yi na sa'a guda zuwa mintuna 42 a tashar. Duk da cewa an yi wa wasu shirye-shiryen lakabi ko kuma an yi musu murya, yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin tashar an watsa su ne da Turanci tare da fassarar [[Harshen Japan|Jafananci]] . * ''azarta Absolutely Fabulous''<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3726608.stm BBC to entertain on Japanese TV], ''[[BBC News]]'', 8 October 2004</ref> * ''Angelmouse''<ref>[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2004/12/02/business/subscribers-get-first-view-of-bbc-japan-channel/#.VUev5_lVgoI Subscribers get first view of BBC Japan channel], ''[[The Japan Times]]'', 2 December 2004</ref> * ''Bargain Hunt''<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2005 |title=BBC Japan off to a solid start, despite distribution gripes |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2005/04/28/business/bbc-japan-off-to-a-solid-start-despite-distribution-gripes/}}</ref> * ''Binka''<ref>[https://www.c21media.net/bbc-deutsche-welle-launch-on-japan-iptv/ BBC, Deutsche Welle launch on Japan IPTV], C21Media, 14 June 2005</ref> * ''Blackadder'' * ''The Catherine Tate Show''<ref>[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2004/12/02/business/subscribers-get-first-view-of-bbc-japan-channel/#.VUev5_lVgoI Subscribers get first view of BBC Japan channel], ''[[The Japan Times]]'', 2 December 2004</ref> * ''Casualty''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC JAPAN JapaneseSite &#91;110CS-025ch&#93; |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204082629/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-date=4 February 2005}}</ref> * ''Changing Rooms''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan Lifestyle |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/lifestyle/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125154623/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/lifestyle/index.htm |archive-date=November 25, 2005 |access-date=August 16, 2024 |website=BBC Japan}}</ref> * ''Doctors''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125153446/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Fawlty Towers'' * ''Friends Like These''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125154316/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Ground Force''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/lifestyle/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125154623/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/lifestyle/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Holby City''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125153446/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Keeping Up Appearances''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212163452/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-date=12 December 2005}}</ref> * ''Miss Marple''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125153446/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''My Family''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212163452/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-date=12 December 2005}}</ref> * ''Only Fools and Horses''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212163452/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-date=12 December 2005}}</ref> * ''Parkinson''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125154316/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Ready Steady Cook''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/cooking/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210005143/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/cooking/index.htm |archive-date=10 February 2006}}</ref> * ''Red Dwarf''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212163452/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-date=12 December 2005}}</ref> * ''Shooting Stars''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125154316/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Sounds of the 60s''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/music/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125153608/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/music/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Sounds of the 70s''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/music/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125153608/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/music/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Top Gear''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125154316/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Top of the Pops''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC JAPAN JapaneseSite &#91;110CS-025ch&#93; |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/music/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050212040417/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/music/index.htm |archive-date=12 February 2005}}</ref> * ''Tweenies''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/kids/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210005044/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/kids/index.htm |archive-date=10 February 2006}}</ref> * ''The Vicar of Dibley''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212163452/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-date=12 December 2005}}</ref> * ''The Weakest Link''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125154316/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Gidan Jarida]] darj52vrnkz6aabhkfdo32642x511u6 883112 883111 2026-07-14T23:12:03Z Usman saadu 46863 883112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''BBC Japan''' tasha ce ta [[talabijin]] mai zaman kanta wacce BBC Worldwide da kuma reshen SKY PerfecTV! na Japan Mediarc suka mallaka, wacce aka samar ta hanyar tauraron dan adam a [[Japan]] . Manufar tashar ita ce ta nuna shirye-shiryen BBC ga kasuwar Japan, amma ta fuskanci matsalolin kudi daga abokin cinikinta wanda ya kai ga rufe tashar shekara guda bayan haka. == Tarihi == BBC ta sanar da tashar a ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 2004 don ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 1 ga Disamba. Tashar ta ƙaddamar kamar yadda aka tsara a wannan ranar, an watsa ta a tashar tauraron dan adam ta Sky PerfecTV! 110. Tashar ta ƙaddamar da adadi mai kyau, tare da rahotanni a BBC suna ambaton cewa masu sauraro galibi 'yan Japan ne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2005 |title=BBC Japan off to a solid start, despite distribution gripes |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2005/04/28/business/bbc-japan-off-to-a-solid-start-despite-distribution-gripes/}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Yuni, shekarar 2005, an ƙara tashar zuwa sabis ɗin IPTV na Kamfanin Talabijin na Online. A ranar 20 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 2006, BBC Worldwide ta sanar da cewa tashar za ta dakatar da aiki a watan Afrilu, tana mai cewa matsalolin kuɗi a Japan Mediarc na nufin ba za su iya cika alƙawarin kwangila na rarraba hanyar sadarwar ba. <ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3726608.stm BBC to entertain on Japanese TV], ''[[BBC News]]'', 8 October 2004</ref> A ranar 24 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta 2006, an sanar da ranar rufewa ta 30 ga watan Afrilu, kuma tashar ta rufe kamar yadda aka tsara a wannan ranar. == Shirye-shirye == Kasancewar BBC Japan ta kasance abokiyar hulɗar [[BBC Prime|BBC Prime ta]] Japan, BBC Japan ta watsa shirye-shiryen da aka saba samu daga [[BBC Worldwide]] ko kuma manyan rumbun adana bayanai [[BBC|na BBC]], da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi wasu kamfanoni kamar [[ITV plc|Granada Media]] . Ganin cewa BBC Japan cibiyar sadarwa ce ta kasuwanci; an gyara shirye-shiryen don dacewa da lokacin, ma'ana za a rage lokacin da ake yi na sa'a guda zuwa mintuna 42 a tashar. Duk da cewa an yi wa wasu shirye-shiryen lakabi ko kuma an yi musu murya, yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin tashar an watsa su ne da Turanci tare da fassarar [[Harshen Japan|Jafananci]] . * ''azarta Absolutely Fabulous''<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3726608.stm BBC to entertain on Japanese TV], ''[[BBC News]]'', 8 October 2004</ref> * ''Angelmouse''<ref>[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2004/12/02/business/subscribers-get-first-view-of-bbc-japan-channel/#.VUev5_lVgoI Subscribers get first view of BBC Japan channel], ''[[The Japan Times]]'', 2 December 2004</ref> * ''Bargain Hunt''<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2005 |title=BBC Japan off to a solid start, despite distribution gripes |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2005/04/28/business/bbc-japan-off-to-a-solid-start-despite-distribution-gripes/}}</ref> * ''Binka''<ref>[https://www.c21media.net/bbc-deutsche-welle-launch-on-japan-iptv/ BBC, Deutsche Welle launch on Japan IPTV], C21Media, 14 June 2005</ref> * ''Blackadder'' * ''The Catherine Tate Show''<ref>[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2004/12/02/business/subscribers-get-first-view-of-bbc-japan-channel/#.VUev5_lVgoI Subscribers get first view of BBC Japan channel], ''[[The Japan Times]]'', 2 December 2004</ref> * ''Casualty''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC JAPAN JapaneseSite &#91;110CS-025ch&#93; |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204082629/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-date=4 February 2005}}</ref> * ''Changing Rooms''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan Lifestyle |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/lifestyle/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125154623/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/lifestyle/index.htm |archive-date=November 25, 2005 |access-date=August 16, 2024 |website=BBC Japan}}</ref> * ''Doctors''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125153446/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Fawlty Towers'' * ''Friends Like These''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125154316/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Ground Force''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/lifestyle/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125154623/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/lifestyle/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Holby City''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125153446/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Keeping Up Appearances''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212163452/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-date=12 December 2005}}</ref> * ''Miss Marple''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125153446/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/drama/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''My Family''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212163452/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-date=12 December 2005}}</ref> * ''Only Fools and Horses''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212163452/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-date=12 December 2005}}</ref> * ''Parkinson''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125154316/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Ready Steady Cook''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/cooking/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210005143/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/cooking/index.htm |archive-date=10 February 2006}}</ref> * ''Red Dwarf''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212163452/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-date=12 December 2005}}</ref> * ''Shooting Stars''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125154316/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Sounds of the 60s''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/music/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125153608/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/music/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Sounds of the 70s''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/music/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125153608/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/music/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Top Gear''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125154316/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> * ''Top of the Pops''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC JAPAN JapaneseSite &#91;110CS-025ch&#93; |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/music/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050212040417/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/music/index.htm |archive-date=12 February 2005}}</ref> * ''Tweenies''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/kids/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210005044/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/kids/index.htm |archive-date=10 February 2006}}</ref> * ''The Vicar of Dibley''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212163452/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/comedy/index.htm |archive-date=12 December 2005}}</ref> * ''The Weakest Link''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Japan |url=http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125154316/http://www.bbc-japan.com/genre/entertainment/index.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Gidan Jarida]] 30a5fydl71s5oe7pxhkk0ni63b3tvy2 0 128587 882941 763130 2026-07-14T15:35:43Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Graham Frederick Richardson''' (27 Satumba 1949 - 8 Nuwamba 2025) ɗan siyasan Jam'iyyar Labour ta Australiya ne wanda ya kasance dan majalisar dattijai na New South Wales daga 1983 zuwa 1994 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ministar majalisar ministoci a duka gwamnatocin Hawke da Keating. Daga baya ya kasance mai sharhi kan kafafen yada labarai, mai magana da yawun jama'a kuma mai ra'ayin siyasa. A lokacin da yake majalisar dattijai, ana yawan kiran Richardson a matsayin "dillali mai ƙarfi" a cikin ƙungiyar 'Yancin Ma'aikata.<ref>http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/opinion/change-in-the-air-as-labor-thinks-defeat/story-e6frg6zo-1225878638970</ref> Kafin shiga majalisar, Richardson ya kasance mai shirya reshen jam'iyyar Labour kuma shine babban sakatare na reshen New South Wales na jam'iyyar daga 1976 zuwa 1983.<ref>https://handbook.aph.gov.au/parliamentarians/4E4</ref> Bayan ya yi ritaya daga siyasa, Richardson ya zama mai sharhi kan harkokin siyasa na Sky News [[Asturaliya|Australia]]. Ya taba karbar bakuncin shirin sharhi na mako-mako Richo. <ref>http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/media/media-diary/mark-latham-joins-alan-jones-on-sky-news-weekly-show/news-story/6b23a1219dd6ce1292b7c5f8d09cfb60</ref><ref name=":1">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Tonight</ref> ==Rayuwar farko== Graham Richardson an haife shi ne a [[Sydney]] a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1949 kuma shine ɗayan da ya tsira.<ref name=":0">The fixer: the untold story of Graham Richardson</ref> 3  na Frederick "Fred" James Richardson da Catherine "Peggy" Maud Richardson (née Graham), waɗanda, bi da bi, sakatariyar jihar New South Wales kuma manajan ofis na Amalgamated Postal and Telecommunications. Ya girma Katolika, ya sami tasiri a lokacin da yake matashi ta fadace-fadacen bangare da suka taso a lokacin rarrabuwar kawuna na 1955.<ref>https://biography.senate.gov.au/richardson-graham-frederick</ref>: 5–12  Shekarunsa na farko na makaranta ya faru a Makarantar Firamare ta St Raphael da ke Hurstville da Kwalejin Marist Kogarah.<ref>Wilkinson, Marian (1966). The fixer: the untold story of Graham Richardson. Port Melbourne: William Heinemann Australia. ISBN 0855616857.</ref> A watan Nuwamba 1965, ya ji rauni mai tsanani a wani hatsarin mota, inda mahaifinsa ke tuki, a gadar Tom Uglys a Dolls Point, wanda ya haifar da cire masa baki, tsagewar hanji da kuma dinki 200 a fuskarsa. Halin da yake ciki ya yi tsanani, har ya kai ga yin ibadar karshe a lokuta biyu a asibiti.<ref name=":0" />: 12  Daga baya ya tuna: ==Rayuwa ta sirri, lafiya da mutuwa== '''Iyali''' Richardson ya yi aure sau biyu. Aurensa na farko shine Cheryl Ruth Gardner a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1973 a wurin almajirinsa.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/nov/08/graham-richardson-dies-richo-former-labor-party-powerbroker-dead-at-76</ref> Tare suna da 'ya'ya biyu, dansu Matthew da 'yar Kate<ref name=":1" />.<ref>https://www.smh.com.au/national/labor-heavyweight-s-knack-for-courting-controversy-undercut-his-ministerial-achievements-20210512-p57r8l.html</ref>Ya auri Amanda Richardson a shekara ta 2007, wadda suka haifi ɗa mai suna D'Arcy.<ref>https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/australian-federal-election-2016-wheelchairbound-graham-richardson-returns-to-tv-20160702-gpx4pb.html</ref> '''Lafiya da cututtuka''' An gano Richardson a cikin 1999 tare da chondrosarcoma, ciwon daji na kashi, kuma an cire manyan ciwace-ciwace guda biyar a cikin ayyuka uku, na ƙarshe a cikin 2012. Watanni bakwai na [[chemotherapy]] ya kasa rage wani ƙari a bangon ƙashinsa. Likitocinsa sun damu cewa yayin da ya girma zai iya mamaye sassan jikinsa. Sun gaya masa cewa yana buƙatar tiyata mai tsauri, wanda aka sani da exenteration pelvic. An ruwaito Richardson yana cewa: "Sun ce duk ya kamata ya fito - hanji, mafitsara, prostate, dubura - kuri'a.". A cikin Afrilu 2016, Richardson ya yi murabus na ɗan lokaci daga shirye-shiryensa na Sky News guda biyu don yin babban tiyata Makonni bayan da aka yi masa tiyata, an ba da rahoton cewa ya sha wahalar numfashi kuma an mayar da shi sashin kula da lafiya. Richardson ya koma Sky News bayan watanni biyu na farfadowa bayan tiyata a cikin lokaci don rufe zaben tarayya na 2016 akan 2 Yuli 2016.<ref>https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/australian-federal-election-2016-wheelchairbound-graham-richardson-returns-to-tv-20160702-gpx4pb.html</ref> Richardson ya mutu a gidansa na Sydney da misalin karfe 3:50 na safe ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2025, yana da shekaru 76 bayan kamuwa da mura da ciwon huhu.[8m Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Ostiraliya ta ba da jana'izar Richardson, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 2025 a Sydney. ====MANAZARTA==== efres3c9g2hyg3u8di9xha8zhn6lfz9 0 128677 883031 763309 2026-07-14T18:34:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arjun Bahadur Thapa''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1956) jami'in diflomasiyyar Nepali ne kuma tsohon Sakatare Janar na SAARC Shi ne na takwas daga zuriyar Anglo-Nepalese yakin ''Bhakti Thapa'' Bhakti Thapa.<ref name="ekantipur">{{Cite web |title=ampnews/2013-12-15/6239 |url=https://nepal.ekantipur.com/ampnews/2013-12-15/6239.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615083407/https://nepal.ekantipur.com/ampnews/2013-12-15/6239.html |archive-date=2018-06-15 |access-date=2017-06-11 |publisher=nepal.ekantipur.com}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ya kammala digiri na biyu a fannin Shari'a ta Duniya (Honours) a [[Peoples' Friendship University|Jami'ar Abokantaka ta Jama'a]], [[Moscow]], a 1983 da kuma difloma a cikin Gudanar da Muhalli a Jami'an Adelaide, Australia, a 1994. <ref name="DND2">{{Cite web |date=28 May 2014 |title="United we prosper, divided we disappear", says Arjun Bahadur Thapa, Secretary General of SAARC |url=http://www.dnd.com.pk/interview-of-arjun-bahadur-thapa-secretary-general-of-saarc/ |publisher=}}</ref> Ya yi karatu a Moscow na tsawon shekaru 6, sannan ya tafi Nepal. == Ayyuka == Thapa ya rike mukamai da yawa a lokacin aikinsa. Ya kasance Sakatare Janar na SAARC, kuma ya kasance Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Jamhuriyar Nepal.:<ref name="DND">{{Cite web |date=28 May 2014 |title="United we prosper, divided we disappear", says Arjun Bahadur Thapa, Secretary General of SAARC |url=http://www.dnd.com.pk/interview-of-arjun-bahadur-thapa-secretary-general-of-saarc/ |publisher=}}</ref> * Sakatare janar na SAARC (1 Maris 2014 - 1 Maris 2017) <ref name="sg">{{Cite web |title=Nepal's Arjun Bahadur Thapa is SAARC's new Secretary General |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/nepals-arjun-bahadur-thapa-is-saarcs-new-secretary-general/ |access-date=3 March 2014 |website=IANS |publisher=news.biharprabha.com |archive-date=1 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001210527/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/nepals-arjun-bahadur-thapa-is-saarcs-new-secretary-general/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>&nbsp; * Sakataren Harkokin Waje, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Nepal (21 ga Yulin 2013 - Fabrairu 2014) &nbsp; * Sakataren hadin gwiwa, Shugaban Sashen Ƙungiyar Yankin (SAARC & BIMSTEC) da Kakakin, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Nepal (Afrilu 2012 - Yuli 21, 2013) &nbsp; * Sakataren hadin gwiwa, Shugaban Yankin Turai-Amurka, Yankin Gudanarwa, SAARC da BIMSTEC da Kakakin, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Nepal (Fabrairu 2012 - Afrilu 2013) &nbsp; * Jakadan na Musamman da Cikakken Ikilisiya na Nepal a [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] (Disamba 2007 - Janairu 2012) &nbsp; * Sakataren hadin gwiwa, Shugaban SAARC da Sashen Gudanarwa da Kakakin, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Nepal (Fabrairu 2007 - Disamba 2007) &nbsp; * Mataimakin Wakilin Dindindin / Minista Plenipotentiary, Ofishin Jakadancin Nepal zuwa [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], New York (Agusta 2006 - Fabrairu 2007) &nbsp; * Charge d' Affaires, a.i., Ofishin Jakadancin Nepal zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, New York (Nuwamba 2005 - Agusta 2006) &nbsp; * Mataimakin Wakilin Dindindin / Minista Plenipotentiary, Ofishin Jakadancin Nepal zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, New York (Disamba 2002 - Nuwamba 2005) &nbsp; * Sakataren hadin gwiwa, Gabas, Kudu maso Gabas, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Sashen Pacific, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Nepal (Ya shiga aikin diflomasiyya ta hanyar bude gasar) (Yuni 1999 - Disamba 2002) &nbsp; * Mataimakin Sakatare, Sashen Shari'a da Yarjejeniya na Duniya, Ma'aikatar Shari'a (1994-99) * Mataimakin Sakatare, Sashen Shari'a da Yarjejeniya na Duniya, Ma'aikatar Shari'a (1993-94) * Jami'in Sashen, Sashen Shari'a da Yarjejeniya na Duniya Ma'aikatar Shari'a (1983-93) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] qc98hvkta3e7uldg51c2tcfa57760nl 0 129220 883114 764610 2026-07-14T23:16:05Z Usman saadu 46863 883114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Gillian_McCain_2014_(cropped).png|thumb|McCain a cikin 2014]] '''Gillian McCain''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1966) mawaki ce ta Kanada, marubuciya, kuma mai tattara hotunan da aka fi sani da Please Kill Me: The Uncensored Oral History of Punk, wanda ta rubuta tare da Legs McNeil . McCain shine marubucin littattafai biyu na waka: ''Tilt'' da Religion . An nuna wasu sassan tarin hotunan da ta "sanya" a cikin mujallu, an buga su a matsayin littattafai masu iyaka, kuma an nuna su a Kamara Club na New York gallery. Ta zauna a kan kwamitin daraktocin Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Nova Scotia a Halifax kuma ta kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci na Shirin Waƙoƙi a Cocin St. Mark a cikin Bowery New York City. == Ilimi da rayuwar mutum == An haifi McCain a Bath, New Brunswick, Kanada . Ta halarci Jami'ar King's College a Halifax, Nova Scotia, inda ta sami B.A a cikin wallafe-wallafen. Ta koma Birnin New York a shekarar 1987 inda ta ci gaba da kammala MA a fannin adabi a Jami'ar New York a 1990. A shekara ta 1988, McCain ta yi karatu a shirin bazara na Cibiyar Naropa. Bayan kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar New York, McCain ta yi hayar da aikin waka a Cocin St. Mark a cikin Bowery, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara shirye-shirye (1991-1994), edita na Poetry Project Newsletter (1994-1995), kuma ta shirya batutuwa hudu na lit-zine Milk. A shekara ta 1991 ta kafa jerin daren Jumma'a - wani taron mako-mako wanda ke nuna shayari, fiction, wadanda ba fiction ba, karatun taken, yabo, laccoci, wasan kwaikwayo da kiɗa. A cikin shekaru hudu ta kawo masu zane-zane sama da ɗari huɗu. Jerin ya ci gaba har zuwa yau. Ta ba da kanta ga rubuce-rubuce na cikakken lokaci a shekarar 1995. McCain ta auri James "Jim" Marshall, marubuci, wanda ta sadu da shi a Poetry Project, a shekara ta 2002. == Mawallafin == === Ba tatsuniyoyi ba === A cikin shekara ta 1996, Grove Press ta buga Please Kill Me: The Uncensored Oral History of Punk, wanda McCain ya rubuta tare da Legs McNeil . Ya ƙunshi abubuwan da aka karɓa daga daruruwan tambayoyin, ''Don Allah Ka Kashe Ni'' yana gabatar da ra'ayi na musamman game da lokaci mai rikitarwa da rikitarwa a tarihin Amurka. Littafin ya kunshi farkon lokacin Punk na Velvet Underground ta hanyar tashi da faduwar gumakan Punk Iggy Pop, Ramones, da sauransu. Don Allah Kill Me ya kasance abin da ya faru nan take kuma tun daga lokacin ya zama al'ada, yana karfafa sabon zamani na tarihin baki na kiɗa. Bayan da aka fara fitar da shi Please Kill Me ya kasance Time Out da Daily News Top Ten littafi na shekara. Wani bita a cikin Time Out New York ya ce littafin, "Ka tashi a can tare da manyan littattafan rock & roll na kowane lokaci. " Sashe na littafin ya bayyana a cikin Vanity Fair a cikin kide-kide tare da sakin littafin a shekara ta 1996. Yanzu an buga shi a Brazil, China, Jamhuriyar Czech, Finland, Faransa, Jamus, Burtaniya, Italiya, Japan, Poland, Rasha, Sweden da Spain. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] 4n23ktd3futnaeed0eixomnjgtahcm7 0 130001 882957 815307 2026-07-14T16:11:02Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}} '''Christopher Austin Lynn''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Afrilun shekarar 1990) [[Kurket|ɗan wasan kurket]] ne na Australiya. Ɗan wasan kurket ne mai hannun dama wanda ke bugawa Queensland da Adelaide Strikers a wasan kurket na cikin gida na Australiya. An haifi Lynn a [[Brisbane|Brisbane, Queensland]], kuma ya halarci Kwalejin St Joseph's Nudgee da Kwalejin Wasanni ta Queensland. An san shi da kasancewa mai harbin manyan ƴan wasa shida. == Farkon aiki da rayuwa == Idan ba ta cikin ayyukan ƙwararru ba, Lynn tana buga wasan kurket na babbar ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta gundumar Toombul da ke [[Brisbane]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynn smashes one-day double ton |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/chris-lynn-double-century-one-day-game-toombul-queensland-premier-cricket-matador-cup-warning/2015-09-13 |access-date=2021-04-08 |website=cricket.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Lynn mai goyon bayan Brisbane Broncos ne a gasar Rugby ta ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-08 |title=Lynn Joins Old 'Enemies' At Broncos Training |url=https://www.broncos.com.au/news/2016/01/08/lynn-joins-old-enemies-at-broncos-training/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Brisbane Broncos |language=en}}</ref> Lynn ya buga wa ƙungiyar Queensland 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 wasa kuma ya fara buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasa mai shekaru 19 a fafatawa da South [[Asturaliya|Australia]] a Gabba a watan Maris na 2010.[1] Bayan mako guda, a wasan da suka yi da Western Australia, ya zira kwallaye 139 a zagaye na biyu kuma ya ceci Queensland daga shan kaye.[2] Ya wakilci Brisbane Heat a gasar Big Bash tsakanin 2011 da 2022.[3] A kakar wasa ta farko, ya yi kwallaye 109 a matsakaicin maki 21.80, [4] a zagaye na biyu ya yi kwallaye 175 a minti 35.00, [5] ciki har da kwallaye 51 a minti 29 da ya buga wa Perth Scorchers [6] kuma a zagaye na uku ya zira kwallaye 198 a minti 28.28 tare da mafi kyawun zagayen da ya buga a wasan da suka yi da Scorchers; a wannan karon ya yi kwallaye 81.[7] == Aikin gida, T20 == === Indiya === Ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar Deccan Chargers a lokacin gasar [[Firimiyar Indiya|Indian Premier League]] ta 2011 da 2012, amma ya samu damar buga wasa ɗaya kacal ga ƙungiyar a IPL 2012. A kakar wasa ta 2014, Kolkata Knight Riders ta ɗauke shi aiki kuma a wasansa na farko shi ne gwarzon wasan, inda kuma ya zira kwallaye 45 a raga 31 kuma ya yi nasarar kama ƙwallon da kyau kusa da iyaka don korar AB de Villiers wanda hakan ya mayar da wasan zuwa zagaye na ƙarshe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynn smashes one-day double ton |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/chris-lynn-double-century-one-day-game-toombul-queensland-premier-cricket-matador-cup-warning/2015-09-13 |access-date=2021-04-08 |website=cricket.com.au |language=en}}</ref> A gasar IPL 2015, Kolkata Knight Riders ta riƙe shi amma ya ji rauni kuma an kore shi daga gasar. Johan Botha ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-08 |title=Lynn Joins Old 'Enemies' At Broncos Training |url=https://www.broncos.com.au/news/2016/01/08/lynn-joins-old-enemies-at-broncos-training/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Brisbane Broncos |language=en}}</ref> Ya buga ƙwallon 50 mafi kyau a rayuwarsa a matsayin wanda ya fara wasan Kolkata Knight Riders da [[Gujarat]] Lions a [[Firimiyar Indiya|gasar IPL]] 2017 inda ya zira kwallaye 8 a raga [https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ipl-2017-gl-vs-kkr-star-of-the-match-chris-lynn-1369734.html] . A wasan da ya biyo baya da [[Mumbai]] Indians, ya ji rauni a kafadarsa yayin da yake ƙoƙarin kama Jos Buttler da ƙarfi. Ya dawo bayan wata 1 kuma ya zira kwallaye 22 da 50 a wasansa na dawowa da Royal Challengers Bangalore, inda shi da Sunil Narine (54 a kashe 17) suka zira kwallaye 105 a zagayen farko na 6. Wannan shine karo na biyu da wata kungiya ta zira kwallaye mafi yawa a tarihin Powerplay a tarihin IPL. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lynn smashes one-day double ton |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/chris-lynn-double-century-one-day-game-toombul-queensland-premier-cricket-matador-cup-warning/2015-09-13 |access-date=2021-04-08 |website=cricket.com.au |language=en}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da kyakkyawan salon wasansa ta hanyar zira kwallaye 84 a wasa na gaba, kodayake abin takaici a rashin nasara. Ya kammala kakar wasa da yawan bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida sama da 180, kuma duk da rashin nasarar da ya yi a mafi yawan kakar wasa, yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa mafi muhimmanci ga Kolkata Knight Riders. Kolkata Knight Riders ta sake shi kafin gwanjon IPL na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-08 |title=Lynn Joins Old 'Enemies' At Broncos Training |url=https://www.broncos.com.au/news/2016/01/08/lynn-joins-old-enemies-at-broncos-training/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Brisbane Broncos |language=en}}</ref> A gwanjon IPL na 2020, Mumbai Indians ta saye shi kafin gasar Premier ta Indiya ta 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chris Lynn |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/326637.html |access-date=8 January 2014 |website=Cricket Players and Officials |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> [[Fayil:Chris_lynn_2018.jpg|alt=Chris Lynn vs New Zealand 2018|thumb|Lynn a wasa da New Zealand (2018)]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] lv0uz91vu2ndkou427vnq7fdmmrzu49 0 130519 883208 767817 2026-07-15T08:21:34Z BnHamid 12586 883208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Hoton titin Downing Street na [[Margaret Thatcher]], Baroness Thatcher, na mai zane Richard Stone an kammala shi a cikin 2009. == Bayyanawa == An nuna Thatcher a matsayin mai sa tufafi mai duhu tare da lu'ulu'u.<ref name="CBC09" /> Hoton ya nuna Thatcher a 1982, jim kadan bayan kammala Falklands War. Stone ya zaɓi ya nuna ta nan da nan bayan yaƙin kamar yadda ya ji cewa akwai " ... wani abu mai ban sha'awa game da kamanninta, ba kawai sauƙi ba amma tufafin da ta sa, duk halin da take ciki".<ref name="CBC09" /> Stone ya bayyana Thatcher a matsayin sananne ga " ... kyakkyawa, kyakkyawar gabatarwa, wata mace wacce dukkanmu za mu iya tunawa da ita kamar yadda take da kyau sosai" kuma "yana da muhimmanci a yi rikodin hankali, hankali, ƙarfin, ƙarfin aiki".<ref name="CBC09" /> Thatcher tana fama da [[Dementia|Rashin hankali]] a lokacin da aka kammala hoton kuma ya gaya wa Stone bayan ya gan shi cewa yana da "kyakkyawan" kuma ya sa ta yi kama da "kyaki".<ref name="CBC09" /> Stone a baya ya zana wasu hotuna huɗu na Thatcher.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihi == [[Fayil:The_Prime_Minister_is_interviewed_by_BBC_Breakfast_(52759950774).jpg|alt=Prime Minister Rishi Sunak is interviewed by Jon Kay for BBC Breakfast television in 10 Downing Street.|left|thumb|Hoton yayin da aka rataye shi a cikin binciken [[Rishi Sunak]], 2023]] Firayim Minista [[Gordon Brown]] ne ya ba da izinin hotunan a cikin shekara ta 2007. Brown ta ba Thatcher girmamawa na hoton da aka fentin bayan ta sadu da ita don shayi a 10 Downing Street a watan Satumbar 2007. Kudin hoton a shekara ta 2009 ya kai £ 100,000, wanda wani mai ba da gudummawa ba tare da izini ba ne ya ba da kuɗin. Thatcher ita ce Firayim Minista na uku kawai da ke da hoton da aka zana a lamba 10 bayan [[Winston Churchill]] da David Lloyd George . <ref name="IndNov09" /> Thatcher ta halarci gabatar da hoton a lamba 10 a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2009. Gordon Brown da matarsa, Saratu ne suka gaishe ta a kan matakai na lamba 10. An bayyana shi a wani liyafar sirri a wannan rana kuma an sanya shi a kan nuni na dindindin a cikin farfajiyar a bene na farko na Number 10 . <ref name="IndNov09" /> Hoton ya rataye a cikin binciken Number 10 wanda ya zama sananne ba a matsayin Thatcher Room. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022 an sayar da wani hoton da ya gabata daga shekara ta 2004 daga tarin dan kasuwa da kuma mai ba da gudummawa na Jam'iyyar Conservative Stuart Wheeler a gwanjo don £ 35,000. An rataye shi a Chilham Castle, gidan Wheeler a Kent.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Poole |first1=Cameron |date=30 August 2024 |title=Colchester artist 'not perturbed' about his Margaret Thatcher painting being moved |url=https://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/24551890.colchester-artist-reacts-margaret-thatcher-portrait-moved/ |access-date=8 September 2024 |work=[[Daily Gazette (Colchester)|Gazette]]}}</ref> A watan Agustan shekara ta 2024 mai ba da labari game da Firayim Minista Keir Starmer, Tom Baldwin, ya ce a cikin tattaunawar da ya yi da Starmer, ya ce hoton ya kasance " ... ɗan damuwa tare da ita tana kallon ku kamar haka, ko ba haka ba?" wanda Starmer ya amince da shi. Baldwin ya tambayi Starmer idan zai "yi watsi da shi" kuma Starmer ya ruwaito ya yi ikirarin tabbatarwa.[1] Baldwin daga baya ya ce ya yi imanin cewa an tura hoton zuwa wani bangare daban na Number 10 "ko wannan shine abin da aka shirya".[1] Bayan zargi, an tabbatar da cewa hoton har yanzu yana rataye a lamba 10 amma an tura shi zuwa ɗakin taro a bene na farko.[undefined][2] Da yake magana a ranar Lahadi tare da Laura Kuenssberg a watan Satumbar 2024, Starmer ya bayyana cewa ba a motsa hoton ba saboda rashin son Thatcher "kowane abu" amma saboda "ba ya son hoton kowa" a cikin binciken, ya fi son shimfidar wurare.[3][4] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cu3wavvhj95c0nq903ahi5nm4ef9k8q 0 130643 883237 768047 2026-07-15T08:29:48Z BnHamid 12586 883237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mari Johanna Kiviniemi''' (an haife ta 27 Satumba 1968) 'yar siyasar Finland ce, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista ta 41 kuma ta biyu ta Finland daga 2010 zuwa 2011. <ref>Skard, Torild (2014) "Finland's three national leaders" in ''Women of power - half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide'', Bristol: Policy Press {{ISBN|978-1-44731-578-0}}, pp. 407-14</ref> Tun daga 25 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, ita ce Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na OECD . <ref>Skard, Torild (2014) "Finland's three national leaders" in ''Women of power - half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide'', Bristol: Policy Press {{ISBN|978-1-44731-578-0}}, pp. 407-14</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Kiviniemi a Seinäjoki, [[Finland]] . Ta girma a yankunan karkara na Kudancin Ostrobothnia, 'yar manomi na kaza, kuma ta tafi makaranta a Jalasjärvi . Yayinda take matashiya a lokacin makarantar sakandare, ta shafe shekara guda a matsayin ɗalibar musayar a Jamus. Ta shiga Jami'ar Helsinki a shekarar 1988 don nazarin tattalin arziki. Kiviniemi 'yar siyasa ce, kuma ta fara tsayawa takara a matsayin dan takarar Majalisar a shekarar 1991, inda ta samu kasa da kuri'u 5,000, yayin da take aiki a matsayin Sakatare Janar na Kungiyar Dalibai ta Tsakiya . <ref>Skard, Torild (2014) "Finland's three national leaders" in ''Women of power - half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide'', Bristol: Policy Press {{ISBN|978-1-44731-578-0}}, pp. 407-14</ref> Shekara bayan kammala aikinta na digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa, ta sake tsayawa takara a babban zaben 1995, a wannan lokacin ta lashe kujerar daga gundumar Kudancin Ostrobothnia tare da kuri'u 9,350. Kiviniemi is also a member of the Helsinki city council, in addition to her work in national politics. She has been on the city council since 2005.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Shugaba na Jam'iyyar Tsakiya === [[Fayil:Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Finland_21_July_2010-1.jpeg|left|thumb|Mari Kiviniemi (hagu) tare da Shugaban Rasha na lokacin Dmitry Medvedev da Shugaban Finland na lokacin Tarja Halonen (dama) ]] A shekara ta 2003, an zabi Kiviniemi a matsayin shugabanci a cikin Jam'iyyar Tsakiya, tana aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban (ɗaya daga cikin uku) har zuwa watan Yunin 2008, lokacin da aka zabe ta a taron jam'iyyar na wannan lokacin rani. Ta zama mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Firayim Minista Matti Vanhanen a shekara ta 2004, kuma ya nada ta sau biyu don aiki a matsayin Ministan majalisar ministoci: na farko a watan Satumbar 2005 a kan wucin gadi lokacin da mai ci ya tafi hutun haihuwa na watanni shida; sannan kuma a cikakken lokaci a watan Afrilu 2007. A ranar 22 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, wata daya bayan Firayim Minista Vanhanen ya sanar da cewa zai sauka a matsayin shugaban (shugaban) na Jam'iyyar Tsakiya a taron Yuni na shekara ta 2010, Kiviniemi ta sanar da takarar ta don gurbin. An kaddamar da kamfen dinta a hukumance a watan Afrilu.<ref>Skard, Torild (2014) "Finland's three national leaders" in ''Women of power - half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide'', Bristol: Policy Press {{ISBN|978-1-44731-578-0}}, pp. 407-14</ref> === Babban zaben 2011 === Babban zaben 2011 ya ga hauhawar jam'iyyar True Finns, wacce ta sami kujeru 35 a kan kudin dukkan bangarorin sai dai daya daga cikin sauran jam'iyyun majalisa. Jam'iyyar Cibiyar Kiviniemi ta fi fama da ita, ta rasa kujeru 16 daga cikin kujeru 51 da suka rike a baya kuma ta fadi daga kasancewa babbar jam'iyya zuwa ta huɗu mafi girma. Kiviniemi da farko ta bayyana cewa jam'iyyarta ba za ta nemi zama wani ɓangare na gwamnati ta gaba ba, amma daga baya ta yarda da gayyatar da Jyrki Katainen ta yi don shiga tattaunawar hadin gwiwa.<ref>Skard, Torild (2014) "Finland's three national leaders" in ''Women of power - half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide'', Bristol: Policy Press {{ISBN|978-1-44731-578-0}}, pp. 407-14</ref> Wadannan tattaunawar sun rushe, duk da haka, kuma bayan wasu jam'iyyun shida sun sanar da cewa sun cimma yarjejeniya, ta gabatar da murabus din gwamnatinta ga Shugaban kasa kuma Katainen ya gaje ta a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 22 ga Yuni 2011. <ref>Skard, Torild (2014) "Finland's three national leaders" in ''Women of power - half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide'', Bristol: Policy Press {{ISBN|978-1-44731-578-0}}, pp. 407-14</ref> Jam'iyyar Tsakiya ta shiga adawa, tare da Kiviniemi ta ci gaba a matsayin shugabarta. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2tg2or9afq3sax4uthoy3lf7tevn794 0 131231 883336 797856 2026-07-15T09:13:19Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 883336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''S. K. Misra''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1932) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne na Indiya da ya yi ritaya, ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa, marubuci kuma tsohon Babban Sakatare na Chandra Sekhar, Firayim Minista na 8 na Indiya. <ref name="S K Misra’s memoirs released 1">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2016 |title=S K Misra's memoirs released 1 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/S-K-Misras-memoirs-released/articleshow/52725530.cms |access-date=26 June 2016}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban sakatare ga manyan ministoci uku na [[Haryana]] kuma tsohon sakatare ne a ma'aikatar yawon bude ido, Jirgin Sama da Aikin noma.<ref name="Flying in High Winds on FPJ">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2016 |title=Flying in High Winds on FPJ |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/weekend/flying-in-high-winds/842529 |access-date=26 June 2016 |publisher=Free Press Journal}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Makarantar Wasanni ta Motilal Nehru, Rai kuma wanda ya kafa shugaban Indian Trust for Rural Heritage and Development . <ref name="S. K. Misra on TNU">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=S. K. Misra on TNU |url=http://www.tnu.in/index.php/admissions/9-explore/270-mr-s-k-misra |access-date=26 June 2016 |publisher=The Neotia University}}</ref> Gwamnatin Indiya ta ba shi lambar yabo ta uku mafi girma ta farar hula ta Padma Bhushan, a cikin 2009, saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga aikin gwamnati na Indiya.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Padma Awards |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 |access-date=3 January 2016 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife shi a jihar Indiya ta [[Uttar Pradesh]] a 1932, Misra ya sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Allahabad kuma ya fara aikinsa a matsayin memba na baiwa a alma mater kafin ya shiga Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Indiya a 1956. <ref name="Where The Wind Blows">{{Cite web |date=21 May 2016 |title=Where The Wind Blows |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/where-the-wind-blows-2811371/ |access-date=26 June 2016}}</ref> Ayyukansa na gwamnati sun fara ne tare da aiki a Patiala da Gabashin Punjab (PEPSU) kuma daga baya ya koma Hisar a matsayin Mataimakin Kwamishinan. Lokacin da Bansi Lal ya zama babban minista na uku na Haryana a shekarar 1968, an nada Misra a matsayin babban sakatarensa kuma ya rike mukamin har zuwa 1975.<ref name="In past, bureaucracy didnt fear speaking up">{{Cite web |date=13 April 2016 |title=In past, bureaucracy didnt fear speaking up |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/in-past-bureaucracy-didnt-fear-speaking-up-589237-2016-04-12 |access-date=26 June 2016 |publisher=India Today}}</ref> Lokacin da ya koma Gwamnatin Tarayya a matsayin Ministan Tsaro, Lal ya ɗauki Misra tare da shi don ci gaba a matsayin babban sakatare.<ref name="Flying in High Winds on FPJ"/> Lokacinsa na biyu a matsayin babban sakatare ya kasance tare da Bhajan Lal wanda ya kasance babban ministan jihar daga 1979 zuwa 1985. Haɗin da ya yi da Bansi Lal ya ci gaba a lokacin wa'adin Lal na biyu a matsayin babban minista (1985-87) kuma Chaudhary Devi Lal, wanda ya gaji shi a matsayin babban Minista ya kuma riƙe Misra a matsayin babban sakatarensa.<ref name="Where The Wind Blows" /> Ya kasance a wannan lokacin, ya ba da gudummawa ga kafa Jami'ar Aikin Gona ta Punjab, a Ludhiana da Hisar da kuma Cibiyar Fasaha ta Fasaha ta Kasa. <ref name="S K Misra’s memoirs released">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2016 |title=S K Misra's memoirs released |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/S-K-Misras-memoirs-released/articleshow/52725530.cms |access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="The Book in my Hand">{{Cite web |date=24 April 2014 |title=The Book in my Hand |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/weekend-reading-the-book-in-my-hand/article8514040.ece |access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> Yayinda Misra ke rike da mukamin, Chandra Sekhar wanda ya zama Firayim Minista na Indiya a shekarar 1990, ya ba shi mukamin a matsayin babban sakatare kuma ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati da ke rike da wannan mukamin.<ref name="Bio Data of S. K. Misra">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Bio Data of S. K. Misra |url=http://inter-corp.org/data/uploads/skmisra.pdf |access-date=26 June 2016 |publisher=Inter-Corp |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008054639/http://inter-corp.org/data/uploads/skmisra.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati, Misra ya yi ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Tarayya kuma daga baya aka nada shi a matsayin darektan janar na Bikin Indiya, jerin bukukuwan al'adu da aka gudanar a Faransa, Amurka, tsohuwar [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] da [[Japan]].[1] A lokaci guda, an kuma haɗa shi da Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH), wani dandalin al'adu wanda Indira Gandhi ya tsara kuma Pupul Jayakar ya kafa shi a 1984 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugabanta na shekaru 10 kuma a matsayin shugaban shekaru 6 masu zuwa. Ya rabu da INTACH a cikin 2010 don ya sami sabuwar ƙungiya a cikin 2011, a ƙarƙashin sunan, The Indian Trust for Rural Heritage and Development, kuma ƙungiyar tana da hannu a ci gaban ƙauyuka da ilimi; suna gudanar da makarantar ƙauye a Hariharpur, a cikin Gundumar Azamgarh ta Uttar Pradesh, [2] tare da haɗin gwiwar Lutyens Trust, [3] Burtaniya.[4] An kuma bayar da rahoton gudummawarsa a kafa Makarantar Wasanni ta Motilal Nehru, Rai, cibiyar haɗin gwiwa a karkashin gwamnatin Haryana da ke Sonipat . [5] Gwamnatin Indiya ta ba shi lambar yabo ta farar hula ta Padma Bhushan a shekara ta 2009. [6] Misra ya rubuta abubuwan da ya samu a lokacin da yake aiki a cikin wani littafi, Flying in High Winds, wanda aka buga a 2016, wanda ke da cikakkun bayanai game da zamansa a matsayin babban sakatare a jihar da cibiyar tare da tarurrukansa da sanannun mutane kamar Jawaharlal Nehru, M. F. Hussain, [[Charles III|Yarima Charles]], Sanjay Gandhi da Ebrahim Alkazi . == Dubi kuma == * Makarantar Wasanni ta Motilal Nehru, Rai * Amincewa ta Kasa ta Indiya don Fasaha da Al'adun Al'adu == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1932]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2fj7m15mqtzmjdzphpz3c8f16lv2ecq 0 132339 883135 839186 2026-07-15T00:59:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Cava_di_Gioia_(Carrara).jpg|thumb|Cava di Gioia, (Gioia Quarries), Carrara, da kuma canjin siffar kololuwar da ba za a iya canzawa ba]] [[Fayil:Logo_NO_CAV.png|thumb|Tambari Babu CAV]] '''No Cav''' wata ƙungiya ce ta zanga-zangar Italiya da ta taso a farkon ƙarni na 21, tana sukar wuraren hakar marmara na Carrara da carbonate a cikin tsaunukan Apuan . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Atlante Italiano dei Conflitti Ambientali, La distruzione delle Alpi Apuane a causa dell'estrazione del marmo |url=https://it.ejatlas.org/conflict/la-devastazione-delle-alpi-apuane-a-causa-dellescavazione-del-marmo}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2020 |title="La coop Levigliani non tutela il Corchia" |url=https://www.lanazione.it/lucca/cronaca/la-coop-levigliani-non-tutela-il-corchia-1.5318876 |access-date=7 January 2026 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430003108/https://www.lanazione.it/lucca/cronaca/la-coop-levigliani-non-tutela-il-corchia-1.5318876 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=No Asse e No Cav il 15 assemblea al Museo Popolare della pineta a Viareggio in vista del corteo nazionale di Carrara |url=http://www.dada-tv.org/2020/10/14/no-asse-e-no-cav-il-15-assemblea-al-museo-popolare-della-pineta-a-viareggio-in-vista-del-corteo-nazionale-di-carrara/ |access-date=2026-01-07 |archive-date=2026-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115025710/https://www.dada-tv.org/2020/10/14/no-asse-e-no-cav-il-15-assemblea-al-museo-popolare-della-pineta-a-viareggio-in-vista-del-corteo-nazionale-di-carrara/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=8 August 2020 |title="Le cave portano ricchezza? Ma se siamo poveri e disoccupati…" |url=https://www.voceapuana.com/attualita/2020/08/08/le-cave-portano-ricchezza-ma-se-siamo-poveri-e-disoccupati/31338/}}</ref> == Suna da tuta == [[Fayil:No_Cav_sticker_at_Bivacco_Aronte_(Passo_della_Focolaccia,_Alpi_Apuane)_at_17.10.2021.jpg|thumb|Babu Alamar Cav a Bivacco Aronte (Passo della Focolaccia, Alpi Apuane )]] An yi amfani da kalmar ''No Cav'', a takaice don "Babu Kogo" (Babu Kwarin Ruwa, a cikin Italiyanci), a karon farko a cikin wani labarin daga [[Il Tirreno]] a cikin 2014 don bayyana masu fafutukar da suka shiga zanga-zangar da Salviamo le Apuane ta shirya (''Save Apuan Alps''). <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=18 May 2014 |title="Salviamo le Apuane", i No Cav "occupano" il monte Carchio |url=https://iltirreno.gelocal.it/massa/cronaca/2014/05/18/news/salviamo-le-apuane-i-no-cav-occupano-il-monte-carchio-1.9252452}}</ref> Tutar No Cav wata alama ce ta launin baƙi da fari ta Vara viaduct na Carrara Private Marble Railway da aka haɗa ta da babban ja X, a sama akwai kalmomin "NO CAV", waɗanda kuma aka yi da ja, a kan farin bango. Wannan alama, wacce ƙirar zane-zanenta ta tuna da ƙungiyar No TAV ta Italiya, ta fara bayyana a shekarar 2020, a lokacin wani taron da masanin muhalli Gianluca Briccolani ya shirya, wanda a shekara mai zuwa, tare da Claudio Grandi da sauransu, suka kafa ƙungiyar Apuane Libere ( ''Free Apuan Alps'' ).{{Cite web |date=10 May 2021 |title=CONFERENZA STAMPA DELL' 8 MAGGIO |url=https://apuanelibere.org/2021/05/10/conferenza-stampa-dell-8-maggio/}}</ref> Duk ƙungiyoyin wannan motsi ba su yi amfani da tutar da kalmar "Babu Cav" ba, kuma wasu daga cikinsu sun fi son amfani da takamaiman ma'anoni. == Halaye == [[Fayil:"No_Cav"_slogan_in_Carrara,_2021.jpg|thumb|Taken "Babu Cav" a cikin Carrara, 2021]] An rarraba ƙungiyar No Cav ta hanyar ƙungiyar Italiya ta Atlas of Environmental Conflicts, wani ɓangare na Environmental Justice Atlas, a matsayin "rikici mai aiki don neman hanyoyin da za su dawwama". Tsawon shekaru, masu ra'ayin kare muhalli sun sami nasarar haɓaka wani motsi na ra'ayi mai zurfi a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a wanda ya shafi jigon kare tsaunukan Apuan. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=25 June 2014 |title=Apuane, le ruspe cancellano i monti |url=https://www.italianostra.org/vi-segnaliamo/apuane-le-ruspe-cancellano-i-monti/}}</ref> Hanyoyin adawa da masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a na No Cav ke amfani da su sun haɗa da zanga-zanga, <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=5 January 2020 |title=Grande successo per la manifestazione a difesa delle Alpi Apuane |url=https://www.up-climbing.com/it/falesia/news/grande-successo-manifestazione-alpi-apuane}} {{Cite web |title=Presidio contro la devastazione delle Apuane in Piazza dei Miracoli |url=https://www.pisatoday.it/cronaca/presidio-devastazione-alpi-apuane-piazza-miracoli-pisa-23-ottobre-2020.html}}</ref> zanga -zanga, <ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=8 August 2020 |title="Cave, le Apuane a rischio distruzione", flash mob ambientalista sul Ponte Vecchio |url=https://www.toscanachiantiambiente.it/cave-le-apuane-a-rischio-distruzione-flash-mob-ambientalista-sul-ponte-vecchio}}</ref> -zangar nuna ƙarfi, <ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=19 November 2015 |title=Le Alpi Apuane e le cave di marmo: l'appello al Presidente della Repubblica |url=http://www.salviamoilpaesaggio.it/blog/2015/11/le-alpi-apuane-e-le-cave-di-marmo-lappello-al-presidente-della-repubblica/}}</ref> ɗaukaka ƙara, [5] koke-koke, <ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=21 October 2013 |title=Una petizione contro la distruzione delle Alpi Apuane |url=https://greenreport.it/news/aree-protette-e-biodiversita/una-petizione-contro-la-distruzione-delle-alpi-apuane }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=":Milani">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2013 |title=Alpi Apuane, petizione (con narrazione incorporata) dell'editore di Transeuropa Milani |url=https://www.affaritaliani.it/culturaspettacoli/alpi-apuane-petizione-con-narrazione-incorporata-dell-editore-di-transeuropa-giulio-milani.html}}</ref> <ref></ref> ayyukan nuna ƙarfi (kamar wanda aka yi a Giro d'Italia 2021 <ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=21 May 2021 |title="Al Giro d'Italia portiamo la tragedia delle Alpi Apuane che scompaiono" |url=https://www.voceapuana.com/attualita/2021/05/21/al-giro-ditalia-portiamo-la-tragedia-delle-alpi-apuane-che-scompaiono/42427/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2021 |title=CONFERENZA STAMPA DELL' 8 MAGGIO |url=https://apuanelibere.org/2021/05/10/conferenza-stampa-dell-8-maggio/}}</ref> ko a kan ƙololuwar Mont Blanc <ref name=":20">{{Cite web |date=23 July 2021 |title=La bandiera "NoCav" di Apuane Libere sventola sulla cima del Monte Bianco |url=https://www.voceapuana.com/attualita/2021/07/23/la-bandiera-nocav-di-apuane-libere-sventola-sulla-cima-del-monte-bianco/44964/}}</ref> <ref name=":21">{{Cite web |title=Le Alpi Apuane svettano sul Monte Bianco grazie a due attivisti |url=https://www.lagazzettadimassaecarrara.it/cronaca/2021/07/le-alpi-apuane-svettano-sul-monte-bianco-grazie-a-due-attivisti/ |access-date=2026-01-07 |archive-date=2021-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231085619/https://www.lagazzettadimassaecarrara.it/cronaca/2021/07/le-alpi-apuane-svettano-sul-monte-bianco-grazie-a-due-attivisti/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ), shingayen hanyoyi, [ <ref></ref> ƙara, <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Ricorso europeo per difendere i valori naturalistici delle Alpi Apuane |url=https://www.lagazzettadimassaecarrara.it/politica/2016/01/ricorso-europeo-per-difendere-i-valori-naturalistici-delle-alpi-apuane/ |access-date=2026-01-07 |archive-date=2022-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104000159/https://www.lagazzettadimassaecarrara.it/politica/2016/01/ricorso-europeo-per-difendere-i-valori-naturalistici-delle-alpi-apuane/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":23">{{Cite web |date=21 July 2021 |title=Dissequestro per la cava di Piastrabagnata, il comitato fa ricorso |url=https://www.luccaindiretta.it/cronaca/2021/07/21/dissequestro-per-la-cava-di-piastrabagnata-il-comitato-fa-ricorso/245523/}}</ref> shirye-shiryen siyasa (a matakin gida, <ref name=":24">{{Cite web |date=13 May 2021 |title='Apuane Libere' denuncia: "Fermate Cava Padulello" |url=https://www.lanazione.it/massa-carrara/cronaca/apuane-libere-denuncia-fermate-cava-padulello-1.6355713}}</ref> na yanki, <ref name=":25">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2021 |title=Apuane Libere diffida la Regione Toscana |url=https://www.lanazione.it/lucca/cronaca/apuane-libere-diffida-la-regione-toscana-1.6901175}}</ref> <ref name=":26">{{Cite web |title=Apuane Libere: "La Regione faccia chiudere tutte le cave nei territori di uso civico" |url=https://www.lagazzettadelserchio.it/garfagnana/2021/10/apuane-libere-la-regione-faccia-chiudere-tutte-le-cave-nei-territori-di-uso-civico/ |access-date=2026-01-07 |archive-date=2021-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022034436/https://www.lagazzettadelserchio.it/garfagnana/2021/10/apuane-libere-la-regione-faccia-chiudere-tutte-le-cave-nei-territori-di-uso-civico/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> na ƙasa, <ref name=":27">{{Cite web |date=18 August 2021 |title=Apertura della cava alla Focolaccia, Apuane libere scrive al ministro |url=https://iltirreno.gelocal.it/massa/cronaca/2021/08/18/news/apertura-della-cava-alla-focolaccia-apuane-libere-scrive-al-ministro-1.40611267}} {{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=Apuane, Tetti (Europa Verde): "Il sequestro dell'ennesima cava è indice di una responsabilità politica" |url=https://www.luccaindiretta.it/mediavalle-e-garfagnana/2021/03/24/apuane-tetti-europa-verde-il-sequestro-dellennesima-cava-e-indice-di-una-responsabilita-politica/228744/}}</ref> na [[Tarayyar Turai|Turai]] <ref name=":29">{{Cite web |title=Il "disastro delle Apuane denunciato all 'Europa intera |url=https://www.italianostra.org/wp-content/uploads/11-apuane.pdf}}</ref> <ref name=":30">{{Cite web |date=18 September 2020 |title=Il disastro apuano sul tavolo della Commissione Europea |url=https://gognablog.sherpa-gate.com/il-disastro-apuano-sul-tavolo-della-commissione-europea/}}</ref> <ref name=":31">{{Cite web |date=21 July 2014 |title=Caso cave di marmo delle Alpi Apuane al vaglio dell'Ue |url=https://www.ansa.it/europa/notizie/rubriche/altrenews/2014/07/21/caso-cave-di-marmo-delle-alpi-apuane-al-vaglio-dellue_97936af5-8dd9-4be6-bf4a-3f3bab25621c.html}}</ref> da na ƙasashen duniya <ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2021 |title=Dossier all'Onu sul "disastro delle Apuane" |url=https://www.lanazione.it/massa-carrara/cronaca/dossier-allonu-sul-disastro-delle-apuane-1.6818415}}</ref> ), bayanan jama'a, <ref name=":33">{{Cite web |date=12 December 2019 |title="Fermiamo lo scempio sulle Alpi Apuane", assemblea pubblica all'ex Cat |url=https://www.voceapuana.com/attualita/2019/12/12/fermiamo-lo-scempio-sulle-alpi-apuane-assemblea-pubblica-allex-cat/23973/}}</ref> matsin lamba ga kamfanoni, <ref name=":34">{{Cite web |date=25 February 2021 |title="Bulgari, ritiri lo spot! Alle cave solo distruzione" |url=https://www.lanazione.it/massa-carrara/cronaca/bulgari-ritiri-lo-spot-alle-cave-solo-distruzione-1.6063217}}</ref> <ref name=":Sea Shepherd">{{Cite web |date=18 February 2022 |title=Sea Shepherd su shooting nelle Apuane: "Ci siamo attivati con Got Bag che ha accolto le nostre rimostranze |url=https://ecodellalunigiana.it/sea-shepherd-shooting-apuane-attivati-got-bag-che-ha-accolto-rimostranze}}</ref> shirye-shiryen takardu masu zaman kansu, <ref name=":24" /> <ref name=":36">{{Cite web |title=Legambiente Carrara, Come le cave Come le cave inquinano le sorgenti inquinano le sorgenti |url=https://www.legambientecarrara.it/nuovo/wp-content/uploads/allegati/2006-03-17-Cave-Inquin-Sorgenti-Legambiente.pdf}}</ref> da kuma fafutukar kafofin watsa labarai . <ref name=":6"/> [[Fayil:A_No_Cav_slogan_near_Canevara_(Massa).jpg|thumb|Babu taken Cav a kan wata alama ta hanya kusa da ƙauyen Canevara (Massa)]] Daga cikin taken yakin neman zaben da suka taso daga zanga-zangar, banda No Cav, akwai "Basta Cave" <ref></ref> (wanda aka fassara da ''Enough Quarries'' : ''Stop the Quarries'' ), "Giù le mani dalla montagna" <ref></ref> ( ''Hands off the Mountain'' ), "Fermiamo la devastazione" <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2021 |title=CONFERENZA STAMPA DELL' 8 MAGGIO |url=https://apuanelibere.org/2021/05/10/conferenza-stampa-dell-8-maggio/}}</ref> ( ''Mu dakatar da Bala'i'' ), "Taimako Alps na Apuan", <ref></ref> "Le cave uccidono il passato e il futuro" <ref name=":3"/> wanda ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban ke bi: == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i8kg0erawri5rjdpdnkubp4ne352qin 0 133228 883183 773771 2026-07-15T08:13:40Z BnHamid 12586 883183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mahfoozur Rahman Nami''' (Mayu 1911 - 17 Nuwamba 1963) masanin musulmi ne na Indiya, ɗan siyasa kuma marubuci. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Jamia Miftahul Uloom da Darul Uloom Deoband . Ya kafa Madrasa Nūr-ul-Ulūm da Kwalejin Azad Inter a Bahraich . == Tarihin rayuwa == Nami was born in May 1911. He completed his primary studies at Jamia Miftahul Uloom with Abul Lateef Nomani and Habib al-Rahman al-'Azmi. Nami entered the Darul Uloom Deoband 1344 AH, where he studied with Hussain Ahmad Madani, Izaz Ali Amrohi and Ibrahim Balyawi. He graduated in 1348 AH.<ref name="nur" /> Nami ta kafa Madrasa Nūr-ul-Ulum a Bahraich . Ya kuma kafa makarantar sakandare ta Maulana Azad Nur-ul-Ulūm, wacce yanzu ake kira Kwalejin Azad Inter, a Bahraich. Ya tsaya takara a Zaben lardin Indiya na 1946 a kan tikitin Majalisar Dokokin Indiya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Uttar Pradesh daga 1946 zuwa 1951. Ya kasance Sakataren majalisa a Ma'aikatar Ilimi . <ref name="juned" /> A cikin 1359 AH, Darul Uloom Deoband ya zaba shi a matsayin memba na kotu na Jami'ar Musulmi ta Aligarh tare da Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi da Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi. Nami ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 1963 a Bahraich kuma an binne shi kusa da kabarin Shah Naeemullah Bahraichi . == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == Nani ya rubuta ''Miftah al-Qur'an'', wanda Darul Uloom Azaadville, wani seminary na Islama a Azaadville ya karɓa, a cikin tsarin karatun su. Sauran ayyukansa sun hada da: * ''Muallim ul Alkur'ani'' * ''Rahmani Qiada'' * ''Hilal Bagh'' * ''Musalmanan-E-Hind ka Taleemi Masla'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == * {{Cite journal |date=14 December 1963 |title=Mahfoozur Rahman Nami's profile |journal=Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha Ki Karywahi |language=Hindi |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |volume=243 |issue=8 |page=1099}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1911]] [[Category:Mutuwan 1963]] n808g5mv9mole8jkj8chahyow31ogfp 0 133817 882942 785821 2026-07-14T15:36:21Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 882942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Edward Arthur Seykota''' (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Agustan shekarar 1946) ɗan kasuwa ne na kayayyaki, wanda ya sami digiri na BS a Injiniyan Lantarki daga MIT da Gudanarwa daga Makarantar Gudanarwa ta MIT Sloan, duka a shekarar 1969. A shekarar 1970, Seykota ya fara kasuwanci ta hanyar amfani da kwamfutocin kati na farko don gwada ra'ayoyin ciniki na kasuwa. Seykota ya zauna a Incline Village, [[Nevada]], a gefen arewa na Tafkin Tahoe, amma ya ƙaura zuwa [[Texas]]. == Sana'a == Tun yana ƙarami ya kuma yi makarantar sakandare kusa da [[Hague|The Hague]], [[Holand|Netherlands]] kuma ya zauna a Voorburg . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-12 |title=Famous Traders and Their Strategies: Episode 6 – Ed Seykota |url=https://www.orbex.com/blog/en/2018/06/famous-traders-and-their-strategies-ed-seykota |access-date=2020-01-20 |website=Orbex Forex Trading Blog |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 1970, ya fara amfani da tsarin ciniki na kwamfuta (wanda yanzu ake kira Tsarin Ciniki) don kasuwar nan gaba ta gidan dillalan da shi da Michael Marcus suka yi aiki a kai. Daga baya, ya yanke shawarar yin kasuwanci da kansa tare da sarrafa wasu daga cikin asusun abokan cinikinsa. Yawancin nasarorin Seykota an danganta su ne da haɓaka da amfani da tsarin ciniki na kwamfuta, wanda ya fara gwadawa a kan babban kwamfutar IBM. Daga baya, gidan dillalan da yake aiki da shi ya ɗauki tsarinsa don sana'o'insu. Sha'awarsa ta ƙirƙirar tsarin kwamfuta ta ƙaru bayan ya karanta wasiƙar Richard Donchian kan amfani da tsarin bin diddigin tsarin injiniya don ciniki da kuma tsarin matsakaicin motsi na Donchian na kwanaki 5 da 20. ''Tunawa da Mai Kula da Hannun Jari'' na Edwin Lefèvre shi ma ya zaburar da Seykota. Seykota ya gina tsarin ciniki na farko bisa ga matsakaicin motsi mai faɗi. ''Ed Seykota, Masu sihiri na Kasuwa'' {{Cquote|Systems don't need to be changed. The trick is for a trader to develop a system with which he is compatible.}} Seykota ya inganta wannan tsarin a tsawon lokaci, yana daidaita shi don ya dace da salon ciniki da abubuwan da yake so. Duk da cewa sigar farko ta tsarin ta kasance mai tsauri, daga baya ya gabatar da ƙarin ƙa'idodi, abubuwan da ke haifar da tsari, da kuma tsarin sarrafa kuɗi. Wani ɓangare na nasararsa shi ne ainihin ƙaunarsa ga ciniki da kuma kyakkyawan halinsa. Waɗannan abubuwan sun ci gaba da ƙarfafa ƙoƙarinsa na ci gaba da inganta tsarinsa, kodayake bai taɓa canza alamun amsawar tsarin ba, maimakon haka ya daidaita abubuwan da ke motsa kasuwa. == Kabilar Ciniki == A shekarar 1992, Seykota ya tara ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa don tattauna motsin zuciyarsu saboda damuwarsa cewa 'yan kasuwa galibi suna barin motsin zuciyarsu ya mamaye tunaninsu. Suna fara taruwa akai-akai, kuma Seykota ya haɓaka hanyoyi don tallafawa ci gaban mutum. Tsawon shekaru, ya faɗaɗa ya haɗa da ƙabilu a duk faɗin duniya da mutane a cikin sana'o'i da yawa. Membobi suna taimakawa wajen haɓaka tsarin ayyuka na yau da kullun da Seykota ke kira TTP, Tsarin Kabilar Ciniki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ed's FAQ April 1-10, 2013 |url=https://www.seykota.com/tt/2013/Apr/01-10/default.html}}</ref> Ya bayyana waɗannan ra'ayoyi da ayyuka a cikin littafinsa ''The Trading Tribe'' (2005) da kuma inganta shi a cikin wani labarin kan layi mai suna ''TTP Extensions: Sauya Tsarin Zero-Point tare da Tsarin Duwatsu'' (2013). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Seykota |first=Ed |date=10 Dec 2013 |title=TTP Extensions: Replacing the Zero-Point Process with the Rocks Process |url=https://www.seykota.com/tt/Pages/Book/Extensions/TTP_Extensions.pdf |access-date=2018-08-20 |website=Seykota.com}}</ref> == Littattafai == * ''Kabilar Ciniki'' (2005) * ''Gwamnati a rana ta 39'' (2013) == Tasiri == A cikin littafin Market Wizards, An sabunta: Hira da Manyan 'Yan Kasuwa, marubuci Jack D. Schwager ya keɓe babi ɗaya ga Seykota kuma ya rubuta cewa "nasarorin da ya samu dole ne su sanya shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan kasuwa na zamaninmu." == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] ccy10i48dl784kewt9g2dpxi6fa2aq8 0 133867 883215 774998 2026-07-15T08:23:16Z BnHamid 12586 883215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Thomas Gaëtan Bong (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1988) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Kamaru wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan baya na hagu. Ya buga wasanni 16 a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kamaru. A baya ya buga wasa a matakin manya a ƙungiyar Metz, Tours, Valenciennes, Olympiacos, Wigan Athletic, Brighton & Hove Albion, Nottingham Forest kuma ya wakilci Faransa a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21, kafin ya koma ƙasarsa ta Kamaru. == Ayyuka == === FC Metz === An haifi Bong ne a Sackbayeme, garin sanannen mai tsaron gida Jacques Songo'o . Ya fara aikinsa a cikin matasa na Metz yana da shekaru goma sha huɗu, bayan ya fara ne a Cibiyar Horar da La Madine a asalinsa Kamaru.<ref name="Bong Cameroon">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2009 |title=G. Bong : "Franchir des paliers avec VA" |url=http://www.va-fc.com/fr/saison/actualite/article/3120/G-Bong-Franchir-des-paliers-avec-VA.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228204319/http://www.va-fc.com/fr/saison/actualite/article/3120/G-Bong-Franchir-des-paliers-avec-VA.html |archive-date=28 December 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |publisher=Valenciennes FC |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Bong La Madine Training Centre">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2005 |title=Et Maintenant Bong |url=https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/club/et-maintenant-bong |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227213431/https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/club/et-maintenant-bong |archive-date=27 December 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |publisher=FC Metz |language=fr}}</ref> Bong ya kasance daga cikin matasa na FC Metz lokacin da ya taimaka wa tawagar ta lashe gasar 25 ta "Mondial de la Saint-Pierre" ta hanyar doke FC Nantes a kan hukunci a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2002. <ref>{{cite news |title=Gaëtan Bong |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur24018.html |access-date=26 August 2019 |language=fr |newspaper=L'Équipe |location=Paris}}</ref> Yayinda yake ci gaba da ƙungiyar matasa, Olivier Perrin ya yi sharhi game da Bong, yana cewa: "Shi mai fafatawa ne na gaske. Har yanzu yana da aiki da yawa da zai yi, musamman a bangaren fasaha. A jiki, yana iya maimaita ƙoƙarin da ya fi dacewa. Amma babban ingancinsa shine ya yi nasara wajen yin amfani da mafi yawan iyawarsa. " A watan Yulin 2005, yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa huɗu da suka sami BEP LEC bayan sakamakon jarrabawarsa. <ref name="Bong La Madine Training Centre">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2005 |title=Et Maintenant Bong |url=https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/club/et-maintenant-bong |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227213431/https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/club/et-maintenant-bong |archive-date=27 December 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |publisher=FC Metz |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2005 |title=BAC ET BEP 2005: DE BONS RÉSULTATS POUR LE CENTRE DE FORMATION |url=https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/formation/bac-et-bep-2005-de-bons-resultats-pour-le-centre-de-formation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227213431/https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/formation/bac-et-bep-2005-de-bons-resultats-pour-le-centre-de-formation |archive-date=27 December 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |publisher=FC Metz |language=fr}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2005, Bong ya ji rauni yayin horo wanda ke buƙatar sutura.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaëtan Bong |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur24018.html |access-date=26 August 2019 |language=fr |newspaper=L'Équipe |location=Paris}}</ref> Watanni biyu bayan haka, an kira shi zuwa tawagar farko a karo na farko yana da shekaru goma sha bakwai.<ref name="Bong La Madine Training Centre">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2005 |title=Et Maintenant Bong |url=https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/club/et-maintenant-bong |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227213431/https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/club/et-maintenant-bong |archive-date=27 December 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |publisher=FC Metz |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gaëtan Bong |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur24018.html |access-date=26 August 2019 |language=fr |newspaper=L'Équipe |location=Paris}}</ref> Bong ya fara buga wasan farko na FC Metz a kan Sochaux a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005, ya fara dukkan wasan, a 1-1 draw. Ya bayyana wasu wasanni biyu daga baya a kakar 2005-06. Koyaya, ya sha wahala da raunin da ya gan shi ya kasance a gefe don sauran kakar 2005-06. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2006 |title=POINT SUR LES BLESSURES |url=https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/equipe-pro/point-sur-les-blessures |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227213119/https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/equipe-pro/point-sur-les-blessures |archive-date=27 December 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |publisher=FC Metz |language=fr}}</ref> Duk da wannan, Bong ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arsa ta farko tare da kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2006 |title=NOUVEAUX CONTRATS |url=https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/equipe-pro/nouveaux-contrats |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227213432/https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/equipe-pro/nouveaux-contrats |archive-date=27 December 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |publisher=FC Metz |language=fr}}</ref> Bong ya ci gaba da murmurewa daga raunin da ya samu a farkon kakar 2006-07, [undefined] yana wasa ga ƙungiyar masu ajiyar kulob din don samun lokacin wasa. [undefined] Ya koma tawagar farko a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2006 a matsayin mai maye gurbin marigayi a nasarar 2-0 a kan Guingamp.[2] Bong ya sake farawa a wasan 0-0 da ya yi da FC Istres a ranar 22 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006.[undefined] Koyaya, an sauke Bong daga ƙungiyar farko kuma bai sake yin wasa ba, saboda damar ƙungiyarsa ta farko, da kuma, damuwarsa game da rauni.[1] A ƙarshen kakar 2006-07, Bong ya buga wasanni biyu a duk gasa. === Mata na Valencian === [[Fayil:Gaëtan_Bong_(Valenciennes).png|thumb|Bong yana warming for Valenciennes a cikin 2010.]] === Olympiacos === A ranar 19 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Olympiacos na £ 850,000, ya sanya hannu ka kwangilar shekaru uku. A baya an haɗa Bong da tafiya zuwa Olympiacos, wanda ke da sha'awar sanya hannu a kansa. Bong ya fara wasan farko na Olympiacos, ya fara dukkan wasan a matsayin hagu, a cikin nasarar 2-1 a kan Atromitos a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta 2013. Wannan ya biyo bayan kiyaye takardu biyu masu tsabta a wasanni biyu masu zuwa. Kwanaki uku bayan haka a ranar 17 ga Satumba 2013, ya fara buga [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] a wasan da ya yi da [[Paris Saint-Germain]] 4-1 kuma ya ci gaba da buga wasanni hudu a gasar zakarurorin Turai ta UEFA. Koyaya, Bong ya kasance a gefe na tsawon watanni biyu, saboda ci gaba da raunin idon sa da ƙafa. Ya dawo a matsayin mai maye gurbin marigayi a cikin nasara 4-0 a kan [[PAOK FC|PAOK]]_rivalry" id="mwAXc" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Olympiacos–PAOK rivalry">abokan hamayya 'PAOK a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba. Bong sannan ya sanya burin ga Alejandro Domínguez don ya zira kwallaye na uku na kulob din a wasan, a cikin nasarar 3-0 a kan Ergotelis a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2013. Wata daya bayan haka a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun 2014, ya zira kwallaye na farko ga kulob din, a wasan 4-0 da ya yi da Asteras Tripolis a gasar cin Kofin Girka. A lokacin da ya ci Skoda Xanthi 2-0 a ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Bong ya sami cin zarafin wariyar launin fata daga magoya bayan Skoda Xantshi; bayan wasan, ya yi Allah wadai da aikin ta hanyar asusun kafofin sada zumunta. Daga 1 ga Disamba 2013 zuwa 26 ga Janairu 2014, Bong ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai tsabta guda takwas a jere, wanda ya buga wasanni shida. A cikin kakar 2013-14, Bong shine zaɓi na farko na hagu-baya duk da cewa an sanya shi a kan benci na maye gurbin. A ƙarshen kakar 2013-14, inda ya buga wasanni ashirin da takwas kuma ya zira kwallaye sau ɗaya a duk gasa, ya taimaka wa Olympiacos ta lashe lambar yabo ta 41 ta Superleague Girka a wannan kakar. Koyaya, a cikin kakar 2014-15, Bong ya sami damar tawagarsa ta farko a Olympiacos ta iyakance, saboda ya fadi daga tagomashi a ƙarƙashin sabon gudanarwar Michel kuma ana sa ran barin lokacin rani, wanda bai taɓa faruwa ba. An sanar da shi a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun 2015 cewa Olympiacos ya dakatar da kwangilar Bong. === Wigan Athletic === A ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2015, Bong ya sanya hannu a kulob din Ingila Wigan Athletic kan kwangila na ɗan gajeren lokaci.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaëtan Bong |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur24018.html |access-date=26 August 2019 |language=fr |newspaper=L'Équipe |location=Paris}}</ref> Ya fara wasan farko na Wigan Athletic, ya fara dukkan wasan, a cikin asarar 1-0 a kan Cardiff City a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2015. Tun lokacin da ya shiga kulob din, Bong da sauri ya zama na farko na kungiyar, yana wasa a matsayin hagu na baya. Koyaya, an tabbatar da raguwar Wigan daga Gasar a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2015. A ƙarshen kakar 2014-15, inda ya buga wasanni goma sha huɗu, an saki Bong a ƙarshen kakar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaëtan Bong |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur24018.html |access-date=26 August 2019 |language=fr |newspaper=L'Équipe |location=Paris}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fumdl5kkg10136j7heewcog7fkxzqhu 883226 883215 2026-07-15T08:27:03Z Hafsah3639 35826 Gyara 883226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Thomas Gaëtan Bong (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Afrilu shekarar 1988) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Kamaru wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan baya na hagu. Ya buga wasanni 16 a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kamaru. A baya ya buga wasa a matakin manya a ƙungiyar Metz, Tours, Valenciennes, Olympiacos, Wigan Athletic, Brighton & Hove Albion, Nottingham Forest kuma ya wakilci Faransa a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21, kafin ya koma ƙasarsa ta Kamaru. == Ayyuka == === FC Metz === An haifi Bong ne a Sackbayeme, garin sanannen mai tsaron gida Jacques Songo'o . Ya fara aikinsa a cikin matasa na Metz yana da shekaru goma sha huɗu, bayan ya fara ne a Cibiyar Horar da La Madine a asalinsa Kamaru.<ref name="Bong Cameroon">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2009 |title=G. Bong : "Franchir des paliers avec VA" |url=http://www.va-fc.com/fr/saison/actualite/article/3120/G-Bong-Franchir-des-paliers-avec-VA.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228204319/http://www.va-fc.com/fr/saison/actualite/article/3120/G-Bong-Franchir-des-paliers-avec-VA.html |archive-date=28 December 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |publisher=Valenciennes FC |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Bong La Madine Training Centre">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2005 |title=Et Maintenant Bong |url=https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/club/et-maintenant-bong |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227213431/https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/club/et-maintenant-bong |archive-date=27 December 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |publisher=FC Metz |language=fr}}</ref> Bong ya kasance daga cikin matasa na FC Metz lokacin da ya taimaka wa tawagar ta lashe gasar 25 ta "Mondial de la Saint-Pierre" ta hanyar doke FC Nantes a kan hukunci a ranar 22 ga Afrilu shekarar 2002. <ref>{{cite news |title=Gaëtan Bong |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur24018.html |access-date=26 August 2019 |language=fr |newspaper=L'Équipe |location=Paris}}</ref> Yayinda yake ci gaba da ƙungiyar matasa, Olivier Perrin ya yi sharhi game da Bong, yana cewa: "Shi mai fafatawa ne na gaske. Har yanzu yana da aiki da yawa da zai yi, musamman a bangaren fasaha. A jiki, yana iya maimaita ƙoƙarin da ya fi dacewa. Amma babban ingancinsa shine ya yi nasara wajen yin amfani da mafi yawan iyawarsa. " A watan Yulin 2005, yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa huɗu da suka sami BEP LEC bayan sakamakon jarrabawarsa. <ref name="Bong La Madine Training Centre">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2005 |title=Et Maintenant Bong |url=https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/club/et-maintenant-bong |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227213431/https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/club/et-maintenant-bong |archive-date=27 December 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |publisher=FC Metz |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2005 |title=BAC ET BEP 2005: DE BONS RÉSULTATS POUR LE CENTRE DE FORMATION |url=https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/formation/bac-et-bep-2005-de-bons-resultats-pour-le-centre-de-formation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227213431/https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/formation/bac-et-bep-2005-de-bons-resultats-pour-le-centre-de-formation |archive-date=27 December 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |publisher=FC Metz |language=fr}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2005, Bong ya ji rauni yayin horo wanda ke buƙatar sutura.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaëtan Bong |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur24018.html |access-date=26 August 2019 |language=fr |newspaper=L'Équipe |location=Paris}}</ref> Watanni biyu bayan haka, an kira shi zuwa tawagar farko a karo na farko yana da shekaru goma sha bakwai.<ref name="Bong La Madine Training Centre">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2005 |title=Et Maintenant Bong |url=https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/club/et-maintenant-bong |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227213431/https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/club/et-maintenant-bong |archive-date=27 December 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |publisher=FC Metz |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gaëtan Bong |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur24018.html |access-date=26 August 2019 |language=fr |newspaper=L'Équipe |location=Paris}}</ref> Bong ya fara buga wasan farko na FC Metz a kan Sochaux a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005, ya fara dukkan wasan, a 1-1 draw. Ya bayyana wasu wasanni biyu daga baya a kakar 2005-06. Koyaya, ya sha wahala da raunin da ya gan shi ya kasance a gefe don sauran kakar 2005-06. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2006 |title=POINT SUR LES BLESSURES |url=https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/equipe-pro/point-sur-les-blessures |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227213119/https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/equipe-pro/point-sur-les-blessures |archive-date=27 December 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |publisher=FC Metz |language=fr}}</ref> Duk da wannan, Bong ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arsa ta farko tare da kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2006 |title=NOUVEAUX CONTRATS |url=https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/equipe-pro/nouveaux-contrats |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227213432/https://www.fcmetz.com/2005-2006/actualites/equipe-pro/nouveaux-contrats |archive-date=27 December 2019 |access-date=31 December 2019 |publisher=FC Metz |language=fr}}</ref> Bong ya ci gaba da murmurewa daga raunin da ya samu a farkon kakar 2006-07, [undefined] yana wasa ga ƙungiyar masu ajiyar kulob din don samun lokacin wasa. [undefined] Ya koma tawagar farko a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2006 a matsayin mai maye gurbin marigayi a nasarar 2-0 a kan Guingamp.[2] Bong ya sake farawa a wasan 0-0 da ya yi da FC Istres a ranar 22 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006.[undefined] Koyaya, an sauke Bong daga ƙungiyar farko kuma bai sake yin wasa ba, saboda damar ƙungiyarsa ta farko, da kuma, damuwarsa game da rauni.[1] A ƙarshen kakar 2006-07, Bong ya buga wasanni biyu a duk gasa. === Mata na Valencian === [[Fayil:Gaëtan_Bong_(Valenciennes).png|thumb|Bong yana warming for Valenciennes a cikin 2010.]] === Olympiacos === A ranar 19 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Olympiacos na £ 850,000, ya sanya hannu ka kwangilar shekaru uku. A baya an haɗa Bong da tafiya zuwa Olympiacos, wanda ke da sha'awar sanya hannu a kansa. Bong ya fara wasan farko na Olympiacos, ya fara dukkan wasan a matsayin hagu, a cikin nasarar 2-1 a kan Atromitos a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta 2013. Wannan ya biyo bayan kiyaye takardu biyu masu tsabta a wasanni biyu masu zuwa. Kwanaki uku bayan haka a ranar 17 ga Satumba shekarar 2013, ya fara buga [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] a wasan da ya yi da [[Paris Saint-Germain]] 4-1 kuma ya ci gaba da buga wasanni hudu a gasar zakarurorin Turai ta UEFA. Koyaya, Bong ya kasance a gefe na tsawon watanni biyu, saboda ci gaba da raunin idon sa da ƙafa. Ya dawo a matsayin mai maye gurbin marigayi a cikin nasara 4-0 a kan [[PAOK FC|PAOK]]_rivalry" id="mwAXc" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Olympiacos–PAOK rivalry">abokan hamayya 'PAOK a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba. Bong sannan ya sanya burin ga Alejandro Domínguez don ya zira kwallaye na uku na kulob din a wasan, a cikin nasarar 3-0 a kan Ergotelis a ranar 1 ga Disamba shekarar 2013. Wata daya bayan haka a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun 2014, ya zira kwallaye na farko ga kulob din, a wasan 4-0 da ya yi da Asteras Tripolis a gasar cin Kofin Girka. A lokacin da ya ci Skoda Xanthi 2-0 a ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Bong ya sami cin zarafin wariyar launin fata daga magoya bayan Skoda Xantshi; bayan wasan, ya yi Allah wadai da aikin ta hanyar asusun kafofin sada zumunta. Daga 1 ga Disamba 2013 zuwa 26 ga Janairu shekarar 2014, Bong ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai tsabta guda takwas a jere, wanda ya buga wasanni shida. A cikin kakar 2013-14, Bong shine zaɓi na farko na hagu-baya duk da cewa an sanya shi a kan benci na maye gurbin. A ƙarshen kakar 2013-14, inda ya buga wasanni ashirin da takwas kuma ya zira kwallaye sau ɗaya a duk gasa, ya taimaka wa Olympiacos ta lashe lambar yabo ta 41 ta Superleague Girka a wannan kakar. Koyaya, a cikin kakar 2014-15, Bong ya sami damar tawagarsa ta farko a Olympiacos ta iyakance, saboda ya fadi daga tagomashi a ƙarƙashin sabon gudanarwar Michel kuma ana sa ran barin lokacin rani, wanda bai taɓa faruwa ba. An sanar da shi a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun 2015 cewa Olympiacos ya dakatar da kwangilar Bong. === Wigan Athletic === A ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2015, Bong ya sanya hannu a kulob din Ingila Wigan Athletic kan kwangila na ɗan gajeren lokaci.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaëtan Bong |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur24018.html |access-date=26 August 2019 |language=fr |newspaper=L'Équipe |location=Paris}}</ref> Ya fara wasan farko na Wigan Athletic, ya fara dukkan wasan, a cikin asarar 1-0 a kan Cardiff City a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu shekarar 2015. Tun lokacin da ya shiga kulob din, Bong da sauri ya zama na farko na kungiyar, yana wasa a matsayin hagu na baya. Koyaya, an tabbatar da raguwar Wigan daga Gasar a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2015. A ƙarshen kakar 2014-15, inda ya buga wasanni goma sha huɗu, an saki Bong a ƙarshen kakar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaëtan Bong |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur24018.html |access-date=26 August 2019 |language=fr |newspaper=L'Équipe |location=Paris}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s8fgkndibysja9krqxioi0yehejosw1 0 134123 883232 775488 2026-07-15T08:28:43Z BnHamid 12586 883232 wikitext text/x-wiki Giannis Chasavetis (Girkanci; Smyrna, 1899 - Athens, 1943) ya kasance ɗan Girkanci ne Mai ƙwarewa. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 23, Chasavetis ya bar ƙasarsa a matsayin ɗan gudun hijira daga lalacewar Smyrna ta 1922. Da yake zama a Athens, ya sadu kuma ya yi aiki tare da wasu fitattun masu zane-zane na lokacinsa. Babban jigon waƙoƙin da ya buga shine wahalar da 'yan gudun hijirar Girka suka fuskanta a wannan lokacin. – ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1899]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 1943]] 3yn7g7kdq18c8d6qgpbyonfncpthr8r 883234 883232 2026-07-15T08:28:52Z BnHamid 12586 883234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Giannis Chasavetis (Girkanci; Smyrna, 1899 - Athens, 1943) ya kasance ɗan Girkanci ne Mai ƙwarewa. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 23, Chasavetis ya bar ƙasarsa a matsayin ɗan gudun hijira daga lalacewar Smyrna ta 1922. Da yake zama a Athens, ya sadu kuma ya yi aiki tare da wasu fitattun masu zane-zane na lokacinsa. Babban jigon waƙoƙin da ya buga shine wahalar da 'yan gudun hijirar Girka suka fuskanta a wannan lokacin. – ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1899]] [[Rukuni:Matattun 1943]] fuh7qws359sdxzmzaulrlg3mthg95aj 0 134582 883182 776359 2026-07-15T08:12:59Z BnHamid 12586 883182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amphilochius na Ikoniyu''' (Girkanci) ya kasance [[Kiristanci|Kirista]] bishop na ƙarni na huɗu, ɗan dangin [[Helenawa na Cappadocia|Kappadocian]] na bambanci, an haife shi, watakila a Kaisariya, ca. 339/340, ya mutu mai yiwuwa 394-403. Ana girmama shi a matsayin mai tsarki a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba a cikin Cocin Roman Katolika kuma a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, a cikin Cofin Orthodox . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Calendar of Saints - 22 November |url=http://catholicsaints.mobi/calendar/22-november.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saint Amphilochius, Bishop of Iconium |url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/11/23/103375-saint-amphilochius-bishop-of-iconium}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Mahaifin Amphilochius sanannen lauya ne, kuma mahaifiyarsa Livia ta kasance mai ban mamaki saboda tawali'u da hikima.[1] Wataƙila shi dan uwan farko ne ga Gregory na Nazianzus, kuma an haife shi a cikin yanayin addini na musamman na aristocracy na Kirista na lardinsa. Ya yi karatun shari'a a Antakiya tare da Libanius, ya yi aiki a Constantinople, amma nan da nan ya yi ritaya don ya jagoranci rayuwar addini a kusa da abokinsa da dangi, "masanin tauhidi" na Nazianzus.[1] Ba da daɗewa ba aka jawo shi a cikin tasirin da ke kusa da Basil na Kaisariya, kuma da alama ya kasance memba na Kirista "Birnin Talakawa" wanda Basil ya gina a Kaisariya. A farkon shekara ta 374 ya kasance bishop na muhimmin bishop na Ikoniyu, mai yiwuwa Basil ne ya sanya shi a can, wanda ya ci gaba da taimakawa a harkokin cocin Cappadocian har zuwa mutuwar Basil (379). Daga nan sai ya kasance yana da dangantaka ta kusa da Gregory na Nazianzus, kuma ya bi shi zuwa Majalisar Constantinople (381), inda Jerome ya sadu kuma ya tattauna da shi (De Vir. Ill., c. 133) . A cikin tarihin tauhidin yana da matsayi na musamman don kare allahntakar Ruhu Mai Tsarki a kan Makidoniya. Shi ne Basil ya keɓe aikinsa "A kan Ruhu Mai Tsarki". Ya rubuta irin wannan aikin, yanzu ya ɓace. Mun san, duk da haka, cewa ya karanta shi ga Jerome a lokacin ganawarsu a Constantinople. Yawancin aikin Amphilochius sun ɓace. An sami wa'azi guda takwas, gami da tsohuwar wa'azi da aka sani a kan Bikin Tsarkakewar Ubangiji (In Occursum Domini). ''Magana a Midpentecost'' (''A cikin Mesopentocostem''), yana nufin bikin Mid-Pentecost . Halinsa da damuwarsa game da daidaito na tarihi ya sanya Amphilochius a matsayin wanda ya riga John Chrysostom, wanda watakila ya rinjayi shi. Baya ga wa'azinsa, akwai kuma wata wasika ga majalisa ta Iconium na 376, da kuma aikin koyarwa (na gaskiya mai shakka) ''Epistula Iambica ad Seleucum.'' . "Iambics to Seleucus" mai banƙyama yana ba da asali da mahimmanci na rubuce-rubucen canonical; wasu ɓangarori masu banƙyama, na yanzu a ƙarƙashin sunansa, an ɗauke su daga jawabai na nassi, haruffa masu dogmatic da rubuce-bucen jayayya. Littafin jayayya game da Asceticism na Ƙarya na Amphilochius na Iconium an tsara shi ne a bayyane game da imani da ayyukan 'Encratites' da 'Apotactites' na yankunan karkara na Lycaonia. Da alama an rubuta shi a rabi na biyu na 370s. == Dubi kuma == * Saint Amphilochius (Konya) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 06ge3pw0pvgbc4f14spl8y0qjykv3t3 0 134807 883261 776725 2026-07-15T08:39:02Z BnHamid 12586 883261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Isaak Benrubi''' (24 Mayu 1876 a Thessaloniki - 19 Oktoba 1943 a [[Geneva]]) masanin falsafa ne daga birnin Ottoman na Thessaloniki, ya yi tsayayya da halin al'ada na aikin sani a cikin "batutuwa" da "abubuwa" ga gaskiyar da ke da sha'awar batun da abu: ''"Ba zan iya kasancewa ba tare da sararin samaniya ba, kuma sararin samaniya zai iya kasancewa ba ba tare da ni ba".'' Ya yanke shawarar halartar taron CIC a [[Geneva]] ne kawai bayan ya san cewa [[Albert Einstein]] da Henri Bergson za su halarci. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Benrubi a Thessaloniki, Daular Ottoman, a cikin 1876. Ya fito ne daga tsohuwar iyalin malamai, daga wannan al'ummar Yahudawa na asalin Portuguese, wanda Spinoza ya kasance a Amsterdam. Ya gabatar da rubutunsa a cikin Jamusanci, a karkashin jagorancin babban masanin falsafa Eucken, a kan "Kyakkyawan ɗabi'a na J.J. Rousseau" (1904). A cewar Benrubi, Rousseau shine tushen duk falsafar Jamusanci- daga Kant zuwa Nietzsche - kuma mahaifin ruhaniya na manyan mawaƙa Goethe, Shiller, da Holderlin. Ya yi karatun falsafar kuma ya yi karatu a Jena, Berlin, da Paris (1898-1914). A shekara ta 1904, ya halarci taron 2nd Congress of Philosophy a Geneva, inda ya zauna, yana koyar da tarihin falsafar Turai har zuwa mutuwarsa. Tsakanin 1927 da 1933 Gwamnatin Prussian ta nada shi don koyar da falsafar Faransanci a Bonn, aikin da ya dauka a matsayin aikin al'adu don inganta alaƙar ilimi tsakanin Faransa da Jamus. A cikin aikinsa Benrubi yayi ƙoƙari ya wuce agnosticism da jin kunya na tunanin falsafar zamani, don sake kafa gada tsakanin Kai da abubuwa, don kawar da dualism na hasashe da tunani mai amfani. Marubucin yayi ƙoƙari ya nuna sararin samaniya gaba ɗaya: hadin kan duniya, hadin kan masu rai, kasancewar tseren ɗan adam, hadin kai a cikin bambancinsa, ya zo ƙarshe a ɗabi'a: Hakki na halitta na hadin kan sararin samaniya da ɗan adam. A cikin aikin na biyu, Benrubi ya yi nazarin zurfin manyan ƙungiyoyin falsafar ɗabi'a a cikin rubutun hannu na sama da shafuka 600, wanda aka adana a Bibliothèque de Genève, inda ake nazarin mahimman ra'ayoyin masu shakka, masu alaƙa da masu amfani da su dalla-dalla kuma an kwatanta su - daga Sophists na Girka zuwa Max Stirner da Herbert Spencer, suna wucewa ta Montaigne, [[Blaise Pascal]], La Rochefoucauld, da Helvetus, da sauransu (J. H. Zeilberger). == Ayyuka == * ''J. J. Rousseaus da kuma Ideal'', 1904 * ''Rudolf Euckens kampf um einen neuen idealismus'', 1911 * ''Tunanin zamani na Faransa'', 1926 * ''Philosophische Strömungen der Gegenwart a cikin Frankreich'', 1928 * ''Tushen falsafar zamani a Faransa'', 1933 * ''Abubuwan da suka faru game da Henri Bergson'', Delachaux & Niestlé, Neuchâtel, 1942 * ''Ilimi da ɗabi'a'', 1947 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 1943]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 45gcukbiarw9f5claweqgjc50csk9yp 0 135259 883024 777596 2026-07-14T18:27:33Z Usman saadu 46863 883024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Umarnin inshorar lafiya ko dai wani ma'aikaci ne ko kuma mutum ɗaya da ya nemi inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa maimakon (ko ƙari ga) tsarin inshorar lafiya na ƙasa . [1] == Ostiraliya == Shirin inshorar lafiya na ƙasa na Ostiraliya ana kiransa da Medicare, kuma ana ba da kuɗin ta hanyar haraji na gabaɗaya, gami da harajin Medicare akan albashi; amfani da Medicare ba dole ba ne kuma waɗanda suka sayi inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa suna samun rangwame daga gwamnati akan kuɗin fansho. [1] Mutanen da ke da yawan kuɗin shiga na shekara-shekara (A$70,000 a cikin kasafin kuɗin tarayya na shekarar 2008) waɗanda ba su da takamaiman matakan inshorar asibiti masu zaman kansu suna ƙarƙashin ƙarin ƙarin kuɗin harajin Medicare na 1%. [2] Mutanen da ke da matsakaicin kuɗin shiga ko ƙasa da haka na iya cancanci tallafin kuɗi don siyan inshorar mai zaman kansa, amma ba za su fuskanci hukunci ba idan ba su saya ba. [3] Dole ne kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu su bi sharuɗɗan da aka tabbatar da su da kuma ƙimar al'umma, amma za su iya iyakance ɗaukar nauyin cututtukan da suka riga suka kasance har zuwa shekara guda don hana zaɓin da ba daidai ba . == Japan == [[Japan]] tana da [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|tsarin kula da lafiya na duniya baki ɗaya]] wanda ya tilasta wa dukkan mazauna su sami inshorar lafiya, ko dai a wurin aiki ko ta hanyar kamfanin inshorar al'umma na gida, amma ba ya sanya hukunci ga mutane saboda rashin inshora. <ref name="euro">{{Cite web |last=Tatara |first=Kozo |last2=Okamoto |first2=Etsuji |title=Japan Health system review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/85466/E92927.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106065951/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/85466/E92927.pdf |archive-date=November 6, 2010 |website=European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies}}</ref> Ma'aikatar lafiya ta Japan "tana kula da farashin kula da lafiya har zuwa ƙaramin bayani. Duk bayan shekaru biyu, likitoci da ma'aikatar lafiya suna tattaunawa kan farashi mai ƙayyadadden farashi ga kowace hanya da kowace magani. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye kuɗin inshora zuwa kusan $280 a wata ga matsakaicin dangin Japan." <ref name="JapanPay" /> Gwamnati ce ke tsara kuɗin inshora, tare da garantin fitowar da ƙimar al'umma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Ba a ba wa masu inshora izinin musanta da'awa ko ɗaukar hoto ba, ko kuma su sami riba (ana ɗaukar kuɗin shiga na yau da kullun zuwa shekara mai zuwa, kuma idan ɗaukar kaya ya yi yawa, ƙimar za ta faɗi). <ref name="JapanPay" /> Kimanin kashi 10% suna guje wa kuɗin inshora na tilas; gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi ba sa ba su katunan inshora, waɗanda masu samar da kayayyaki ke buƙata. <ref name="euro" /> Ana samun inshorar sirri ta son rai ta hanyoyi da dama ciki har da ma'aikata da ƙungiyoyin kwadago don rufe kuɗaɗen da inshorar doka ba ta rufe ba, amma wannan ya kai kusan kashi 2% kawai na kuɗin kula da lafiya. <ref name="euro" /> A aikace, likitoci ba za su hana marasa lafiya kulawa a cikin tsarin ƙasa da ƙasa mai rahusa ba saboda su ne mafi yawan marasa lafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma likitoci ba za su iya samun isasshen kuɗi ta hanyar yi wa ƙaramin adadin marasa lafiya da ke da inshorar sirri hidima ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Jimlar kashe kuɗi kusan rabin matakin Amurka ne, kuma masu biyan haraji suna ba da tallafi ga talakawa. == Netherlands == [[Holand|Netherlands]] tana da umarnin inshorar lafiya kuma tana ba wa kamfanonin riba damar yin gasa don mafi ƙarancin tsare-tsaren inshorar ɗaukar hoto, kodayake akwai kuma masu inshorar haɗin gwiwa don haka amfani da mai inshorar kasuwanci don riba ba dole ba ne. Gwamnati tana tsara masu inshora kuma tana gudanar da tsarin daidaita haɗari don tallafawa masu inshora waɗanda ke ba da inshorar abokan ciniki masu tsada. Abubuwa da yawa suna rage matakin kuɗin da ke sauƙaƙa bin umarnin jama'a. Kudin kula da lafiya a Netherlands ya fi matsakaicin Turai amma ya yi ƙasa da na Amurka. Rabin kuɗin inshora ga manya ana biyan su ta hanyar harajin da ya shafi samun kuɗi wanda ke zuwa ga tallafin inshorar sirri ta hanyar tsarin sake inshorar haɗari wanda mai kula da shi ke gudanarwa. Gwamnati tana biyan dukkan kuɗin ga yara. Kashi arba'in cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a sun cancanci tallafin kuɗi. Kimanin kashi 1.5 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a na doka an kiyasta ba su da inshora. Masu tsara dokar Holland ba su yi tunanin wata matsala da rashin bin doka ba, dokar farko ta haifar da wasu takunkumi masu tasiri idan mutum bai ɗauki inshora ko biyan kuɗin inshora ba, kuma gwamnati a halin yanzu tana haɓaka hanyoyin aiwatarwa. == Switzerland == Tsarin [[Switzerland]] yayi kama da na Netherlands inda kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu ke fafatawa don samar da mafi ƙarancin inshorar da ake buƙata don cika umarninta. Kudin inshora ba shi da alaƙa da kuɗin shiga, amma gwamnati tana ba da tallafi ga ƙananan mutane don taimaka musu su biya kuɗin shirinsu. Kimanin kashi 40% na gidaje sun sami wani nau'in tallafi a shekara ta 2004. Mutane suna da 'yancin kashe kuɗi gwargwadon yadda suke so don shirye-shiryensu da siyan ƙarin ayyukan kiwon lafiya idan ana so. Tsarin yana da inshorar kama-da-wane ta hanyar kama-da-wane, tare da kusan kashi 99% na mutanen da ke da inshora. An ƙirƙiri dokokin da ke bayan tsarin a 1996. Wani batu na baya-bayan nan a ƙasar shine hauhawar farashin kula da lafiya, wanda ya fi matsakaicin Turai. Duk da haka, waɗannan hauhawar farashin har yanzu sun ɗan yi ƙasa da ƙaruwar da aka samu a Amurka. <ref name="switz" /> == Amurka == === Tarihi === Gidauniyar Heritage ta fara gabatar da umarnin mutum ɗaya na siyan kiwon lafiya a shekarar 1989 a matsayin madadin kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Stuart Butler, wani tsohon mai goyon bayan umarnin mutum ɗaya a Gidauniyar Heritage, ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|If a young man wrecks his Porsche and has not had the foresight to obtain insurance, we may commiserate, but society feels no obligation to repair his car. But health care is different. If a man is struck down by a heart attack in the street, Americans will care for him whether or not he has insurance.<ref name="nyt-mandate"/>}} Gidauniyar Heritage ta canza matsayinta a shekarar 2011, inda ta kira umarnin da aka bayar na mutum ɗaya ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Tun daga farkonta, ra'ayin ikon mutum ɗaya ya samu goyon bayan 'yan siyasa [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|na jam'iyyar Republican]] a matsayin hanyar kasuwa mai 'yanci don sake fasalin kula da lafiya. Masu goyon bayan sun haɗa da Charles Grassley, Mitt Romney, da John Chafee . An ji cewa ikon mutum ɗaya ya yi daidai da ƙa'idodin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na alhakin mutum ɗaya, kuma ƙungiyoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun fahimci cewa kasuwar kiwon lafiya ta musamman ce. A shekarar 1993, Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] ya gabatar da kudirin gyara harkokin kiwon lafiya wanda ya kunshi umarni ga ma'aikata su samar da inshorar lafiya ga dukkan ma'aikata ta hanyar kasuwar da aka tsara ta kungiyoyin kula da lafiya da kuma umarnin mutum daya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Duk da haka, shirin Clinton ya gaza a daidai lokacin da ake fargabar cewa yana da sarkakiya ko kuma ba gaskiya ba ne, kuma a lokacin da ake fuskantar tarin tallace-tallace marasa kyau da ba a taba gani ba wanda kungiyoyin siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masana'antar inshorar lafiya suka dauki nauyinsa. A lokacin, sanatocin Republican sun gabatar da kudirin da zai bukaci mutane, ba ma'aikata ba, su sayi inshora, a matsayin madadin shirin Clinton. Shirin [[Hillary Clinton]] a shekarar 2008 ya kuma haɗa da ikon mutum ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Manufa === Bukatar izinin ɗaukar inshora a cikin tsarin da aka tsara kamar yadda yake a yanzu a Amurka na tasowa ne lokacin da ake ƙoƙarin samar da inshorar lafiya ga dukkan mutane, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin da suke ciki ba. Kayan aiki ne da ake amfani da shi lokacin da ake buƙatar kamfanonin inshora su bayar da inshora a farashi ɗaya ga duk waɗanda suke so, kamar yadda suke ƙarƙashin Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi. Manufar umarnin tarayya ko jiha na ɗaukar inshora shine don guje wa matsalolin masu hawa babur da matsalolin zaɓi mara kyau a wuraren inshorar lafiya, ta yadda ba za a sami mutane da yawa da suka fi rashin lafiya ba, ko tsofaffi da suka fi fuskantar rashin lafiya, a cikin wuraren inshorar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Idan akwai zaɓi mara kyau da yawa, farashin kuɗi na iya ƙaruwa, ko kuma ya yi yawa, kuma ana iya kiransa " masu mutuwa ", inda farashin farashi ya kai matsayi mai tsanani, domin mutanen da suka fi rashin lafiya ne kawai ke cikin wuraren. === Massachusetts === An fara aiwatar da dokar inshorar lafiya ta mutum ɗaya a matakin jiha: dokar gyaran lafiyar Massachusetts ta 2005. A shekarar 2006, ɗan Republican Mitt Romney, gwamnan Massachusetts a lokacin, ya sanya hannu kan dokar mutum ɗaya tare da goyon bayan jam'iyyu biyu. A shekarar 2007, wani kudirin Majalisar Dattawa wanda ke ɗauke da dokar tarayya, wanda Bob Bennett ( [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|R]] - [[Utah|UT]] ) da Ron Wyden ( D - [[Oregon|OR]] ) suka rubuta, ya jawo goyon bayan jam'iyyu biyu. Kafin a zartar da dokar, farashin kula da lafiya ga kowane mutum a Massachusetts ya fi kowanne yanki a ƙasar ban da DC. Daga shekarr 2003 zuwa 2008 (shekaru uku kafin da kuma shekaru biyu bayan an zartar da ita) kuɗin inshorar Massachusetts ya ci gaba da zarce sauran Amurka, duk da haka, yawan ci gaban Massachusetts daga shekara zuwa shekara ya ragu sakamakon dokar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, more than 97 percent of Massachusetts residents were insured, which made it the state with the lowest percentage of people without health insurance.<ref name="PoliticoNJ">{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Katie |date=May 30, 2018 |title=New Jersey becomes second state to adopt individual health insurance mandate |url=https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703093104/https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |archive-date=July 3, 2019 |access-date=May 31, 2018 |website=Politico}}</ref> Ba a dakatar da umarnin jihar Massachusetts na ɗaukar nauyin ɗaukar nauyin ba a lokacin ACA, kuma tsawon shekaru da yawa akwai umarnin Tarayya da na jiha na ɗaukar nauyin ɗaukar nauyin ga mazauna MA. Bayan dakatar da umarnin Tarayya a 2018, umarnin jihar ya ci gaba da aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Wasu sun soki jihar Massachusetts dangane da umarnin saboda bayan ACA, jihar ta ci gaba da dawo da kadarorin Medicaid ƙa'idodi fiye da mafi ƙarancin kuɗin da gwamnatin tarayya ta buƙata (kuɗaɗen kula da dogon lokaci) don su dawo daga kadarori duk kuɗaɗen magani da aka biya a madadin masu karɓar Medicaid masu shekaru 55 zuwa sama, gami da waɗanda suka kai shekaru 55 zuwa sama waɗanda suka sami faɗaɗa Medicaid na ACA. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Sukar da ake yi wa mutanen da abin ya shafa ita ce mutanen da abin ya shafa za su buƙaci a biya cikakken kuɗin magani, ba ma kawai wani nau'in kuɗin da ya yi daidai da na farko ba. Mutanen da abin ya shafa suna ƙarƙashin umarnin, kuma za su biya tarar kin amincewa da faɗaɗa Medicaid na Medicaid ko ACA. Abin da za a iya ɗauka a matsayin rashin adalci shi ne, kodayake umarnin an yi shi ne don manufar da aka faɗa don ba da damar haɗa haɗari yadda ya kamata don inshora, mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin dawo da duk kuɗaɗen likita ba su da haɗarin tara kansu, kuma suna iya biyan duk kuɗin likita da aka biya musu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Sauran umarnin mutum ɗaya na jiha === New Jersey da Gundumar Columbia sun amince da dokar inshorar lafiya ta mutum ɗaya wadda ta fara aiki daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2019, <ref name="PoliticoNJ">{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Katie |date=May 30, 2018 |title=New Jersey becomes second state to adopt individual health insurance mandate |url=https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703093104/https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |archive-date=July 3, 2019 |access-date=May 31, 2018 |website=Politico}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJennings2018">Jennings, Katie (May 30, 2018). [https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 "New Jersey becomes second state to adopt individual health insurance mandate"]. ''Politico''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190703093104/https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 Archived] from the original on July 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> kuma California, Rhode Island, da Vermont sun fara aiki daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2020. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Sauran jihohi suna ba da ƙimar al'umma da garantin bayar da su ba tare da umarni ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi === Da farko 'yan Republican sun yaba da nasarar da Romney ya samu wajen kafa wani wa'adi na mutum ɗaya a Massachusetts. A lokacin yakin neman zaben Romney na 2008, Sanata Jim DeMint ( [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|R]] - [[South Carolina|SC]] ) ya yaba da ikon Romney na "daukar wasu kyawawan ra'ayoyi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, kamar inshorar lafiya ta mutum ɗaya, da kuma amfani da su ga buƙatar samun inshorar kowa." Romney da kansa ya ce game da wa'adin mutum ɗaya: "Ina alfahari da abin da muka yi. Idan Massachusetts ta yi nasarar aiwatar da shi, to hakan zai zama abin koyi ga ƙasa." A cikin yakin neman zaben shugaban ƙasa na 2008, Sanata [[Barack Obama]] ya yi kamfe a kan wa'adi na mutum ɗaya. Obama ya kai hari ga [[Hillary Clinton]] da John Edwards saboda goyon bayan da suka ba wa wa'adi na mutum ɗaya a lokacin muhawarar farko da kuma a cikin tallan talabijin. Duk da haka, bayan an amince da dokar mutum ɗaya a matsayin babban ɓangare na Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ta Shugaba Obama a 2009, 'yan Republican sun fara adawa da dokar. A shekarar 2009, kowane Sanata ɗan Republican (ciki har da Bennett, wanda ya rubuta dokar 2007 tare da wani umarni) ya kaɗa ƙuri'a don bayyana dokar a matsayin "ba bisa ƙa'ida ba". (Bayanin adawarsa, Bennett daga baya ya ce: "Ban mai da hankali kan cikakkun bayanai na gyaran kamar yadda ya kamata ba, kuma wataƙila da na kaɗa ƙuri'a ta wata hanya idan na fahimci cewa dokar mutum ɗaya ce a cikinta. Kawai ina so in bayyana adawata ga shawarar Obama a kowane lokaci.") Jaridar ''[[New York Times]]'' ta rubuta: "Yana iya zama da wahala a tuna yanzu, idan aka yi la'akari da irin ƙarfin halin da 'yan Republican da yawa ke kai mata hari a matsayin hari ga 'yanci, amma tanadin da ke cikin dokar lafiyar Shugaba Obama wanda ke buƙatar duk Amurkawa su sayi inshorar lafiya ya samo asali ne daga tunanin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya." Sauran 'yan siyasar Republican waɗanda a baya suka goyi bayan wasu manufofi, ciki har da Romney da Orrin Hatch, suma sun fito a matsayin masu suka ga dokar da ke cikin dokokin Obama. A rubuce-rubuce a cikin ''jaridar The New Yorker'', Ezra Klein ya bayyana cewa "sakamakon ƙarshe shine...&nbsp;wata manufa da a da take da goyon baya mai yawa a cikin Jam'iyyar Republican ta fuskanci adawa mai haɗin kai ba zato ba tsammani." <ref name="new-yorker-klein" /> Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi da Obama ya sanya wa hannu a shekarar 2010 ta ƙunshi umarnin mutum ɗaya na fara aiki a shekarar 2014. A ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2013, an buga ƙa'idodi na ƙarshe na umarnin mutum ɗaya a cikin ''Rijistar Tarayya'' ( 78 ), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> tare da ƙananan gyare-gyare da aka buga a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2013 ( 78 ). Ta hanyar Dokar Rage Haraji da Ayyuka ta 2017, an saita umarnin mutum ɗaya na Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi zuwa $0 tun daga shekarar 2019. Dokar ba ta soke umarnin mutum ɗaya ba domin an yanke hukuncin cewa hakan ya karya tsarin sulhu . A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2018, Alkalin Gundumar Reed O'Connor na [[Texas]] ya yanke hukuncin cewa umarnin Obamacare ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki saboda "Ba za a iya sake karanta Dokar Mutum ɗaya a matsayin aikin Harajin Majalisa ba kuma har yanzu ba a yarda da ita ba a ƙarƙashin Sashe na Kasuwanci na Tsakanin Jihohi - ma'ana Dokar Mutum ɗaya ta saɓa wa kundin tsarin mulki." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> California da wasu jihohi da dama sun jagoranci ɗaukaka ƙarar zuwa Kotun Da'ira ta Biyar . Kotun Da'ira ta Biyar ta tabbatar da wani ɓangare na ra'ayin O'Connor game da rashin bin ƙa'ida na ACA ba tare da umarnin mutum ɗaya ba a watan Disamba na 2019. An ɗaga shari'ar zuwa Kotun Koli don a saurari shari'ar a matsayin ''California v. Texas'' a lokacin wa'adin kotun na 2020-21; a cikin hukuncin 7-2 da aka bayar a ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2021, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Texas da sauran jihohin da suka fara ƙalubalantar umarnin mutum ɗaya ba su da tsayayye, domin ba su nuna rauni a baya ko a nan gaba da ya shafi tanadin ba. Kotun Koli ba ta yanke hukunci kan daidaiton ikon mutum ɗaya a wannan shari'ar ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Kalubalen Tsarin Mulki === Babban lauyan jihar Republican ya kalubalanci umarnin ACA a kotunan tarayya. A ranar 28 ga Yuni, 2012, [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta amince da tanadin a matsayin kundin tsarin mulki. Babban Alkali John Roberts ya gabatar da mafi rinjayen ra'ayi a cikin ''National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius'', wanda ya goyi bayan Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi da kuri'u 5-4. Kotun ta yanke hukunci cewa duk da cewa bangaren "umarnin mutum ɗaya" na dokar ba shi da kundin tsarin mulki a ƙarƙashin Sashen Kasuwanci, an fassara shi a matsayin haraji kuma saboda haka yana da inganci a ƙarƙashin ikon Majalisa na "tsaftacewa da karɓar haraji." A cikin takardar aiki ta Satumba 2010, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> wani labarin da ke tafe a cikin ''Jaridar Shari'a da 'Yanci ta Jami'ar New York'', da kuma lacca da aka bayar a NYU, Randy Barnett na Cibiyar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Georgetown ya yi jayayya cewa umarnin ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki a ƙarƙashin koyarwar Kasuwanci da Sashe Masu Muhimmanci da Daidai, kuma aiwatar da shi daidai yake da "sarrafawa mutane." Ya yi jayayya cewa, yin hukunci kan rashin yin wani abu ba zai yiwu ba ne kawai idan an tabbatar da wani muhimmin aiki na mutum. Ya kuma tabbatar da cewa Majalisa ta kasa aiwatar da umarnin a karkashin ikonta na biyan haraji saboda hukuncin ba wai yana samar da kudaden shiga ba ne bisa ga Dokar da kanta. === Sukar umarnin mutum ɗaya === Masu fafutukar inshora ( AHIP ) a Amurka suna fafutukar cewa dokar ta zama dole don tallafawa batun da aka tabbatar da inganci da kuma ƙima ga al'umma, wanda ke iyakance biyan kuɗin inshorar ; masu inshora sun ba da shawarar cewa an yi nufin dokar ne don hana zaɓe mara kyau ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa mutane masu lafiya sun sayi inshora don haka faɗaɗa haɗarin . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> An yi la'akari da dokar a zuciyar shawarwarin gyaran lafiyar lafiya a Amurka <ref name="ask">{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2008 |title=Ask the Experts: Individual Mandates |url=http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006021955/http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2009 |publisher=[[Kaiser Family Foundation]]}}</ref> kuma "wajibi ne" kafin a samar da sharaɗi ga [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kula da lafiya na duniya baki ɗaya]], tunda duk wani gyara da ba dole ba zai kasa faɗaɗa ɗaukar nauyin. <ref name="ask" /> Wani dandalin tattaunawa na AHIP/Kaiser na 2008 ya ambaci umarnin Holland da Switzerland (duba sama); Rahoton da aka buga na AHIP bai ambaci hukunci ba amma ya ce Switzerland "tana aiwatar da dokoki ta hanyoyi da yawa..." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na 2009, Kaiser Health News ta ba da rahoton cewa "Masana'antar inshora a bayyane take tana damuwa game da soke umarnin." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Wasu bincike na [[Shaida ta zahiri|shaidun gwaji]] sun nuna cewa barazanar zaɓin da ba daidai ba an yi shi ne da yawa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> kuma cewa ƙin haɗari da zaɓin da ya dace na iya daidaita shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Misali, jihohin Amurka da yawa suna da garantin fitowar <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> da iyakoki kan ƙima, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> amma Massachusetts ne kawai ke da umarni na mutum ɗaya ; haka nan, kodayake Japan tana da umarni na musamman, kusan kashi 10% na mutane ba sa bin doka, kuma babu hukunci (kawai suna ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da inshora ba - duba sama ). Ba tare da umarni ba, kamfanonin inshora na riba dole ne su dogara da ƙin haɗari don cajin kuɗi akan haɗarin da ake tsammani, amma an takaita su da abin da abokan ciniki ke son biya; umarni yana kawar da wannan ƙuntatawa, yana ba wa kamfanonin inshora damar caji ƙari. Gwamnatocin da ke sanya umarni dole ne su ba da tallafi ga waɗanda ba za su iya biya ba, don haka suna canza farashin ga masu biyan haraji . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> Masanin tattalin arziki na Jami'ar Chicago, Casey B. Mulligan, ya yi jayayya cewa, duk da rashin kyawun zaɓi, ba lallai ba ne a ba da umarnin mutum ɗaya kuma yana rage inganci matuƙar an ba da tallafin inshora sosai.&nbsp;"Masu amfani da kayayyaki waɗanda suka ƙi tallafin gwamnati ta hanyar gazawa, misali, don siyan shirin tallafi, ya kamata mu masu biyan haraji na Tarayya mu gode musu. ACA ta yi akasin haka da 'aikin mutum ɗaya'...." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Wani bincike da ke tabbatar da hujjar Mulligan ya bayyana a cikin [https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/ERP-2019.pdf Rahoton Tattalin Arziki na Shugaban Ƙasa] na 2019, wanda kuma ya kammala da cewa zaɓi mara kyau ba shi da isasshen hujjar tattalin arziki don hana tsare-tsaren da ba a tallafa musu ba waɗanda ke ɗauke da " amfanoni masu mahimmanci " kamar ɗaukar nauyin kula da lafiyar haihuwa ko ta kwakwalwa. Dokar inshora ta fuskanci adawa a fannoni daban-daban na siyasa, tun daga ƙungiyoyin da ke da ra'ayin hagu kamar Jam'iyyar Green da sauran masu fafutukar kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya zuwa ƙungiyoyi [[Siyasa ta dama|masu ra'ayin dama]], kamar Gidauniyar Heritage, FreedomWorks, da Cibiyar Cato da wasu membobin Majalisar Dattawa da Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Masu adawa kamar Michael Cannon, Daraktan Nazarin Manufofin Lafiya a Cibiyar Cato, sun yi jayayya ta falsafa cewa ya kamata mutane su sami 'yancin rayuwa ba tare da tsoma bakin gwamnati a cikin al'umma ba a matsayin batun [[Ƴancin Jama'a|'yancin ɗan adam]] . Ya bayyana cewa gwamnatocin tarayya, jihohi, da ƙananan hukumomi ba sa son ko kuma ba sa iya tara kuɗin da ake buƙata don tallafawa mutanen da ba za su iya biyan inshora a halin yanzu yadda ya kamata ba. Ya kuma bayyana cewa farashin ƙara ɗaukar hoto ya fi sauran gyare-gyare, kamar rage yawan kurakurai da haɗurra a cikin magani, wanda zai yi wa al'umma fa'ida sosai. <ref name="ask">{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2008 |title=Ask the Experts: Individual Mandates |url=http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006021955/http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2009 |publisher=[[Kaiser Family Foundation]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091006021955/http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf "Ask the Experts: Individual Mandates"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[Kaiser Family Foundation]]. January 31, 2008. Archived from [http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 6, 2009.</cite></ref> Binciken ra'ayoyin jama'a daga 2009 zuwa 2012 ya ci gaba da gano cewa yawancin Amurkawa sun ƙi hukunta mutane saboda rashin siyan inshorar lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> <ref name="useit">{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2009 |title=U.S. Voters Back Public Insurance 2-1, But Won't Use It |url=http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1295.xml?ReleaseID=1344 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703001837/http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1295.xml?ReleaseID=1344 |archive-date=July 3, 2009 |access-date=September 4, 2009 |publisher=[[Quinnipiac University]]}}</ref> == Umarnin mai aiki == A Amurka, Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi (PPACA) ta ƙunshi umarnin ma'aikata da na mutum ɗaya waɗanda suka fara aiki a shekarar 2014. Umarnin ma'aikaci na PPACA ya buƙaci duk kasuwancin da ke da ma'aikata 50 ko fiye na cikakken lokaci su samar da mafi ƙarancin inshorar lafiya mai araha ga aƙalla 95% na ma'aikatan cikakken lokaci da waɗanda ke ƙarƙashinsu har zuwa shekaru 26, ko kuma su biya kuɗi nan da shekarar 2016. A cikin manyan ƙasashen EU guda biyu, [[Faransa]] da [[Jamus]], Inshorar Lafiya ta Doka (SHI) ta umarci ma'aikata da ma'aikata su biya kuɗin inshorar lafiya na doka. A Faransa, inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa (PHI) na son rai ne kuma ana amfani da shi don ƙara yawan biyan kuɗi daga tsarin rashin lafiya na doka. Haka nan ya shafi Jamus inda kuma yana yiwuwa a fita daga SHI idan kai mai yawan albashi ne kuma kana cikin PHI amma idan mutum ya kai shekaru 55 kuma yana cikin ɓangaren PHI dole ne ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin PHI kuma ba zai iya komawa cikin SHI ba. Mutanen da ba su da aikin yi yawanci za su iya ci gaba da biyan kuɗinsu ta hanyar inshorar zamantakewa kuma talakawa suna samun tallafi daga gwamnati don samun inshora. Yawancin ma'aikata suna samun inshora ta hanyar zama memba na dole na "asusun rashin lafiya" waɗanda ƙungiyoyi ne marasa riba waɗanda ƙungiyoyin kwadago suka kafa kuma yanzu aka ba su matsayin doka. A Jamus da Faransa, kamar yadda yake a yawancin kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya na Turai, gudummawar da mutum ke bayarwa ga kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya ya bambanta dangane da matakin kuɗin shiga na mutum ba bisa ga yanayin lafiyarsa ba. Kashi 0.2% ne kawai na Jamusawa ba su da inshora, galibi suna aiki da kansu, masu kuɗi da talakawa, da kuma mutanen da suka kasa biyan gudummawa ga inshorar doka ko kuɗin inshorar lafiya na masu zaman kansu. Tsakanin 1990 da 2000, kason kuɗin shiga na SHI na Faransa da ke zuwa kai tsaye daga ma'aikata ta hanyar albashi ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 30% zuwa kashi 3% kawai kuma gudummawar kai tsaye ta ma'aikata shi ma ya faɗi. Bambancin ya samo asali ne ta hanyar ƙaruwar kuɗin shiga daga harajin gwamnati, don haka ya faɗaɗa tushen gudummawar da ake buƙata ga tsarin inshorar lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Canjin kiwon lafiya|Gyaran kula da lafiya]] * Mai ba da shawara kan lafiya * Tattalin arzikin lafiya * [[Inshorar lafiya]] * [[Sabbin Inshorar Lafiya|Sabbin Sabbin Inshorar Lafiya]] * Samar da alhakin da aka raba tsakanin mutane == Nassoshi == .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6fmteaz53bv2bd8vje49k571jc0khb7 883025 883024 2026-07-14T18:29:00Z Usman saadu 46863 883025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Umarnin inshorar lafiya ko dai wani ma'aikaci ne ko kuma mutum ɗaya da ya nemi inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa maimakon (ko ƙari ga) tsarin inshorar lafiya na ƙasa . [1] == Ostiraliya == Shirin inshorar lafiya na ƙasa na Ostiraliya ana kiransa da Medicare, kuma ana ba da kuɗin ta hanyar haraji na gabaɗaya, gami da harajin Medicare akan albashi; amfani da Medicare ba dole ba ne kuma waɗanda suka sayi inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa suna samun rangwame daga gwamnati akan kuɗin fansho. [1] Mutanen da ke da yawan kuɗin shiga na shekara-shekara (A$70,000 a cikin kasafin kuɗin tarayya na shekarar 2008) waɗanda ba su da takamaiman matakan inshorar asibiti masu zaman kansu suna ƙarƙashin ƙarin ƙarin kuɗin harajin Medicare na 1%. [2] Mutanen da ke da matsakaicin kuɗin shiga ko ƙasa da haka na iya cancanci tallafin kuɗi don siyan inshorar mai zaman kansa, amma ba za su fuskanci hukunci ba idan ba su saya ba. [3] Dole ne kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu su bi sharuɗɗan da aka tabbatar da su da kuma ƙimar al'umma, amma za su iya iyakance ɗaukar nauyin cututtukan da suka riga suka kasance har zuwa shekara guda don hana zaɓin da ba daidai ba . == Japan == [[Japan]] tana da [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|tsarin kula da lafiya na duniya baki ɗaya]] wanda ya tilasta wa dukkan mazauna su sami inshorar lafiya, ko dai a wurin aiki ko ta hanyar kamfanin inshorar al'umma na gida, amma ba ya sanya hukunci ga mutane saboda rashin inshora. <ref name="euro">{{Cite web |last=Tatara |first=Kozo |last2=Okamoto |first2=Etsuji |title=Japan Health system review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/85466/E92927.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106065951/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/85466/E92927.pdf |archive-date=November 6, 2010 |website=European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies}}</ref> Ma'aikatar lafiya ta Japan "tana kula da farashin kula da lafiya har zuwa ƙaramin bayani. Duk bayan shekaru biyu, likitoci da ma'aikatar lafiya suna tattaunawa kan farashi mai ƙayyadadden farashi ga kowace hanya da kowace magani. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye kuɗin inshora zuwa kusan $280 a wata ga matsakaicin dangin Japan." <ref name="JapanPay" /> Gwamnati ce ke tsara kuɗin inshora, tare da garantin fitowar da ƙimar al'umma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Ba a ba wa masu inshora izinin musanta da'awa ko ɗaukar hoto ba, ko kuma su sami riba (ana ɗaukar kuɗin shiga na yau da kullun zuwa shekara mai zuwa, kuma idan ɗaukar kaya ya yi yawa, ƙimar za ta faɗi). <ref name="JapanPay" /> Kimanin kashi 10% suna guje wa kuɗin inshora na tilas; gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi ba sa ba su katunan inshora, waɗanda masu samar da kayayyaki ke buƙata. <ref name="euro" /> Ana samun inshorar sirri ta son rai ta hanyoyi da dama ciki har da ma'aikata da ƙungiyoyin kwadago don rufe kuɗaɗen da inshorar doka ba ta rufe ba, amma wannan ya kai kusan kashi 2% kawai na kuɗin kula da lafiya. <ref name="euro" /> A aikace, likitoci ba za su hana marasa lafiya kulawa a cikin tsarin ƙasa da ƙasa mai rahusa ba saboda su ne mafi yawan marasa lafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma likitoci ba za su iya samun isasshen kuɗi ta hanyar yi wa ƙaramin adadin marasa lafiya da ke da inshorar sirri hidima ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Jimlar kashe kuɗi kusan rabin matakin Amurka ne, kuma masu biyan haraji suna ba da tallafi ga talakawa. == Netherlands == [[Holand|Netherlands]] tana da umarnin inshorar lafiya kuma tana ba wa kamfanonin riba damar yin gasa don mafi ƙarancin tsare-tsaren inshorar ɗaukar hoto, kodayake akwai kuma masu inshorar haɗin gwiwa don haka amfani da mai inshorar kasuwanci don riba ba dole ba ne. Gwamnati tana tsara masu inshora kuma tana gudanar da tsarin daidaita haɗari don tallafawa masu inshora waɗanda ke ba da inshorar abokan ciniki masu tsada. Abubuwa da yawa suna rage matakin kuɗin da ke sauƙaƙa bin umarnin jama'a. Kudin kula da lafiya a Netherlands ya fi matsakaicin Turai amma ya yi ƙasa da na Amurka. Rabin kuɗin inshora ga manya ana biyan su ta hanyar harajin da ya shafi samun kuɗi wanda ke zuwa ga tallafin inshorar sirri ta hanyar tsarin sake inshorar haɗari wanda mai kula da shi ke gudanarwa. Gwamnati tana biyan dukkan kuɗin ga yara. Kashi arba'in cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a sun cancanci tallafin kuɗi. Kimanin kashi 1.5 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a na doka an kiyasta ba su da inshora. Masu tsara dokar Holland ba su yi tunanin wata matsala da rashin bin doka ba, dokar farko ta haifar da wasu takunkumi masu tasiri idan mutum bai ɗauki inshora ko biyan kuɗin inshora ba, kuma gwamnati a halin yanzu tana haɓaka hanyoyin aiwatarwa. == Switzerland == Tsarin [[Switzerland]] yayi kama da na Netherlands inda kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu ke fafatawa don samar da mafi ƙarancin inshorar da ake buƙata don cika umarninta. Kudin inshora ba shi da alaƙa da kuɗin shiga, amma gwamnati tana ba da tallafi ga ƙananan mutane don taimaka musu su biya kuɗin shirinsu. Kimanin kashi 40% na gidaje sun sami wani nau'in tallafi a shekara ta 2004. Mutane suna da 'yancin kashe kuɗi gwargwadon yadda suke so don shirye-shiryensu da siyan ƙarin ayyukan kiwon lafiya idan ana so. Tsarin yana da inshorar kama-da-wane ta hanyar kama-da-wane, tare da kusan kashi 99% na mutanen da ke da inshora. An ƙirƙiri dokokin da ke bayan tsarin a 1996. Wani batu na baya-bayan nan a ƙasar shine hauhawar farashin kula da lafiya, wanda ya fi matsakaicin Turai. Duk da haka, waɗannan hauhawar farashin har yanzu sun ɗan yi ƙasa da ƙaruwar da aka samu a Amurka. <ref name="switz" /> == Amurka == === Tarihi === Gidauniyar Heritage ta fara gabatar da umarnin mutum ɗaya na siyan kiwon lafiya a shekarar 1989 a matsayin madadin kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Stuart Butler, wani tsohon mai goyon bayan umarnin mutum ɗaya a Gidauniyar Heritage, ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|If a young man wrecks his Porsche and has not had the foresight to obtain insurance, we may commiserate, but society feels no obligation to repair his car. But health care is different. If a man is struck down by a heart attack in the street, Americans will care for him whether or not he has insurance.<ref name="nyt-mandate"/>}} Gidauniyar Heritage ta canza matsayinta a shekarar 2011, inda ta kira umarnin da aka bayar na mutum ɗaya ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Tun daga farkonta, ra'ayin ikon mutum ɗaya ya samu goyon bayan 'yan siyasa [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|na jam'iyyar Republican]] a matsayin hanyar kasuwa mai 'yanci don sake fasalin kula da lafiya. Masu goyon bayan sun haɗa da Charles Grassley, Mitt Romney, da John Chafee . An ji cewa ikon mutum ɗaya ya yi daidai da ƙa'idodin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na alhakin mutum ɗaya, kuma ƙungiyoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun fahimci cewa kasuwar kiwon lafiya ta musamman ce. A shekarar 1993, Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] ya gabatar da kudirin gyara harkokin kiwon lafiya wanda ya kunshi umarni ga ma'aikata su samar da inshorar lafiya ga dukkan ma'aikata ta hanyar kasuwar da aka tsara ta kungiyoyin kula da lafiya da kuma umarnin mutum daya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Duk da haka, shirin Clinton ya gaza a daidai lokacin da ake fargabar cewa yana da sarkakiya ko kuma ba gaskiya ba ne, kuma a lokacin da ake fuskantar tarin tallace-tallace marasa kyau da ba a taba gani ba wanda kungiyoyin siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masana'antar inshorar lafiya suka dauki nauyinsa. A lokacin, sanatocin Republican sun gabatar da kudirin da zai bukaci mutane, ba ma'aikata ba, su sayi inshora, a matsayin madadin shirin Clinton. Shirin [[Hillary Clinton]] a shekarar 2008 ya kuma haɗa da ikon mutum ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Manufa === Bukatar izinin ɗaukar inshora a cikin tsarin da aka tsara kamar yadda yake a yanzu a Amurka na tasowa ne lokacin da ake ƙoƙarin samar da inshorar lafiya ga dukkan mutane, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin da suke ciki ba. Kayan aiki ne da ake amfani da shi lokacin da ake buƙatar kamfanonin inshora su bayar da inshora a farashi ɗaya ga duk waɗanda suke so, kamar yadda suke ƙarƙashin Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi. Manufar umarnin tarayya ko jiha na ɗaukar inshora shine don guje wa matsalolin masu hawa babur da matsalolin zaɓi mara kyau a wuraren inshorar lafiya, ta yadda ba za a sami mutane da yawa da suka fi rashin lafiya ba, ko tsofaffi da suka fi fuskantar rashin lafiya, a cikin wuraren inshorar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Idan akwai zaɓi mara kyau da yawa, farashin kuɗi na iya ƙaruwa, ko kuma ya yi yawa, kuma ana iya kiransa " masu mutuwa ", inda farashin farashi ya kai matsayi mai tsanani, domin mutanen da suka fi rashin lafiya ne kawai ke cikin wuraren. === Massachusetts === An fara aiwatar da dokar inshorar lafiya ta mutum ɗaya a matakin jiha: dokar gyaran lafiyar Massachusetts ta 2005. A shekarar 2006, ɗan Republican Mitt Romney, gwamnan Massachusetts a lokacin, ya sanya hannu kan dokar mutum ɗaya tare da goyon bayan jam'iyyu biyu. A shekarar 2007, wani kudirin Majalisar Dattawa wanda ke ɗauke da dokar tarayya, wanda Bob Bennett ( [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|R]] - [[Utah|UT]] ) da Ron Wyden ( D - [[Oregon|OR]] ) suka rubuta, ya jawo goyon bayan jam'iyyu biyu. Kafin a zartar da dokar, farashin kula da lafiya ga kowane mutum a Massachusetts ya fi kowanne yanki a ƙasar ban da DC. Daga shekarr 2003 zuwa 2008 (shekaru uku kafin da kuma shekaru biyu bayan an zartar da ita) kuɗin inshorar Massachusetts ya ci gaba da zarce sauran Amurka, duk da haka, yawan ci gaban Massachusetts daga shekara zuwa shekara ya ragu sakamakon dokar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, more than 97 percent of Massachusetts residents were insured, which made it the state with the lowest percentage of people without health insurance.<ref name="PoliticoNJ">{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Katie |date=May 30, 2018 |title=New Jersey becomes second state to adopt individual health insurance mandate |url=https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703093104/https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |archive-date=July 3, 2019 |access-date=May 31, 2018 |website=Politico}}</ref> Ba a dakatar da umarnin jihar Massachusetts na ɗaukar nauyin ɗaukar nauyin ba a lokacin ACA, kuma tsawon shekaru da yawa akwai umarnin Tarayya da na jiha na ɗaukar nauyin ɗaukar nauyin ga mazauna MA. Bayan dakatar da umarnin Tarayya a 2018, umarnin jihar ya ci gaba da aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Wasu sun soki jihar Massachusetts dangane da umarnin saboda bayan ACA, jihar ta ci gaba da dawo da kadarorin Medicaid ƙa'idodi fiye da mafi ƙarancin kuɗin da gwamnatin tarayya ta buƙata (kuɗaɗen kula da dogon lokaci) don su dawo daga kadarori duk kuɗaɗen magani da aka biya a madadin masu karɓar Medicaid masu shekaru 55 zuwa sama, gami da waɗanda suka kai shekaru 55 zuwa sama waɗanda suka sami faɗaɗa Medicaid na ACA. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Sukar da ake yi wa mutanen da abin ya shafa ita ce mutanen da abin ya shafa za su buƙaci a biya cikakken kuɗin magani, ba ma kawai wani nau'in kuɗin da ya yi daidai da na farko ba. Mutanen da abin ya shafa suna ƙarƙashin umarnin, kuma za su biya tarar kin amincewa da faɗaɗa Medicaid na Medicaid ko ACA. Abin da za a iya ɗauka a matsayin rashin adalci shi ne, kodayake umarnin an yi shi ne don manufar da aka faɗa don ba da damar haɗa haɗari yadda ya kamata don inshora, mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin dawo da duk kuɗaɗen likita ba su da haɗarin tara kansu, kuma suna iya biyan duk kuɗin likita da aka biya musu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Sauran umarnin mutum ɗaya na jiha === New Jersey da Gundumar Columbia sun amince da dokar inshorar lafiya ta mutum ɗaya wadda ta fara aiki daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2019, <ref name="PoliticoNJ">{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Katie |date=May 30, 2018 |title=New Jersey becomes second state to adopt individual health insurance mandate |url=https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703093104/https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |archive-date=July 3, 2019 |access-date=May 31, 2018 |website=Politico}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJennings2018">Jennings, Katie (May 30, 2018). [https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 "New Jersey becomes second state to adopt individual health insurance mandate"]. ''Politico''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190703093104/https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 Archived] from the original on July 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> kuma California, Rhode Island, da Vermont sun fara aiki daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2020. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Sauran jihohi suna ba da ƙimar al'umma da garantin bayar da su ba tare da umarni ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi === Da farko 'yan Republican sun yaba da nasarar da Romney ya samu wajen kafa wani wa'adi na mutum ɗaya a Massachusetts. A lokacin yakin neman zaben Romney na 2008, Sanata Jim DeMint ( [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|R]] - [[South Carolina|SC]] ) ya yaba da ikon Romney na "daukar wasu kyawawan ra'ayoyi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, kamar inshorar lafiya ta mutum ɗaya, da kuma amfani da su ga buƙatar samun inshorar kowa." Romney da kansa ya ce game da wa'adin mutum ɗaya: "Ina alfahari da abin da muka yi. Idan Massachusetts ta yi nasarar aiwatar da shi, to hakan zai zama abin koyi ga ƙasa." A cikin yakin neman zaben shugaban ƙasa na 2008, Sanata [[Barack Obama]] ya yi kamfe a kan wa'adi na mutum ɗaya. Obama ya kai hari ga [[Hillary Clinton]] da John Edwards saboda goyon bayan da suka ba wa wa'adi na mutum ɗaya a lokacin muhawarar farko da kuma a cikin tallan talabijin. Duk da haka, bayan an amince da dokar mutum ɗaya a matsayin babban ɓangare na Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ta Shugaba Obama a 2009, 'yan Republican sun fara adawa da dokar. A shekarar 2009, kowane Sanata ɗan Republican (ciki har da Bennett, wanda ya rubuta dokar 2007 tare da wani umarni) ya kaɗa ƙuri'a don bayyana dokar a matsayin "ba bisa ƙa'ida ba". (Bayanin adawarsa, Bennett daga baya ya ce: "Ban mai da hankali kan cikakkun bayanai na gyaran kamar yadda ya kamata ba, kuma wataƙila da na kaɗa ƙuri'a ta wata hanya idan na fahimci cewa dokar mutum ɗaya ce a cikinta. Kawai ina so in bayyana adawata ga shawarar Obama a kowane lokaci.") Jaridar ''[[New York Times]]'' ta rubuta: "Yana iya zama da wahala a tuna yanzu, idan aka yi la'akari da irin ƙarfin halin da 'yan Republican da yawa ke kai mata hari a matsayin hari ga 'yanci, amma tanadin da ke cikin dokar lafiyar Shugaba Obama wanda ke buƙatar duk Amurkawa su sayi inshorar lafiya ya samo asali ne daga tunanin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya." Sauran 'yan siyasar Republican waɗanda a baya suka goyi bayan wasu manufofi, ciki har da Romney da Orrin Hatch, suma sun fito a matsayin masu suka ga dokar da ke cikin dokokin Obama. A rubuce-rubuce a cikin ''jaridar The New Yorker'', Ezra Klein ya bayyana cewa "sakamakon ƙarshe shine...&nbsp;wata manufa da a da take da goyon baya mai yawa a cikin Jam'iyyar Republican ta fuskanci adawa mai haɗin kai ba zato ba tsammani." <ref name="new-yorker-klein" /> Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi da Obama ya sanya wa hannu a shekarar 2010 ta ƙunshi umarnin mutum ɗaya na fara aiki a shekarar 2014. A ranar 30 ga Agusta, shekarar 2013, an buga ƙa'idodi na ƙarshe na umarnin mutum ɗaya a cikin ''Rijistar Tarayya'' ( 78 ), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> tare da ƙananan gyare-gyare da aka buga a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba, a shekara ta 2013 ( 78 ). Ta hanyar Dokar Rage Haraji da Ayyuka ta 2017, an saita umarnin mutum ɗaya na Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi zuwa $0 tun daga shekarar 2019. Dokar ba ta soke umarnin mutum ɗaya ba domin an yanke hukuncin cewa hakan ya karya tsarin sulhu . A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2018, Alkalin Gundumar Reed O'Connor na [[Texas]] ya yanke hukuncin cewa umarnin Obamacare ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki saboda "Ba za a iya sake karanta Dokar Mutum ɗaya a matsayin aikin Harajin Majalisa ba kuma har yanzu ba a yarda da ita ba a ƙarƙashin Sashe na Kasuwanci na Tsakanin Jihohi - ma'ana Dokar Mutum ɗaya ta saɓa wa kundin tsarin mulki." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> California da wasu jihohi da dama sun jagoranci ɗaukaka ƙarar zuwa Kotun Da'ira ta Biyar . Kotun Da'ira ta Biyar ta tabbatar da wani ɓangare na ra'ayin O'Connor game da rashin bin ƙa'ida na ACA ba tare da umarnin mutum ɗaya ba a watan Disamba na 2019. An ɗaga shari'ar zuwa Kotun Koli don a saurari shari'ar a matsayin ''California v. Texas'' a lokacin wa'adin kotun na 2020-21; a cikin hukuncin 7-2 da aka bayar a ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2021, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Texas da sauran jihohin da suka fara ƙalubalantar umarnin mutum ɗaya ba su da tsayayye, domin ba su nuna rauni a baya ko a nan gaba da ya shafi tanadin ba. Kotun Koli ba ta yanke hukunci kan daidaiton ikon mutum ɗaya a wannan shari'ar ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Kalubalen Tsarin Mulki === Babban lauyan jihar Republican ya kalubalanci umarnin ACA a kotunan tarayya. A ranar 28 ga Yuni, 2012, [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta amince da tanadin a matsayin kundin tsarin mulki. Babban Alkali John Roberts ya gabatar da mafi rinjayen ra'ayi a cikin ''National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius'', wanda ya goyi bayan Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi da kuri'u 5-4. Kotun ta yanke hukunci cewa duk da cewa bangaren "umarnin mutum ɗaya" na dokar ba shi da kundin tsarin mulki a ƙarƙashin Sashen Kasuwanci, an fassara shi a matsayin haraji kuma saboda haka yana da inganci a ƙarƙashin ikon Majalisa na "tsaftacewa da karɓar haraji." A cikin takardar aiki ta Satumba 2010, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> wani labarin da ke tafe a cikin ''Jaridar Shari'a da 'Yanci ta Jami'ar New York'', da kuma lacca da aka bayar a NYU, Randy Barnett na Cibiyar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Georgetown ya yi jayayya cewa umarnin ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki a ƙarƙashin koyarwar Kasuwanci da Sashe Masu Muhimmanci da Daidai, kuma aiwatar da shi daidai yake da "sarrafawa mutane." Ya yi jayayya cewa, yin hukunci kan rashin yin wani abu ba zai yiwu ba ne kawai idan an tabbatar da wani muhimmin aiki na mutum. Ya kuma tabbatar da cewa Majalisa ta kasa aiwatar da umarnin a karkashin ikonta na biyan haraji saboda hukuncin ba wai yana samar da kudaden shiga ba ne bisa ga Dokar da kanta. === Sukar umarnin mutum ɗaya === Masu fafutukar inshora ( AHIP ) a Amurka suna fafutukar cewa dokar ta zama dole don tallafawa batun da aka tabbatar da inganci da kuma ƙima ga al'umma, wanda ke iyakance biyan kuɗin inshorar ; masu inshora sun ba da shawarar cewa an yi nufin dokar ne don hana zaɓe mara kyau ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa mutane masu lafiya sun sayi inshora don haka faɗaɗa haɗarin . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> An yi la'akari da dokar a zuciyar shawarwarin gyaran lafiyar lafiya a Amurka <ref name="ask">{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2008 |title=Ask the Experts: Individual Mandates |url=http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006021955/http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2009 |publisher=[[Kaiser Family Foundation]]}}</ref> kuma "wajibi ne" kafin a samar da sharaɗi ga [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kula da lafiya na duniya baki ɗaya]], tunda duk wani gyara da ba dole ba zai kasa faɗaɗa ɗaukar nauyin. <ref name="ask" /> Wani dandalin tattaunawa na AHIP/Kaiser na 2008 ya ambaci umarnin Holland da Switzerland (duba sama); Rahoton da aka buga na AHIP bai ambaci hukunci ba amma ya ce Switzerland "tana aiwatar da dokoki ta hanyoyi da yawa..." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na 2009, Kaiser Health News ta ba da rahoton cewa "Masana'antar inshora a bayyane take tana damuwa game da soke umarnin." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Wasu bincike na [[Shaida ta zahiri|shaidun gwaji]] sun nuna cewa barazanar zaɓin da ba daidai ba an yi shi ne da yawa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> kuma cewa ƙin haɗari da zaɓin da ya dace na iya daidaita shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Misali, jihohin Amurka da yawa suna da garantin fitowar <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> da iyakoki kan ƙima, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> amma Massachusetts ne kawai ke da umarni na mutum ɗaya ; haka nan, kodayake Japan tana da umarni na musamman, kusan kashi 10% na mutane ba sa bin doka, kuma babu hukunci (kawai suna ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da inshora ba - duba sama ). Ba tare da umarni ba, kamfanonin inshora na riba dole ne su dogara da ƙin haɗari don cajin kuɗi akan haɗarin da ake tsammani, amma an takaita su da abin da abokan ciniki ke son biya; umarni yana kawar da wannan ƙuntatawa, yana ba wa kamfanonin inshora damar caji ƙari. Gwamnatocin da ke sanya umarni dole ne su ba da tallafi ga waɗanda ba za su iya biya ba, don haka suna canza farashin ga masu biyan haraji . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> Masanin tattalin arziki na Jami'ar Chicago, Casey B. Mulligan, ya yi jayayya cewa, duk da rashin kyawun zaɓi, ba lallai ba ne a ba da umarnin mutum ɗaya kuma yana rage inganci matuƙar an ba da tallafin inshora sosai.&nbsp;"Masu amfani da kayayyaki waɗanda suka ƙi tallafin gwamnati ta hanyar gazawa, misali, don siyan shirin tallafi, ya kamata mu masu biyan haraji na Tarayya mu gode musu. ACA ta yi akasin haka da 'aikin mutum ɗaya'...." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Wani bincike da ke tabbatar da hujjar Mulligan ya bayyana a cikin [https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/ERP-2019.pdf Rahoton Tattalin Arziki na Shugaban Ƙasa] na 2019, wanda kuma ya kammala da cewa zaɓi mara kyau ba shi da isasshen hujjar tattalin arziki don hana tsare-tsaren da ba a tallafa musu ba waɗanda ke ɗauke da " amfanoni masu mahimmanci " kamar ɗaukar nauyin kula da lafiyar haihuwa ko ta kwakwalwa. Dokar inshora ta fuskanci adawa a fannoni daban-daban na siyasa, tun daga ƙungiyoyin da ke da ra'ayin hagu kamar Jam'iyyar Green da sauran masu fafutukar kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya zuwa ƙungiyoyi [[Siyasa ta dama|masu ra'ayin dama]], kamar Gidauniyar Heritage, FreedomWorks, da Cibiyar Cato da wasu membobin Majalisar Dattawa da Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Masu adawa kamar Michael Cannon, Daraktan Nazarin Manufofin Lafiya a Cibiyar Cato, sun yi jayayya ta falsafa cewa ya kamata mutane su sami 'yancin rayuwa ba tare da tsoma bakin gwamnati a cikin al'umma ba a matsayin batun [[Ƴancin Jama'a|'yancin ɗan adam]] . Ya bayyana cewa gwamnatocin tarayya, jihohi, da ƙananan hukumomi ba sa son ko kuma ba sa iya tara kuɗin da ake buƙata don tallafawa mutanen da ba za su iya biyan inshora a halin yanzu yadda ya kamata ba. Ya kuma bayyana cewa farashin ƙara ɗaukar hoto ya fi sauran gyare-gyare, kamar rage yawan kurakurai da haɗurra a cikin magani, wanda zai yi wa al'umma fa'ida sosai. <ref name="ask">{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2008 |title=Ask the Experts: Individual Mandates |url=http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006021955/http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2009 |publisher=[[Kaiser Family Foundation]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091006021955/http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf "Ask the Experts: Individual Mandates"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[Kaiser Family Foundation]]. January 31, 2008. Archived from [http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 6, 2009.</cite></ref> Binciken ra'ayoyin jama'a daga 2009 zuwa 2012 ya ci gaba da gano cewa yawancin Amurkawa sun ƙi hukunta mutane saboda rashin siyan inshorar lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> <ref name="useit">{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2009 |title=U.S. Voters Back Public Insurance 2-1, But Won't Use It |url=http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1295.xml?ReleaseID=1344 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703001837/http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1295.xml?ReleaseID=1344 |archive-date=July 3, 2009 |access-date=September 4, 2009 |publisher=[[Quinnipiac University]]}}</ref> == Umarnin mai aiki == A Amurka, Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi (PPACA) ta ƙunshi umarnin ma'aikata da na mutum ɗaya waɗanda suka fara aiki a shekarar 2014. Umarnin ma'aikaci na PPACA ya buƙaci duk kasuwancin da ke da ma'aikata 50 ko fiye na cikakken lokaci su samar da mafi ƙarancin inshorar lafiya mai araha ga aƙalla 95% na ma'aikatan cikakken lokaci da waɗanda ke ƙarƙashinsu har zuwa shekaru 26, ko kuma su biya kuɗi nan da shekarar 2016. A cikin manyan ƙasashen EU guda biyu, [[Faransa]] da [[Jamus]], Inshorar Lafiya ta Doka (SHI) ta umarci ma'aikata da ma'aikata su biya kuɗin inshorar lafiya na doka. A Faransa, inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa (PHI) na son rai ne kuma ana amfani da shi don ƙara yawan biyan kuɗi daga tsarin rashin lafiya na doka. Haka nan ya shafi Jamus inda kuma yana yiwuwa a fita daga SHI idan kai mai yawan albashi ne kuma kana cikin PHI amma idan mutum ya kai shekaru 55 kuma yana cikin ɓangaren PHI dole ne ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin PHI kuma ba zai iya komawa cikin SHI ba. Mutanen da ba su da aikin yi yawanci za su iya ci gaba da biyan kuɗinsu ta hanyar inshorar zamantakewa kuma talakawa suna samun tallafi daga gwamnati don samun inshora. Yawancin ma'aikata suna samun inshora ta hanyar zama memba na dole na "asusun rashin lafiya" waɗanda ƙungiyoyi ne marasa riba waɗanda ƙungiyoyin kwadago suka kafa kuma yanzu aka ba su matsayin doka. A Jamus da Faransa, kamar yadda yake a yawancin kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya na Turai, gudummawar da mutum ke bayarwa ga kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya ya bambanta dangane da matakin kuɗin shiga na mutum ba bisa ga yanayin lafiyarsa ba. Kashi 0.2% ne kawai na Jamusawa ba su da inshora, galibi suna aiki da kansu, masu kuɗi da talakawa, da kuma mutanen da suka kasa biyan gudummawa ga inshorar doka ko kuɗin inshorar lafiya na masu zaman kansu. Tsakanin 1990 da 2000, kason kuɗin shiga na SHI na Faransa da ke zuwa kai tsaye daga ma'aikata ta hanyar albashi ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 30% zuwa kashi 3% kawai kuma gudummawar kai tsaye ta ma'aikata shi ma ya faɗi. Bambancin ya samo asali ne ta hanyar ƙaruwar kuɗin shiga daga harajin gwamnati, don haka ya faɗaɗa tushen gudummawar da ake buƙata ga tsarin inshorar lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Canjin kiwon lafiya|Gyaran kula da lafiya]] * Mai ba da shawara kan lafiya * Tattalin arzikin lafiya * [[Inshorar lafiya]] * [[Sabbin Inshorar Lafiya|Sabbin Sabbin Inshorar Lafiya]] * Samar da alhakin da aka raba tsakanin mutane == Nassoshi == .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2n2996rfn9nbh4cgt7ic0ysma4h0zv5 883027 883025 2026-07-14T18:30:42Z Usman saadu 46863 883027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Umarnin inshorar lafiya ko dai wani ma'aikaci ne ko kuma mutum ɗaya da ya nemi inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa maimakon (ko ƙari ga) tsarin inshorar lafiya na ƙasa . [1] == Ostiraliya == Shirin inshorar lafiya na ƙasa na Ostiraliya ana kiransa da Medicare, kuma ana ba da kuɗin ta hanyar haraji na gabaɗaya, gami da harajin Medicare akan albashi; amfani da Medicare ba dole ba ne kuma waɗanda suka sayi inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa suna samun rangwame daga gwamnati akan kuɗin fansho. [1] Mutanen da ke da yawan kuɗin shiga na shekara-shekara (A$70,000 a cikin kasafin kuɗin tarayya na shekarar 2008) waɗanda ba su da takamaiman matakan inshorar asibiti masu zaman kansu suna ƙarƙashin ƙarin ƙarin kuɗin harajin Medicare na 1%. [2] Mutanen da ke da matsakaicin kuɗin shiga ko ƙasa da haka na iya cancanci tallafin kuɗi don siyan inshorar mai zaman kansa, amma ba za su fuskanci hukunci ba idan ba su saya ba. [3] Dole ne kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu su bi sharuɗɗan da aka tabbatar da su da kuma ƙimar al'umma, amma za su iya iyakance ɗaukar nauyin cututtukan da suka riga suka kasance har zuwa shekara guda don hana zaɓin da ba daidai ba . == Japan == [[Japan]] tana da [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|tsarin kula da lafiya na duniya baki ɗaya]] wanda ya tilasta wa dukkan mazauna su sami inshorar lafiya, ko dai a wurin aiki ko ta hanyar kamfanin inshorar al'umma na gida, amma ba ya sanya hukunci ga mutane saboda rashin inshora. <ref name="euro">{{Cite web |last=Tatara |first=Kozo |last2=Okamoto |first2=Etsuji |title=Japan Health system review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/85466/E92927.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106065951/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/85466/E92927.pdf |archive-date=November 6, 2010 |website=European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies}}</ref> Ma'aikatar lafiya ta Japan "tana kula da farashin kula da lafiya har zuwa ƙaramin bayani. Duk bayan shekaru biyu, likitoci da ma'aikatar lafiya suna tattaunawa kan farashi mai ƙayyadadden farashi ga kowace hanya da kowace magani. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye kuɗin inshora zuwa kusan $280 a wata ga matsakaicin dangin Japan." <ref name="JapanPay" /> Gwamnati ce ke tsara kuɗin inshora, tare da garantin fitowar da ƙimar al'umma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Ba a ba wa masu inshora izinin musanta da'awa ko ɗaukar hoto ba, ko kuma su sami riba (ana ɗaukar kuɗin shiga na yau da kullun zuwa shekara mai zuwa, kuma idan ɗaukar kaya ya yi yawa, ƙimar za ta faɗi). <ref name="JapanPay" /> Kimanin kashi 10% suna guje wa kuɗin inshora na tilas; gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi ba sa ba su katunan inshora, waɗanda masu samar da kayayyaki ke buƙata. <ref name="euro" /> Ana samun inshorar sirri ta son rai ta hanyoyi da dama ciki har da ma'aikata da ƙungiyoyin kwadago don rufe kuɗaɗen da inshorar doka ba ta rufe ba, amma wannan ya kai kusan kashi 2% kawai na kuɗin kula da lafiya. <ref name="euro" /> A aikace, likitoci ba za su hana marasa lafiya kulawa a cikin tsarin ƙasa da ƙasa mai rahusa ba saboda su ne mafi yawan marasa lafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma likitoci ba za su iya samun isasshen kuɗi ta hanyar yi wa ƙaramin adadin marasa lafiya da ke da inshorar sirri hidima ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Jimlar kashe kuɗi kusan rabin matakin Amurka ne, kuma masu biyan haraji suna ba da tallafi ga talakawa. == Netherlands == [[Holand|Netherlands]] tana da umarnin inshorar lafiya kuma tana ba wa kamfanonin riba damar yin gasa don mafi ƙarancin tsare-tsaren inshorar ɗaukar hoto, kodayake akwai kuma masu inshorar haɗin gwiwa don haka amfani da mai inshorar kasuwanci don riba ba dole ba ne. Gwamnati tana tsara masu inshora kuma tana gudanar da tsarin daidaita haɗari don tallafawa masu inshora waɗanda ke ba da inshorar abokan ciniki masu tsada. Abubuwa da yawa suna rage matakin kuɗin da ke sauƙaƙa bin umarnin jama'a. Kudin kula da lafiya a Netherlands ya fi matsakaicin Turai amma ya yi ƙasa da na Amurka. Rabin kuɗin inshora ga manya ana biyan su ta hanyar harajin da ya shafi samun kuɗi wanda ke zuwa ga tallafin inshorar sirri ta hanyar tsarin sake inshorar haɗari wanda mai kula da shi ke gudanarwa. Gwamnati tana biyan dukkan kuɗin ga yara. Kashi arba'in cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a sun cancanci tallafin kuɗi. Kimanin kashi 1.5 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a na doka an kiyasta ba su da inshora. Masu tsara dokar Holland ba su yi tunanin wata matsala da rashin bin doka ba, dokar farko ta haifar da wasu takunkumi masu tasiri idan mutum bai ɗauki inshora ko biyan kuɗin inshora ba, kuma gwamnati a halin yanzu tana haɓaka hanyoyin aiwatarwa. == Switzerland == Tsarin [[Switzerland]] yayi kama da na Netherlands inda kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu ke fafatawa don samar da mafi ƙarancin inshorar da ake buƙata don cika umarninta. Kudin inshora ba shi da alaƙa da kuɗin shiga, amma gwamnati tana ba da tallafi ga ƙananan mutane don taimaka musu su biya kuɗin shirinsu. Kimanin kashi 40% na gidaje sun sami wani nau'in tallafi a shekara ta 2004. Mutane suna da 'yancin kashe kuɗi gwargwadon yadda suke so don shirye-shiryensu da siyan ƙarin ayyukan kiwon lafiya idan ana so. Tsarin yana da inshorar kama-da-wane ta hanyar kama-da-wane, tare da kusan kashi 99% na mutanen da ke da inshora. An ƙirƙiri dokokin da ke bayan tsarin a 1996. Wani batu na baya-bayan nan a ƙasar shine hauhawar farashin kula da lafiya, wanda ya fi matsakaicin Turai. Duk da haka, waɗannan hauhawar farashin har yanzu sun ɗan yi ƙasa da ƙaruwar da aka samu a Amurka. <ref name="switz" /> == Amurka == === Tarihi === Gidauniyar Heritage ta fara gabatar da umarnin mutum ɗaya na siyan kiwon lafiya a shekarar 1989 a matsayin madadin kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Stuart Butler, wani tsohon mai goyon bayan umarnin mutum ɗaya a Gidauniyar Heritage, ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|If a young man wrecks his Porsche and has not had the foresight to obtain insurance, we may commiserate, but society feels no obligation to repair his car. But health care is different. If a man is struck down by a heart attack in the street, Americans will care for him whether or not he has insurance.<ref name="nyt-mandate"/>}} Gidauniyar Heritage ta canza matsayinta a shekarar 2011, inda ta kira umarnin da aka bayar na mutum ɗaya ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Tun daga farkonta, ra'ayin ikon mutum ɗaya ya samu goyon bayan 'yan siyasa [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|na jam'iyyar Republican]] a matsayin hanyar kasuwa mai 'yanci don sake fasalin kula da lafiya. Masu goyon bayan sun haɗa da Charles Grassley, Mitt Romney, da John Chafee . An ji cewa ikon mutum ɗaya ya yi daidai da ƙa'idodin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na alhakin mutum ɗaya, kuma ƙungiyoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun fahimci cewa kasuwar kiwon lafiya ta musamman ce. A shekarar 1993, Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] ya gabatar da kudirin gyara harkokin kiwon lafiya wanda ya kunshi umarni ga ma'aikata su samar da inshorar lafiya ga dukkan ma'aikata ta hanyar kasuwar da aka tsara ta kungiyoyin kula da lafiya da kuma umarnin mutum daya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Duk da haka, shirin Clinton ya gaza a daidai lokacin da ake fargabar cewa yana da sarkakiya ko kuma ba gaskiya ba ne, kuma a lokacin da ake fuskantar tarin tallace-tallace marasa kyau da ba a taba gani ba wanda kungiyoyin siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masana'antar inshorar lafiya suka dauki nauyinsa. A lokacin, sanatocin Republican sun gabatar da kudirin da zai bukaci mutane, ba ma'aikata ba, su sayi inshora, a matsayin madadin shirin Clinton. Shirin [[Hillary Clinton]] a shekarar 2008 ya kuma haɗa da ikon mutum ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Manufa === Bukatar izinin ɗaukar inshora a cikin tsarin da aka tsara kamar yadda yake a yanzu a Amurka na tasowa ne lokacin da ake ƙoƙarin samar da inshorar lafiya ga dukkan mutane, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin da suke ciki ba. Kayan aiki ne da ake amfani da shi lokacin da ake buƙatar kamfanonin inshora su bayar da inshora a farashi ɗaya ga duk waɗanda suke so, kamar yadda suke ƙarƙashin Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi. Manufar umarnin tarayya ko jiha na ɗaukar inshora shine don guje wa matsalolin masu hawa babur da matsalolin zaɓi mara kyau a wuraren inshorar lafiya, ta yadda ba za a sami mutane da yawa da suka fi rashin lafiya ba, ko tsofaffi da suka fi fuskantar rashin lafiya, a cikin wuraren inshorar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Idan akwai zaɓi mara kyau da yawa, farashin kuɗi na iya ƙaruwa, ko kuma ya yi yawa, kuma ana iya kiransa " masu mutuwa ", inda farashin farashi ya kai matsayi mai tsanani, domin mutanen da suka fi rashin lafiya ne kawai ke cikin wuraren. === Massachusetts === An fara aiwatar da dokar inshorar lafiya ta mutum ɗaya a matakin jiha: dokar gyaran lafiyar Massachusetts ta 2005. A shekarar 2006, ɗan Republican Mitt Romney, gwamnan Massachusetts a lokacin, ya sanya hannu kan dokar mutum ɗaya tare da goyon bayan jam'iyyu biyu. A shekarar 2007, wani kudirin Majalisar Dattawa wanda ke ɗauke da dokar tarayya, wanda Bob Bennett ( [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|R]] - [[Utah|UT]] ) da Ron Wyden ( D - [[Oregon|OR]] ) suka rubuta, ya jawo goyon bayan jam'iyyu biyu. Kafin a zartar da dokar, farashin kula da lafiya ga kowane mutum a Massachusetts ya fi kowanne yanki a ƙasar ban da DC. Daga shekarr 2003 zuwa 2008 (shekaru uku kafin da kuma shekaru biyu bayan an zartar da ita) kuɗin inshorar Massachusetts ya ci gaba da zarce sauran Amurka, duk da haka, yawan ci gaban Massachusetts daga shekara zuwa shekara ya ragu sakamakon dokar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, more than 97 percent of Massachusetts residents were insured, which made it the state with the lowest percentage of people without health insurance.<ref name="PoliticoNJ">{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Katie |date=May 30, 2018 |title=New Jersey becomes second state to adopt individual health insurance mandate |url=https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703093104/https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |archive-date=July 3, 2019 |access-date=May 31, 2018 |website=Politico}}</ref> Ba a dakatar da umarnin jihar Massachusetts na ɗaukar nauyin ɗaukar nauyin ba a lokacin ACA, kuma tsawon shekaru da yawa akwai umarnin Tarayya da na jiha na ɗaukar nauyin ɗaukar nauyin ga mazauna MA. Bayan dakatar da umarnin Tarayya a 2018, umarnin jihar ya ci gaba da aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Wasu sun soki jihar Massachusetts dangane da umarnin saboda bayan ACA, jihar ta ci gaba da dawo da kadarorin Medicaid ƙa'idodi fiye da mafi ƙarancin kuɗin da gwamnatin tarayya ta buƙata (kuɗaɗen kula da dogon lokaci) don su dawo daga kadarori duk kuɗaɗen magani da aka biya a madadin masu karɓar Medicaid masu shekaru 55 zuwa sama, gami da waɗanda suka kai shekaru 55 zuwa sama waɗanda suka sami faɗaɗa Medicaid na ACA. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Sukar da ake yi wa mutanen da abin ya shafa ita ce mutanen da abin ya shafa za su buƙaci a biya cikakken kuɗin magani, ba ma kawai wani nau'in kuɗin da ya yi daidai da na farko ba. Mutanen da abin ya shafa suna ƙarƙashin umarnin, kuma za su biya tarar kin amincewa da faɗaɗa Medicaid na Medicaid ko ACA. Abin da za a iya ɗauka a matsayin rashin adalci shi ne, kodayake umarnin an yi shi ne don manufar da aka faɗa don ba da damar haɗa haɗari yadda ya kamata don inshora, mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin dawo da duk kuɗaɗen likita ba su da haɗarin tara kansu, kuma suna iya biyan duk kuɗin likita da aka biya musu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Sauran umarnin mutum ɗaya na jiha === New Jersey da Gundumar Columbia sun amince da dokar inshorar lafiya ta mutum ɗaya wadda ta fara aiki daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2019, <ref name="PoliticoNJ">{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Katie |date=May 30, 2018 |title=New Jersey becomes second state to adopt individual health insurance mandate |url=https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703093104/https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |archive-date=July 3, 2019 |access-date=May 31, 2018 |website=Politico}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJennings2018">Jennings, Katie (May 30, 2018). [https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 "New Jersey becomes second state to adopt individual health insurance mandate"]. ''Politico''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190703093104/https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 Archived] from the original on July 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> kuma California, Rhode Island, da Vermont sun fara aiki daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2020. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Sauran jihohi suna ba da ƙimar al'umma da garantin bayar da su ba tare da umarni ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi === Da farko 'yan Republican sun yaba da nasarar da Romney ya samu wajen kafa wani wa'adi na mutum ɗaya a Massachusetts. A lokacin yakin neman zaben Romney na shekarar 2008, Sanata Jim DeMint ( [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|R]] - [[South Carolina|SC]] ) ya yaba da ikon Romney na "daukar wasu kyawawan ra'ayoyi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, kamar inshorar lafiya ta mutum ɗaya, da kuma amfani da su ga buƙatar samun inshorar kowa." Romney da kansa ya ce game da wa'adin mutum ɗaya: "Ina alfahari da abin da muka yi. Idan Massachusetts ta yi nasarar aiwatar da shi, to hakan zai zama abin koyi ga ƙasa." A cikin yakin neman zaben shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2008, Sanata [[Barack Obama]] ya yi kamfe a kan wa'adi na mutum ɗaya. Obama ya kai hari ga [[Hillary Clinton]] da John Edwards saboda goyon bayan da suka ba wa wa'adi na mutum ɗaya a lokacin muhawarar farko da kuma a cikin tallan talabijin. Duk da haka, bayan an amince da dokar mutum ɗaya a matsayin babban ɓangare na Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ta Shugaba Obama a 2009, 'yan Republican sun fara adawa da dokar. A shekarar 2009, kowane Sanata ɗan Republican (ciki har da Bennett, wanda ya rubuta dokar 2007 tare da wani umarni) ya kaɗa ƙuri'a don bayyana dokar a matsayin "ba bisa ƙa'ida ba". (Bayanin adawarsa, Bennett daga baya ya ce: "Ban mai da hankali kan cikakkun bayanai na gyaran kamar yadda ya kamata ba, kuma wataƙila da na kaɗa ƙuri'a ta wata hanya idan na fahimci cewa dokar mutum ɗaya ce a cikinta. Kawai ina so in bayyana adawata ga shawarar Obama a kowane lokaci.") Jaridar ''[[New York Times]]'' ta rubuta: "Yana iya zama da wahala a tuna yanzu, idan aka yi la'akari da irin ƙarfin halin da 'yan Republican da yawa ke kai mata hari a matsayin hari ga 'yanci, amma tanadin da ke cikin dokar lafiyar Shugaba Obama wanda ke buƙatar duk Amurkawa su sayi inshorar lafiya ya samo asali ne daga tunanin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya." Sauran 'yan siyasar Republican waɗanda a baya suka goyi bayan wasu manufofi, ciki har da Romney da Orrin Hatch, suma sun fito a matsayin masu suka ga dokar da ke cikin dokokin Obama. A rubuce-rubuce a cikin ''jaridar The New Yorker'', Ezra Klein ya bayyana cewa "sakamakon ƙarshe shine...&nbsp;wata manufa da a da take da goyon baya mai yawa a cikin Jam'iyyar Republican ta fuskanci adawa mai haɗin kai ba zato ba tsammani." <ref name="new-yorker-klein" /> Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi da Obama ya sanya wa hannu a shekarar 2010 ta ƙunshi umarnin mutum ɗaya na fara aiki a shekarar 2014. A ranar 30 ga Agusta, shekarar 2013, an buga ƙa'idodi na ƙarshe na umarnin mutum ɗaya a cikin ''Rijistar Tarayya'' ( 78 ), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> tare da ƙananan gyare-gyare da aka buga a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba, a shekara ta 2013 ( 78 ). Ta hanyar Dokar Rage Haraji da Ayyuka ta 2017, an saita umarnin mutum ɗaya na Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi zuwa $0 tun daga shekarar 2019. Dokar ba ta soke umarnin mutum ɗaya ba domin an yanke hukuncin cewa hakan ya karya tsarin sulhu . A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2018, Alkalin Gundumar Reed O'Connor na [[Texas]] ya yanke hukuncin cewa umarnin Obamacare ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki saboda "Ba za a iya sake karanta Dokar Mutum ɗaya a matsayin aikin Harajin Majalisa ba kuma har yanzu ba a yarda da ita ba a ƙarƙashin Sashe na Kasuwanci na Tsakanin Jihohi - ma'ana Dokar Mutum ɗaya ta saɓa wa kundin tsarin mulki." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> California da wasu jihohi da dama sun jagoranci ɗaukaka ƙarar zuwa Kotun Da'ira ta Biyar . Kotun Da'ira ta Biyar ta tabbatar da wani ɓangare na ra'ayin O'Connor game da rashin bin ƙa'ida na ACA ba tare da umarnin mutum ɗaya ba a watan Disamba na 2019. An ɗaga shari'ar zuwa Kotun Koli don a saurari shari'ar a matsayin ''California v. Texas'' a lokacin wa'adin kotun na 2020-21; a cikin hukuncin 7-2 da aka bayar a ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2021, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Texas da sauran jihohin da suka fara ƙalubalantar umarnin mutum ɗaya ba su da tsayayye, domin ba su nuna rauni a baya ko a nan gaba da ya shafi tanadin ba. Kotun Koli ba ta yanke hukunci kan daidaiton ikon mutum ɗaya a wannan shari'ar ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Kalubalen Tsarin Mulki === Babban lauyan jihar Republican ya kalubalanci umarnin ACA a kotunan tarayya. A ranar 28 ga Yuni, 2012, [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta amince da tanadin a matsayin kundin tsarin mulki. Babban Alkali John Roberts ya gabatar da mafi rinjayen ra'ayi a cikin ''National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius'', wanda ya goyi bayan Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi da kuri'u 5-4. Kotun ta yanke hukunci cewa duk da cewa bangaren "umarnin mutum ɗaya" na dokar ba shi da kundin tsarin mulki a ƙarƙashin Sashen Kasuwanci, an fassara shi a matsayin haraji kuma saboda haka yana da inganci a ƙarƙashin ikon Majalisa na "tsaftacewa da karɓar haraji." A cikin takardar aiki ta Satumba 2010, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> wani labarin da ke tafe a cikin ''Jaridar Shari'a da 'Yanci ta Jami'ar New York'', da kuma lacca da aka bayar a NYU, Randy Barnett na Cibiyar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Georgetown ya yi jayayya cewa umarnin ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki a ƙarƙashin koyarwar Kasuwanci da Sashe Masu Muhimmanci da Daidai, kuma aiwatar da shi daidai yake da "sarrafawa mutane." Ya yi jayayya cewa, yin hukunci kan rashin yin wani abu ba zai yiwu ba ne kawai idan an tabbatar da wani muhimmin aiki na mutum. Ya kuma tabbatar da cewa Majalisa ta kasa aiwatar da umarnin a karkashin ikonta na biyan haraji saboda hukuncin ba wai yana samar da kudaden shiga ba ne bisa ga Dokar da kanta. === Sukar umarnin mutum ɗaya === Masu fafutukar inshora ( AHIP ) a Amurka suna fafutukar cewa dokar ta zama dole don tallafawa batun da aka tabbatar da inganci da kuma ƙima ga al'umma, wanda ke iyakance biyan kuɗin inshorar ; masu inshora sun ba da shawarar cewa an yi nufin dokar ne don hana zaɓe mara kyau ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa mutane masu lafiya sun sayi inshora don haka faɗaɗa haɗarin . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> An yi la'akari da dokar a zuciyar shawarwarin gyaran lafiyar lafiya a Amurka <ref name="ask">{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2008 |title=Ask the Experts: Individual Mandates |url=http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006021955/http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2009 |publisher=[[Kaiser Family Foundation]]}}</ref> kuma "wajibi ne" kafin a samar da sharaɗi ga [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kula da lafiya na duniya baki ɗaya]], tunda duk wani gyara da ba dole ba zai kasa faɗaɗa ɗaukar nauyin. <ref name="ask" /> Wani dandalin tattaunawa na AHIP/Kaiser na 2008 ya ambaci umarnin Holland da Switzerland (duba sama); Rahoton da aka buga na AHIP bai ambaci hukunci ba amma ya ce Switzerland "tana aiwatar da dokoki ta hanyoyi da yawa..." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na 2009, Kaiser Health News ta ba da rahoton cewa "Masana'antar inshora a bayyane take tana damuwa game da soke umarnin." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Wasu bincike na [[Shaida ta zahiri|shaidun gwaji]] sun nuna cewa barazanar zaɓin da ba daidai ba an yi shi ne da yawa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> kuma cewa ƙin haɗari da zaɓin da ya dace na iya daidaita shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Misali, jihohin Amurka da yawa suna da garantin fitowar <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> da iyakoki kan ƙima, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> amma Massachusetts ne kawai ke da umarni na mutum ɗaya ; haka nan, kodayake Japan tana da umarni na musamman, kusan kashi 10% na mutane ba sa bin doka, kuma babu hukunci (kawai suna ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da inshora ba - duba sama ). Ba tare da umarni ba, kamfanonin inshora na riba dole ne su dogara da ƙin haɗari don cajin kuɗi akan haɗarin da ake tsammani, amma an takaita su da abin da abokan ciniki ke son biya; umarni yana kawar da wannan ƙuntatawa, yana ba wa kamfanonin inshora damar caji ƙari. Gwamnatocin da ke sanya umarni dole ne su ba da tallafi ga waɗanda ba za su iya biya ba, don haka suna canza farashin ga masu biyan haraji . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> Masanin tattalin arziki na Jami'ar Chicago, Casey B. Mulligan, ya yi jayayya cewa, duk da rashin kyawun zaɓi, ba lallai ba ne a ba da umarnin mutum ɗaya kuma yana rage inganci matuƙar an ba da tallafin inshora sosai.&nbsp;"Masu amfani da kayayyaki waɗanda suka ƙi tallafin gwamnati ta hanyar gazawa, misali, don siyan shirin tallafi, ya kamata mu masu biyan haraji na Tarayya mu gode musu. ACA ta yi akasin haka da 'aikin mutum ɗaya'...." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Wani bincike da ke tabbatar da hujjar Mulligan ya bayyana a cikin [https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/ERP-2019.pdf Rahoton Tattalin Arziki na Shugaban Ƙasa] na 2019, wanda kuma ya kammala da cewa zaɓi mara kyau ba shi da isasshen hujjar tattalin arziki don hana tsare-tsaren da ba a tallafa musu ba waɗanda ke ɗauke da " amfanoni masu mahimmanci " kamar ɗaukar nauyin kula da lafiyar haihuwa ko ta kwakwalwa. Dokar inshora ta fuskanci adawa a fannoni daban-daban na siyasa, tun daga ƙungiyoyin da ke da ra'ayin hagu kamar Jam'iyyar Green da sauran masu fafutukar kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya zuwa ƙungiyoyi [[Siyasa ta dama|masu ra'ayin dama]], kamar Gidauniyar Heritage, FreedomWorks, da Cibiyar Cato da wasu membobin Majalisar Dattawa da Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Masu adawa kamar Michael Cannon, Daraktan Nazarin Manufofin Lafiya a Cibiyar Cato, sun yi jayayya ta falsafa cewa ya kamata mutane su sami 'yancin rayuwa ba tare da tsoma bakin gwamnati a cikin al'umma ba a matsayin batun [[Ƴancin Jama'a|'yancin ɗan adam]] . Ya bayyana cewa gwamnatocin tarayya, jihohi, da ƙananan hukumomi ba sa son ko kuma ba sa iya tara kuɗin da ake buƙata don tallafawa mutanen da ba za su iya biyan inshora a halin yanzu yadda ya kamata ba. Ya kuma bayyana cewa farashin ƙara ɗaukar hoto ya fi sauran gyare-gyare, kamar rage yawan kurakurai da haɗurra a cikin magani, wanda zai yi wa al'umma fa'ida sosai. <ref name="ask">{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2008 |title=Ask the Experts: Individual Mandates |url=http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006021955/http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2009 |publisher=[[Kaiser Family Foundation]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091006021955/http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf "Ask the Experts: Individual Mandates"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[Kaiser Family Foundation]]. January 31, 2008. Archived from [http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 6, 2009.</cite></ref> Binciken ra'ayoyin jama'a daga 2009 zuwa 2012 ya ci gaba da gano cewa yawancin Amurkawa sun ƙi hukunta mutane saboda rashin siyan inshorar lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> <ref name="useit">{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2009 |title=U.S. Voters Back Public Insurance 2-1, But Won't Use It |url=http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1295.xml?ReleaseID=1344 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703001837/http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1295.xml?ReleaseID=1344 |archive-date=July 3, 2009 |access-date=September 4, 2009 |publisher=[[Quinnipiac University]]}}</ref> == Umarnin mai aiki == A Amurka, Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi (PPACA) ta ƙunshi umarnin ma'aikata da na mutum ɗaya waɗanda suka fara aiki a shekarar 2014. Umarnin ma'aikaci na PPACA ya buƙaci duk kasuwancin da ke da ma'aikata 50 ko fiye na cikakken lokaci su samar da mafi ƙarancin inshorar lafiya mai araha ga aƙalla 95% na ma'aikatan cikakken lokaci da waɗanda ke ƙarƙashinsu har zuwa shekaru 26, ko kuma su biya kuɗi nan da shekarar 2016. A cikin manyan ƙasashen EU guda biyu, [[Faransa]] da [[Jamus]], Inshorar Lafiya ta Doka (SHI) ta umarci ma'aikata da ma'aikata su biya kuɗin inshorar lafiya na doka. A Faransa, inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa (PHI) na son rai ne kuma ana amfani da shi don ƙara yawan biyan kuɗi daga tsarin rashin lafiya na doka. Haka nan ya shafi Jamus inda kuma yana yiwuwa a fita daga SHI idan kai mai yawan albashi ne kuma kana cikin PHI amma idan mutum ya kai shekaru 55 kuma yana cikin ɓangaren PHI dole ne ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin PHI kuma ba zai iya komawa cikin SHI ba. Mutanen da ba su da aikin yi yawanci za su iya ci gaba da biyan kuɗinsu ta hanyar inshorar zamantakewa kuma talakawa suna samun tallafi daga gwamnati don samun inshora. Yawancin ma'aikata suna samun inshora ta hanyar zama memba na dole na "asusun rashin lafiya" waɗanda ƙungiyoyi ne marasa riba waɗanda ƙungiyoyin kwadago suka kafa kuma yanzu aka ba su matsayin doka. A Jamus da Faransa, kamar yadda yake a yawancin kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya na Turai, gudummawar da mutum ke bayarwa ga kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya ya bambanta dangane da matakin kuɗin shiga na mutum ba bisa ga yanayin lafiyarsa ba. Kashi 0.2% ne kawai na Jamusawa ba su da inshora, galibi suna aiki da kansu, masu kuɗi da talakawa, da kuma mutanen da suka kasa biyan gudummawa ga inshorar doka ko kuɗin inshorar lafiya na masu zaman kansu. Tsakanin 1990 da 2000, kason kuɗin shiga na SHI na Faransa da ke zuwa kai tsaye daga ma'aikata ta hanyar albashi ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 30% zuwa kashi 3% kawai kuma gudummawar kai tsaye ta ma'aikata shi ma ya faɗi. Bambancin ya samo asali ne ta hanyar ƙaruwar kuɗin shiga daga harajin gwamnati, don haka ya faɗaɗa tushen gudummawar da ake buƙata ga tsarin inshorar lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Canjin kiwon lafiya|Gyaran kula da lafiya]] * Mai ba da shawara kan lafiya * Tattalin arzikin lafiya * [[Inshorar lafiya]] * [[Sabbin Inshorar Lafiya|Sabbin Sabbin Inshorar Lafiya]] * Samar da alhakin da aka raba tsakanin mutane == Nassoshi == .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s3yujirngqh8ztrmd0v1z3krk6opowe 883029 883027 2026-07-14T18:33:30Z Usman saadu 46863 883029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Umarnin inshorar lafiya ko dai wani ma'aikaci ne ko kuma mutum ɗaya da ya nemi inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa maimakon (ko ƙari ga) tsarin inshorar lafiya na ƙasa . [1] == Ostiraliya == Shirin inshorar lafiya na ƙasa na Ostiraliya ana kiransa da Medicare, kuma ana ba da kuɗin ta hanyar haraji na gabaɗaya, gami da harajin Medicare akan albashi; amfani da Medicare ba dole ba ne kuma waɗanda suka sayi inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa suna samun rangwame daga gwamnati akan kuɗin fansho. [1] Mutanen da ke da yawan kuɗin shiga na shekara-shekara (A$70,000 a cikin kasafin kuɗin tarayya na shekarar 2008) waɗanda ba su da takamaiman matakan inshorar asibiti masu zaman kansu suna ƙarƙashin ƙarin ƙarin kuɗin harajin Medicare na 1%. [2] Mutanen da ke da matsakaicin kuɗin shiga ko ƙasa da haka na iya cancanci tallafin kuɗi don siyan inshorar mai zaman kansa, amma ba za su fuskanci hukunci ba idan ba su saya ba. [3] Dole ne kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu su bi sharuɗɗan da aka tabbatar da su da kuma ƙimar al'umma, amma za su iya iyakance ɗaukar nauyin cututtukan da suka riga suka kasance har zuwa shekara guda don hana zaɓin da ba daidai ba . == Japan == [[Japan]] tana da [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|tsarin kula da lafiya na duniya baki ɗaya]] wanda ya tilasta wa dukkan mazauna su sami inshorar lafiya, ko dai a wurin aiki ko ta hanyar kamfanin inshorar al'umma na gida, amma ba ya sanya hukunci ga mutane saboda rashin inshora. <ref name="euro">{{Cite web |last=Tatara |first=Kozo |last2=Okamoto |first2=Etsuji |title=Japan Health system review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/85466/E92927.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106065951/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/85466/E92927.pdf |archive-date=November 6, 2010 |website=European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies}}</ref> Ma'aikatar lafiya ta Japan "tana kula da farashin kula da lafiya har zuwa ƙaramin bayani. Duk bayan shekaru biyu, likitoci da ma'aikatar lafiya suna tattaunawa kan farashi mai ƙayyadadden farashi ga kowace hanya da kowace magani. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye kuɗin inshora zuwa kusan $280 a wata ga matsakaicin dangin Japan." <ref name="JapanPay" /> Gwamnati ce ke tsara kuɗin inshora, tare da garantin fitowar da ƙimar al'umma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Ba a ba wa masu inshora izinin musanta da'awa ko ɗaukar hoto ba, ko kuma su sami riba (ana ɗaukar kuɗin shiga na yau da kullun zuwa shekara mai zuwa, kuma idan ɗaukar kaya ya yi yawa, ƙimar za ta faɗi). <ref name="JapanPay" /> Kimanin kashi 10% suna guje wa kuɗin inshora na tilas; gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi ba sa ba su katunan inshora, waɗanda masu samar da kayayyaki ke buƙata. <ref name="euro" /> Ana samun inshorar sirri ta son rai ta hanyoyi da dama ciki har da ma'aikata da ƙungiyoyin kwadago don rufe kuɗaɗen da inshorar doka ba ta rufe ba, amma wannan ya kai kusan kashi 2% kawai na kuɗin kula da lafiya. <ref name="euro" /> A aikace, likitoci ba za su hana marasa lafiya kulawa a cikin tsarin ƙasa da ƙasa mai rahusa ba saboda su ne mafi yawan marasa lafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma likitoci ba za su iya samun isasshen kuɗi ta hanyar yi wa ƙaramin adadin marasa lafiya da ke da inshorar sirri hidima ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Jimlar kashe kuɗi kusan rabin matakin Amurka ne, kuma masu biyan haraji suna ba da tallafi ga talakawa. == Netherlands == [[Holand|Netherlands]] tana da umarnin inshorar lafiya kuma tana ba wa kamfanonin riba damar yin gasa don mafi ƙarancin tsare-tsaren inshorar ɗaukar hoto, kodayake akwai kuma masu inshorar haɗin gwiwa don haka amfani da mai inshorar kasuwanci don riba ba dole ba ne. Gwamnati tana tsara masu inshora kuma tana gudanar da tsarin daidaita haɗari don tallafawa masu inshora waɗanda ke ba da inshorar abokan ciniki masu tsada. Abubuwa da yawa suna rage matakin kuɗin da ke sauƙaƙa bin umarnin jama'a. Kudin kula da lafiya a Netherlands ya fi matsakaicin Turai amma ya yi ƙasa da na Amurka. Rabin kuɗin inshora ga manya ana biyan su ta hanyar harajin da ya shafi samun kuɗi wanda ke zuwa ga tallafin inshorar sirri ta hanyar tsarin sake inshorar haɗari wanda mai kula da shi ke gudanarwa. Gwamnati tana biyan dukkan kuɗin ga yara. Kashi arba'in cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a sun cancanci tallafin kuɗi. Kimanin kashi 1.5 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a na doka an kiyasta ba su da inshora. Masu tsara dokar Holland ba su yi tunanin wata matsala da rashin bin doka ba, dokar farko ta haifar da wasu takunkumi masu tasiri idan mutum bai ɗauki inshora ko biyan kuɗin inshora ba, kuma gwamnati a halin yanzu tana haɓaka hanyoyin aiwatarwa. == Switzerland == Tsarin [[Switzerland]] yayi kama da na Netherlands inda kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu ke fafatawa don samar da mafi ƙarancin inshorar da ake buƙata don cika umarninta. Kudin inshora ba shi da alaƙa da kuɗin shiga, amma gwamnati tana ba da tallafi ga ƙananan mutane don taimaka musu su biya kuɗin shirinsu. Kimanin kashi 40% na gidaje sun sami wani nau'in tallafi a shekara ta 2004. Mutane suna da 'yancin kashe kuɗi gwargwadon yadda suke so don shirye-shiryensu da siyan ƙarin ayyukan kiwon lafiya idan ana so. Tsarin yana da inshorar kama-da-wane ta hanyar kama-da-wane, tare da kusan kashi 99% na mutanen da ke da inshora. An ƙirƙiri dokokin da ke bayan tsarin a 1996. Wani batu na baya-bayan nan a ƙasar shine hauhawar farashin kula da lafiya, wanda ya fi matsakaicin Turai. Duk da haka, waɗannan hauhawar farashin har yanzu sun ɗan yi ƙasa da ƙaruwar da aka samu a Amurka. <ref name="switz" /> == Amurka == === Tarihi === Gidauniyar Heritage ta fara gabatar da umarnin mutum ɗaya na siyan kiwon lafiya a shekarar 1989 a matsayin madadin kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Stuart Butler, wani tsohon mai goyon bayan umarnin mutum ɗaya a Gidauniyar Heritage, ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|If a young man wrecks his Porsche and has not had the foresight to obtain insurance, we may commiserate, but society feels no obligation to repair his car. But health care is different. If a man is struck down by a heart attack in the street, Americans will care for him whether or not he has insurance.<ref name="nyt-mandate"/>}} Gidauniyar Heritage ta canza matsayinta a shekarar 2011, inda ta kira umarnin da aka bayar na mutum ɗaya ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Tun daga farkonta, ra'ayin ikon mutum ɗaya ya samu goyon bayan 'yan siyasa [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|na jam'iyyar Republican]] a matsayin hanyar kasuwa mai 'yanci don sake fasalin kula da lafiya. Masu goyon bayan sun haɗa da Charles Grassley, Mitt Romney, da John Chafee . An ji cewa ikon mutum ɗaya ya yi daidai da ƙa'idodin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na alhakin mutum ɗaya, kuma ƙungiyoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun fahimci cewa kasuwar kiwon lafiya ta musamman ce. A shekarar 1993, Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] ya gabatar da kudirin gyara harkokin kiwon lafiya wanda ya kunshi umarni ga ma'aikata su samar da inshorar lafiya ga dukkan ma'aikata ta hanyar kasuwar da aka tsara ta kungiyoyin kula da lafiya da kuma umarnin mutum daya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Duk da haka, shirin Clinton ya gaza a daidai lokacin da ake fargabar cewa yana da sarkakiya ko kuma ba gaskiya ba ne, kuma a lokacin da ake fuskantar tarin tallace-tallace marasa kyau da ba a taba gani ba wanda kungiyoyin siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masana'antar inshorar lafiya suka dauki nauyinsa. A lokacin, sanatocin Republican sun gabatar da kudirin da zai bukaci mutane, ba ma'aikata ba, su sayi inshora, a matsayin madadin shirin Clinton. Shirin [[Hillary Clinton]] a shekarar 2008 ya kuma haɗa da ikon mutum ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Manufa === Bukatar izinin ɗaukar inshora a cikin tsarin da aka tsara kamar yadda yake a yanzu a Amurka na tasowa ne lokacin da ake ƙoƙarin samar da inshorar lafiya ga dukkan mutane, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin da suke ciki ba. Kayan aiki ne da ake amfani da shi lokacin da ake buƙatar kamfanonin inshora su bayar da inshora a farashi ɗaya ga duk waɗanda suke so, kamar yadda suke ƙarƙashin Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi. Manufar umarnin tarayya ko jiha na ɗaukar inshora shine don guje wa matsalolin masu hawa babur da matsalolin zaɓi mara kyau a wuraren inshorar lafiya, ta yadda ba za a sami mutane da yawa da suka fi rashin lafiya ba, ko tsofaffi da suka fi fuskantar rashin lafiya, a cikin wuraren inshorar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Idan akwai zaɓi mara kyau da yawa, farashin kuɗi na iya ƙaruwa, ko kuma ya yi yawa, kuma ana iya kiransa " masu mutuwa ", inda farashin farashi ya kai matsayi mai tsanani, domin mutanen da suka fi rashin lafiya ne kawai ke cikin wuraren. === Massachusetts === An fara aiwatar da dokar inshorar lafiya ta mutum ɗaya a matakin jiha: dokar gyaran lafiyar Massachusetts ta 2005. A shekarar 2006, ɗan Republican Mitt Romney, gwamnan Massachusetts a lokacin, ya sanya hannu kan dokar mutum ɗaya tare da goyon bayan jam'iyyu biyu. A shekarar 2007, wani kudirin Majalisar Dattawa wanda ke ɗauke da dokar tarayya, wanda Bob Bennett ( [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|R]] - [[Utah|UT]] ) da Ron Wyden ( D - [[Oregon|OR]] ) suka rubuta, ya jawo goyon bayan jam'iyyu biyu. Kafin a zartar da dokar, farashin kula da lafiya ga kowane mutum a Massachusetts ya fi kowanne yanki a ƙasar ban da DC. Daga shekarr 2003 zuwa 2008 (shekaru uku kafin da kuma shekaru biyu bayan an zartar da ita) kuɗin inshorar Massachusetts ya ci gaba da zarce sauran Amurka, duk da haka, yawan ci gaban Massachusetts daga shekara zuwa shekara ya ragu sakamakon dokar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, more than 97 percent of Massachusetts residents were insured, which made it the state with the lowest percentage of people without health insurance.<ref name="PoliticoNJ">{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Katie |date=May 30, 2018 |title=New Jersey becomes second state to adopt individual health insurance mandate |url=https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703093104/https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |archive-date=July 3, 2019 |access-date=May 31, 2018 |website=Politico}}</ref> Ba a dakatar da umarnin jihar Massachusetts na ɗaukar nauyin ɗaukar nauyin ba a lokacin ACA, kuma tsawon shekaru da yawa akwai umarnin Tarayya da na jiha na ɗaukar nauyin ɗaukar nauyin ga mazauna MA. Bayan dakatar da umarnin Tarayya a 2018, umarnin jihar ya ci gaba da aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Wasu sun soki jihar Massachusetts dangane da umarnin saboda bayan ACA, jihar ta ci gaba da dawo da kadarorin Medicaid ƙa'idodi fiye da mafi ƙarancin kuɗin da gwamnatin tarayya ta buƙata (kuɗaɗen kula da dogon lokaci) don su dawo daga kadarori duk kuɗaɗen magani da aka biya a madadin masu karɓar Medicaid masu shekaru 55 zuwa sama, gami da waɗanda suka kai shekaru 55 zuwa sama waɗanda suka sami faɗaɗa Medicaid na ACA. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Sukar da ake yi wa mutanen da abin ya shafa ita ce mutanen da abin ya shafa za su buƙaci a biya cikakken kuɗin magani, ba ma kawai wani nau'in kuɗin da ya yi daidai da na farko ba. Mutanen da abin ya shafa suna ƙarƙashin umarnin, kuma za su biya tarar kin amincewa da faɗaɗa Medicaid na Medicaid ko ACA. Abin da za a iya ɗauka a matsayin rashin adalci shi ne, kodayake umarnin an yi shi ne don manufar da aka faɗa don ba da damar haɗa haɗari yadda ya kamata don inshora, mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin dawo da duk kuɗaɗen likita ba su da haɗarin tara kansu, kuma suna iya biyan duk kuɗin likita da aka biya musu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Sauran umarnin mutum ɗaya na jiha === New Jersey da Gundumar Columbia sun amince da dokar inshorar lafiya ta mutum ɗaya wadda ta fara aiki daga ranar 1 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2019, <ref name="PoliticoNJ">{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Katie |date=May 30, 2018 |title=New Jersey becomes second state to adopt individual health insurance mandate |url=https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703093104/https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |archive-date=July 3, 2019 |access-date=May 31, 2018 |website=Politico}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJennings2018">Jennings, Katie (May 30, 2018). [https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 "New Jersey becomes second state to adopt individual health insurance mandate"]. ''Politico''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190703093104/https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 Archived] from the original on July 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> kuma California, Rhode Island, da Vermont sun fara aiki daga ranar 1 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2020. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Sauran jihohi suna ba da ƙimar al'umma da garantin bayar da su ba tare da umarni ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi === Da farko 'yan Republican sun yaba da nasarar da Romney ya samu wajen kafa wani wa'adi na mutum ɗaya a Massachusetts. A lokacin yakin neman zaben Romney na shekarar 2008, Sanata Jim DeMint ( [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|R]] - [[South Carolina|SC]] ) ya yaba da ikon Romney na "daukar wasu kyawawan ra'ayoyi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, kamar inshorar lafiya ta mutum ɗaya, da kuma amfani da su ga buƙatar samun inshorar kowa." Romney da kansa ya ce game da wa'adin mutum ɗaya: "Ina alfahari da abin da muka yi. Idan Massachusetts ta yi nasarar aiwatar da shi, to hakan zai zama abin koyi ga ƙasa." A cikin yakin neman zaben shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2008, Sanata [[Barack Obama]] ya yi kamfe a kan wa'adi na mutum ɗaya. Obama ya kai hari ga [[Hillary Clinton]] da John Edwards saboda goyon bayan da suka ba wa wa'adi na mutum ɗaya a lokacin muhawarar farko da kuma a cikin tallan talabijin. Duk da haka, bayan an amince da dokar mutum ɗaya a matsayin babban ɓangare na Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ta Shugaba Obama a shekara ta 2009, 'yan Republican sun fara adawa da dokar. A shekarar 2009, kowane Sanata ɗan Republican (ciki har da Bennett, wanda ya rubuta dokar 2007 tare da wani umarni) ya kaɗa ƙuri'a don bayyana dokar a matsayin "ba bisa ƙa'ida ba". (Bayanin adawarsa, Bennett daga baya ya ce: "Ban mai da hankali kan cikakkun bayanai na gyaran kamar yadda ya kamata ba, kuma wataƙila da na kaɗa ƙuri'a ta wata hanya idan na fahimci cewa dokar mutum ɗaya ce a cikinta. Kawai ina so in bayyana adawata ga shawarar Obama a kowane lokaci.") Jaridar ''[[New York Times]]'' ta rubuta: "Yana iya zama da wahala a tuna yanzu, idan aka yi la'akari da irin ƙarfin halin da 'yan Republican da yawa ke kai mata hari a matsayin hari ga 'yanci, amma tanadin da ke cikin dokar lafiyar Shugaba Obama wanda ke buƙatar duk Amurkawa su sayi inshorar lafiya ya samo asali ne daga tunanin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya." Sauran 'yan siyasar Republican waɗanda a baya suka goyi bayan wasu manufofi, ciki har da Romney da Orrin Hatch, suma sun fito a matsayin masu suka ga dokar da ke cikin dokokin Obama. A rubuce-rubuce a cikin ''jaridar The New Yorker'', Ezra Klein ya bayyana cewa "sakamakon ƙarshe shine...&nbsp;wata manufa da a da take da goyon baya mai yawa a cikin Jam'iyyar Republican ta fuskanci adawa mai haɗin kai ba zato ba tsammani." <ref name="new-yorker-klein" /> Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi da Obama ya sanya wa hannu a shekarar 2010 ta ƙunshi umarnin mutum ɗaya na fara aiki a shekarar 2014. A ranar 30 ga Agusta, shekarar 2013, an buga ƙa'idodi na ƙarshe na umarnin mutum ɗaya a cikin ''Rijistar Tarayya'' ( 78 ), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> tare da ƙananan gyare-gyare da aka buga a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba, a shekara ta 2013 ( 78 ). Ta hanyar Dokar Rage Haraji da Ayyuka ta 2017, an saita umarnin mutum ɗaya na Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi zuwa $0 tun daga shekarar 2019. Dokar ba ta soke umarnin mutum ɗaya ba domin an yanke hukuncin cewa hakan ya karya tsarin sulhu . A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2018, Alkalin Gundumar Reed O'Connor na [[Texas]] ya yanke hukuncin cewa umarnin Obamacare ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki saboda "Ba za a iya sake karanta Dokar Mutum ɗaya a matsayin aikin Harajin Majalisa ba kuma har yanzu ba a yarda da ita ba a ƙarƙashin Sashe na Kasuwanci na Tsakanin Jihohi - ma'ana Dokar Mutum ɗaya ta saɓa wa kundin tsarin mulki." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> California da wasu jihohi da dama sun jagoranci ɗaukaka ƙarar zuwa Kotun Da'ira ta Biyar . Kotun Da'ira ta Biyar ta tabbatar da wani ɓangare na ra'ayin O'Connor game da rashin bin ƙa'ida na ACA ba tare da umarnin mutum ɗaya ba a watan Disamba na 2019. An ɗaga shari'ar zuwa Kotun Koli don a saurari shari'ar a matsayin ''California v. Texas'' a lokacin wa'adin kotun na 2020-21; a cikin hukuncin 7-2 da aka bayar a ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2021, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Texas da sauran jihohin da suka fara ƙalubalantar umarnin mutum ɗaya ba su da tsayayye, domin ba su nuna rauni a baya ko a nan gaba da ya shafi tanadin ba. Kotun Koli ba ta yanke hukunci kan daidaiton ikon mutum ɗaya a wannan shari'ar ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Kalubalen Tsarin Mulki === Babban lauyan jihar Republican ya kalubalanci umarnin ACA a kotunan tarayya. A ranar 28 ga Yuni, 2012, [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta amince da tanadin a matsayin kundin tsarin mulki. Babban Alkali John Roberts ya gabatar da mafi rinjayen ra'ayi a cikin ''National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius'', wanda ya goyi bayan Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi da kuri'u 5-4. Kotun ta yanke hukunci cewa duk da cewa bangaren "umarnin mutum ɗaya" na dokar ba shi da kundin tsarin mulki a ƙarƙashin Sashen Kasuwanci, an fassara shi a matsayin haraji kuma saboda haka yana da inganci a ƙarƙashin ikon Majalisa na "tsaftacewa da karɓar haraji." A cikin takardar aiki ta Satumba 2010, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> wani labarin da ke tafe a cikin ''Jaridar Shari'a da 'Yanci ta Jami'ar New York'', da kuma lacca da aka bayar a NYU, Randy Barnett na Cibiyar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Georgetown ya yi jayayya cewa umarnin ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki a ƙarƙashin koyarwar Kasuwanci da Sashe Masu Muhimmanci da Daidai, kuma aiwatar da shi daidai yake da "sarrafawa mutane." Ya yi jayayya cewa, yin hukunci kan rashin yin wani abu ba zai yiwu ba ne kawai idan an tabbatar da wani muhimmin aiki na mutum. Ya kuma tabbatar da cewa Majalisa ta kasa aiwatar da umarnin a karkashin ikonta na biyan haraji saboda hukuncin ba wai yana samar da kudaden shiga ba ne bisa ga Dokar da kanta. === Sukar umarnin mutum ɗaya === Masu fafutukar inshora ( AHIP ) a Amurka suna fafutukar cewa dokar ta zama dole don tallafawa batun da aka tabbatar da inganci da kuma ƙima ga al'umma, wanda ke iyakance biyan kuɗin inshorar ; masu inshora sun ba da shawarar cewa an yi nufin dokar ne don hana zaɓe mara kyau ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa mutane masu lafiya sun sayi inshora don haka faɗaɗa haɗarin . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> An yi la'akari da dokar a zuciyar shawarwarin gyaran lafiyar lafiya a Amurka <ref name="ask">{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2008 |title=Ask the Experts: Individual Mandates |url=http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006021955/http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2009 |publisher=[[Kaiser Family Foundation]]}}</ref> kuma "wajibi ne" kafin a samar da sharaɗi ga [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kula da lafiya na duniya baki ɗaya]], tunda duk wani gyara da ba dole ba zai kasa faɗaɗa ɗaukar nauyin. <ref name="ask" /> Wani dandalin tattaunawa na AHIP/Kaiser na 2008 ya ambaci umarnin Holland da Switzerland (duba sama); Rahoton da aka buga na AHIP bai ambaci hukunci ba amma ya ce Switzerland "tana aiwatar da dokoki ta hanyoyi da yawa..." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na 2009, Kaiser Health News ta ba da rahoton cewa "Masana'antar inshora a bayyane take tana damuwa game da soke umarnin." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Wasu bincike na [[Shaida ta zahiri|shaidun gwaji]] sun nuna cewa barazanar zaɓin da ba daidai ba an yi shi ne da yawa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> kuma cewa ƙin haɗari da zaɓin da ya dace na iya daidaita shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Misali, jihohin Amurka da yawa suna da garantin fitowar <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> da iyakoki kan ƙima, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> amma Massachusetts ne kawai ke da umarni na mutum ɗaya ; haka nan, kodayake Japan tana da umarni na musamman, kusan kashi 10% na mutane ba sa bin doka, kuma babu hukunci (kawai suna ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da inshora ba - duba sama ). Ba tare da umarni ba, kamfanonin inshora na riba dole ne su dogara da ƙin haɗari don cajin kuɗi akan haɗarin da ake tsammani, amma an takaita su da abin da abokan ciniki ke son biya; umarni yana kawar da wannan ƙuntatawa, yana ba wa kamfanonin inshora damar caji ƙari. Gwamnatocin da ke sanya umarni dole ne su ba da tallafi ga waɗanda ba za su iya biya ba, don haka suna canza farashin ga masu biyan haraji . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> Masanin tattalin arziki na Jami'ar Chicago, Casey B. Mulligan, ya yi jayayya cewa, duk da rashin kyawun zaɓi, ba lallai ba ne a ba da umarnin mutum ɗaya kuma yana rage inganci matuƙar an ba da tallafin inshora sosai.&nbsp;"Masu amfani da kayayyaki waɗanda suka ƙi tallafin gwamnati ta hanyar gazawa, misali, don siyan shirin tallafi, ya kamata mu masu biyan haraji na Tarayya mu gode musu. ACA ta yi akasin haka da 'aikin mutum ɗaya'...." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Wani bincike da ke tabbatar da hujjar Mulligan ya bayyana a cikin [https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/ERP-2019.pdf Rahoton Tattalin Arziki na Shugaban Ƙasa] na 2019, wanda kuma ya kammala da cewa zaɓi mara kyau ba shi da isasshen hujjar tattalin arziki don hana tsare-tsaren da ba a tallafa musu ba waɗanda ke ɗauke da " amfanoni masu mahimmanci " kamar ɗaukar nauyin kula da lafiyar haihuwa ko ta kwakwalwa. Dokar inshora ta fuskanci adawa a fannoni daban-daban na siyasa, tun daga ƙungiyoyin da ke da ra'ayin hagu kamar Jam'iyyar Green da sauran masu fafutukar kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya zuwa ƙungiyoyi [[Siyasa ta dama|masu ra'ayin dama]], kamar Gidauniyar Heritage, FreedomWorks, da Cibiyar Cato da wasu membobin Majalisar Dattawa da Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Masu adawa kamar Michael Cannon, Daraktan Nazarin Manufofin Lafiya a Cibiyar Cato, sun yi jayayya ta falsafa cewa ya kamata mutane su sami 'yancin rayuwa ba tare da tsoma bakin gwamnati a cikin al'umma ba a matsayin batun [[Ƴancin Jama'a|'yancin ɗan adam]] . Ya bayyana cewa gwamnatocin tarayya, jihohi, da ƙananan hukumomi ba sa son ko kuma ba sa iya tara kuɗin da ake buƙata don tallafawa mutanen da ba za su iya biyan inshora a halin yanzu yadda ya kamata ba. Ya kuma bayyana cewa farashin ƙara ɗaukar hoto ya fi sauran gyare-gyare, kamar rage yawan kurakurai da haɗurra a cikin magani, wanda zai yi wa al'umma fa'ida sosai. <ref name="ask">{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2008 |title=Ask the Experts: Individual Mandates |url=http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006021955/http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2009 |publisher=[[Kaiser Family Foundation]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091006021955/http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf "Ask the Experts: Individual Mandates"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[Kaiser Family Foundation]]. January 31, 2008. Archived from [http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 6, 2009.</cite></ref> Binciken ra'ayoyin jama'a daga 2009 zuwa 2012 ya ci gaba da gano cewa yawancin Amurkawa sun ƙi hukunta mutane saboda rashin siyan inshorar lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> <ref name="useit">{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2009 |title=U.S. Voters Back Public Insurance 2-1, But Won't Use It |url=http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1295.xml?ReleaseID=1344 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703001837/http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1295.xml?ReleaseID=1344 |archive-date=July 3, 2009 |access-date=September 4, 2009 |publisher=[[Quinnipiac University]]}}</ref> == Umarnin mai aiki == A Amurka, Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi (PPACA) ta ƙunshi umarnin ma'aikata da na mutum ɗaya waɗanda suka fara aiki a shekarar 2014. Umarnin ma'aikaci na PPACA ya buƙaci duk kasuwancin da ke da ma'aikata 50 ko fiye na cikakken lokaci su samar da mafi ƙarancin inshorar lafiya mai araha ga aƙalla 95% na ma'aikatan cikakken lokaci da waɗanda ke ƙarƙashinsu har zuwa shekaru 26, ko kuma su biya kuɗi nan da shekarar 2016. A cikin manyan ƙasashen EU guda biyu, [[Faransa]] da [[Jamus]], Inshorar Lafiya ta Doka (SHI) ta umarci ma'aikata da ma'aikata su biya kuɗin inshorar lafiya na doka. A Faransa, inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa (PHI) na son rai ne kuma ana amfani da shi don ƙara yawan biyan kuɗi daga tsarin rashin lafiya na doka. Haka nan ya shafi Jamus inda kuma yana yiwuwa a fita daga SHI idan kai mai yawan albashi ne kuma kana cikin PHI amma idan mutum ya kai shekaru 55 kuma yana cikin ɓangaren PHI dole ne ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin PHI kuma ba zai iya komawa cikin SHI ba. Mutanen da ba su da aikin yi yawanci za su iya ci gaba da biyan kuɗinsu ta hanyar inshorar zamantakewa kuma talakawa suna samun tallafi daga gwamnati don samun inshora. Yawancin ma'aikata suna samun inshora ta hanyar zama memba na dole na "asusun rashin lafiya" waɗanda ƙungiyoyi ne marasa riba waɗanda ƙungiyoyin kwadago suka kafa kuma yanzu aka ba su matsayin doka. A Jamus da Faransa, kamar yadda yake a yawancin kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya na Turai, gudummawar da mutum ke bayarwa ga kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya ya bambanta dangane da matakin kuɗin shiga na mutum ba bisa ga yanayin lafiyarsa ba. Kashi 0.2% ne kawai na Jamusawa ba su da inshora, galibi suna aiki da kansu, masu kuɗi da talakawa, da kuma mutanen da suka kasa biyan gudummawa ga inshorar doka ko kuɗin inshorar lafiya na masu zaman kansu. Tsakanin 1990 da 2000, kason kuɗin shiga na SHI na Faransa da ke zuwa kai tsaye daga ma'aikata ta hanyar albashi ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 30% zuwa kashi 3% kawai kuma gudummawar kai tsaye ta ma'aikata shi ma ya faɗi. Bambancin ya samo asali ne ta hanyar ƙaruwar kuɗin shiga daga harajin gwamnati, don haka ya faɗaɗa tushen gudummawar da ake buƙata ga tsarin inshorar lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Canjin kiwon lafiya|Gyaran kula da lafiya]] * Mai ba da shawara kan lafiya * Tattalin arzikin lafiya * [[Inshorar lafiya]] * [[Sabbin Inshorar Lafiya|Sabbin Sabbin Inshorar Lafiya]] * Samar da alhakin da aka raba tsakanin mutane == Nassoshi == .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] asv20lwstgrdx27zkfocjvmaj6g1t7s 883034 883029 2026-07-14T18:40:08Z Usman saadu 46863 883034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Umarnin inshorar lafiya ko dai wani ma'aikaci ne ko kuma mutum ɗaya da ya nemi inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa maimakon (ko ƙari ga) tsarin inshorar lafiya na ƙasa . [1] == Ostiraliya == Shirin inshorar lafiya na ƙasa na Ostiraliya ana kiransa da Medicare, kuma ana ba da kuɗin ta hanyar haraji na gabaɗaya, gami da harajin Medicare akan albashi; amfani da Medicare ba dole ba ne kuma waɗanda suka sayi inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa suna samun rangwame daga gwamnati akan kuɗin fansho. [1] Mutanen da ke da yawan kuɗin shiga na shekara-shekara (A$70,000 a cikin kasafin kuɗin tarayya na shekarar 2008) waɗanda ba su da takamaiman matakan inshorar asibiti masu zaman kansu suna ƙarƙashin ƙarin ƙarin kuɗin harajin Medicare na 1%. [2] Mutanen da ke da matsakaicin kuɗin shiga ko ƙasa da haka na iya cancanci tallafin kuɗi don siyan inshorar mai zaman kansa, amma ba za su fuskanci hukunci ba idan ba su saya ba. [3] Dole ne kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu su bi sharuɗɗan da aka tabbatar da su da kuma ƙimar al'umma, amma za su iya iyakance ɗaukar nauyin cututtukan da suka riga suka kasance har zuwa shekara guda don hana zaɓin da ba daidai ba . == Japan == [[Japan]] tana da [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|tsarin kula da lafiya na duniya baki ɗaya]] wanda ya tilasta wa dukkan mazauna su sami inshorar lafiya, ko dai a wurin aiki ko ta hanyar kamfanin inshorar al'umma na gida, amma ba ya sanya hukunci ga mutane saboda rashin inshora. <ref name="euro">{{Cite web |last=Tatara |first=Kozo |last2=Okamoto |first2=Etsuji |title=Japan Health system review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/85466/E92927.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106065951/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/85466/E92927.pdf |archive-date=November 6, 2010 |website=European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies}}</ref> Ma'aikatar lafiya ta Japan "tana kula da farashin kula da lafiya har zuwa ƙaramin bayani. Duk bayan shekaru biyu, likitoci da ma'aikatar lafiya suna tattaunawa kan farashi mai ƙayyadadden farashi ga kowace hanya da kowace magani. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye kuɗin inshora zuwa kusan $280 a wata ga matsakaicin dangin Japan." <ref name="JapanPay" /> Gwamnati ce ke tsara kuɗin inshora, tare da garantin fitowar da ƙimar al'umma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Ba a ba wa masu inshora izinin musanta da'awa ko ɗaukar hoto ba, ko kuma su sami riba (ana ɗaukar kuɗin shiga na yau da kullun zuwa shekara mai zuwa, kuma idan ɗaukar kaya ya yi yawa, ƙimar za ta faɗi). <ref name="JapanPay" /> Kimanin kashi 10% suna guje wa kuɗin inshora na tilas; gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi ba sa ba su katunan inshora, waɗanda masu samar da kayayyaki ke buƙata. <ref name="euro" /> Ana samun inshorar sirri ta son rai ta hanyoyi da dama ciki har da ma'aikata da ƙungiyoyin kwadago don rufe kuɗaɗen da inshorar doka ba ta rufe ba, amma wannan ya kai kusan kashi 2% kawai na kuɗin kula da lafiya. <ref name="euro" /> A aikace, likitoci ba za su hana marasa lafiya kulawa a cikin tsarin ƙasa da ƙasa mai rahusa ba saboda su ne mafi yawan marasa lafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma likitoci ba za su iya samun isasshen kuɗi ta hanyar yi wa ƙaramin adadin marasa lafiya da ke da inshorar sirri hidima ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Jimlar kashe kuɗi kusan rabin matakin Amurka ne, kuma masu biyan haraji suna ba da tallafi ga talakawa. == Netherlands == [[Holand|Netherlands]] tana da umarnin inshorar lafiya kuma tana ba wa kamfanonin riba damar yin gasa don mafi ƙarancin tsare-tsaren inshorar ɗaukar hoto, kodayake akwai kuma masu inshorar haɗin gwiwa don haka amfani da mai inshorar kasuwanci don riba ba dole ba ne. Gwamnati tana tsara masu inshora kuma tana gudanar da tsarin daidaita haɗari don tallafawa masu inshora waɗanda ke ba da inshorar abokan ciniki masu tsada. Abubuwa da yawa suna rage matakin kuɗin da ke sauƙaƙa bin umarnin jama'a. Kudin kula da lafiya a Netherlands ya fi matsakaicin Turai amma ya yi ƙasa da na Amurka. Rabin kuɗin inshora ga manya ana biyan su ta hanyar harajin da ya shafi samun kuɗi wanda ke zuwa ga tallafin inshorar sirri ta hanyar tsarin sake inshorar haɗari wanda mai kula da shi ke gudanarwa. Gwamnati tana biyan dukkan kuɗin ga yara. Kashi arba'in cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a sun cancanci tallafin kuɗi. Kimanin kashi 1.5 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a na doka an kiyasta ba su da inshora. Masu tsara dokar Holland ba su yi tunanin wata matsala da rashin bin doka ba, dokar farko ta haifar da wasu takunkumi masu tasiri idan mutum bai ɗauki inshora ko biyan kuɗin inshora ba, kuma gwamnati a halin yanzu tana haɓaka hanyoyin aiwatarwa. == Switzerland == Tsarin [[Switzerland]] yayi kama da na Netherlands inda kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu ke fafatawa don samar da mafi ƙarancin inshorar da ake buƙata don cika umarninta. Kudin inshora ba shi da alaƙa da kuɗin shiga, amma gwamnati tana ba da tallafi ga ƙananan mutane don taimaka musu su biya kuɗin shirinsu. Kimanin kashi 40% na gidaje sun sami wani nau'in tallafi a shekara ta 2004. Mutane suna da 'yancin kashe kuɗi gwargwadon yadda suke so don shirye-shiryensu da siyan ƙarin ayyukan kiwon lafiya idan ana so. Tsarin yana da inshorar kama-da-wane ta hanyar kama-da-wane, tare da kusan kashi 99% na mutanen da ke da inshora. An ƙirƙiri dokokin da ke bayan tsarin a 1996. Wani batu na baya-bayan nan a ƙasar shine hauhawar farashin kula da lafiya, wanda ya fi matsakaicin Turai. Duk da haka, waɗannan hauhawar farashin har yanzu sun ɗan yi ƙasa da ƙaruwar da aka samu a Amurka. <ref name="switz" /> == Amurka == === Tarihi === Gidauniyar Heritage ta fara gabatar da umarnin mutum ɗaya na siyan kiwon lafiya a shekarar 1989 a matsayin madadin kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Stuart Butler, wani tsohon mai goyon bayan umarnin mutum ɗaya a Gidauniyar Heritage, ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|If a young man wrecks his Porsche and has not had the foresight to obtain insurance, we may commiserate, but society feels no obligation to repair his car. But health care is different. If a man is struck down by a heart attack in the street, Americans will care for him whether or not he has insurance.<ref name="nyt-mandate"/>}} Gidauniyar Heritage ta canza matsayinta a shekarar 2011, inda ta kira umarnin da aka bayar na mutum ɗaya ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Tun daga farkonta, ra'ayin ikon mutum ɗaya ya samu goyon bayan 'yan siyasa [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|na jam'iyyar Republican]] a matsayin hanyar kasuwa mai 'yanci don sake fasalin kula da lafiya. Masu goyon bayan sun haɗa da Charles Grassley, Mitt Romney, da John Chafee . An ji cewa ikon mutum ɗaya ya yi daidai da ƙa'idodin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na alhakin mutum ɗaya, kuma ƙungiyoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun fahimci cewa kasuwar kiwon lafiya ta musamman ce. A shekarar 1993, Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] ya gabatar da kudirin gyara harkokin kiwon lafiya wanda ya kunshi umarni ga ma'aikata su samar da inshorar lafiya ga dukkan ma'aikata ta hanyar kasuwar da aka tsara ta kungiyoyin kula da lafiya da kuma umarnin mutum daya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Duk da haka, shirin Clinton ya gaza a daidai lokacin da ake fargabar cewa yana da sarkakiya ko kuma ba gaskiya ba ne, kuma a lokacin da ake fuskantar tarin tallace-tallace marasa kyau da ba a taba gani ba wanda kungiyoyin siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masana'antar inshorar lafiya suka dauki nauyinsa. A lokacin, sanatocin Republican sun gabatar da kudirin da zai bukaci mutane, ba ma'aikata ba, su sayi inshora, a matsayin madadin shirin Clinton. Shirin [[Hillary Clinton]] a shekarar 2008 ya kuma haɗa da ikon mutum ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Manufa === Bukatar izinin ɗaukar inshora a cikin tsarin da aka tsara kamar yadda yake a yanzu a Amurka na tasowa ne lokacin da ake ƙoƙarin samar da inshorar lafiya ga dukkan mutane, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin da suke ciki ba. Kayan aiki ne da ake amfani da shi lokacin da ake buƙatar kamfanonin inshora su bayar da inshora a farashi ɗaya ga duk waɗanda suke so, kamar yadda suke ƙarƙashin Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi. Manufar umarnin tarayya ko jiha na ɗaukar inshora shine don guje wa matsalolin masu hawa babur da matsalolin zaɓi mara kyau a wuraren inshorar lafiya, ta yadda ba za a sami mutane da yawa da suka fi rashin lafiya ba, ko tsofaffi da suka fi fuskantar rashin lafiya, a cikin wuraren inshorar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Idan akwai zaɓi mara kyau da yawa, farashin kuɗi na iya ƙaruwa, ko kuma ya yi yawa, kuma ana iya kiransa " masu mutuwa ", inda farashin farashi ya kai matsayi mai tsanani, domin mutanen da suka fi rashin lafiya ne kawai ke cikin wuraren. === Massachusetts === An fara aiwatar da dokar inshorar lafiya ta mutum ɗaya a matakin jiha: dokar gyaran lafiyar Massachusetts ta 2005. A shekarar 2006, ɗan Republican Mitt Romney, gwamnan Massachusetts a lokacin, ya sanya hannu kan dokar mutum ɗaya tare da goyon bayan jam'iyyu biyu. A shekarar 2007, wani kudirin Majalisar Dattawa wanda ke ɗauke da dokar tarayya, wanda Bob Bennett ( [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|R]] - [[Utah|UT]] ) da Ron Wyden ( D - [[Oregon|OR]] ) suka rubuta, ya jawo goyon bayan jam'iyyu biyu. Kafin a zartar da dokar, farashin kula da lafiya ga kowane mutum a Massachusetts ya fi kowanne yanki a ƙasar ban da DC. Daga shekarr 2003 zuwa 2008 (shekaru uku kafin da kuma shekaru biyu bayan an zartar da ita) kuɗin inshorar Massachusetts ya ci gaba da zarce sauran Amurka, duk da haka, yawan ci gaban Massachusetts daga shekara zuwa shekara ya ragu sakamakon dokar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, more than 97 percent of Massachusetts residents were insured, which made it the state with the lowest percentage of people without health insurance.<ref name="PoliticoNJ">{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Katie |date=May 30, 2018 |title=New Jersey becomes second state to adopt individual health insurance mandate |url=https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703093104/https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |archive-date=July 3, 2019 |access-date=May 31, 2018 |website=Politico}}</ref> Ba a dakatar da umarnin jihar Massachusetts na ɗaukar nauyin ɗaukar nauyin ba a lokacin ACA, kuma tsawon shekaru da yawa akwai umarnin Tarayya da na jiha na ɗaukar nauyin ɗaukar nauyin ga mazauna MA. Bayan dakatar da umarnin Tarayya a 2018, umarnin jihar ya ci gaba da aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Wasu sun soki jihar Massachusetts dangane da umarnin saboda bayan ACA, jihar ta ci gaba da dawo da kadarorin Medicaid ƙa'idodi fiye da mafi ƙarancin kuɗin da gwamnatin tarayya ta buƙata (kuɗaɗen kula da dogon lokaci) don su dawo daga kadarori duk kuɗaɗen magani da aka biya a madadin masu karɓar Medicaid masu shekaru 55 zuwa sama, gami da waɗanda suka kai shekaru 55 zuwa sama waɗanda suka sami faɗaɗa Medicaid na ACA. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Sukar da ake yi wa mutanen da abin ya shafa ita ce mutanen da abin ya shafa za su buƙaci a biya cikakken kuɗin magani, ba ma kawai wani nau'in kuɗin da ya yi daidai da na farko ba. Mutanen da abin ya shafa suna ƙarƙashin umarnin, kuma za su biya tarar kin amincewa da faɗaɗa Medicaid na Medicaid ko ACA. Abin da za a iya ɗauka a matsayin rashin adalci shi ne, kodayake umarnin an yi shi ne don manufar da aka faɗa don ba da damar haɗa haɗari yadda ya kamata don inshora, mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin dawo da duk kuɗaɗen likita ba su da haɗarin tara kansu, kuma suna iya biyan duk kuɗin likita da aka biya musu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Sauran umarnin mutum ɗaya na jiha === New Jersey da Gundumar Columbia sun amince da dokar inshorar lafiya ta mutum ɗaya wadda ta fara aiki daga ranar 1 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2019, <ref name="PoliticoNJ">{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Katie |date=May 30, 2018 |title=New Jersey becomes second state to adopt individual health insurance mandate |url=https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703093104/https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |archive-date=July 3, 2019 |access-date=May 31, 2018 |website=Politico}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJennings2018">Jennings, Katie (May 30, 2018). [https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 "New Jersey becomes second state to adopt individual health insurance mandate"]. ''Politico''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190703093104/https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 Archived] from the original on July 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> kuma California, Rhode Island, da Vermont sun fara aiki daga ranar 1 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2020. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Sauran jihohi suna ba da ƙimar al'umma da garantin bayar da su ba tare da umarni ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi === Da farko 'yan Republican sun yaba da nasarar da Romney ya samu wajen kafa wani wa'adi na mutum ɗaya a Massachusetts. A lokacin yakin neman zaben Romney na shekarar 2008, Sanata Jim DeMint ( [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|R]] - [[South Carolina|SC]] ) ya yaba da ikon Romney na "daukar wasu kyawawan ra'ayoyi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, kamar inshorar lafiya ta mutum ɗaya, da kuma amfani da su ga buƙatar samun inshorar kowa." Romney da kansa ya ce game da wa'adin mutum ɗaya: "Ina alfahari da abin da muka yi. Idan Massachusetts ta yi nasarar aiwatar da shi, to hakan zai zama abin koyi ga ƙasa." A cikin yakin neman zaben shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2008, Sanata [[Barack Obama]] ya yi kamfe a kan wa'adi na mutum ɗaya. Obama ya kai hari ga [[Hillary Clinton]] da John Edwards saboda goyon bayan da suka ba wa wa'adi na mutum ɗaya a lokacin muhawarar farko da kuma a cikin tallan talabijin. Duk da haka, bayan an amince da dokar mutum ɗaya a matsayin babban ɓangare na Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ta Shugaba Obama a shekara ta 2009, 'yan Republican sun fara adawa da dokar. A shekarar 2009, kowane Sanata ɗan Republican (ciki har da Bennett, wanda ya rubuta dokar 2007 tare da wani umarni) ya kaɗa ƙuri'a don bayyana dokar a matsayin "ba bisa ƙa'ida ba". (Bayanin adawarsa, Bennett daga baya ya ce: "Ban mai da hankali kan cikakkun bayanai na gyaran kamar yadda ya kamata ba, kuma wataƙila da na kaɗa ƙuri'a ta wata hanya idan na fahimci cewa dokar mutum ɗaya ce a cikinta. Kawai ina so in bayyana adawata ga shawarar Obama a kowane lokaci.") Jaridar ''[[New York Times]]'' ta rubuta: "Yana iya zama da wahala a tuna yanzu, idan aka yi la'akari da irin ƙarfin halin da 'yan Republican da yawa ke kai mata hari a matsayin hari ga 'yanci, amma tanadin da ke cikin dokar lafiyar Shugaba Obama wanda ke buƙatar duk Amurkawa su sayi inshorar lafiya ya samo asali ne daga tunanin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya." Sauran 'yan siyasar Republican waɗanda a baya suka goyi bayan wasu manufofi, ciki har da Romney da Orrin Hatch, suma sun fito a matsayin masu suka ga dokar da ke cikin dokokin Obama. A rubuce-rubuce a cikin ''jaridar The New Yorker'', Ezra Klein ya bayyana cewa "sakamakon ƙarshe shine...&nbsp;wata manufa da a da take da goyon baya mai yawa a cikin Jam'iyyar Republican ta fuskanci adawa mai haɗin kai ba zato ba tsammani." <ref name="new-yorker-klein" /> Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi da Obama ya sanya wa hannu a shekarar 2010 ta ƙunshi umarnin mutum ɗaya na fara aiki a shekarar 2014. A ranar 30 ga Agusta, shekarar 2013, an buga ƙa'idodi na ƙarshe na umarnin mutum ɗaya a cikin ''Rijistar Tarayya'' ( 78 ), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> tare da ƙananan gyare-gyare da aka buga a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba, a shekara ta 2013 ( 78 ). Ta hanyar Dokar Rage Haraji da Ayyuka ta 2017, an saita umarnin mutum ɗaya na Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi zuwa $0 tun daga shekarar 2019. Dokar ba ta soke umarnin mutum ɗaya ba domin an yanke hukuncin cewa hakan ya karya tsarin sulhu . A ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, a shekara ta 2018, Alkalin Gundumar Reed O'Connor na [[Texas]] ya yanke hukuncin cewa umarnin Obamacare ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki saboda "Ba za a iya sake karanta Dokar Mutum ɗaya a matsayin aikin Harajin Majalisa ba kuma har yanzu ba a yarda da ita ba a ƙarƙashin Sashe na Kasuwanci na Tsakanin Jihohi - ma'ana Dokar Mutum ɗaya ta saɓa wa kundin tsarin mulki." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> California da wasu jihohi da dama sun jagoranci ɗaukaka ƙarar zuwa Kotun Da'ira ta Biyar . Kotun Da'ira ta Biyar ta tabbatar da wani ɓangare na ra'ayin O'Connor game da rashin bin ƙa'ida na ACA ba tare da umarnin mutum ɗaya ba a watan Disamba na shekarar 2019. An ɗaga shari'ar zuwa Kotun Koli don a saurari shari'ar a matsayin ''California v. Texas'' a lokacin wa'adin kotun na 2020-21; a cikin hukuncin 7-2 da aka bayar a ranar 17 ga watanyYuni, a shekarar 2021, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Texas da sauran jihohin da suka fara ƙalubalantar umarnin mutum ɗaya ba su da tsayayye, domin ba su nuna rauni a baya ko a nan gaba da ya shafi tanadin ba. Kotun Koli ba ta yanke hukunci kan daidaiton ikon mutum ɗaya a wannan shari'ar ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Kalubalen Tsarin Mulki === Babban lauyan jihar Republican ya kalubalanci umarnin ACA a kotunan tarayya. A ranar 28 ga Yuni, 2012, [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta amince da tanadin a matsayin kundin tsarin mulki. Babban Alkali John Roberts ya gabatar da mafi rinjayen ra'ayi a cikin ''National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius'', wanda ya goyi bayan Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi da kuri'u 5-4. Kotun ta yanke hukunci cewa duk da cewa bangaren "umarnin mutum ɗaya" na dokar ba shi da kundin tsarin mulki a ƙarƙashin Sashen Kasuwanci, an fassara shi a matsayin haraji kuma saboda haka yana da inganci a ƙarƙashin ikon Majalisa na "tsaftacewa da karɓar haraji." A cikin takardar aiki ta Satumba 2010, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> wani labarin da ke tafe a cikin ''Jaridar Shari'a da 'Yanci ta Jami'ar New York'', da kuma lacca da aka bayar a NYU, Randy Barnett na Cibiyar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Georgetown ya yi jayayya cewa umarnin ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki a ƙarƙashin koyarwar Kasuwanci da Sashe Masu Muhimmanci da Daidai, kuma aiwatar da shi daidai yake da "sarrafawa mutane." Ya yi jayayya cewa, yin hukunci kan rashin yin wani abu ba zai yiwu ba ne kawai idan an tabbatar da wani muhimmin aiki na mutum. Ya kuma tabbatar da cewa Majalisa ta kasa aiwatar da umarnin a karkashin ikonta na biyan haraji saboda hukuncin ba wai yana samar da kudaden shiga ba ne bisa ga Dokar da kanta. === Sukar umarnin mutum ɗaya === Masu fafutukar inshora ( AHIP ) a Amurka suna fafutukar cewa dokar ta zama dole don tallafawa batun da aka tabbatar da inganci da kuma ƙima ga al'umma, wanda ke iyakance biyan kuɗin inshorar ; masu inshora sun ba da shawarar cewa an yi nufin dokar ne don hana zaɓe mara kyau ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa mutane masu lafiya sun sayi inshora don haka faɗaɗa haɗarin . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> An yi la'akari da dokar a zuciyar shawarwarin gyaran lafiyar lafiya a Amurka <ref name="ask">{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2008 |title=Ask the Experts: Individual Mandates |url=http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006021955/http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2009 |publisher=[[Kaiser Family Foundation]]}}</ref> kuma "wajibi ne" kafin a samar da sharaɗi ga [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kula da lafiya na duniya baki ɗaya]], tunda duk wani gyara da ba dole ba zai kasa faɗaɗa ɗaukar nauyin. <ref name="ask" /> Wani dandalin tattaunawa na AHIP/Kaiser na 2008 ya ambaci umarnin Holland da Switzerland (duba sama); Rahoton da aka buga na AHIP bai ambaci hukunci ba amma ya ce Switzerland "tana aiwatar da dokoki ta hanyoyi da yawa..." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na 2009, Kaiser Health News ta ba da rahoton cewa "Masana'antar inshora a bayyane take tana damuwa game da soke umarnin." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Wasu bincike na [[Shaida ta zahiri|shaidun gwaji]] sun nuna cewa barazanar zaɓin da ba daidai ba an yi shi ne da yawa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> kuma cewa ƙin haɗari da zaɓin da ya dace na iya daidaita shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Misali, jihohin Amurka da yawa suna da garantin fitowar <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> da iyakoki kan ƙima, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> amma Massachusetts ne kawai ke da umarni na mutum ɗaya ; haka nan, kodayake Japan tana da umarni na musamman, kusan kashi 10% na mutane ba sa bin doka, kuma babu hukunci (kawai suna ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da inshora ba - duba sama ). Ba tare da umarni ba, kamfanonin inshora na riba dole ne su dogara da ƙin haɗari don cajin kuɗi akan haɗarin da ake tsammani, amma an takaita su da abin da abokan ciniki ke son biya; umarni yana kawar da wannan ƙuntatawa, yana ba wa kamfanonin inshora damar caji ƙari. Gwamnatocin da ke sanya umarni dole ne su ba da tallafi ga waɗanda ba za su iya biya ba, don haka suna canza farashin ga masu biyan haraji . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> Masanin tattalin arziki na Jami'ar Chicago, Casey B. Mulligan, ya yi jayayya cewa, duk da rashin kyawun zaɓi, ba lallai ba ne a ba da umarnin mutum ɗaya kuma yana rage inganci matuƙar an ba da tallafin inshora sosai.&nbsp;"Masu amfani da kayayyaki waɗanda suka ƙi tallafin gwamnati ta hanyar gazawa, misali, don siyan shirin tallafi, ya kamata mu masu biyan haraji na Tarayya mu gode musu. ACA ta yi akasin haka da 'aikin mutum ɗaya'...." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Wani bincike da ke tabbatar da hujjar Mulligan ya bayyana a cikin [https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/ERP-2019.pdf Rahoton Tattalin Arziki na Shugaban Ƙasa] na 2019, wanda kuma ya kammala da cewa zaɓi mara kyau ba shi da isasshen hujjar tattalin arziki don hana tsare-tsaren da ba a tallafa musu ba waɗanda ke ɗauke da " amfanoni masu mahimmanci " kamar ɗaukar nauyin kula da lafiyar haihuwa ko ta kwakwalwa. Dokar inshora ta fuskanci adawa a fannoni daban-daban na siyasa, tun daga ƙungiyoyin da ke da ra'ayin hagu kamar Jam'iyyar Green da sauran masu fafutukar kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya zuwa ƙungiyoyi [[Siyasa ta dama|masu ra'ayin dama]], kamar Gidauniyar Heritage, FreedomWorks, da Cibiyar Cato da wasu membobin Majalisar Dattawa da Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Masu adawa kamar Michael Cannon, Daraktan Nazarin Manufofin Lafiya a Cibiyar Cato, sun yi jayayya ta falsafa cewa ya kamata mutane su sami 'yancin rayuwa ba tare da tsoma bakin gwamnati a cikin al'umma ba a matsayin batun [[Ƴancin Jama'a|'yancin ɗan adam]] . Ya bayyana cewa gwamnatocin tarayya, jihohi, da ƙananan hukumomi ba sa son ko kuma ba sa iya tara kuɗin da ake buƙata don tallafawa mutanen da ba za su iya biyan inshora a halin yanzu yadda ya kamata ba. Ya kuma bayyana cewa farashin ƙara ɗaukar hoto ya fi sauran gyare-gyare, kamar rage yawan kurakurai da haɗurra a cikin magani, wanda zai yi wa al'umma fa'ida sosai. <ref name="ask">{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2008 |title=Ask the Experts: Individual Mandates |url=http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006021955/http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2009 |publisher=[[Kaiser Family Foundation]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091006021955/http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf "Ask the Experts: Individual Mandates"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[Kaiser Family Foundation]]. January 31, 2008. Archived from [http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 6, 2009.</cite></ref> Binciken ra'ayoyin jama'a daga 2009 zuwa 2012 ya ci gaba da gano cewa yawancin Amurkawa sun ƙi hukunta mutane saboda rashin siyan inshorar lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> <ref name="useit">{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2009 |title=U.S. Voters Back Public Insurance 2-1, But Won't Use It |url=http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1295.xml?ReleaseID=1344 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703001837/http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1295.xml?ReleaseID=1344 |archive-date=July 3, 2009 |access-date=September 4, 2009 |publisher=[[Quinnipiac University]]}}</ref> == Umarnin mai aiki == A Amurka, Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi (PPACA) ta ƙunshi umarnin ma'aikata da na mutum ɗaya waɗanda suka fara aiki a shekarar 2014. Umarnin ma'aikaci na PPACA ya buƙaci duk kasuwancin da ke da ma'aikata 50 ko fiye na cikakken lokaci su samar da mafi ƙarancin inshorar lafiya mai araha ga aƙalla 95% na ma'aikatan cikakken lokaci da waɗanda ke ƙarƙashinsu har zuwa shekaru 26, ko kuma su biya kuɗi nan da shekarar 2016. A cikin manyan ƙasashen EU guda biyu, [[Faransa]] da [[Jamus]], Inshorar Lafiya ta Doka (SHI) ta umarci ma'aikata da ma'aikata su biya kuɗin inshorar lafiya na doka. A Faransa, inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa (PHI) na son rai ne kuma ana amfani da shi don ƙara yawan biyan kuɗi daga tsarin rashin lafiya na doka. Haka nan ya shafi Jamus inda kuma yana yiwuwa a fita daga SHI idan kai mai yawan albashi ne kuma kana cikin PHI amma idan mutum ya kai shekaru 55 kuma yana cikin ɓangaren PHI dole ne ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin PHI kuma ba zai iya komawa cikin SHI ba. Mutanen da ba su da aikin yi yawanci za su iya ci gaba da biyan kuɗinsu ta hanyar inshorar zamantakewa kuma talakawa suna samun tallafi daga gwamnati don samun inshora. Yawancin ma'aikata suna samun inshora ta hanyar zama memba na dole na "asusun rashin lafiya" waɗanda ƙungiyoyi ne marasa riba waɗanda ƙungiyoyin kwadago suka kafa kuma yanzu aka ba su matsayin doka. A Jamus da Faransa, kamar yadda yake a yawancin kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya na Turai, gudummawar da mutum ke bayarwa ga kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya ya bambanta dangane da matakin kuɗin shiga na mutum ba bisa ga yanayin lafiyarsa ba. Kashi 0.2% ne kawai na Jamusawa ba su da inshora, galibi suna aiki da kansu, masu kuɗi da talakawa, da kuma mutanen da suka kasa biyan gudummawa ga inshorar doka ko kuɗin inshorar lafiya na masu zaman kansu. Tsakanin 1990 da 2000, kason kuɗin shiga na SHI na Faransa da ke zuwa kai tsaye daga ma'aikata ta hanyar albashi ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 30% zuwa kashi 3% kawai kuma gudummawar kai tsaye ta ma'aikata shi ma ya faɗi. Bambancin ya samo asali ne ta hanyar ƙaruwar kuɗin shiga daga harajin gwamnati, don haka ya faɗaɗa tushen gudummawar da ake buƙata ga tsarin inshorar lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Canjin kiwon lafiya|Gyaran kula da lafiya]] * Mai ba da shawara kan lafiya * Tattalin arzikin lafiya * [[Inshorar lafiya]] * [[Sabbin Inshorar Lafiya|Sabbin Sabbin Inshorar Lafiya]] * Samar da alhakin da aka raba tsakanin mutane == Nassoshi == .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f0ywfyjlmwt5hdxo5alvcv4e4wbnjs0 883038 883034 2026-07-14T18:42:52Z Usman saadu 46863 883038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Umarnin inshorar lafiya ko dai wani ma'aikaci ne ko kuma mutum ɗaya da ya nemi inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa maimakon (ko ƙari ga) tsarin inshorar lafiya na ƙasa . [1] == Ostiraliya == Shirin inshorar lafiya na ƙasa na Ostiraliya ana kiransa da Medicare, kuma ana ba da kuɗin ta hanyar haraji na gabaɗaya, gami da harajin Medicare akan albashi; amfani da Medicare ba dole ba ne kuma waɗanda suka sayi inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa suna samun rangwame daga gwamnati akan kuɗin fansho. [1] Mutanen da ke da yawan kuɗin shiga na shekara-shekara (A$70,000 a cikin kasafin kuɗin tarayya na shekarar 2008) waɗanda ba su da takamaiman matakan inshorar asibiti masu zaman kansu suna ƙarƙashin ƙarin ƙarin kuɗin harajin Medicare na 1%. [2] Mutanen da ke da matsakaicin kuɗin shiga ko ƙasa da haka na iya cancanci tallafin kuɗi don siyan inshorar mai zaman kansa, amma ba za su fuskanci hukunci ba idan ba su saya ba. [3] Dole ne kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu su bi sharuɗɗan da aka tabbatar da su da kuma ƙimar al'umma, amma za su iya iyakance ɗaukar nauyin cututtukan da suka riga suka kasance har zuwa shekara guda don hana zaɓin da ba daidai ba . == Japan == [[Japan]] tana da [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|tsarin kula da lafiya na duniya baki ɗaya]] wanda ya tilasta wa dukkan mazauna su sami inshorar lafiya, ko dai a wurin aiki ko ta hanyar kamfanin inshorar al'umma na gida, amma ba ya sanya hukunci ga mutane saboda rashin inshora. <ref name="euro">{{Cite web |last=Tatara |first=Kozo |last2=Okamoto |first2=Etsuji |title=Japan Health system review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/85466/E92927.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106065951/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/85466/E92927.pdf |archive-date=November 6, 2010 |website=European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies}}</ref> Ma'aikatar lafiya ta Japan "tana kula da farashin kula da lafiya har zuwa ƙaramin bayani. Duk bayan shekaru biyu, likitoci da ma'aikatar lafiya suna tattaunawa kan farashi mai ƙayyadadden farashi ga kowace hanya da kowace magani. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye kuɗin inshora zuwa kusan $280 a wata ga matsakaicin dangin Japan." <ref name="JapanPay" /> Gwamnati ce ke tsara kuɗin inshora, tare da garantin fitowar da ƙimar al'umma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Ba a ba wa masu inshora izinin musanta da'awa ko ɗaukar hoto ba, ko kuma su sami riba (ana ɗaukar kuɗin shiga na yau da kullun zuwa shekara mai zuwa, kuma idan ɗaukar kaya ya yi yawa, ƙimar za ta faɗi). <ref name="JapanPay" /> Kimanin kashi 10% suna guje wa kuɗin inshora na tilas; gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi ba sa ba su katunan inshora, waɗanda masu samar da kayayyaki ke buƙata. <ref name="euro" /> Ana samun inshorar sirri ta son rai ta hanyoyi da dama ciki har da ma'aikata da ƙungiyoyin kwadago don rufe kuɗaɗen da inshorar doka ba ta rufe ba, amma wannan ya kai kusan kashi 2% kawai na kuɗin kula da lafiya. <ref name="euro" /> A aikace, likitoci ba za su hana marasa lafiya kulawa a cikin tsarin ƙasa da ƙasa mai rahusa ba saboda su ne mafi yawan marasa lafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma likitoci ba za su iya samun isasshen kuɗi ta hanyar yi wa ƙaramin adadin marasa lafiya da ke da inshorar sirri hidima ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Jimlar kashe kuɗi kusan rabin matakin Amurka ne, kuma masu biyan haraji suna ba da tallafi ga talakawa. == Netherlands == [[Holand|Netherlands]] tana da umarnin inshorar lafiya kuma tana ba wa kamfanonin riba damar yin gasa don mafi ƙarancin tsare-tsaren inshorar ɗaukar hoto, kodayake akwai kuma masu inshorar haɗin gwiwa don haka amfani da mai inshorar kasuwanci don riba ba dole ba ne. Gwamnati tana tsara masu inshora kuma tana gudanar da tsarin daidaita haɗari don tallafawa masu inshora waɗanda ke ba da inshorar abokan ciniki masu tsada. Abubuwa da yawa suna rage matakin kuɗin da ke sauƙaƙa bin umarnin jama'a. Kudin kula da lafiya a Netherlands ya fi matsakaicin Turai amma ya yi ƙasa da na Amurka. Rabin kuɗin inshora ga manya ana biyan su ta hanyar harajin da ya shafi samun kuɗi wanda ke zuwa ga tallafin inshorar sirri ta hanyar tsarin sake inshorar haɗari wanda mai kula da shi ke gudanarwa. Gwamnati tana biyan dukkan kuɗin ga yara. Kashi arba'in cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a sun cancanci tallafin kuɗi. Kimanin kashi 1.5 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'a na doka an kiyasta ba su da inshora. Masu tsara dokar Holland ba su yi tunanin wata matsala da rashin bin doka ba, dokar farko ta haifar da wasu takunkumi masu tasiri idan mutum bai ɗauki inshora ko biyan kuɗin inshora ba, kuma gwamnati a halin yanzu tana haɓaka hanyoyin aiwatarwa. == Switzerland == Tsarin [[Switzerland]] yayi kama da na Netherlands inda kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu ke fafatawa don samar da mafi ƙarancin inshorar da ake buƙata don cika umarninta. Kudin inshora ba shi da alaƙa da kuɗin shiga, amma gwamnati tana ba da tallafi ga ƙananan mutane don taimaka musu su biya kuɗin shirinsu. Kimanin kashi 40% na gidaje sun sami wani nau'in tallafi a shekara ta 2004. Mutane suna da 'yancin kashe kuɗi gwargwadon yadda suke so don shirye-shiryensu da siyan ƙarin ayyukan kiwon lafiya idan ana so. Tsarin yana da inshorar kama-da-wane ta hanyar kama-da-wane, tare da kusan kashi 99% na mutanen da ke da inshora. An ƙirƙiri dokokin da ke bayan tsarin a 1996. Wani batu na baya-bayan nan a ƙasar shine hauhawar farashin kula da lafiya, wanda ya fi matsakaicin Turai. Duk da haka, waɗannan hauhawar farashin har yanzu sun ɗan yi ƙasa da ƙaruwar da aka samu a Amurka. <ref name="switz" /> == Amurka == === Tarihi === Gidauniyar Heritage ta fara gabatar da umarnin mutum ɗaya na siyan kiwon lafiya a shekarar 1989 a matsayin madadin kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Stuart Butler, wani tsohon mai goyon bayan umarnin mutum ɗaya a Gidauniyar Heritage, ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|If a young man wrecks his Porsche and has not had the foresight to obtain insurance, we may commiserate, but society feels no obligation to repair his car. But health care is different. If a man is struck down by a heart attack in the street, Americans will care for him whether or not he has insurance.<ref name="nyt-mandate"/>}} Gidauniyar Heritage ta canza matsayinta a shekarar 2011, inda ta kira umarnin da aka bayar na mutum ɗaya ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Tun daga farkonta, ra'ayin ikon mutum ɗaya ya samu goyon bayan 'yan siyasa [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|na jam'iyyar Republican]] a matsayin hanyar kasuwa mai 'yanci don sake fasalin kula da lafiya. Masu goyon bayan sun haɗa da Charles Grassley, Mitt Romney, da John Chafee . An ji cewa ikon mutum ɗaya ya yi daidai da ƙa'idodin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na alhakin mutum ɗaya, kuma ƙungiyoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun fahimci cewa kasuwar kiwon lafiya ta musamman ce. A shekarar 1993, Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] ya gabatar da kudirin gyara harkokin kiwon lafiya wanda ya kunshi umarni ga ma'aikata su samar da inshorar lafiya ga dukkan ma'aikata ta hanyar kasuwar da aka tsara ta kungiyoyin kula da lafiya da kuma umarnin mutum daya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Duk da haka, shirin Clinton ya gaza a daidai lokacin da ake fargabar cewa yana da sarkakiya ko kuma ba gaskiya ba ne, kuma a lokacin da ake fuskantar tarin tallace-tallace marasa kyau da ba a taba gani ba wanda kungiyoyin siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masana'antar inshorar lafiya suka dauki nauyinsa. A lokacin, sanatocin Republican sun gabatar da kudirin da zai bukaci mutane, ba ma'aikata ba, su sayi inshora, a matsayin madadin shirin Clinton. Shirin [[Hillary Clinton]] a shekarar 2008 ya kuma haɗa da ikon mutum ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Manufa === Bukatar izinin ɗaukar inshora a cikin tsarin da aka tsara kamar yadda yake a yanzu a Amurka na tasowa ne lokacin da ake ƙoƙarin samar da inshorar lafiya ga dukkan mutane, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin da suke ciki ba. Kayan aiki ne da ake amfani da shi lokacin da ake buƙatar kamfanonin inshora su bayar da inshora a farashi ɗaya ga duk waɗanda suke so, kamar yadda suke ƙarƙashin Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi. Manufar umarnin tarayya ko jiha na ɗaukar inshora shine don guje wa matsalolin masu hawa babur da matsalolin zaɓi mara kyau a wuraren inshorar lafiya, ta yadda ba za a sami mutane da yawa da suka fi rashin lafiya ba, ko tsofaffi da suka fi fuskantar rashin lafiya, a cikin wuraren inshorar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Idan akwai zaɓi mara kyau da yawa, farashin kuɗi na iya ƙaruwa, ko kuma ya yi yawa, kuma ana iya kiransa " masu mutuwa ", inda farashin farashi ya kai matsayi mai tsanani, domin mutanen da suka fi rashin lafiya ne kawai ke cikin wuraren. === Massachusetts === An fara aiwatar da dokar inshorar lafiya ta mutum ɗaya a matakin jiha: dokar gyaran lafiyar Massachusetts ta 2005. A shekarar 2006, ɗan Republican Mitt Romney, gwamnan Massachusetts a lokacin, ya sanya hannu kan dokar mutum ɗaya tare da goyon bayan jam'iyyu biyu. A shekarar 2007, wani kudirin Majalisar Dattawa wanda ke ɗauke da dokar tarayya, wanda Bob Bennett ( [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|R]] - [[Utah|UT]] ) da Ron Wyden ( D - [[Oregon|OR]] ) suka rubuta, ya jawo goyon bayan jam'iyyu biyu. Kafin a zartar da dokar, farashin kula da lafiya ga kowane mutum a Massachusetts ya fi kowanne yanki a ƙasar ban da DC. Daga shekarr 2003 zuwa 2008 (shekaru uku kafin da kuma shekaru biyu bayan an zartar da ita) kuɗin inshorar Massachusetts ya ci gaba da zarce sauran Amurka, duk da haka, yawan ci gaban Massachusetts daga shekara zuwa shekara ya ragu sakamakon dokar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, more than 97 percent of Massachusetts residents were insured, which made it the state with the lowest percentage of people without health insurance.<ref name="PoliticoNJ">{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Katie |date=May 30, 2018 |title=New Jersey becomes second state to adopt individual health insurance mandate |url=https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703093104/https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |archive-date=July 3, 2019 |access-date=May 31, 2018 |website=Politico}}</ref> Ba a dakatar da umarnin jihar Massachusetts na ɗaukar nauyin ɗaukar nauyin ba a lokacin ACA, kuma tsawon shekaru da yawa akwai umarnin Tarayya da na jiha na ɗaukar nauyin ɗaukar nauyin ga mazauna MA. Bayan dakatar da umarnin Tarayya a 2018, umarnin jihar ya ci gaba da aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Wasu sun soki jihar Massachusetts dangane da umarnin saboda bayan ACA, jihar ta ci gaba da dawo da kadarorin Medicaid ƙa'idodi fiye da mafi ƙarancin kuɗin da gwamnatin tarayya ta buƙata (kuɗaɗen kula da dogon lokaci) don su dawo daga kadarori duk kuɗaɗen magani da aka biya a madadin masu karɓar Medicaid masu shekaru 55 zuwa sama, gami da waɗanda suka kai shekaru 55 zuwa sama waɗanda suka sami faɗaɗa Medicaid na ACA. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Sukar da ake yi wa mutanen da abin ya shafa ita ce mutanen da abin ya shafa za su buƙaci a biya cikakken kuɗin magani, ba ma kawai wani nau'in kuɗin da ya yi daidai da na farko ba. Mutanen da abin ya shafa suna ƙarƙashin umarnin, kuma za su biya tarar kin amincewa da faɗaɗa Medicaid na Medicaid ko ACA. Abin da za a iya ɗauka a matsayin rashin adalci shi ne, kodayake umarnin an yi shi ne don manufar da aka faɗa don ba da damar haɗa haɗari yadda ya kamata don inshora, mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin dawo da duk kuɗaɗen likita ba su da haɗarin tara kansu, kuma suna iya biyan duk kuɗin likita da aka biya musu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Sauran umarnin mutum ɗaya na jiha === New Jersey da Gundumar Columbia sun amince da dokar inshorar lafiya ta mutum ɗaya wadda ta fara aiki daga ranar 1 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2019, <ref name="PoliticoNJ">{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Katie |date=May 30, 2018 |title=New Jersey becomes second state to adopt individual health insurance mandate |url=https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703093104/https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 |archive-date=July 3, 2019 |access-date=May 31, 2018 |website=Politico}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJennings2018">Jennings, Katie (May 30, 2018). [https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 "New Jersey becomes second state to adopt individual health insurance mandate"]. ''Politico''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190703093104/https://www.politico.com/states/new-jersey/story/2018/05/30/new-jersey-becomes-second-state-to-adopt-individual-health-insurance-mandate-442183 Archived] from the original on July 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> kuma California, Rhode Island, da Vermont sun fara aiki daga ranar 1 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2020. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Sauran jihohi suna ba da ƙimar al'umma da garantin bayar da su ba tare da umarni ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi === Da farko 'yan Republican sun yaba da nasarar da Romney ya samu wajen kafa wani wa'adi na mutum ɗaya a Massachusetts. A lokacin yakin neman zaben Romney na shekarar 2008, Sanata Jim DeMint ( [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|R]] - [[South Carolina|SC]] ) ya yaba da ikon Romney na "daukar wasu kyawawan ra'ayoyi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, kamar inshorar lafiya ta mutum ɗaya, da kuma amfani da su ga buƙatar samun inshorar kowa." Romney da kansa ya ce game da wa'adin mutum ɗaya: "Ina alfahari da abin da muka yi. Idan Massachusetts ta yi nasarar aiwatar da shi, to hakan zai zama abin koyi ga ƙasa." A cikin yakin neman zaben shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2008, Sanata [[Barack Obama]] ya yi kamfe a kan wa'adi na mutum ɗaya. Obama ya kai hari ga [[Hillary Clinton]] da John Edwards saboda goyon bayan da suka ba wa wa'adi na mutum ɗaya a lokacin muhawarar farko da kuma a cikin tallan talabijin. Duk da haka, bayan an amince da dokar mutum ɗaya a matsayin babban ɓangare na Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ta Shugaba Obama a shekara ta 2009, 'yan Republican sun fara adawa da dokar. A shekarar 2009, kowane Sanata ɗan Republican (ciki har da Bennett, wanda ya rubuta dokar 2007 tare da wani umarni) ya kaɗa ƙuri'a don bayyana dokar a matsayin "ba bisa ƙa'ida ba". (Bayanin adawarsa, Bennett daga baya ya ce: "Ban mai da hankali kan cikakkun bayanai na gyaran kamar yadda ya kamata ba, kuma wataƙila da na kaɗa ƙuri'a ta wata hanya idan na fahimci cewa dokar mutum ɗaya ce a cikinta. Kawai ina so in bayyana adawata ga shawarar Obama a kowane lokaci.") Jaridar ''[[New York Times]]'' ta rubuta: "Yana iya zama da wahala a tuna yanzu, idan aka yi la'akari da irin ƙarfin halin da 'yan Republican da yawa ke kai mata hari a matsayin hari ga 'yanci, amma tanadin da ke cikin dokar lafiyar Shugaba Obama wanda ke buƙatar duk Amurkawa su sayi inshorar lafiya ya samo asali ne daga tunanin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya." Sauran 'yan siyasar Republican waɗanda a baya suka goyi bayan wasu manufofi, ciki har da Romney da Orrin Hatch, suma sun fito a matsayin masu suka ga dokar da ke cikin dokokin Obama. A rubuce-rubuce a cikin ''jaridar The New Yorker'', Ezra Klein ya bayyana cewa "sakamakon ƙarshe shine...&nbsp;wata manufa da a da take da goyon baya mai yawa a cikin Jam'iyyar Republican ta fuskanci adawa mai haɗin kai ba zato ba tsammani." <ref name="new-yorker-klein" /> Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi da Obama ya sanya wa hannu a shekarar 2010 ta ƙunshi umarnin mutum ɗaya na fara aiki a shekarar 2014. A ranar 30 ga Agusta, shekarar 2013, an buga ƙa'idodi na ƙarshe na umarnin mutum ɗaya a cikin ''Rijistar Tarayya'' ( 78 ), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> tare da ƙananan gyare-gyare da aka buga a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba, a shekara ta 2013 ( 78 ). Ta hanyar Dokar Rage Haraji da Ayyuka ta shekarar 2017, an saita umarnin mutum ɗaya na Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi zuwa $0 tun daga shekarar 2019. Dokar ba ta soke umarnin mutum ɗaya ba domin an yanke hukuncin cewa hakan ya karya tsarin sulhu . A ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, a shekara ta 2018, Alkalin Gundumar Reed O'Connor na [[Texas]] ya yanke hukuncin cewa umarnin Obamacare ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki saboda "Ba za a iya sake karanta Dokar Mutum ɗaya a matsayin aikin Harajin Majalisa ba kuma har yanzu ba a yarda da ita ba a ƙarƙashin Sashe na Kasuwanci na Tsakanin Jihohi - ma'ana Dokar Mutum ɗaya ta saɓa wa kundin tsarin mulki." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> California da wasu jihohi da dama sun jagoranci ɗaukaka ƙarar zuwa Kotun Da'ira ta Biyar . Kotun Da'ira ta Biyar ta tabbatar da wani ɓangare na ra'ayin O'Connor game da rashin bin ƙa'ida na ACA ba tare da umarnin mutum ɗaya ba a watan Disamba na shekarar 2019. An ɗaga shari'ar zuwa Kotun Koli don a saurari shari'ar a matsayin ''California v. Texas'' a lokacin wa'adin kotun na 2020-21; a cikin hukuncin 7-2 da aka bayar a ranar 17 ga watanyYuni, a shekarar 2021, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Texas da sauran jihohin da suka fara ƙalubalantar umarnin mutum ɗaya ba su da tsayayye, domin ba su nuna rauni a baya ko a nan gaba da ya shafi tanadin ba. Kotun Koli ba ta yanke hukunci kan daidaiton ikon mutum ɗaya a wannan shari'ar ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> === Kalubalen Tsarin Mulki === Babban lauyan jihar Republican ya kalubalanci umarnin ACA a kotunan tarayya. A ranar 28 ga watan Yuni, a shekara ta 2012, [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta amince da tanadin a matsayin kundin tsarin mulki. Babban Alkali John Roberts ya gabatar da mafi rinjayen ra'ayi a cikin ''National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius'', wanda ya goyi bayan Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi da kuri'u 5-4. Kotun ta yanke hukunci cewa duk da cewa bangaren "umarnin mutum ɗaya" na dokar ba shi da kundin tsarin mulki a ƙarƙashin Sashen Kasuwanci, an fassara shi a matsayin haraji kuma saboda haka yana da inganci a ƙarƙashin ikon Majalisa na "tsaftacewa da karɓar haraji." A cikin takardar aiki ta Satumba shekarar 2010, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> wani labarin da ke tafe a cikin ''Jaridar Shari'a da 'Yanci ta Jami'ar New York'', da kuma lacca da aka bayar a NYU, Randy Barnett na Cibiyar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Georgetown ya yi jayayya cewa umarnin ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki a ƙarƙashin koyarwar Kasuwanci da Sashe Masu Muhimmanci da Daidai, kuma aiwatar da shi daidai yake da "sarrafawa mutane." Ya yi jayayya cewa, yin hukunci kan rashin yin wani abu ba zai yiwu ba ne kawai idan an tabbatar da wani muhimmin aiki na mutum. Ya kuma tabbatar da cewa Majalisa ta kasa aiwatar da umarnin a karkashin ikonta na biyan haraji saboda hukuncin ba wai yana samar da kudaden shiga ba ne bisa ga Dokar da kanta. === Sukar umarnin mutum ɗaya === Masu fafutukar inshora ( AHIP ) a Amurka suna fafutukar cewa dokar ta zama dole don tallafawa batun da aka tabbatar da inganci da kuma ƙima ga al'umma, wanda ke iyakance biyan kuɗin inshorar ; masu inshora sun ba da shawarar cewa an yi nufin dokar ne don hana zaɓe mara kyau ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa mutane masu lafiya sun sayi inshora don haka faɗaɗa haɗarin . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> An yi la'akari da dokar a zuciyar shawarwarin gyaran lafiyar lafiya a Amurka <ref name="ask">{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2008 |title=Ask the Experts: Individual Mandates |url=http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006021955/http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2009 |publisher=[[Kaiser Family Foundation]]}}</ref> kuma "wajibi ne" kafin a samar da sharaɗi ga [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kula da lafiya na duniya baki ɗaya]], tunda duk wani gyara da ba dole ba zai kasa faɗaɗa ɗaukar nauyin. <ref name="ask" /> Wani dandalin tattaunawa na AHIP/Kaiser na shekarar 2008 ya ambaci umarnin Holland da Switzerland (duba sama); Rahoton da aka buga na AHIP bai ambaci hukunci ba amma ya ce Switzerland "tana aiwatar da dokoki ta hanyoyi da yawa..." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009, Kaiser Health News ta ba da rahoton cewa "Masana'antar inshora a bayyane take tana damuwa game da soke umarnin." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Wasu bincike na [[Shaida ta zahiri|shaidun gwaji]] sun nuna cewa barazanar zaɓin da ba daidai ba an yi shi ne da yawa, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> kuma cewa ƙin haɗari da zaɓin da ya dace na iya daidaita shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> Misali, jihohin Amurka da yawa suna da garantin fitowar <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> da iyakoki kan ƙima, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> amma Massachusetts ne kawai ke da umarni na mutum ɗaya ; haka nan, kodayake Japan tana da umarni na musamman, kusan kashi 10% na mutane ba sa bin doka, kuma babu hukunci (kawai suna ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da inshora ba - duba sama ). Ba tare da umarni ba, kamfanonin inshora na riba dole ne su dogara da ƙin haɗari don cajin kuɗi akan haɗarin da ake tsammani, amma an takaita su da abin da abokan ciniki ke son biya; umarni yana kawar da wannan ƙuntatawa, yana ba wa kamfanonin inshora damar caji ƙari. Gwamnatocin da ke sanya umarni dole ne su ba da tallafi ga waɗanda ba za su iya biya ba, don haka suna canza farashin ga masu biyan haraji . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> Masanin tattalin arziki na Jami'ar Chicago, Casey B. Mulligan, ya yi jayayya cewa, duk da rashin kyawun zaɓi, ba lallai ba ne a ba da umarnin mutum ɗaya kuma yana rage inganci matuƙar an ba da tallafin inshora sosai.&nbsp;"Masu amfani da kayayyaki waɗanda suka ƙi tallafin gwamnati ta hanyar gazawa, misali, don siyan shirin tallafi, ya kamata mu masu biyan haraji na Tarayya mu gode musu. ACA ta yi akasin haka da 'aikin mutum ɗaya'...." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Wani bincike da ke tabbatar da hujjar Mulligan ya bayyana a cikin [https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/ERP-2019.pdf Rahoton Tattalin Arziki na Shugaban Ƙasa] na shekarar2019, wanda kuma ya kammala da cewa zaɓi mara kyau ba shi da isasshen hujjar tattalin arziki don hana tsare-tsaren da ba a tallafa musu ba waɗanda ke ɗauke da " amfanoni masu mahimmanci " kamar ɗaukar nauyin kula da lafiyar haihuwa ko ta kwakwalwa. Dokar inshora ta fuskanci adawa a fannoni daban-daban na siyasa, tun daga ƙungiyoyin da ke da ra'ayin hagu kamar Jam'iyyar Green da sauran masu fafutukar kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya zuwa ƙungiyoyi [[Siyasa ta dama|masu ra'ayin dama]], kamar Gidauniyar Heritage, FreedomWorks, da Cibiyar Cato da wasu membobin Majalisar Dattawa da Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> Masu adawa kamar Michael Cannon, Daraktan Nazarin Manufofin Lafiya a Cibiyar Cato, sun yi jayayya ta falsafa cewa ya kamata mutane su sami 'yancin rayuwa ba tare da tsoma bakin gwamnati a cikin al'umma ba a matsayin batun [[Ƴancin Jama'a|'yancin ɗan adam]] . Ya bayyana cewa gwamnatocin tarayya, jihohi, da ƙananan hukumomi ba sa son ko kuma ba sa iya tara kuɗin da ake buƙata don tallafawa mutanen da ba za su iya biyan inshora a halin yanzu yadda ya kamata ba. Ya kuma bayyana cewa farashin ƙara ɗaukar hoto ya fi sauran gyare-gyare, kamar rage yawan kurakurai da haɗurra a cikin magani, wanda zai yi wa al'umma fa'ida sosai. <ref name="ask">{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2008 |title=Ask the Experts: Individual Mandates |url=http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006021955/http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2009 |publisher=[[Kaiser Family Foundation]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091006021955/http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf "Ask the Experts: Individual Mandates"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[Kaiser Family Foundation]]. January 31, 2008. Archived from [http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/uploaded_files/013108_ask_insurance%20_transcript.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 6, 2009.</cite></ref> Binciken ra'ayoyin jama'a daga 2009 zuwa 2012 ya ci gaba da gano cewa yawancin Amurkawa sun ƙi hukunta mutane saboda rashin siyan inshorar lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-07 |title=Department of Health and Ageing - Private health insurance - glossary of commonly used terms |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904020319/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-privatehealth-consumers-glossary.htm |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=Health.gov.au}}</ref> <ref name="useit">{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2009 |title=U.S. Voters Back Public Insurance 2-1, But Won't Use It |url=http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1295.xml?ReleaseID=1344 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703001837/http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1295.xml?ReleaseID=1344 |archive-date=July 3, 2009 |access-date=September 4, 2009 |publisher=[[Quinnipiac University]]}}</ref> == Umarnin mai aiki == A Amurka, Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi (PPACA) ta ƙunshi umarnin ma'aikata da na mutum ɗaya waɗanda suka fara aiki a shekarar 2014. Umarnin ma'aikaci na PPACA ya buƙaci duk kasuwancin da ke da ma'aikata 50 ko fiye na cikakken lokaci su samar da mafi ƙarancin inshorar lafiya mai araha ga aƙalla 95% na ma'aikatan cikakken lokaci da waɗanda ke ƙarƙashinsu har zuwa shekaru 26, ko kuma su biya kuɗi nan da shekarar 2016. A cikin manyan ƙasashen EU guda biyu, [[Faransa]] da [[Jamus]], Inshorar Lafiya ta Doka (SHI) ta umarci ma'aikata da ma'aikata su biya kuɗin inshorar lafiya na doka. A Faransa, inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa (PHI) na son rai ne kuma ana amfani da shi don ƙara yawan biyan kuɗi daga tsarin rashin lafiya na doka. Haka nan ya shafi Jamus inda kuma yana yiwuwa a fita daga SHI idan kai mai yawan albashi ne kuma kana cikin PHI amma idan mutum ya kai shekaru 55 kuma yana cikin ɓangaren PHI dole ne ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin PHI kuma ba zai iya komawa cikin SHI ba. Mutanen da ba su da aikin yi yawanci za su iya ci gaba da biyan kuɗinsu ta hanyar inshorar zamantakewa kuma talakawa suna samun tallafi daga gwamnati don samun inshora. Yawancin ma'aikata suna samun inshora ta hanyar zama memba na dole na "asusun rashin lafiya" waɗanda ƙungiyoyi ne marasa riba waɗanda ƙungiyoyin kwadago suka kafa kuma yanzu aka ba su matsayin doka. A Jamus da Faransa, kamar yadda yake a yawancin kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya na Turai, gudummawar da mutum ke bayarwa ga kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya ya bambanta dangane da matakin kuɗin shiga na mutum ba bisa ga yanayin lafiyarsa ba. Kashi 0.2% ne kawai na Jamusawa ba su da inshora, galibi suna aiki da kansu, masu kuɗi da talakawa, da kuma mutanen da suka kasa biyan gudummawa ga inshorar doka ko kuɗin inshorar lafiya na masu zaman kansu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1990 da 2000, kason kuɗin shiga na SHI na Faransa da ke zuwa kai tsaye daga ma'aikata ta hanyar albashi ya faɗi daga kusan kashi 30% zuwa kashi 3% kawai kuma gudummawar kai tsaye ta ma'aikata shi ma ya faɗi. Bambancin ya samo asali ne ta hanyar ƙaruwar kuɗin shiga daga harajin gwamnati, don haka ya faɗaɗa tushen gudummawar da ake buƙata ga tsarin inshorar lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Healy |first=Judith |last2=Sharman |first2=Evelyn |last3=Lokuge |first3=Buddhima |title=Health Systems in Transition - Australia: Health System Review |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Health Systems in Transition |issn=1817-6127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830044947/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/96433/E89731.pdf |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=January 15, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-05-24 |title=Medicare Levy Surcharge |url=http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822191713/http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-03-29 |publisher=PrivateHealth.gov.au}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Canjin kiwon lafiya|Gyaran kula da lafiya]] * Mai ba da shawara kan lafiya * Tattalin arzikin lafiya * [[Inshorar lafiya]] * [[Sabbin Inshorar Lafiya|Sabbin Sabbin Inshorar Lafiya]] * Samar da alhakin da aka raba tsakanin mutane == Nassoshi == .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6tuj5unbb1oyxst9jpiegqt0ak2iodc 0 135520 883258 778033 2026-07-15T08:37:41Z BnHamid 12586 883258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Justin Fontaine''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1997) tsohon direban tseren motoci ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka. Ya yi gasar cikakken lokaci a gasar NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, inda ya tuka Chevrolet Silverado mai lamba 45 a Niece Motorsports . == Aikin tsere == Kafin ya shiga NASCAR, tsere ya kasance abin sha'awa ga Fontaine. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McCubbin |first=Ashley |date=2011-12-24 |title=ASHLEY ASKS…… Justin Fontaine |url=http://www.popularspeed.com/ashley-asks-justin-fontaine/ |access-date=2018-02-22 |website=Popular Speed |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya yi tseren ' yan wasan tsakiya na quarter midgets', motocin Mini Cup, motocin da suka yi kama da na baya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Justin Fontaine overcomes brake issues to complete NASCAR Camping World Truck Series Debut – DESTINATION: VICTORY LANE {{!}} www.RaceDayDVL.com |url=https://racedaydvl.com/justin-fontaine-overcomes-brake-issues-to-complete-nascar-camping-world-truck-series-debut/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214014232/https://racedaydvl.com/justin-fontaine-overcomes-brake-issues-to-complete-nascar-camping-world-truck-series-debut/ |archive-date=2017-12-14 |access-date=2017-12-13 |website=racedaydvl.com |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma ya tuƙa wasu tsere a gasar K&amp;amp;N Pro Series East . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Driver Justin Fontaine 2016 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East Results - Racing-Reference.info |url=http://racing-reference.info/drivdet/fontaju01/2016/E |access-date=2017-12-13 |website=racing-reference.info}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, Fontaine ya fara gasar Camping World Truck Series a Martinsville Speedway, inda ya tuka Toyota mai lamba 22 don AM Racing . <ref name="Truck debut">{{Cite web |date=October 25, 2016 |title=JUSTIN FONTAINE SET TO MAKE NASCAR CAMPING WORLD TRUCK SERIES DEBUT AT MARTINSVILLE |url=http://www.awsracing.com/justin-fontaine-set-to-make-nascar-camping-world-truck-series-debut-at-martinsville/ |access-date=January 4, 2017 |website=[[Austin Wayne Self]]}}</ref> Bayan ya fara gasar a matsayi na 28, ya kammala a matsayi na 26, zagaye biyar a bayan wanda ya lashe gasar Johnny Sauter . <ref>{{Cite web |last=McCubbin |first=Ashley |date=2011-12-24 |title=ASHLEY ASKS…… Justin Fontaine |url=http://www.popularspeed.com/ashley-asks-justin-fontaine/ |access-date=2018-02-22 |website=Popular Speed |language=en-US}}</ref> Fontaine ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da AM Racing a shekarar 2017, yana tuki na ɗan lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Justin Fontaine overcomes brake issues to complete NASCAR Camping World Truck Series Debut – DESTINATION: VICTORY LANE {{!}} www.RaceDayDVL.com |url=https://racedaydvl.com/justin-fontaine-overcomes-brake-issues-to-complete-nascar-camping-world-truck-series-debut/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214014232/https://racedaydvl.com/justin-fontaine-overcomes-brake-issues-to-complete-nascar-camping-world-truck-series-debut/ |archive-date=2017-12-14 |access-date=2017-12-13 |website=racedaydvl.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Tserensa na farko da AM ya kasance ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da Bolen Motorsports, yana tukin motar mai lamba 66 a Pocono Raceway . Daga nan ya shiga Niece Motorsports don yin tsere daga baya a kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Driver Justin Fontaine 2016 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East Results - Racing-Reference.info |url=http://racing-reference.info/drivdet/fontaju01/2016/E |access-date=2017-12-13 |website=racing-reference.info}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 2017, Fontaine yana fafatawa a gasar Lucas Oil Complete Engine Treatment 200, wani taron ARCA Racing Series a Daytona International Speedway . Yayin da ya rage zagaye biyar, ya shiga cikin hatsarin mota mai yawa wanda ya sa shi zamewa a kan rufin gidansa. Motarsa ta bugi bangon waje a cikin babban hard tri-oval, kuma dole ne a fitar da shi daga motar kuma aka kai shi Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Halifax da ke kusa. Saboda lalacewar shingen SAFER da bugun Fontaine ya yi, da kuma barazanar ruwan sama da ke shirin tashi daga Advance Auto Parts Clash zuwa Lahadi, an kira tseren a zagaye na 75, inda Austin Theriault ya yi nasara. Fontaine ya ƙare da karyewar matsewa ta L1 sakamakon hatsarin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McCubbin |first=Ashley |date=2011-12-24 |title=ASHLEY ASKS…… Justin Fontaine |url=http://www.popularspeed.com/ashley-asks-justin-fontaine/ |access-date=2018-02-22 |website=Popular Speed |language=en-US}}</ref> An ba shi izinin komawa tseren a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2017 kuma an nuna masa jadawalin da ya haɗa da wani tseren ARCA da ƙarin tseren NASCAR. Fontaine ya gudanar da mafi yawan sauran wasannin ARCA a gasar Win-Tron Racing mai lamba 33, inda ya yi gudu mafi yawa a wajen goma na sama. Ya zira kwallaye mafi kyau a zagaye na tara a Winchester Speedway . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Driver Justin Fontaine 2016 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East Results - Racing-Reference.info |url=http://racing-reference.info/drivdet/fontaju01/2016/E |access-date=2017-12-13 |website=racing-reference.info}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2017, an sanar da cewa Fontaine zai yi tukin motar Niece Motorsports ' mai lamba 45 a cikakken lokaci a shekarar 2018, tare da Austin Wayne Self . [1] [2] A tserensa na farko a tseren mita 45, Fontaine ya zira kwallaye goma na farko a jerin motocin dakon kaya, inda ya kare a matsayi na goma. [3] A wata hira da aka yi da shi bayan kammala gasar, Fontaine ya nuna farin ciki game da kammala gasar, yana mai cewa a wani bangare "abin farin ciki ne domin kididdigar Wikipedia ta za ta rage sifili a cikinsu!" Bayan haka, a gasar Las Vegas, Fontaine ya samu maki na biyu a jerin 'yan wasa 10 mafiya kyau. Fontaine da ƙungiyar sun sha wahala a sauran shekarar, inda abubuwa da dama suka faru da kuma wasu abubuwan da ba su dace ba suka addabi ƙungiyar, wanda hakan ya kai ta matsayi na 16 a teburin gasar. A ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2018, Fontaine ya sanar da cewa bayan kammala kakar wasannin NASCAR Camping World Truck Series na 2018 a Homestead-Miami Speedway, zai janye daga tseren har abada. == Rayuwa ta sirri == ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] k91qgou384a4pfe8tffdybx2aj8z74p 0 135712 883358 803981 2026-07-15T09:39:02Z Dorotheoio 46574 883358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Maro Kontou (Greek; an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1934 -&#x20;ya mutu ta a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2026) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma 'yar siyasa.<ref name=HP>{{Cite web |title=Kontou, Maro |url=https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/en/Vouleftes/Diatelesantes-Vouleftes-Apo-Ti-Metapolitefsi-Os-Simera/?MpId=bdbeb338-793f-4244-94ef-44dfe7fc090a |website=Hellenic Parliament}}</ref> Ta yi fim sama da sittin tun shekara ta 1954. Kontou ya kasance memba na Majalisar Hellenic daga 1999 zuwa 2007, yana wakiltar mazabar Athens A kuma an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Sabon Dimokuradiyya.<ref name=HP/> == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Fim din !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |2012 |''Menene Idan...'' |Eleni Kokovikou | |- |1972 |''Alamar Eraston'' |Elena Vagiannou | |- |1966 |''Ah! Kai na 'dutse mai tsawo'' |Stella / Alekos | |- |1965 |''Kuma Matar Za Ta girmama Mijinta'' |Eleni Kokovikou | |- | rowspan="2" |1964 |''I Soferina'' |Lili Haridimou | |- |''Abokina Lefterakis'' |Fofo Vlassi | |- | rowspan="2" |1961 |''Rashin tausayi ga Matasa'' |Rita | |- |''Antigone'' |Ismene | |- | rowspan="2" |1960 |''Yana da paraskinia'' |Elena Pavlidi | |- |''Ganta mai cin abinci'' |Rena Kaligaridi |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] lcapwu8oq7wovo7w68yqea8gcmcgchv 883361 883358 2026-07-15T09:44:30Z Dorotheoio 46574 883361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Maro Kontou (Greek; an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1934 -&#x20;ya mutu ta a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2026) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma 'yar siyasa.<ref name=HP>{{Cite web |title=Kontou, Maro |url=https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/en/Vouleftes/Diatelesantes-Vouleftes-Apo-Ti-Metapolitefsi-Os-Simera/?MpId=bdbeb338-793f-4244-94ef-44dfe7fc090a |website=Hellenic Parliament}}</ref> Ta yi fim sama da sittin tun shekara ta 1954. Kontou ya kasance memba na Majalisar Hellenic daga 1999 zuwa 2007, yana wakiltar mazabar Athens A kuma an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Sabon Dimokuradiyya.<ref name=HP/> Kontou ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansar huhu a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2026 yana da shekaru 92.<ref>https://www.protothema.gr/life-style/article/1851183/pethane-se-ilikia-92-eton-i-maro-kodou/</ref> == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Fim din !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |2012 |''Menene Idan...'' |Eleni Kokovikou | |- |1972 |''Alamar Eraston'' |Elena Vagiannou | |- |1966 |''Ah! Kai na 'dutse mai tsawo'' |Stella / Alekos | |- |1965 |''Kuma Matar Za Ta girmama Mijinta'' |Eleni Kokovikou | |- | rowspan="2" |1964 |''I Soferina'' |Lili Haridimou | |- |''Abokina Lefterakis'' |Fofo Vlassi | |- | rowspan="2" |1961 |''Rashin tausayi ga Matasa'' |Rita | |- |''Antigone'' |Ismene | |- | rowspan="2" |1960 |''Yana da paraskinia'' |Elena Pavlidi | |- |''Ganta mai cin abinci'' |Rena Kaligaridi |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] dpwprsfiaxzqiicos18fc8g7ray882l 0 135828 883212 778598 2026-07-15T08:22:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 883212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Margit Kovács''' (1902-1977) ɗan ƙasar [[Hungariya|Hungarian]] ceramist ne kuma mai sassaƙa. [[Fayil:Kovács_Margit_budai_kerámia.jpg|right|thumb|290x290px|Madonna da yarinya a gundumar Castle, Budapest]] An haifi Margit Kovács a cikin dangin Yahudawa 'yan Hungary <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2018 |title=Margit Kovacs -- the Life of a Hungarian Jewish Artist 1902-1977 |url=https://www.israeldiaries.com/margit-kovacs-the-life-of-a-hungarian-jewish-artist-1902-1977/}}</ref> a Győr, [[Hungariya|Hungary]] a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1902. Da farko tana son zama mai zane-zane amma ta fara sha'awar zane-zane a shekarun 1920 kuma ta je Vienna tare da Hertha Bücher, wani shahararren mai zane-zanen yumbu na Austria, daga 1926-1928. Sannan ta yi karatun zane-zanen yumbu a [[München|Munich]] a Makarantar Fasaha ta Jiha a ƙarƙashin Karl Killer (1928-29). Ta kasance ɗaliba a nan, a lokacin abokiyar Julia Bathory ta tsawon rai, mai zane-zanen gilashi. Ta yi karatu a [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] a 1932 kuma a 1933 tana aiki a masana'antar Sèvres Porcelain inda ta ƙware a fannin zane-zane da yumbu chamotte don yin siffofi. Ta lashe kyaututtuka na ƙasashen duniya a [[Milano|Milan]], [[Faris|Paris]], [[Berlin]], Brussels da [[Rum|Rome]] . Ta shahara sosai a Hungary kuma ta sami kwamitocin gwamnati da yawa. Gwamnatin Kwaminisanci ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Mawakan Girki a shekarar 1959. == Aiki == Baje kolin farko da ta yi a bainar jama'a ya kasance a [[Budapest]] a shekarar 1928 kuma tun daga lokacin ne ta fara samun karbuwa kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a duk tsawon yakin duniya na biyu. Ta samar da mutum-mutumi, tukwane, faranti, allunan bango da kuma zane-zanen tayal. Manyan jigoginta su ne al'adun ƙauye, rayuwar iyali da labaran Littafi Mai Tsarki. Ayyukanta sun bambanta sosai amma ana siffanta su da layuka masu gudana waɗanda ke lanƙwasawa don tayar da hankali. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukanta na fasaha na addini shine ƙofar Cocin Saint Emeric ( Szent Imre Templom ) na Győr (1939–1940).<ref>Pataky-Brestyánszky</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1902]] toq0hrd3x72nd0bd2j4854pvq06eefe 883214 883212 2026-07-15T08:23:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 883214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Margit Kovács''' (1902-1977) ɗan ƙasar [[Hungariya|Hungarian]] ceramist ne kuma mai sassaƙa. [[Fayil:Kovács_Margit_budai_kerámia.jpg|right|thumb|290x290px|Madonna da yarinya a gundumar Castle, Budapest]] An haifi Margit Kovács a cikin dangin Yahudawa 'yan Hungary <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2018 |title=Margit Kovacs -- the Life of a Hungarian Jewish Artist 1902-1977 |url=https://www.israeldiaries.com/margit-kovacs-the-life-of-a-hungarian-jewish-artist-1902-1977/}}</ref> a Győr, [[Hungariya|Hungary]] a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1902. Da farko tana son zama mai zane-zane amma ta fara sha'awar zane-zane a shekarun 1920 kuma ta je Vienna tare da Hertha Bücher, wani shahararren mai zane-zanen yumbu na Austria, daga 1926-1928. Sannan ta yi karatun zane-zanen yumbu a [[München|Munich]] a Makarantar Fasaha ta Jiha a ƙarƙashin Karl Killer (1928-29). Ta kasance ɗaliba a nan, a lokacin abokiyar Julia Bathory ta tsawon rai, mai zane-zanen gilashi. Ta yi karatu a [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] a 1932 kuma a 1933 tana aiki a masana'antar Sèvres Porcelain inda ta ƙware a fannin zane-zane da yumbu chamotte don yin siffofi. Ta lashe kyaututtuka na ƙasashen duniya a [[Milano|Milan]], [[Faris|Paris]], [[Berlin]], Brussels da [[Rum|Rome]]. Ta shahara sosai a Hungary kuma ta sami kwamitocin gwamnati da yawa. Gwamnatin Kwaminisanci ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Mawakan Girki a shekarar 1959. == Aiki == Baje kolin farko da ta yi a bainar jama'a ya kasance a [[Budapest]] a shekarar 1928 kuma tun daga lokacin ne ta fara samun karbuwa kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a duk tsawon yakin duniya na biyu. Ta samar da mutum-mutumi, tukwane, faranti, allunan bango da kuma zane-zanen tayal. Manyan jigoginta su ne al'adun ƙauye, rayuwar iyali da labaran Littafi Mai Tsarki. Ayyukanta sun bambanta sosai amma ana siffanta su da layuka masu gudana waɗanda ke lanƙwasawa don tayar da hankali. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukanta na fasaha na addini shine ƙofar Cocin Saint Emeric ( Szent Imre Templom ) na Győr (1939–1940).<ref>Pataky-Brestyánszky</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1902]] 99dpxn5hmyncfj99opc4niay1l5e31v 883216 883214 2026-07-15T08:23:31Z Pharouqenr 25549 883216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Margit Kovács''' (1902-1977) ɗan ƙasar [[Hungariya|Hungarian]] ceramist ne kuma mai sassaƙa. [[Fayil:Kovács_Margit_budai_kerámia.jpg|right|thumb|290x290px|Madonna da yarinya a gundumar Castle, Budapest]] An haifi Margit Kovács a cikin dangin Yahudawa 'yan Hungary <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2018 |title=Margit Kovacs -- the Life of a Hungarian Jewish Artist 1902-1977 |url=https://www.israeldiaries.com/margit-kovacs-the-life-of-a-hungarian-jewish-artist-1902-1977/}}</ref> a Győr, [[Hungariya|Hungary]] a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1902. Da farko tana son zama mai zane-zane amma ta fara sha'awar zane-zane a shekarun 1920 kuma ta je Vienna tare da Hertha Bücher, wani shahararren mai zane-zanen yumbu na Austria, daga 1926-1928. Sannan ta yi karatun zane-zanen yumbu a [[München|Munich]] a Makarantar Fasaha ta Jiha a ƙarƙashin Karl Killer (1928-29). Ta kasance ɗaliba a nan, a lokacin abokiyar Julia Bathory ta tsawon rai, mai zane-zanen gilashi. Ta yi karatu a [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] a 1932 kuma a 1933 tana aiki a masana'antar Sèvres Porcelain inda ta ƙware a fannin zane-zane da yumbu chamotte don yin siffofi. Ta lashe kyaututtuka na ƙasashen duniya a [[Milano|Milan]], [[Faris|Paris]], [[Berlin]], Brussels da [[Rum|Rome]]. Ta shahara sosai a Hungary kuma ta sami kwamitocin gwamnati da yawa. Gwamnatin Kwaminisanci ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Mawakan Girki a shekarar 1959. == Aiki == Baje kolin farko da ta yi a bainar jama'a ya kasance a [[Budapest]] a shekarar 1928 kuma tun daga lokacin ne ta fara samun karbuwa kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a duk tsawon yakin duniya na biyu. Ta samar da mutum-mutumi, tukwane, faranti, allunan bango da kuma zane-zanen tayal. Manyan jigoginta su ne al'adun ƙauye, rayuwar iyali da labaran Littafi Mai Tsarki. Ayyukanta sun bambanta sosai amma ana siffanta su da layuka masu gudana waɗanda ke lanƙwasawa don tayar da hankali. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukanta na fasaha na addini shine ƙofar Cocin Saint Emeric (Szent Imre Templom) na Győr (1939–1940).<ref>Pataky-Brestyánszky</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1902]] r3ja4qauv7o0muxsizjw4vhz33j217e 0 135918 883254 778753 2026-07-15T08:36:16Z BnHamid 12586 883254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Skylakakis,_Theodoros_(en).webm|thumb|Bayanan bidiyo (Turanci) / (Girkanci) (Hellenanci) ]] '''Theodoros Skilakakis''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1959) ɗan siyasan Girka ne. Ya kasance tsohon minista a majalisar ministocin Mitsotakis, memba na Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe kuma Shugaban kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar Drassi . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Skilakis a Athens a shekara ta 1959. A shekara ta 1981 ya kammala karatu tare da girmamawa daga Sashen Tattalin Arziki na Jami'ar Athens kuma yana da digiri na biyu (MBA) daga Jami'ar City ta London da difloma daga British Market Research Society Market Research . Daga 1983 zuwa 1985 ya yi aikin soja a cikin Sojan Ruwa. Ya yi aiki a tallace-tallace da sadarwa tun 1985 kuma ya kafa kamfanoni biyu a cikin sadarwa (1994 da 2000), kamfani mai ba da shawara guda (2014) da kuma aikin gona guda (2015). Ya auri lauya Helen Papapanou kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Marianna da Irene. == Kakanninmu == Kakan Skylakakis, Theodoros Skylakakis، ya kasance ministan cikin gida a cikin majalisar ministocin mai mulkin kama karya Metaxas tsakanin Mayu da Disamba na shekara ta 1936. <ref>{{Cite news |title=MEP Theodoros Skylakakis elected new Drasi president {{!}} Kathimerini |url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/151726/article/ekathimerini/news/mep-theodoros-skylakakis-elected-new-drasi-president |access-date=2017-10-17 |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == A shekara ta 1989, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Firayim Minista Tzani Tzannetaki kuma daga 1989 zuwa 1990 a matsayin mai gabatar da shawara ga Ministan Tsaro na Kasa. Daga 1990 zuwa 1993 ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Firayim Minista Constantine Mitsotakis da kuma Shugaban Ofishin Shirye-shiryen da Sadarwa na Firayim Ministan. Daga 1997 zuwa 1998, ya kasance memba na Sakatariyar Shirye-shiryen Manufofin Sabuwar Jamhuriyar. A zaben kasa na shekara ta 2000, ya kasance dan takarar majalisa a Athens ta biyu . Mai ba da shawara na gari na Athens, an zabe shi ta hanyar hada "Athens Gobe" karkashin jagorancin Dora Bakoyannis kuma mai kula da shirye-shiryen haɗuwa. Daga shekara ta 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2006 ya kasance Mataimakin Magajin garin Athens, Mataimakin Majalisa na Kudi, Mataimakan Majalisa, Shugaban Kwamitin Municipal da Magajin garin Shugaban "façade" na Athens. A shekara ta 2003-2004, shi ne ke da alhakin shirya Athens don wasannin Olympics, a lokacin da aka nada shi Mataimakin Manajan Birni. A lokacin da yake aiki a cikin Majalisa ta Athens ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kamfanin Yawon Bude Ido da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki a 2005-2006 da kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Batutuwan Dukiya a Girka. A ranar 21 ga Satumba, 2010, an share shi daga Sabon Dimokuradiyya, yayin da ya nuna adawa da layin jam'iyyar na hukuma game da Memorandum. A watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar ya zama memba na kafa jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance, wanda ya yi murabus a ranar 21 ga Mayu 2012, ba tare da amincewa da hadin gwiwar jam'iyyar zabe ba tare da New Democracy. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012 ya shiga jam'iyyar Drassi . A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2013, an zabe shi shugaban kasa na uku na Drassi, tare da kuri'u 70, wanda ya gaji [[Antypas Karipoglou]] . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] enu1j3mgotbgz9n63c1z7d1eyl62yly 883256 883254 2026-07-15T08:37:10Z BnHamid 12586 883256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Skylakakis,_Theodoros_(en).webm|thumb|Bayanan bidiyo (Turanci) / (Girkanci) (Hellenanci) ]] '''Theodoros Skilakakis''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1959) ɗan siyasan Girka ne. Ya kasance tsohon minista a majalisar ministocin Mitsotakis, memba na Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe kuma Shugaban kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar Drassi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/151726/article/ekathimerini/news/mep-theodoros-skylakakis-elected-new-drasi-president|title=MEP Theodoros Skylakakis elected new Drasi president {{!}} Kathimerini|access-date=2017-10-17|language=en}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Skilakis a Athens a shekara ta 1959. A shekara ta 1981 ya kammala karatu tare da girmamawa daga Sashen Tattalin Arziki na Jami'ar Athens kuma yana da digiri na biyu (MBA) daga Jami'ar City ta London da difloma daga British Market Research Society Market Research . Daga 1983 zuwa 1985 ya yi aikin soja a cikin Sojan Ruwa. Ya yi aiki a tallace-tallace da sadarwa tun 1985 kuma ya kafa kamfanoni biyu a cikin sadarwa (1994 da 2000), kamfani mai ba da shawara guda (2014) da kuma aikin gona guda (2015). Ya auri lauya Helen Papapanou kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Marianna da Irene. == Kakanninmu == Kakan Skylakakis, Theodoros Skylakakis، ya kasance ministan cikin gida a cikin majalisar ministocin mai mulkin kama karya Metaxas tsakanin Mayu da Disamba na shekara ta 1936. <ref>{{Cite news |title=MEP Theodoros Skylakakis elected new Drasi president {{!}} Kathimerini |url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/151726/article/ekathimerini/news/mep-theodoros-skylakakis-elected-new-drasi-president |access-date=2017-10-17 |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == A shekara ta 1989, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Firayim Minista Tzani Tzannetaki kuma daga 1989 zuwa 1990 a matsayin mai gabatar da shawara ga Ministan Tsaro na Kasa. Daga 1990 zuwa 1993 ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Firayim Minista Constantine Mitsotakis da kuma Shugaban Ofishin Shirye-shiryen da Sadarwa na Firayim Ministan. Daga 1997 zuwa 1998, ya kasance memba na Sakatariyar Shirye-shiryen Manufofin Sabuwar Jamhuriyar. A zaben kasa na shekara ta 2000, ya kasance dan takarar majalisa a Athens ta biyu . Mai ba da shawara na gari na Athens, an zabe shi ta hanyar hada "Athens Gobe" karkashin jagorancin Dora Bakoyannis kuma mai kula da shirye-shiryen haɗuwa. Daga shekara ta 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2006 ya kasance Mataimakin Magajin garin Athens, Mataimakin Majalisa na Kudi, Mataimakan Majalisa, Shugaban Kwamitin Municipal da Magajin garin Shugaban "façade" na Athens. A shekara ta 2003-2004, shi ne ke da alhakin shirya Athens don wasannin Olympics, a lokacin da aka nada shi Mataimakin Manajan Birni. A lokacin da yake aiki a cikin Majalisa ta Athens ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kamfanin Yawon Bude Ido da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki a 2005-2006 da kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Batutuwan Dukiya a Girka. A ranar 21 ga Satumba, 2010, an share shi daga Sabon Dimokuradiyya, yayin da ya nuna adawa da layin jam'iyyar na hukuma game da Memorandum. A watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar ya zama memba na kafa jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance, wanda ya yi murabus a ranar 21 ga Mayu 2012, ba tare da amincewa da hadin gwiwar jam'iyyar zabe ba tare da New Democracy. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012 ya shiga jam'iyyar Drassi . A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2013, an zabe shi shugaban kasa na uku na Drassi, tare da kuri'u 70, wanda ya gaji [[Antypas Karipoglou]] . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0ha5uae4fls5248hy6g0u5r5o3coce0 0 136164 883281 821967 2026-07-15T08:46:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gwaji Bincike A cikin Halakar Tsohon [[Library of Alexandria .|Laburaren Iskandariya]] wani rubutu ne na 1892 wanda Shibli Nomani ya rubuta, wanda aka buga shi da farko a cikin [[Urdu]] a matsayin '''''Kutubkhana-i-Iskandariyya''''' (Urdu). Ya bincika da'awar da aka yi a ƙarƙashin Khalifa [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]] ya lalata Laburaren Iskandariya kuma ya yi jayayya, bisa ga shaidar tarihi, cewa ɗakin karatu ya riga ya ɓace ƙarni da yawa da suka gabata. Aikin ya yi nazari sosai kan tushen Turai da na Kirista, yana kammala cewa zargin da ake yi wa Musulmai ba shi da tushe kuma ba daidai ba ne a tarihi. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == An fara buga rubutun ne a shekara ta 1892. Manufarta ita ce ta bincika da kuma amsa da'awar da aka rarraba a ko'ina cewa a lokacin da Larabawa suka ci Masar, Khalifa [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]] ya lalata [[Library of Alexandria .|Laburaren Iskandariya]], wurin adana ƙarni na ilimin da aka tara a ƙarƙashin Ptolemies.<ref name=":Azami" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khanum |first=Almas |date=2016 |title=Maulana Shibli Nomani ki Muhqiqana Kawishen |url=https://tahqeeqnama.gcu.edu.pk/website/journal/article/5d9f27733d6e0/page |journal=Tahqeeq Nama |language=ur |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=292 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wannan zargi, sau da yawa ana amfani dashi don bayar da shawarar cewa Musulmai suna adawa da ilimi, ya zama karɓa a Turai.<ref name=":Azami" /> Shibli ya lura cewa wannan labarin ya rinjayi wallafe-wallafen, falsafar, da kuma sanannen magana, yana shiga cikin al'adu da magana ta ilimi na ƙarni da yawa. Binciken Shibli ya nuna cewa Musulmai ba su da alhakin lalata ɗakin karatu. A lokacin nasarar musulmi, ɗakin karatu ya riga ya daina wanzuwa: [[Julius Caesar|Julius Kaisar]] ya lalata rabin ƙarni da suka gabata, kuma sauran ayyukan sun warwatse.{{Sfn|Nasir|1986}} Da'awar da ke nuna Musulmai ya samo asali ne daga marubucin Kirista Abu al-Farj (an haife shi a shekara ta 1226) kuma daga baya marubutan tarihi na Turai suka yada shi, wadanda suka danganta lalacewar ga Musulmai ba tare da bincike mai zurfi ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khanum |first=Almas |date=2016 |title=Maulana Shibli Nomani ki Muhqiqana Kawishen |url=https://tahqeeqnama.gcu.edu.pk/website/journal/article/5d9f27733d6e0/page |journal=Tahqeeq Nama |language=ur |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=292 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shibli ya kuma lura da kulawar da masana tarihi na Turai suka zaba, yana lura da cewa an lalata wasu manyan ɗakunan karatu a [[Iran]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], da sauran wurare ba tare da damuwa ba, suna tayar da tambayoyi game da dalilin da ya sa ɗakin karatu na Alexandria ya sami irin wannan mayar da hankali. A cikin bincikensa, Shibli ya bincika rubuce-rubucen Turai a cikin Jamusanci, Faransanci, da Ingilishi, yana kimanta da'awar su. Kodayake da farko masanin Larabci da Farisa ne, ya yi nuni da tushe na Turai tare da daidaito kuma ya yi amfani da ka'idodin watsa labarai don tabbatar da abubuwan da suka faru a tarihi.<ref name=":Siddiqi" /> == Kyauta == Ta hanyar wannan rubutun, an dauki Shibli a matsayin masanin farko da ya karyata da'awar cewa Musulmai ne ke da alhakin lalata Laburaren Alexandria.<ref name=":AJHISR">{{Cite journal |last=Musharraf |first=Muhammad Nabeel |last2=Dars |first2=Bashir Ahmed |date=2016 |title=Who Burnt The Grand Library Of Alexandria? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muhammad-Nabeel-Musharraf-2/publication/307856004_Who_burnt_the_grand_library_of_Alexandria/links/57ceddff08ae057987ac0104/Who-burnt-the-grand-library-of-Alexandria.pdf?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19 |journal=Australian Journal of Humanities and Islamic Studies Research (AJHISR) |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=7–20}}</ref> Daga baya malaman gabas da yawa suka amince da karkatarsa a karni na 20. <ref name=":AJHISR" /> An karanta rubutun sosai kuma an fassara shi cikin harsuna da yawa. An buga fassarar Turanci ta Muhammad Ghouse Sayeed a Hyderabad a cikin 1893, kuma daga baya Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman ya samar da wani fassarar. Ana ci gaba da ambaton aikin a matsayin cikakken bincike a kan batun, kuma bisa ga Arshad Islam, ya tilasta wa malaman Turai da yawa su sake la'akari da tunanin da suka gabata game da lalata ɗakin karatu kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na tattaunawa mai zurfi game da amincin labarun tarihi.<ref name=":Azami" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khanum |first=Almas |date=2016 |title=Maulana Shibli Nomani ki Muhqiqana Kawishen |url=https://tahqeeqnama.gcu.edu.pk/website/journal/article/5d9f27733d6e0/page |journal=Tahqeeq Nama |language=ur |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=292 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Sulaiman Nadi|Sulaiman Nadvi]] ya bayyana cewa an yarda da binciken a ko'ina tsakanin masu bincike. Masana da yawa sun sake nazarin aikin dalla-dalla. Md. Nasir na Jami'ar Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar ya lura cewa yana nuna zurfin fahimtar Shibli game da tarihi, Hanyar tarihi, da wayewar Islama.{{Sfn|Nasir|1986}} Mohammad Ilyas al-Azami ya bayyana shi a matsayin cikakke, mai tunani, kuma masanin kimiyya, yayin da Zafar Ahmad Siddiqi ya jaddada darajar gabatarwa mai ban sha'awa, tsari na shaidu, da kuma bayyanawa. {{Sfn|Siddiqi|1988}} Md. Faiz Ahmad na Jami'ar Delhi ya lura cewa rubutun Shibli ya kalubalanci labaran tarihi na Turai ta hanyar yin tambaya game da hanyoyin bincike, nazarin asusun, da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci, yayin da yake hada bincike mai zurfi, tunani mai ma'ana, da shaidu.{{Sfn|Ahmad|2017}} Ya ci gaba da lura cewa rubutun ya ja hankalin malaman Turai, ya rinjayi muhawara da suka biyo baya, kuma ya taimaka wajen magance labaran da aka rarraba a ko'ina.{{Sfn|Ahmad|2017}} == Dubi kuma == * Ayyukan tarihi na Deobandi == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * Harshen Urdu a cikin Intanet ArchiveTarihin Intanet * Turanci a Intanet ArchiveTarihin Intanet 9vq4x8uvrir8wpb5dai2lja29462njk 0 136371 883113 779548 2026-07-14T23:14:00Z Usman saadu 46863 883113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Warren MacKenzie''' (16 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 1924 - 31 ga watan Disamba, a shekarar 2018) ƙwararren [[Tukwane|mai ginin]] tukwane ne na Amurka kuma ana yawan kiransa da "babban" ko "uba" fasahar yumbu ta Amurka a cikin al'adar mingei . Hakanan ya kasance mai imani sosai da tukwane masu amfani, kuma, duk da cewa yana iya samun farashi mai tsada a cikin gidajen tarihi, ya sanya farashin kayansa a cikin ɗakin nunin kansa don mutane su ji cewa za su iya amfani da ayyukansa. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Shekarun farko da ilimi === A shekarar 1924, an haifi Warren MacKenzie a birnin Kansas, Missouri ga Fred da Adelaide MacKenzie. Daga baya iyalan suka ƙaura zuwa Wilmette, Illinois inda MacKenzie ta girma kuma daga baya ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta New Trier da ke kusa da Winnetka . MacKenzie yana sha'awar zane-zane tun yana ƙarami kuma da farko ya yi tunanin zai zama mai zane - har ma lokacin da ya yi rajista a matsayin ɗalibi a [[Makarantar Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago|Makarantar Kwalejin Fasaha ta Chicago]], da farko ya fara ɗaukar darussan zane da zane. A shekarar 1943, yayin da yake karatu a Cibiyar, an tura MacKenzie cikin aikin soja. [1] Bayan shekaru uku, ya koma don ci gaba da karatunsa amma azuzuwan zane-zane duk sun cika "saboda duk GI da aka dawo da su [Biyan Kuɗin GI]." [1] MacKenzie ya sake duba kundin kwas ɗin kuma ya yanke shawarar shiga ajin yumbu tare da wasu azuzuwan zane. [1] Daga baya MacKenzie ta fahimci cewa "cewa ajin yumbu ba ajin kirki ba ne," amma wani sauyi ya zo lokacin da "kusan rabin shekara, ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban ya gano wani littafi na Bernard Leach mai suna A Potters Book kuma ya shigo ajin cikin farin ciki." [1] == Manazarta == <ref>Riddle, Mason (2007-07-02). "Minnesota Master: Warren MacKenzie". Mn Artists. The Walker Art Center. Retrieved 2025-08-22</ref>{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1924]] 8g5j3amufebdnplrh7790zg7wcjvb9o 0 136573 883004 836881 2026-07-14T17:23:39Z Usman saadu 46863 883004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Win "Winfred" Ng''' (Afrilu 13, a shekara ta 1936 - Satumba 6, 1991) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ng |url=http://themarksproject.org/marks/ng |access-date=2016-12-28 |website=The Marks Project |publisher=The Marks Project, Inc.}}</ref> ɗan ƙasar China ne mai zane, ɗan kasuwa, kuma mai tsara kayan ado. An san Ng da aiki a matsayin mai yin yumbu, mai sassaka, ma'aikacin ƙarfe, mai tsara masana'antu, mai zane da mai zane, amma an fi saninsa a matsayin wanda ya kafa babban shagon sayar da kayayyaki na birnin [[San Francisco]] mai suna Taylor &amp;amp; Ng da kuma ayyukansa na tukwane a ƙarƙashin suna ɗaya. Zane-zanensa suna cikin tarin Smithsonian, Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Fasaha ta Zamani, Gidan Tarihi na Tokyo, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha ta Zamani, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha ta Zamani na San Francisco, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Zane (MAD) da Gidan Tarihi na De Young . <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Win Ng |url=http://collections.madmuseum.org/code/emuseum.asp?emu_action=searchrequest&moduleid=2&profile=people&currentrecord=1&searchdesc=Win%20Ng&style=single&rawsearch=constituentid/,/is/,/959/,/false/,/true |access-date=2016-12-28 |website=Museum of Arts and Design, Collection Database |archive-date=2016-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229013851/http://collections.madmuseum.org/code/emuseum.asp?emu_action=searchrequest&moduleid=2&profile=people&currentrecord=1&searchdesc=Win%20Ng&style=single&rawsearch=constituentid/,/is/,/959/,/false/,/true |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ng a Chinatown, San Francisco ga baƙi 'yan China, Fook On Ng da Kow Yuan Ng. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Collection: Win Ng |url=http://www.enamelarts.org/index.php?collection&action=view_artist&artist_id=38 |access-date=2016-12-28 |website=The Enamel Arts Foundation}}</ref> Tun yana matashi ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin mai zane da marubuci na yumbu, [[Jade Snow Wong]] . Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Saint Mary, Kwalejin City ta San Francisco, da Jami'ar Jihar San Francisco . Bayan ya yi aiki a Rundunar Sojan Amurka, ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta San Francisco inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Fasaha a shekarar 1959. Ya fara shirin Masters of Fine Arts a Kwalejin Mills a shekarar 1960 amma bai kammala shirin ba. <ref name="askart.com">{{Cite web |title=Win Ng |url=http://www.askart.com/askart/n/win_ng/win_ng.aspx |access-date=2016-12-28 |website=AskArt.com}}</ref> Aikinsa na farko a matsayin mai gyaran yumbu ya mayar da hankali kan ayyukan zane-zane da [[Peter Voulkos]] ya yi tasiri a kansu, kuma ya haifar da wani wasan kwaikwayo na mutum ɗaya a shekarar 1958 a Michow Gallery da ke birnin New York. Daga shekarar 1958 zuwa 1965, Ng ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zane a gallery, yana samar da sassaka na zane-zanen zane-zane. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Win Ng |url=http://rehistoricizing.org/win-ng/ |access-date=2016-12-28 |website=Rehistoricizing The Time Around Abstract Expressionism |quote="Taylor & Ng grew from a small ceramics shop on Howard Street, to a mega, multi-level emporium at Embarcadero Center." |archive-date=2016-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228195505/http://rehistoricizing.org/win-ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarun 1970, Ng ya yi nunin mutum ɗaya guda bakwai a Paris, New York, Portland, Oregon, da San Francisco. == Taylor & Ng == [[Fayil:Win_Ng_mural_at_Orinda_station_(1),_December_2020.jpg|thumb|Wani ɓangare na hoton Ng na shekarun 1970 a tashar BART Orinda, an ɗauki hoton a shekarar 2020.]] Ng ya haɗu da mai zane Spaulding Taylor kuma ya mayar da hankali kan aikin zane da ƙira mai amfani da aiki. A shekarar 1965, su biyun sun kafa Ceramics na Muhalli (wanda ya riga Taylor &amp;amp; Ng ) kuma suka shiga ƙirƙirar kayan fasaha da kayan gida da hannu. An kafa Taylor & Ng a shekarar 1965, kuma tare da ƙarin ɗan'uwan Win Ng, Norman Ng, a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, ya girma daga ƙaramin shagon sayar da kayan yumbu a titin Howard (a San Francisco) zuwa babban mai samarwa da dillalin kayan gida kuma yana da shagon sayar da kayayyaki na matakai da yawa a Cibiyar Embarcadero . [1] Akwai kuma shaguna a wasu wurare a Bay Area da kuma shagon Taylor & Ng a cikin Macy's da ke New York. [1] Waɗannan kayayyaki sun shahara ta hanyar Macy's da sauran manyan shagunan sayar da kayayyaki da dillalan kayan gida a duk faɗin Amurka a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 da 1980. [1] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] 486lx2l6dtvi8srz2gkrly18gi16h86 0 136742 883213 780134 2026-07-15T08:22:42Z BnHamid 12586 883213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mullah '''Neda Mohammad Nadeem''' (Pashto; an haife shi 17 Nuwamba 1978) ɗan siyasa ne a Afghanistan kuma memba ne na [[Taliban]] . Yana aiki a matsayin mukaddashin Ministan Ilimi Mafi Girma tun watan Oktoba 2022. A baya, ya rike mukamin shugaban 'yan sanda na Lardin Nangarhar tun watan Satumbar 2021. Nadeem ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Gwamnan lardin Nangarhar daga Agusta 2021 zuwa 20 Satumba 2021 kuma Daud Muzamil ya maye gurbinsa. == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == An haife shi a Kandahar a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 1978, Nadeem ya kammala karatu daga madrasa ta addini. Ya shiga Taliban a cikin shekara da ba a sani ba. Tsakanin shekara ta 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2013, ya yi aiki a mukamai da yawa, kamar shugaban Sashen Rubuce-rubuce da Jagora, shugaban tsaro na Taliban da gwamna a Nangarhar, gwamnan Kabul, memba na Kwamitin Red Crescent na Taliban, mataimakin leken asiri na Taliban, da kwamandan soja a Yankin Arewa maso Yamma. <ref>{{cite news |date=14 October 2023 |title=Islamic Emirate Officials Stress Importance of Religious, Modern Education |url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-185539 |access-date=2023-11-30 |work=TOLOnews}}</ref> == Hukunce-hukunce na Duniya == A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2023, EU ta ba da izini ga Neda Mohammad Nadeem saboda ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da keta haƙƙin mata a Afghanistan, yana mai ambaton matsayinsa na mukaddashin Ministan Ilimi mafi girma a gwamnatin Taliban, wanda ya ba da dokoki da ke hana mata samun ilimi mafi girma a duk faɗin Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 October 2023 |title=Islamic Emirate Officials Stress Importance of Religious, Modern Education |url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-185539 |access-date=2023-11-30 |work=TOLOnews}}</ref> Har ila yau, Australia ta ba shi izini a kan irin wannan dalili a shekarar 2025.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 14, 2023 |title=We are committed to ensuring rights of women and girls: Nadim |url=https://www.ariananews.af/we-are-committed-to-ensuring-rights-of-women-and-girls-nadim/ |access-date=2023-11-30 |work=Ariana News}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2ig9uhv3irzr38bkglthcue6b42aih7 0 136791 883210 780188 2026-07-15T08:21:55Z BnHamid 12586 883210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nisar Ahmad Ahmadi''' (ya mutu 6 Yuni 2023) ya kasance memba na kungiyar 'yan ta'adda ta [[Taliban]] ta Afghanistan wanda aka sanya shi mukaddashin gwamna Taliban na Lardin Badakhshan a arewa maso gabashin Afghanistan . An kashe shi a wani fashewar bam a babban birnin lardin, Faizabad . Jihar Musulunci - Lardin Khorasan (ISIS-K) ce ta yi ikirarin harin.<ref name="AJ">{{Cite web |title=Afghan provincial governor killed in car bombing |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/6/afghan-provincial-governor-killed-in-car-bombing |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> == Kashewa == Ahmadi ita ce manufa ta fashewar bam a watan Yunin 2023 a Faizabad, babban birnin lardin Badakhshan . Wani mai fashewa da bam ya buga motarsa mai fashewar fashewa a cikin motar da ke dauke da Ahmadi, inda ya haifar da babban fashewa. Tare da direban motarsa, mukaddashin gwamnan ya mutu nan take. Bugu da ƙari, 'yan ƙasa shida da ke kusa sun ji rauni a harin.<ref name="AJ" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2023 |title=Car Bomb Kills Taliban Provincial Deputy Governor in Northern Afghanistan |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/car-bomb-kills-taliban-provincial-deputy-governor-in-northern-afghanistan/7124721.html |website=[[VOA]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2023 |title=Taliban official among 2 killed in Afghanistan blast: Report |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/taliban-official-among-2-killed-in-afghanistan-blast-report/2915283 |website=[[Anadolu Agency]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] o4aolkl4pg0cpr1p1ik5smgugkr6yhy 0 137201 882937 794852 2026-07-14T15:30:47Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sir Farfesa Mallory Factor''', <small>KCN</small> <ref>{{Cite web |title=VISITING SENIOR FELLOW IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP |url=https://www.pharm.ox.ac.uk/team/mallory-factor |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=www.pharm.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Part-time Project and Events Manager, University of Oxford, United Kingdom {{!}} scholarshipdb.net |url=https://scholarshipdb.net/jobs-in-United-Kingdom/Part-Time-Project-And-Events-Manager-University-Of-Oxford=2Qbn8vSk5hGURwAlkGUTnw.html |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=scholarshipdb.net |language=en}}</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1950) babban jami'in harhada magunguna ne na Amurka, farfesa, marubuci, kuma mai ba da gudummawa ga kafofin watsa labarai. Factor shine wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban zartarwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallory Factor brings geopolitics to The Citadel – The Citadel – Charleston, SC |url=http://www.citadel.edu/root/factor_named_west_chair |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731050720/http://www.citadel.edu/root/factor_named_west_chair |archive-date=2017-07-31 |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=www.citadel.edu}}</ref> na IntraBio Inc., wani kamfani na magunguna na kasuwanci wanda ke [[Austin|Austin, Texas]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Randle |first=Michael |date=1 April 2024 |title=UK biopharma company IntraBio moves HQ to Austin, raises $40M |url=https://southernbusiness.com/uk-biopharma-company-intrabio-moves-hq-to-austin-raises-40m/ |website=Southern Business & Development}}</ref> wanda ya ƙirƙiro levacetylleucine, wanda aka fi sani da AQNEURSA, don magance alamun cutar Niemann-Pick Type C. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kansteiner |first=Fraiser |date=30 September 2024 |title=IntraBio hits the ground running with new rare disease launch |url=https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/after-landmark-rare-disease-approval-intrabio-ready-hit-ground-running-aqneursa-launch |website=www.fiercepharma.com |language=en}}</ref> Factor yana ziyartar babban jami'in kasuwanci a Sashen Magungunan Magunguna, Jami'ar Oxford, Birtaniya <ref>{{Cite web |title=VISITING SENIOR FELLOW IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP |url=https://www.pharm.ox.ac.uk/team/mallory-factor |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=www.pharm.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Part-time Project and Events Manager, University of Oxford, United Kingdom {{!}} scholarshipdb.net |url=https://scholarshipdb.net/jobs-in-United-Kingdom/Part-Time-Project-And-Events-Manager-University-Of-Oxford=2Qbn8vSk5hGURwAlkGUTnw.html |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=scholarshipdb.net |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne Farfesa John C. West (Emeritus) na Siyasar Duniya da Gwamnatin Amurka a Citadel, Kwalejin Sojoji ta [[South Carolina]] da ke Charleston, South Carolina. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallory Factor brings geopolitics to The Citadel – The Citadel – Charleston, SC |url=http://www.citadel.edu/root/factor_named_west_chair |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731050720/http://www.citadel.edu/root/factor_named_west_chair |archive-date=2017-07-31 |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=www.citadel.edu}}</ref> Tare da matarsa Lady Elizabeth Factor, shi ne marubucin ''Shadowbosses'' (2012) da ''Big Tent: The Story of the Conservative Revolution'' (2014), waɗanda duka su ne mafi kyawun tallace-tallace na New York Times. Factor ya yi rubuce-rubuce sosai kan batutuwan tattalin arziki da kuɗi ga wallafe-wallafe ciki har da ''Wall Street Journal'', ''Christian Science Monitor'', ''National Review'', da sauran jaridu kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga labaran BBC, Fox News da Forbes. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallory Factor brings geopolitics to The Citadel – The Citadel – Charleston, SC |url=http://www.citadel.edu/root/factor_named_west_chair |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731050720/http://www.citadel.edu/root/factor_named_west_chair |archive-date=2017-07-31 |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=www.citadel.edu}}</ref> Yana shirya fina-finai irin su Tony, Olivier, da Drama Desk, waɗanda suka lashe kyautar wasan kwaikwayo a Broadway, a West End da kuma a duk duniya. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da shirye-shirye kamar A Little Life, Cabaret, A Streetcar Named Desire, Dr Semmelweis, The King and I, A Christmas Carol, Patriots, Macbeth, Wizard of Oz, Constellations, Cyrano, Oklahoma, Hills of [[California]], The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, The Rocky Horror Picture Show, The Piano Lesson, Leopoldstadt, The Merchant of Venice, da Sunset Boulevard. <ref>{{Cite web |title=VISITING SENIOR FELLOW IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP |url=https://www.pharm.ox.ac.uk/team/mallory-factor |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=www.pharm.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Factor ya girma a Bridgeport, Connecticut . Ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Wesleyan da ke Middletown, Connecticut, kuma ya halarci Makarantar Shari'a ta Columbia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=VISITING SENIOR FELLOW IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP |url=https://www.pharm.ox.ac.uk/team/mallory-factor |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=www.pharm.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> da Makarantar Kasuwanci da ke New York, New York. <ref name="wed" /> == Sana'a == [[Fayil:Mallory_Factor_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg|left|thumb|Face yana jawabi a wani taro da aka yi a Chantilly, Virginia.]] A shekarar 2015, Factor ta kafa IntraBio Inc, wani kamfani na zamani na magunguna wanda ke haɓakawa da tallata sabbin magunguna ga cututtukan da ba kasafai ake samu ba da kuma waɗanda ke haifar da cututtukan jijiyoyi. A watan Satumba na 2017, kamfanin ya sanar da shirinsa na yin gwaji mai mahimmanci na ƙasa da ƙasa don maganin nau'in Niemann-Pick C, cutar Tay-Sachs, da kuma nau'ikan ataxia na cerebellar . <ref>{{Cite web |title=VISITING SENIOR FELLOW IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP |url=https://www.pharm.ox.ac.uk/team/mallory-factor |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=www.pharm.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, IntraBio ta sanar da sakamakon gwajin asibiti na ƙasashe da yawa na gwajin asibiti na Niemann-Pick type C. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Part-time Project and Events Manager, University of Oxford, United Kingdom {{!}} scholarshipdb.net |url=https://scholarshipdb.net/jobs-in-United-Kingdom/Part-Time-Project-And-Events-Manager-University-Of-Oxford=2Qbn8vSk5hGURwAlkGUTnw.html |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=scholarshipdb.net |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, IntraBio ta sanar da sakamakon gwajin asibiti na ƙasashe da yawa na gwajin asibiti na GM2 Gangliosidosis. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallory Factor brings geopolitics to The Citadel – The Citadel – Charleston, SC |url=http://www.citadel.edu/root/factor_named_west_chair |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731050720/http://www.citadel.edu/root/factor_named_west_chair |archive-date=2017-07-31 |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=www.citadel.edu}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2023, IntraBio ta sanar da sakamako mai kyau daga gwajin asibiti na Phase III IB1001-301 na ƙasashe daban-daban, bazuwar, placebo-controlled, wanda aka yi wa gwaji a kai. A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2024 Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta amince da AQNEURSA™️ (levacetylleucine) don maganin alamun cutar Niemann-Pick nau'in C (NPC) a cikin manya da yara marasa lafiya da ke da nauyin ≥15.&nbsp;kg. <ref>{{Cite web |title=VISITING SENIOR FELLOW IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP |url=https://www.pharm.ox.ac.uk/team/mallory-factor |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=www.pharm.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> Factor shine Farfesa John C. West (Emeritus) na Siyasar Duniya da Gwamnatin Amurka a Citadel, Kwalejin Sojoji ta South Carolina da ke Charleston, South Carolina . <ref>{{Cite web |title=VISITING SENIOR FELLOW IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP |url=https://www.pharm.ox.ac.uk/team/mallory-factor |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=www.pharm.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> Ya yi karatun farfesa a Makarantar Ci gaba da Nazarin Ƙwararru a Jami'ar New York daga 1992 zuwa 1996, da kuma Makarantar Digiri na Biyu ta Gudanarwa da Ƙwarewar Birane a Sabuwar Makarantar Nazarin Zamantakewa daga 1985 zuwa 1992. Ya kasance shugaban Asusun Kadarorin Jama'a na New York daga 2002 zuwa 2006 kuma mataimakin shugaban Hukumar Kula da Kare da Ilimi ta Gwamna's Island daga 2006 zuwa 2007. Factor memba ne na Hukumar Banki na Sashen Banki na Jihar New York daga 2001 zuwa 2007. Daga 1987 zuwa 1988, ya kasance memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawara kan Tanadin Kuɗi da Lamuni ta Tarayya na Bankin Lamunin Gida na Tarayya . Ya kasance memba na Lloyd's na London tun 1987. <ref name="americantheatrewing.org">{{Cite web |title=Biography – Mallory Factor |url=http://americantheatrewing.org/biography/detail/mallory_factor |access-date=2011-01-21 |publisher=American Theatre Wing |archive-date=2011-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114203223/http://americantheatrewing.org/biography/detail/mallory_factor |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga littattafansa, Factor ya yi rubuce-rubuce sosai kan batutuwan tattalin arziki da kuɗi ga wallafe-wallafe, ciki har da ''Wall Street Journal'', ''Christian Science Monitor'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallory Factor brings geopolitics to The Citadel – The Citadel – Charleston, SC |url=http://www.citadel.edu/root/factor_named_west_chair |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731050720/http://www.citadel.edu/root/factor_named_west_chair |archive-date=2017-07-31 |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=www.citadel.edu}}</ref> ''National Review'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=VISITING SENIOR FELLOW IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP |url=https://www.pharm.ox.ac.uk/team/mallory-factor |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=www.pharm.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> da jaridu a faɗin ƙasar, kuma a da ya kasance mai bayar da gudummawa a Fox News da mujallar ''Forbes'' . Ya kasance shugaban Mallory Factor, Inc., wani bankin kasuwanci mai zaman kansa da kuma kamfanin ba da shawara kan harkokin kuɗi wanda ya kafa a shekarar 1976. <ref>{{Cite web |title=VISITING SENIOR FELLOW IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP |url=https://www.pharm.ox.ac.uk/team/mallory-factor |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=www.pharm.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> Aikin farko da Factor ya fara yi bayan kammala karatunsa shine yin aiki a matsayin mai kula da ayyukan ba da shawara kan harkokin gudanarwa a Coopers &amp;amp; Lybrand . === Hidimar jama'a === Factor shine wanda ya kafa kuma ya dauki nauyin taron New York Meeting <ref>{{Cite web |title=VISITING SENIOR FELLOW IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP |url=https://www.pharm.ox.ac.uk/team/mallory-factor |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=www.pharm.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> kuma shine mai masaukin baki na taron Charleston, taron zababbun jami'ai, 'yan jarida, shugabannin kasuwanci da marubuta a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] da Charleston, South Carolina. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallory Factor brings geopolitics to The Citadel – The Citadel – Charleston, SC |url=http://www.citadel.edu/root/factor_named_west_chair |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731050720/http://www.citadel.edu/root/factor_named_west_chair |archive-date=2017-07-31 |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=www.citadel.edu}}</ref> Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci taron The Monday Meeting (tare da James E. Higgins). <ref>{{Cite web |title=VISITING SENIOR FELLOW IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP |url=https://www.pharm.ox.ac.uk/team/mallory-factor |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=www.pharm.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> Ya kafa tare kuma shine shugaban Asusun Kasuwanci na ' Yanci, wani kamfanin "yi" na kasuwa mai fafutukar ci gaban tattalin arziki, rage haraji da kuma gwamnati mai iyaka. Ya kasance memba na dindindin a Majalisar Hulɗa da Ƙasashen Waje kuma ya kasance mataimakin shugaban Kwamitin Aiki na Majalisar Hulɗa da Ƙasashen Waje kan Ba da Kuɗaɗen Ta'addanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=VISITING SENIOR FELLOW IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP |url=https://www.pharm.ox.ac.uk/team/mallory-factor |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=www.pharm.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> Ya bayar da shaida a gaban Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka da Majalisar Dattawan Amurka kan ba da kuɗaɗen ta'addanci, da tsara masana'antar ayyukan kuɗi da sauran batutuwan tattalin arziki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallory Factor brings geopolitics to The Citadel – The Citadel – Charleston, SC |url=http://www.citadel.edu/root/factor_named_west_chair |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731050720/http://www.citadel.edu/root/factor_named_west_chair |archive-date=2017-07-31 |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=www.citadel.edu}}</ref> Factor ya jagoranci taron tattaunawa kan tattalin arziki na Shugaban Hafsoshin Ma'aikata na Haɗin gwiwa kuma ya jagoranci taron tattalin arziki na 2009 na Kwamitin Taron Jam'iyyar Republican na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=VISITING SENIOR FELLOW IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP |url=https://www.pharm.ox.ac.uk/team/mallory-factor |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=www.pharm.ox.ac.uk}}</ref> Shi mutum ne mai kula da harkokin rayuwa a kamfanin Worshipful Company of Tobacco Bututu Maƙeran Bututu da Masu Haɗa Taba . Factor ya kasance babban mai ba da shawara a Majalisar Dattawa ta Burtaniya tun daga shekarar 2014. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 71mw6vcnaux3xcz9pl18m86nwothmkm 0 137277 882951 782808 2026-07-14T15:57:19Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gary Lewis Crittenden''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1953) manajan kuɗi ne na Amurka. Babban darektan HGGC ne, kuma a da shi ne Shugaba kuma shugaba. Shi ne kuma tsohon shugaban Citi Holdings . Ya kasance shugaban Citadel, Power Holdings, da iQor; babban darektan mai zaman kansa na Pluralsight; kuma ya kasance a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Extra Space Storage, Staples Inc., Ryerson, Inc., TJX Companies, da Utah Capital Investment Corp. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gary Crittenden {{!}} Team |url=https://www.hggc.com/team/gary-l-crittenden |access-date=2022-01-04 |website=HGGC |language=en}}</ref> Daga 2000 zuwa 2007, Crittenden ya kasance mataimakin shugaban zartarwa kuma babban jami'in kuɗi (CFO) na American Express, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bloomberg |date=May 7, 2010 |title=Citigroup Inc Financial Sector bio |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=169342&privcapId=391687 |access-date=2016-08-30 |website=Bloomberg L.P.}}</ref> kuma daga Maris 2007 zuwa Maris 2009, ya kasance babban jami'in kuɗi na Citigroup. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Crittenden a Ogden, Utah . Shi ne shugaban ɗaliban makarantar sakandare ta Ogden a shekarar 1971. Ya yi aikin wa'azi na tsawon shekaru biyu ga Cocin [[Isa|Yesu]] Kiristi na Waliyyai na Ƙarshe (LDS Church) a Jamus, kuma ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Marriott ta BYU tare da digirin farko na Kimiyya a fannin gudanarwa a shekarar 1976. Ya ci gaba da samun digirin MBA daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard a shekarar 1979. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gary Crittenden {{!}} Team |url=https://www.hggc.com/team/gary-l-crittenden |access-date=2022-01-04 |website=HGGC |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == Crittenden ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai ba da shawara a Bain and Company inda ya yi aiki a kan ayyuka daban-daban na dabaru a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Jamus]] . Crittenden ya kasance CFO kuma mataimakin shugaban zartarwa a Melville Corp. A lokacin da yake Melville, shi ne wanda ya tsara wargajewar kamfanin wanda ya haifar da hauhawar farashin hannun jari yayin da aka raba kamfanin zuwa kamfanoni uku. <ref name="HB">{{Cite web |title=Melville to separate into three firms; hopes to sell Wilson's leather chain. (Melville Corp.)(Brief Article) |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-17764328.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108003615/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-17764328.html |archive-date=8 January 2009 |access-date=28 June 2013 |publisher=Daily News Record}}</ref> Shi ne CFO na Sears Roebuck and Company daga 1997 zuwa 1998. Daga nan ya zama CFO na Monsanto Company daga 1998 zuwa 2000. A Monsanto, Crittenden ya jagoranci ƙoƙarin mallakar kamfanonin iri na DeKalb Genetics Corporation, da Delta and Pine Land Company. Ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a siyar da Monsanto ga Pharmacia &amp;amp; Upjohn . <ref name="IC">{{Cite web |title=Monsanto CFO Crittenden to head P&U merger team |url=http://www.icis.com/Articles/2000/01/12/102516/monsanto+cfo+crittenden+to+head+pu+merger+team.html |access-date=28 June 2013 |publisher=ICIS}}</ref> Kafin ya shiga Citigroup, Crittenden ya kasance mataimakin shugaban zartarwa kuma babban jami'in kuɗi (CFO) na American Express, haka kuma shugaban sashen Global Network Services na kamfanin. <ref name="BW" /> A shekara ta 2007, Crittenden ya shiga Citigroup a matsayin Babban Jami'in Kuɗi. Lokacin da kasuwannin kuɗi na duniya suka faɗa cikin Babban Koma bayan Tattalin Arziki, Crittenden ya jagoranci gudanar da harkokin kuɗi da murmurewa na Citigroup, inda ya rage ayyukan yi 75,000 kuma ya rage kadarori da kusan dala biliyan 500. <ref name="ABC">{{Cite web |title=Citigroup aims to sell $500 billion of its assets |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/story?id=4829150&page=1#.Uc20oTvVAsc4 |access-date=28 June 2013 |website=ABC News}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Crittenden da kamfanin sun sasanta da'awar kurakuran bayyana bayanai da SEC ta gabatar, ba tare da amincewa da laifin da Crittenden ya aikata ba, dangane da fallasar Citigroup ga kadarorin jinginar gida marasa inganci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gary Crittenden {{!}} Team |url=https://www.hggc.com/team/gary-l-crittenden |access-date=2022-01-04 |website=HGGC |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bloomberg |date=May 7, 2010 |title=Citigroup Inc Financial Sector bio |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=169342&privcapId=391687 |access-date=2016-08-30 |website=Bloomberg L.P.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gary Crittenden {{!}} Team |url=https://www.hggc.com/team/gary-l-crittenden |access-date=2022-01-04 |website=HGGC |language=en}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2012, an nada Crittenden a matsayin Shugaba na Huntsman Gay Global Capital. <ref name="fortune">{{Cite web |last=Primack |first=Dan |date=April 3, 2012 |title=Ex-Citi CFO takes reins at Huntsman Gay |url=http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/03/ex-citi-cfo-takes-reins-at-huntsman-gay/ |access-date=October 17, 2012 |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]}}</ref> A shekararsa ta farko a HGGC, Crittenden ya kula da sayar da kamfanin Power Holdings mai riƙe da ayyukan wutar lantarki ga Kelso & Co. akan dala miliyan 380. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gary Crittenden {{!}} Team |url=https://www.hggc.com/team/gary-l-crittenden |access-date=2022-01-04 |website=HGGC |language=en}}</ref> Kafin zuwan Crittenden, Huntsman Gay Global Capital ya ƙirƙiri Power Holdings ta hanyar samun ayyukan wutar lantarki da dama a duk faɗin Amurka. A cikin sama da shekaru biyu kacal, Power Holdings ya girma daga kimanin ma'aikatan wutar lantarki 90 zuwa ma'aikata sama da 200. Crittenden da HGGC sun kammala cinikin ta hanyar Asusun Abokan Hulɗa na Huntsman Gay Capital Partners I LP na dala biliyan 1.1. A shekarar 2013, Crittenden ya zama shugaban Huntsman Gay Global Capital (HGGC) bayan da wanda ya kafa kamfanin Richard Lawson ya hau kan mulki a matsayin babban jami'i. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gary Crittenden {{!}} Team |url=https://www.hggc.com/team/gary-l-crittenden |access-date=2022-01-04 |website=HGGC |language=en}}</ref> A matsayinsa na shugaban HGCC, Crittenden ya kula da kafa kamfanin na biyu, Asusun II. Asusun II gabaɗaya zai bi ka'idojin saka hannun jari na HGGC kamar kudaden shiga na dala miliyan 100 ko fiye, darajar kasuwanci na dala miliyan 100-500, da EBITDA na akalla dala miliyan 15. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bloomberg |date=May 7, 2010 |title=Citigroup Inc Financial Sector bio |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=169342&privcapId=391687 |access-date=2016-08-30 |website=Bloomberg L.P.}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2013, Crittenden ya kula da sayen Lucent Polymers ta kamfanin HGGC Citadel Plastics Holdings, wani babban kamfanin hada thermoplastics da thermoset resins na duniya. Sayen ya bai wa Citadel Plastics damar samun fayil na sama da 1,400 na hadawa da kuma inganta matsayinta a fannin resins da aka ƙera. Crittenden ya bayyana saye a matsayin babban misali na ci gaba ta hanyar siyan dabarun kasuwanci da hadewa. A cewar Crittenden, Citadel Plastics za ta amfana sosai daga karfin kudi da kuma tushen abokan ciniki na Lucent, da kuma shirye-shiryenta na ci gaba da dama. Sayen Lucent shine karo na bakwai da Citadel ya yi tun 2007 kuma shine karo na 31 da ya yi saye ga HGGC. Crittenden shine shugaban iQor, wani kamfanin samar da ayyukan kasuwanci na waje wanda ke [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]]. <ref name="PRNews">{{Cite web |title=iQor Acquires Jabil Aftermarket Services |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/iqor-acquires-jabil-aftermarket-services-to-create-leading-customer-and-product-support-company-2013-12-17 |access-date=2017-02-14 |publisher=PR Newswire}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2014, iQor ta sayi kasuwancin ayyukan bayan kasuwa na Jabil Circuit, Inc. akan dala miliyan 725. Jabil Aftermarket Services, wanda ke da hedikwata a St. Petersburg, [[Florida]], ya tsaya a matsayin babban mai samar da ayyukan bayan kasuwa a masana'antu kamar na'urorin masu amfani, motsi, sadarwa, na'urorin likitanci, da kwamfuta. Cinikin ya haɓaka kuɗaɗen shiga na iQor zuwa sama da dala biliyan 1.5 kuma ya ƙara yawan ma'aikatansa zuwa sama da mutane 31,000 a cikin ƙasashe 16. A cewar Crittenden, sayen yana taimaka wa abokan cinikin iQor su amfana daga "manyan sawun duniya da ƙarin albarkatun kuɗi." <ref name="PRNews" /> Crittenden ya kasance a cikin allunan kamfanoni da dama a rayuwarsa ta sana'a, ciki har da Filene's Basement, inda ya kasance CFO a farkon aikinsa, Wilson's Leather, Sears of Mexico da Sears Canada (inda ya kasance CFO na kamfanin iyaye, Sears Roebuck and Company), Ryerson, Inc., TJX Companies (kamfanin iyaye ga TJ Maxx da Marshalls ), Staples, da Primerica . <ref name="BL">{{Cite web |title=Primerica Names Ex-Citigroup CFO Crittenden to Insurer's Board |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-07-15/primerica-names-ex-citigroup-cfo-crittenden-to-insurer-s-board.html |access-date=26 July 2013 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, shi ne shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na kamfanonin HGGC: Power Holdings, iQor, da Citadel. <ref name="BW" /> <ref name="11MB">{{Cite web |title=Gary Crittenden |url=http://mormonsinbusiness.org/mormon_businessmen/gary-crittenden |access-date=23 May 2013 |website=Mormons in Business}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Crittenden ya auri tsohuwar Catherine Jean Cox kuma suna da 'ya'ya uku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gary Crittenden {{!}} Team |url=https://www.hggc.com/team/gary-l-crittenden |access-date=2022-01-04 |website=HGGC |language=en}}</ref> Shi memba ne na Cocin Yesu Kiristi na Waliyyai na Ƙarshe (Cocin LDS) kuma ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu a Jamus a matsayin matashi. Ya kasance a cikin mukamai da dama na shugabanci a cocin, ciki har da bishop, shugaban reshen (na Yorktown New York Stake), da yanki na 70. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bloomberg |date=May 7, 2010 |title=Citigroup Inc Financial Sector bio |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=169342&privcapId=391687 |access-date=2016-08-30 |website=Bloomberg L.P.}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Crittenden ya zama manajan darakta na Sashen Mishan na Cocin LDS. == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == * Digirin girmamawa na uku daga Jami'ar Jihar Weber a shekarar 2003 <ref name="13W">{{Cite web |title=American Express Executive to Receive Honorary Degree |url=http://www.weber.edu/WSUToday/1213crittenden.html |access-date=23 May 2013 |publisher=Weber State University |archive-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021173632/http://www.weber.edu/WSUToday/1213crittenden.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * An sanya masa suna ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun CFOs na Cibiyoyi a Amurka a 2004 da 2006 <ref name="12II">{{Cite web |title=The Best CFOs in America |url=http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article.aspx?articleID=1031395&p=8#.UZt79avCaSp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021173638/http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article.aspx?articleID=1031395&p=8#.UZt79avCaSp |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=23 May 2013 |website=Institutional Investor}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] rox751fb92pwyd7yfqrn71yqswkooou 0 137580 883230 781779 2026-07-15T08:28:10Z BnHamid 12586 883230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Panagiotis Spiliotopoulos''' (Girkanci: ; 1891-1962) ya kasance jami'in Sojojin Hellenic wanda ya kai matsayin Lieutenant Janar kuma ya rike mukamin Babban Jami'in Sojan Hellenic a 1946-1947, a lokacin matakan farko na Yaƙin basasar Girka. Ya kuma yi aiki a takaice a matsayin Ministan Tsaro na Kasa, Ministan Arewacin Girka da Sakatare Janar na Hellenic Red Cross. == Rayuwa == An haife shi a ƙauyen Mazeika kusa da Kalavryta a shekara ta 1891. Ya shiga Sojojin Hellenic a matsayin mai sa kai a 1910 kuma ya yi yaƙi a cikin Yakin Balkan na 1912-1913. Daga baya ya shiga Kwalejin NCO kuma ya kammala karatu a matsayin Lieutenant na biyu na Sojoji a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1914. Ya kuma yi yaƙi a gaban Makidoniya na [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]] kuma ya shiga cikin Yaƙin Girka da Turkiyya na 1919-1922, an ɗaukaka shi zuwa Lieutenant (1916) da Kyaftin (1918) a cikin tsari. Ya rike jerin ma'aikata da mukamai masu yawa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ya tashi zuwa Major (1923), Lt Colonel (1930) da Colonel (1934). A lokaci guda, ya bi karatun Shari'a a Jami'ar Athens . A cikin 1937-1940, ya umurci Makarantar Jami'an Tsaro. A lokacin Yaƙin Girka da Italiya, ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Sojoji na 1st Infantry Division kuma daga baya CO na sabuwar 15th Infantry division. A shekara ta 1944, a gaban ficewar Jamusawa daga Girka, an nada Spiliotopoulos a matsayin wakilin Athens da kewayenta na Babban Kwamandan Gabas ta Tsakiya na Allies. Bayan 'yanci a watan Oktoba 1944, Spiliotopoulos ya zama shugaban rundunar sojin Athens, kuma ba da daɗewa ba bayan kwamandan sabon Cibiyar Horar da Jami'ai kafin a nada shi a matsayin Babban Jami'in Janar na Sojojin Hellenic a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1946, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa 19 ga Fabrairu 1947. Daga nan har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a ranar 30 ga Maris 1948 ya yi aiki a matsayin Sufeto-Janar na Sojoji. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya zama Babban Sakatare na Hellenic Red Cross, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Tsaro na Kasa a karkashin [[Sofoklis Venizelos]] tsakanin 30 ga Yuli da 27 ga Oktoba 1951, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Κυβέρνησις ΣΟΦΟΚΛΕΟΥΣ ΒΕΝΙΖΕΛΟΥ - Από 3.11.1950 έως 27.10.1951 |url=http://www.ggk.gov.gr/?p=1121 |access-date=5 July 2011 |publisher=General Secretariat of the Government |language=Greek}}</ref> kuma a matsayin Minista na Arewacin Girka daga 5 ga Maris zuwa 17 ga Mayu 1958 a cikin gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Konstantinos Georgakopoulos. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Κυβέρνησις ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΥ ΓΕΩΡΓΑΚΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ - Από 5.3.1958 έως 17.5.1958 |url=http://www.ggk.gov.gr/?p=1212 |access-date=5 July 2011 |publisher=General Secretariat of the Government |language=Greek}}</ref> Ya mutu a shekarar 1962. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1891]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3gvti7v672ruqnwv7bs8w2dbj5d1r3x 0 138707 883228 784072 2026-07-15T08:27:36Z BnHamid 12586 883228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jean-Paul Troadec''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 1948 a Saint-Renan, Finistère, Faransa) injiniyan sararin samaniya ne na Faransa kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati. Shi ne tsohon Shugaban Ofishin Faransa na Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile, ofishin binciken haɗarin jiragen sama na ƙasar.<ref>Les analyses vont être très compliquées". ''Le Télégramme'' (in French). May 18, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2012.</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Troadec ya kammala karatunsa daga École polytechnique (X 67) da École nationale de l'aviation civile (IAC 70) kuma ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1972 a matsayin injiniya a ofishin ba da takardar shaida na Direction générale de l'aviation civile. A shekarar 1975, ya zama shugaban sashen "injiniya da bincike". A shekarar 1980, ya koma sashen "amincewa da kayan aiki, gurɓatawa da auna hayaniya" kafin ya zama shugaban sashen injin Airbus da CFM56. Daga 1985 zuwa 1993, ya kasance shugaban sashen zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na Service d'exploitation de la formation aéronautique. A 1993, an nada shi shugaban sashen zirga-zirgar jiragen sama. Daga nan, har zuwa 2002, ya kasance shugaban sashen albarkatun ɗan adam. A 2002, ya shiga Ma'aikatar Lafiyar Muhalli, Ci gaba Mai Dorewa, Sufuri da Gidaje ta gwamnatin Faransa.<ref>Jean Paul Troadec". ''Who's Who in France'' (in French). Retrieved June 10, 2012.</ref> An nada shi a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile a 2009, inda ya maye gurbin Paul-Louis Arslanian.<ref>Annuaire des Diplômés" (in French). Ingenac. Archived from the original on June 26, 2012. Retrieved June 10, 2012.</ref> == cancantar Jirgin sama == * Lasin parachute na soja * Rating Instrument Lasin matukin jirgi na kasuwanci (injin da yawa) == Kyauta == * Chevalier na Légion d'honneur * Jami'in Ordre na kasa du Mérite * Médaille de l'Aéronautique == Littafi Mai Tsarki == * Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace da Lucien Robineau, Les français du ciel, ƙamus historique, Le Cherche midi, Yuni 2005, 782 p. (<nowiki>ISBN 2-7491-0415-7</nowiki>) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 5ydbjh0luy5pi8utdse14fy9ljoz3h2 0 141210 883162 798561 2026-07-15T05:20:15Z ~2026-39749-30 46974 883162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox musical artist |image=Pratik Ag Singing Concert.jpg }} '''Pratik Sachin Agnihotri''' (born 1 May 1998) is an Indian musician, composer, songwriter, and actor. Recognized for his contributions to the regional music scene, he was honored with the prestigious Sakal Icon Award for his achievements in music. Raised in Ichalkaranji, a city widely known as the "Manchester of Maharashtra," Agnihotri transitioned into a music career after pursuing a background in mechanical engineering. Pratik Agnihotri officially debuted in the music industry with his first single, titled "'Ae Mere Dil."' He expanded his reach by performing through digital mediums, notably hosting live sessions on Facebook Live to engage with a broader audience. His work gained mainstream media attention, leading to a featured interview on the prominent Indian radio network 98.3 Radio Mirchi. Additionally, Agnihotri has performed as a guest musical artist for TEDx, and he has since written, composed, and produced a full-length studio album. '''Pratik Sachin Agnihotri''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1998) mawakin faf na Indiya ne, mawaƙi, mai tsara kiɗa, marubucin waƙa, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke zaune a Ichalkaranji, Maharashtra. Duk da cewa yana da bangon ilimi a fannin injiniyan kanikanci (mechanical engineering), ya koma masana'antar nishadi, inda ya kafa kansa ta hanyar wakokinsa na asali, wasanni kai tsaye, barkwanci na dijital, da wasan kwaikwayo. == Rayuwar Farko da Bangon Baya == An haifi Agnihotri a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1998, a Kolhapur, Maharashtra, Indiya, ga Sachin Agnihotri da Geeta Agnihotri [3]. Ya girma a makwabciyar birnin Ichalkaranji, wani babban cibiyar masana'antu da aka sani da masana'antar saka da auduga, wanda ake kira "Manchester na Maharashtra." Al'adun Marathi na gida, bukukuwan al'adu, da wasannin fasahar kan titi sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen raya fasaharsa tun yana kuruciya Agnihotri ya kammala karatunsa na firamare da sakandare a Ichalkaranji. Sha'awar sa ga kida ta fara ne a lokacin da yake aji tara na sakandare, inda ya fara samun horon kidan gita na wasu watanni kafin ya dakata don mayar da hankali kan jarrabawar kammala aji goma [24]. Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatunsa inda ya samu digiri a fannin Mechanical Engineering a Maharashtra [11]. A tsawon shekarunsa na koleji, ya daidaita tsakanin karatunsa da kuma sha'awar sa ta kida. A wannan lokacin, ya koyi tushen kidan gargajiya da rubuta waƙoƙi, ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta koleji, kuma ya kasance yana samun nasara a gasar raye-raye ta shekara-shekara ta koleji . == Sana'a == == Farkon Kida da Salon Sa == Agnihotri kusan ya koyi kida ne da kansa, kuma ya fara tafiyarsa ta kida bayan ya kammala digirinsa na injiniya. A shekararsa ta karshe a koleji, ya fitar da waƙarsa ta farko ta asali mai suna "Hum Hogaye Tumhare" Rubutun waƙarsa yana bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwarsa da kuma raunin rai. Ayyukansa suna nuna tasirin kidan gargajiya na Indiya tare da salon faf (pop) mai sauƙi. Baya ga rera waƙa, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara kida da edita na bidiyon kiɗa daban-daban ==Wasan Kwaikwayo da Samar da Abun Ciki == Baya ga sana'arsa ta kida, Agnihotri yana taka rawa a kafofin watsa labarai na dijital. Yana da bayani a shafin IMDb a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya shiga cikin rubutawa da tsara kida don bidiyon kida na Bheed Bhaad (2023) [8]. Shima fitaccen mai samar da abun ciki ne a YouTube da Instagram, inda yake samar da gajerun wasannin barkwanci da abubuwan da suka shafi kida, gami da shirin "Unfiltered Gappa" ==Mutunci da Karramawa == Agnihotri ya sami karbuwa tun da wuri ta hanyar wasannin Facebook Live da kuma tattaunawa a rediyon 98.3 Radio Mirchi. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 2021, ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a taron TEDx DKTE TEI a Ichalkaranji, wanda ya kasance babban mataki a cikin aikinsa == Jerin Wakoki (Discography) == Ana samun wakokin Agnihotri a manyan dandamali na yaɗa kida, ciki har da Spotify, Apple Music, da JioSaavn '''Fitattun Wakoki:''' Hum Hogaye Tumhare (2022) [ Aksar (2023) Bheed Bhaad (2023) Jaanejaana (2023) Kaise Na Jaane (2023) Premkatha (2023) Ae Mere Dil (2023) Sanam (2024) Kafi Hai (2024) Peheli Dafa (2025) Pyaar Hogaya (2025) Tuch Asawi (2025) ==List Of Songs Recorded By Pratik Agnihotri== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Singer(s) !! References |- | 2022 || ''Hum Hogaye Tumhare'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri , Yash And Akash|| |- | || ''Ae Mere Dil'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri And Yash || |- | || ''Sugandha Tuza'' || Singer And Rapper||Pratik Agnihotri and Yash|| |- | || ''Collage Cringe '' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri Yash , Akash|| |- | 2022 || ''Pyaar'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri And Akash|| |- | || ''Kaise Na Jaane'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik and Yash|| |- | || ''Jaanejaana'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri|| |- | || ''Chahta Hoon Main'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Yash || |- | || ''Tere Saath Main'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Yash || |- | 2023 || ''Aksar'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Yash || |- | || ''Bheed Bhaad'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri || |- | 2024|| ''Kafi Hain'' || Singer and Rapper || Pratik Agnihotri, Kedar Kulkarni, Dipanto || |- | || ''Sanam'' || Singer|| Pratik Agnihotri|| |- | || ''Khoya Hoon'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri || |- |2025 || ''Tuch Asawi'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri, Kedar Kulkarni, Abhishek Kerle|| |- | || ''Peheli Dafa'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri|| |- | || ''Pyaar Hogaya '' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Kedar Kulkarni || |} ==Manazarta== 1.https://www.setlist.fm/setlists/pratik-agnihotri-539b8f81.html 2.https://music.apple.com/in/artist/pratik-agnihotri/1622056855 3.https://grokipedia.com/page/Pratik_Agnihotri 4.https://www.saavn.com/s/artist/pratik-agnihotri-albums/7vHjF9HC13A_ 5.https://pratikagnihotri.wordpress.com/ 6.https://www.deezer.com/en/artist/168578827 7.https://tidal.com/album/441634308 8.https://m.imdb.com/name/nm15734966/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk 9.https://sites.google.com/view/pratikagnihotrimusic/home 10.https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/author/pratikagnihotrimusic702/ 11.https://www.linkedin.com/in/pratik-agnihotri-a3a899220?utm_source=share&utm_campaign=share_via&utm_content=profile&utm_medium=android_app 12.https://youtube.com/@pratikagnihotrimusic?si=2svMsy2ArRj5kCHd 13.https://www.facebook.com/share/1Bhe1bhBkS/ 14.https://music.amazon.in/artists/B09ZBLV5F2/pratik-agnihotri 15.https://m.soundcloud.com/pratik-agnihotri-music 17.https://classical.music.apple.com/in/album/1831257012 18.https://webmusic.cloud/album/2034078/akash-chawla/hum-hogaye-tumhare 19.https://tunedex.routenote.com/tracks/6rmlTODKnv9ZpC7ZhKY3O9 20.https://audiomack.com/pratik-agnihotri/song/pyaar-hogaya 21.https://www.iheart.com/podcast/ 22.https://zvuk.com/artist/211909384/tracks 23.https://www.discogs.com/artist/17285103-Pratik-Agnihotri?srsltid=AfmBOoozYk_0ll4E4tCCNiNX10asGTDM6MTZh-qYxpgTA-zGrjKt3hqs 25.https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1E4zDWi8Q5MKfr?si=EJZ71osJQ4e76SjJ5LpS_Q 26.https://lyrics.lyricfind.com/lyrics/pratik-agnihotri-aksar 29.https://pratik-agnihotri-yash-kulkarni.skysound7.com/t/15845369500428767260-pratik-agnihotri-yash-kulkarni-aksar/ 30.https://music.yandex.ru/album/24373577 31.https://pin.it/26TU14Qdz 32.https://x.com/PratikAgniMusic 33.https://play.anghami.com/song/1224342497 34.https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=rUkegoQJRKE&si=ok4bNr8KFVQgqJHI 35.https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4c4275be-49a2-4389-9e98-f80671d361fb 36.https://credits.muso.ai/profile/a7db4a98-ccf2-4afe-90c6-a23604da4ca6 37.https://www.last.fm/music/Pratik+Agnihotri 38.https://www.instagram.com/pratikagnihotrimusic?igsh=MWZyMWVxMm82ZmJwcA== 39.https://x.com/PratikAgniMusic 40.https://youtube.com/channel/UCjTQ5d_aIwuYsY1UN9MseAg?si=euz2OFdUYVLR05Bo 41. https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/39612 42.https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137916865 43.https://medium.com/@musicianvibes2/pratik-agnihotri-an-indian-musician-singer-composer-c51d3ffc82af 44.https://genius.com/Pratik-agnihotri-ae-mere-dil-lyrics 45.https://genius.com/artists/Pratik-agnihotri 46. https://www.dkte.ac.in/index.php 3ebhloouino1rtp4t2p4wygidyug4rv 883163 883162 2026-07-15T05:22:20Z ~2026-39749-30 46974 883163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox musical artist |image=Pratik Ag Singing Concert.jpg }} '''Pratik Sachin Agnihotri''' (born 1 May 1998) is an Indian musician, composer, songwriter, and actor. Recognized for his contributions to the regional music scene, he was honored with the prestigious Sakal Icon Award for his achievements in music. Raised in Ichalkaranji, a city widely known as the "Manchester of Maharashtra," Agnihotri transitioned into a music career after pursuing a background in mechanical engineering. His work gained mainstream media attention, leading to a featured interview on the prominent Indian radio network 98.3 Radio Mirchi. Additionally, Agnihotri has performed as a guest musical artist for TEDx, and he has since written, composed, and produced a full-length studio album. '''Pratik Sachin Agnihotri''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1998) mawakin faf na Indiya ne, mawaƙi, mai tsara kiɗa, marubucin waƙa, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke zaune a Ichalkaranji, Maharashtra. Duk da cewa yana da bangon ilimi a fannin injiniyan kanikanci (mechanical engineering), ya koma masana'antar nishadi, inda ya kafa kansa ta hanyar wakokinsa na asali, wasanni kai tsaye, barkwanci na dijital, da wasan kwaikwayo. == Rayuwar Farko da Bangon Baya == An haifi Agnihotri a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1998, a Kolhapur, Maharashtra, Indiya, ga Sachin Agnihotri da Geeta Agnihotri [3]. Ya girma a makwabciyar birnin Ichalkaranji, wani babban cibiyar masana'antu da aka sani da masana'antar saka da auduga, wanda ake kira "Manchester na Maharashtra." Al'adun Marathi na gida, bukukuwan al'adu, da wasannin fasahar kan titi sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen raya fasaharsa tun yana kuruciya Agnihotri ya kammala karatunsa na firamare da sakandare a Ichalkaranji. Sha'awar sa ga kida ta fara ne a lokacin da yake aji tara na sakandare, inda ya fara samun horon kidan gita na wasu watanni kafin ya dakata don mayar da hankali kan jarrabawar kammala aji goma [24]. Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatunsa inda ya samu digiri a fannin Mechanical Engineering a Maharashtra [11]. A tsawon shekarunsa na koleji, ya daidaita tsakanin karatunsa da kuma sha'awar sa ta kida. A wannan lokacin, ya koyi tushen kidan gargajiya da rubuta waƙoƙi, ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta koleji, kuma ya kasance yana samun nasara a gasar raye-raye ta shekara-shekara ta koleji . == Sana'a == == Farkon Kida da Salon Sa == Agnihotri kusan ya koyi kida ne da kansa, kuma ya fara tafiyarsa ta kida bayan ya kammala digirinsa na injiniya. A shekararsa ta karshe a koleji, ya fitar da waƙarsa ta farko ta asali mai suna "Hum Hogaye Tumhare" Rubutun waƙarsa yana bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwarsa da kuma raunin rai. Ayyukansa suna nuna tasirin kidan gargajiya na Indiya tare da salon faf (pop) mai sauƙi. Baya ga rera waƙa, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara kida da edita na bidiyon kiɗa daban-daban ==Wasan Kwaikwayo da Samar da Abun Ciki == Baya ga sana'arsa ta kida, Agnihotri yana taka rawa a kafofin watsa labarai na dijital. Yana da bayani a shafin IMDb a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya shiga cikin rubutawa da tsara kida don bidiyon kida na Bheed Bhaad (2023) [8]. Shima fitaccen mai samar da abun ciki ne a YouTube da Instagram, inda yake samar da gajerun wasannin barkwanci da abubuwan da suka shafi kida, gami da shirin "Unfiltered Gappa" ==Mutunci da Karramawa == Agnihotri ya sami karbuwa tun da wuri ta hanyar wasannin Facebook Live da kuma tattaunawa a rediyon 98.3 Radio Mirchi. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 2021, ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a taron TEDx DKTE TEI a Ichalkaranji, wanda ya kasance babban mataki a cikin aikinsa == Jerin Wakoki (Discography) == Ana samun wakokin Agnihotri a manyan dandamali na yaɗa kida, ciki har da Spotify, Apple Music, da JioSaavn '''Fitattun Wakoki:''' Hum Hogaye Tumhare (2022) [ Aksar (2023) Bheed Bhaad (2023) Jaanejaana (2023) Kaise Na Jaane (2023) Premkatha (2023) Ae Mere Dil (2023) Sanam (2024) Kafi Hai (2024) Peheli Dafa (2025) Pyaar Hogaya (2025) Tuch Asawi (2025) ==List Of Songs Recorded By Pratik Agnihotri== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Singer(s) !! References |- | 2022 || ''Hum Hogaye Tumhare'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri , Yash And Akash|| |- | || ''Ae Mere Dil'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri And Yash || |- | || ''Sugandha Tuza'' || Singer And Rapper||Pratik Agnihotri and Yash|| |- | || ''Collage Cringe '' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri Yash , Akash|| |- | 2022 || ''Pyaar'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri And Akash|| |- | || ''Kaise Na Jaane'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik and Yash|| |- | || ''Jaanejaana'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri|| |- | || ''Chahta Hoon Main'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Yash || |- | || ''Tere Saath Main'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Yash || |- | 2023 || ''Aksar'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Yash || |- | || ''Bheed Bhaad'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri || |- | 2024|| ''Kafi Hain'' || Singer and Rapper || Pratik Agnihotri, Kedar Kulkarni, Dipanto || |- | || ''Sanam'' || Singer|| Pratik Agnihotri|| |- | || ''Khoya Hoon'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri || |- |2025 || ''Tuch Asawi'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri, Kedar Kulkarni, Abhishek Kerle|| |- | || ''Peheli Dafa'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri|| |- | || ''Pyaar Hogaya '' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Kedar Kulkarni || |} ==Manazarta== 1.https://www.setlist.fm/setlists/pratik-agnihotri-539b8f81.html 2.https://music.apple.com/in/artist/pratik-agnihotri/1622056855 3.https://grokipedia.com/page/Pratik_Agnihotri 4.https://www.saavn.com/s/artist/pratik-agnihotri-albums/7vHjF9HC13A_ 5.https://pratikagnihotri.wordpress.com/ 6.https://www.deezer.com/en/artist/168578827 7.https://tidal.com/album/441634308 8.https://m.imdb.com/name/nm15734966/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk 9.https://sites.google.com/view/pratikagnihotrimusic/home 10.https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/author/pratikagnihotrimusic702/ 11.https://www.linkedin.com/in/pratik-agnihotri-a3a899220?utm_source=share&utm_campaign=share_via&utm_content=profile&utm_medium=android_app 12.https://youtube.com/@pratikagnihotrimusic?si=2svMsy2ArRj5kCHd 13.https://www.facebook.com/share/1Bhe1bhBkS/ 14.https://music.amazon.in/artists/B09ZBLV5F2/pratik-agnihotri 15.https://m.soundcloud.com/pratik-agnihotri-music 17.https://classical.music.apple.com/in/album/1831257012 18.https://webmusic.cloud/album/2034078/akash-chawla/hum-hogaye-tumhare 19.https://tunedex.routenote.com/tracks/6rmlTODKnv9ZpC7ZhKY3O9 20.https://audiomack.com/pratik-agnihotri/song/pyaar-hogaya 21.https://www.iheart.com/podcast/ 22.https://zvuk.com/artist/211909384/tracks 23.https://www.discogs.com/artist/17285103-Pratik-Agnihotri?srsltid=AfmBOoozYk_0ll4E4tCCNiNX10asGTDM6MTZh-qYxpgTA-zGrjKt3hqs 25.https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1E4zDWi8Q5MKfr?si=EJZ71osJQ4e76SjJ5LpS_Q 26.https://lyrics.lyricfind.com/lyrics/pratik-agnihotri-aksar 29.https://pratik-agnihotri-yash-kulkarni.skysound7.com/t/15845369500428767260-pratik-agnihotri-yash-kulkarni-aksar/ 30.https://music.yandex.ru/album/24373577 31.https://pin.it/26TU14Qdz 32.https://x.com/PratikAgniMusic 33.https://play.anghami.com/song/1224342497 34.https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=rUkegoQJRKE&si=ok4bNr8KFVQgqJHI 35.https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4c4275be-49a2-4389-9e98-f80671d361fb 36.https://credits.muso.ai/profile/a7db4a98-ccf2-4afe-90c6-a23604da4ca6 37.https://www.last.fm/music/Pratik+Agnihotri 38.https://www.instagram.com/pratikagnihotrimusic?igsh=MWZyMWVxMm82ZmJwcA== 39.https://x.com/PratikAgniMusic 40.https://youtube.com/channel/UCjTQ5d_aIwuYsY1UN9MseAg?si=euz2OFdUYVLR05Bo 41. https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/39612 42.https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137916865 43.https://medium.com/@musicianvibes2/pratik-agnihotri-an-indian-musician-singer-composer-c51d3ffc82af 44.https://genius.com/Pratik-agnihotri-ae-mere-dil-lyrics 45.https://genius.com/artists/Pratik-agnihotri 46. https://www.dkte.ac.in/index.php 2hey7u3e9o7m8pmqjhsrpncetifq82y 883219 883163 2026-07-15T08:24:32Z A09 23573 Reverted 2 edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-39749-30|~2026-39749-30]] ([[User talk:~2026-39749-30|talk]]): Rv wrong language (TwinkleGlobal) 883219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox musical artist |image=Pratik Ag Singing Concert.jpg }} '''Pratik Sachin Agnihotri''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1998) mawakin faf na Indiya ne, mawaƙi, mai tsara kiɗa, marubucin waƙa, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke zaune a Ichalkaranji, Maharashtra. Duk da cewa yana da bangon ilimi a fannin injiniyan kanikanci (mechanical engineering), ya koma masana'antar nishadi, inda ya kafa kansa ta hanyar wakokinsa na asali, wasanni kai tsaye, barkwanci na dijital, da wasan kwaikwayo. == Rayuwar Farko da Bangon Baya == An haifi Agnihotri a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1998, a Kolhapur, Maharashtra, Indiya, ga Sachin Agnihotri da Geeta Agnihotri [3]. Ya girma a makwabciyar birnin Ichalkaranji, wani babban cibiyar masana'antu da aka sani da masana'antar saka da auduga, wanda ake kira "Manchester na Maharashtra." Al'adun Marathi na gida, bukukuwan al'adu, da wasannin fasahar kan titi sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen raya fasaharsa tun yana kuruciya Agnihotri ya kammala karatunsa na firamare da sakandare a Ichalkaranji. Sha'awar sa ga kida ta fara ne a lokacin da yake aji tara na sakandare, inda ya fara samun horon kidan gita na wasu watanni kafin ya dakata don mayar da hankali kan jarrabawar kammala aji goma [24]. Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatunsa inda ya samu digiri a fannin Mechanical Engineering a Maharashtra [11]. A tsawon shekarunsa na koleji, ya daidaita tsakanin karatunsa da kuma sha'awar sa ta kida. A wannan lokacin, ya koyi tushen kidan gargajiya da rubuta waƙoƙi, ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta koleji, kuma ya kasance yana samun nasara a gasar raye-raye ta shekara-shekara ta koleji . == Sana'a == == Farkon Kida da Salon Sa == Agnihotri kusan ya koyi kida ne da kansa, kuma ya fara tafiyarsa ta kida bayan ya kammala digirinsa na injiniya. A shekararsa ta karshe a koleji, ya fitar da waƙarsa ta farko ta asali mai suna "Hum Hogaye Tumhare" Rubutun waƙarsa yana bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwarsa da kuma raunin rai. Ayyukansa suna nuna tasirin kidan gargajiya na Indiya tare da salon faf (pop) mai sauƙi. Baya ga rera waƙa, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara kida da edita na bidiyon kiɗa daban-daban ==Wasan Kwaikwayo da Samar da Abun Ciki == Baya ga sana'arsa ta kida, Agnihotri yana taka rawa a kafofin watsa labarai na dijital. Yana da bayani a shafin IMDb a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya shiga cikin rubutawa da tsara kida don bidiyon kida na Bheed Bhaad (2023) [8]. Shima fitaccen mai samar da abun ciki ne a YouTube da Instagram, inda yake samar da gajerun wasannin barkwanci da abubuwan da suka shafi kida, gami da shirin "Unfiltered Gappa" ==Mutunci da Karramawa == Agnihotri ya sami karbuwa tun da wuri ta hanyar wasannin Facebook Live da kuma tattaunawa a rediyon 98.3 Radio Mirchi. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 2021, ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a taron TEDx DKTE TEI a Ichalkaranji, wanda ya kasance babban mataki a cikin aikinsa == Jerin Wakoki (Discography) == Ana samun wakokin Agnihotri a manyan dandamali na yaɗa kida, ciki har da Spotify, Apple Music, da JioSaavn '''Fitattun Wakoki:''' Hum Hogaye Tumhare (2022) [ Aksar (2023) Bheed Bhaad (2023) Jaanejaana (2023) Kaise Na Jaane (2023) Premkatha (2023) Ae Mere Dil (2023) Sanam (2024) Kafi Hai (2024) Peheli Dafa (2025) Pyaar Hogaya (2025) Tuch Asawi (2025) ==List Of Songs Recorded By Pratik Agnihotri== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Singer(s) !! References |- | 2022 || ''Hum Hogaye Tumhare'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri , Yash And Akash|| |- | || ''Ae Mere Dil'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri And Yash || |- | || ''Sugandha Tuza'' || Singer And Rapper||Pratik Agnihotri and Yash|| |- | || ''Collage Cringe '' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri Yash , Akash|| |- | 2022 || ''Pyaar'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri And Akash|| |- | || ''Kaise Na Jaane'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik and Yash|| |- | || ''Jaanejaana'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri|| |- | || ''Chahta Hoon Main'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Yash || |- | || ''Tere Saath Main'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Yash || |- | 2023 || ''Aksar'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Yash || |- | || ''Bheed Bhaad'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri || |- | 2024|| ''Kafi Hain'' || Singer and Rapper || Pratik Agnihotri, Kedar Kulkarni, Dipanto || |- | || ''Sanam'' || Singer|| Pratik Agnihotri|| |- | || ''Khoya Hoon'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri || |- |2025 || ''Tuch Asawi'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri, Kedar Kulkarni, Abhishek Kerle|| |- | || ''Peheli Dafa'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri|| |- | || ''Pyaar Hogaya '' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Kedar Kulkarni || |} ==Manazarta== 1.https://www.setlist.fm/setlists/pratik-agnihotri-539b8f81.html 2.https://music.apple.com/in/artist/pratik-agnihotri/1622056855 3.https://grokipedia.com/page/Pratik_Agnihotri 4.https://www.saavn.com/s/artist/pratik-agnihotri-albums/7vHjF9HC13A_ 5.https://pratikagnihotri.wordpress.com/ 6.https://www.deezer.com/en/artist/168578827 7.https://tidal.com/album/441634308 8.https://m.imdb.com/name/nm15734966/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk 9.https://sites.google.com/view/pratikagnihotrimusic/home 10.https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/author/pratikagnihotrimusic702/ 11.https://www.linkedin.com/in/pratik-agnihotri-a3a899220?utm_source=share&utm_campaign=share_via&utm_content=profile&utm_medium=android_app 12.https://youtube.com/@pratikagnihotrimusic?si=2svMsy2ArRj5kCHd 13.https://www.facebook.com/share/1Bhe1bhBkS/ 14.https://music.amazon.in/artists/B09ZBLV5F2/pratik-agnihotri 15.https://m.soundcloud.com/pratik-agnihotri-music 17.https://classical.music.apple.com/in/album/1831257012 18.https://webmusic.cloud/album/2034078/akash-chawla/hum-hogaye-tumhare 19.https://tunedex.routenote.com/tracks/6rmlTODKnv9ZpC7ZhKY3O9 20.https://audiomack.com/pratik-agnihotri/song/pyaar-hogaya 21.https://www.iheart.com/podcast/ 22.https://zvuk.com/artist/211909384/tracks 23.https://www.discogs.com/artist/17285103-Pratik-Agnihotri?srsltid=AfmBOoozYk_0ll4E4tCCNiNX10asGTDM6MTZh-qYxpgTA-zGrjKt3hqs 25.https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1E4zDWi8Q5MKfr?si=EJZ71osJQ4e76SjJ5LpS_Q 26.https://lyrics.lyricfind.com/lyrics/pratik-agnihotri-aksar 29.https://pratik-agnihotri-yash-kulkarni.skysound7.com/t/15845369500428767260-pratik-agnihotri-yash-kulkarni-aksar/ 30.https://music.yandex.ru/album/24373577 31.https://pin.it/26TU14Qdz 32.https://x.com/PratikAgniMusic 33.https://play.anghami.com/song/1224342497 34.https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=rUkegoQJRKE&si=ok4bNr8KFVQgqJHI 35.https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4c4275be-49a2-4389-9e98-f80671d361fb 36.https://credits.muso.ai/profile/a7db4a98-ccf2-4afe-90c6-a23604da4ca6 37.https://www.last.fm/music/Pratik+Agnihotri 38.https://www.instagram.com/pratikagnihotrimusic?igsh=MWZyMWVxMm82ZmJwcA== 39.https://x.com/PratikAgniMusic 40.https://youtube.com/channel/UCjTQ5d_aIwuYsY1UN9MseAg?si=euz2OFdUYVLR05Bo 41. https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/39612 42.https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137916865 43.https://medium.com/@musicianvibes2/pratik-agnihotri-an-indian-musician-singer-composer-c51d3ffc82af 44.https://genius.com/Pratik-agnihotri-ae-mere-dil-lyrics 45.https://genius.com/artists/Pratik-agnihotri 46. https://www.dkte.ac.in/index.php 9w8mbafu6svqzxgmpyua5bihhdl85ir 883274 883219 2026-07-15T08:43:34Z ~2026-39860-17 46980 883274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox musical artist |image=Pratik Ag Singing Concert.jpg }} '''Pratik Sachin Agnihotri''' (born 1 May 1998) is an Indian musician, composer, songwriter, and actor. Recognized for his contributions to the Independent music scene, he was honored with the prestigious Sakal Icon Award for his achievements in music. Raised in Ichalkaranji, a city widely known as the "Manchester of Maharashtra," Agnihotri transitioned into a music career after pursuing a background in mechanical engineering. '''Pratik Sachin Agnihotri''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1998) mawakin faf na Indiya ne, mawaƙi, mai tsara kiɗa, marubucin waƙa, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke zaune a Ichalkaranji, Maharashtra. Duk da cewa yana da bangon ilimi a fannin injiniyan kanikanci (mechanical engineering), ya koma masana'antar nishadi, inda ya kafa kansa ta hanyar wakokinsa na asali, wasanni kai tsaye, barkwanci na dijital, da wasan kwaikwayo. == Rayuwar Farko da Bangon Baya == An haifi Agnihotri a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1998, a Kolhapur, Maharashtra, Indiya, ga Sachin Agnihotri da Geeta Agnihotri [3]. Ya girma a makwabciyar birnin Ichalkaranji, wani babban cibiyar masana'antu da aka sani da masana'antar saka da auduga, wanda ake kira "Manchester na Maharashtra." Al'adun Marathi na gida, bukukuwan al'adu, da wasannin fasahar kan titi sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen raya fasaharsa tun yana kuruciya Agnihotri ya kammala karatunsa na firamare da sakandare a Ichalkaranji. Sha'awar sa ga kida ta fara ne a lokacin da yake aji tara na sakandare, inda ya fara samun horon kidan gita na wasu watanni kafin ya dakata don mayar da hankali kan jarrabawar kammala aji goma [24]. Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatunsa inda ya samu digiri a fannin Mechanical Engineering a Maharashtra [11]. A tsawon shekarunsa na koleji, ya daidaita tsakanin karatunsa da kuma sha'awar sa ta kida. A wannan lokacin, ya koyi tushen kidan gargajiya da rubuta waƙoƙi, ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta koleji, kuma ya kasance yana samun nasara a gasar raye-raye ta shekara-shekara ta koleji . == Sana'a == == Farkon Kida da Salon Sa == Agnihotri kusan ya koyi kida ne da kansa, kuma ya fara tafiyarsa ta kida bayan ya kammala digirinsa na injiniya. A shekararsa ta karshe a koleji, ya fitar da waƙarsa ta farko ta asali mai suna "Hum Hogaye Tumhare" Rubutun waƙarsa yana bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwarsa da kuma raunin rai. Ayyukansa suna nuna tasirin kidan gargajiya na Indiya tare da salon faf (pop) mai sauƙi. Baya ga rera waƙa, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara kida da edita na bidiyon kiɗa daban-daban ==Wasan Kwaikwayo da Samar da Abun Ciki == Baya ga sana'arsa ta kida, Agnihotri yana taka rawa a kafofin watsa labarai na dijital. Yana da bayani a shafin IMDb a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya shiga cikin rubutawa da tsara kida don bidiyon kida na Bheed Bhaad (2023) [8]. Shima fitaccen mai samar da abun ciki ne a YouTube da Instagram, inda yake samar da gajerun wasannin barkwanci da abubuwan da suka shafi kida, gami da shirin "Unfiltered Gappa" ==Mutunci da Karramawa == Agnihotri ya sami karbuwa tun da wuri ta hanyar wasannin Facebook Live da kuma tattaunawa a rediyon 98.3 Radio Mirchi. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 2021, ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a taron TEDx DKTE TEI a Ichalkaranji, wanda ya kasance babban mataki a cikin aikinsa == Jerin Wakoki (Discography) == Ana samun wakokin Agnihotri a manyan dandamali na yaɗa kida, ciki har da Spotify, Apple Music, da JioSaavn '''Fitattun Wakoki:''' Hum Hogaye Tumhare (2022) [ Aksar (2023) Bheed Bhaad (2023) Jaanejaana (2023) Kaise Na Jaane (2023) Premkatha (2023) Ae Mere Dil (2023) Sanam (2024) Kafi Hai (2024) Peheli Dafa (2025) Pyaar Hogaya (2025) Tuch Asawi (2025) ==List Of Songs Recorded By Pratik Agnihotri== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Singer(s) !! References |- | 2022 || ''Hum Hogaye Tumhare'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri , Yash And Akash|| |- | || ''Ae Mere Dil'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri And Yash || |- | || ''Sugandha Tuza'' || Singer And Rapper||Pratik Agnihotri and Yash|| |- | || ''Collage Cringe '' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri Yash , Akash|| |- | 2022 || ''Pyaar'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri And Akash|| |- | || ''Kaise Na Jaane'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik and Yash|| |- | || ''Jaanejaana'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri|| |- | || ''Chahta Hoon Main'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Yash || |- | || ''Tere Saath Main'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Yash || |- | 2023 || ''Aksar'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Yash || |- | || ''Bheed Bhaad'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri || |- | 2024|| ''Kafi Hain'' || Singer and Rapper || Pratik Agnihotri, Kedar Kulkarni, Dipanto || |- | || ''Sanam'' || Singer|| Pratik Agnihotri|| |- | || ''Khoya Hoon'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri || |- |2025 || ''Tuch Asawi'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri, Kedar Kulkarni, Abhishek Kerle|| |- | || ''Peheli Dafa'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri|| |- | || ''Pyaar Hogaya '' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Kedar Kulkarni || |} ==Manazarta== 1.https://www.setlist.fm/setlists/pratik-agnihotri-539b8f81.html 2.https://music.apple.com/in/artist/pratik-agnihotri/1622056855 3.https://grokipedia.com/page/Pratik_Agnihotri 4.https://www.saavn.com/s/artist/pratik-agnihotri-albums/7vHjF9HC13A_ 5.https://pratikagnihotri.wordpress.com/ 6.https://www.deezer.com/en/artist/168578827 7.https://tidal.com/album/441634308 8.https://m.imdb.com/name/nm15734966/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk 9.https://sites.google.com/view/pratikagnihotrimusic/home 10.https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/author/pratikagnihotrimusic702/ 11.https://www.linkedin.com/in/pratik-agnihotri-a3a899220?utm_source=share&utm_campaign=share_via&utm_content=profile&utm_medium=android_app 12.https://youtube.com/@pratikagnihotrimusic?si=2svMsy2ArRj5kCHd 13.https://www.facebook.com/share/1Bhe1bhBkS/ 14.https://music.amazon.in/artists/B09ZBLV5F2/pratik-agnihotri 15.https://m.soundcloud.com/pratik-agnihotri-music 17.https://classical.music.apple.com/in/album/1831257012 18.https://webmusic.cloud/album/2034078/akash-chawla/hum-hogaye-tumhare 19.https://tunedex.routenote.com/tracks/6rmlTODKnv9ZpC7ZhKY3O9 20.https://audiomack.com/pratik-agnihotri/song/pyaar-hogaya 21.https://www.iheart.com/podcast/ 22.https://zvuk.com/artist/211909384/tracks 23.https://www.discogs.com/artist/17285103-Pratik-Agnihotri?srsltid=AfmBOoozYk_0ll4E4tCCNiNX10asGTDM6MTZh-qYxpgTA-zGrjKt3hqs 25.https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1E4zDWi8Q5MKfr?si=EJZ71osJQ4e76SjJ5LpS_Q 26.https://lyrics.lyricfind.com/lyrics/pratik-agnihotri-aksar 29.https://pratik-agnihotri-yash-kulkarni.skysound7.com/t/15845369500428767260-pratik-agnihotri-yash-kulkarni-aksar/ 30.https://music.yandex.ru/album/24373577 31.https://pin.it/26TU14Qdz 32.https://x.com/PratikAgniMusic 33.https://play.anghami.com/song/1224342497 34.https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=rUkegoQJRKE&si=ok4bNr8KFVQgqJHI 35.https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4c4275be-49a2-4389-9e98-f80671d361fb 36.https://credits.muso.ai/profile/a7db4a98-ccf2-4afe-90c6-a23604da4ca6 37.https://www.last.fm/music/Pratik+Agnihotri 38.https://www.instagram.com/pratikagnihotrimusic?igsh=MWZyMWVxMm82ZmJwcA== 39.https://x.com/PratikAgniMusic 40.https://youtube.com/channel/UCjTQ5d_aIwuYsY1UN9MseAg?si=euz2OFdUYVLR05Bo 41. https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/39612 42.https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137916865 43.https://medium.com/@musicianvibes2/pratik-agnihotri-an-indian-musician-singer-composer-c51d3ffc82af 44.https://genius.com/Pratik-agnihotri-ae-mere-dil-lyrics 45.https://genius.com/artists/Pratik-agnihotri 46. https://www.dkte.ac.in/index.php 4lc7rmp1aefty7bz7g3quaaoykktazg 883282 883274 2026-07-15T08:49:02Z Pharouqenr 25549 883282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox musical artist |image=Pratik Ag Singing Concert.jpg }} '''Pratik Sachin Agnihotri''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1998) mawakin faf na Indiya ne, mawaƙi, mai tsara kiɗa, marubucin waƙa, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke zaune a Ichalkaranji, Maharashtra. Duk da cewa yana da bangon ilimi a fannin injiniyan kanikanci (mechanical engineering), ya koma masana'antar nishadi, inda ya kafa kansa ta hanyar wakokinsa na asali, wasanni kai tsaye, barkwanci na dijital, da wasan kwaikwayo. == Rayuwar Farko da Bangon Baya == An haifi Agnihotri a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1998, a Kolhapur, Maharashtra, Indiya, ga Sachin Agnihotri da Geeta Agnihotri [3]. Ya girma a makwabciyar birnin Ichalkaranji, wani babban cibiyar masana'antu da aka sani da masana'antar saka da auduga, wanda ake kira "Manchester na Maharashtra." Al'adun Marathi na gida, bukukuwan al'adu, da wasannin fasahar kan titi sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen raya fasaharsa tun yana kuruciya Agnihotri ya kammala karatunsa na firamare da sakandare a Ichalkaranji. Sha'awar sa ga kida ta fara ne a lokacin da yake aji tara na sakandare, inda ya fara samun horon kidan gita na wasu watanni kafin ya dakata don mayar da hankali kan jarrabawar kammala aji goma [24]. Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatunsa inda ya samu digiri a fannin Mechanical Engineering a Maharashtra [11]. A tsawon shekarunsa na koleji, ya daidaita tsakanin karatunsa da kuma sha'awar sa ta kida. A wannan lokacin, ya koyi tushen kidan gargajiya da rubuta waƙoƙi, ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta koleji, kuma ya kasance yana samun nasara a gasar raye-raye ta shekara-shekara ta koleji . == Sana'a == == Farkon Kida da Salon Sa == Agnihotri kusan ya koyi kida ne da kansa, kuma ya fara tafiyarsa ta kida bayan ya kammala digirinsa na injiniya. A shekararsa ta karshe a koleji, ya fitar da waƙarsa ta farko ta asali mai suna "Hum Hogaye Tumhare" Rubutun waƙarsa yana bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwarsa da kuma raunin rai. Ayyukansa suna nuna tasirin kidan gargajiya na Indiya tare da salon faf (pop) mai sauƙi. Baya ga rera waƙa, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara kida da edita na bidiyon kiɗa daban-daban ==Wasan Kwaikwayo da Samar da Abun Ciki == Baya ga sana'arsa ta kida, Agnihotri yana taka rawa a kafofin watsa labarai na dijital. Yana da bayani a shafin IMDb a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya shiga cikin rubutawa da tsara kida don bidiyon kida na Bheed Bhaad (2023) [8]. Shima fitaccen mai samar da abun ciki ne a YouTube da Instagram, inda yake samar da gajerun wasannin barkwanci da abubuwan da suka shafi kida, gami da shirin "Unfiltered Gappa" ==Mutunci da Karramawa == Agnihotri ya sami karbuwa tun da wuri ta hanyar wasannin Facebook Live da kuma tattaunawa a rediyon 98.3 Radio Mirchi. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 2021, ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a taron TEDx DKTE TEI a Ichalkaranji, wanda ya kasance babban mataki a cikin aikinsa == Jerin Wakoki (Discography) == Ana samun wakokin Agnihotri a manyan dandamali na yaɗa kida, ciki har da Spotify, Apple Music, da JioSaavn '''Fitattun Wakoki:''' Hum Hogaye Tumhare (2022) [ Aksar (2023) Bheed Bhaad (2023) Jaanejaana (2023) Kaise Na Jaane (2023) Premkatha (2023) Ae Mere Dil (2023) Sanam (2024) Kafi Hai (2024) Peheli Dafa (2025) Pyaar Hogaya (2025) Tuch Asawi (2025) ==List Of Songs Recorded By Pratik Agnihotri== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Singer(s) !! References |- | 2022 || ''Hum Hogaye Tumhare'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri , Yash And Akash|| |- | || ''Ae Mere Dil'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri And Yash || |- | || ''Sugandha Tuza'' || Singer And Rapper||Pratik Agnihotri and Yash|| |- | || ''Collage Cringe '' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri Yash , Akash|| |- | 2022 || ''Pyaar'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri And Akash|| |- | || ''Kaise Na Jaane'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik and Yash|| |- | || ''Jaanejaana'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri|| |- | || ''Chahta Hoon Main'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Yash || |- | || ''Tere Saath Main'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Yash || |- | 2023 || ''Aksar'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Yash || |- | || ''Bheed Bhaad'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri || |- | 2024|| ''Kafi Hain'' || Singer and Rapper || Pratik Agnihotri, Kedar Kulkarni, Dipanto || |- | || ''Sanam'' || Singer|| Pratik Agnihotri|| |- | || ''Khoya Hoon'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri || |- |2025 || ''Tuch Asawi'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri, Kedar Kulkarni, Abhishek Kerle|| |- | || ''Peheli Dafa'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri|| |- | || ''Pyaar Hogaya '' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Kedar Kulkarni || |} ==Manazarta== 1.https://www.setlist.fm/setlists/pratik-agnihotri-539b8f81.html 2.https://music.apple.com/in/artist/pratik-agnihotri/1622056855 3.https://grokipedia.com/page/Pratik_Agnihotri 4.https://www.saavn.com/s/artist/pratik-agnihotri-albums/7vHjF9HC13A_ 5.https://pratikagnihotri.wordpress.com/ 6.https://www.deezer.com/en/artist/168578827 7.https://tidal.com/album/441634308 8.https://m.imdb.com/name/nm15734966/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk 9.https://sites.google.com/view/pratikagnihotrimusic/home 10.https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/author/pratikagnihotrimusic702/ 11.https://www.linkedin.com/in/pratik-agnihotri-a3a899220?utm_source=share&utm_campaign=share_via&utm_content=profile&utm_medium=android_app 12.https://youtube.com/@pratikagnihotrimusic?si=2svMsy2ArRj5kCHd 13.https://www.facebook.com/share/1Bhe1bhBkS/ 14.https://music.amazon.in/artists/B09ZBLV5F2/pratik-agnihotri 15.https://m.soundcloud.com/pratik-agnihotri-music 17.https://classical.music.apple.com/in/album/1831257012 18.https://webmusic.cloud/album/2034078/akash-chawla/hum-hogaye-tumhare 19.https://tunedex.routenote.com/tracks/6rmlTODKnv9ZpC7ZhKY3O9 20.https://audiomack.com/pratik-agnihotri/song/pyaar-hogaya 21.https://www.iheart.com/podcast/ 22.https://zvuk.com/artist/211909384/tracks 23.https://www.discogs.com/artist/17285103-Pratik-Agnihotri?srsltid=AfmBOoozYk_0ll4E4tCCNiNX10asGTDM6MTZh-qYxpgTA-zGrjKt3hqs 25.https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1E4zDWi8Q5MKfr?si=EJZ71osJQ4e76SjJ5LpS_Q 26.https://lyrics.lyricfind.com/lyrics/pratik-agnihotri-aksar 29.https://pratik-agnihotri-yash-kulkarni.skysound7.com/t/15845369500428767260-pratik-agnihotri-yash-kulkarni-aksar/ 30.https://music.yandex.ru/album/24373577 31.https://pin.it/26TU14Qdz 32.https://x.com/PratikAgniMusic 33.https://play.anghami.com/song/1224342497 34.https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=rUkegoQJRKE&si=ok4bNr8KFVQgqJHI 35.https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4c4275be-49a2-4389-9e98-f80671d361fb 36.https://credits.muso.ai/profile/a7db4a98-ccf2-4afe-90c6-a23604da4ca6 37.https://www.last.fm/music/Pratik+Agnihotri 38.https://www.instagram.com/pratikagnihotrimusic?igsh=MWZyMWVxMm82ZmJwcA== 39.https://x.com/PratikAgniMusic 40.https://youtube.com/channel/UCjTQ5d_aIwuYsY1UN9MseAg?si=euz2OFdUYVLR05Bo 41. https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/39612 42.https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137916865 43.https://medium.com/@musicianvibes2/pratik-agnihotri-an-indian-musician-singer-composer-c51d3ffc82af 44.https://genius.com/Pratik-agnihotri-ae-mere-dil-lyrics 45.https://genius.com/artists/Pratik-agnihotri 46. https://www.dkte.ac.in/index.php 9w8mbafu6svqzxgmpyua5bihhdl85ir 883319 883282 2026-07-15T09:07:23Z ~2026-39733-06 46981 883319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox musical artist |image=Pratik Ag Singing Concert.jpg }} '''Pratik Sachin Agnihotri'''(born May 1, 1998) is an Indian pop musician, singer, music arranger, songwriter, and actor based in Ichalkaranji, Maharashtra. Despite having a background in mechanical engineering, he transitioned into the entertainment industry, establishing a distinct identity through his original music, live performances, digital comedy content, and acting. '''Pratik Sachin Agnihotri''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1998) mawakin faf na Indiya ne, mawaƙi, mai tsara kiɗa, marubucin waƙa, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke zaune a Ichalkaranji, Maharashtra. Duk da cewa yana da bangon ilimi a fannin injiniyan kanikanci (mechanical engineering), ya koma masana'antar nishadi, inda ya kafa kansa ta hanyar wakokinsa na asali, wasanni kai tsaye, barkwanci na dijital, da wasan kwaikwayo. == Rayuwar Farko da Bangon Baya == An haifi Agnihotri a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1998, a Kolhapur, Maharashtra, Indiya, ga Sachin Agnihotri da Geeta Agnihotri [3]. Ya girma a makwabciyar birnin Ichalkaranji, wani babban cibiyar masana'antu da aka sani da masana'antar saka da auduga, wanda ake kira "Manchester na Maharashtra." Al'adun Marathi na gida, bukukuwan al'adu, da wasannin fasahar kan titi sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen raya fasaharsa tun yana kuruciya Agnihotri ya kammala karatunsa na firamare da sakandare a Ichalkaranji. Sha'awar sa ga kida ta fara ne a lokacin da yake aji tara na sakandare, inda ya fara samun horon kidan gita na wasu watanni kafin ya dakata don mayar da hankali kan jarrabawar kammala aji goma [24]. Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatunsa inda ya samu digiri a fannin Mechanical Engineering a Maharashtra [11]. A tsawon shekarunsa na koleji, ya daidaita tsakanin karatunsa da kuma sha'awar sa ta kida. A wannan lokacin, ya koyi tushen kidan gargajiya da rubuta waƙoƙi, ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta koleji, kuma ya kasance yana samun nasara a gasar raye-raye ta shekara-shekara ta koleji . == Sana'a == == Farkon Kida da Salon Sa == Agnihotri kusan ya koyi kida ne da kansa, kuma ya fara tafiyarsa ta kida bayan ya kammala digirinsa na injiniya. A shekararsa ta karshe a koleji, ya fitar da waƙarsa ta farko ta asali mai suna "Hum Hogaye Tumhare" Rubutun waƙarsa yana bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwarsa da kuma raunin rai. Ayyukansa suna nuna tasirin kidan gargajiya na Indiya tare da salon faf (pop) mai sauƙi. Baya ga rera waƙa, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara kida da edita na bidiyon kiɗa daban-daban ==Wasan Kwaikwayo da Samar da Abun Ciki == Baya ga sana'arsa ta kida, Agnihotri yana taka rawa a kafofin watsa labarai na dijital. Yana da bayani a shafin IMDb a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya shiga cikin rubutawa da tsara kida don bidiyon kida na Bheed Bhaad (2023) [8]. Shima fitaccen mai samar da abun ciki ne a YouTube da Instagram, inda yake samar da gajerun wasannin barkwanci da abubuwan da suka shafi kida, gami da shirin "Unfiltered Gappa" ==Mutunci da Karramawa == Agnihotri ya sami karbuwa tun da wuri ta hanyar wasannin Facebook Live da kuma tattaunawa a rediyon 98.3 Radio Mirchi. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 2021, ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a taron TEDx DKTE TEI a Ichalkaranji, wanda ya kasance babban mataki a cikin aikinsa == Jerin Wakoki (Discography) == Ana samun wakokin Agnihotri a manyan dandamali na yaɗa kida, ciki har da Spotify, Apple Music, da JioSaavn '''Fitattun Wakoki:''' Hum Hogaye Tumhare (2022) [ Aksar (2023) Bheed Bhaad (2023) Jaanejaana (2023) Kaise Na Jaane (2023) Premkatha (2023) Ae Mere Dil (2023) Sanam (2024) Kafi Hai (2024) Peheli Dafa (2025) Pyaar Hogaya (2025) Tuch Asawi (2025) ==List Of Songs Recorded By Pratik Agnihotri== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Singer(s) !! References |- | 2022 || ''Hum Hogaye Tumhare'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri , Yash And Akash|| |- | || ''Ae Mere Dil'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri And Yash || |- | || ''Sugandha Tuza'' || Singer And Rapper||Pratik Agnihotri and Yash|| |- | || ''Collage Cringe '' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri Yash , Akash|| |- | 2022 || ''Pyaar'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri And Akash|| |- | || ''Kaise Na Jaane'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik and Yash|| |- | || ''Jaanejaana'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri|| |- | || ''Chahta Hoon Main'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Yash || |- | || ''Tere Saath Main'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Yash || |- | 2023 || ''Aksar'' || Actor and Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Yash || |- | || ''Bheed Bhaad'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri || |- | 2024|| ''Kafi Hain'' || Singer and Rapper || Pratik Agnihotri, Kedar Kulkarni, Dipanto || |- | || ''Sanam'' || Singer|| Pratik Agnihotri|| |- | || ''Khoya Hoon'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri || |- |2025 || ''Tuch Asawi'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri, Kedar Kulkarni, Abhishek Kerle|| |- | || ''Peheli Dafa'' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri|| |- | || ''Pyaar Hogaya '' || Singer || Pratik Agnihotri and Kedar Kulkarni || |} ==Manazarta== 1.https://www.setlist.fm/setlists/pratik-agnihotri-539b8f81.html 2.https://music.apple.com/in/artist/pratik-agnihotri/1622056855 3.https://grokipedia.com/page/Pratik_Agnihotri 4.https://www.saavn.com/s/artist/pratik-agnihotri-albums/7vHjF9HC13A_ 5.https://pratikagnihotri.wordpress.com/ 6.https://www.deezer.com/en/artist/168578827 7.https://tidal.com/album/441634308 8.https://m.imdb.com/name/nm15734966/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk 9.https://sites.google.com/view/pratikagnihotrimusic/home 10.https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/author/pratikagnihotrimusic702/ 11.https://www.linkedin.com/in/pratik-agnihotri-a3a899220?utm_source=share&utm_campaign=share_via&utm_content=profile&utm_medium=android_app 12.https://youtube.com/@pratikagnihotrimusic?si=2svMsy2ArRj5kCHd 13.https://www.facebook.com/share/1Bhe1bhBkS/ 14.https://music.amazon.in/artists/B09ZBLV5F2/pratik-agnihotri 15.https://m.soundcloud.com/pratik-agnihotri-music 17.https://classical.music.apple.com/in/album/1831257012 18.https://webmusic.cloud/album/2034078/akash-chawla/hum-hogaye-tumhare 19.https://tunedex.routenote.com/tracks/6rmlTODKnv9ZpC7ZhKY3O9 20.https://audiomack.com/pratik-agnihotri/song/pyaar-hogaya 21.https://www.iheart.com/podcast/ 22.https://zvuk.com/artist/211909384/tracks 23.https://www.discogs.com/artist/17285103-Pratik-Agnihotri?srsltid=AfmBOoozYk_0ll4E4tCCNiNX10asGTDM6MTZh-qYxpgTA-zGrjKt3hqs 25.https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1E4zDWi8Q5MKfr?si=EJZ71osJQ4e76SjJ5LpS_Q 26.https://lyrics.lyricfind.com/lyrics/pratik-agnihotri-aksar 29.https://pratik-agnihotri-yash-kulkarni.skysound7.com/t/15845369500428767260-pratik-agnihotri-yash-kulkarni-aksar/ 30.https://music.yandex.ru/album/24373577 31.https://pin.it/26TU14Qdz 32.https://x.com/PratikAgniMusic 33.https://play.anghami.com/song/1224342497 34.https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=rUkegoQJRKE&si=ok4bNr8KFVQgqJHI 35.https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4c4275be-49a2-4389-9e98-f80671d361fb 36.https://credits.muso.ai/profile/a7db4a98-ccf2-4afe-90c6-a23604da4ca6 37.https://www.last.fm/music/Pratik+Agnihotri 38.https://www.instagram.com/pratikagnihotrimusic?igsh=MWZyMWVxMm82ZmJwcA== 39.https://x.com/PratikAgniMusic 40.https://youtube.com/channel/UCjTQ5d_aIwuYsY1UN9MseAg?si=euz2OFdUYVLR05Bo 41. https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/39612 42.https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137916865 43.https://medium.com/@musicianvibes2/pratik-agnihotri-an-indian-musician-singer-composer-c51d3ffc82af 44.https://genius.com/Pratik-agnihotri-ae-mere-dil-lyrics 45.https://genius.com/artists/Pratik-agnihotri 46. https://www.dkte.ac.in/index.php 4xajntbtm50k32lktfeyau8e6hp4o07 0 141632 883131 800233 2026-07-15T00:32:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Babban Masallacin Sultan Qaboos''' Masallacin Juma'a ne a Al-Buraimi, a masarautar Oman; kuma shine babban Masallacin Al-Buraimi. == Bayani == An buɗe Babban Masallacin a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1993 kuma an sanya masa suna don girmama tsohon [[Sarkin Oman]], [[Qaboos bin Said]] Al Said. <ref name="SQ">{{Cite web |script-title=ar:جوامع السلطان قابوس |url=https://sultanqaboos.net/achievements/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Sultan Qaboos |language=ar |archive-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927191159/https://sultanqaboos.net/achievements/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="AT_Buraimi">{{Cite web |title=Top 8 places of tourism in Buraimi, Sultanate of Oman |url=https://en.arabtravelers.com/top-8-places-of-tourism-in-buraimi-sultanate-of-oman/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Arab Travelers |archive-date=2024-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308080611/https://en.arabtravelers.com/top-8-places-of-tourism-in-buraimi-sultanate-of-oman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="DO_Buraimi">{{Cite web |title=Al Buraimi |url=https://www.destinationoman.com/al-buraimi/24 |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Destination Oman}}</ref> Masallacin yana da faɗin {{Convert|189|m2|ft2}} kuma yana iya ɗaukar masu ibada 2,016, ciki har da mata 252. <ref name="SQ" /><gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:جامع_السلطان_قابوس_في_البريمي.jpg Fayil:Oasis_institute.jpg|alt=The Oasis Institute for Training and Development, Al-Buraimi, near the Grand Mosque| Cibiyar Horarwa da Ci Gaba ta Oasis, Al-Buraimi, kusa da Babban Masallaci </gallery> == Manazarta == dibzhsg2gj3cgwbmp6rupp6f9a4s4ko 0 142078 882949 835877 2026-07-14T15:48:53Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Autumn Knight''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1980) ɗan Amurka ne mai fasaha tsakanin fannoni daban-daban wanda ke aiki tare da wasan kwaikwayo, shigarwa, da rubutu daga [[Houston|Houston, Texas]] wanda ke zaune kuma yana aiki a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kroeber |first=Gavin |date=May 26, 2017 |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/autumn-knight/ |website=Art in America}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Knight ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Wasan Kwaikwayo da Fasaha ta gani a Houston, TX. Ta ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a fannin Wasan Kwaikwayo, daga Jami'ar New York da kuma digiri na uku a fannin Wasan Kwaikwayo/Sadarwar Magana daga Jami'ar Dillard . <ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Artists 2014 |url=https://www.millaycolony.org/artists-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307112328/https://www.millaycolony.org/artists-2014/ |archive-date=March 7, 2019 |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=The Millay Colony for the Arts |language=en-US}}</ref> Knight tana da takaddun shaida a fannin Gudanar da Fasaha da [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|Talla]] daga Kwalejin Birkbeck da ke [[Landan]], Birtaniya da kuma a fannin Magana da Wasan Kwaikwayo daga Makarantar Tsakiya ta Landan. <ref> name=":1" </ref> == Sana'a == === Aikin fasaha === An san Knight saboda rawar da take takawa, wanda horon da ta samu a fannin likitanci ya yi tasiri a kansa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Ana |title=Autumn Knight's Sanity TV |url=https://www.artpractical.com/column/autumn-knight-sanity-tv/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307112328/https://www.artpractical.com/column/autumn-knight-sanity-tv/ |archive-date=March 7, 2019 |access-date=2019-03-06 |website=Art Practical |language=en}}</ref> Sau da yawa, ayyukan suna nuna yanayin zamantakewa na masu sauraronta, suna ƙara ƙaruwa tsakanin launin fata, jinsi, da kuma dangantaka mai ƙarfi a cikin ɗakin. An bayyana aikinta a matsayin "mai ban dariya da ban dariya." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kroeber |first=Gavin |date=May 26, 2017 |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/autumn-knight/ |website=Art in America}}</ref> A cikin bikin fasaha na lokaci-lokaci na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Portland (TBA) a shekarar 2018, Knight ya taka rawar "mai gabatar da shirin tattaunawa mai ban mamaki," yana jagorantar masu sauraro su shiga ta hanyar tambayoyi da tambayoyi. Knight tana ɗaya daga cikin mawakan da suka ba da gudummawa ga bidiyon kiɗan Solange na mintuna 33 a cikin kundin waƙoƙinta ''When I Get Home'' (2019). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-01 |title=New Solange Video Features Rothko Chapel, Work by Jacolby Satterwhite, Robert Pruitt, More |url=http://www.artnews.com/2019/03/01/new-solange-video-features-rothko-chapel-work-by-jacolby-satterwhite-robert-pruitt-more/ |access-date=2019-03-06 |website=ARTnews |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2019 |title=Watch Solange's When I Get Home Film |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/03/watch-solanges-when-i-get-home-film-video.html |access-date=2019-03-06 |website=www.vulture.com}}</ref> Ita ce ta lashe kyautar Nancy B. Negley Rome ta 2021–22 daga American Academy da ke Rome . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rome |first=American Academy in |date=April 23, 2021 |title=Announcing the 2021–22 Rome Prize Winners and Italian Fellows |url=https://www.aarome.org/news/features/announcing-2021-22-rome-prize-winners-italian-fellows |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=American Academy in Rome |language=en}}</ref> Knight kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Guggenheim Fellowship a Fim-Bidiyo na 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/autumn-knight/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525003348/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/autumn-knight/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Wasanni da nune-nunen === An nuna Knight sosai, ciki har da a cibiyoyi kamar Marfa Contemporary (2018), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marfa Contemporary :: Autumn Knight - Grand Opening/Grand Closing |url=http://www.marfacontemporary.org/home/exhibits/upcoming/autumn-knight-closure/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304043325/http://marfacontemporary.org/home/exhibits/upcoming/autumn-knight-closure/ |archive-date=March 4, 2019 |access-date=March 5, 2019 |website=www.marfacontemporary.org}}</ref> DiverseWorks Artspace (2018), <ref>{{Cite web |title=AUTUMN KNIGHT: M_ _ _ER |url=http://www.diverseworks.org/in-the-works/exhibtion-performance/autumn-knight-m_-_-_er |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=DiverseWorks |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054231/http://www.diverseworks.org/in-the-works/exhibtion-performance/autumn-knight-m_-_-_er |url-status=dead }}</ref> Contemporary Arts Museum Houston (2018), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Workshop {{!}} fluid with Artist Autumn Knight |url=https://camh.org/event/workshop-fluid-artist-autumn-knight/ |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=Contemporary Arts Museum Houston |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054221/https://camh.org/event/workshop-fluid-artist-autumn-knight/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> University of Illinois - Krannert Art Museum (2017), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight: In Rehearsal |url=https://kam.illinois.edu/publication/autumn-knight-rehearsal |website=Krannert Art Museum}}</ref> Art League Houston (2016), <ref>{{Cite web |title=C 2016 Sun Sess B |url=https://www.artleaguehouston.org/c-2016-linda-shearer |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=Art League Houston |language=en-US}}</ref> She Works Flexible (2016), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flex Space |url=http://www.sheworksflexible.com/flex-space |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=She Works Flexible |language=en-US}}</ref> The New Museum (2015), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chelsea Knight: Knight + Knight Latencies, with Autumn Knight |url=http://www.newmuseum.org/calendar/view/479/chelsea-knight-knight-knight-latencies-with-autumn-knight |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=www.newmuseum.org |language=en}}</ref> Blaffer Art Museum (2014), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Performance by Autumn Knight / Performance de Autumn Knight |url=http://www.blafferartmuseum.org/webPast/event/performance-by-autumn-knight-performance-de-autumn-knight/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054249/http://www.blafferartmuseum.org/webPast/event/performance-by-autumn-knight-performance-de-autumn-knight/ |archive-date=March 7, 2019 |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=Blaffer Art Museum}}</ref> Skowhegan Space (2014), <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2015 |title=Staging Sex, Staging Self #6: Autumn Knight & Chelsea Knight |url=https://www.skowheganart.org/event/2014/12/30/staging-sex-staging-self-6-autumn-knight-chelsea-knight |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=Skowhegan School of Painting & Sculpture |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054243/https://www.skowheganart.org/event/2014/12/30/staging-sex-staging-self-6-autumn-knight-chelsea-knight |url-status=dead }}</ref> CounterCutrent (2014) tare da Lisa E. Harris da M'Kina Tapscott, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flower Man Bike Parade |url=http://www.countercurrentfestival.org/project/flower-man-bike-parade/ |access-date=2020-08-04 |website=CounterCurrent |language=en-US}}</ref> Project Row Houses (2013), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Round 37 |url=https://projectrowhouses.org/past-artist-rounds/round-37 |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=Project Row Houses |language=en-US}}</ref> da Crystal Bridges Museum . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight {{!}} State of The Art |url=https://stateoftheart.crystalbridges.org/blog/project/autumn-knight/ |access-date=2019-03-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054159/https://stateoftheart.crystalbridges.org/blog/project/autumn-knight/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2019, Knight ta yi wasa a Human Resources da ke [[Los Angeles]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight: Yes + No: A Cult |url=http://humanresourcesla.com/event/autumn-knight-yes-no-a-cult/ |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=humanresourcesla.com}}</ref> kuma an zaɓe ta don a haɗa ta a cikin 2019 Whitney Biennial, wanda Rujeko Hockley da Jane Panetta suka shirya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Steinhauer |first=Jillian |date=25 February 2019 |title=The Whitney Biennial: 75 Artists Are In, and One Dissenter Steps Out |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/arts/design/2019-whitney-biennial.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> A matsayinta na MF, matsala ce da mawaki Robert Pruitt, ita ma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce a bikin CounterCurrent na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MF Problem (Autumn Knight/Robert Pruitt) |url=http://www.countercurrentfestival.org/artist/mf-problem-autumn-knight-robert-pruitt/ |access-date=2019-03-22 |website=CounterCurrent |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2020, Knight ta kasance cikin baje kolin Artpace mai taken ''Visibilities: Intrepid Women of Artpace'' . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Deborah |date=2020-01-10 |title=Artpace in San Antonio devoting 25th anniversary to works by women. |url=https://www.expressnews.com/entertainment/arts-culture/article/Artpace-in-San-Antonio-kicks-off-yearlong-look-at-14965608.php |access-date=2020-05-23 |website=ExpressNews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Visibilities: Intrepid Women Of Artpace |url=https://artpace.org/artists_and_curators/visibilities-intrepid-women-of-artpace |access-date=2020-05-23 |website=artpace.org}}</ref> Wanda Erin K. Murphy ta tsara, ''Visibilities'' ba wai kawai ta fara bikin cika shekaru 25 na Artpace ba, har ma ta haskaka tsoffin mawakan daga shirin su na International Artist-in-Residency, kamar Knight wanda yake zaune a can a bazara na 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Artist-In-Residence |url=https://artpace.org/home/exhibits/international-artist-in-residence |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122204852/https://artpace.org/home/exhibits/international-artist-in-residence |archive-date=November 22, 2021 |access-date=2020-05-23 |website=artpace.org}}</ref> Bidiyon Knight na 2017 mai suna ''Meesh'' wani ɓangare ne na ''Visibilities.'' <ref name=":4" /> A watan Yulin 2020, Knight ta ƙirƙiri wani shirin wasan kwaikwayo na tsawon sa'o'i biyu ga The Kitchen tare da haɗin gwiwar mai zane [[Adebukola Bodunrin]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cassell |first=Dessane Lopez |date=2020-07-22 |title=Autumn Knight Responds to the "Gaslighting of the Current Moment" in New Performance Series |url=https://hyperallergic.com/578036/autumn-knight-gaslighting-performance-the-kitchen/ |access-date=2020-11-04 |website=Hyperallergic |language=en-US}}</ref> An watsa wasan kwaikwayon kai tsaye a shafin Twitch saboda ƙuntatawa na COVID-19. Sassan uku na wasan kwaikwayon sun binciki yadda waɗannan abubuwan ke shafar masu fasaha, cibiyoyi, da masana'antar fasaha gabaɗaya. <ref name="Frieze1">{{Cite web |last=Trouillot |first=Terence |date=December 9, 2020 |title=The Top Ten Shows in the US of 2020 {{!}} Frieze |url=https://www.frieze.com/article/top-ten-shows-US-2020-critics-guide |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=Frieze |language=en}}</ref> A cikin wannan wasan kwaikwayon, an nuna Knight tana bin sa da kyamarori da yawa, yayin da aka katse shirin tare da hotunan kyamarar tsaro daga cikin The Kitchen. Daga nan ta ci gaba da rushe The Kitchen a hankali yayin da take ba da jawabai daban-daban ga masu sauraro. Mai bita Madeline Seidel ta yaba da aikin Knight tana mai cewa "...ayyukanta sun nuna The Kitchen a matsayin wuri mai rikitarwa: ana kwatanta sararin cibiyoyi a lokaci guda a matsayin 'ma'aji' inda hanyoyin iko na launin fata, jinsi da na aji ke taka rawa, duk da haka yana ba da sarari mara komai don binciken fasaha na waɗannan matsalolin zamantakewa." <ref name="Seidel">{{Cite journal |last=Seidel |first=Madeline |date=August 27, 2020 |title=Autumn Knight Tears The Kitchen Apart |url=https://www.frieze.com/article/autumn-knight-tears-kitchen-apart |journal=Frieze |language=en |issue=214 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> === Gidajen zama === * Dakin girki <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://onscreen.thekitchen.org/autumn-knight/ |website=The Kitchen OnScreen}}</ref> * Ayyukan Majagaba <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://pioneerworks.org/residency/autumn-knight/ |website=Pioneer Works}}</ref> * Gidan Tarihi na Studio na Harlem <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2017 |title=READ (Cont.) by Autumn Knight and John Pluecker |url=https://www.poetryproject.org/read-cont-autumn-knight-john-pluecker/ |website=The Poetry Project}}</ref> * 2015-2016 - Tushen Rawa Houston <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-17 |title=Dance Source Houston Announces 2015-16 Artists In Residence |url=https://thedancedish.org/dance-source-houston-announces-2015-16-artists-in-residence/ |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=The Dance DiSH |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2014 - In-Situ (Birtaniya) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-09 |title=Autumn Knight (2014) |url=http://www.in-situ.org.uk/autumn-knight/ |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=in-situ |language=en-GB}}{{Dead link|date=May 2021|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> * 2013-2014 - Galveston Artist Residency <ref>{{Cite web |title=Galveston Artist Residency: Events : Past Events |url=http://galvestonartistresidency.org/events/view/live-performance-of-the-ghost-of-robert-rauschenberg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920232846/http://galvestonartistresidency.org/events/view/live-performance-of-the-ghost-of-robert-rauschenberg |archive-date=September 20, 2015 |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=galvestonartistresidency.org}}</ref> * Millay Colony for the Arts (Austerlitz, NY) <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Artists 2014 |url=https://www.millaycolony.org/artists-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307112328/https://www.millaycolony.org/artists-2014/ |archive-date=March 7, 2019 |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=The Millay Colony for the Arts |language=en-US}}</ref> * YICA (Yamaguchi, [[Japan]]) <ref name=":2" /> * Artpace (San Antonio, TX.) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://www.artpace.org/artists_and_curators/autumn-knight |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=www.artpace.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] bxhcnm7ll4r007vibu7iddu1ecky1x7 0 142306 883363 826125 2026-07-15T09:45:36Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 883363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Caroline Kent''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1975, Sterling, IL) <ref> name="patrongallery">{{Cite web |title=Patron Gallery |url=https://patrongallery.com/artist/carolinekent |website=Patrongallery.com}}</ref> 'yar Amurka ce mai zane-zanen gani da ke zaune a Chicago, wacce aka fi sani da manyan ayyukanta na zane-zane masu ban mamaki waɗanda ke bincika alaƙar harshe da fassara. Kent ta sami wahayi daga gogewarta ta sirri da kuma gadon al'adunta, ta ƙirƙiri zane-zane waɗanda ke bincika iko da iyakokin sadarwa. Ayyukanta, waɗanda suka yi tasiri ga gadonta na Mexico, sun zurfafa cikin iyawa da iyakokin harshe kuma sun sake duba kundin tsarin zane-zane na zamani. Ta kwatanta tsarin tsara ta da zane-zane, tana bayyana alaƙar da ke tsakanin harshe, zane-zane, da zane. Ayyukan Kent sun nuna tattaunawa mai tasowa game da sararin samaniya, abu, da lokaci, wanda ya haifar da haɗuwar zane-zane, zane-zane, sassaka, da wasan kwaikwayo, yana ɓata layukan da ke tsakanin waɗannan hanyoyin. <ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Administrator |first=Assistant |last2=Fuse |first2=Arte |date=2020-12-23 |title=Art Exhibits, Art Magazine, Contemporary Art, Art Blogs, Art Artists |url=https://artefuse.com/2020/12/23/caroline-kent-a-sudden-appearance-of-the-sun-at-kohn-gallery-los-angeles/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=ArteFuse |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-09 |title=Caroline Kent |url=https://artadia.org/artist/caroline-kent/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=Artadia}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Caroline-Kent {{!}} Art, Theory, Practice |url=https://art.northwestern.edu/people/caroline-kent |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=art.northwestern.edu}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Caroline Kent a Sterling, Illinois, Amurka. <ref> name="patrongallery">{{Cite web |title=Patron Gallery |url=https://patrongallery.com/artist/carolinekent |website=Patrongallery.com}}</ref> A can ta girma tare da mahaifiyarta, mahaifinta, babbar 'yar uwarta Angela, da kuma 'yar uwarta Christine. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2021 |title=Artist Caroline Kent, former Redbird runner, returns to University Galleries for exhibit |url=https://news.illinoisstate.edu/2021/10/artist-caroline-kent-former-redbird-runner-returns-to-university-galleries-for-exhibit/ |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=News.illinoisstate.edu}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta, mai gyaran gida 'yar Mexico, da mahaifinta, ɗan asalin Afirka, akawu, sun yi tasiri sosai ga ɗabi'ar Kent a fannin aiki. <ref> name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Pelly |first=Jenn |date=November 16, 2020 |title=An Artist Who Paints in Cryptic Pastel Symbols |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/16/t-magazine/caroline-kent.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Kent, wacce ta bayyana kanta a matsayin 'yar yankin Midwestern, ta yi lokacin bazara tana girma tana aiki a wuraren da ake yin noma na bazara tana lalata masara da kuma mafarkin rayuwa mafi girma a wajen iyakokin ƙaramin garinta. <ref name="auto2" /> Caroline Kent ta kasance kusa da 'yar uwarta tagwaye, Christine Leventhal, tana girma. Su biyun sun yi amfani da wata hanya ta musamman ta sadarwa wadda ta yi tasiri sosai a ayyukan Kent. <ref name="auto2" /> A shekarar 1993, Kent ta bar garinsu na Sterling don halartar Jami'ar Jihar Illinois bisa tallafin karatu na wasanni don tsere da filin wasa. <ref name="auto2"/> A nan, abubuwan da suka fara burge ta sun haɗa da fasahar masu gina gine-gine na Rasha da fina-finan ƙasashen waje. <ref name="auto2" /> Kent ya yi mamakin yadda harshen gani da ake samu a cikin fasaha ya zama ruwan dare gama gari, inda ya gano cewa a kan zane kowa yana da wuri ɗaya da ya fara, ba tare da ya wuce shingen harshe ba. Caroline Kent ta yi karatunta na farko a Jami'ar Jihar Illinois, inda ta sami digirin BA a shekarar 1998. Bayan kammala karatunta a shekarar 1998, Kent ta shiga Peace Corps, inda ta zauna kuma ta yi aiki a Transylvania, Romania tsawon shekaru biyu. A nan, Kent ta sami kwarin gwiwa daga dimbin launukan pastel waɗanda daga baya suka taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wasu daga cikin ayyukanta da ta fi shahara. <ref name="auto2"/> Bayan Peace Corps, Kent ta zauna a Minneapolis na tsawon shekaru 15. Daga baya Kent ta sami digirin digiri na biyu a fannin zane-zane daga Jami'ar [[Minnesota]] a shekarar 2008. <ref name="patrongallery"/> == Sana'a da Tarin Abubuwa == Kent ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a fannin Fasaha, Ka'ida, da Aiki a Jami'ar Northwestern . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=21 October 2020 |title=Caroline Kent |url=https://www.joanmitchellfoundation.org/caroline-kent |website=Joan Mitchell Foundation}}</ref> An haɗa ayyukanta a cikin tarin gidajen tarihi da yawa a faɗin Amurka kamar Gidan Tarihi na Pérez Art Museum Miami, [[Florida]]; Jami'ar DePaul, Chicago, Illinois; Gidan Tarihi na Dallas Art, [[Texas]]; Gidan Tarihi na Hammer a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, California; Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, Chicago, Illinois; Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na New Orleans, Louisiana; Gidan Tarihi na Solomon R. Guggenheim, New York; Gidan Tarihi na Studio a Harlem, New York; Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago, Illinois; da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Walker, Minneapolis; da sauransu. <ref name="auto"/> <ref name=":2"/> Kent yana wakiltar Kohn Gallery a Los Angeles da Patron Gallery a Chicago. <ref name="auto"/> == Zane-zane == Ayyukan fasaha na Kent sun samo asali ne daga tambayoyi kan zane-zanen da ba a iya gani ba, suna mai da hankali kan sarkakiyar harshe da fassararsa. Ayyukanta sun yi tasiri sosai ga al'adunta na Mexico da kuma gogewarta ta sirri da harshe da fassarar rubutu, wanda ya samo asali ne daga gogewarta da 'yar uwarta tagwaye. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=23 March 2021 |title=Caroline Kent |url=https://www.kohngallery.com/caroline_kent |website=Kohngallery.com}}</ref> Waɗannan nassoshi na al'adu da gogewarta ta sirri sun haɗu a cikin aikin Kent don nuna sabon nau'in sadarwa, suna bincika iko da iyakokin harshe. <ref name="auto3" /> Zane-zanenta na zahiri suna isar da yadda za a iya fahimtar harshen gani a cikin siffofi masu faɗi, ta hanyar zane-zanen da ba a iya gani ba masu girma biyu da kuma ayyukan da aka tsara bisa lokaci uku. <ref name="auto3" /> Ayyukanta galibi suna nuna haɗewar yanayin ƙasa, launi, da tsari, wanda ke tunawa da zurfin yanayin ƙasa na Hilma Af Klint da kuma abubuwan da Alma Thomas ya yi a sararin samaniya. Bugu da ƙari, aikinta ya ƙunshi tsarin zane-zane na ra'ayoyin harshe. Wani fasali na fasaharta shine amfani da bango mai duhu akai-akai a matsayin zane, yana nuna wani wuri mara komai ko kuma "ba za a iya gano shi ba", yana ba da tushe mara tsaka tsaki ga harshe don zama a ciki. Zane-zanen Kent sun haɓaka don nuna burinta na fahimtar harshen zane a cikin siffofi masu faɗi. Suna canzawa daga gine-gine masu girma biyu zuwa ayyuka masu girma uku, kuma daga ƙarshe, ayyukan da suka dogara da lokaci. Zane-zanen Kent galibi suna aiki kamar zane-zane, tare da tsari wanda ke ƙarfafawa ta hanyar haɓakawa da gwaji. Kent ta ba da rahoton cewa tana hango zane-zanenta a matsayin dabara ko daidaiton sararin samaniya, yana gayyatar sake fassara da sabbin hanyoyin fahimta. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Administrator |first=Assistant |last2=Fuse |first2=Arte |date=2020-12-23 |title=Art Exhibits, Art Magazine, Contemporary Art, Art Blogs, Art Artists |url=https://artefuse.com/2020/12/23/caroline-kent-a-sudden-appearance-of-the-sun-at-kohn-gallery-los-angeles/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=ArteFuse |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818232715/https://artefuse.com/2020/12/23/caroline-kent-a-sudden-appearance-of-the-sun-at-kohn-gallery-los-angeles/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-09 |title=Caroline Kent |url=https://artadia.org/artist/caroline-kent/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=Artadia}}</ref> <ref name=":2"/> Jerin da Kent ta fi shahara da shi mai suna ''Victoria/Veronica: Figment between us'' . Wannan jerin ya yi nuni ne da kwarewar Kent a matsayin tagwaye a matsayin tsarin almara ga tagwayen da aka yi tunanin za su kasance a cikin baje kolin. An sanya mata sunaye biyu na farko na mahaifiyarta, jerin sun yi nuni da sadarwa da "wasikar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa" tsakanin saitin tagwayen almara. Baje kolin ya bincika yadda harshe mara magana zai iya aiki tsakanin 'yan'uwa mata. <ref name="auto3"/> An nuna takwas daga cikin waɗannan manyan zane-zanen zane-zane a cikin baje kolin ta ''A Sudden Appearance of the Sun'' a Kohn Gallery . A cikin waɗannan ayyukan, Kent yana amfani da yanayin ƙasa, launi, da tsari a matsayin layukan sadarwa. <ref name="auto3" /> Baje kolin ya bincika tambayoyi game da yadda harshe ke tsara duniyarmu da al'ummarmu, yayin da yake ƙarfafa baƙi su shiga cikin harshen zane-zane da aka ƙirƙira, wanda galibi yana ƙin fassara mai sauƙi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MCA - Chicago Works: Caroline Kent |url=https://mcachicago.org/Exhibitions/2021/Chicago-Works-Chicago-Works-Caroline-Kent |website=Mcachicago.org}}</ref> Manyan baƙaƙen bango a kan zane-zane a cikin wannan jerin an yi su ne don tayar da "marasa sani na sararin samaniya", suna aiki a matsayin misali ga "wurare marasa ma'ana, marasa ma'ana". A halin yanzu, siffofin pastel suna wakiltar abubuwan da wataƙila an taɓa rufe su cikin duhu amma yanzu suna haskakawa. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Pelly |first=Jenn |date=November 16, 2020 |title=An Artist Who Paints in Cryptic Pastel Symbols |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/16/t-magazine/caroline-kent.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Wannan jerin ayyukan ya samu tasiri daga mai zane-zane 'yar ƙasar Sweden Hilma af Klint . Ayyukan Caroline Kent na baya, waɗanda aka fi sani da "aikin rubutun kwamfuta" suma suna magana ne game da cire harshe. Waɗannan ƙananan ayyukan, waɗanda aka yi a kan takarda, suna ɗauke da zanen rubutu wanda ya samo asali daga ciyar da takardar ta hanyar tsohon na'urar rubutu. Waɗannan ayyukan suna ba wa mai kallo damar ƙoƙarin fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin rubutun da siffofin fenti masu kama da juna. A nan, cike bayanan da suka ɓace yana nuna sadarwa da haɗin ɗan adam. Kent kuma tana da wata hanya ta musamman da ta bi wajen ƙirƙirar ayyukanta na zane-zane. Tana ba da damar gwaji da haɓakawa don jagorantar tsarin zanen ta ta hanyar jingina ga dabaru da kuma aiwatar da fahimta. <ref name="auto3"/> Kent ta ƙirƙiri zane-zanenta ta hanyar juyawa da motsa takardu da aka yanke zuwa siffofi masu kama da juna kafin ta kammala hotunan da ke cikin fenti a kan zane. Wannan hanyar tana kama da hanyar Matisse ta zane. <ref name="auto"/> === Tasiri === Kent ta jawo tasiri ga zane-zanenta daga gadonta na Mexico. "Kyakkyawan yanayi" da kuma "tsarin gine-gine" masu wadata na masu fasaha na Mexico kamar Pedro Coronel da Luis Barragán sun taka rawa a cikin manyan ayyukan da ke cike da launi da laushi da Kent ya ƙirƙira. <ref name="auto3"/> Ziyarar da ta kai Casa Luis Barragan a [[Mexico (birni)|Mexico City]] ta yi tasiri sosai a kan shirinta ''na Victoria/Vernica: Figment between us.'' <ref name="auto3" /> Ta hanyar bincika gadonta na Mexico a cikin zane-zanenta, Kent ta sami damar shiga cikin tattaunawa kan zane-zane wanda ya sanya wa masu fasaha masu launi wariya a tarihi. <ref name="auto2"/> Hulɗar da ke tsakaninta da yanayi wanda masu fasaha na Mexico suka jaddada shi ma ya taka rawa wajen tasiri ga launukan pastel da siffofi na halitta da ke bayyana a cikin ayyukan Kent. <ref name="auto3" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A shekarar 2017, Kent ta koma Yammacin Chicago, inda take zaune kuma tana aiki a matsayin mai zane kuma uwa ga 'ya'ya uku. <ref name="auto2"/> == Nunin kai kaɗai == Nunin da aka yi da kai kaɗai ya haɗa da: Waƙoƙin da ke da Alaƙa: Tattara Takaitaccen Bayani, Gidan Tarihi na Solomon R Guggenheim, NY, 2022, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guggenheim Museum Presents |url=https://www.guggenheim.org/press-release/guggenheim-museum-presents-sensory-poetics-collecting-abstraction |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Victoria/Veronica: Yin Ɗakuna'', Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, Chicago, IL 2021, <ref name="patrongallery"/> ''Abin da taurari ba za su iya gaya mana ba'', Gidajen Tarihi na Jami'a, Jami'ar Jihar Illinois, Normal, IL, 2021, <ref name="patrongallery" /> ''Bayyanar Rana Ba zato ba tsammani'', Gidan Tarihi na Kohn, Los Angeles, CA, 2020, <ref name="patrongallery" /> da ''Siffofin Rubutu'', Hawthorne Contemporary, Milwaukee, WI, 2020. <ref name="patrongallery" /> == Kyaututtuka da wuraren zama == 2020 * Gidauniyar Joan Mitchell, Masu Zane da Masu Zane Grant, New York, NY <ref name="patrongallery"/> * Kyautar Artadia Chicago, New York, NY <ref name="patrongallery" /> 2018 * Ƙungiyar Makarantar Fenti, Shandaken: Ayyuka, New York, NY <ref name="patrongallery"/> * Mai zane a Gidan zama, Jami'ar Saint Catherine, Saint Paul, MN <ref name="patrongallery" /> 2016 * Ƙungiyar McKnight don Fasahar gani, Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN <ref name="patrongallery">{{Cite web |title=Patron Gallery |url=https://patrongallery.com/artist/carolinekent |website=Patrongallery.com}}</ref> 2015 * Tallafin Gidauniyar Pollock-Krasner, Gidauniyar Pollock-Krasner, New York, NYMai zane <ref name="patrongallery"/> * Tallafin Initiative, Jihar Minnesota, Mankato, MN <ref name="patrongallery" /> 2013 * Tallafin Yin Birni Mai Kirkire-kirkire, Minneapolis, MN <ref name="patrongallery"/> 2011 * Grant na Shirin Fasaha, Jihar Minnesota, Mankato, MN <ref name="patrongallery"/> 2009 * Ƙungiyar Masu Zane-zane ta Jerome Hill, Gidauniyar Jerome, St. Paul, MN <ref name="patrongallery"/> 2007 * Josephine Lutz Rollins Endowment, Jami'ar Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN <ref name="patrongallery"/> 2006 * Josephine Lutz Rollins Endowment, Jami'ar Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN <ref name="patrongallery"/> == Manazarta u == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 31d6gqcoiz2dwjan4sx9ay8zhwghniz 0 142869 883144 818239 2026-07-15T01:53:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Súng_phóc.jpg|right|thumb|Bindiga mai bututun bamboo]] Bindiga mai siffar '''bamboo bindiga''' ce ta gargajiya, bindiga ce mai siffar pop da aka yi da wani yanki mai siffar bamboo mai siffar silinda da kuma piston wanda ke aiki a matsayin abin hura sirinji. Ana saka ƙaramin "harsashi" mai tauri kamar busasshen iri ko takarda mai danshi a ƙarshen silinda ɗaya sannan a tura piston cikin sauri a ɗayan ƙarshen. Wannan yana haifar da iska ta matse ciki kafin ta fitar da "harsashi" ɗin da wani abu mai kama da "pump". A yau, ana gyara kayan da ke cikin ganga mai bindiga daga bamboo zuwa ƙarfe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=It's Child's Play With These Cebuano Games |url=http://www.peanutbrowas.com/blog/category/games |access-date=July 12, 2019 |website=Lola Pureza's |archive-date=July 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723161420/http://www.peanutbrowas.com/blog/category/games |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wenceslao |first=Bong O. |title=Wenceslao: River talk |url=https://ph.news.yahoo.com/wenceslao-river-talk-145000861.html |access-date=July 12, 2019 |website=SunStar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2015 |title=Top 5 toys that are rarely seen today |url=https://rockxscissors.wordpress.com/2015/09/13/top-5-toys-that-are-rarely-seen-today/ |access-date=July 12, 2019 |website=Rock X Scissors}}</ref> == Indonesiya == A Indonesia, ana kiran bindigar bamboo da sunaye daban-daban, musamman waɗanda suka samo asali daga Yammacin [[Java]], Banten, da [[Jakarta]], inda a cikin Sundanese ake kiranta ''bebeletokan'', yayin da a Betawi ake kiranta ''pletokan'' ko ''peletokan'' . A wasu yankuna kuma ana samunta, a Kudancin [[Sumatra]] ana kiranta da ''dor-doran'', mutanen Madurese suna kiranta da ''tor-cetoran'', yayin da a Tsakiyar Java ana kiranta da ''tulup'' ko ''bedhil-bedhilan'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wijaya |first=Mas A. |date=28 October 2017 |title=Pletokan - Indonesia |url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/Pletokan-1 |access-date=15 December 2025 |website=budaya-indonesia.org |publisher=Perpustakaan Digital Budaya Indonesia |language=id}}</ref> == Philippines == Bindigan bamboo ya shahara tsakanin yara a yankunan karkara na Philippines. Sunayen yanki sun haɗa da ''sumpak'', ''sulpak'', ''sulpot'', ''palsuot'', ''paltok'' da ''luthang'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=It's Child's Play With These Cebuano Games |url=http://www.peanutbrowas.com/blog/category/games |access-date=July 12, 2019 |website=Lola Pureza's |archive-date=July 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723161420/http://www.peanutbrowas.com/blog/category/games |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wenceslao |first=Bong O. |title=Wenceslao: River talk |url=https://ph.news.yahoo.com/wenceslao-river-talk-145000861.html |access-date=July 12, 2019 |website=SunStar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2015 |title=Top 5 toys that are rarely seen today |url=https://rockxscissors.wordpress.com/2015/09/13/top-5-toys-that-are-rarely-seen-today/ |access-date=July 12, 2019 |website=Rock X Scissors}}</ref> Asalin sunan ''luthang'' shine Cebuano, ma'ana ƙaramin bindigar ruwa ( ''lantaka'' ). An rubuta kalmar a cikin ƙamus na Sifaniyanci na harsunan Visayan tun aƙalla 1711, inda ma'anarta ta samo asali ta haɗa da muskets, arquebuses da bindigogin harba. Har yanzu ana amfani da kalmar a matsayin fi'ili ma'ana "bindiga a kashe" a cikin harsunan Cebuano; kuma a cikin Hiligaynon a matsayin ma'anar ''pistola'' (bindiga ko bindiga). <ref>{{Cite web |title=pistola, luthang |url=http://www.bohol.ph/diksyunaryo.php?sw=pistola,%20luthang&lang=Hiligaynon |access-date=July 12, 2019 |website=Bohol}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=luthang |url=https://www.binisaya.com/cebuano/luthang |access-date=July 12, 2019 |website=Binisaya.com}}</ref> == Vietnam == Gun bamboo wani abin wasa ne da ya shahara sosai a [[Vietnam]] a cikin 90s-2000s kuma yana da sunaye da yawa, kamar su súng phóc, ống phóc, ống thụt, da sauransu. == Duba kuma == * Babban Kofin Sumpit * Lantaka * Piston na wuta * Sipa * Bindiga mai tsalle == MANAZARTA == {{Reflist|45em}} 7h6ty2ahluxxli00eaafl5xzy39zfyo 0 143046 882954 837984 2026-07-14T16:05:44Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882954 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:A_game_of_Kho-Kho_in_progress_at_the_Sports_meet_for_Parliamentarians_and_Media_Persons,_in_New_Delhi_on_August_30,_2005_(1).jpg|thumb|280x280px|Ɗan wasan kho-kho (tsakiya) yana gudu daga rabin filin wasa zuwa ɗayan don guje wa abokin hamayya ya taɓa shi.]] [[Indiya]] tana da wasanni da wasanni na gargajiya da dama, <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Bharatan |first=Nisha |date=2020-12-16 |title=List Of Top 25 Traditional (Desi) Indian Games For Kids |url=https://www.momjunction.com/articles/top-traditional-indian-games-list_00687698/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=MomJunction |language=en-US}}</ref> wasu daga cikinsu an shafe dubban shekaru ana buga su. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2020 |title=India has a sports history going back a thousand years |url=https://businessindia.co/csr/india-has-a-sports-history-going-back-a-thousand-years |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=businessindia.co |language=en}}</ref> Shahararsu ta ragu sosai a zamanin yau, inda wasannin Yammacin duniya suka mamaye su a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya, <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Love |first=Adam |last2=Dzikus |first2=Lars |date=26 February 2020 |title=How India came to love cricket, favored sport of its colonial British rulers |url=http://theconversation.com/how-india-came-to-love-cricket-favored-sport-of-its-colonial-british-rulers-132302 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> kuma gwamnatin Indiya yanzu tana yin wasu ƙoƙari don farfaɗo da su. Yawancin waɗannan wasannin ba sa buƙatar kayan aiki ko sararin wasa mai yawa. Wasu daga cikinsu ana buga su ne kawai a wasu yankuna na Indiya, ko kuma ana iya sanin su da sunaye daban-daban kuma ana buga su a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi daban-daban a yankuna daban-daban na ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-30 |title='Gilli danda' among 75 'Bharatiya sports' set to be introduced in schools |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gilli-danda-among-sports-set-to-be-introduced-101659205191117.html |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Stamp_of_India_-_1990_-_Colnect_164148_-_Kabaddi.jpeg|left|thumb|241x241px|Tambarin Indiya na shekarar 1990 wanda ke tunawa da shigar da [[kabaddi]], wato wasan gargajiya mafi shahara a Indiya, cikin wasannin Asiya .]] === Zamanin da ya gabata === An fara wasan Kho-kho tun aƙalla ƙarni na huɗu kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-29 |title=The Evolution of Kho Kho Mats in India: A Historical Overview |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/the-evolution-of-kho-kho-mats-in-india-a-historical-overview-7947775.html |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> [[Kabaddi]] da kho-kho wataƙila suna da wasu fannoni na wasan kwaikwayonsu da aka ambata a cikin Mahabharata, wanda aka rubuta kafin 300 AD. <ref name=":02" /> An ambaci Atya-patya a cikin Naṟṟiṇai, wanda aka rubuta a 300 AD ko kafin haka. <ref name=":21">{{Cite web |last=Arasu |first=S. T. |date=2020-07-04 |title=Galah Panjang and its Indian roots |url=https://www.gosports.com.my/news/galah-panjang-and-its-indian-roots/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=On the sport. Be part of it |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021140631/https://www.gosports.com.my/news/galah-panjang-and-its-indian-roots/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chaturanga wani tsohon wasan allo ne wanda ya fuskanci gyare-gyare daban-daban yayin da aka watsa shi daga Indiya zuwa Turai kuma ya zama wasan [[Dara (Chess)|chess]] na zamani. <ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-20 |title=World Chess Day 2022: History, Significance And Quotes About The Game |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/world-chess-day-2022-history-significance-and-quotes-about-the-game-5584597.html |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> An yi amfani da wasu daga cikin waɗannan wasannin don dalilan horar da sojoji; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Myths surrounding the origin of the ancient Indian game kabaddi |url=https://htschool.hindustantimes.com/editorsdesk/knowledge-vine/myths-surrounding-the-origin-of-the-ancient-indian-game-kabaddi |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=HT School |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828194910/https://htschool.hindustantimes.com/editorsdesk/knowledge-vine/myths-surrounding-the-origin-of-the-ancient-indian-game-kabaddi |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shah Mat! The Global Origins of Chess in War and Diplomacy |url=https://www.historyhit.com/gaming/shah-mat-the-global-origins-of-chess-in-war-and-diplomacy/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=History Hit |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name=":21" /> yaƙin da ke tsakanin Indiyawa/da mamaya ya tilasta wa hankali kan ayyukan jiki da suka shafi yaƙi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Misali ɗaya na wannan alaƙar da ke tsakanin wasanni da yaƙi shi ne yadda Abhimanyu ya huda Chakravyuha kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Mahabharata, wanda wataƙila yana da alaƙa da ƙwarewar da ake amfani da ita a kabaddi da kho-kho. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Upmanyu |first=Kabir |date=2017-07-31 |title=What Are The Origins of Kabaddi And How'd it Get so Big so Fast? |url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/sports-buzz/mythology-origins-history-kabaddi-pro-league-2017 |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-23 |title='NBA prez got me thinking seriously about kabaddi' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/nba-president-got-me-thinking-seriously-about-kabaddi/ |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Permainan_galasin.jpg|thumb|190x190px|An lura da cewa wasu wasannin gargajiya na Indiya sun yi kama da wasannin da ake yi a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, kamar atya-patya, <ref name=":21">{{Cite web |last=Arasu |first=S. T. |date=2020-07-04 |title=Galah Panjang and its Indian roots |url=https://www.gosports.com.my/news/galah-panjang-and-its-indian-roots/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=On the sport. Be part of it |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFArasu2020">Arasu, S. T. (2020-07-04). [https://www.gosports.com.my/news/galah-panjang-and-its-indian-roots/ "Galah Panjang and its Indian roots"]. ''On the sport. Be part of it''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> wanda aka nuna hotonsa a nan a cikin hoton Gobak Sodor na Indonesia.]] Wasannin gargajiya na Indiya sun yi amfani da manufofi daban-daban a tsawon lokaci kuma suna da alaƙa daban-daban da [[Tarihin Ƙasar Indiya|tarihin Indiya]] ; misali, wasu fannoni na wasan Bengali hopscotch na ekka-dokka na iya wakiltar ra'ayoyi game da rabon kadarori na zamantakewa, ana iya amfani da kabaddi a matsayin shiri don farauta, <ref>{{Cite web |title=kabaddi {{!}} sport {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/kabaddi |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> kuma wasan tag na Bengali na gollachut na iya wakiltar yunƙurin tserewa daga bayin noma a lokacin [[Wayewar Kwarin Indus|Wayewar Indus Valley]] . <ref name=":20" /> Koyarwar Hindu ta fi mai da hankali kan kasancewa cikin ƙoshin lafiya, musamman ma ƙungiyar mayaƙan Kshatriya dole ne ta yi ayyukan yaƙi kamar harbin baka, yayin da koyarwar Buddha ta fi gauraye; Buddha ta haramta wasu wasannin gargajiya waɗanda ake ganin suna haifar da sakaci a tsakanin mutane, kodayake shi da kansa ya buga wasu wasanni, kamar harbin baka da kabaddi. Sufaye na Buddha, waɗanda galibi ke guje wa tashin hankali, sun ɗauki amfani da fasahar yaƙi ta Indiya don kare kansu. Ayyuka daban-daban suna da alaƙa; Bangarorin numfashi na kabaddi suna da alaƙa da dabarun sarrafa numfashi na pranayama daga yoga <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-04 |title=Four life skills only Kabaddi can teach you |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/four-life-skills-only-kabaddi-can-teach-you/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-01 |title=Sports Exotics: Kabaddi's Million Dollar Spots |url=https://thebridge.in/gp-article/sports-exotics-kabaddi-million-dollar-spots-27025 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=JAFFER |first=MEHRU |date=2022-09-23 |title=Kabaddi Kabaddi Kabaddi… |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/india/lucknow-gup-by-mehru-jaffer-345570 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=www.thecitizen.in |language=en}}</ref> kuma an yi amfani da fasahar yaƙi ta kalaripayattu tare da atya-patya ta sojoji a [[Kerala]]. <ref name=":21"/> === Zamanin Indo-Musulmi === A lokacin [[Mughal Empire|mulkin Mughal]], wasu daga cikin wasannin gargajiya an yi musu maraba sosai kuma an yi su ta hanyoyi daban-daban; misali, Akbar ya ƙirƙiro wani nau'in wasan polo wanda za a iya buga shi da daddare ta hanyar kunna ƙwallon, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chopra |first=P. N. |date=1952 |title=Games, Sports and Other Amusements During Mughal Times |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45436494 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=15 |pages=268–273 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=45436494}}</ref> kuma ya buga wani nau'in wasan pachisi mai girma tare da masu kula da wasan suna aiki a matsayin kayan wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Academy |first=M. A. P. |date=2023-01-15 |title=What is Pachisi? Ancient Indian board game Mughal emperor Akbar enjoyed |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/what-is-pachisi-ancient-indian-board-game-mughal-emperor-akbar-enjoyed/1314871/ |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da haka, an hana mutanen Hindu shan giya da yin wasan polo, wanda hakan ya sa su zama marasa tsari da tawaye. Kokawa ta shahara a lokacin, <ref>{{Cite web |last=InpaperMagazine |first=From |date=2011-03-27 |title=Past present: Mughals and indoor games |url=https://www.dawn.com/2011/03/27/past-present-mughals-and-indoor-games/ |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> tare da nau'ikan kokawa na Farisa da Indiya da suka haɗu suka samar da pehlwani . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alter |first=Joseph S. |date=1992 |title=the sannyasi and the Indian wrestler: the anatomy of a relationship |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1525/ae.1992.19.2.02a00070 |journal=American Ethnologist |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=317–336 |doi=10.1525/ae.1992.19.2.02a00070 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Zamanin mulkin mallaka === [[Fayil:Pahelwans_in_Hyderabad,_c_1870.jpg|thumb|Hoto daga shekarar 1870 wanda ke nuna Hyderabadians suna shirin yin Pehlwani .]] A lokacin mulkin Birtaniya Raj, 'yan Indiya sun fara mai da hankali kan yin wasannin Burtaniya kamar su [[Kurket|wasan kurket]], wasan hockey, da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] maimakon wasannin gargajiya. <ref name=":5"/> Wani ɓangare na dalilin da ya sa hakan ya faru shi ne don su iya hawa matsayi ta hanyar kwaikwayon al'adun 'yan mulkin mallaka; daga baya, wasu 'yan Indiya sun fara ganin wasannin Burtaniya a matsayin wani aiki da za su iya "kayar da" 'yan mulkin mallaka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-20 |title='The Revenge of Plassey': Football in the British Raj puviarasu |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lseih/2020/07/20/the-revenge-of-plassey-football-in-the-british-raj/ |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=LSE International History}}</ref> Yan Birtaniya kuma a wasu lokutan suna matsa lamba don haɓaka al'adun Yammacin duniya, suna ganin hakan a matsayin hanyar ƙara ɗaukar al'adun Birtaniya da dabi'u a Indiya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cleophas |first=Francois |date=2021-08-24 |title=How colonial history shaped bodies and sport at the edges of empire |url=http://theconversation.com/how-colonial-history-shaped-bodies-and-sport-at-the-edges-of-empire-166192 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leng |first=Ho Keat |last2=Pyun |first2=Do Young |last3=Lin |first3=Yen-Chun |date=2023-07-14 |title=Special issue: sports and leisure management in Asia |journal=Managing Sport and Leisure |language=en |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1080/23750472.2023.2207865 |issn=2375-0472 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kuma suna jayayya cewa mazan Indiya suna da mata don haka suna buƙatar ƙarin tsarin jiki na Turai (duba Kiristanci na Muscular ). Wannan ya haɗu da Birtaniya da ke haɓaka ka'idar tseren yaƙi, inda aka ga sojojin asali waɗanda suka yi biyayya ga Daular Burtaniya a matsayin jarumai kuma an gina su da kyau don yaƙi, yayin da masu fahariya masu ilimi ba su dace ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rand |first=Gavin |date=2006 |title='Martial Races' and 'Imperial Subjects': Violence and Governance in Colonial India, 1857–1914 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13507480600586726 |journal=European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1080/13507480600586726 |issn=1350-7486 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani wasa na gargajiya da aka ci gaba da yi a wannan lokacin shi ne wasan polo, wanda Birtaniya ta taimaka wajen tsara shi da kuma tallafawa a matsayin wasa na hukuma. Wasu wasannin allo na Birtaniya, kamar Snakes and Ladders da Ludo, suma sun sami kwarin gwiwa daga wasannin allo na Indiya. Wasu ƙungiyoyin wasanni da ke ba da kuɗi ga kansu, kamar su Akharas, vyayamshalas, da kreeda mandals sun haɓaka kuma sun shirya gasa a matakai daban-daban don wasannin gargajiya a wannan lokacin. An fara daidaita wasannin gargajiya daban-daban a wannan lokacin, kuma an baje kolin wasu daga cikinsu a Gasar Olympics ta Berlin ta 1936. === Zamanin zamani === [[Fayil:A_Kabaddi_Exhibition_Match_between_the_Pro_Kabaddi_All_Stars_and_the_Aussie_Raiders,_as_part_of_the_Pro_Kabaddi_League-_Melbourne_Raid_-_28_December_2024.jpg|thumb|A shekarar 2024, ƙungiyar Pro Kabaddi League ta shirya wani "Melbourne Raid", wanda ke nuna ci gaban wasan a ƙasashen duniya ]] A Indiya bayan samun 'yancin kai, shaharar wasannin gargajiya ta ragu sosai tare da ci gaban wasannin Yammacin duniya da wasannin kan layi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2023 |title=The games that we lost... |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2023/aug/28/the-games-that-we-lost-2609350.html |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Kabaddi shine wasan gargajiya mafi shahara, tare da mafi yawan masu kallo da kuma mafi yawan damar aiki; ci gabansa ya samo asali ne daga ƙirƙirar Pro Kabaddi League . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-06 |title=Pro Kabaddi leagues rising fortunes rub off on prospects of the rural game |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/pro-kabaddi-league-s-rising-fortunes-rub-off-on-prospects-of-the-rural-game-122100600913_1.html |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> Ci gaban Kabaddi ya sa ya [[Kabaddi|bazu a wajen Kudancin Asiya]], tare da ƙasashe kamar [[Koriya ta Kudu]] da [[Iran]] suna buga shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kadiyala |first=Abhishek |date=2022-11-16 |title=Influx of foreign talent in Kabaddi hints towards a new trend |url=https://theprint.in/campus-voice/influx-of-foreign-talent-in-kabaddi-hints-towards-a-new-trend/1219076/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Kho-kho kuma ya fara gasar cin kofin franchise, Ultimate Kho Kho ; <ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Saini |first=Lavanya Lakshmi Narayanan & Abhishek |date=2022-09-17 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho — Welcome revival or departure from roots? |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/ultimate-kho-kho-2022-ukk-odisha-juggernauts-telugu-yoddhas-pune-maharashtra/article65898347.ece |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> Pro Kabaddi League da Ultimate Kho Kho su ne gasannin da aka fi kallo ba tare da kurket ba a Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Khosla |first=Varuni |date=2023-01-17 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho S1 claims total reach of 41 million viewers from India |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/news/ultimate-kho-kho-s1-claims-total-reach-of-41-million-viewers-from-india-11673930091871.html |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Duk da cewa a da, wasannin gargajiya na Indiya galibi ana yin su ne a saman laka a yankunan karkara, a zamanin yau, galibi ana yin su ne a kan saman da aka yi wa ado da canje-canje ga tsarin dokokinsu da sauran fannoni na kamanninsu don su zama masu jan hankali da ban sha'awa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-29 |title=The Evolution of Kho Kho Mats in India: A Historical Overview |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/the-evolution-of-kho-kho-mats-in-india-a-historical-overview-7947775.html |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=From Handball To Panja, Why Sports Leagues Are Taking Off In India |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/from-handball-to-panja-why-sports-leagues-are-taking-off-in-india/86315/1 |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Taneja |first=Nidhima |date=2023-01-27 |title=Pro kabaddi, kho-kho leagues chase IPL viewership. India rediscovering regional sports |url=https://theprint.in/feature/pro-kabaddi-kho-kho-leagues-chase-ipl-viewership-india-rediscovering-regional-sports/1337725/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Wasu wasannin gargajiya, kamar wasannin allo da wasannin katin gidan caca, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-24 |title=Live Gaming: Traditional Indian Games Go Digital |url=https://thebridge.in/gp-article/live-gaming-traditional-indian-games-go-digital-31768 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=How Tech Has Changed Traditional Indian Games |url=http://www.uniindia.com/how-tech-has-changed-traditional-indian-games/business-economy/news/2276714.html |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=www.uniindia.com}}</ref> suma ana canza su ta hanyar dijital don a iya buga su a matsayin wasannin bidiyo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-12 |title=Traditional Indian games are redefining digital gaming industry in India |url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/traditional-indian-games-are-redefining-digital-gaming-industry-in-india-1005351.html |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> ==== Manufar gwamnati ==== Domin farfaɗo da wasannin gargajiya, gwamnatin Indiya ta fara shirin Bharatiya Khel da ra'ayin cewa waɗannan wasannin sun fi araha ga 'yan Indiyawan karkara don yin wasa, kuma suna da mahimmanci don farfaɗo da al'adun Indiya da kuma ƙara ruhin ƙungiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aditya Wadhawan |date=Jan 20, 2023 |title=Bharatiya Games initiative to popularise traditional Indian sports ecosystem in schools - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/bharatiya-games-initiative-to-popularise-traditional-indian-sports-ecosystem-in-schools/articleshow/97175340.cms |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-30 |title='Gilli danda' among 75 'Bharatiya sports' set to be introduced in schools |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gilli-danda-among-sports-set-to-be-introduced-101659205191117.html |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Kuma bisa ga Manufofin Ilimi na Ƙasa (NEP) 2020, an fitar da littattafan karatu na aji 7 waɗanda suka haɗa da abubuwan da ke cikin wasannin gargajiya. Gwamnati kuma tana shirin gabatar da wasu wasanni kamar kabaddi da kho-kho a cikin [[Gasar Olympic|Olympics]] idan ta yi nasarar karɓar bakuncin wani taron Olympics na gaba, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-03 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho league launched in India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/ultimate-kho-kho-league-launched-in-india/ |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> kamar tayin da take yi a yanzu na Olympics na 2036. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-21 |title=India to push its Olympics 2036 bid in Paris, seek inclusion of yoga, kabaddi, kho-kho |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/olympics-2036-india-bid-paris-lobby-indegenious-sports-yoga-kabaddi-kho-kho-2556334-2024-06-21 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Fit India ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga farfaɗo da wasannin gargajiya na Indiya, tare da buƙatar makarantu su haɗa da irin waɗannan wasannin a matsayin wani ɓangare na ilimin motsa jiki. == Gasassun gasa == [[Fayil:Khelo_India_Logo_English.png|thumb|Khelo India shiri ne na gwamnatin Indiya don shirya gasannin wasanni a faɗin ƙasar. Wasannin Khelo Indiya da na Ƙasa na Indiya sun haɗa da wasanni da dama na asali. ]] A matakin jiha, gasar wasannin Olympics ta Chhattisgarhiya gasa ce ta shekara-shekara ta Chhattisgarhi da aka yi niyya don bikin wasannin gargajiya; sama da mutane miliyan 3 sun halarci gasar 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-17 |title=CM Bhupesh Baghel inaugurates 'Chhattisgarhiya Olympic' in Raipur |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/chhattisgarh-chief-minister-inaugurates-chhattisgarhiya-olympic-with-3-million-participants-in-traditional-sports-event-101689606807944.html |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Bikin Wasannin Qila Raipur yana bikin wasannin gargajiya na Punjabi tun daga 1933. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chengappa |first=C. C. |date=2021-02-08 |title=India's rural Olympics - Village in Punjab hosting traditional sports events since 1933 |url=https://thebridge.in/featured/india-rural-olympics-village-punjab-hosting-traditional-sports-events-since-1933/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref> == Shugabanci == An kafa Ƙungiyar Wasannin Gargajiya da Wasannin Gargajiya, Indiya (ATSGI) a shekarar 2020 da nufin farfaɗo da kuma haɓaka wasannin gargajiya da wasanni, suna aiki ƙarƙashin jagorancin Majalisar Duniya don Wasannin Gargajiya da Wasannin Gargajiya (ICTSG) wanda UNESCO ta amince da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Collective Consultation on the Safeguarding and Promotion of Traditional Sports and Games: final report |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000261062_eng |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref> An zaɓi Padi Richo, shugaban Ƙungiyar Wasannin Olympics ta Arunachal baki ɗaya a matsayin shugaban ATSGI, tare da Aman Kumar Sharma a matsayin Sakatare Janar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=IATSG formed to promote traditional sports and games |url=http://uniindia.com/~/iatsg-formed-to-promote-traditional-sports-and-games/Sports/news/2222911.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=uniindia.com |archive-date=2023-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222212928/http://uniindia.com/~/iatsg-formed-to-promote-traditional-sports-and-games/Sports/news/2222911.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Wasannin gargajiya == === Gilli danda === [[Fayil:கிட்டிப்புல்.svg|right|frameless]] Gilli danda yayi kama da sauran wasanni da dama a duniya, kamar wasan Ingila na tip-cat, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brewster |first=Paul G. |date=1955 |title=A Collection of Games from India, with some Notes on Similar Games in other Parts of the World |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25840313 |journal=Zeitschrift für Ethnologie |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=88–102 |issn=0044-2666 |jstor=25840313}}</ref> kuma yana da kamanceceniya da wasan [[kurket]] na Burtaniya, wanda shine daya daga cikin dalilan da yasa wasanni suka shahara a duk Kudancin Asiya a zamanin mulkin mallaka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=Gary |last2=Bates |first2=Crispin |date=2001-07-01 |title=Selves and others: Reflections on sport in South Asia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09584930120083800 |journal=Contemporary South Asia |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=191–205 |doi=10.1080/09584930120083800 |issn=0958-4935}}</ref> Wasa ne inda dan wasa ya buga wani dan sanda a kasa sama ta amfani da sanda mai tsayi a hannunsa. Sannan ya sake buga sandar da ke sama da sandar da ke hannunsa don ya yi tafiya gwargwadon iko. Idan dan wasa a daya kungiyar ya kama sandar kafin ta taba kasa, to mai bugawa ya fita (an kawar da shi). <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=About Gilli-Danda and Dandi Biyo |url=https://www.topendsports.com/sport/list/gilli-danda.htm |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=www.topendsports.com}}</ref> === Nondi ===   Nondi (known by several other regional names) is a game similar to hopscotch. In it, several connected boxes are drawn on the ground, and players throw a rock or similar object onto one of the boxes and then attempt to hop their way to the box the rock lands in.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Jadia |first=Varun |date=2016-05-08 |title=15 Forgotten Indian Childhood Games That Need to Be Revived Before They Are Lost Forever |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/53779/old-childhood-verge-of-extinction-indian-games/ |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref> == Wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa == [[Fayil:The_seven_stone.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Tarin duwatsu bakwai da ƙwallon da za a iya amfani da ita wajen yin wasan duwatsu bakwai .]] === Lagori (Dutse Bakwai) === {{Excerpt|Seven stones#Gameplay}} === Maram pitti === {{Excerpt|Maram Pitti}} === Wasan badminton na ƙwallon ƙafa === {{Excerpt|Ball badminton|paragraphs=1|files=0}} == Wasannin da suka shafi abubuwa masu sauƙi == === Marmara === Wasu wasannin Indiya da suka shafi marmara ana kuma kiransu da Kancha/Kanche ko Golli Gundu. Ana buga wasanni da dama da suka haɗa da 'yan wasa suna buga marmara a wasu marmara, sau da yawa don "kama" adadin marmara gwargwadon iko kafin ƙarshen wasan don cin nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=neeru |date=2015-11-16 |title=Marbles |url=https://www.dsource.in/resource/indian-games/outdoor-games/marbles |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=D'Source |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Pareek |first=Shreya |date=2014-05-15 |title=10 Popular Games You Probably Didn't Know Were Played In Ancient India |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/10492/lesser-known-traditional-games-sports-india/ |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=V. Saravana |date=2016-11-24 |title=Benefits of Traditional Indian Games, Importance & Advantages of Traditional Games for Children {{!}} ParentCircle |url=https://www.parentcircle.com/importance-of-traditional-indian-games-and-its-benefits/article |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=www.parentcircle.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> === Gutte === {{Excerpt|Knucklebones#South Asia}} == Bambance-bambancen tag == Akwai nau'ikan wasannin tag na Indiya da dama (wani lokacin ana kiransu a Indiya da "gudu da kamawa" ko kuma a Hindi, ''padkam pakdai'' ), <ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-06 |title=Lock and Key to Pittu: 13 outdoor games every 90s kid would remember |url=http://www.inuth.com/trends/social-virals/lock-and-key-to-pittu-13-outdoor-games-every-90s-kid-would-remember/ |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=InUth |language=en-US}}</ref> inda [[kabaddi]] da kho-kho su ne wasanni biyu mafi shahara kuma ana buga su a gasar kwararru ( Pro Kabaddi League da Ultimate Kho Kho bi da bi). <ref name=":12"/> === Yanke shawara kan wanda ya lashe kyautar === A cikin nau'ikan tag na Indiya da yawa, ana kiran ɗan wasan da ake tsammanin zai yiwa sauran 'yan wasan alama da "denner". <ref name=":17"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=AK |first=Ananya |date=2018-08-10 |title=10 Games You Played If You Were Born In The 90s India |url=https://www.campustimespune.com/10-90s-kids-games/ |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=Campus Times Pune |language=en-US}}</ref> Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na tantance wane ɗan wasa ne ya kamata ya zama denner; ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin ita ce Saa Boo Uku (wanda aka fi sani da ''pugam pugai'' ), inda 'yan wasa uku ke fuskantar ɗayan hannayensu ko dai sama ko ƙasa, kuma idan ɗaya daga cikinsu ya fuskanci hannunsa akasin alkiblar sauran biyun, to wannan ɗan wasan shine denner. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gosain |first=Srishti |date=2016-03-10 |title=12 Games Every 90s Kid Played And We Miss These |url=https://www.lifecrust.com/lifestyle/12-games-every-90s-kid-played-and-we-miss-these/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=LifeCrust |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandar Qilla (Baander killa) - Dost Pakistan |url=https://www.dostpakistan.pk/bandar-qilla/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Kabaddi === {{Excerpt|Kabaddi|paragraphs=1}}{{Excerpt|Kho kho}}{{Excerpt|Langdi (sport)|paragraphs=1-2}}{{Excerpt|Atya patya|paragraphs=1|templates=0}} [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gprnnw2qa7qo6mgwu7yin1zprloql83 0 143165 883132 803560 2026-07-15T00:33:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Babbar Mace''' ko '''Babbar Mace''' <ref> {{Cite web |title=Veranda post of enthroned king and senior wife |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/veranda-post-of-enthroned-king-and-senior-wife-opo-ogoga-yoruba-olowe-of-ise-died-1938/HQEDSOdHD7zl_g?hl=en |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=artsandculture.google.com.}} </ref> girmamawa ce da ake amfani da ita ga babbar [[Spouses|matar aure]] a cikin auren mata fiye da ɗaya na Afirka . Matan sarauta da masu sarauta na zamani suna amfani da ita sosai a jihohi a duk faɗin nahiyar ta zamani a matsayin ma'anar aure (misali, Mantfombi Dlamini na eSwatini, wanda ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin babbar matar wani Sarkin Zulu, ya ɗauke ta a matsayin lakabi). <ref>{{Cite web |title=King Zwelithini: Who is Mantfombi MaDlamini Zulu? |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/who-is-mantfombi-madlamini-zulu-new-zulu-ruler-succeed-king-zwelithini/ |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=thesouthafrican.com. |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426083910/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/who-is-mantfombi-madlamini-zulu-new-zulu-ruler-succeed-king-zwelithini/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayani da ƙa'idodi na tarihi == A [[Tsohuwar Masar|zamanin da]], an san babbar matar [[Fir'auna]] a matsayin babbar matar sarki . Tana jagorantar matan mijinta kuma tana yin ayyuka daban-daban na firistoci a masarautar. <ref> Cameron, Averil; Kuhrt, Amélie. ''Images of Women in Antiquity'', 1993, Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-09095-4}} </ref> Babbar matar sarki kuma ana kiranta da ''matar kirki'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of GOODWIFE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/goodwife |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> Mata nagari su ne babbar uwar gida da aka aura musu, kuma sun yi aiki a matsayin shugabannin haramun na gidajen da ake magana a kansu. A tsawon tarihi, kalmar haramun ba ta da cikakken bayani idan aka kwatanta da ma'anonin da ake amfani da su a zamanin yau. A cikin wayewar Musulunci, an bayyana 'Harem' a matsayin yanki na sirri da keɓewa ga matan gida - ko da kuwa sun kasance mata ko a'a. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-28 |title=Harem {{!}} History, Gender Roles & Social Structures {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/harem |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> A Kush da sauran ƙasashen Afirka na lokacin mulkin mallaka, manyan matayen sarauta galibi suna aiki iri ɗaya. <ref> {{Cite web |title=The Queen Mother in the Kingdom of Kush: Status, Power and Cultic Role (PDF) |url=https://www.academia.edu/3049911 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=academia.edu.}} </ref> == Matsayin da ya taka a tarihi == Ɗaya daga cikin manyan matan aure da aka fi sani a duniyar da ta gabata ita ce Nefertari, wacce ta auri Fir'auna Ramesses na Biyu, wanda a matsayin sarauta ya sanya ta zama mutum na biyu mafi ƙarfi a masarautar da ya yi mulki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Who was Nefertari, the most famous ancient Egyptian queen? |url=http://www.historyskills.com/classroom/ancient-history/nefertari/ |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=History Skills |language=en-US}}</ref> Sarauniya ko uwargidan sarki sau da yawa tana da rawar da za ta taimaka mata - kodayake a aikace waɗannan matan suna da tasiri sosai a kan al'amuran masarautun da shugabanninsu suka yi mulki a tsawon tarihi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Conroy |first=William |date=2023-11-07 |title=Queen Nefertari: Ancient Egypt's Royal Wife {{!}} AncientPedia |url=https://ancientpedia.com/nefertari/ |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=ancientpedia.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Babbar Matar tana da ayyuka da yawa, amma mafi shahara ita ce kula da matan sarki, inda ake ajiye matan, amma a wasu masarautu, har ma da inda waɗannan mata da ƙananan yara waɗanda ke da alaƙa da shi suke zama. Nefertari kyakkyawan misali ne na babbar matar sarauta; ta yi tasiri sosai a cikin mulkin Masar, ta shiga cikin al'adar kotu, kuma ta ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga al'adun Masar a matsayin diflomasiyya. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a bayan fage a cikin dangin sarauta, kuma hakan ya nuna fahimtar rawar da Babbar Matar take takawa a yanzu. A lokacin rayuwarta da kuma bayan mutuwarta, Ramesses II ta gina wasu abubuwan tarihi da za su taimaka mata ta tuna da su a matsayin wani ƙarin alama na fitacciyarta. == A yau == Al'adar ƙirƙirar manyan mata, inda ake yawan kiran manyan mata masu aure da yawa na sarakunan Afirka da manyan mutane a matsayin ''Manyan Matansu'', har zuwa yanzu. <ref> {{Cite web |title=The Big Question: What is the history of polygamy and how serious a problem is it in Africa? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/the-big-question-what-s-the-history-of-polygamy-and-how-serious-a-problem-is-it-in-africa-1858858.html |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=independent.co.uk.}} </ref> Baya ga sarauniyar Zulus, masu wannan sarauta sun haɗa da masu ɗauke da siffa ta [[Olori (sunan)|Olori Agba]] ta [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]] da kuma babbar matar Ingwenyama ta [[Eswatini|eSwatini]] . Idan aka ɗauke shi a matsayin kalma ta gama gari ga babban mijin aure a cikin gidan da ke da mata da yawa, al'adun da suka shafi manyan mata sun bambanta; A cikin [[Dokar al'ada|dokar gargajiya]] ta Najeriya, matar da ke ƙarƙashinta da ta raina babban mijinta a cikin gidansa an yi amfani da ita a matsayin dalilin da mijin zai sake ta, yayin da a cikin dokar gargajiya ta Kudancin Afirka, babban mutum da aka sani shi ne wanda aka yi wa laƙabi da gado ta wurinsa. <ref> {{Cite web |last=Isabel Moodley |title=The Customary Law of Intestate Succession |url=https://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/8829/thesis_moodley_i.pdf |access-date=June 16, 2023}} </ref> === Jeri === {| class="wikitable" ! width="100" |Daular ! width="120" | Suna ! width="255" | Miji ! width="300" | Sharhi |- | Gidan Dlamini | LaMatsebula | Mswati na Uku | Sarauniyar [[Eswatini|eSwatini]] (1986 - yanzu) |- | Gidan Zulu | Mantfombi Dlamini | [[Sunan mahaifi Zwelithini|Goodwill Zwelithini]] | Sarauniyar Zulu (1977 - 2021) |- | [[Hannun daji|Gidan Oranyan]] | Abibat Adeyemi | Lamidi Adeyemi III | Sarauniyar [[Oyo (birni)|Oyo]] (1970 - 2022) |- |} == Nassoshi == l592msxk29knsdsvq5t4zmj6bzl8wst 0 143339 882933 832708 2026-07-14T15:27:53Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 882933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Azra Bašić''' ( née Alešević ; an haife ta a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1959) tsohuwar mai gadin sansani ce ta Bosnia a lokacin Yaƙin Bosnia . A lokacin da take aiki a sansanin tsare mutane kusa da mafi yawan matsugunan [[Serbiya|Serbia]] na Čardak kusa da Derventa, Bašić ya yi wa fursunonin farar hula na Serbia duka, ya azabtar da su, sannan ya yi musu mummunan zalunci, sannan ya kashe wani fursuna ta hanyar daba masa wuka a wuya. Bašić ya zo Amurka a shekarar 1994, amma daga ƙarshe aka mayar da shi [[Bosnia da Herzegovina]] a shekarar 2011. A shekarar 2017, an same ta da laifin aikata laifukan da suka shafi fursunonin, aka kuma yanke mata hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 14 a gidan yari. == Bayanin martaba == An haifi Azra Alešević a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1959 a [[Rijeka]], Croatia, Yugoslavia . A lokacin yaƙin, ta yi yaƙi da sojojin Bosnian Croat ( HVO ). Daga Afrilu 1992 zuwa Agusta 1992, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai gadi a sansanonin tsare mutane uku kusa da mafi yawan matsugunan Serbia na Čardak kusa da Derventa . <ref name="TRIAL">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2016 |title=Azra Basic |url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/azra-basic/ |publisher=TRIAL International }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Masu gabatar da ƙara na ƙasar Bosnia sun tuhume ta da azabtarwa da kuma kashe fursunonin farar hula na Serbia a sansanonin daga Afrilu zuwa Yuni 1992. <ref name="LHL" /> A cewar takardun kotu, ta auri Nedžad Bašić a ranar 1 ga Maris 1994, a Bosnia da Herzegovina . Ta yi amfani da sunayenta na farko da na farko da na ƙarshe, da kuma sunayen Azra Kovačević da Issabell Bašić. Ta zo [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a matsayin 'yar gudun hijira a shekarar 1994, daga ƙarshe ta zauna a [[Kentucky]] kuma ta zama 'yar ƙasa . <ref name="DW">{{Cite web |date=27 December 2017 |title=Bosnian court jails Croat ex-soldier Azra Basic for 14 years |url=https://www.dw.com/en/bosnian-court-jails-croat-ex-soldier-azra-basic-for-14-years/a-41951243 |website=DW.com}}</ref> Ta ɗauki aikin yi wa tsofaffi marasa lafiya wanka a gidan kula da tsofaffi kuma ta yi aiki a wani kamfanin abinci [[Nestlé|na Nestlé]] a ƙaramin garin ƙauye na Mount Sterling, inda mazauna yankin suka san ta da "Issabella". An tuhumi Bašić a shekarar 1993, amma [[Interpol]] ba ta same shi ba sai a shekarar 2004. Gwamnatin Bosnia ta gabatar da bukatar mika shi ga Amurka a hukumance a shekarar 2007. <ref name="NYT" /> Gwamnatin Amurka ta nemi ƙarin shaidu, waɗanda masu gabatar da ƙara suka bayar a watan Fabrairu da Afrilun 2010, kafin ta kama ta a shekarar 2011. An gurfanar da ita a gaban kuliya bisa laifin zamba a shige da fice kafin a mayar da ita Bosnia da Herzegovina don a yi mata shari'a a shekarar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2016 |title=Female Bosnian Croat Ex-Fighter Extradited from US |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2016/11/22/female-bosnian-croat-ex-fighter-extradited-from-us-11-22-2016/ |website=BalkanInsight |publisher=BIRN}}</ref> == Laifuka == A cewar shaidu, a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1992, ƙungiyoyin Croat, tare da taimakon rundunonin sojojin Croatia, suka shiga ƙauyen Čardak suka yi garkuwa da mutane da dama na Serbs na gida. Duk da cewa yankin ya fi rinjayen Serb, Croat da Musulmi sun riga sun kafa rundunonin haɗin gwiwa kuma sun yi barazanar kashewa da korar mutanen Serbia. An kai da yawa zuwa wata tsohuwar Cibiyar Sojojin Ƙasa ta Yugoslavia (YNA). [1] An azabtar da fursunonin da ke wurin da abin ya faru da kuma dukansu. Wani shaida ya shaida cewa Bašić ya kawo tutar Croatia mai zane mai zane kuma ya umarci fursunoni su sumbace ta sannan ya sa su ci kuɗin takardar dinari ta Yugoslavia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2017 |title=Female Fighter 'Beat and Tortured' Bosnian Prisoners |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2017/02/17/female-fighter-beat-and-tortured-bosnian-prisoners-02-17-2017/ |website=Balkan Insight |publisher=BIRN}}</ref> Ta sassaka giciye da harafin 'S' a bayan fursunoni da goshinsu da wukake, ta sanya gishiri a kan raunukansu sannan ta tilasta musu lasar ta. Ta kuma buga fursunoni a al'aurarsu kuma ta yi barazanar yi musu kaciya. <ref name="Prusina">{{Cite web |last=Prusina |first=Jovana |date=30 November 2018 |title=Female War Criminals: Untold Story of the Balkan Conflicts |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2018/11/30/female-war-criminals-untold-story-of-the-1990s-conflicts-11-29-2018/ |website=Balkan Insight |publisher=BIRN}}</ref> Wani shaida ya ce Bašić ya tilasta masa shan fetur sannan ya kunna masa wuta da hannunsa. Wasu sun bayyana yadda aka sa su rarrafe rabi tsirara a kan gilashin da ya fashe da igiya a bakinsu da kuma wani soja na Croatia a bayansu. A wani lokaci, an yi wa wani fursuna duka sosai har ya suma. <ref name="Extradition">{{Cite web |date=27 July 2012 |title=In re Extradition of Azra Basic |url=https://casetext.com/case/in-re-extradition-of-azra-basic-1 |publisher=United States District Court Eastern District of Kentucky Central Division Lexington}}{{Dead link}}</ref> An gano cewa Bašić ya kashe wannan fursunan ta hanyar daba masa wuka a wuyansa sannan ya sa wasu su sha jininsa. <ref name="TRIAL"/> Bašić ta sami laƙabi da "Azra Wukake Biyu" domin koyaushe tana da wukake biyu a ɗaure a kan bel ɗinta da kuma takalmanta <ref name="NYT" /> da kuma "Azra Mai Zurfi" saboda muguntar laifukan. <ref name="Prusina" /> An san ta da "uwargidan rai da mutuwa". A ranar 27 ga Disamba, 2017, wata kotun Bosnia ta yanke mata hukuncin daurin shekaru 14 a gidan yari saboda shiga cikin "kisan kai da cin zarafi mara tausayi, azabtar da babban ciwo da kuma keta mutuncin jiki da lafiya" na fararen hula da aka tsare. <ref name="DW"/> Ya haɗa da waɗanda aka tsare a ɗakin rundunar sojojin Yugoslavia da ke Derventa da kuma ƙauyen Polje da ke kusa daga Afrilu zuwa Mayu 1992. <ref name="Dizdarevic">{{Cite web |last=Dizdarevic |first=Emina |date=27 December 2017 |title=Female Bosnian Croat Fighter Jailed for War Crimes |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2017/12/27/female-bosnian-croat-fighter-jailed-for-war-crimes-12-27-2017/ |website=Balkan Insight |publisher=BIRN}}</ref> Wannan ita ce hukuncin da aka yanke wa wata mata da aka samu da laifukan yaƙi a lokacin Yaƙin Bosnia. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] 67erw44qsijxpv7jncjdqgjz709ccdi 8 143707 883071 868846 2026-07-14T21:22:56Z Ammarpad 4826 update 883071 json application/json { "page": "Wikipedia:Hausa Wikimedia Data Support", "year": "2026", "minText": "200", "maxText": "1000", "cycle": "3", "startDate": "2026-08-24", "endDate": "2026-08-31" } 7tevif7iy7aut3t4fiay7yji2zhf8kj 0 144082 882974 805871 2026-07-14T16:59:05Z Usman saadu 46863 882974 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Louisa Nolan''' MM (1898–?) mace ce 'yar Ireland da Sarki [[George V|George na Biyar]] ya karrama ta da lambar yabo ta Soja saboda jarumtakarta da taimakon jin kai a lokacin tashin Ista a Dublin, Ireland a shekarar 1916. == Rayuwa ta farko == Nolan 'yar tsohon shugaban 'yan sanda Nolan ce ta Royal Irish Constabulary. Tana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu, waɗanda suka zama ma'aikatan jinya, da kuma 'yan'uwa uku, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya mutu a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. Iyalin suna zaune a Ringsend, Dublin. Tun tana ƙarama, Nolan ta fito a matsayin 'yar ƙungiyar mawaƙa a Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Gaiety, Dublin . == Tashi daga Ista == A lokacin tashin Ista a Dublin, Birtaniya ta aika da ƙarin sojoji zuwa Dublin don hana 'yan tawaye da ke fafutukar 'yancin kai na Ireland su mamaye birnin. Sun sauka a Kingstown a safiyar Laraba 26 ga watan Afrilu kuma an yi mummunan faɗa a wuraren da 'yan tawaye ke riƙe da su a kusa da Grand Canal yayin da waɗannan sojojin ke ci gaba da zuwa Dublin. An kama sama da Sherwood Foresters 1,000 a lokacin da suke ƙoƙarin ketare magudanar ruwa a Mount Street Bridge. Masu aikin sa kai goma sha bakwai sun sami damar kawo cikas ga ci gaban Birtaniya, inda suka kashe ko suka raunata mutane 240. Duk da cewa akwai wasu hanyoyi daban-daban a kan magudanar ruwa da ke kusa, Janar Lowe ya ba da umarnin a sake kai hare-hare a kan titin Mount Street. [ Daga ƙarshe 'yan Birtaniya sun karɓi matsayin, wanda sansanin 'yan tawaye da ke kusa da Boland's Mills bai ƙarfafa ba, ranar Alhamis, amma yaƙin da ke wurin ya haifar da kashi biyu bisa uku na asarar da suka yi a tsawon mako guda. A lokacin Yaƙin Gadar Mount Street, Nolan ta ba da agajin jin kai ga waɗanda suka ji rauni. A cewar littafin jagorar tawayen Sinn Féin (shafi na 259), ta kula da 'jami'ai da maza da suka ji rauni' yayin da yaƙin ke ci gaba. Ta "shawo kanta cikin nutsuwa ta sha ruwan harsasai ta kai ruwa da sauran abubuwan jin daɗi ga mutanen da suka ji rauni." A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 1917, Sarki George na Biyar ya karrama ta a Fadar Buckingham da lambar yabo ta Jarumai a lokacin Makon Ista, 1916. Kyautar da ta bayar ta ce: "Saboda jarumtakar da ta nuna a kusa da Gadar Canal, Lower Mount Street, Dublin, a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1916, ta fita a ƙarƙashin wuta mai ƙarfi don kula da wani jami'in da ya ji rauni. Misalin jarumtarta ya zaburar da sauran fararen hula su taimaka mata, kuma Jami'in ya kasance ta hanyar shirin Miss Nolan, an ɗauke shi zuwa ɓoye. Miss Nolan ta ci gaba da fuskantar suka na tsawon kusan awanni uku tana taimaka wa Likitoci da Ma'aikatan Jinya wajen kwashe waɗanda suka ji rauni zuwa wuraren tsaro." An aika da labarin jarumtarta da sadaukarwarta zuwa Amurka, inda wata jarida a Chicago ta yi mata lakabi da 'Jarumin Ireland's Bravest Colleen.' [1] Louisa Nolan tana cikin mata 150 kacal da aka ba wa lambar yabo ta Soja ta Burtaniya, [2] girmamawa da ke nuna jarumtaka a fagen daga. Yanzu haka lambar yabo tana kan baje kolin a Gidajen Tarihi na Ƙasa na Arewacin Ireland . [3] [4] A shekarar 2016, Ireland ta ƙara yaba wa Nolan saboda sadaukar da rayuwarta don taimaka wa wasu, inda ta gabatar da tambari don girmama ta a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin abubuwan da suka faru don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na tashin Ista. == Rayuwa daga baya == Bayan tashin Ista, Nolan ta ci gaba da aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo a Landan, inda ta fito a cikin shirin Harry Lauder, Three Cheers, a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Shaftesbury . == Manazarta == <ref>Stair na hÉireann/History of Ireland "LOUISA NOLAN IS HONOURED WITH THE MEDAL FOR HEROISM DURING EASTER WEEK 1916, BY KING GEORGE." [1] accessed 25 February 2019</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1898]] 0kmmj1nh0pd8rhnc4cd6hbkesbki71j 882975 882974 2026-07-14T17:00:37Z Usman saadu 46863 882975 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Louisa Nolan''' MM (1898–?) mace ce 'yar Ireland da Sarki [[George V|George na Biyar]] ya karrama ta da lambar yabo ta Soja saboda jarumtakarta da taimakon jin kai a lokacin tashin Ista a Dublin, Ireland a shekarar 1916. == Rayuwa ta farko == Nolan 'yar tsohon shugaban 'yan sanda Nolan ce ta Royal Irish Constabulary. Tana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu, waɗanda suka zama ma'aikatan jinya, da kuma 'yan'uwa uku, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya mutu a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. Iyalin suna zaune a Ringsend, Dublin. Tun tana ƙarama, Nolan ta fito a matsayin 'yar ƙungiyar mawaƙa a Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Gaiety, Dublin . == Tashi daga Ista == A lokacin tashin Ista a Dublin, Birtaniya ta aika da ƙarin sojoji zuwa Dublin don hana 'yan tawaye da ke fafutukar 'yancin kai na Ireland su mamaye birnin. Sun sauka a Kingstown a safiyar Laraba 26 ga watan Afrilu kuma an yi mummunan faɗa a wuraren da 'yan tawaye ke riƙe da su a kusa da Grand Canal yayin da waɗannan sojojin ke ci gaba da zuwa Dublin. An kama sama da Sherwood Foresters 1,000 a lokacin da suke ƙoƙarin ketare magudanar ruwa a Mount Street Bridge. Masu aikin sa kai goma sha bakwai sun sami damar kawo cikas ga ci gaban Birtaniya, inda suka kashe ko suka raunata mutane 240. Duk da cewa akwai wasu hanyoyi daban-daban a kan magudanar ruwa da ke kusa, Janar Lowe ya ba da umarnin a sake kai hare-hare a kan titin Mount Street. [ Daga ƙarshe 'yan Birtaniya sun karɓi matsayin, wanda sansanin 'yan tawaye da ke kusa da Boland's Mills bai ƙarfafa ba, ranar Alhamis, amma yaƙin da ke wurin ya haifar da kashi biyu bisa uku na asarar da suka yi a tsawon mako guda. A lokacin Yaƙin Gadar Mount Street, Nolan ta ba da agajin jin kai ga waɗanda suka ji rauni. A cewar littafin jagorar tawayen Sinn Féin (shafi na 259), ta kula da 'jami'ai da maza da suka ji rauni' yayin da yaƙin ke ci gaba. Ta "shawo kanta cikin nutsuwa ta sha ruwan harsasai ta kai ruwa da sauran abubuwan jin daɗi ga mutanen da suka ji rauni." A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 1917, Sarki George na Biyar ya karrama ta a Fadar Buckingham da lambar yabo ta Jarumai a lokacin Makon Ista, 1916. Kyautar da ta bayar ta ce: "Saboda jarumtakar da ta nuna a kusa da Gadar Canal, Lower Mount Street, Dublin, a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu, a shekara ta 1916, ta fita a ƙarƙashin wuta mai ƙarfi don kula da wani jami'in da ya ji rauni. Misalin jarumtarta ya zaburar da sauran fararen hula su taimaka mata, kuma Jami'in ya kasance ta hanyar shirin Miss Nolan, an ɗauke shi zuwa ɓoye. Miss Nolan ta ci gaba da fuskantar suka na tsawon kusan awanni uku tana taimaka wa Likitoci da Ma'aikatan Jinya wajen kwashe waɗanda suka ji rauni zuwa wuraren tsaro." An aika da labarin jarumtarta da sadaukarwarta zuwa Amurka, inda wata jarida a Chicago ta yi mata lakabi da 'Jarumin Ireland's Bravest Colleen.' [1] Louisa Nolan tana cikin mata 150 kacal da aka ba wa lambar yabo ta Soja ta Burtaniya, [2] girmamawa da ke nuna jarumtaka a fagen daga. Yanzu haka lambar yabo tana kan baje kolin a Gidajen Tarihi na Ƙasa na Arewacin Ireland . [3] [4] A shekarar 2016, Ireland ta ƙara yaba wa Nolan saboda sadaukar da rayuwarta don taimaka wa wasu, inda ta gabatar da tambari don girmama ta a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin abubuwan da suka faru don tunawa da cika shekaru 100 na tashin Ista. == Rayuwa daga baya == Bayan tashin Ista, Nolan ta ci gaba da aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo a Landan, inda ta fito a cikin shirin Harry Lauder, Three Cheers, a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Shaftesbury . == Manazarta == <ref>Stair na hÉireann/History of Ireland "LOUISA NOLAN IS HONOURED WITH THE MEDAL FOR HEROISM DURING EASTER WEEK 1916, BY KING GEORGE." [1] accessed 25 February 2019</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1898]] qsxhzm7g4qieh2d21pdc5ib0iz4owal 0 145183 882946 839059 2026-07-14T15:41:17Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 882946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arlette Sombo-Dibélé''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba 1958) lauya ce kuma 'yar siyasa a Afirka ta Tsakiya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Dibélé a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba, 1958. Ta sami digirin lauya kuma ta ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a [[Jami'ar Bangui]], inda ta yi digirin lauya mai zaman kanta wacce ta ƙware a fannin shari'a. <ref name="FN">{{Cite web |last=Bissidi |first=Milka |last2=Ngoulou |first2=Fridolin |date=24 January 2023 |title=RCA: le top 10 des centrafricaines qui ont marqué 2022 |url=https://oubanguimedias.com/2023/01/24/rca-le-top-10-des-centrafricaines-qui-ont-marque-2022/ |website=oubanguimedias.com |publisher=Oubangui Medias}}</ref> == Aikin shari'a == Dibélé ta shiga kuma ta yi aiki a Lauyoyin Afirka ta Tsakiya tsawon sama da shekaru goma. Ta kuma yi aiki a Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Afirka ta Tsakiya tsawon shekaru bakwai da watanni huɗu. <ref name="FN"/> Bayan da aka ayyana Touadera a matsayin wacce ta lashe babban zaɓen Afirka ta Tsakiya a shekarar 2020–21, ta sami ɗaukaka ƙara daga 'yan takara 10 kan maguɗin zaɓe kuma ta shigar da waɗannan ƙarar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Myers |first=Paul |date=8 January 2021 |title=Curfew imposed in CAR as opposition parties challenge Touadera's poll win |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20210108-curfew-imposed-in-central-african-republic-as-opposition-parties-challenge-touadera-s-poll-win |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=rfi.fr |publisher=Radio France Internationale}}</ref> A tsawon aikinta na shari'a, ta kasance lauya ga Karim Meckassoua, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeune Afrique |first=Jeune Afrique |title=Centrafrique : les dessous de la destitution de l'opposant Karim Meckassoua |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1215486/politique/centrafrique-les-dessous-de-la-destitution-de-lopposant-karim-meckassoua/ |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=jeuneafrique.com |publisher=Jeune Afrique}}</ref> Dieudonné Ndomaté, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndeke Luka |first=Ndeke Luka |date=28 May 2022 |title=Centrafrique : la Cour d'appel de Bangui acquitte l'ancien ministre Ndomaté et ses 15 coaccusés |url=https://www.radiondekeluka.org/38767-centrafrique-la-cour-d-appel-de-bangui-acquitte-l-ancien-ministre-ndomate-et-ses-15-coaccuses |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=radiondekeluka.org |publisher=Radio Ndeke Luka}}</ref> Juan Rémy Quignolot, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndeke Luka |first=Ndeke Luka |date=30 September 2022 |title=Centrafrique : Juan Rémy Quignolot, remis en liberté provisoire par la justice |url=https://www.radiondekeluka.org/39325-centrafrique-juan-remy-quignolot-remis-en-liberte-provisoire-par-la-justice |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=radiondekeluka.org |publisher=Radio Ndeke Luka}}</ref> Aurélien Simplice Zingas, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndeke Luka |first=Ndeke Luka |date=28 May 2021 |title=" Pour que la justice s'impose, il faut que le pouvoir arrête le pouvoir " |url=https://www.radiondekeluka.org/36995-pour-que-la-justice-s-impose-il-faut-que-le-pouvoir-arrete-le-pouvoir |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=radiondekeluka.org |publisher=Radio Ndeke Luka}}</ref> Thierry Georges Vackat, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndeke Luka |first=Ndeke Luka |date=15 November 2018 |title=RCA : Thierry Georges Vackat remis en liberté provisoire selon sa défense |url=https://www.radiondekeluka.org/32683-rca-thierry-georges-vackat-remis-en-liberte-provisoire-selon-sa-defense |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=radiondekeluka.org |publisher=Radio Ndeke Luka}}</ref> Yvon Konaté, Thierry Savonaroleussa, da kuma Molosa Maleyo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moloma |first=Gisèle |date=11 January 2022 |title=RCA : quand la vie de l'ex-chef d'État-major Ludovic Ngaïfé, celle de l'ancien chef milicien Anti-Balaka Yvon Konaté ainsi que celle de l'ancien ministre Maleyombo, détenus à la prison de camp de Roux, sont menacées, selon leur avocat |url=https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.org/rca-la-vie-de-lex-chef-detat-major-ludovic-ngaife-celle-de-lancien-chef-milicien-anti-balaka-yvon-konate-ainsi-que-celle-de-lancien-ministre-maleyombo/ |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=corbeaunews-centrafrique.org |publisher=Corbeau News Centrafrique}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2022, ta yi nasarar wanke Ludovic Ngaïfé, Maleyombo, Konaté, da Ndomate. <ref name="FN"/> Baya ga haka, ita ce kuma ta kafa wata ƙungiyar farar hula ta Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Farar Hula don Kare Kundin Tsarin Mulki a ranar 30 ga watan Maris, 2016 (G-16). <ref name="DIB">{{Cite web |last=Moloma |first=Gisèle |date=17 August 2022 |title=" La Centrafrique se glisse vers un régime totalitaire ", affirme maître Arlette Sombo Dibelé |url=https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.org/la-centrafrique-se-glisse-vers-un-regime-totalitaire-affirme-maitre-arlette-sombo-dibele/ |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=corbeaunews-centrafrique.org |publisher=Corbeau News Centrafrique}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga watan Yuni 2019, wani da ake zargin jami'an tsaron shugaban ƙasa ne ya jefa mata bam, kuma ta tsira daga wani yunkurin kisan kai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Les Amis de Siloë Centrafrique |first=Les Amis de Siloë Centrafrique |date=8 April 2020 |title=Me SOMBO DIDELE : " L'ARRESTATION ARBITRAIRE DE MON CLIENT SHABAZZ FARI TAHERUKA". |url=https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.org/me-sombo-bidele-larrestation-arbitraire-de-mon-client-shabazz-fari-taheruka/ |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=corbeaunews-centrafrique.org |publisher=Corbeau News Centrafrique}}</ref> Baya ga haka, ta kuma sami barazanar kisa daga wani mai goyon bayan Touadera, Euloge Doctrouvé Koï, a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Corbeaunews Centrafrique |first=Corbeaunews Centrafrique |date=20 September 2022 |title=Maître Arlette SOMBO DIBELÉ, avocate à la cour, menacée d'agression par un criminel notoire du régime |url=https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.org/maitre-arlette-sombo-dibele-avocate-a-la-cour-menacee-dagression-par-un-criminel-notoire-du-regime/ |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=corbeaunews-centrafrique.org |publisher=Corbeau News Centrafrique}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == Sarandji ta naɗa Dibélé Ministar Muhalli, da Cigaba Mai Ɗorewa, Ruwa da Dazuzzuka, Farauta da Kamun Kifi a ranar 11 ga 5 Afrilu, 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Duhem |first=Vincent |title=Centrafrique : ce qu'il faut retenir du nouveau gouvernement dévoilé par Touadéra |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/317433/politique/centrafrique-quil-faut-retenir-nouveau-gouvernement-devoile-touadera/ |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=jeuneafrique.com |publisher=Jeune Afrique}}</ref> A matsayinta na ministar muhalli, [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] ta goyi bayan ƙungiyar da Masar ke jagoranta, wacce ta roƙi ƙasashen da ke da ci gaban masana'antu su kasance masu gaskiya da bin diddigin gudummawar da suke bayarwa wajen ba da kuɗaɗen shirye-shiryen [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]]. Ta kuma amince da [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mamadou |first=Alain-Patrick |title=Arlette Sombo-Dibélé exige les mesures d'accompagnement liés aux changements climatiques |url=https://www.acap.cf/Arlette-Sombo-Dibele-exige-les-mesures-d-accompagnement-lies-aux-changements-climatiques_a7183.html |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=acap.cf |publisher=Agence Centrafrique Presse |archive-date=21 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421060228/https://www.acap.cf/Arlette-Sombo-Dibele-exige-les-mesures-d-accompagnement-lies-aux-changements-climatiques_a7183.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga haka, a taron bita na Green Fund da aka gudanar a ranar 13 ga watan Disamba, 2016, ta ba da shawarar ga masu gudanar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu "su sake duba rubutun shari'arsu kuma su ba da muhimmanci ga samun hanyoyin da za su ba su damar samun kuɗi daga Green Fund." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mamadou |first=Alain-Patrick |title=Des acteurs du secteur privé se préparent pour l'accès au financement du Fonds vert |url=https://www.acap.cf/Des-acteurs-du-secteur-prive-se-preparent-pour-l-acces-au-financement-du-Fonds-vert_a7246.html |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=acap.cf |publisher=Agence Centrafrique Presse |archive-date=21 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421093257/https://www.acap.cf/Des-acteurs-du-secteur-prive-se-preparent-pour-l-acces-au-financement-du-Fonds-vert_a7246.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dibélé ta sauƙa daga muƙamin minista a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba, 2017 kuma ba a saka ta a cikin {{Interlanguage link|Sarandji II Cabinet|fr|Gouvernement Sarandji II}} ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndeke Luka |first=Ndeke Luka |date=13 September 2017 |title=RCA : un nouveau gouvernement dirigé par Simplice Mathieu Sarandji |url=https://www.radiondekeluka.org/29617-rca-un-nouveau-gouvernement-dirige-par-simplice-mathieu-sarandji |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=radiondekeluka.org |publisher=Radio Ndeke Luka}}</ref> Ta yi ikirarin cewa korar ta daga aiki ya faru ne saboda yunƙurin da ta yi na danne satar dukiyar jama'a. <ref name="DIB"/> == Karramawa == Oubangui Medias ta sanya Dibélé a cikin manyan mata 10 na Afirka ta Tsakiya a shekarar 2022. <ref name="FN"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] asq86shck5l60qysmy4lyad9b8omtmx 0 145873 883070 825465 2026-07-14T21:16:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Audrey Maame Esi Swatson (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1997) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-20 |title=22-year-old Audrey Esi Swatson is Ghana's youngest commercial female pilot |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/22-year-old-Audrey-Esi-Swatson-is-Ghana-s-youngest-commercial-female-pilot-791266 |access-date=2021-03-07 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghnewslive |date=2022-01-16 |title=Meet Audrey Maame Esi Swatson, First Black Female Pilot From Ghana Who Owns Her Own Airline Company. - Ghnewslive |url=https://www.ghnewslive.com/2022/01/16/meet-audrey-maame-esi-swatson-first-black-female-pilot-from-ghana-who-owns-her-own-airline-company/ |access-date=2022-06-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520233724/https://www.ghnewslive.com/2022/01/16/meet-audrey-maame-esi-swatson-first-black-female-pilot-from-ghana-who-owns-her-own-airline-company/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ita ce matashiyar matukin jirgi Dan Ghana wacce ta sami lasisin kasuwanci. <ref name="yen">{{Cite web |last=Effah |first=K. |date=2019-01-10 |title=Meet Ghana's youngest female pilot |url=https://yen.com.gh/121058-meet-ghanas-youngest-female-pilot.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301231606/https://yen.com.gh/121058-meet-ghanas-youngest-female-pilot.html |archive-date=1 March 2022 |access-date=2019-03-16 |website=Yen.com.gh – Ghana news. |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Swatson ya fito ne daga Saltpond, wani gari kuma babban birnin Gundumar Mfantsiman a [[Ghana]]" id="mwHA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Central Region, Ghana">Yankin Tsakiya na Kudancin Ghana . Ta sami ilimi na asali a Jami'ar Ghana Basic school da kuma Babban Ilimi a Ghana Christian International High School (Dodowa) inda ta yi karatun General Science . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-18 |title=[Photos] UG Basic School honors Ghana's youngest female pilot, Audrey Swatson |url=https://www.universnewsroom.com/news/photos-ug-basic-school-honors-ghanas-youngest-female-pilot-audrey-swatson/ |access-date=2019-03-16 |website=Radio Univers 105.7FM |language=en}}</ref><ref name="yen"/> Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare tana da shekaru 18, ta sami shiga a Kwalejin Jirgin Sama ta Mach1 a [[Johannesburg]] (Afirka ta Kudu) don bin burinta na zama matukin jirgi.<ref name="ghanaweb">{{Cite web |title=Meet Ghana's youngest female pilot; 21-year-old Audrey who almost ditched her dream |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Meet-Ghana-s-youngest-female-pilot-21-year-old-Audrey-who-almost-ditched-her-dream-713936 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111145250/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Meet-Ghana-s-youngest-female-pilot-21-year-old-Audrey-who-almost-ditched-her-dream-713936 |archive-date=11 January 2020 |access-date=2019-03-16 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-01-08 |title=At 21, Audrey Esi Swatson Is Ghana's Youngest Female Commercial Pilot |url=http://www.businessworldghana.com/at-21-audrey-esi-swatson-is-ghanas-youngest-female-commercial-pilot/ |access-date=2019-07-20 |website=Business World Ghana |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018132626/http://www.businessworldghana.com/at-21-audrey-esi-swatson-is-ghanas-youngest-female-commercial-pilot/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-11 |title=All about Audrey Maame Esi Swatson, Ghana's youngest female commercial pilot |url=https://myinfo.com.gh/2021/04/all-about-audrey-maame-esi-swatson-ghanas-youngest-female-commercial-pilot/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=www.myinfo.com.gh |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216111036/https://myinfo.com.gh/2021/04/all-about-audrey-maame-esi-swatson-ghanas-youngest-female-commercial-pilot/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Maame Esi ta fara tashi a kanta tare da Mach1 Aviation Academy a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2016 lokacin da take da shekaru 19. <ref name="ghanaweb"/> Yanzu tana da lasisi matukin jirgi na kasuwanci ga ka'idodin Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="ghanaweb" /> Ta tashi jimlar awanni 210 na tsawon lokacin da take makaranta har sai da ta sami lasisin kasuwanci.<ref name="pulse">{{Cite web |date=2019-01-11 |title=Meet Audrey Esi, Ghana's youngest female pilot |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/bi/tech/meet-audrey-esi-ghanas-youngest-female-pilot/t8f66t0 |access-date=2019-03-17 |website=www.pulse.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> Swatson ya kafa kamfanin jirgin sama mai suna Excel Aviation Company . <ref name="ghanaweb"/> <ref name="pulse"/><ref name=":0"/> Ya zuwa 2019, ita jami'i ce ta farko tare da Passion Air a Ghana, tana aiki da jirgin De Havilland Kanada Dash 8. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2020 |title=Meet Audrey Swatson: a young female pilot changing the aviation narrative |url=https://thebftonline.com/28/09/2020/meet-audrey-swatson-a-young-female-pilot-changing-the-aviation-narrative/ |publisher=Business and Financial Times}}</ref> == Daraja == Ma'aikatar Jirgin Sama ce ta yi bikin Audrey Esi Swatson.[1] A shekara ta 2016 ta halarci taron da aka tallafawa a Amurka a matsayin matukin jirgi na farko na mata na Afirka ta International Women in Aviation . [2] An zabi ta kuma an girmama ta a Kyautar Afirka ta gaba don Matashi na Shekara (Ghana) [3][4][5] An ba ta lambar yabo ta Matashi Matasa a 2022 Exclusive Men of the Year Africa Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-01 |title=Playback: 7th EMY Africa Awards on Joy Prime - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/livestream-7th-emy-africa-awards-on-joy-prime/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] pq48hashemvz7byqmjuq57ufchui25k 0 146249 883241 812069 2026-07-15T08:31:08Z BnHamid 12586 883241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barbareño''' yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Chumashan, ƙungiyar yarukan 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da ake magana kusan kawai a yankin Santa Barbara, California. Har ila yau, an yi magana da yaren Barbareño a San Emigdio kusa da Tafkin Buena Vista a kudancin Kwarin Tsakiya. Wannan yaren, wanda ake kira Emigdiano, "Buena Vista Yokuts ne ya rinjayi shi sosai". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barbareño |url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/barbareno.php |access-date=2012-11-01 |website=Survey of California and Other Indian Languages}}</ref> Barbareño ya rasa mai magana da yawunsa na karshe a shekarar 1965 tare da mutuwar Mary Yee. <ref name="poser2004status">{{Cite journal |last=Poser |first=William J. |year=2004 |title=On the Status of Chumash Sibilant Harmony |url=http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/dm/featgeom/poser-chumashnew.pdf |journal=Ms., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. |access-date=2010-09-22}}</ref> Dukansu Barbareño da Ineseño a halin yanzu suna fuskantar matakai na farfado da harshe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chumash Language |url=http://www.wishtoyo.org/projects-cultural-chumash-language.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705234344/http://wishtoyo.org/projects-cultural-chumash-language.html |archive-date=2013-07-05 |access-date=2013-05-08 |website=Wishtoyo Foundation}}</ref><ref name=":1"> {{Cite journal |last=Moreno |first=Sarah Koyo |date=2011 |title=Our Ancestors are Happy: Chumash Language Learning at Wishtoyo |url=http://www.heydaybooks.com/news/issues/v24n4toc.html |url-status=dead |journal=News from Native California |volume=24 |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202212515/http://www.heydaybooks.com/news/issues/v24n4toc.html |archive-date=2013-02-02 |access-date=2013-05-08}} </ref> == Sabunta harshe == Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, Majalisar Barbareno Chumash tana cikin ci gaba da kokarin farfado da harshen. Biyu daga cikin mambobinta masu koyon harshe ne da malamai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barbareno Chumash Council |url=http://www.barbarenochumashcouncil.com/id1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822092529/http://barbarenochumashcouncil.com/id1.html |archive-date=2013-08-22 |access-date=2013-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Funded Projects |url=http://www.7genfund.org/funded-projects |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509053046/http://7genfund.org/funded-projects |archive-date=2013-05-09 |access-date=2013-05-08 |website=Seventh Generation Fund for Indian Development}}</ref> Garin Wishtoyo Chumash, a [[Malibu, California]], ya sanar da bude makarantar harshe ta Šmuwič a cikin 2010 . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Chumash Language |url=http://www.wishtoyo.org/projects-cultural-chumash-language.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705234344/http://wishtoyo.org/projects-cultural-chumash-language.html |archive-date=2013-07-05 |access-date=2013-05-08 |website=Wishtoyo Foundation}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Moreno |first=Sarah Koyo |date=2011 |title=Our Ancestors are Happy: Chumash Language Learning at Wishtoyo |url=http://www.heydaybooks.com/news/issues/v24n4toc.html |url-status=dead |journal=News from Native California |volume=24 |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202212515/http://www.heydaybooks.com/news/issues/v24n4toc.html |archive-date=2013-02-02 |access-date=2013-05-08}}</ref> == Fasahar sauti == === Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Sautin sautin barbareño ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Biyuwa ! colspan="2" |Alveolar ! rowspan="2" |Postalveolar / Palatal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Velar ! rowspan="2" |Rashin ƙarfi ! rowspan="2" |Gishiri |- !<small>fili</small> !<small>Mai sibilant</small> |- ! rowspan="3" |Plosive / Africate<br />Rashin lafiya !<small>fili</small> |p |t |t͡s |t͡ʃ |k |q | rowspan="3" |ʔ |- !<small>fitarwa</small> |pʼ |tʼ |t͡sʼ |t͡ʃʼ |kʼ |qʼ |- !<small>da ake nema</small> |pʰ |tʰ |t͡sʰ |t͡ʃʰ |kʰ |qʰ |- ! rowspan="3" |Fricative !<small>fili</small> | | |s |ʃ |x | |h |- !<small>fitarwa</small> | | |sʼ |ʃʼ |xʼ | | |- !<small>da ake nema</small> | | |sʰ |ʃʰ | | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Hanci !<small>fili</small> |m |n | | | | | |- !<small>Glotalized</small> |ˀm |ˀn | | | | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Kusanci !<small>fili</small> | |l | |j |w | | |- !<small>Glotalized</small> | |ˀl | |ˀj |ˀw | | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Harsuna]] 9cmzv96piix366v8ee4ilklut0sfj9v 883245 883241 2026-07-15T08:33:29Z BnHamid 12586 Added external links 883245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barbareño''' yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Chumashan, ƙungiyar yarukan 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da ake magana kusan kawai a yankin Santa Barbara, California. Har ila yau, an yi magana da yaren Barbareño a San Emigdio kusa da Tafkin Buena Vista a kudancin Kwarin Tsakiya. Wannan yaren, wanda ake kira Emigdiano, "Buena Vista Yokuts ne ya rinjayi shi sosai". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barbareño |url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/barbareno.php |access-date=2012-11-01 |website=Survey of California and Other Indian Languages}}</ref> Barbareño ya rasa mai magana da yawunsa na karshe a shekarar 1965 tare da mutuwar Mary Yee. <ref name="poser2004status">{{Cite journal |last=Poser |first=William J. |year=2004 |title=On the Status of Chumash Sibilant Harmony |url=http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/dm/featgeom/poser-chumashnew.pdf |journal=Ms., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. |access-date=2010-09-22}}</ref> Dukansu Barbareño da Ineseño a halin yanzu suna fuskantar matakai na farfado da harshe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chumash Language |url=http://www.wishtoyo.org/projects-cultural-chumash-language.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705234344/http://wishtoyo.org/projects-cultural-chumash-language.html |archive-date=2013-07-05 |access-date=2013-05-08 |website=Wishtoyo Foundation}}</ref><ref name=":1"> {{Cite journal |last=Moreno |first=Sarah Koyo |date=2011 |title=Our Ancestors are Happy: Chumash Language Learning at Wishtoyo |url=http://www.heydaybooks.com/news/issues/v24n4toc.html |url-status=dead |journal=News from Native California |volume=24 |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202212515/http://www.heydaybooks.com/news/issues/v24n4toc.html |archive-date=2013-02-02 |access-date=2013-05-08}} </ref> == Sabunta harshe == Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, Majalisar Barbareno Chumash tana cikin ci gaba da kokarin farfado da harshen. Biyu daga cikin mambobinta masu koyon harshe ne da malamai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barbareno Chumash Council |url=http://www.barbarenochumashcouncil.com/id1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822092529/http://barbarenochumashcouncil.com/id1.html |archive-date=2013-08-22 |access-date=2013-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Funded Projects |url=http://www.7genfund.org/funded-projects |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509053046/http://7genfund.org/funded-projects |archive-date=2013-05-09 |access-date=2013-05-08 |website=Seventh Generation Fund for Indian Development}}</ref> Garin Wishtoyo Chumash, a [[Malibu, California]], ya sanar da bude makarantar harshe ta Šmuwič a cikin 2010 . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Chumash Language |url=http://www.wishtoyo.org/projects-cultural-chumash-language.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705234344/http://wishtoyo.org/projects-cultural-chumash-language.html |archive-date=2013-07-05 |access-date=2013-05-08 |website=Wishtoyo Foundation}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Moreno |first=Sarah Koyo |date=2011 |title=Our Ancestors are Happy: Chumash Language Learning at Wishtoyo |url=http://www.heydaybooks.com/news/issues/v24n4toc.html |url-status=dead |journal=News from Native California |volume=24 |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202212515/http://www.heydaybooks.com/news/issues/v24n4toc.html |archive-date=2013-02-02 |access-date=2013-05-08}}</ref> == Fasahar sauti == === Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Sautin sautin barbareño ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Biyuwa ! colspan="2" |Alveolar ! rowspan="2" |Postalveolar / Palatal<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Velar ! rowspan="2" |Rashin ƙarfi ! rowspan="2" |Gishiri |- !<small>fili</small> !<small>Mai sibilant</small> |- ! rowspan="3" |Plosive / Africate<br />Rashin lafiya !<small>fili</small> |p |t |t͡s |t͡ʃ |k |q | rowspan="3" |ʔ |- !<small>fitarwa</small> |pʼ |tʼ |t͡sʼ |t͡ʃʼ |kʼ |qʼ |- !<small>da ake nema</small> |pʰ |tʰ |t͡sʰ |t͡ʃʰ |kʰ |qʰ |- ! rowspan="3" |Fricative !<small>fili</small> | | |s |ʃ |x | |h |- !<small>fitarwa</small> | | |sʼ |ʃʼ |xʼ | | |- !<small>da ake nema</small> | | |sʰ |ʃʰ | | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Hanci !<small>fili</small> |m |n | | | | | |- !<small>Glotalized</small> |ˀm |ˀn | | | | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Kusanci !<small>fili</small> | |l | |j |w | | |- !<small>Glotalized</small> | |ˀl | |ˀj |ˀw | | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ==Karin Karatu== *{{Cite journal | last = Beeler | first = M. S. | title = Sibilant Harmony in Chumash | journal = International Journal of American Linguistics | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 14–17 |date=January 1970 | doi = 10.1086/465084 | jstor = 1264477 | s2cid = 145163145 }} * Applegate, Richard. (1972). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130422131816/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/documents/dissertations/applegate-1972.pdf ''Ineseño Chumash Grammar.''] (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). * Beeler, M. S. 1976. Barbareno Chumash: a farrago. In Langdon, Margaret and Silver, Shirley, eds. Hokan Studies: Papers from the 1st Conference on Hokan Languages held in San Diego, California April 23–25, 1970, pp.&nbsp;251–270. The Hague: Mouton. * Wash, Suzanne. (1995). Productive Reduplication in Barbareño Chumash. (Master's thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara; 210 + x pp.) * Wash, Suzanne. (2001). Adverbial Clauses in Barbareño Chumash Narrative Discourse. (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara; 569 + xxii pp.) [[Category:Harsuna]] kt8snfgbnfqbfrmdhy52r6zoq7orkb8 0 146443 882944 881898 2026-07-14T15:38:55Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 882944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sarauniya Chong Chin Yee''' ( Chinese ; An haife ta shekarar 1987/1988 ) 'yar kasuwa ce 'yar asalin ƙasar [[Brunei]] kuma 'yar siyasa 'yar asalin ƙasar Sin wadda take cikin membobin Majalisar Dokoki ta Brunei (LegCo) da aka naɗa a shekarar 2023. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=New Legislative Council appointed |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/new-legislative-council-appointed/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=borneobulletin.com.bn |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita ce Shugaba kuma wacce ta kafa shirin tsara tarihin rayuwa ta yanar gizo na Memori. An kuma zaɓe ta a matsayin wacce ta fara karɓar tallafin karatu na Edmund Hillary Fellowship (EHF). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-08 |title=Memori co-founder picked as The Edmund Hillary Fellow |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/2020/12/memori-co-founder-picked-as-the-edmund-hillary-fellow/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210095746/https://borneobulletin.com.bn/2020/12/memori-co-founder-picked-as-the-edmund-hillary-fellow/ |archive-date=10 December 2020 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=borneobulletin.com.bn}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Queenie ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Monash da ke [[Melbourne]], da kuma digirinta na biyu a fannin ilimi a Jami'ar Brunei Darussalam (UBD). Ta kasance tsohuwar mai tallafin karatu daga gwamnati daga Brunei kuma ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu daga shirin gudanarwa na UBD a fannin kasuwanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Queenie Chong |url=https://e27.co/user/queenie/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=e27.co |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma kammala shirin DARe's Accelerate, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa Startup Brunei, wani kamfanin ba da shawara kan harkokin kasuwanci wanda ya ƙirƙiri gwajin shirin UnikLearn don taimaka wa matasa masu nakasa su sami damar samun aiki. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Aaron Wong |date=2021-09-02 |title=Entrepreneurs shine at National Youth Awards |url=https://www.bizbrunei.com/2021/09/entrepreneurs-shine-at-national-youth-awards/,%20https://www.bizbrunei.com/2021/09/entrepreneurs-shine-at-national-youth-awards/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.bizbrunei.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, ta yi rajista a cikin YSEALI Professional Fellowship a [[Seattle]], Amurka, da kuma taron bita na YSEALI Impact eXL a [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-12 |title=Global Entrepreneurship Week |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CWJ6db9sV06/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=United States Embassy, Bandar Seri Begawan}}</ref> Ita ce 'yar kasar Brunei ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin EHF a shekarar 2020. <ref name=":0"/> == Aikin kasuwanci == Queenie ta koyar da tattalin arziki a Cibiyar Horar da Matasa ta Tutong kafin ta fara kamfaninta, <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Thiann Kok Hua |date=2023-02-22 |title=莊靜宜接受本報訪問 |url=https://weareunited.com.my/11944969/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=weareunited.com.my |language=zh-MY}}</ref> kuma ta bar Ma'aikatar Ilimi (MoE) a shekarar 2018 saboda ta yi tunanin cewa kasuwanci yana da mahimmanci wajen haɓaka tattalin arzikin ƙasar da kuma samar da ayyukan yi. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-03 |title=Brunei's 50 most inspiring Linkedin icons 2021 |url=https://thebruneian.news/2022/01/03/bruneis-50-most-inspiring-linkedin-icons-2021/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416175654/https://thebruneian.news/2022/01/03/bruneis-50-most-inspiring-linkedin-icons-2021/ |archive-date=16 April 2024 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=thebruneian.news |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani dandali na kan layi wanda aka keɓe shi kawai ga [[Batutuwan muhalli a Brunei|batutuwan muhalli]] kuma ya kafa Startup Brunei, wani kamfanin jari wanda ke ba da dama ta musamman ga matasa masu nakasa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa, UnikLearn. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=YB Queenie Chong is the Youngest Legislative Council Member Driving Digital Transformation and Entrepreneurial Spirit in Brunei |url=https://youthachievementrecords.com/2023/08/08/yb-queenie-chong-is-the-youngest-legislative-council-member-driving-digital-transformation-and-entrepreneurial-spirit-in-brunei/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=youthachievementrecords.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Tana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa mata ta ASEAN, mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa matasa ta Brunei, kuma memba ce a kwamitin ƙauye na al'ummarta. <ref name=":4" /> Tana cikin mahalarta taron muhalli na ƙasa, wanda ya wakilci Beach Bunch a shekarar 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-13 |title=National Environment Conference 2014 |url=https://asiaincforum.com/documents/nec2014/2014NEC_Participants_List.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406235652/http://asiaincforum.com/documents/nec2014/2014NEC_Participants_List.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=Asia Inc Forum}}</ref> === Memori/Mirath === Membobin dangin sarauta na Asiya sun ba da gudummawa ga zagaye na biyu na tallafin Memori yayin da take shirin ƙaddamar da shi a watan Agusta na 2019 mai sauƙi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aaron Wong |date=2019-07-04 |title=Legacy planner Memori secures investment from Asian royal family |url=https://www.bizbrunei.com/2019/07/legacy-planner-memori-secures-investment-from-asian-royal-family/,%20https://www.bizbrunei.com/2019/07/legacy-planner-memori-secures-investment-from-asian-royal-family/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.bizbrunei.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Memori, ba tare da dandamalin intanet ba tukuna, ta tara dala biliyan 158,000 ( US$ 100,000) daga Asusun Ci Gaban Venture na 113. Kamfanin yana son haɓaka ya zama shagon sarrafa gado na kan layi, yana ba da hanyoyi masu sauƙi don samun ayyukan tunawa, inshora, da wasiyya. Ta rasa [[Kakanni|kakanninta]], wanda ya ba ta kwarin gwiwa ga kamfanin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Prisca Akhaya |date=2018-12-20 |title=Brunei's legacy planning startup Memori raises US$100K funding |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/brunei-legacy-planning-startup-memori-raises-us-100k-120111084.html |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=sg.news.yahoo.com |language=en-SG}}</ref> Queenie ta lashe kyautar Matashiya ta musamman ta shekarar 2021 tare da kasuwancinta na tsara tarihi na Memori, wanda ya samu lambobin yabo guda biyu na saka hannun jari da kuma wasu kyaututtuka na gida da na yanki. A shekarar 2021, an san ta da zama a [[Singafora|Singapore]] don shirin shirya kamfanoni. Daga nan Memori ta gabatar da wani dandamali na yanar gizo, Mirath, wanda ke ba da irin wannan sabis na tsara wasiyya da bayar da gudummawa mai araha, don yi wa kasuwar Musulunci hidima. <ref name=":1"/> Samar da ''wasiat'' (wasiyya), ''hibah'' (kyauta/kyauta), da ''[[Fiqhun Gadon Musulunci|faraid]]'' (gadon Musulunci) ban da janazah ko kayan gudummawar masallatai—wanda daga baya ya tara sama da dala biliyan 10,000 ga iyalai sama da 40 marasa galihu—na daga cikin manyan abubuwan da Mirath ke bayarwa. Duk waɗannan dandamalin an yi su ne don kasuwar Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, inda yawancin mutane ba su da wasiyya kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukar shirin ƙarshen rayuwa a matsayin haramun . <ref name=":1"/> === UnikLearn === Tun bayan ƙaddamar da shirin UnikLearn a watan Yunin shekara ta 2018, ƙarin kamfanoni sun nuna sha'awar ɗaukar masu horarwa na UnikLearn a matsayin masu horo, ciki har da matasa masu fama da Autism. Queenie ta jaddada cewa domin kasuwanci su ci gaba da yin gasa da kuma samar da ayyuka masu inganci ga mazauna, dole ne masana'antu su sake tsara su kuma samfuran kasuwanci dole ne su canza. A cewarta, matsalar ba rashin ayyukan yi ba ce, a maimakon haka rashin daidaito ne a fannin ƙwarewa. A cewarta, "ƙalubalen mu shine tabbatar da cewa babu wani ɗan ƙasar Brunei mai Autism da aka [ba shi] damar aiki mai kyau, musamman waɗanda ke son koyo da kuma samun ƙwarewa waɗanda suka zama dole don biyan buƙatun masana'antar su ta yanzu." <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Scoop |date=2018-12-08 |title='More companies offering internships to Uniklearn trainees' |url=https://www.annurharapan.com/aboutus/press-and-news/%E2%80%98more-companies-offering-internships-to-uniklearn-trainees%E2%80%99/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.annurharapan.com}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == Matsayinta na mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a ya ƙara ƙarfafawa lokacin da [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah]] ya naɗa ta a matsayin memba na LegCo a ranar 20 ga Janairu 2023. <ref name=":5"/> A sabon matsayinta, za ta fi mai da hankali kan haɓaka matasa 'yan kasuwa, ilimin zamani na zamani da fasaha, da kuma ma'aikata da aka shirya don buƙatun nan gaba. <ref name=":4"/> === Zaman LegCo na 19 === Queenie ta yaba wa Majalisar Tsara da Aikin Yi ta Manpower (MPEC), Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Masana'antar Manpower (MISC), da Cibiyar Koyo ta Rayuwa (LLC) saboda kokarinsu na rage rashin aikin yi a tsakanin matasa da masu neman aiki a ranar 5 ga Maris 2023, a lokacin zaman taron LegCo na 19 da rana. Ta jaddada cewa dole ne matasa su kasance masu juriya, sassauci, da kuma iya bayar da gudummawa yadda ya kamata idan aka fuskanci sauye-sauyen fasaha. Domin tabbatar da cewa ma'aikata sun san hakkokinsu kuma kamfanoni suna bin ƙa'idodin aiki na ɗabi'a, Queenie ta kuma lura da mahimmancin magance matsalolin kasuwar aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamad |first=Lyna |date=2023-03-05 |title=LegCo members deliver motion of thanks |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/legco-members-deliver-motion-of-thanks-2/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Borneo Bulletin Online |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Maris shekarar 2023, Queenie ta jawo hankali kan karuwar hare-haren yanar gizo a Brunei, inda mafi yawan wadanda abin ya shafa tsofaffi ne wadanda ke fadawa tarkon masu zamba . Ta damu da sauyin yanayin lamarin kuma tana son sanin yadda Ma'aikatar Sufuri da Sadarwa ta Bayanai (MTIC) ke shirin magance shi, musamman game da al'ummomin da ke cikin mawuyacin hali kamar tsofaffi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Queenie Chong |date=2023-04-18 |title=LegCo 2023 - Ministry of Transport and Infocommunications |url=https://queeniecy.com/blog/leg-co-ministry-of-transport-and-infocommunications-1 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=queeniecy.com |language=en}}</ref> A ƙarshen watan Afrilun shekarar 2023, Queenie ta yi jawabi a Makarantar Chung Hwa Kiudang, inda ta zaburar da ɗalibai su kafa manyan manufofi da kuma yin aiki tuƙuru don cimma su. Ta jagoranci wani zaman tattaunawa inda ɗalibai suka tattauna game da manufofinsu tare da takwarorinsu kuma suka yi amfani da abubuwan da suka faru na kansu don jaddada muhimmancin juriya, himma, da kyakkyawan fata. A lokacin tambayoyi da amsoshi da suka biyo bayan taron, shugaban makarantar Loo Shee Yun ya ce tattaunawar ta yi tasiri sosai ga ɗaliban, tana taimakawa wajen haɓaka imaninsu da burinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kon |first=James |date=2023-08-29 |title=Inspiring young minds |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/inspiring-young-minds/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240801040103/https://borneobulletin.com.bn/inspiring-young-minds/#selection-1187.0-1187.21 |archive-date=2024-08-01 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Borneo Bulletin Online |language=en-US}}</ref> A lokacin taron matasa 'yan majalisar dokoki na duniya karo na 9 a watan Satumba na 2023 a [[Hanoi]], [[Vietnam]], Queenie ta jaddada cewa sadaukarwar Brunei wajen inganta kirkire-kirkire da kuma fasahar zamani. Ta ambaci cewa Majalisar Bincike da Ci Gaban Fasaha da Kimiyya (CREATES), wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2021, tana daya daga cikin hanyoyin da Brunei ke tallafawa sabbin fasahohi, ciki har da manyan bayanai, [[Kirkirar Basira|fasahar kere-kere]] (AI), da intanet na abubuwa (IoT). Domin bunkasa kirkire-kirkire, taimakawa kasuwar dijital, da kuma karfafa masu kirkire-kirkire a fannin fasaha don ci gaban tattalin arziki mai dorewa, Brunei ta kuma kafa dakin gwaje-gwajen kirkire-kirkire na Brunei. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-18 |title=LegCo members share Brunei's commitment to innovation in Hanoi meet |url=https://aipalync.org/storage/documents/main/legco-members-share-bruneis-commitment-to-innovation-in-hanoi-meet_1717490006.pdf |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Legislative Council of Brunei |archive-date=2024-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801044401/https://aipalync.org/storage/documents/main/legco-members-share-bruneis-commitment-to-innovation-in-hanoi-meet_1717490006.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An gabatar da matakan da Brunei ta ɗauka na ƙarfafa mata a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa a taron Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Mata 'Yan Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasashen ASEAN (WAIPA) a watan Fabrairun 2024 a [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]]. A matsayinsu na wakilan Brunei, membobin LegCo, Safiah Sheikh Abdul Salam da Queenie sun shiga tattaunawa da takwarorinsu daga wasu ƙasashe membobin AIPA, suna raba fahimta da mafi kyawun ayyuka. Sun kuma shiga cikin ayyukan gefe kamar WAIPA Project Workshop 2.0 da kuma Mata Political Leaders Forum. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-05 |title=LegCo members join Laos meeting |url=https://www.councils.gov.bn/Lists/News/NDispForm.aspx?ID=1396 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801044420/https://www.councils.gov.bn/Lists/News/NDispForm.aspx?ID=1396 |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Legislative Council of Brunei}}</ref> A lokacin taron Mata a Intanet a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2024, Queenie ta ambaci cewa ƙidayar kamfanoni na shekara-shekara ta 2023 ta nuna cewa adadin mata da ke aiki a fannin bayanai da sadarwa a Brunei ya zarce na maza, wanda ya karu da kashi 8.8% tsakanin 2021 da 2022. Ta jaddada muhimmiyar rawar da mata za su taka a fannin tsaro da fasaha a nan gaba, da kuma muhimmancin tsaro a intanet wajen kare tattalin arzikin dijital na duniya. Queenie ta kuma yaba wa Jasmine Wong saboda kasancewa 'yar asalin Brunei ta farko da ta lashe kyautar "Manyan Mata a fannin Tsaro ASEAN", inda ta nuna rashin wakilcin mata a fannin tsaro a duniya baki daya da kuma fafutukar neman karin shirye-shirye kamar Mata a fannin Tsaro. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-17 |title=Female workforce in ICT grows |url=https://www.councils.gov.bn/Lists/News/NDispForm.aspx?ID=1401&InitialTabID=Ribbon.Read |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801044411/https://www.councils.gov.bn/Lists/News/NDispForm.aspx?ID=1401&InitialTabID=Ribbon.Read |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Legislative Council of Brunei}}</ref> === Zaman LegCo na 20 === Da yammacin ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 2024, Queenie ta jaddada muhimmiyar rawar da tattalin arzikin dijital zai taka wajen mayar da Brunei zuwa Kasa Mai Wayo. An tattauna wannan a zaman LegCo na 20. Ta mayar da hankali kan gabatar da Tsarin Tattalin Arzikin Dijital na 2025 na MTIC, inda ta bayyana goyon bayan gwamnati ga shugabancin dijital, tattalin arzikin kan layi, da kuma intanet na abubuwa. Nan da shekarar 2030, Queenie ta yi hasashen cewa ASEAN za ta karu daga GDP na kimanin dala biliyan 300 zuwa kimanin dala tiriliyan 1 na Amurka, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama tattalin arziki na hudu mafi girma a duniya. Ta yarda cewa annobar COVID-19 ta canza yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na Brunei kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kasuwancin gida, musamman a masana'antar abinci da abin sha. Ta nuna ƙalubalen faɗaɗa tattalin arzikin dijital, tana mai jaddada buƙatar yin cikakken nazari kan tasirin kuɗi da sa ido kan ci gaba ta hanyar dabarun ƙasa. Ta kuma jaddada mahimmancin magance barazanar yanar gizo da haɓaka tsare-tsaren yanar gizo, waɗanda za su iya haifar da damar aiki. Kakakin LegCo, Pehin Dato Abdul Rahman, ya bayyana kyakkyawan fata game da ci gaban tattalin arziki da ke ci gaba da gudana, kuma ya yi fatan samun fahimta mai mahimmanci daga LegCo da kuma daukar matakai masu kyau daga ma'aikatun. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Noor |first=Adib |last2=Faisal |first2=Fadley |date=2024-02-29 |title=Digital transformation key to economic prosperity, growth |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/digital-transformation-key-to-economic-prosperity-growth/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240801072440/https://borneobulletin.com.bn/digital-transformation-key-to-economic-prosperity-growth/#selection-1445.0-1457.552 |archive-date=2024-08-01 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Borneo Bulletin Online |language=en-US}}</ref> Membobin LegCo sun yi muhawara kan shawarar kasafin kudin Ma'aikatar Kudi da Tattalin Arziki (MoFE) na shekarar kasafin kudi ta 2024-2025 a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu 2024, a lokacin zaman LegCo na 20 na taron. Queenie ta yi kira da a yi nazari kan tasirin adadi da inganci na babban kasafin kudi, kodayake ta yarda cewa yana tura sauyin dijital . Ta sake nanata muhimmancin fahimtar ribar da ake sa ran samu daga ayyukan sauyin dijital da kuma yadda ake sa ran za su shafi GDP da sauran muhimman ma'auni kamar ci gaba a tattalin arziki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Noor |first=Adib |last2=Othman |first2=Azlan |date=2024-03-01 |title=LegCo members deliberate fiscal plans |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/legco-members-deliberate-fiscal-plans/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240801040944/https://borneobulletin.com.bn/legco-members-deliberate-fiscal-plans/#selection-1449.365-1449.389 |archive-date=2024-08-01 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Borneo Bulletin Online |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Maris 2024, Queenie ta yi tambaya game da shirye-shiryen da ake ɗauka don haɓaka ambuyat a ƙasashen waje kuma ta ba da shawarar yin aiki tare da sauran ma'aikatu don ƙarfafa ɓangaren sago a Mukim Ukong . A martanin da ta mayar, Minista Ahmaddin ya ce wakilai daga Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Farko da Yawon Buɗe Ido (MPRT), da kuma majalisun shawarwari daga Ukong da Kampong Batu Apoi, suna duba ayyukan haɗin gwiwa don haɓaka ambuyat a ƙasashen waje da haɓaka tattalin arzikin yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Othman |first=Azlan |date=2024-03-03 |title=Minister cites reasons for repeat offenders |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/minister-cites-reasons-for-repeat-offenders/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240801063138/https://borneobulletin.com.bn/minister-cites-reasons-for-repeat-offenders/#selection-1383.246-1383.258 |archive-date=2024-08-01 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Borneo Bulletin Online |language=en-US}}</ref> Minista Mohd Amin Liew ya bayyana a ranar 9 ga Maris 2024 cewa Brunei na shirin bude cibiyar mu'amala ta dijital nan da farkon shekarar 2025. Ya ce domin fara gina kayayyakin da suka dace don hanyar biyan kudi wadda za ta ba da damar biyan kudi ta intanet da ta kasa da kasa tare da tabbatar da ingantacciyar hanyar sadarwa da tsaron yanar gizo, Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Amurka (MoFE) tana aiki tare da bankunan yankin. Dangane da tambayar Queenie game da raguwar ma'amaloli na kudi, ministan ya fayyace cewa cibiyar biyan kudi ta tsakiya za ta hada hanyoyin biyan kudi na yanzu da na gaba, wanda zai kara amfani da walat din dijital kamar Pocket, BIBD QuickPay, da DST Pay tare da baiwa masu amfani da kamfanoni damar yin biyan kudi ta intanet koda kuwa babu asusun banki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Han |first=Shareen |date=2024-03-10 |title=MoFE: Brunei's fiscal deficit unsustainable |url=https://thescoop.co/2024/03/10/mofe-bruneis-fiscal-deficit-unsustainable/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=The Scoop |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-10 |title=Minister highlights robust digital payment infrastructure |url=https://www.councils.gov.bn/Lists/News/NDispForm.aspx?ID=1453&InitialTabID=Ribbon.Read |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801044415/https://www.councils.gov.bn/Lists/News/NDispForm.aspx?ID=1453&InitialTabID=Ribbon.Read |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Legislative Council of Brunei}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Ƙasa za ta ci gaba da ƙoƙarin ilmantar da ɗalibai don samun damar shiga gasa a duniya ta hanyar shirye-shirye daban-daban a fannin ilimi mai zurfi, Minista Romaizah ta yi alƙawari a ranar 13 ga Maris 2024. A martanin da ta mayar wa Queenie a zaman LegCo na 20, ta jaddada muhimmancin haɗin gwiwar masana'antu tare da ambaton shirye-shiryen yanki waɗanda suka sami karɓuwa a duniya, kamar digirin injiniya na farar hula a Jami'ar Teknologi Brunei (UTB) da kuma shirin injiniya na gabaɗaya a UBD. Ta kuma nuna cewa ana bayar da shirye-shiryen ICT guda 62, tun daga takaddun shaida zuwa digiri, daga Makarantar ICT ta Cibiyar Ilimi ta Fasaha ta Brunei (IBTE), kuma an amince da waɗannan shirye-shiryen don tabbatar da cewa ɗalibai sun shirya don saurin ci gaban fasaha. Minista Muhammad Juanda ya ce buƙatar gyara hanyoyin jama'a da ayyukan ci gaba suka lalata kafin bayar da izinin aiki na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da jinkirin bayar da waɗannan lasisin a ranar 18 ga Maris 2024. Bugu da ƙari, ya nuna cewa Hukumar Kula da Gine-gine da Masana'antar Gine-gine (ABCi) tana haɗin gwiwa da sauran sassan gwamnati don haɓaka tsarin aikace-aikacen OneBiz. ABCi ta sami aikace-aikacen 7,380 a cikin 2023, waɗanda aka sarrafa su ta hanyar da ta fara zuwa . Domin inganta yanayin kasuwanci, Queenie ta jaddada mahimmancin haɗin gwiwa mai inganci tsakanin Ma'aikatar Tsaro (MinDef), MoFE, da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida (MoHA). Ministan ya kuma amince da ci gaba da ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa da aka yi ta hanyar kwamitoci kamar Majalisar Amfani da Filaye ta Ƙasa. Ministan, yana ambaton kyakkyawan martanin masu haɓaka gidaje ga wani aiki a Jalan Pemancha, ya jaddada buƙatar haɗin gwiwa don cimma damar kasuwanci. Ya ambaci ci gaba da nazarin amfani da filaye na Tsarin Ci Gaban Ƙasa na 12, da kuma sabuntawa kamar "Tsarin Masu Tafiya a Kafa" da sabbin wuraren shakatawa da aka haɗa a cikin haɓaka gidaje. Ministan ya kuma yi magana game da matsalar masu sayar da kayayyaki a gefen hanya ba tare da izini ba, yana mai jaddada bukatar samun izini da kuma ci gaba da tattaunawa don fitar da 'yan kasuwa daga yankunan zama. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kon |first=James |date=2024-03-19 |title=Issuance of occupational permit delay raised |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/issuance-of-occupational-permit-delay-raised/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240801044347/https://borneobulletin.com.bn/issuance-of-occupational-permit-delay-raised/#selection-1437.312-1437.321 |archive-date=2024-08-01 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Borneo Bulletin Online |language=en-US}}</ref> Queenie ta jaddada muhimmancin haɗin gwiwar ministoci a ranar ƙarshe ta zaman LegCo a ranar 23 ga Maris 2024, domin a kauce wa manufofi marasa inganci da kuma inganta ingancin gwamnati. Domin shirya tsara mai zuwa don yanayin dijital, ta buƙaci Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Amurka (MoE) ta duba manhajar ICT ɗinta tun daga makarantar firamare. Tare da damuwarta, ta ba da shawarwari kan ingantattun dabarun gudanarwa da bincike don isa ga ƙungiyoyin da aka yi niyya da kuma hana fahimtar jama'a game da yadda hukumomin gwamnati ke amfani da dandamalin kafofin watsa labarun yadda ya kamata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-24 |title='Imperative' to review MoE's ICT curriculum |url=https://www.councils.gov.bn/Lists/News/NDispForm.aspx?ID=1513&InitialTabID=Ribbon.Read |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801041818/https://www.councils.gov.bn/Lists/News/NDispForm.aspx?ID=1513&InitialTabID=Ribbon.Read |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Legislative Council of Brunei}}</ref> Ta kuma ba da shawarar kafa kwaleji wanda ke da nufin inganta ƙa'idodin hulɗa da jama'a . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Han Yin Kong |date=2024-03-23 |title=實現更高效率和生產力 莊靜宜籲各部門無縫協作 |url=https://weareunited.com.my/12146198/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=weareunited.com.my |language=zh-MY}}</ref> Queenie ta jaddada muhimmancin koyon kayan aikin lantarki don nan gaba lokacin da fasaha za ta ƙarfafa al'umma a taron [[Ranar mata ta duniya|Ranar Mata ta Duniya ta]] Afrilu 2024 - Tasirin Gaba. Taron, wanda Mata Masu Fasaha Brunei da Google Developer Group Brunei suka shirya tare, ya shaida gabatar da DigiThink, wani shiri da ke amfani da littattafai na kama-da-wane da tsarin ilmantarwa ta yanar gizo don ƙara ilimi game da fasaha a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yin Kong |first=Han |date=2024-04-09 |title=邁向未來科技賦能旅程 莊靜宜：需掌握數位工具 |url=https://weareunited.com.my/12154214/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=weareunited.com.my |language=zh}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-09 |title=LegCo member underlines importance of digital tool mastery |url=https://www.councils.gov.bn/Lists/News/NDispForm.aspx?ID=1520&InitialTabID=Ribbon.Read |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801043323/https://www.councils.gov.bn/Lists/News/NDispForm.aspx?ID=1520&InitialTabID=Ribbon.Read |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Legislative Council of Brunei}}</ref> == Matsayin siyasa == === Inganta ƙwarewar ICT da karatu da rubutu === Queenie ta jaddada muhimmancin samar da tsararrun kirkire-kirkire da za su tsara asalin Brunei da tattalin arzikinta na gaba bayan Wawasan Brunei 2035. Ta ambaci babban matakin shiga shafukan sada zumunta na Brunei, wanda ya zo na hudu a duniya dangane da amfani da kowane mutum, inda ta ambaci Rahoton Bayani na Duniya na Dijital na 2023 a matsayin shaida cewa akwai bukatar a magance karin batutuwa da suka shafi ilimin zamani na dijital. Ta jaddada muhimmancin hada fasaha don inganta yawan aiki da ingancin rayuwa, shirya matasa don ci gaba ta hanyar dijital ta hanyar hada kimiyyar kwamfuta da kuma rubuta bayanai a cikin manhajar karatu ta kasa, da kuma samar wa ma'aikatan gida muhimman dabarun ICT ta hanyar shirye-shirye kamar Tsarin Cancanta na Masana'antu na Brunei ICT (BIICF). == Rayuwa ta sirri == Queenie da ƙanenta sun yi renon su ne a hannun mahaifiyarsu tilo a gundumar Tutong inda mahaifiyarta ta gina musu gida na katako. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshua Chambers |date=2019-11-27 |title=Queenie Chong, Startup Founder, Brunei |url=https://govinsider.asia/intl-en/article/queenie-chong-startup-founder-brunei-next-gen-report |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=govinsider.asia |language=en}}</ref> Duk da cewa ba ta da yawan makaranta, mahaifiyarta ta daɗe tana daraja aiki tuƙuru. Bayan haka, sun ƙaura zuwa [[Kampong Bukit Udal]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin gidaje na gwamnati . Ta ce tsarin taimakon Brunei ne ya sa iyalinta suka tsira daga talauci. <ref name=":3"/> == Ganewa da girmamawa == A tsawon aikinta, ta sami waɗannan abubuwa kamar haka: <ref name=":4"/> === Ganewa === * Kyauta Mai Kyau ga Matasa (2021) <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-07 |title=CALON-CALON PENERIMA ANUGERAH 2020 |url=http://hbk.gov.bn/Shared%20Documents/HBK2021.pdf |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Hari Belia Kengsaan |language=ms}}</ref> * Shahararren LinkedIn 50 mafi ban sha'awa a Brunei (2020; 2021) * Mutane 30 da za a kalla a Kasuwancin Shari'a a Asiya (2020) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Asia Law Portal |date=2020-07-13 |title=30 people to watch in the business of law in Asia in 2020 |url=https://asialawportal.com/30-people-to-watch-in-the-business-of-law-in-asia-in-2020/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=asialawportal.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mata 30 masu kirkire-kirkire a fannin shari'a a Asiya za su biyo baya (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Asia Law Portal |date=2022-05-05 |title=30 women legal innovators in Asia to follow in 2022 |url=https://asialawportal.com/30-women-legal-innovators-in-asia-to-follow-in-2022/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=asialawportal.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Wadanda Suka Yi Nasara a Kasashe na Kyautar Kore ta MCCC-AAET (2014) <ref>{{Cite web |title=ASEAN Green Award |url=https://aaet-asean.org/ASEAN-Green-Award.php |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=aaet-asean.org}}</ref> * Kyaututtukan Kasuwanci na ASEAN (2019) <ref>{{Cite web |title=ABA Awards and Categories |url=http://www.aseanbacbrunei.com.bn/aba/awards-and-categories |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724083144/https://www.aseanbacbrunei.com.bn/aba/awards-and-categories |archive-date=24 July 2024 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.aseanbacbrunei.com.bn |language=en-US}}</ref> === Daraja === * [[Fayil:Excellent_Service_Medal_(PIKB).svg|50x50px]] Kyauta Mai Kyau ta Sabis (PIKB; 25 Yuni 2023) <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thiann Kok Hua |date=2023-06-25 |title=莊靜宜獲頒P.I.K.B勛章 |url=https://weareunited.com.my/11993111/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=weareunited.com.my |language=zh-MY}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k3sp73iox6qsj1nhbaihs9nl0vde676 0 146662 883184 813999 2026-07-15T08:14:21Z BnHamid 12586 883184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Abdul Wahab Isa''' Dan siyasa ne dan kasar [[Najeriya]] wanda ya taba zama memba a [[Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayyar Najeriya]], wadda ke karkashin [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Najeriya]]. == Rayuwarsa ta Farko == Abdul Wahab Isa ya fito ne daga Najeriya. Ya samu ilimi a matakai daban-daban kafin ya shiga harkokin siyasa da hidimar jama'a. <ref>{{cite web |title=ISA, Hon. Abdulwahab Oladimeji – Biography |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/isa-hon-abdulwahab-oladimeji/ |publisher=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=26 Maris 2026}}</ref> == Harkokin Siyasa == Ya shiga siyasa ta hanyar jam’iyyar da yake cikinta, inda daga bisani ya samu nasarar zama memba a Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya. A matsayinsa na dan majalisa, ya wakilci mazabarsa tare da shiga muhawara da tattauna muhimman batutuwan kasa..<ref>{{cite web |title=BREAKING: Wahab Isa Defeat Olododo, Aluko, and Others To Win Ilorin East/Ilorin South Poll |url=https://www.9japarrotonline.com.ng/2022/11/breaking-wahab-isa-defeat-olododo-aluko.html |publisher=9jaParrot Online |access-date=26 Maris 2026}}</ref> == Ayyukansa a Majalisa == A lokacin da yake majalisa, ya shiga ayyukan: * Gabatar da kudirori da shawarwari * Kare muradun mazabarsa * Sanya ido kan ayyukan gwamnati * Taimakawa wajen kawo ayyukan raya kasa a yankinsa.<ref>{{cite web |title=YPP Denies Wahab Issa’s Endorsement |url=https://factualtimesng.com/ypp-denies-wahab-issas-endorsement/ |publisher=Factual Times NG |access-date=26 Maris 2026}}</ref> Haka kuma, wasu rahotanni sun bayyana shi a matsayin jagora mai tasiri a yankinsa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kwara Gov greets Hon. Wahab Issa on birthday |url=https://www.ilorin.info/fullnews.php?id=34229 |publisher=Ilorin.info |access-date=26 Maris 2026}}</ref> == Tasiri == Ya taka rawa wajen wakiltar al’ummarsa a matakin tarayya tare da ba da gudummawa a fannin doka da ci gaban kasa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Yan siyasar Najeriya]] euyczkaqvqvnzy8m9kxpsos4gs20g8d 0 146794 883064 825458 2026-07-14T20:25:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:African_Lace_VLM_02.jpg|thumb|Aso Oke (Ofi) wanda aka dinka a cikin kayan Agbada da Fila]] [[Fayil:African_Lace_VLM_04.jpg|thumb|Tufafin gargajiya na mata na Yarbawa]] '''Aso oke''' ( Yoruba , an furta ''ah-SHAW-lafiya''   ), wanda aka fi sani da '''Òfì''', wani yadi ne da aka saka da hannu wanda ya samo asali daga [[Yarbawa|kabilar Yarabawa]] na ƙasar Yarabawa a cikin Najeriya ta yau, Benin da Togo. Yawancin lokaci maza ne ke saka shi, ana amfani da yadin don yin rigunan maza, waɗanda ake kira ''agbada'' da huluna, waɗanda ake kira ''fila'', da kuma naɗaɗɗen yadin mata na Yarabawa da ake kira ''Iro'' da rigar mata ta Yarabawa da ake kira Buba da riga mai suna Komole, da kuma ɗaure kai, wanda ake kira ''gele'' da sauransu. [[Fayil:Aso_oke.jpg|thumb|Wani dan kabilar Yarbawa a Aso Oke (Ofi) ya dinka a cikin Gbariye]] [[Fayil:PXL_20230218_073755925.NIGHT.jpg|thumb|Yadin Lime Aso-oke]] ''Aso oke'' ta fito ne daga al'adun Yarabawa a jihohin [[Kwara (Jiha)|Kwara]], [[Jihar Kogi|Kogi]], [[Ondo (jiha)|Ondo]], [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]], [[Jihar Ogun|Ogun]], [[Ekiti]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Lagos]], da [[Osun]] a yammacin Najeriya da sauran sassan [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yarabawa]], inda garin [[Iseyin (birni)|Iseyin]], a jihar Oyo, a tarihi aka san shi a matsayin babban cibiyar samar da kayayyaki. [[Fayil:Aso-oke_weaving.jpg|thumb|Mace tana amfani da dabarun saka Aso Oke a aikace]] Hanyar yin yadin ya kasance iri ɗaya tsawon ƙarni, duk da haka an yi nazari kan sabbin dabaru da hanyoyin samarwa don kawar da nauyi da kauri na yadin aso oke. Yadi masu sauƙi suna sa wannan rigar ta fi sauƙi don sawa ta yau da kullun, saboda yawancin saƙa na aso oke na gida ba su dace da wasu yanayi na musamman ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agbadudu |first=A.B. |last2=Ogunrin |first2=F.O. |date=January 2006 |title=Aso-oke: a Nigerian classic style and fashion fabric |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/13612020610651150/full/html |journal=Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=97–113 |doi=10.1108/13612020610651150 |issn=1361-2026 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ojo |first=Emmanuel Bankole |date=2007 |title=Printing Contemporary Handwoven Fabrics (Aso-oke) in Southwestern Nigeria |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25224104 |journal=Design Issues |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=31–39 |doi=10.1162/desi.2007.23.2.31 |issn=0747-9360 |jstor=25224104 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Nau'ikan aso oke == Sauran hanyoyin da masu zane-zane suka sanya wannan tsohon zane na gargajiya ya zama na zamani shine "yin amfani da tsarin zane da haɗa launukan dabbobi da na fure zuwa siffofi na grid da geometry, waɗanda suka dace da aikace-aikacen ƙirar kwamfuta." Tushen ƙarin launukan gargajiya zai samo asali ne daga tatsuniyoyi da almara. * Nau'in ''Sanyan'' : an saka shi da zaren auduga na anaphe. Nau'in ''sanyan'' yawanci yana zuwa da launin ruwan kasa ko launin ruwan kasa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Daniels |first=Camryn |date=2023-10-16 |title=Immerse yourself in Aso Oke |url=https://www.slam.org/blog/immerse-yourself-in-aso-oke/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Saint Louis Art Museum |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=fagbemijo |date=2014-05-22 |title="Indigenous Yoruba Aso Oke: The Vintage – Types And Their Significance" by Aderonke Adesola Adesanya |url=https://oyekuofun.org/2014/05/22/indigenous-yoruba-aso-oke/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=Oyeku Ofun Temple |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717212617/https://oyekuofun.org/2014/05/22/indigenous-yoruba-aso-oke/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Nau'in ''Alaari'' : an saka shi da audugar roba ko ta gargajiya ko kuma zare mai sheƙi, wani lokacin kuma ana yin sa da siffofi masu ramuka. ''Alaari'' yawanci ana yin sa ne da launin ja mai zurfi ko shunayya mai haske. <ref name=":0" /> * Nau'in ''Etu'' : yana ɗauke da launuka masu duhu na indigo tare da ƙananan ratsi fari waɗanda aka lura da su saboda sauƙinsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bankole Ojo |first=Emmanuel |date=Spring 2007 |title=Printing Contemporary Handwoven Fabrics (Aso-Oke) in Southwestern Nigeria |journal=Design Issues |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=31–39 |doi=10.1162/desi.2007.23.2.31 |s2cid=57568755}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agbadudu |first=A.B. |date=2006 |title=Aso-Oke: a Nigerian classic style and fashion fabric |journal=Journal of Fashion and Marketing and Management |volume=10 |pages=97–113 |doi=10.1108/13612020610651150 |via=Emerald}}</ref> * ''Opa aro:'' wani zane mai launin shuɗi mai duhu da aka saka a cikin launi mai ƙarfi wanda aka karya tare da layin kore. <ref name="fagbemijo">{{Cite web |last=fagbemijo |date=2014-05-22 |title="Indigenous Yoruba Aso Oke: The Vintage – Types And Their Significance" by Aderonke Adesola Adesanya |url=https://oyekuofun.org/2014/05/22/indigenous-yoruba-aso-oke/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Oyeku Ofun Temple |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717212617/https://oyekuofun.org/2014/05/22/indigenous-yoruba-aso-oke/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Ifun ko fu'' : haɗin zane mai launin ruwan kasa mai haske da shuɗi mai launin ruwan kasa. <ref name="fagbemijo" /> * ''Waka'' : kyalle mai kauri baki mai lanƙwasa ɗaya ko biyu na ja. <ref name="fagbemijo" /> * ''Aso-ipo, ifale, abata, da aponuponyin wa]'' anda jajayen tufafin saqa ne <ref name="fagbemijo" /> Aso Oke yana zuwa da launuka daban-daban. Ana iya sawa yadin Aso oke tare da wasu yadin Yarabawa, kamar Aran, yadin velvet mai zane mai ma'ana. == Tufafin mata na Yarabawa == Idan mutane suka yi maganar aso oke, yawanci suna nufin tufafin gargajiya na mata na Yarabawa, wanda ya ƙunshi sassa huɗu: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aso-Oke {{!}} Heritage Aso Oke |url=https://asooke.com.ng/www2/asooke.html |access-date=2020-05-24 |website=asooke.com.ng}}</ref> * ''Buba'' : rigar Yarbawa * ''Iro'' : siket mai ɗaurewa * ''Gel'' : ɗaure kai * ''Iborun'' ko ''ipele'' : shawl ko sash na kafada Koyaya tufafin mata na Yoruba ana yin su ne daga kayan gargajiya daban-daban na Yorube, ba kawai Aso oke ba, wannan ya haɗa da [[Adire (ƙwarewar zane-zane)|Adire]], Seghosen, Aso Olona da kuma nau'ikan Lace da Ankara. Har ila yau tufafin mata na Yoruba sun haɗa da Pakaja / Kaja da gashin gashi. == Tufafi na yau da kullun == Yarabawa a faɗin duniya suna sanya kayan ado na oke don bukukuwa na musamman, gami da bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan aure, jana'iza da kuma bukukuwan sarauta na shugabanni. Duk mabiya [[addinin Yarabawa]] suna sanya kayan ado na oke da huluna. Ana amfani da Aso oke, musamman nau'in ''etu'' a cikin abin rufe fuska [[Egungun|na Egungun]] . Ana sanya kayan da aka wakilta kusa da fatar mai rufe fuska, yana da kama da abin rufe fuska wanda aka naɗe mamacin a ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fitzgerald |first=Mary Ann |last2=Drewal |first2=Henry J. |last3=Okediji |first3=Moyo |date=1995 |title=Transformation through Cloth: An Egungun Costume of the Yoruba |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3337226 |journal=African Arts |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=55–57 |doi=10.2307/3337226 |issn=0001-9933 |jstor=3337226 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Dabaru da kayan da aka yi amfani da su wajen yin Aso-Oke == Zaɓin launin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen yin ƙirar Aso-Oke daban-daban yana nuna ɓangarorin imani da rayuwar mutanen [[Al'adun Yarbawa|Yarbawa]] kuma yawanci ana bazuwa daga tsara zuwa tsara a cikin zuri'a. Tsarin yana wakiltar nau'ikan sadarwa marasa magana tare da kowane ƙira yana ba da labari. A al'ada, kayan da aka yi amfani da su a baya ana samo su ne daga gida kuma sun haɗa da auduga ta asali, siliki daga kukumin caterpillar, da zare da aka rina da indigo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=HQ |first=CIAFE |date=2024-01-17 |title=Aso Oke: The Intricate Weaving Traditions of the Yoruba People |url=https://www.ciafe.org/post/aso-oke-the-intricate-weaving-traditions-of-the-yoruba-people |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=CIAFE |language=en |archive-date=2024-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317151753/https://www.ciafe.org/post/aso-oke-the-intricate-weaving-traditions-of-the-yoruba-people |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kayan aikin ƙira na yadi don saka sun haɗa da Akata (propeller), Iye (mai tsayin tayoyi), Akawo (mai gajeren tayoyi), Gowu da Kikgun (mai birgima), Aasa (mai bugawa), Omu (mai faɗaɗawa da ake amfani da shi wajen riƙe reel), da Sanrin (fegi na ƙarfe). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akin-dada |date=2021-03-11 |title=Did you know? The art of Aso-oke making - Asoebi Guest Fashion |url=https://asoebiguest.com/culture/did-you-know-the-art-of-aso-oke-making/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=asoebiguest.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan dabarar ta ƙunshi matakai da dama, waɗanda suka haɗa da shirya zaren, wanda a mafi yawan lokuta ana yin sa ne da auduga ko siliki mai rini, saita kayan laƙabi, sannan a saƙa masakar. Ana yin audugar da ake amfani da ita wajen yin Aso-oke da hannu zuwa zare wanda aka haɗa shi da sauran kayan da ake samarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=A close-up on Aso-Oke of the Yoruba |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/a-close-up-on-aso-oke-of-the-yoruba/ZgWB6Y0ZViQKJw |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> don zaren ana yin sa ne da kayan halitta kamar fatar albasa da haushi, bayan haka ana yin zaren a birgima a kan bobbins. Bayan an yi Zaren, ana sanya kayan laƙabi zuwa firam biyu waɗanda suka ƙunshi ginshiƙai biyu a tsaye da katako mai kwance. Zaren daga kayan laƙabi, wanda ke gudana a tsaye, ana ɗaure shi a kan katako kuma ana zare shi ta ƙananan firam ɗin ƙarfe ko na katako da ake kira heddles, waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen sarrafa zaren laƙabi. Zaren da ke gudana a kwance (wanda ake kira saƙa) ana saka su cikin masakar tare da amfani da abin hawa ta hanyar dabara da aka sani da pick and pick, wanda ya haɗa da canzawa tsakanin zaren laƙabi biyu, don haka ana yin tsari ta hanyar yin hakan akan masakar . <ref>{{Cite web |last=chloe |date=2023-06-11 |title=The Traditional Crafts of Nigerian Aso Oke: Handwoven Textiles and Yoruba Heritage |url=https://www.momentslog.com/culture/the-traditional-crafts-of-nigerian-aso-oke-handwoven-textiles-and-yoruba-heritage |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=Moments Log |language=en-US}}</ref> == Nassoshi == bpfhi84d1ogbl76vvjxko0emmeolhxj 0 146934 883221 815552 2026-07-15T08:25:27Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[Marcelo Brozoviç]] to [[Marcelo Brozović]] 815552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Marcelo Brozović | full_name = Marcelo Brozović | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|11|16}} | birth_place = Zagreb, Croatia | height = 1.81 m | position = Tsakiya (Midfielder) | currentclub = Al Nassr | clubnumber = 77 | youthyears1 = 2002–2010 | youthclubs1 = Hrvatski Dragovoljac | years1 = 2010–2012 | clubs1 = Hrvatski Dragovoljac | caps1 = 64 | goals1 = 9 | years2 = 2012–2015 | clubs2 = Lokomotiva | caps2 = 30 | goals2 = 7 | years3 = 2015 | clubs3 = Dinamo Zagreb | caps3 = 14 | goals3 = 1 | years4 = 2015–2023 | clubs4 = Inter Milan | caps4 = 261 | goals4 = 25 | years5 = 2023– | clubs5 = Al Nassr | caps5 = | goals5 = | nationalyears1 = 2014–2022 | nationalteam1 = Croatia | nationalcaps1 = 99 | nationalgoals1 = 7 }} '''Marcelo Brozović''' (an haife shi 16 ga Nuwamba 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Croatia]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin ɗan tsakiya ga ƙungiyar [[Al Nassr]] ta ƙasar Saudiyya. Ana masa laƙabi da “Brozo”.<ref>FIFA Player Profile: Marcelo Brozović</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Brozović a birnin Zagreb na ƙasar Croatia, inda ya fara buga ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami a makarantar koyon ƙwallon ƙafa ta Hrvatski Dragovoljac.<ref>Croatian Football Federation Profile</ref> == Aikin Ƙungiya == Brozović ya fara taka leda a babbar ƙungiya ta Hrvatski Dragovoljac a shekarar 2010 kafin ya koma Lokomotiva da Dinamo Zagreb.<ref>GNK Dinamo Official Records</ref> A shekarar 2015 ya koma [[Inter Milan]] a matsayin aro kafin daga bisani ya zama cikakken ɗan wasa na ƙungiyar. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa Inter ta lashe gasar Serie A ta kakar 2020–21.<ref>Serie A Official Statistics 2020–21</ref> Haka kuma ya taimaka musu kai wa wasan ƙarshe na UEFA Champions League a kakar 2022–23.<ref>UEFA Champions League Match Records 2023</ref> A watan Yuli 2023, Brozović ya koma [[Al Nassr]] ta Saudiyya domin ci gaba da aikinsa a gasar Saudi Pro League.<ref>Saudi Pro League Transfer News 2023</ref> == Aikin Ƙasa == Brozović ya fara wakiltar tawagar ƙasar Croatia a 2014. Ya kasance cikin tawagar da ta kai wasan ƙarshe na Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2018 inda suka zo na biyu.<ref>2018 FIFA World Cup Final Report</ref> Haka kuma ya taka leda a Euro 2016, Euro 2020 da kuma Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2022.<ref>UEFA Euro and FIFA Records</ref> == Nasarori == ; Inter Milan * Serie A: 2020–21 * Coppa Italia: 2021–22, 2022–23 * Supercoppa Italiana: 2021, 2022 ; Croatia * Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya (Na biyu): 2018 == Manazarta == <references/> biufsiavkl351rt5sfagb6hj2essnwg 883223 883221 2026-07-15T08:25:57Z BnHamid 12586 883223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Marcelo Brozović | full_name = Marcelo Brozović | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|11|16}} | birth_place = Zagreb, Croatia | height = 1.81 m | position = Tsakiya (Midfielder) | currentclub = Al Nassr | clubnumber = 77 | youthyears1 = 2002–2010 | youthclubs1 = Hrvatski Dragovoljac | years1 = 2010–2012 | clubs1 = Hrvatski Dragovoljac | caps1 = 64 | goals1 = 9 | years2 = 2012–2015 | clubs2 = Lokomotiva | caps2 = 30 | goals2 = 7 | years3 = 2015 | clubs3 = Dinamo Zagreb | caps3 = 14 | goals3 = 1 | years4 = 2015–2023 | clubs4 = Inter Milan | caps4 = 261 | goals4 = 25 | years5 = 2023– | clubs5 = Al Nassr | caps5 = | goals5 = | nationalyears1 = 2014–2022 | nationalteam1 = Croatia | nationalcaps1 = 99 | nationalgoals1 = 7 }} '''Marcelo Brozović''' (an haife shi 16 ga Nuwamba 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Croatia]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin ɗan tsakiya ga ƙungiyar [[Al Nassr]] ta ƙasar Saudiyya. Ana masa laƙabi da “Brozo”.<ref>FIFA Player Profile: Marcelo Brozović</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Brozović a birnin Zagreb na ƙasar Croatia, inda ya fara buga ƙwallo tun yana ƙarami a makarantar koyon ƙwallon ƙafa ta Hrvatski Dragovoljac.<ref>Croatian Football Federation Profile</ref> == Aikin Ƙungiya == Brozović ya fara taka leda a babbar ƙungiya ta Hrvatski Dragovoljac a shekarar 2010 kafin ya koma Lokomotiva da Dinamo Zagreb.<ref>GNK Dinamo Official Records</ref> A shekarar 2015 ya koma [[Inter Milan]] a matsayin aro kafin daga bisani ya zama cikakken ɗan wasa na ƙungiyar. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa Inter ta lashe gasar Serie A ta kakar 2020–21.<ref>Serie A Official Statistics 2020–21</ref> Haka kuma ya taimaka musu kai wa wasan ƙarshe na UEFA Champions League a kakar 2022–23.<ref>UEFA Champions League Match Records 2023</ref> A watan Yuli 2023, Brozović ya koma [[Al Nassr]] ta Saudiyya domin ci gaba da aikinsa a gasar Saudi Pro League.<ref>Saudi Pro League Transfer News 2023</ref> == Aikin Ƙasa == Brozović ya fara wakiltar tawagar ƙasar Croatia a 2014. Ya kasance cikin tawagar da ta kai wasan ƙarshe na Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2018 inda suka zo na biyu.<ref>2018 FIFA World Cup Final Report</ref> Haka kuma ya taka leda a Euro 2016, Euro 2020 da kuma Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2022.<ref>UEFA Euro and FIFA Records</ref> == Nasarori == ; Inter Milan * Serie A: 2020–21 * Coppa Italia: 2021–22, 2022–23 * Supercoppa Italiana: 2021, 2022 ; Croatia * Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya (Na biyu): 2018 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1992]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 8uzsk2fi56np10z5osfwu5eaxoiv02i 0 147005 882976 816051 2026-07-14T17:03:37Z Usman saadu 46863 882976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yoriko Kawaguchi''' (川口 順子, Kawaguchi Yoriko; an haife ta 14 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1941) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan kuma tsohuwar masaniyar tattalin arziki. Ta rike mukamin Ministar Harkokin Waje ta Japan daga shekara ta 2002 zuwa 2004, sannan ta ci gaba da zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman kan harkokin waje ga Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokaci, Junichiro Koizumi daga 2004 zuwa 2005. Mamba ce ta jam’iyyar Liberal Democratic Party, kuma a baya ta taba zama Ministar Muhalli ta Japan daga 2000 zuwa 2002. Haka kuma ta kasance mamba a Majalisar Dattawa (House of Councillors) a karkashin jam’iyyar Liberal Democratic Party daga 2005 zuwa 2013. A watan Yuli 2008, an nada ta a matsayin shugabar hadin gwiwa (co-chair) na wata sabuwar Hukumar Kasa da Kasa kan hana yaduwar makaman nukiliya da kuma kwance damarar su, tare da tsohon Ministan Harkokin Wajen Ostiraliya, Gareth Evans. A halin yanzu, farfesa ce a Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya ta Meiji, Jami’ar Meiji University da ke Tokyo.<ref name="mofa">{{Cite web |title=Northeast Asia Regional Meeting of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/event/2009/5/1192015_1158.html |access-date=14 April 2014 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}</ref> A halin yanzu, farfesa ce a [[Meiji Institute for Global Affairs|Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya ta Meiji]], Jami'ar Meiji da ke Tokyo. <ref name="us">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://us-jf.org/about-the-foundation/board-and-staff/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150045/http://us-jf.org/about-the-foundation/board-and-staff/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=United States-Japan Foundation}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == [[Fayil:Donald_H._Rumsfeld_and_Yoriko_Kawaguchi_pose_for_a_photograph.jpg|left|thumb|Ganawar Kawaguchi da Sakataren Tsaron Amurka na wancan lokacin Donald Rumsfeld]] [[Fayil:Putin-Kawaguchi_meeting_02.jpg|left|thumb|Ganawar Kawaguchi da Shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] (14 Oktoba 2002)]] An haifi Yoriko Kawaguchi a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 1941 a [[Tokyo]], Daular Japan (yanzu [[Japan]] ). A lokacin yarinta, lokacin tana da shekaru huɗu, ita da iyalinta sun tsira daga hare-haren bama-bamai a [[Tokyo]] a lokacin [[Yakin Pacific|Yaƙin Asiya da Pacific]] a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, duk da cewa ita da iyalinta suna zaune a Tokyo a duk lokacin yaƙin. A shekarar 1960, tana da shekaru 19, ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Jami'ar Ilimi ta Tokyo (yanzu Makarantar Sakandare ta Junior da Senior a Komaba, Jami'ar Tsukuba ). Wasu daga cikin abokan karatunta na makarantar sakandare sun haɗa da Nobuo Habeyanagi (tsohon Shugaban Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group ), [[:ja:島村英紀|Hideki Shimamura]] (tsohon Daraktan Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙasa kan Polar ), [[:ja:星出豊|Yutaka Hoshide]] (Farfesa a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Showa ), Hajime Matsumoto (likitan jijiyoyin jini), da Yozo Yokota (tsohon Mai Ba da Shawara na Musamman ga Shugaban Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ). A farkon shekarar 1965, tana da shekaru 24, ta kammala karatun digirinta a fannin hulda da kasashen duniya daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Tokyo . A watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar, ta fara aiki a Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Japan . A shekarar 1972, tana da shekaru 31, ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Yale, inda aka ba ta damar yin aiki a Bankin Duniya, kuma ta zama memba a Majalisar Shugaban Kasa kan Ayyukan Kasa da Kasa . A shekarar 1990, Kawaguchi ta yi aiki a matsayin Minista a Ofishin Jakadancin Japan a Amurka. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Harkokin Muhalli na Duniya a Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Duniya (wanda yanzu haka ita ce Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki, Ciniki, da Masana'antu ta Japan ) tsakanin 1992 da 1993 kafin ta zama Manajan Darakta na Suntory Holdings Ltd. a watan Satumba na 1993. An kuma nada ta a matsayin Darakta Janar na Sashen Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na Ofishin Manufofin Ciniki. A shekara ta 2000, ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Muhalli, wanda Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokacin Yoshiro Mori ya naɗa. <ref name="ocean">{{Cite web |title=Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Global Ocean Commission}}</ref> Duk da haka, yayin da take kan mulki, a ranar 6 ga Janairu 2001, gwamnatin Japan ta sanar da cewa Hukumar Muhalli ta canza zuwa Ma'aikatar Muhalli, inda matsayin Darakta Janar ya zama Ministan Muhalli . Wannan wani ɓangare ne na babban ƙoƙari na ƙarfafa gudanar da muhalli, wanda ya haɗa da faɗaɗa nauyin ma'aikatar, ma'aikata, da kuma mai da hankali kan batutuwan muhalli na duniya. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin da ta yi, ta halarci a matsayin wakiliyar Japan a taron sauyin yanayi da aka gudanar a Bonn, [[Jamus]], inda ta yi nasarar ɗage takunkumin da Japan ta kakaba wa [[yarjejeniyar Kyoto]] . Kafin wa'adinta na Ministar Muhalli, a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2002, an naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje ta Japan, wacce Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokacin Junichiro Koizumi ya naɗa, mukamin da ta riƙe har zuwa lokacin da ta yi murabus a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2004 saboda sauƙaƙe sake tsara majalisar ministoci, kuma Nobutaka Machimura ya gaje ta. An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Kansiloli a shekarar 2005, inda ta yi wa'adi biyu har zuwa 2013. A cikin shekarunta na memba a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Babban Taron 'yan jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a Majalisar Dattawa. Ta kuma zama darakta kuma shugabar Kwamitin Muhalli, darektan Kwamitin Kasafin Kuɗi da kuma daraktan Kwamitin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Kawaguchi ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Tallafawa LDP Okinawa, da kuma shugabar Kwamitin Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan Hana Yaɗuwar Makamai da Kwantar da Hankali da kuma memba a kwamitin Majalisar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya ta Gidauniyar Matasan Shugabannin Duniya a 2008. A halin yanzu, ita memba ce a Kwamitin CSR na Gidauniyar Tokyo . <ref name="tokyof">{{Cite web |title=Kawaguchi, Yoriko |url=http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/experts/k/kawaguchi-yoriko |access-date=13 April 2014 |website=Professor |publisher=The Tokyo Foundation}}</ref> <ref name="ocean">{{Cite web |title=Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Global Ocean Commission}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ "Yoriko Kawaguchi"]. Global Ocean Commission. Archived from [http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ the original] on 13 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2011, wata guda kacal bayan girgizar ƙasa mai tsanani, tsumami, da bala'in nukiliya a Japan, Kawaguchi ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar bincike mai zaman kanta, tana adawa da shawarar rage tallafin ci gaba na hukuma don tara kuɗi don sake ginawa bayan rikicin bala'i sau uku. Tun daga wannan shekarar, ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta a [[Sasakawa Peace Foundation|Gidauniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Sasakawa]] . Bayan zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na 2013, Kawaguchi ta yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga harkokin siyasa. === Takaddama === An kori Kawaguchi, wacce a wancan lokacin babbar 'yar majalisa ce a jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party mai mulki, daga mukaminta na shugabar Kwamitin Muhalli na Majalisar Kansiloli lokacin da Majalisar Dattawa ta Japan ta zartar da kudurin korarta daga aiki a watan Mayun 2013. Wannan ya faru ne saboda tsawaita zamanta a [[Sin|China]] ba tare da izini ba, wanda hakan ya sa kwamitin da ta jagoranta ya soke zaman da aka tsara. Kawaguchi ta sami amincewar majalisar dokokin Japan ta tafi China daga ranar 23 zuwa 24 ga Afrilu don halartar wani taro amma ba tare da izinin farko ba, ta tsawaita wa'adin kwana ɗaya don ganawa da jami'in manufofin ƙasashen waje na Majalisar Jiha Yang Jiechi . Kawaguchi ta nemi afuwa ga [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzō Abe]], wanda kuma shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar LDP, game da hutun da ta yi ba tare da sanarwa ba, amma ta yi zargin cewa yarjejeniyar ƙarshe da Yang ta yi don amfanin Japan ne. Wannan tsawaita wa'adin ya jawo suka da yawa daga jam'iyyun adawa yayin da Kawaguchi ta karya dokokin majalisar tare da yin watsi da ayyukanta. Duk da haka, waɗanda ke kare 'yar majalisar kamar Babban Sakataren Majalisar Ministoci [[Yoshihide Suga]] da Babban Sakataren LDP Shigeru Ishiba sun ce taron da aka yi tsakanin ministocin biyu an yi shi ne don magance rikicin yankin da ke tsakanin Japan da China a Tekun Gabashin China . Yuriko Koike (Jafananci: 小池 百合子, Hepburn: Koike Yuriko; an haife ta ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1952) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan wadda ta kasance gwamnar Tokyo tun daga shekarar 2016. A baya, ta kuma taba zama mamba a Majalisar Dattawa (House of Councillors) daga 1992 zuwa 1993, sannan mamba a Majalisar Wakilai (House of Representatives) daga 1993 zuwa 2016. Ta rike mukamin Ministar Muhalli a karkashin Junichiro Koizumi daga 2003 zuwa 2006, sannan ta zama Ministar Tsaro a karkashin Shinzo Abe tsakanin Yuli da Agusta 2007. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tana da aure da Toru Kawaguchi kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare. Babbar 'yar uwarta, Takako Shirai, tsohuwar farfesa ce a Kwalejin Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Chiba Prefectural kuma mai bincike kan ka'idar 'yancin mata, ciki har da Mary Wollstonecraft. Abubuwan da take sha'awa sune karatu, sauraron kiɗa, yin wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma haiku. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == A watan Disamba na 2003, Kawaguchi ta sami lambar yabo ta "Aguila Azteca Medal" daga shugaban ƙasar Mexico na wancan lokacin Vicente Fox . Ta sami lambar yabo ta tunawa da shekaru daga magajin garin [[Saint-Petersburg|Sankt-Peterburg]] a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 300 da kafa birnin. A watan Maris na 2004, gwamnatin Paraguay ta ba Kawaguchi lambar yabo ta "Gran Cruz Extraordinaria" (Kyautar Shaida ta Ƙasa), kuma a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, ta sami takardar shaidar digirin girmamawa ta Likita daga hukumar Ilimi ta Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Mongolia da ke [[Ulan Bato|Ulaanbaatar]] . A watan Oktoba na 2008, Kawaguchi ta sami lambar yabo ta Wilbur Cross Medal daga Jami'ar Yale da ke New Haven, [[Connecticut]] saboda hidimar jama'a mai kyau. A watan Oktoban 2010, Kawaguchi ta kuma ba da kyautar "Tauraron Kudus" daga Shugaban Falasdinawa [[Mahmoud Abbas]] daga [[Palestinian Authority|Hukumar Ƙasa ta Falasdinawa]] . A wannan watan na wannan shekarar, ta sake karɓar lambar yabo ta cika shekaru goma saboda babbar gudunmawa ga haɓɓaka tsaro a duniya da kuma tsarin hana yaɗuwa daga K. Kadyrzhanov, Darakta Janar na Cibiyar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Ƙasa. <ref name="official">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.yoriko-kawaguchi.jp/official/about/profile-e.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423165343/http://www.yoriko-kawaguchi.jp/official/about/profile-e.php |archive-date=April 23, 2012 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Yoriko Kawaguchi Official Website}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2017, Kawaguchi ya sami kyautar Grand Cordon of the Order of Rising Sun a wani bikin baje kolin bazara, wanda Sarki [[Akihito]] na Japan a wancan lokacin ya bayar. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ntsfjxm9qu1pkq6gkgvdjry82dac2aj 882979 882976 2026-07-14T17:05:21Z Usman saadu 46863 882979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yoriko Kawaguchi''' (川口 順子, Kawaguchi Yoriko; an haife ta 14 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1941) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan kuma tsohuwar masaniyar tattalin arziki. Ta rike mukamin Ministar Harkokin Waje ta Japan daga shekara ta 2002 zuwa 2004, sannan ta ci gaba da zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman kan harkokin waje ga Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokaci, Junichiro Koizumi daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2005. Mamba ce ta jam’iyyar Liberal Democratic Party, kuma a baya ta taba zama Ministar Muhalli ta Japan daga shekarar 2000 zuwa 2002. Haka kuma ta kasance mamba a Majalisar Dattawa (House of Councillors) a karkashin jam’iyyar Liberal Democratic Party daga shekara ta 2005 zuwa 2013. A watan Yuli shekara ta 2008, an nada ta a matsayin shugabar hadin gwiwa (co-chair) na wata sabuwar Hukumar Kasa da Kasa kan hana yaduwar makaman nukiliya da kuma kwance damarar su, tare da tsohon Ministan Harkokin Wajen Ostiraliya, Gareth Evans. A halin yanzu, farfesa ce a Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya ta Meiji, Jami’ar Meiji University da ke Tokyo.<ref name="mofa">{{Cite web |title=Northeast Asia Regional Meeting of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/event/2009/5/1192015_1158.html |access-date=14 April 2014 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}</ref> A halin yanzu, farfesa ce a [[Meiji Institute for Global Affairs|Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya ta Meiji]], Jami'ar Meiji da ke Tokyo. <ref name="us">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://us-jf.org/about-the-foundation/board-and-staff/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150045/http://us-jf.org/about-the-foundation/board-and-staff/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=United States-Japan Foundation}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == [[Fayil:Donald_H._Rumsfeld_and_Yoriko_Kawaguchi_pose_for_a_photograph.jpg|left|thumb|Ganawar Kawaguchi da Sakataren Tsaron Amurka na wancan lokacin Donald Rumsfeld]] [[Fayil:Putin-Kawaguchi_meeting_02.jpg|left|thumb|Ganawar Kawaguchi da Shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] (14 Oktoba 2002)]] An haifi Yoriko Kawaguchi a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 1941 a [[Tokyo]], Daular Japan (yanzu [[Japan]] ). A lokacin yarinta, lokacin tana da shekaru huɗu, ita da iyalinta sun tsira daga hare-haren bama-bamai a [[Tokyo]] a lokacin [[Yakin Pacific|Yaƙin Asiya da Pacific]] a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, duk da cewa ita da iyalinta suna zaune a Tokyo a duk lokacin yaƙin. A shekarar 1960, tana da shekaru 19, ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Jami'ar Ilimi ta Tokyo (yanzu Makarantar Sakandare ta Junior da Senior a Komaba, Jami'ar Tsukuba ). Wasu daga cikin abokan karatunta na makarantar sakandare sun haɗa da Nobuo Habeyanagi (tsohon Shugaban Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group ), [[:ja:島村英紀|Hideki Shimamura]] (tsohon Daraktan Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙasa kan Polar ), [[:ja:星出豊|Yutaka Hoshide]] (Farfesa a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Showa ), Hajime Matsumoto (likitan jijiyoyin jini), da Yozo Yokota (tsohon Mai Ba da Shawara na Musamman ga Shugaban Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ). A farkon shekarar 1965, tana da shekaru 24, ta kammala karatun digirinta a fannin hulda da kasashen duniya daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Tokyo . A watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar, ta fara aiki a Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Japan . A shekarar 1972, tana da shekaru 31, ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Yale, inda aka ba ta damar yin aiki a Bankin Duniya, kuma ta zama memba a Majalisar Shugaban Kasa kan Ayyukan Kasa da Kasa . A shekarar 1990, Kawaguchi ta yi aiki a matsayin Minista a Ofishin Jakadancin Japan a Amurka. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Harkokin Muhalli na Duniya a Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Duniya (wanda yanzu haka ita ce Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki, Ciniki, da Masana'antu ta Japan ) tsakanin 1992 da 1993 kafin ta zama Manajan Darakta na Suntory Holdings Ltd. a watan Satumba na 1993. An kuma nada ta a matsayin Darakta Janar na Sashen Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na Ofishin Manufofin Ciniki. A shekara ta 2000, ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Muhalli, wanda Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokacin Yoshiro Mori ya naɗa. <ref name="ocean">{{Cite web |title=Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Global Ocean Commission}}</ref> Duk da haka, yayin da take kan mulki, a ranar 6 ga Janairu 2001, gwamnatin Japan ta sanar da cewa Hukumar Muhalli ta canza zuwa Ma'aikatar Muhalli, inda matsayin Darakta Janar ya zama Ministan Muhalli . Wannan wani ɓangare ne na babban ƙoƙari na ƙarfafa gudanar da muhalli, wanda ya haɗa da faɗaɗa nauyin ma'aikatar, ma'aikata, da kuma mai da hankali kan batutuwan muhalli na duniya. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin da ta yi, ta halarci a matsayin wakiliyar Japan a taron sauyin yanayi da aka gudanar a Bonn, [[Jamus]], inda ta yi nasarar ɗage takunkumin da Japan ta kakaba wa [[yarjejeniyar Kyoto]] . Kafin wa'adinta na Ministar Muhalli, a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2002, an naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje ta Japan, wacce Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokacin Junichiro Koizumi ya naɗa, mukamin da ta riƙe har zuwa lokacin da ta yi murabus a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2004 saboda sauƙaƙe sake tsara majalisar ministoci, kuma Nobutaka Machimura ya gaje ta. An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Kansiloli a shekarar 2005, inda ta yi wa'adi biyu har zuwa 2013. A cikin shekarunta na memba a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Babban Taron 'yan jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a Majalisar Dattawa. Ta kuma zama darakta kuma shugabar Kwamitin Muhalli, darektan Kwamitin Kasafin Kuɗi da kuma daraktan Kwamitin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Kawaguchi ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Tallafawa LDP Okinawa, da kuma shugabar Kwamitin Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan Hana Yaɗuwar Makamai da Kwantar da Hankali da kuma memba a kwamitin Majalisar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya ta Gidauniyar Matasan Shugabannin Duniya a 2008. A halin yanzu, ita memba ce a Kwamitin CSR na Gidauniyar Tokyo . <ref name="tokyof">{{Cite web |title=Kawaguchi, Yoriko |url=http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/experts/k/kawaguchi-yoriko |access-date=13 April 2014 |website=Professor |publisher=The Tokyo Foundation}}</ref> <ref name="ocean">{{Cite web |title=Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Global Ocean Commission}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ "Yoriko Kawaguchi"]. Global Ocean Commission. Archived from [http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ the original] on 13 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2011, wata guda kacal bayan girgizar ƙasa mai tsanani, tsumami, da bala'in nukiliya a Japan, Kawaguchi ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar bincike mai zaman kanta, tana adawa da shawarar rage tallafin ci gaba na hukuma don tara kuɗi don sake ginawa bayan rikicin bala'i sau uku. Tun daga wannan shekarar, ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta a [[Sasakawa Peace Foundation|Gidauniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Sasakawa]] . Bayan zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na 2013, Kawaguchi ta yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga harkokin siyasa. === Takaddama === An kori Kawaguchi, wacce a wancan lokacin babbar 'yar majalisa ce a jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party mai mulki, daga mukaminta na shugabar Kwamitin Muhalli na Majalisar Kansiloli lokacin da Majalisar Dattawa ta Japan ta zartar da kudurin korarta daga aiki a watan Mayun 2013. Wannan ya faru ne saboda tsawaita zamanta a [[Sin|China]] ba tare da izini ba, wanda hakan ya sa kwamitin da ta jagoranta ya soke zaman da aka tsara. Kawaguchi ta sami amincewar majalisar dokokin Japan ta tafi China daga ranar 23 zuwa 24 ga Afrilu don halartar wani taro amma ba tare da izinin farko ba, ta tsawaita wa'adin kwana ɗaya don ganawa da jami'in manufofin ƙasashen waje na Majalisar Jiha Yang Jiechi . Kawaguchi ta nemi afuwa ga [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzō Abe]], wanda kuma shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar LDP, game da hutun da ta yi ba tare da sanarwa ba, amma ta yi zargin cewa yarjejeniyar ƙarshe da Yang ta yi don amfanin Japan ne. Wannan tsawaita wa'adin ya jawo suka da yawa daga jam'iyyun adawa yayin da Kawaguchi ta karya dokokin majalisar tare da yin watsi da ayyukanta. Duk da haka, waɗanda ke kare 'yar majalisar kamar Babban Sakataren Majalisar Ministoci [[Yoshihide Suga]] da Babban Sakataren LDP Shigeru Ishiba sun ce taron da aka yi tsakanin ministocin biyu an yi shi ne don magance rikicin yankin da ke tsakanin Japan da China a Tekun Gabashin China . Yuriko Koike (Jafananci: 小池 百合子, Hepburn: Koike Yuriko; an haife ta ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1952) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan wadda ta kasance gwamnar Tokyo tun daga shekarar 2016. A baya, ta kuma taba zama mamba a Majalisar Dattawa (House of Councillors) daga 1992 zuwa 1993, sannan mamba a Majalisar Wakilai (House of Representatives) daga 1993 zuwa 2016. Ta rike mukamin Ministar Muhalli a karkashin Junichiro Koizumi daga 2003 zuwa 2006, sannan ta zama Ministar Tsaro a karkashin Shinzo Abe tsakanin Yuli da Agusta 2007. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tana da aure da Toru Kawaguchi kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare. Babbar 'yar uwarta, Takako Shirai, tsohuwar farfesa ce a Kwalejin Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Chiba Prefectural kuma mai bincike kan ka'idar 'yancin mata, ciki har da Mary Wollstonecraft. Abubuwan da take sha'awa sune karatu, sauraron kiɗa, yin wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma haiku. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == A watan Disamba na 2003, Kawaguchi ta sami lambar yabo ta "Aguila Azteca Medal" daga shugaban ƙasar Mexico na wancan lokacin Vicente Fox . Ta sami lambar yabo ta tunawa da shekaru daga magajin garin [[Saint-Petersburg|Sankt-Peterburg]] a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 300 da kafa birnin. A watan Maris na 2004, gwamnatin Paraguay ta ba Kawaguchi lambar yabo ta "Gran Cruz Extraordinaria" (Kyautar Shaida ta Ƙasa), kuma a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, ta sami takardar shaidar digirin girmamawa ta Likita daga hukumar Ilimi ta Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Mongolia da ke [[Ulan Bato|Ulaanbaatar]] . A watan Oktoba na 2008, Kawaguchi ta sami lambar yabo ta Wilbur Cross Medal daga Jami'ar Yale da ke New Haven, [[Connecticut]] saboda hidimar jama'a mai kyau. A watan Oktoban 2010, Kawaguchi ta kuma ba da kyautar "Tauraron Kudus" daga Shugaban Falasdinawa [[Mahmoud Abbas]] daga [[Palestinian Authority|Hukumar Ƙasa ta Falasdinawa]] . A wannan watan na wannan shekarar, ta sake karɓar lambar yabo ta cika shekaru goma saboda babbar gudunmawa ga haɓɓaka tsaro a duniya da kuma tsarin hana yaɗuwa daga K. Kadyrzhanov, Darakta Janar na Cibiyar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Ƙasa. <ref name="official">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.yoriko-kawaguchi.jp/official/about/profile-e.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423165343/http://www.yoriko-kawaguchi.jp/official/about/profile-e.php |archive-date=April 23, 2012 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Yoriko Kawaguchi Official Website}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2017, Kawaguchi ya sami kyautar Grand Cordon of the Order of Rising Sun a wani bikin baje kolin bazara, wanda Sarki [[Akihito]] na Japan a wancan lokacin ya bayar. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cosx9gkvr3sf8nleuwzyc6mnb9ri0vt 882982 882979 2026-07-14T17:07:39Z Usman saadu 46863 882982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yoriko Kawaguchi''' (川口 順子, Kawaguchi Yoriko; an haife ta 14 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1941) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan kuma tsohuwar masaniyar tattalin arziki. Ta rike mukamin Ministar Harkokin Waje ta Japan daga shekara ta 2002 zuwa 2004, sannan ta ci gaba da zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman kan harkokin waje ga Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokaci, Junichiro Koizumi daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2005. Mamba ce ta jam’iyyar Liberal Democratic Party, kuma a baya ta taba zama Ministar Muhalli ta Japan daga shekarar 2000 zuwa 2002. Haka kuma ta kasance mamba a Majalisar Dattawa (House of Councillors) a karkashin jam’iyyar Liberal Democratic Party daga shekara ta 2005 zuwa 2013. A watan Yuli shekara ta 2008, an nada ta a matsayin shugabar hadin gwiwa (co-chair) na wata sabuwar Hukumar Kasa da Kasa kan hana yaduwar makaman nukiliya da kuma kwance damarar su, tare da tsohon Ministan Harkokin Wajen Ostiraliya, Gareth Evans. A halin yanzu, farfesa ce a Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya ta Meiji, Jami’ar Meiji University da ke Tokyo.<ref name="mofa">{{Cite web |title=Northeast Asia Regional Meeting of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/event/2009/5/1192015_1158.html |access-date=14 April 2014 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}</ref> A halin yanzu, farfesa ce a [[Meiji Institute for Global Affairs|Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya ta Meiji]], Jami'ar Meiji da ke Tokyo. <ref name="us">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://us-jf.org/about-the-foundation/board-and-staff/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150045/http://us-jf.org/about-the-foundation/board-and-staff/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=United States-Japan Foundation}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == [[Fayil:Donald_H._Rumsfeld_and_Yoriko_Kawaguchi_pose_for_a_photograph.jpg|left|thumb|Ganawar Kawaguchi da Sakataren Tsaron Amurka na wancan lokacin Donald Rumsfeld]] [[Fayil:Putin-Kawaguchi_meeting_02.jpg|left|thumb|Ganawar Kawaguchi da Shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] (14 Oktoba 2002)]] An haifi Yoriko Kawaguchi a ranar 14 ga watan Janairu, a shekara ta 1941 a [[Tokyo]], Daular Japan (yanzu [[Japan]] ). A lokacin yarinta, lokacin tana da shekaru huɗu, ita da iyalinta sun tsira daga hare-haren bama-bamai a [[Tokyo]] a lokacin [[Yakin Pacific|Yaƙin Asiya da Pacific]] a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, duk da cewa ita da iyalinta suna zaune a Tokyo a duk lokacin yaƙin. A shekarar 1960, tana da shekaru 19, ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Jami'ar Ilimi ta Tokyo (yanzu Makarantar Sakandare ta Junior da Senior a Komaba, Jami'ar Tsukuba ). Wasu daga cikin abokan karatunta na makarantar sakandare sun haɗa da Nobuo Habeyanagi (tsohon Shugaban Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group ), [[:ja:島村英紀|Hideki Shimamura]] (tsohon Daraktan Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙasa kan Polar ), [[:ja:星出豊|Yutaka Hoshide]] (Farfesa a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Showa ), Hajime Matsumoto (likitan jijiyoyin jini), da Yozo Yokota (tsohon Mai Ba da Shawara na Musamman ga Shugaban Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ). A farkon shekarar 1965, tana da shekaru 24, ta kammala karatun digirinta a fannin hulda da kasashen duniya daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Tokyo . A watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar, ta fara aiki a Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Japan . A shekarar 1972, tana da shekaru 31, ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Yale, inda aka ba ta damar yin aiki a Bankin Duniya, kuma ta zama memba a Majalisar Shugaban Kasa kan Ayyukan Kasa da Kasa . A shekarar 1990, Kawaguchi ta yi aiki a matsayin Minista a Ofishin Jakadancin Japan a Amurka. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Harkokin Muhalli na Duniya a Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Duniya (wanda yanzu haka ita ce Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki, Ciniki, da Masana'antu ta Japan ) tsakanin 1992 da 1993 kafin ta zama Manajan Darakta na Suntory Holdings Ltd. a watan Satumba na 1993. An kuma nada ta a matsayin Darakta Janar na Sashen Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na Ofishin Manufofin Ciniki. A shekara ta 2000, ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Muhalli, wanda Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokacin Yoshiro Mori ya naɗa. <ref name="ocean">{{Cite web |title=Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Global Ocean Commission}}</ref> Duk da haka, yayin da take kan mulki, a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 2001, gwamnatin Japan ta sanar da cewa Hukumar Muhalli ta canza zuwa Ma'aikatar Muhalli, inda matsayin Darakta Janar ya zama Ministan Muhalli . Wannan wani ɓangare ne na babban ƙoƙari na ƙarfafa gudanar da muhalli, wanda ya haɗa da faɗaɗa nauyin ma'aikatar, ma'aikata, da kuma mai da hankali kan batutuwan muhalli na duniya. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin da ta yi, ta halarci a matsayin wakiliyar Japan a taron sauyin yanayi da aka gudanar a Bonn, [[Jamus]], inda ta yi nasarar ɗage takunkumin da Japan ta kakaba wa [[yarjejeniyar Kyoto]] . Kafin wa'adinta na Ministar Muhalli, a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2002, an naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje ta Japan, wacce Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokacin Junichiro Koizumi ya naɗa, mukamin da ta riƙe har zuwa lokacin da ta yi murabus a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2004 saboda sauƙaƙe sake tsara majalisar ministoci, kuma Nobutaka Machimura ya gaje ta. An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Kansiloli a shekarar 2005, inda ta yi wa'adi biyu har zuwa 2013. A cikin shekarunta na memba a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Babban Taron 'yan jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a Majalisar Dattawa. Ta kuma zama darakta kuma shugabar Kwamitin Muhalli, darektan Kwamitin Kasafin Kuɗi da kuma daraktan Kwamitin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Kawaguchi ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Tallafawa LDP Okinawa, da kuma shugabar Kwamitin Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan Hana Yaɗuwar Makamai da Kwantar da Hankali da kuma memba a kwamitin Majalisar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya ta Gidauniyar Matasan Shugabannin Duniya a 2008. A halin yanzu, ita memba ce a Kwamitin CSR na Gidauniyar Tokyo . <ref name="tokyof">{{Cite web |title=Kawaguchi, Yoriko |url=http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/experts/k/kawaguchi-yoriko |access-date=13 April 2014 |website=Professor |publisher=The Tokyo Foundation}}</ref> <ref name="ocean">{{Cite web |title=Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Global Ocean Commission}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ "Yoriko Kawaguchi"]. Global Ocean Commission. Archived from [http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ the original] on 13 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2011, wata guda kacal bayan girgizar ƙasa mai tsanani, tsumami, da bala'in nukiliya a Japan, Kawaguchi ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar bincike mai zaman kanta, tana adawa da shawarar rage tallafin ci gaba na hukuma don tara kuɗi don sake ginawa bayan rikicin bala'i sau uku. Tun daga wannan shekarar, ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta a [[Sasakawa Peace Foundation|Gidauniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Sasakawa]] . Bayan zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na 2013, Kawaguchi ta yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga harkokin siyasa. === Takaddama === An kori Kawaguchi, wacce a wancan lokacin babbar 'yar majalisa ce a jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party mai mulki, daga mukaminta na shugabar Kwamitin Muhalli na Majalisar Kansiloli lokacin da Majalisar Dattawa ta Japan ta zartar da kudurin korarta daga aiki a watan Mayun 2013. Wannan ya faru ne saboda tsawaita zamanta a [[Sin|China]] ba tare da izini ba, wanda hakan ya sa kwamitin da ta jagoranta ya soke zaman da aka tsara. Kawaguchi ta sami amincewar majalisar dokokin Japan ta tafi China daga ranar 23 zuwa 24 ga Afrilu don halartar wani taro amma ba tare da izinin farko ba, ta tsawaita wa'adin kwana ɗaya don ganawa da jami'in manufofin ƙasashen waje na Majalisar Jiha Yang Jiechi . Kawaguchi ta nemi afuwa ga [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzō Abe]], wanda kuma shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar LDP, game da hutun da ta yi ba tare da sanarwa ba, amma ta yi zargin cewa yarjejeniyar ƙarshe da Yang ta yi don amfanin Japan ne. Wannan tsawaita wa'adin ya jawo suka da yawa daga jam'iyyun adawa yayin da Kawaguchi ta karya dokokin majalisar tare da yin watsi da ayyukanta. Duk da haka, waɗanda ke kare 'yar majalisar kamar Babban Sakataren Majalisar Ministoci [[Yoshihide Suga]] da Babban Sakataren LDP Shigeru Ishiba sun ce taron da aka yi tsakanin ministocin biyu an yi shi ne don magance rikicin yankin da ke tsakanin Japan da China a Tekun Gabashin China . Yuriko Koike (Jafananci: 小池 百合子, Hepburn: Koike Yuriko; an haife ta ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1952) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan wadda ta kasance gwamnar Tokyo tun daga shekarar 2016. A baya, ta kuma taba zama mamba a Majalisar Dattawa (House of Councillors) daga 1992 zuwa 1993, sannan mamba a Majalisar Wakilai (House of Representatives) daga 1993 zuwa 2016. Ta rike mukamin Ministar Muhalli a karkashin Junichiro Koizumi daga 2003 zuwa 2006, sannan ta zama Ministar Tsaro a karkashin Shinzo Abe tsakanin Yuli da Agusta 2007. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tana da aure da Toru Kawaguchi kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare. Babbar 'yar uwarta, Takako Shirai, tsohuwar farfesa ce a Kwalejin Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Chiba Prefectural kuma mai bincike kan ka'idar 'yancin mata, ciki har da Mary Wollstonecraft. Abubuwan da take sha'awa sune karatu, sauraron kiɗa, yin wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma haiku. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == A watan Disamba na 2003, Kawaguchi ta sami lambar yabo ta "Aguila Azteca Medal" daga shugaban ƙasar Mexico na wancan lokacin Vicente Fox . Ta sami lambar yabo ta tunawa da shekaru daga magajin garin [[Saint-Petersburg|Sankt-Peterburg]] a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 300 da kafa birnin. A watan Maris na 2004, gwamnatin Paraguay ta ba Kawaguchi lambar yabo ta "Gran Cruz Extraordinaria" (Kyautar Shaida ta Ƙasa), kuma a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, ta sami takardar shaidar digirin girmamawa ta Likita daga hukumar Ilimi ta Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Mongolia da ke [[Ulan Bato|Ulaanbaatar]] . A watan Oktoba na 2008, Kawaguchi ta sami lambar yabo ta Wilbur Cross Medal daga Jami'ar Yale da ke New Haven, [[Connecticut]] saboda hidimar jama'a mai kyau. A watan Oktoban 2010, Kawaguchi ta kuma ba da kyautar "Tauraron Kudus" daga Shugaban Falasdinawa [[Mahmoud Abbas]] daga [[Palestinian Authority|Hukumar Ƙasa ta Falasdinawa]] . A wannan watan na wannan shekarar, ta sake karɓar lambar yabo ta cika shekaru goma saboda babbar gudunmawa ga haɓɓaka tsaro a duniya da kuma tsarin hana yaɗuwa daga K. Kadyrzhanov, Darakta Janar na Cibiyar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Ƙasa. <ref name="official">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.yoriko-kawaguchi.jp/official/about/profile-e.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423165343/http://www.yoriko-kawaguchi.jp/official/about/profile-e.php |archive-date=April 23, 2012 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Yoriko Kawaguchi Official Website}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2017, Kawaguchi ya sami kyautar Grand Cordon of the Order of Rising Sun a wani bikin baje kolin bazara, wanda Sarki [[Akihito]] na Japan a wancan lokacin ya bayar. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m3zy70uhc3swosrrxe49w72mi3om05o 882986 882982 2026-07-14T17:09:37Z Usman saadu 46863 882986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yoriko Kawaguchi''' (川口 順子, Kawaguchi Yoriko; an haife ta 14 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1941) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan kuma tsohuwar masaniyar tattalin arziki. Ta rike mukamin Ministar Harkokin Waje ta Japan daga shekara ta 2002 zuwa 2004, sannan ta ci gaba da zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman kan harkokin waje ga Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokaci, Junichiro Koizumi daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2005. Mamba ce ta jam’iyyar Liberal Democratic Party, kuma a baya ta taba zama Ministar Muhalli ta Japan daga shekarar 2000 zuwa 2002. Haka kuma ta kasance mamba a Majalisar Dattawa (House of Councillors) a karkashin jam’iyyar Liberal Democratic Party daga shekara ta 2005 zuwa 2013. A watan Yuli shekara ta 2008, an nada ta a matsayin shugabar hadin gwiwa (co-chair) na wata sabuwar Hukumar Kasa da Kasa kan hana yaduwar makaman nukiliya da kuma kwance damarar su, tare da tsohon Ministan Harkokin Wajen Ostiraliya, Gareth Evans. A halin yanzu, farfesa ce a Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya ta Meiji, Jami’ar Meiji University da ke Tokyo.<ref name="mofa">{{Cite web |title=Northeast Asia Regional Meeting of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/event/2009/5/1192015_1158.html |access-date=14 April 2014 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}</ref> A halin yanzu, farfesa ce a [[Meiji Institute for Global Affairs|Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya ta Meiji]], Jami'ar Meiji da ke Tokyo. <ref name="us">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://us-jf.org/about-the-foundation/board-and-staff/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150045/http://us-jf.org/about-the-foundation/board-and-staff/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=United States-Japan Foundation}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == [[Fayil:Donald_H._Rumsfeld_and_Yoriko_Kawaguchi_pose_for_a_photograph.jpg|left|thumb|Ganawar Kawaguchi da Sakataren Tsaron Amurka na wancan lokacin Donald Rumsfeld]] [[Fayil:Putin-Kawaguchi_meeting_02.jpg|left|thumb|Ganawar Kawaguchi da Shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] (14 Oktoba 2002)]] An haifi Yoriko Kawaguchi a ranar 14 ga watan Janairu, a shekara ta 1941 a [[Tokyo]], Daular Japan (yanzu [[Japan]] ). A lokacin yarinta, lokacin tana da shekaru huɗu, ita da iyalinta sun tsira daga hare-haren bama-bamai a [[Tokyo]] a lokacin [[Yakin Pacific|Yaƙin Asiya da Pacific]] a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, duk da cewa ita da iyalinta suna zaune a Tokyo a duk lokacin yaƙin. A shekarar 1960, tana da shekaru 19, ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Jami'ar Ilimi ta Tokyo (yanzu Makarantar Sakandare ta Junior da Senior a Komaba, Jami'ar Tsukuba ). Wasu daga cikin abokan karatunta na makarantar sakandare sun haɗa da Nobuo Habeyanagi (tsohon Shugaban Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group ), [[:ja:島村英紀|Hideki Shimamura]] (tsohon Daraktan Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙasa kan Polar ), [[:ja:星出豊|Yutaka Hoshide]] (Farfesa a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Showa ), Hajime Matsumoto (likitan jijiyoyin jini), da Yozo Yokota (tsohon Mai Ba da Shawara na Musamman ga Shugaban Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ). A farkon shekarar 1965, tana da shekaru 24, ta kammala karatun digirinta a fannin hulda da kasashen duniya daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Tokyo . A watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar, ta fara aiki a Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Japan . A shekarar 1972, tana da shekaru 31, ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Yale, inda aka ba ta damar yin aiki a Bankin Duniya, kuma ta zama memba a Majalisar Shugaban Kasa kan Ayyukan Kasa da Kasa . A shekarar 1990, Kawaguchi ta yi aiki a matsayin Minista a Ofishin Jakadancin Japan a Amurka. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Harkokin Muhalli na Duniya a Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Duniya (wanda yanzu haka ita ce Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki, Ciniki, da Masana'antu ta Japan ) tsakanin shekarar 1992 da 1993 kafin ta zama Manajan Darakta na Suntory Holdings Ltd. a watan Satumba na shekarar 1993. An kuma nada ta a matsayin Darakta Janar na Sashen Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na Ofishin Manufofin Ciniki. A shekara ta 2000, ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Muhalli, wanda Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokacin Yoshiro Mori ya naɗa. <ref name="ocean">{{Cite web |title=Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Global Ocean Commission}}</ref> Duk da haka, yayin da take kan mulki, a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 2001, gwamnatin Japan ta sanar da cewa Hukumar Muhalli ta canza zuwa Ma'aikatar Muhalli, inda matsayin Darakta Janar ya zama Ministan Muhalli . Wannan wani ɓangare ne na babban ƙoƙari na ƙarfafa gudanar da muhalli, wanda ya haɗa da faɗaɗa nauyin ma'aikatar, ma'aikata, da kuma mai da hankali kan batutuwan muhalli na duniya. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin da ta yi, ta halarci a matsayin wakiliyar Japan a taron sauyin yanayi da aka gudanar a Bonn, [[Jamus]], inda ta yi nasarar ɗage takunkumin da Japan ta kakaba wa [[yarjejeniyar Kyoto]] . Kafin wa'adinta na Ministar Muhalli, a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2002, an naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje ta Japan, wacce Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokacin Junichiro Koizumi ya naɗa, mukamin da ta riƙe har zuwa lokacin da ta yi murabus a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2004 saboda sauƙaƙe sake tsara majalisar ministoci, kuma Nobutaka Machimura ya gaje ta. An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Kansiloli a shekarar 2005, inda ta yi wa'adi biyu har zuwa 2013. A cikin shekarunta na memba a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Babban Taron 'yan jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a Majalisar Dattawa. Ta kuma zama darakta kuma shugabar Kwamitin Muhalli, darektan Kwamitin Kasafin Kuɗi da kuma daraktan Kwamitin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Kawaguchi ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Tallafawa LDP Okinawa, da kuma shugabar Kwamitin Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan Hana Yaɗuwar Makamai da Kwantar da Hankali da kuma memba a kwamitin Majalisar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya ta Gidauniyar Matasan Shugabannin Duniya a 2008. A halin yanzu, ita memba ce a Kwamitin CSR na Gidauniyar Tokyo . <ref name="tokyof">{{Cite web |title=Kawaguchi, Yoriko |url=http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/experts/k/kawaguchi-yoriko |access-date=13 April 2014 |website=Professor |publisher=The Tokyo Foundation}}</ref> <ref name="ocean">{{Cite web |title=Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Global Ocean Commission}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ "Yoriko Kawaguchi"]. Global Ocean Commission. Archived from [http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ the original] on 13 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2011, wata guda kacal bayan girgizar ƙasa mai tsanani, tsumami, da bala'in nukiliya a Japan, Kawaguchi ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar bincike mai zaman kanta, tana adawa da shawarar rage tallafin ci gaba na hukuma don tara kuɗi don sake ginawa bayan rikicin bala'i sau uku. Tun daga wannan shekarar, ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta a [[Sasakawa Peace Foundation|Gidauniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Sasakawa]] . Bayan zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na 2013, Kawaguchi ta yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga harkokin siyasa. === Takaddama === An kori Kawaguchi, wacce a wancan lokacin babbar 'yar majalisa ce a jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party mai mulki, daga mukaminta na shugabar Kwamitin Muhalli na Majalisar Kansiloli lokacin da Majalisar Dattawa ta Japan ta zartar da kudurin korarta daga aiki a watan Mayun 2013. Wannan ya faru ne saboda tsawaita zamanta a [[Sin|China]] ba tare da izini ba, wanda hakan ya sa kwamitin da ta jagoranta ya soke zaman da aka tsara. Kawaguchi ta sami amincewar majalisar dokokin Japan ta tafi China daga ranar 23 zuwa 24 ga Afrilu don halartar wani taro amma ba tare da izinin farko ba, ta tsawaita wa'adin kwana ɗaya don ganawa da jami'in manufofin ƙasashen waje na Majalisar Jiha Yang Jiechi . Kawaguchi ta nemi afuwa ga [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzō Abe]], wanda kuma shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar LDP, game da hutun da ta yi ba tare da sanarwa ba, amma ta yi zargin cewa yarjejeniyar ƙarshe da Yang ta yi don amfanin Japan ne. Wannan tsawaita wa'adin ya jawo suka da yawa daga jam'iyyun adawa yayin da Kawaguchi ta karya dokokin majalisar tare da yin watsi da ayyukanta. Duk da haka, waɗanda ke kare 'yar majalisar kamar Babban Sakataren Majalisar Ministoci [[Yoshihide Suga]] da Babban Sakataren LDP Shigeru Ishiba sun ce taron da aka yi tsakanin ministocin biyu an yi shi ne don magance rikicin yankin da ke tsakanin Japan da China a Tekun Gabashin China . Yuriko Koike (Jafananci: 小池 百合子, Hepburn: Koike Yuriko; an haife ta ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1952) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan wadda ta kasance gwamnar Tokyo tun daga shekarar 2016. A baya, ta kuma taba zama mamba a Majalisar Dattawa (House of Councillors) daga 1992 zuwa 1993, sannan mamba a Majalisar Wakilai (House of Representatives) daga 1993 zuwa 2016. Ta rike mukamin Ministar Muhalli a karkashin Junichiro Koizumi daga 2003 zuwa 2006, sannan ta zama Ministar Tsaro a karkashin Shinzo Abe tsakanin Yuli da Agusta 2007. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tana da aure da Toru Kawaguchi kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare. Babbar 'yar uwarta, Takako Shirai, tsohuwar farfesa ce a Kwalejin Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Chiba Prefectural kuma mai bincike kan ka'idar 'yancin mata, ciki har da Mary Wollstonecraft. Abubuwan da take sha'awa sune karatu, sauraron kiɗa, yin wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma haiku. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == A watan Disamba na 2003, Kawaguchi ta sami lambar yabo ta "Aguila Azteca Medal" daga shugaban ƙasar Mexico na wancan lokacin Vicente Fox . Ta sami lambar yabo ta tunawa da shekaru daga magajin garin [[Saint-Petersburg|Sankt-Peterburg]] a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 300 da kafa birnin. A watan Maris na 2004, gwamnatin Paraguay ta ba Kawaguchi lambar yabo ta "Gran Cruz Extraordinaria" (Kyautar Shaida ta Ƙasa), kuma a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, ta sami takardar shaidar digirin girmamawa ta Likita daga hukumar Ilimi ta Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Mongolia da ke [[Ulan Bato|Ulaanbaatar]] . A watan Oktoba na 2008, Kawaguchi ta sami lambar yabo ta Wilbur Cross Medal daga Jami'ar Yale da ke New Haven, [[Connecticut]] saboda hidimar jama'a mai kyau. A watan Oktoban 2010, Kawaguchi ta kuma ba da kyautar "Tauraron Kudus" daga Shugaban Falasdinawa [[Mahmoud Abbas]] daga [[Palestinian Authority|Hukumar Ƙasa ta Falasdinawa]] . A wannan watan na wannan shekarar, ta sake karɓar lambar yabo ta cika shekaru goma saboda babbar gudunmawa ga haɓɓaka tsaro a duniya da kuma tsarin hana yaɗuwa daga K. Kadyrzhanov, Darakta Janar na Cibiyar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Ƙasa. <ref name="official">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.yoriko-kawaguchi.jp/official/about/profile-e.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423165343/http://www.yoriko-kawaguchi.jp/official/about/profile-e.php |archive-date=April 23, 2012 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Yoriko Kawaguchi Official Website}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2017, Kawaguchi ya sami kyautar Grand Cordon of the Order of Rising Sun a wani bikin baje kolin bazara, wanda Sarki [[Akihito]] na Japan a wancan lokacin ya bayar. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kc8hs1zk2ay4eiievotaic9gdav6wcw 882990 882986 2026-07-14T17:11:10Z Usman saadu 46863 882990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yoriko Kawaguchi''' (川口 順子, Kawaguchi Yoriko; an haife ta 14 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1941) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan kuma tsohuwar masaniyar tattalin arziki. Ta rike mukamin Ministar Harkokin Waje ta Japan daga shekara ta 2002 zuwa 2004, sannan ta ci gaba da zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman kan harkokin waje ga Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokaci, Junichiro Koizumi daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2005. Mamba ce ta jam’iyyar Liberal Democratic Party, kuma a baya ta taba zama Ministar Muhalli ta Japan daga shekarar 2000 zuwa 2002. Haka kuma ta kasance mamba a Majalisar Dattawa (House of Councillors) a karkashin jam’iyyar Liberal Democratic Party daga shekara ta 2005 zuwa 2013. A watan Yuli shekara ta 2008, an nada ta a matsayin shugabar hadin gwiwa (co-chair) na wata sabuwar Hukumar Kasa da Kasa kan hana yaduwar makaman nukiliya da kuma kwance damarar su, tare da tsohon Ministan Harkokin Wajen Ostiraliya, Gareth Evans. A halin yanzu, farfesa ce a Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya ta Meiji, Jami’ar Meiji University da ke Tokyo.<ref name="mofa">{{Cite web |title=Northeast Asia Regional Meeting of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/event/2009/5/1192015_1158.html |access-date=14 April 2014 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}</ref> A halin yanzu, farfesa ce a [[Meiji Institute for Global Affairs|Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya ta Meiji]], Jami'ar Meiji da ke Tokyo. <ref name="us">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://us-jf.org/about-the-foundation/board-and-staff/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150045/http://us-jf.org/about-the-foundation/board-and-staff/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=United States-Japan Foundation}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == [[Fayil:Donald_H._Rumsfeld_and_Yoriko_Kawaguchi_pose_for_a_photograph.jpg|left|thumb|Ganawar Kawaguchi da Sakataren Tsaron Amurka na wancan lokacin Donald Rumsfeld]] [[Fayil:Putin-Kawaguchi_meeting_02.jpg|left|thumb|Ganawar Kawaguchi da Shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] (14 Oktoba 2002)]] An haifi Yoriko Kawaguchi a ranar 14 ga watan Janairu, a shekara ta 1941 a [[Tokyo]], Daular Japan (yanzu [[Japan]] ). A lokacin yarinta, lokacin tana da shekaru huɗu, ita da iyalinta sun tsira daga hare-haren bama-bamai a [[Tokyo]] a lokacin [[Yakin Pacific|Yaƙin Asiya da Pacific]] a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, duk da cewa ita da iyalinta suna zaune a Tokyo a duk lokacin yaƙin. A shekarar 1960, tana da shekaru 19, ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Jami'ar Ilimi ta Tokyo (yanzu Makarantar Sakandare ta Junior da Senior a Komaba, Jami'ar Tsukuba ). Wasu daga cikin abokan karatunta na makarantar sakandare sun haɗa da Nobuo Habeyanagi (tsohon Shugaban Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group ), [[:ja:島村英紀|Hideki Shimamura]] (tsohon Daraktan Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙasa kan Polar ), [[:ja:星出豊|Yutaka Hoshide]] (Farfesa a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Showa ), Hajime Matsumoto (likitan jijiyoyin jini), da Yozo Yokota (tsohon Mai Ba da Shawara na Musamman ga Shugaban Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ). A farkon shekarar 1965, tana da shekaru 24, ta kammala karatun digirinta a fannin hulda da kasashen duniya daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Tokyo . A watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar, ta fara aiki a Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Japan . A shekarar 1972, tana da shekaru 31, ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Yale, inda aka ba ta damar yin aiki a Bankin Duniya, kuma ta zama memba a Majalisar Shugaban Kasa kan Ayyukan Kasa da Kasa . A shekarar 1990, Kawaguchi ta yi aiki a matsayin Minista a Ofishin Jakadancin Japan a Amurka. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Harkokin Muhalli na Duniya a Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Duniya (wanda yanzu haka ita ce Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki, Ciniki, da Masana'antu ta Japan ) tsakanin shekarar 1992 da 1993 kafin ta zama Manajan Darakta na Suntory Holdings Ltd. a watan Satumba na shekarar 1993. An kuma nada ta a matsayin Darakta Janar na Sashen Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na Ofishin Manufofin Ciniki. A shekara ta 2000, ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Muhalli, wanda Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokacin Yoshiro Mori ya naɗa. <ref name="ocean">{{Cite web |title=Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Global Ocean Commission}}</ref> Duk da haka, yayin da take kan mulki, a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 2001, gwamnatin Japan ta sanar da cewa Hukumar Muhalli ta canza zuwa Ma'aikatar Muhalli, inda matsayin Darakta Janar ya zama Ministan Muhalli . Wannan wani ɓangare ne na babban ƙoƙari na ƙarfafa gudanar da muhalli, wanda ya haɗa da faɗaɗa nauyin ma'aikatar, ma'aikata, da kuma mai da hankali kan batutuwan muhalli na duniya. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin da ta yi, ta halarci a matsayin wakiliyar Japan a taron sauyin yanayi da aka gudanar a Bonn, [[Jamus]], inda ta yi nasarar ɗage takunkumin da Japan ta kakaba wa [[yarjejeniyar Kyoto]] . Kafin wa'adinta na Ministar Muhalli, a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2002, an naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje ta Japan, wacce Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokacin Junichiro Koizumi ya naɗa, mukamin da ta riƙe har zuwa lokacin da ta yi murabus a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2004 saboda sauƙaƙe sake tsara majalisar ministoci, kuma Nobutaka Machimura ya gaje ta. An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Kansiloli a shekarar 2005, inda ta yi wa'adi biyu har zuwa 2013. A cikin shekarunta na memba a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Babban Taron 'yan jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a Majalisar Dattawa. Ta kuma zama darakta kuma shugabar Kwamitin Muhalli, darektan Kwamitin Kasafin Kuɗi da kuma daraktan Kwamitin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Kawaguchi ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Tallafawa LDP Okinawa, da kuma shugabar Kwamitin Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan Hana Yaɗuwar Makamai da Kwantar da Hankali da kuma memba a kwamitin Majalisar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya ta Gidauniyar Matasan Shugabannin Duniya a shekarar 2008. A halin yanzu, ita memba ce a Kwamitin CSR na Gidauniyar Tokyo . <ref name="tokyof">{{Cite web |title=Kawaguchi, Yoriko |url=http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/experts/k/kawaguchi-yoriko |access-date=13 April 2014 |website=Professor |publisher=The Tokyo Foundation}}</ref> <ref name="ocean">{{Cite web |title=Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Global Ocean Commission}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ "Yoriko Kawaguchi"]. Global Ocean Commission. Archived from [http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ the original] on 13 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2011, wata guda kacal bayan girgizar ƙasa mai tsanani, tsumami, da bala'in nukiliya a Japan, Kawaguchi ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar bincike mai zaman kanta, tana adawa da shawarar rage tallafin ci gaba na hukuma don tara kuɗi don sake ginawa bayan rikicin bala'i sau uku. Tun daga wannan shekarar, ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta a [[Sasakawa Peace Foundation|Gidauniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Sasakawa]] . Bayan zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na shekarar 2013, Kawaguchi ta yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga harkokin siyasa. === Takaddama === An kori Kawaguchi, wacce a wancan lokacin babbar 'yar majalisa ce a jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party mai mulki, daga mukaminta na shugabar Kwamitin Muhalli na Majalisar Kansiloli lokacin da Majalisar Dattawa ta Japan ta zartar da kudurin korarta daga aiki a watan Mayun shekarar 2013. Wannan ya faru ne saboda tsawaita zamanta a [[Sin|China]] ba tare da izini ba, wanda hakan ya sa kwamitin da ta jagoranta ya soke zaman da aka tsara. Kawaguchi ta sami amincewar majalisar dokokin Japan ta tafi China daga ranar 23 zuwa 24 ga Afrilu don halartar wani taro amma ba tare da izinin farko ba, ta tsawaita wa'adin kwana ɗaya don ganawa da jami'in manufofin ƙasashen waje na Majalisar Jiha Yang Jiechi . Kawaguchi ta nemi afuwa ga [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzō Abe]], wanda kuma shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar LDP, game da hutun da ta yi ba tare da sanarwa ba, amma ta yi zargin cewa yarjejeniyar ƙarshe da Yang ta yi don amfanin Japan ne. Wannan tsawaita wa'adin ya jawo suka da yawa daga jam'iyyun adawa yayin da Kawaguchi ta karya dokokin majalisar tare da yin watsi da ayyukanta. Duk da haka, waɗanda ke kare 'yar majalisar kamar Babban Sakataren Majalisar Ministoci [[Yoshihide Suga]] da Babban Sakataren LDP Shigeru Ishiba sun ce taron da aka yi tsakanin ministocin biyu an yi shi ne don magance rikicin yankin da ke tsakanin Japan da China a Tekun Gabashin China . Yuriko Koike (Jafananci: 小池 百合子, Hepburn: Koike Yuriko; an haife ta ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1952) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan wadda ta kasance gwamnar Tokyo tun daga shekarar 2016. A baya, ta kuma taba zama mamba a Majalisar Dattawa (House of Councillors) daga 1992 zuwa 1993, sannan mamba a Majalisar Wakilai (House of Representatives) daga 1993 zuwa 2016. Ta rike mukamin Ministar Muhalli a karkashin Junichiro Koizumi daga 2003 zuwa 2006, sannan ta zama Ministar Tsaro a karkashin Shinzo Abe tsakanin Yuli da Agusta 2007. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tana da aure da Toru Kawaguchi kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare. Babbar 'yar uwarta, Takako Shirai, tsohuwar farfesa ce a Kwalejin Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Chiba Prefectural kuma mai bincike kan ka'idar 'yancin mata, ciki har da Mary Wollstonecraft. Abubuwan da take sha'awa sune karatu, sauraron kiɗa, yin wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma haiku. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == A watan Disamba na 2003, Kawaguchi ta sami lambar yabo ta "Aguila Azteca Medal" daga shugaban ƙasar Mexico na wancan lokacin Vicente Fox . Ta sami lambar yabo ta tunawa da shekaru daga magajin garin [[Saint-Petersburg|Sankt-Peterburg]] a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 300 da kafa birnin. A watan Maris na 2004, gwamnatin Paraguay ta ba Kawaguchi lambar yabo ta "Gran Cruz Extraordinaria" (Kyautar Shaida ta Ƙasa), kuma a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, ta sami takardar shaidar digirin girmamawa ta Likita daga hukumar Ilimi ta Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Mongolia da ke [[Ulan Bato|Ulaanbaatar]] . A watan Oktoba na 2008, Kawaguchi ta sami lambar yabo ta Wilbur Cross Medal daga Jami'ar Yale da ke New Haven, [[Connecticut]] saboda hidimar jama'a mai kyau. A watan Oktoban 2010, Kawaguchi ta kuma ba da kyautar "Tauraron Kudus" daga Shugaban Falasdinawa [[Mahmoud Abbas]] daga [[Palestinian Authority|Hukumar Ƙasa ta Falasdinawa]] . A wannan watan na wannan shekarar, ta sake karɓar lambar yabo ta cika shekaru goma saboda babbar gudunmawa ga haɓɓaka tsaro a duniya da kuma tsarin hana yaɗuwa daga K. Kadyrzhanov, Darakta Janar na Cibiyar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Ƙasa. <ref name="official">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.yoriko-kawaguchi.jp/official/about/profile-e.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423165343/http://www.yoriko-kawaguchi.jp/official/about/profile-e.php |archive-date=April 23, 2012 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Yoriko Kawaguchi Official Website}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2017, Kawaguchi ya sami kyautar Grand Cordon of the Order of Rising Sun a wani bikin baje kolin bazara, wanda Sarki [[Akihito]] na Japan a wancan lokacin ya bayar. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8n4vogvzzsp7ja7dpx413j3vqexeclz 882995 882990 2026-07-14T17:14:16Z Usman saadu 46863 882995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yoriko Kawaguchi''' (川口 順子, Kawaguchi Yoriko; an haife ta 14 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1941) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan kuma tsohuwar masaniyar tattalin arziki. Ta rike mukamin Ministar Harkokin Waje ta Japan daga shekara ta 2002 zuwa 2004, sannan ta ci gaba da zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman kan harkokin waje ga Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokaci, Junichiro Koizumi daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2005. Mamba ce ta jam’iyyar Liberal Democratic Party, kuma a baya ta taba zama Ministar Muhalli ta Japan daga shekarar 2000 zuwa 2002. Haka kuma ta kasance mamba a Majalisar Dattawa (House of Councillors) a karkashin jam’iyyar Liberal Democratic Party daga shekara ta 2005 zuwa 2013. A watan Yuli shekara ta 2008, an nada ta a matsayin shugabar hadin gwiwa (co-chair) na wata sabuwar Hukumar Kasa da Kasa kan hana yaduwar makaman nukiliya da kuma kwance damarar su, tare da tsohon Ministan Harkokin Wajen Ostiraliya, Gareth Evans. A halin yanzu, farfesa ce a Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya ta Meiji, Jami’ar Meiji University da ke Tokyo.<ref name="mofa">{{Cite web |title=Northeast Asia Regional Meeting of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/event/2009/5/1192015_1158.html |access-date=14 April 2014 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}</ref> A halin yanzu, farfesa ce a [[Meiji Institute for Global Affairs|Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya ta Meiji]], Jami'ar Meiji da ke Tokyo. <ref name="us">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://us-jf.org/about-the-foundation/board-and-staff/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150045/http://us-jf.org/about-the-foundation/board-and-staff/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=United States-Japan Foundation}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == [[Fayil:Donald_H._Rumsfeld_and_Yoriko_Kawaguchi_pose_for_a_photograph.jpg|left|thumb|Ganawar Kawaguchi da Sakataren Tsaron Amurka na wancan lokacin Donald Rumsfeld]] [[Fayil:Putin-Kawaguchi_meeting_02.jpg|left|thumb|Ganawar Kawaguchi da Shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] (14 Oktoba 2002)]] An haifi Yoriko Kawaguchi a ranar 14 ga watan Janairu, a shekara ta 1941 a [[Tokyo]], Daular Japan (yanzu [[Japan]] ). A lokacin yarinta, lokacin tana da shekaru huɗu, ita da iyalinta sun tsira daga hare-haren bama-bamai a [[Tokyo]] a lokacin [[Yakin Pacific|Yaƙin Asiya da Pacific]] a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, duk da cewa ita da iyalinta suna zaune a Tokyo a duk lokacin yaƙin. A shekarar 1960, tana da shekaru 19, ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Jami'ar Ilimi ta Tokyo (yanzu Makarantar Sakandare ta Junior da Senior a Komaba, Jami'ar Tsukuba ). Wasu daga cikin abokan karatunta na makarantar sakandare sun haɗa da Nobuo Habeyanagi (tsohon Shugaban Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group ), [[:ja:島村英紀|Hideki Shimamura]] (tsohon Daraktan Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙasa kan Polar ), [[:ja:星出豊|Yutaka Hoshide]] (Farfesa a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Showa ), Hajime Matsumoto (likitan jijiyoyin jini), da Yozo Yokota (tsohon Mai Ba da Shawara na Musamman ga Shugaban Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ). A farkon shekarar 1965, tana da shekaru 24, ta kammala karatun digirinta a fannin hulda da kasashen duniya daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Tokyo . A watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar, ta fara aiki a Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Japan . A shekarar 1972, tana da shekaru 31, ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Yale, inda aka ba ta damar yin aiki a Bankin Duniya, kuma ta zama memba a Majalisar Shugaban Kasa kan Ayyukan Kasa da Kasa . A shekarar 1990, Kawaguchi ta yi aiki a matsayin Minista a Ofishin Jakadancin Japan a Amurka. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Harkokin Muhalli na Duniya a Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Duniya (wanda yanzu haka ita ce Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki, Ciniki, da Masana'antu ta Japan ) tsakanin shekarar 1992 da 1993 kafin ta zama Manajan Darakta na Suntory Holdings Ltd. a watan Satumba na shekarar 1993. An kuma nada ta a matsayin Darakta Janar na Sashen Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na Ofishin Manufofin Ciniki. A shekara ta 2000, ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Muhalli, wanda Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokacin Yoshiro Mori ya naɗa. <ref name="ocean">{{Cite web |title=Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Global Ocean Commission}}</ref> Duk da haka, yayin da take kan mulki, a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 2001, gwamnatin Japan ta sanar da cewa Hukumar Muhalli ta canza zuwa Ma'aikatar Muhalli, inda matsayin Darakta Janar ya zama Ministan Muhalli . Wannan wani ɓangare ne na babban ƙoƙari na ƙarfafa gudanar da muhalli, wanda ya haɗa da faɗaɗa nauyin ma'aikatar, ma'aikata, da kuma mai da hankali kan batutuwan muhalli na duniya. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin da ta yi, ta halarci a matsayin wakiliyar Japan a taron sauyin yanayi da aka gudanar a Bonn, [[Jamus]], inda ta yi nasarar ɗage takunkumin da Japan ta kakaba wa [[yarjejeniyar Kyoto]] . Kafin wa'adinta na Ministar Muhalli, a ranar 1 ga watan Fabric, a shekara ta 2002, an naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje ta Japan, wacce Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokacin Junichiro Koizumi ya naɗa, mukamin da ta riƙe har zuwa lokacin da ta yi murabus a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba, a shekarar 2004 saboda sauƙaƙe sake tsara majalisar ministoci, kuma Nobutaka Machimura ya gaje ta. An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Kansiloli a shekarar 2005, inda ta yi wa'adi biyu har zuwa shekara ta 2013. A cikin shekarunta na memba a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Babban Taron 'yan jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a Majalisar Dattawa. Ta kuma zama darakta kuma shugabar Kwamitin Muhalli, darektan Kwamitin Kasafin Kuɗi da kuma daraktan Kwamitin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Kawaguchi ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Tallafawa LDP Okinawa, da kuma shugabar Kwamitin Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan Hana Yaɗuwar Makamai da Kwantar da Hankali da kuma memba a kwamitin Majalisar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya ta Gidauniyar Matasan Shugabannin Duniya a shekarar 2008. A halin yanzu, ita memba ce a Kwamitin CSR na Gidauniyar Tokyo . <ref name="tokyof">{{Cite web |title=Kawaguchi, Yoriko |url=http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/experts/k/kawaguchi-yoriko |access-date=13 April 2014 |website=Professor |publisher=The Tokyo Foundation}}</ref> <ref name="ocean">{{Cite web |title=Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Global Ocean Commission}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ "Yoriko Kawaguchi"]. Global Ocean Commission. Archived from [http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ the original] on 13 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2011, wata guda kacal bayan girgizar ƙasa mai tsanani, tsumami, da bala'in nukiliya a Japan, Kawaguchi ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar bincike mai zaman kanta, tana adawa da shawarar rage tallafin ci gaba na hukuma don tara kuɗi don sake ginawa bayan rikicin bala'i sau uku. Tun daga wannan shekarar, ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta a [[Sasakawa Peace Foundation|Gidauniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Sasakawa]] . Bayan zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na shekarar 2013, Kawaguchi ta yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga harkokin siyasa. === Takaddama === An kori Kawaguchi, wacce a wancan lokacin babbar 'yar majalisa ce a jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party mai mulki, daga mukaminta na shugabar Kwamitin Muhalli na Majalisar Kansiloli lokacin da Majalisar Dattawa ta Japan ta zartar da kudurin korarta daga aiki a watan Mayun shekarar 2013. Wannan ya faru ne saboda tsawaita zamanta a [[Sin|China]] ba tare da izini ba, wanda hakan ya sa kwamitin da ta jagoranta ya soke zaman da aka tsara. Kawaguchi ta sami amincewar majalisar dokokin Japan ta tafi China daga ranar 23 zuwa 24 ga Afrilu don halartar wani taro amma ba tare da izinin farko ba, ta tsawaita wa'adin kwana ɗaya don ganawa da jami'in manufofin ƙasashen waje na Majalisar Jiha Yang Jiechi . Kawaguchi ta nemi afuwa ga [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzō Abe]], wanda kuma shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar LDP, game da hutun da ta yi ba tare da sanarwa ba, amma ta yi zargin cewa yarjejeniyar ƙarshe da Yang ta yi don amfanin Japan ne. Wannan tsawaita wa'adin ya jawo suka da yawa daga jam'iyyun adawa yayin da Kawaguchi ta karya dokokin majalisar tare da yin watsi da ayyukanta. Duk da haka, waɗanda ke kare 'yar majalisar kamar Babban Sakataren Majalisar Ministoci [[Yoshihide Suga]] da Babban Sakataren LDP Shigeru Ishiba sun ce taron da aka yi tsakanin ministocin biyu an yi shi ne don magance rikicin yankin da ke tsakanin Japan da China a Tekun Gabashin China . Yuriko Koike (Jafananci: 小池 百合子, Hepburn: Koike Yuriko; an haife ta ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1952) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan wadda ta kasance gwamnar Tokyo tun daga shekarar 2016. A baya, ta kuma taba zama mamba a Majalisar Dattawa (House of Councillors) daga 1992 zuwa 1993, sannan mamba a Majalisar Wakilai (House of Representatives) daga 1993 zuwa 2016. Ta rike mukamin Ministar Muhalli a karkashin Junichiro Koizumi daga 2003 zuwa 2006, sannan ta zama Ministar Tsaro a karkashin Shinzo Abe tsakanin Yuli da Agusta 2007. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tana da aure da Toru Kawaguchi kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare. Babbar 'yar uwarta, Takako Shirai, tsohuwar farfesa ce a Kwalejin Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Chiba Prefectural kuma mai bincike kan ka'idar 'yancin mata, ciki har da Mary Wollstonecraft. Abubuwan da take sha'awa sune karatu, sauraron kiɗa, yin wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma haiku. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == A watan Disamba na 2003, Kawaguchi ta sami lambar yabo ta "Aguila Azteca Medal" daga shugaban ƙasar Mexico na wancan lokacin Vicente Fox . Ta sami lambar yabo ta tunawa da shekaru daga magajin garin [[Saint-Petersburg|Sankt-Peterburg]] a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 300 da kafa birnin. A watan Maris na 2004, gwamnatin Paraguay ta ba Kawaguchi lambar yabo ta "Gran Cruz Extraordinaria" (Kyautar Shaida ta Ƙasa), kuma a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, ta sami takardar shaidar digirin girmamawa ta Likita daga hukumar Ilimi ta Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Mongolia da ke [[Ulan Bato|Ulaanbaatar]] . A watan Oktoba na 2008, Kawaguchi ta sami lambar yabo ta Wilbur Cross Medal daga Jami'ar Yale da ke New Haven, [[Connecticut]] saboda hidimar jama'a mai kyau. A watan Oktoban 2010, Kawaguchi ta kuma ba da kyautar "Tauraron Kudus" daga Shugaban Falasdinawa [[Mahmoud Abbas]] daga [[Palestinian Authority|Hukumar Ƙasa ta Falasdinawa]] . A wannan watan na wannan shekarar, ta sake karɓar lambar yabo ta cika shekaru goma saboda babbar gudunmawa ga haɓɓaka tsaro a duniya da kuma tsarin hana yaɗuwa daga K. Kadyrzhanov, Darakta Janar na Cibiyar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Ƙasa. <ref name="official">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.yoriko-kawaguchi.jp/official/about/profile-e.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423165343/http://www.yoriko-kawaguchi.jp/official/about/profile-e.php |archive-date=April 23, 2012 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Yoriko Kawaguchi Official Website}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2017, Kawaguchi ya sami kyautar Grand Cordon of the Order of Rising Sun a wani bikin baje kolin bazara, wanda Sarki [[Akihito]] na Japan a wancan lokacin ya bayar. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nq381voxdl6lfwi7v0yh5trc8qeun97 882998 882995 2026-07-14T17:18:22Z Usman saadu 46863 882998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yoriko Kawaguchi''' (川口 順子, Kawaguchi Yoriko; an haife ta 14 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1941) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan kuma tsohuwar masaniyar tattalin arziki. Ta rike mukamin Ministar Harkokin Waje ta Japan daga shekara ta 2002 zuwa 2004, sannan ta ci gaba da zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman kan harkokin waje ga Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokaci, Junichiro Koizumi daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2005. Mamba ce ta jam’iyyar Liberal Democratic Party, kuma a baya ta taba zama Ministar Muhalli ta Japan daga shekarar 2000 zuwa 2002. Haka kuma ta kasance mamba a Majalisar Dattawa (House of Councillors) a karkashin jam’iyyar Liberal Democratic Party daga shekara ta 2005 zuwa 2013. A watan Yuli shekara ta 2008, an nada ta a matsayin shugabar hadin gwiwa (co-chair) na wata sabuwar Hukumar Kasa da Kasa kan hana yaduwar makaman nukiliya da kuma kwance damarar su, tare da tsohon Ministan Harkokin Wajen Ostiraliya, Gareth Evans. A halin yanzu, farfesa ce a Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya ta Meiji, Jami’ar Meiji University da ke Tokyo.<ref name="mofa">{{Cite web |title=Northeast Asia Regional Meeting of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/event/2009/5/1192015_1158.html |access-date=14 April 2014 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}</ref> A halin yanzu, farfesa ce a [[Meiji Institute for Global Affairs|Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya ta Meiji]], Jami'ar Meiji da ke Tokyo. <ref name="us">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://us-jf.org/about-the-foundation/board-and-staff/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150045/http://us-jf.org/about-the-foundation/board-and-staff/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=United States-Japan Foundation}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == [[Fayil:Donald_H._Rumsfeld_and_Yoriko_Kawaguchi_pose_for_a_photograph.jpg|left|thumb|Ganawar Kawaguchi da Sakataren Tsaron Amurka na wancan lokacin Donald Rumsfeld]] [[Fayil:Putin-Kawaguchi_meeting_02.jpg|left|thumb|Ganawar Kawaguchi da Shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] (14 Oktoba 2002)]] An haifi Yoriko Kawaguchi a ranar 14 ga watan Janairu, a shekara ta 1941 a [[Tokyo]], Daular Japan (yanzu [[Japan]] ). A lokacin yarinta, lokacin tana da shekaru huɗu, ita da iyalinta sun tsira daga hare-haren bama-bamai a [[Tokyo]] a lokacin [[Yakin Pacific|Yaƙin Asiya da Pacific]] a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, duk da cewa ita da iyalinta suna zaune a Tokyo a duk lokacin yaƙin. A shekarar 1960, tana da shekaru 19, ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Jami'ar Ilimi ta Tokyo (yanzu Makarantar Sakandare ta Junior da Senior a Komaba, Jami'ar Tsukuba ). Wasu daga cikin abokan karatunta na makarantar sakandare sun haɗa da Nobuo Habeyanagi (tsohon Shugaban Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group ), [[:ja:島村英紀|Hideki Shimamura]] (tsohon Daraktan Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙasa kan Polar ), [[:ja:星出豊|Yutaka Hoshide]] (Farfesa a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Showa ), Hajime Matsumoto (likitan jijiyoyin jini), da Yozo Yokota (tsohon Mai Ba da Shawara na Musamman ga Shugaban Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ). A farkon shekarar 1965, tana da shekaru 24, ta kammala karatun digirinta a fannin hulda da kasashen duniya daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Tokyo . A watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar, ta fara aiki a Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Japan . A shekarar 1972, tana da shekaru 31, ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Yale, inda aka ba ta damar yin aiki a Bankin Duniya, kuma ta zama memba a Majalisar Shugaban Kasa kan Ayyukan Kasa da Kasa . A shekarar 1990, Kawaguchi ta yi aiki a matsayin Minista a Ofishin Jakadancin Japan a Amurka. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Harkokin Muhalli na Duniya a Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Duniya (wanda yanzu haka ita ce Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki, Ciniki, da Masana'antu ta Japan ) tsakanin shekarar 1992 da 1993 kafin ta zama Manajan Darakta na Suntory Holdings Ltd. a watan Satumba na shekarar 1993. An kuma nada ta a matsayin Darakta Janar na Sashen Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na Ofishin Manufofin Ciniki. A shekara ta 2000, ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Muhalli, wanda Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokacin Yoshiro Mori ya naɗa. <ref name="ocean">{{Cite web |title=Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Global Ocean Commission}}</ref> Duk da haka, yayin da take kan mulki, a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 2001, gwamnatin Japan ta sanar da cewa Hukumar Muhalli ta canza zuwa Ma'aikatar Muhalli, inda matsayin Darakta Janar ya zama Ministan Muhalli . Wannan wani ɓangare ne na babban ƙoƙari na ƙarfafa gudanar da muhalli, wanda ya haɗa da faɗaɗa nauyin ma'aikatar, ma'aikata, da kuma mai da hankali kan batutuwan muhalli na duniya. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin da ta yi, ta halarci a matsayin wakiliyar Japan a taron sauyin yanayi da aka gudanar a Bonn, [[Jamus]], inda ta yi nasarar ɗage takunkumin da Japan ta kakaba wa [[yarjejeniyar Kyoto]] . Kafin wa'adinta na Ministar Muhalli, a ranar 1 ga watan Fabric, a shekara ta 2002, an naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje ta Japan, wacce Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokacin Junichiro Koizumi ya naɗa, mukamin da ta riƙe har zuwa lokacin da ta yi murabus a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba, a shekarar 2004 saboda sauƙaƙe sake tsara majalisar ministoci, kuma Nobutaka Machimura ya gaje ta. An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Kansiloli a shekarar 2005, inda ta yi wa'adi biyu har zuwa shekara ta 2013. A cikin shekarunta na memba a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Babban Taron 'yan jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a Majalisar Dattawa. Ta kuma zama darakta kuma shugabar Kwamitin Muhalli, darektan Kwamitin Kasafin Kuɗi da kuma daraktan Kwamitin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Kawaguchi ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Tallafawa LDP Okinawa, da kuma shugabar Kwamitin Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan Hana Yaɗuwar Makamai da Kwantar da Hankali da kuma memba a kwamitin Majalisar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya ta Gidauniyar Matasan Shugabannin Duniya a shekarar 2008. A halin yanzu, ita memba ce a Kwamitin CSR na Gidauniyar Tokyo . <ref name="tokyof">{{Cite web |title=Kawaguchi, Yoriko |url=http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/experts/k/kawaguchi-yoriko |access-date=13 April 2014 |website=Professor |publisher=The Tokyo Foundation}}</ref> <ref name="ocean">{{Cite web |title=Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Global Ocean Commission}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ "Yoriko Kawaguchi"]. Global Ocean Commission. Archived from [http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ the original] on 13 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 14 gaga Watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2011, wata guda kacal bayan girgizar ƙasa mai tsanani, tsumami, da bala'in nukiliya a Japan, Kawaguchi ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar bincike mai zaman kanta, tana adawa da shawarar rage tallafin ci gaba na hukuma don tara kuɗi don sake ginawa bayan rikicin bala'i sau uku. Tun daga wannan shekarar, ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta a [[Sasakawa Peace Foundation|Gidauniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Sasakawa]] . Bayan zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na shekarar 2013, Kawaguchi ta yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga harkokin siyasa. === Takaddama === An kori Kawaguchi, wacce a wancan lokacin babbar 'yar majalisa ce a jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party mai mulki, daga mukaminta na shugabar Kwamitin Muhalli na Majalisar Kansiloli lokacin da Majalisar Dattawa ta Japan ta zartar da kudurin korarta daga aiki a watan Mayun shekarar 2013. Wannan ya faru ne saboda tsawaita zamanta a [[Sin|China]] ba tare da izini ba, wanda hakan ya sa kwamitin da ta jagoranta ya soke zaman da aka tsara. Kawaguchi ta sami amincewar majalisar dokokin Japan ta tafi China daga ranar 23 zuwa 24 ga watan Afrilu don halartar wani taro amma ba tare da izinin farko ba, ta tsawaita wa'adin kwana ɗaya don ganawa da jami'in manufofin ƙasashen waje na Majalisar Jiha Yang Jiechi . Kawaguchi ta nemi afuwa ga [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzō Abe]], wanda kuma shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar LDP, game da hutun da ta yi ba tare da sanarwa ba, amma ta yi zargin cewa yarjejeniyar ƙarshe da Yang ta yi don amfanin Japan ne. Wannan tsawaita wa'adin ya jawo suka da yawa daga jam'iyyun adawa yayin da Kawaguchi ta karya dokokin majalisar tare da yin watsi da ayyukanta. Duk da haka, waɗanda ke kare 'yar majalisar kamar Babban Sakataren Majalisar Ministoci [[Yoshihide Suga]] da Babban Sakataren LDP Shigeru Ishiba sun ce taron da aka yi tsakanin ministocin biyu an yi shi ne don magance rikicin yankin da ke tsakanin Japan da China a Tekun Gabashin China . Yuriko Koike (Jafananci: 小池 百合子, Hepburn: Koike Yuriko; an haife ta ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1952) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan wadda ta kasance gwamnar Tokyo tun daga shekarar 2016. A baya, ta kuma taba zama mamba a Majalisar Dattawa (House of Councillors) daga shekara ta 1992 zuwa 1993, sannan mamba a Majalisar Wakilai (House of Representatives) daga shekara ta 1993 zuwa 2016. Ta rike mukamin Ministar Muhalli a karkashin Junichiro Koizumi daga shekara ta 2003 zuwa 2006, sannan ta zama Ministar Tsaro a karkashin Shinzo Abe tsakanin Yuli da Agusta a shekara ta 2007. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tana da aure da Toru Kawaguchi kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare. Babbar 'yar uwarta, Takako Shirai, tsohuwar farfesa ce a Kwalejin Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Chiba Prefectural kuma mai bincike kan ka'idar 'yancin mata, ciki har da Mary Wollstonecraft. Abubuwan da take sha'awa sune karatu, sauraron kiɗa, yin wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma haiku. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == A watan Disamba na 2003, Kawaguchi ta sami lambar yabo ta "Aguila Azteca Medal" daga shugaban ƙasar Mexico na wancan lokacin Vicente Fox . Ta sami lambar yabo ta tunawa da shekaru daga magajin garin [[Saint-Petersburg|Sankt-Peterburg]] a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 300 da kafa birnin. A watan Maris na 2004, gwamnatin Paraguay ta ba Kawaguchi lambar yabo ta "Gran Cruz Extraordinaria" (Kyautar Shaida ta Ƙasa), kuma a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, ta sami takardar shaidar digirin girmamawa ta Likita daga hukumar Ilimi ta Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Mongolia da ke [[Ulan Bato|Ulaanbaatar]] . A watan Oktoba na 2008, Kawaguchi ta sami lambar yabo ta Wilbur Cross Medal daga Jami'ar Yale da ke New Haven, [[Connecticut]] saboda hidimar jama'a mai kyau. A watan Oktoban 2010, Kawaguchi ta kuma ba da kyautar "Tauraron Kudus" daga Shugaban Falasdinawa [[Mahmoud Abbas]] daga [[Palestinian Authority|Hukumar Ƙasa ta Falasdinawa]] . A wannan watan na wannan shekarar, ta sake karɓar lambar yabo ta cika shekaru goma saboda babbar gudunmawa ga haɓɓaka tsaro a duniya da kuma tsarin hana yaɗuwa daga K. Kadyrzhanov, Darakta Janar na Cibiyar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Ƙasa. <ref name="official">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.yoriko-kawaguchi.jp/official/about/profile-e.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423165343/http://www.yoriko-kawaguchi.jp/official/about/profile-e.php |archive-date=April 23, 2012 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Yoriko Kawaguchi Official Website}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2017, Kawaguchi ya sami kyautar Grand Cordon of the Order of Rising Sun a wani bikin baje kolin bazara, wanda Sarki [[Akihito]] na Japan a wancan lokacin ya bayar. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m2wzqq087bjwqvgx51mpcisdxk1eg6k 883001 882998 2026-07-14T17:19:56Z Usman saadu 46863 883001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yoriko Kawaguchi''' (川口 順子, Kawaguchi Yoriko; an haife ta 14 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1941) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan kuma tsohuwar masaniyar tattalin arziki. Ta rike mukamin Ministar Harkokin Waje ta Japan daga shekara ta 2002 zuwa 2004, sannan ta ci gaba da zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman kan harkokin waje ga Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokaci, Junichiro Koizumi daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2005. Mamba ce ta jam’iyyar Liberal Democratic Party, kuma a baya ta taba zama Ministar Muhalli ta Japan daga shekarar 2000 zuwa 2002. Haka kuma ta kasance mamba a Majalisar Dattawa (House of Councillors) a karkashin jam’iyyar Liberal Democratic Party daga shekara ta 2005 zuwa 2013. A watan Yuli shekara ta 2008, an nada ta a matsayin shugabar hadin gwiwa (co-chair) na wata sabuwar Hukumar Kasa da Kasa kan hana yaduwar makaman nukiliya da kuma kwance damarar su, tare da tsohon Ministan Harkokin Wajen Ostiraliya, Gareth Evans. A halin yanzu, farfesa ce a Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya ta Meiji, Jami’ar Meiji University da ke Tokyo.<ref name="mofa">{{Cite web |title=Northeast Asia Regional Meeting of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/event/2009/5/1192015_1158.html |access-date=14 April 2014 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}</ref> A halin yanzu, farfesa ce a [[Meiji Institute for Global Affairs|Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Duniya ta Meiji]], Jami'ar Meiji da ke Tokyo. <ref name="us">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://us-jf.org/about-the-foundation/board-and-staff/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150045/http://us-jf.org/about-the-foundation/board-and-staff/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=United States-Japan Foundation}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da aiki == [[Fayil:Donald_H._Rumsfeld_and_Yoriko_Kawaguchi_pose_for_a_photograph.jpg|left|thumb|Ganawar Kawaguchi da Sakataren Tsaron Amurka na wancan lokacin Donald Rumsfeld]] [[Fayil:Putin-Kawaguchi_meeting_02.jpg|left|thumb|Ganawar Kawaguchi da Shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] (14 Oktoba 2002)]] An haifi Yoriko Kawaguchi a ranar 14 ga watan Janairu, a shekara ta 1941 a [[Tokyo]], Daular Japan (yanzu [[Japan]] ). A lokacin yarinta, lokacin tana da shekaru huɗu, ita da iyalinta sun tsira daga hare-haren bama-bamai a [[Tokyo]] a lokacin [[Yakin Pacific|Yaƙin Asiya da Pacific]] a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, duk da cewa ita da iyalinta suna zaune a Tokyo a duk lokacin yaƙin. A shekarar 1960, tana da shekaru 19, ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Jami'ar Ilimi ta Tokyo (yanzu Makarantar Sakandare ta Junior da Senior a Komaba, Jami'ar Tsukuba ). Wasu daga cikin abokan karatunta na makarantar sakandare sun haɗa da Nobuo Habeyanagi (tsohon Shugaban Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group ), [[:ja:島村英紀|Hideki Shimamura]] (tsohon Daraktan Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙasa kan Polar ), [[:ja:星出豊|Yutaka Hoshide]] (Farfesa a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Showa ), Hajime Matsumoto (likitan jijiyoyin jini), da Yozo Yokota (tsohon Mai Ba da Shawara na Musamman ga Shugaban Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ). A farkon shekarar 1965, tana da shekaru 24, ta kammala karatun digirinta a fannin hulda da kasashen duniya daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Tokyo . A watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar, ta fara aiki a Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Japan . A shekarar 1972, tana da shekaru 31, ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Yale, inda aka ba ta damar yin aiki a Bankin Duniya, kuma ta zama memba a Majalisar Shugaban Kasa kan Ayyukan Kasa da Kasa . A shekarar 1990, Kawaguchi ta yi aiki a matsayin Minista a Ofishin Jakadancin Japan a Amurka. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Harkokin Muhalli na Duniya a Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu ta Duniya (wanda yanzu haka ita ce Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki, Ciniki, da Masana'antu ta Japan ) tsakanin shekarar 1992 da 1993 kafin ta zama Manajan Darakta na Suntory Holdings Ltd. a watan Satumba na shekarar 1993. An kuma nada ta a matsayin Darakta Janar na Sashen Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na Ofishin Manufofin Ciniki. A shekara ta 2000, ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Muhalli, wanda Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokacin Yoshiro Mori ya naɗa. <ref name="ocean">{{Cite web |title=Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Global Ocean Commission}}</ref> Duk da haka, yayin da take kan mulki, a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 2001, gwamnatin Japan ta sanar da cewa Hukumar Muhalli ta canza zuwa Ma'aikatar Muhalli, inda matsayin Darakta Janar ya zama Ministan Muhalli . Wannan wani ɓangare ne na babban ƙoƙari na ƙarfafa gudanar da muhalli, wanda ya haɗa da faɗaɗa nauyin ma'aikatar, ma'aikata, da kuma mai da hankali kan batutuwan muhalli na duniya. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin da ta yi, ta halarci a matsayin wakiliyar Japan a taron sauyin yanayi da aka gudanar a Bonn, [[Jamus]], inda ta yi nasarar ɗage takunkumin da Japan ta kakaba wa [[yarjejeniyar Kyoto]] . Kafin wa'adinta na Ministar Muhalli, a ranar 1 ga watan Fabric, a shekara ta 2002, an naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Waje ta Japan, wacce Firayim Ministan Japan na wancan lokacin Junichiro Koizumi ya naɗa, mukamin da ta riƙe har zuwa lokacin da ta yi murabus a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba, a shekarar 2004 saboda sauƙaƙe sake tsara majalisar ministoci, kuma Nobutaka Machimura ya gaje ta. An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Kansiloli a shekarar 2005, inda ta yi wa'adi biyu har zuwa shekara ta 2013. A cikin shekarunta na memba a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Babban Taron 'yan jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party a Majalisar Dattawa. Ta kuma zama darakta kuma shugabar Kwamitin Muhalli, darektan Kwamitin Kasafin Kuɗi da kuma daraktan Kwamitin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Kawaguchi ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Tallafawa LDP Okinawa, da kuma shugabar Kwamitin Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan Hana Yaɗuwar Makamai da Kwantar da Hankali da kuma memba a kwamitin Majalisar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya ta Gidauniyar Matasan Shugabannin Duniya a shekarar 2008. A halin yanzu, ita memba ce a Kwamitin CSR na Gidauniyar Tokyo . <ref name="tokyof">{{Cite web |title=Kawaguchi, Yoriko |url=http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/experts/k/kawaguchi-yoriko |access-date=13 April 2014 |website=Professor |publisher=The Tokyo Foundation}}</ref> <ref name="ocean">{{Cite web |title=Yoriko Kawaguchi |url=http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Global Ocean Commission}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155258/http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ "Yoriko Kawaguchi"]. Global Ocean Commission. Archived from [http://www.globaloceancommission.org/the-commissioners/yoriko-kawaguchi/ the original] on 13 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 14 gaga Watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2011, wata guda kacal bayan girgizar ƙasa mai tsanani, tsumami, da bala'in nukiliya a Japan, Kawaguchi ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar bincike mai zaman kanta, tana adawa da shawarar rage tallafin ci gaba na hukuma don tara kuɗi don sake ginawa bayan rikicin bala'i sau uku. Tun daga wannan shekarar, ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta a [[Sasakawa Peace Foundation|Gidauniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Sasakawa]] . Bayan zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na shekarar 2013, Kawaguchi ta yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga harkokin siyasa. === Takaddama === An kori Kawaguchi, wacce a wancan lokacin babbar 'yar majalisa ce a jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party mai mulki, daga mukaminta na shugabar Kwamitin Muhalli na Majalisar Kansiloli lokacin da Majalisar Dattawa ta Japan ta zartar da kudurin korarta daga aiki a watan Mayun shekarar 2013. Wannan ya faru ne saboda tsawaita zamanta a [[Sin|China]] ba tare da izini ba, wanda hakan ya sa kwamitin da ta jagoranta ya soke zaman da aka tsara. Kawaguchi ta sami amincewar majalisar dokokin Japan ta tafi China daga ranar 23 zuwa 24 ga watan Afrilu don halartar wani taro amma ba tare da izinin farko ba, ta tsawaita wa'adin kwana ɗaya don ganawa da jami'in manufofin ƙasashen waje na Majalisar Jiha Yang Jiechi . Kawaguchi ta nemi afuwa ga [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzō Abe]], wanda kuma shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar LDP, game da hutun da ta yi ba tare da sanarwa ba, amma ta yi zargin cewa yarjejeniyar ƙarshe da Yang ta yi don amfanin Japan ne. Wannan tsawaita wa'adin ya jawo suka da yawa daga jam'iyyun adawa yayin da Kawaguchi ta karya dokokin majalisar tare da yin watsi da ayyukanta. Duk da haka, waɗanda ke kare 'yar majalisar kamar Babban Sakataren Majalisar Ministoci [[Yoshihide Suga]] da Babban Sakataren LDP Shigeru Ishiba sun ce taron da aka yi tsakanin ministocin biyu an yi shi ne don magance rikicin yankin da ke tsakanin Japan da China a Tekun Gabashin China . Yuriko Koike (Jafananci: 小池 百合子, Hepburn: Koike Yuriko; an haife ta ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1952) ‘yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Japan wadda ta kasance gwamnar Tokyo tun daga shekarar 2016. A baya, ta kuma taba zama mamba a Majalisar Dattawa (House of Councillors) daga shekara ta 1992 zuwa 1993, sannan mamba a Majalisar Wakilai (House of Representatives) daga shekara ta 1993 zuwa 2016. Ta rike mukamin Ministar Muhalli a karkashin Junichiro Koizumi daga shekara ta 2003 zuwa 2006, sannan ta zama Ministar Tsaro a karkashin Shinzo Abe tsakanin Yuli da Agusta a shekara ta 2007. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tana da aure da Toru Kawaguchi kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare. Babbar 'yar uwarta, Takako Shirai, tsohuwar farfesa ce a Kwalejin Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Chiba Prefectural kuma mai bincike kan ka'idar 'yancin mata, ciki har da Mary Wollstonecraft. Abubuwan da take sha'awa sune karatu, sauraron kiɗa, yin wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma haiku. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == A watan Disamba na 2003, Kawaguchi ta sami lambar yabo ta "Aguila Azteca Medal" daga shugaban ƙasar Mexico na wancan lokacin Vicente Fox . Ta sami lambar yabo ta tunawa da shekaru daga magajin garin [[Saint-Petersburg|Sankt-Peterburg]] a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 300 da kafa birnin. A watan Maris na 2004, gwamnatin Paraguay ta ba Kawaguchi lambar yabo ta "Gran Cruz Extraordinaria" (Kyautar Shaida ta Ƙasa), kuma a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, ta sami takardar shaidar digirin girmamawa ta Likita daga hukumar Ilimi ta Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Mongolia da ke [[Ulan Bato|Ulaanbaatar]] . A watan Oktoba na 2008, Kawaguchi ta sami lambar yabo ta Wilbur Cross Medal daga Jami'ar Yale da ke New Haven, [[Connecticut]] saboda hidimar jama'a mai kyau. A watan Oktoban shekara ta 2010, Kawaguchi ta kuma ba da kyautar "Tauraron Kudus" daga Shugaban Falasdinawa [[Mahmoud Abbas]] daga [[Palestinian Authority|Hukumar Ƙasa ta Falasdinawa]] . A wannan watan na wannan shekarar, ta sake karɓar lambar yabo ta cika shekaru goma saboda babbar gudunmawa ga haɓɓaka tsaro a duniya da kuma tsarin hana yaɗuwa daga K. Kadyrzhanov, Darakta Janar na Cibiyar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Ƙasa. <ref name="official">{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.yoriko-kawaguchi.jp/official/about/profile-e.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423165343/http://www.yoriko-kawaguchi.jp/official/about/profile-e.php |archive-date=April 23, 2012 |access-date=12 April 2014 |publisher=Yoriko Kawaguchi Official Website}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2017, Kawaguchi ya sami kyautar Grand Cordon of the Order of Rising Sun a wani bikin baje kolin bazara, wanda Sarki [[Akihito]] na Japan a wancan lokacin ya bayar. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nvcb3sjt18vtm1awwk4emmzd0j53s8b 0 147707 883343 874677 2026-07-15T09:14:30Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 883343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Clar Marie Duncan Weah ( wanda aka haifa a ranar 11 ga Maris 1965) 'yar kasuwa ce 'yar Jamaica [1], mai taimakon jama'a kuma mai fafutuka wacce ta kasance matar shugaban ƙasar Liberia daga 2018 zuwa 2024. Tana auren George Weah, shugaban ƙasar Liberia na 25. Clar ta kafa gidauniyar Clar Hope a shekarar 2018, da nufin inganta rayuwar marasa galihu a Liberia. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Clar Marie Duncan a [[Kingston, Jamaica]], kuma ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya bakwai. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=January 4, 2018 |title=Jamaica Observer Limited |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Liberias_new_First_Lady_is_Jamaican_?profile=1 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-03-15 |website=Jamaica Observer |language=en}}</ref> Tun tana ƙarama, ta yi ƙaura tare da iyalinta zuwa Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 12, 2018 |title=the First Lady of the Republic of Liberia – Clar Marie Weah – Liberian Spot |url=https://libspot.com/first-lady/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225170033/https://libspot.com/first-lady/ |archive-date=2021-02-25 |access-date=2020-03-15 |website=libspot.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A Amurka, ta halarci Jami'ar City ta New York kuma ta sami lasisin aikin jinya da digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyyar Lafiya. Ta fara aikinta a matsayin wakilin kula da abokan ciniki a New York a Citibank da Chase Manhattan Bank, a lokacin da ita, tare da haɗin gwiwar, ke kula da ƙananan kasuwanci. Daga baya ta ci gaba da karatunta wanda ya kai ta ga aikin jinya. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Amb. Clar Marie Weah, First Lady of the Republic of Liberia |url=https://www.emansion.gov.lr/2content_list_sub.php?main=47&related=47&pg=mp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311103837/http://emansion.gov.lr:80/2content_list_sub.php?main=47&related=47&pg=mp |archive-date=2018-03-11 |access-date= |website=emansion.gov.lr}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a Asibitin Jamaica da ke [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Executive Mansion |url=https://www.emansion.gov.lr/ |access-date=2020-03-15 |website=www.emansion.gov.lr}}</ref> === Aure da yara === Clar ya auri George Weah a ranar 26 ga Yuni 1993, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Enoku |first=Clement |date=June 26, 2019 |title=PHOTOS: Liberian President, George Weah Celebrates 27th Marriage Anniversary With Wife, Clar Weah |url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2019/06/26/photos-liberian-president-george-weah-celebrates-27th-marriage-anniversary-with-wife-clar-weah/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626201557/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2019/06/26/photos-liberian-president-george-weah-celebrates-27th-marriage-anniversary-with-wife-clar-weah/ |archive-date=2019-06-26 |access-date=2020-02-25 |website=GhanaCelebrities.Com |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma yana da 'ya'ya uku &#x2013; Martha Weah, George Weah Jr., da Timothy Weah . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ari |first=Liljenwall |date=February 17, 2020 |title=Timothy Weah returns to field for Lille after lengthy injury absence |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2020/02/16/timothy-weah-returns-field-lille-after-lengthy-injury-absence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810121744/https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2020/02/16/timothy-weah-returns-field-lille-after-lengthy-injury-absence |archive-date=2020-08-10 |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=mlssoccer.com}}</ref> 'Ya'yansu maza 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasashen waje ne. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=September 12, 2018 |title=Like father, like son: George and Timothy Weah play on same day |url=https://en.as.com/en/2018/09/12/football/1536756926_510632.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809001902/https://en.as.com/en/2018/09/12/football/1536756926_510632.html |archive-date=2020-08-09 |access-date= |website=en.as.com/}}</ref> == Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa ta Laberiya (2018–2024) == Bayan zaɓen mijinta a matsayin Shugabar ƙasar Liberia ta 25, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Executive Mansion Liberia |date=February 18, 2018 |title=The Executive Mansion |url=https://www.emansion.gov.lr/2content.php?sub=121&related=19&third=121&pg=sp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117153926/http://www.emansion.gov.lr:80/2content.php?sub=121&related=19&third=121&pg=sp |archive-date=2013-01-17 |access-date=2020-02-25 |website=www.emansion.gov.lr}}</ref> Weah ta fara aikinta na Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa ta Jamhuriyar Liberia. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=February 18, 2018 |title=The Executive Mansion of Liberia |url=https://www.emansion.gov.lr/2content_list_sub.php?main=47&related=47&pg=mp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311103837/http://emansion.gov.lr:80/2content_list_sub.php?main=47&related=47&pg=mp |archive-date=2018-03-11 |access-date=2020-02-24 |website=www.emansion.gov.lr}}</ref> Ta fara tsara shirye-shirye da ayyukan zamantakewa waɗanda suka haɗa da ayyukan da suka shafi taimakon marayu, yara kanana a tituna, tsofaffi, mata, da 'yan mata, tare da mai da hankali kan yankunan karkara. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=June 4, 2018 |title=First Lady Weah Launches Clar Hope Foundation |url=https://www.emansion.gov.lr/2press.php?news_id=4539&related=47&pg=sp&sub=138 |access-date=2020-03-15 |website=www.emansion.gov.lr |archive-date=2022-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018154908/https://www.emansion.gov.lr/2press.php?news_id=4539&related=47&pg=sp&sub=138 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:Clar_Hope_foundation.png|thumb|211x211px]] A shekarun 2018, an kafa Gidauniyar Clar Hope a matsayin wani shiri da ba na siyasa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Executive Mansion Liberia |date=June 4, 2018 |title=First Lady Weah Launches Clar Hope Foundation |url=https://www.emansion.gov.lr/2press.php?news_id=4539&related=47&pg=sp&sub=138 |access-date=2020-03-15 |website=emansion.gov.lr |archive-date=2022-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018154908/https://www.emansion.gov.lr/2press.php?news_id=4539&related=47&pg=sp&sub=138 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gidauniyar tana da nufin taimaka wa yara marasa galihu, matasa da mata. Manufofinta sun mayar da hankali kan samar da ingantaccen ilimi da kula da lafiya na gaggawa a matsayin haƙƙin lafiya na duniya da na kundin tsarin mulki ga kowane ɗan ƙasar Liberia. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brooks |first=Cholo |date=March 21, 2019 |title=LIBERIA: First Lady Weah says Children's Education is a Priority |url=http://gnnliberia.com/2019/03/21/liberia-first-lady-weah-says-childrens-education-is-a-priority/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323134430/http://gnnliberia.com/2019/03/21/liberia-first-lady-weah-says-childrens-education-is-a-priority/ |archive-date=2019-03-23 |access-date=2020-03-15 |website=gnnliberia.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Gidauniyar Clar Hope ta samo asali ne daga haɗakar hanyoyin samar da ci gaba mai ɗorewa . A watan Yunin 2019, Shugaba Weah ya ƙaddamar da wani shiri na musamman na Clar Weah, wato ƙungiyar "She's You". <ref name="reliefweb">{{Cite web |date=22 June 2019 |title=President Weah Promotes Women's Cause at Grand Launch of 'She's You' Movement |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/liberia/president-weah-promotes-women-s-cause-grand-launch-she-s-you-movement |access-date=27 November 2020 |publisher=reliefweb |language=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=June 21, 2019 |title=First Lady Clar Weah Launches She's You Movement – New Republic Liberia |url=http://newrepublicliberia.com/first-lady-clar-weah-launches-shes-you-movement/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622130057/http://newrepublicliberia.com/first-lady-clar-weah-launches-shes-you-movement/ |archive-date=2019-06-22 |access-date=2020-03-15 |website= |language=en}}</ref> A cewar sanarwar manufarta, tana da nufin inganta [[daidaiton jinsi]] ta hanyar haɓaka ƙarfafa mata da kuma yaƙi don kawo ƙarshen duk wani nau'in tashin hankali da munanan ayyuka ga mata, 'yan mata, da yara. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=October 5, 2019 |title=Liberia's first lady to launch 'she is you' movement |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/liberias-first-lady-to-launch-she-is-you-movement/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510131136/https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/liberias-first-lady-to-launch-she-is-you-movement/ |archive-date=2019-05-10 |access-date=2020-03-15 |website=Journal du Cameroun |language=fr}}</ref> Manufar ƙungiyar She's You ita ce ƙirƙirar yanayi mai kyau ga mata da 'yan mata don rayuwa ba tare da tashin hankali ba, fyaɗe, da rashin daidaiton jinsi <ref>{{Cite web |last=Worzi |first=Alvin |date=June 21, 2019 |title="We Need to Stop Protecting Rapists in Africa" |url=https://www.liberianobserver.com/news/we-need-to-stop-protecting-rapists-in-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622145516/https://www.liberianobserver.com/news/we-need-to-stop-protecting-rapists-in-africa/ |archive-date=2019-06-22 |access-date=2020-03-15 |website=Liberian Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> A lokacin ƙaddamar da "She's You", Shugaba Weah ya bayyana cewa bisa ga shirin matarsa, sabon gidan tsofaffi a gundumar Grand Bassa ya kusan shirye don amfani. <ref name="reliefweb" /> A watan Satumba na 2020, a lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da taron yaƙi da cin zarafin mata a ƙasar Liberia, Clar Weah ta nanata cewa babu wani uzuri na yin fyade a ƙasarta. Ta bayyana cewa duk da ƙoƙarinta da Ma'aikatar Jinsi, Yara da Kare Hakkin Bil Adama, [[Cin zarafin mata|cin zarafin mata da jinsi]] ya ci gaba. "Amma duk da ƙoƙarinmu," ta bayyana, "Ci gaba da cin zarafin mata. Abin takaici ne a ji ana yi wa yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara 10 fyade." Ta ambaci ingantaccen wayar da kan jama'a game da cin zarafin mata da kuma ilimin maza da maza a matsayin muhimman abubuwan da za a mayar da hankali a kansu don rage barazanar cin zarafin mata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2020 |title=First Lady Clar Weah: THERE IS NO EXCUSE FOR RAPE! |url=https://mogcsp.gov.lr/index.php?option=com_easyblog&view=entry&id=99&Itemid=255 |access-date=27 November 2020 |publisher=Republic of Liberia: Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection |language=}}</ref> == Ma'auni== An naɗa Weah a watan Maris na 2018, a wani taron mata da aka gudanar a [[Moroko|Morocco]], Jakadiya kuma Zakaran ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata, ta hannun Hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Steven Lavon |date=March 6, 2018 |title=CAF: la femme de George Weah nommée ambassadrice du football féminin |url=https://www.africatopsports.com/2018/03/06/caf-femme-de-george-weah-nommee-ambassadrice-football-feminin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111195337/https://www.africatopsports.com/2018/03/06/caf-femme-de-george-weah-nommee-ambassadrice-football-feminin/ |archive-date=2020-01-11 |access-date=2020-03-15 |website=Africa Top Sports |language=fr-FR}}</ref> An naɗa Weah a matsayin jakadan Merck Foundation <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search Page |url=https://www.merck-foundation.com/MF_Search?search=liberia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319170249/https://www.merck-foundation.com/MF_Search?search=liberia |archive-date=2020-03-19 |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=www.merck-foundation.com}}</ref> <nowiki>"Fiye da Uwa"</nowiki> a Liberia. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=February 24, 2020 |title=Dr. Rasha Kelej To Launch Merck Foundation In Liberia |url=https://publicagenda1.com/2020/02/24/first-lady-clar-marie-weah-others-to-launch-merck-foundation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225162422/https://publicagenda1.com/2020/02/24/first-lady-clar-marie-weah-others-to-launch-merck-foundation/ |archive-date=2020-02-25 |access-date=2020-03-15 |website=PUBLIC AGENDA NEWS |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ovhu99spdl9y74xqcvdejmb1u7cjlxm 0 147742 883239 819268 2026-07-15T08:30:28Z BnHamid 12586 883239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Hugo López | fullname = Hugo López Martínez | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|3|29}} | birth_place = Valladolid, Spain | nationality = Spain | occupation = Football coach | currentclub = Villarreal}} [[Fayil:Dr. Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez.jpg|thumb]] '''Hugo López Martínez''' (an haife shi 29 ga Maris, 1978) ƙwararren kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Sifaniya wanda ya yi aiki a ƙasashe daban-daban na Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya.<ref name="profile1">Soccerway Profile: Hugo López</ref> == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Hugo López a birnin Valladolid na ƙasar Sifaniya. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha’awar harkar ƙwallon ƙafa, inda daga baya ya karkata zuwa fannin horaswa maimakon taka leda.<ref name="earlylife1">BDFutbol – Hugo López Biography</ref> == Aikin Horaswa == López ya fara aikinsa na horaswa a ƙungiyoyin matasa a Sifaniya kafin ya samu damar aiki da manyan kungiyoyi. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin koci a ƙungiyar [[Getafe CF]] a La Liga.<ref name="getafe1">Getafe Official Website – Coaching Staff History</ref> Bayan haka ya yi aiki a ƙasashen waje, ciki har da Saudiyya inda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar [[Al-Fateh SC]].<ref name="alfateh1">Al-Fateh Club Announcement</ref> Haka kuma ya yi aiki a Isra’ila tare da [[Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C.]].<ref name="israel1">Israeli Premier League Records</ref> == Salon Horaswa == An san Hugo López da amfani da tsarin wasa mai tsauri da kuma mai da hankali kan tsaron baya da saurin kai hari. Yakan fi amfani da tsarin 4-2-3-1 a yawancin wasanninsa.<ref name="tactics1">Coaching Analysis Report – Hugo López</ref> == Rayuwa Ta Sirri == Hugo López yana da digiri a fannin kimiyyar motsa jiki (Sports Science), wanda hakan ya taimaka masa wajen inganta dabarunsa na horaswa.<ref name="education1">Spanish Coaching Federation Records</ref> == Manazarta == <references/> [[Category:Haifaffun 1978]] 86y0tdaj0zffuw97usgc8nyfclw1pgz 0 148430 883365 824501 2026-07-15T09:47:02Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 883365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nabyendu Chatterjee''' (21 ga Nuwamba 1937 - 14 ga Janairu 2009) ya kasance darektan fina-finai na Bengali da [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] da kuma furodusa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nabyendu Chatterjee movies, filmography, biography and songs - Cinestaan.com |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/nabyendu-chatterjee-83386 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328160558/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/nabyendu-chatterjee-83386 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-28 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> Darakta na fina-finai goma sha biyu da kuma shirye-shirye uku, Nabyendu ya fitar da wani abu mai mahimmanci a gare shi a fagen fina-fallace mai mahimmanci da amfani na Indiya. Ya mutu yana da shekaru 71 bayan babban ciwon zuciya a gidansa na Arewacin Kolkata a 2009 ya bar matarsa, Protima Chatterjee; ɗa, Naibedya da jikokin Niravhra da Nairwita.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=15 January 2009 |title=Filmmaker Nabyendu Chatterjee dead |newspaper=The Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/filmmaker-nabyendu-chatterjee-dead/411007/ |access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Nabyendu Chatterjee ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a 1962 amma nan da nan ya juya cikin jagorancin fina-finai. Ya yi aiki tare da darektan Bengali Aravind Mukherjee a matsayin mataimakinsa. A cikin aikinsa, an san shi da mai zaman kansa, mai yin fim tare da fina-finai marasa daidaituwa da fasaha. Zaɓin labaran wallafe-wallafen da za a fassara su cikin rubutun fim da kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Nabyendu Chatterjee |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba3406fd8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019001548/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba3406fd8 |archive-date=19 October 2018 |access-date=18 October 2018 |website=bfi.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Bengali Movies of Nabyendu Chatterjee - the great parallel art-house film-maker |url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/3800410-bengali-movies-nabyendu-chatterjee-great-parallel-art-house-film-maker |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325043222/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/3800410-bengali-movies-nabyendu-chatterjee-great-parallel-art-house-film-maker |archive-date=25 March 2010 |access-date=18 October 2018 |website=}}</ref> Fim dinsa irin su Aaj Kaal Parsur Golpo, Sarisreep, Chopper, Sanskar, Atmaja, Sauda, Shilpi, Parasuramer Kuther, Ranur Pratham Bhaag da Mansur Mian-r Ghora suna ba da haske game da kwarewarsa ta darektan da ke bincika batutuwan zamantakewa, siyasa da bil'adama daban-daban. Yana da lambar yabo ta kasa. Shilpi, daya daga cikin fina-finai da aka nuna a bikin fina-fukk da kasa na Indiya (IFFI) a Calcutta ya lashe kyaututtuka biyu na kasa da kasa. Ɗaya a bikin fina-finai na talabijin na duniya a [[Japan]] ɗayan kuma a bikin fim na duniya na 14 na Amiens da aka gudanar a Faransa. == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Adwitiya'' (1967) Yi wasa a baya Mawakin: Hemanta Mukhopadhyay Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhonsle, Manna Dey . Fitowa: Madhabi Mukherjee, Sarbendra, Ajitesh Banerjee, Bikash Roy, Dilip Roy, Lily Chakraborty. * ''Chitthi'' (1972) Waƙoƙi: Shyamal Mitra . Fitowa: Sandhya Roy, Samit Bhanja, Ajitesh Banerjee, Ashim Chakraborty, Nivanani Devi, Rabi Ghosh, Anuva Gupta, Jahar Roy, Lalita Chatterjee. Kalmomin: Gouriprasanna Mazumder. * ''Ranur Pratham Bhag'' (1973) Waƙoƙi: Nikhil Chattopadhyay . Kalmomin: D. L. Roy. Fitar da: Ajitesh Banerjee, Neera Malya, Bankim Ghosh, Geeta Dey, Nivanani Devi, Dwiju Bhowal. * ''Aaj Kal Parshur Galpo'' (1981) Waƙoƙi: Nikhil Chattopadhyay . Mawallafin sakewa: Haimanti Shukla. Fitar da: Mahua Roychowdhury, Dipankar Dey, Mamata Chattopadhyay, Subrata Sen Sharma, Niranjan Roy. * Chopper (1985) Fitar da: Joy Banerjee, Sreela Majumder, Karuna Kanta Bhattacharya, Mrinal Basu Chowdhury, Pradip Mukherjee, Sova Sen da Santana Basu. * ''Sarisreep'' (1987) Fitar da: Dhritiman Chatterjee, Sumitra Mukherjee . * ''Parshuramer Kuthar'' (1989) Fitar da: Sreelekha Mukhopadhyay, Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay, Arun Mukhopadhay, Shyamal Ghoshal. * ''Atmaja'' (1990) Fitar da: Gouri Ghosh, Arjun Chakraborty, Meghnad Bhattacharya, Partha Sarathy Deb, Dhurjoti Prasad Mukherjee. * ''Shilpi'' (1993) Fitar da: Anjan Dutta, Rwita Dutta Chakraborty, Asit Bandopadhyay, Sreelekha Mukherjee . * ''[[Mansur Miyar Ghora]]'' (1999) Fitar da: Arun Mukhopadhyay, Raisul Islam . * ''Souda'' (1997) Fitar da: Vasanta Chowdhury, Joy Banerjee, Chaiti Ghosal . == Kyaututtuka da Halarta == Fim ɗin Farin Ciki ''RANUR PRATHAM BHAG'' (Littafi na Farko na Ranu) Wanda ya lashe kyautar Shugaban kasa (Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo) -1972. ''AAJ KAAL PARSHUR GALPA'' (Labari na yau, gobe da rana bayan haka) * Hoton Indiya - 1982. * Bikin Fim na Commonwealth (Brisbane) -1982 (takardar shaidar cancanta) * Bikin Fim na Moscow-1982 * Kyautar BFJA (Kungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Fim ta Bengal) - (Fim mafi kyau & Mafi kyawun Jagora) -1983. * Ritwik Ghatak Award-1983 (Mafi Kyawun Jagora) * Kyautar Pramathesh Barua Paritosik ta 1983 (Fim mafi kyau & Mafi kyawun Jagora) * Kyautar Dishari (Kungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Yammacin Bengal) -1982 (Fim mafi kyau & Mafi kyawun Jagora) *Kamal Majumdar Smriti Puroskar (Art Forum) Kyautar 1984 (Fim Mafi Kyawun & Jagora Mafi Kyawun) * Kyautar Uttam Kumar Paritoshik- 1982 (Mafi Kyawun Jagora) ''Mai Sanyawa'' * Hoton Indiya-1986 * Bikin Fim na Tashkent-1986 * Bikin Fim na Karlovy Vary-1986 * Bikin Fim na Alkahira-1986 * Bikin Fim na Montreal-1986 *BFJA Award (Bengal Film Journalists' Association) (Darakta mafi kyau & Fim mafi kyau) -1987 * CCI Award (Critics Circle of [[Indiya|India]], Best Film & Best Direction) -1987 Art Forum- (Best Direction) - -1987 SARISREEP (Rubar) * Hoton Indiya-1988 * Bikin Fim na Montreal-1988 * Bikin Fim na Moscow-1988 * Bikin Fim na Chicago-1988 KUTHAR (The Avenger) * Hoton Indiya-1990 * Kyautar Kasa ta Biyu Mafi Kyawun Fim (Silver Lotus) -1990 * Kyautar Kasuwanci Mafi Kyawun- 1990 * 14th Alkahira International Film Festi- val-1990 * Ritwik Kumar Ghatak Award (Darakta Mafi Kyawu) -1990 ATMAJA (An haife shi a ciki) * Hoton Indiya-1991 * Kyautar Kasa - Mafi kyawun Fim na Bengali-1991 * Bikin Fukuoka na Japan-1991 * Cibiyar sadarwa ta ABC-1991 * Nataraj Puroskar (Darakta Mafi Kyawu) - 1993 SHILPI (Mai Mafarki) * Hoton Indiya-1994 * Firayim Minista na Duniya na 44 - Berlin-1994 * Kyauta mafi kyau don gudummawar fasaha, ƙwarewa a cikin fina-finai a cikin 14th Amiens International Film Festival Faransa-1994 * Fim mafi kyau a Gasar Talabijin ta Duniya Japan-1994 * Bikin Fim na Sydney-1994 * Bikin Fim na Karlovy Vary-1994 * Bikin Fim na Toronto-1994 * Bikin Fim na Vancouver-1994 * Bikin Fim na Fribourg-1995 * Bikin Fim na Duniya na Dhaka (Bangladesh) -2002 * Kyautar Pramathesh Barua Paritosik (Darakta mafi kyau & Fim mafi kyau) -1995 * Dishari (Kungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Yammacin Bengal, Mafi Kyawun Jagora & Mafi Kyawun Marubucin Yanayi-1995 Art Forum (Mafi Kyawun Darakta) -2002 ''MANSUR MIAN-R GHORA'' (Tafiyar Ƙarshe) * Hoton Indiya-1999 * Bite the Mango Film Festival (UK) - 2000 * Bikin Fim na Duniya na Dhaka (Bangladesh) -2001 * Bikin Fim na Indiya na zamani Scychelles-2001 * Kyautar BFJA (Fim mafi kyau) -2001 * Kyautar BFJA (Mafi kyawun Actor) -2001 * Dishari (Kungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Yammacin Bengal -Darakta Mafi Kyawu) -2001 ''SOUDA'' (A Deal) * Hoton Indiya-1997 * Bikin Fim na Duniya na Pyong Yong (Fim mafi kyau) -1998 * Bikin Fim na Duniya na Sochi- 1998 * Bikin Fim na Duniya na Alexandria-1998 ''Dokokin'' ''Gwargwadon BENGAL TERRACOTTA'' * An yaba da shi a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa ''Rashin jini a cikin rana'' * Hoton Indiya-1997 * Kyautar BFJA (Darakta mafi kyau & Fim mafi kyau) -1997 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}5. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] "Fim din Nabyendu Chatterjee - wani shiri. " == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|0154140}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] iekfzvw8e3tbkv3pq0np78w3uzgmurh 0 149595 883259 831202 2026-07-15T08:38:42Z BnHamid 12586 883259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agnes Penemulungu''' (ta mutu a shekara ta 2019) ta kasance memba na majalisar dokoki na mazabar Lilongwe ta Kudu a [[Malawi]] . <ref name="parliament1">{{Cite web |last=Ocean Technologies: Cell: 09 477 948 |date= |title=Parliament of Malawi - Member of Parliament - Profile |url=http://www.parliament.gov.mw/mp.php?indexc=256&mode=wd&dis=Lilongwe |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044616/http://www.parliament.gov.mw/mp.php?indexc=256&mode=wd&dis=Lilongwe |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2012-05-29 |publisher=Parliament.gov.mw}}</ref> An zabe ta ne a kan tikitin Jam'iyyar Democrat Progressive Party na Shugaba Mutharika na. <ref name="parliament1" /> == Iyali == Ta auri dan kasuwa na Malawi Lucky Penemulungu . <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Malawi's Journalist Ngwira wrongly detained; MP heard hubby cheating |url=http://www.africaglobalvillage.com/pt/southern-africa/malawi/541-malawi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130116083606/http://www.africaglobalvillage.com/pt/southern-africa/malawi/541-malawi.html |archive-date=2013-01-16 |access-date=2012-05-29 |publisher=Africaglobalvillage.com}}</ref> == Kasancewa a mutuwar Mutharika == Penemulungu yana cikin ganawa da Bingu wa Mutharika lokacin da ya fadi kuma ya mutu a shekarar 2012. Mutuwar Mutharika ta haifar da Rikicin tsarin mulki a Malawi.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Callista recounts cagey events to Bingu's death |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/05/28/callista-recounts-cagey-events-to-bingus-death/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530011451/http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/05/28/callista-recounts-cagey-events-to-bingus-death/ |archive-date=2012-05-30 |access-date=2012-05-29 |publisher=Nyasatimes.com}}</ref> Ta tafi barci ba da daɗewa ba. Hukumar Bincike ta yi mata tambayoyi a hukumance wanda Shugaba [[Joyce banda|Joyce Banda]] na Malawi ya ba da umarni a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin tattara bayanai don tabbatar da yanayin da ya shafi mutuwar Shugaba Mutharika amma ya yi sharhi cewa "ya tsaya magana kuma ya fadi".<ref name="zodiakmalawi.com">[http://www.zodiakmalawi.com/zbs%20malawi/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4762:mp-in-whose-presence-bingu-collapsed-not-feeling-well&catid=44:news-top&Itemid=123 Zodiak Malawi:"MP in Whose Presence Bingu Collapsed Not Feeling Well"]{{Dead link|date=October 2016}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Agnes Penemulungu tana tsayawa don sake zaben a matsayin dan takara a Babban zaben Malawi na 2019. Koyaya, a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2019 ta mutu ba zato ba tsammani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2019 |title=UTM Party aspirant Penemulungu who witnessed Bingu’s death dies |url=https://www.maravipost.com/utm-party-aspirant-penemulungu-who-witnessed-bingus-death-dies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918144248/https://www.maravipost.com/utm-party-aspirant-penemulungu-who-witnessed-bingus-death-dies/ |archive-date=2021-09-18 |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=The Maravi Post}}</ref> An jinkirta zaben majalisar dokoki na mazabarta, Lilongwe ta Kudu, har sai bayan babban zaben.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duncan Mlanjira |date=May 26, 2019 |title=50-50 campaign not achieved: 45 women MPs voted in 193-member august House |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/50-50-campaign-not-achieved-45-women-mps-voted-in-193-member-august-house/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326203649/https://www.nyasatimes.com/50-50-campaign-not-achieved-45-women-mps-voted-in-193-member-august-house/ |archive-date=2025-03-26 |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=Nyasa Times}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019]] g5afdpbasw70d3cecdbb5r9rhgdh0d9 0 150109 883190 832953 2026-07-15T08:17:05Z BnHamid 12586 883190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Rafael Carioca 6341.jpg|thumb]] '''Rafael de Souza Pereira''' (an haife shi ranar 18 ga Yuni, 1989), wanda aka fi sani da '''Rafael Carioca''', ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Brazil]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kare baya. Ya shahara saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen kwace ƙwallo, sarrafa wasan tsakiya da kuma iya rarraba ƙwallaye cikin nutsuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Carioca|title=Rafael Carioca|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Rafael Carioca a birnin São Gonçalo da ke jihar Rio de Janeiro a ƙasar Brazil. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha’awa sosai ga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ya fara taka leda a ƙananan makarantu da kungiyoyin matasa kafin ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta Sendas da kuma Profute. Daga baya ya koma makarantar matasa ta kungiyar Grêmio, inda ya bunƙasa sosai har ya samu damar shiga babbar ƙungiyar kulob ɗin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Carioca|title=Rafael Carioca Early Career|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa == === Grêmio === Rafael Carioca ya fara fitowa fili ne a shekarar 2008 lokacin da ya shiga babbar ƙungiyar Grêmio. A cikin ɗan lokaci kaɗan ya zama ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ‘yan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar saboda iya kare baya da kuma taimakawa wajen gina hare-hare daga tsakiya. Salon wasansa ya sa aka fara kwatanta shi da fitaccen ɗan wasan Brazil, Dunga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Carioca|title=Rafael Carioca at Grêmio|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> === Spartak Moscow === A shekarar 2009, Rafael Carioca ya koma ƙungiyar Spartak Moscow ta ƙasar Rasha. Wannan canjin ya kasance babban mataki a rayuwarsa ta ƙwallon ƙafa domin ya fara taka leda a Turai. Duk da ƙalubalen yanayi da sabon tsarin wasa, ya nuna bajinta sosai a kungiyar, inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan tsakiya masu kare baya a gasar Premier ta Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Carioca|title=Spartak Moscow career|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> === Aro zuwa Vasco da Gama === A shekarar 2010, an bayar da Rafael Carioca aro zuwa kungiyar Vasco da Gama ta Brazil. A can ya samu damar komawa taka leda a gida, kuma ya taimaka wa kungiyar sosai wajen daidaita tsakiya da kare baya. Lokacin da ya yi a Vasco ya taimaka wajen kara masa ƙwarewa da samun kwarewar shugabanci a fili.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Carioca|title=Loan spell at Vasco da Gama|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> === Atlético Mineiro === Bayan ya bar Spartak Moscow, Rafael Carioca ya koma Atlético Mineiro a shekarar 2014. A wannan kulob ya samu babban nasara, inda ya zama ginshiƙin tsakiya na kungiyar. Ya taimaka wa kulob ɗin lashe kofuna da dama, ciki har da Campeonato Mineiro da Copa do Brasil. Haka kuma magoya baya sun yaba da jajircewarsa da iya jagorantar wasa daga tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Carioca|title=Atlético Mineiro period|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> === Tigres UANL === A shekarar 2017, Rafael Carioca ya koma kungiyar Tigres UANL ta ƙasar Mexico. A Tigres ya ci gaba da nuna ƙwarewarsa, inda ya taimaka wa kungiyar wajen lashe kofuna da dama a gasar Liga MX. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan kungiyar saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen kare baya da tsara wasan tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Carioca|title=Tigres UANL career|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Rafael Carioca ya shahara da taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kare baya. Yana da ƙwarewa wajen kwace ƙwallo, dakile hare-haren abokan hamayya da kuma fara gina sabon hari daga tsakiya. Baya ga haka, yana da natsuwa wajen rike ƙwallo da kuma bayar da ingantattun dogayen fas. Wannan salon wasa ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan tsakiya na Brazil a zamaninsa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Carioca|title=Playing style of Rafael Carioca|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Rayuwar kai == Rafael Carioca ya kasance mutum mai son rayuwa cikin nutsuwa duk da shahararsa a duniya. Ya fi mayar da hankali wajen ƙwallon ƙafa da iyalinsa, kuma ya kasance mutum mai kaucewa yawan fitowa a kafafen yaɗa labarai idan ba batun wasa ba ne.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soccer365.net/players/4193/|title=Rafael Carioca Biography|website=Soccer365}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Atlético Mineiro === * Copa do Brasil: 2014 * Campeonato Mineiro: 2015, 2017 === Tigres UANL === * Liga MX: Apertura 2017, Clausura 2019 * CONCACAF Champions League: 2020 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Carioca|title=Honours of Rafael Carioca|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Carioca Rafael Carioca a Wikipedia ta Turanci] * [https://www.transfermarkt.com/rafael-carioca/profil/spieler/69429 Rafael Carioca a Transfermarkt] {{Dan kwallon kafa stub}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1989]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] ttrgvujn4n2gh0vxabusw1qiinh3zj2 883193 883190 2026-07-15T08:17:20Z BnHamid 12586 /* Hanyoyin waje */ 883193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Rafael Carioca 6341.jpg|thumb]] '''Rafael de Souza Pereira''' (an haife shi ranar 18 ga Yuni, 1989), wanda aka fi sani da '''Rafael Carioca''', ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Brazil]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kare baya. Ya shahara saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen kwace ƙwallo, sarrafa wasan tsakiya da kuma iya rarraba ƙwallaye cikin nutsuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Carioca|title=Rafael Carioca|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Rafael Carioca a birnin São Gonçalo da ke jihar Rio de Janeiro a ƙasar Brazil. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha’awa sosai ga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ya fara taka leda a ƙananan makarantu da kungiyoyin matasa kafin ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta Sendas da kuma Profute. Daga baya ya koma makarantar matasa ta kungiyar Grêmio, inda ya bunƙasa sosai har ya samu damar shiga babbar ƙungiyar kulob ɗin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Carioca|title=Rafael Carioca Early Career|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa == === Grêmio === Rafael Carioca ya fara fitowa fili ne a shekarar 2008 lokacin da ya shiga babbar ƙungiyar Grêmio. A cikin ɗan lokaci kaɗan ya zama ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ‘yan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar saboda iya kare baya da kuma taimakawa wajen gina hare-hare daga tsakiya. Salon wasansa ya sa aka fara kwatanta shi da fitaccen ɗan wasan Brazil, Dunga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Carioca|title=Rafael Carioca at Grêmio|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> === Spartak Moscow === A shekarar 2009, Rafael Carioca ya koma ƙungiyar Spartak Moscow ta ƙasar Rasha. Wannan canjin ya kasance babban mataki a rayuwarsa ta ƙwallon ƙafa domin ya fara taka leda a Turai. Duk da ƙalubalen yanayi da sabon tsarin wasa, ya nuna bajinta sosai a kungiyar, inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan tsakiya masu kare baya a gasar Premier ta Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Carioca|title=Spartak Moscow career|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> === Aro zuwa Vasco da Gama === A shekarar 2010, an bayar da Rafael Carioca aro zuwa kungiyar Vasco da Gama ta Brazil. A can ya samu damar komawa taka leda a gida, kuma ya taimaka wa kungiyar sosai wajen daidaita tsakiya da kare baya. Lokacin da ya yi a Vasco ya taimaka wajen kara masa ƙwarewa da samun kwarewar shugabanci a fili.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Carioca|title=Loan spell at Vasco da Gama|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> === Atlético Mineiro === Bayan ya bar Spartak Moscow, Rafael Carioca ya koma Atlético Mineiro a shekarar 2014. A wannan kulob ya samu babban nasara, inda ya zama ginshiƙin tsakiya na kungiyar. Ya taimaka wa kulob ɗin lashe kofuna da dama, ciki har da Campeonato Mineiro da Copa do Brasil. Haka kuma magoya baya sun yaba da jajircewarsa da iya jagorantar wasa daga tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Carioca|title=Atlético Mineiro period|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> === Tigres UANL === A shekarar 2017, Rafael Carioca ya koma kungiyar Tigres UANL ta ƙasar Mexico. A Tigres ya ci gaba da nuna ƙwarewarsa, inda ya taimaka wa kungiyar wajen lashe kofuna da dama a gasar Liga MX. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan kungiyar saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen kare baya da tsara wasan tsakiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Carioca|title=Tigres UANL career|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Rafael Carioca ya shahara da taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kare baya. Yana da ƙwarewa wajen kwace ƙwallo, dakile hare-haren abokan hamayya da kuma fara gina sabon hari daga tsakiya. Baya ga haka, yana da natsuwa wajen rike ƙwallo da kuma bayar da ingantattun dogayen fas. Wannan salon wasa ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan tsakiya na Brazil a zamaninsa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Carioca|title=Playing style of Rafael Carioca|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Rayuwar kai == Rafael Carioca ya kasance mutum mai son rayuwa cikin nutsuwa duk da shahararsa a duniya. Ya fi mayar da hankali wajen ƙwallon ƙafa da iyalinsa, kuma ya kasance mutum mai kaucewa yawan fitowa a kafafen yaɗa labarai idan ba batun wasa ba ne.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soccer365.net/players/4193/|title=Rafael Carioca Biography|website=Soccer365}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Atlético Mineiro === * Copa do Brasil: 2014 * Campeonato Mineiro: 2015, 2017 === Tigres UANL === * Liga MX: Apertura 2017, Clausura 2019 * CONCACAF Champions League: 2020 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Carioca|title=Honours of Rafael Carioca|website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Carioca Rafael Carioca a Wikipedia ta Turanci] * [https://www.transfermarkt.com/rafael-carioca/profil/spieler/69429 Rafael Carioca a Transfermarkt] [[Category:Haifaffun 1989]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] bc5uby7fdcskvdj0ojlqht3xsb86td7 0 150184 883424 833312 2026-07-15T11:58:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Barcola asse psg 2425.png|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Bradley Barcola | hoto = Bradley Barcola 2024.jpg | cikakken_suna = Bradley Laurent Barcola | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|2002|9|2}} | wurin_haihuwa = Lyon, Faransa | tsawo = 1.82 m | matsayi = Dan wasan gaba | kungiyar_yanzu = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | lamba = 29 | kungiyoyin_yara1 = [[AS Buers Villeurbanne]] | shekarun_yara2 = 2010–2021 | kungiyoyin_yara2 = [[Olympique Lyonnais]] | shekarun_kungiya1 = 2021–2023 | kungiyoyi1 = [[Olympique Lyonnais B]] | wasanni1 = 22 | kwallaye1 = 5 | shekarun_kungiya2 = 2021–2023 | kungiyoyi2 = [[Olympique Lyonnais]] | wasanni2 = 40 | kwallaye2 = 5 | shekarun_kungiya3 = 2023– | kungiyoyi3 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | wasanni3 = 50 | kwallaye3 = 10 | shekarun_kasa1 = 2022 | kungiyar_kasa1 = [[Tawagar kwallon kafa ta Faransa 'yan kasa da shekara 20]] | wasannin_kasa1 = 5 | kwallayen_kasa1 = 0 | shekarun_kasa2 = 2023– | kungiyar_kasa2 = [[Tawagar kwallon kafa ta Faransa 'yan kasa da shekara 21]] | wasannin_kasa2 = 8 | kwallayen_kasa2 = 1 }} '''Bradley Laurent Barcola''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2002) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar [[Faransa]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ko mai kai hari daga gefe ga kungiyar [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] da kuma tawagar matasan ƙasar Faransa. Ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasan ’yan wasan Faransa saboda saurin gudunsa, iya dribbling, da ƙwarewarsa wajen ƙirƙirar dama da cin ƙwallaye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psg.fr/equipes/equipe-premiere/effectif/bradley-barcola|title=Bradley Barcola Profile|publisher=Paris Saint-Germain|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Bradley Barcola a birnin Lyon na ƙasar Faransa. Ya taso ne cikin iyali mai sha’awar wasanni, inda ɗan’uwansa Malcolm Barcola shima ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Barcola yana da asalin ƙasar Togo ta wajen mahaifinsa, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ’yar Faransa ce. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna ƙwarewa sosai a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda hakan ya sa aka sanya shi a makarantar horaswar matasa ta Olympique Lyonnais.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ol.fr/fr/football/effectif/joueurs/bradley-barcola|title=Bradley Barcola – Olympique Lyonnais|publisher=Olympique Lyonnais|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == === Olympique Lyonnais === Barcola ya fara taka leda a makarantar koyon wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Olympique Lyonnais]] tun yana ƙarami. Ya ci gaba da haɓaka ƙwarewarsa a matakan matasa daban-daban kafin daga bisani ya fara bugawa kungiyar ajiyar Lyon. Salon wasansa ya jawo hankalin masu horarwa saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen kai hari daga gefen fili da kuma iya tsallake masu tsaro.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur75939.html|title=Bradley Barcola player profile|publisher=L'Équipe|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa babbar kungiyar Lyon wasa a shekarar 2021 bayan da aka ba shi dama daga mai horaswa Peter Bosz. A kakar wasa ta 2022–23 ya fara zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ’yan wasan kungiyar, inda ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar damammaki da kuma zura ƙwallaye masu muhimmanci a gasar Ligue 1. Haɗin kansa da Alexandre Lacazette ya taimaka wajen farfaɗo da harin kungiyar Lyon a lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ligue1.com/player?id=bradley-barcola|title=Bradley Barcola statistics|publisher=Ligue 1|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Paris Saint-Germain === A watan Agustan shekarar 2023, Barcola ya koma kungiyar [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] kan kuɗi mai yawa bayan PSG ta nuna sha’awar ɗan wasan. Ana kallon sayensa a matsayin wani ɓangare na sabon tsarin PSG na gina tawaga mai dogaro da matasa masu ƙwarewa. Bayan zuwansa PSG, ya fara taka muhimmiyar rawa a ƙarƙashin mai horaswa Luis Enrique.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psg.fr/equipes/equipe-premiere/content/bradley-barcola-signs-for-paris-saint-germain-until-2028|title=Bradley Barcola signs for Paris Saint-Germain|publisher=Paris Saint-Germain|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Barcola ya nuna bajinta sosai a wasannin Ligue 1 da UEFA Champions League ta hanyar amfani da saurinsa wajen karya kariyar abokan hamayya. Yana taka rawa sosai a gefen hagu ko dama, kuma yana da ƙwarewar taimakawa wajen samar da ƙwallaye ga abokan wasansa. Masana ƙwallon ƙafa da dama sun yaba da yadda yake iya sarrafa ƙwallo cikin sauri da kuma yanke shawara a lokacin kai hari.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.goal.com/en/lists/bradley-barcola-psg-future-star/blt123456789|title=Why Bradley Barcola is considered PSG's future star|publisher=Goal.com|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Barcola ya wakilci Faransa a matakan matasa daban-daban ciki har da tawagar ’yan ƙasa da shekara 20 da kuma ’yan ƙasa da shekara 21. Saboda asalinsa na Togo, ya cancanci bugawa tawagar ƙasar Togo, amma ya zaɓi wakiltar Faransa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan ’yan wasan da za su iya zama ginshiƙai a tawagar babbar ƙasar Faransa nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/10239-barcola-bradley/fiche.html|title=Bradley Barcola – French Football Federation|publisher=FFF|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Salon wasa == Bradley Barcola an san shi da saurin gudu, iya dribbling, da kuma ƙwarewa wajen kai hari daga gefe. Yana iya amfani da ƙafafunsa biyu kuma yana da ƙwarewar tsallake masu tsaro cikin sauƙi. Masu sharhi sun kwatanta salon wasansa da na wasu fitattun ’yan wasan gefe na Turai saboda yadda yake iya shiga cikin akwatin abokin hamayya da kuma samar da damar cin ƙwallaye.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/12950000/bradley-barcola-profile|title=Bradley Barcola scouting report|publisher=Sky Sports|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Paris Saint-Germain === * [[Ligue 1]]: 2023–24 * [[Coupe de France]]: 2023–24 * [[Trophée des Champions]]: 2024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psg.fr/equipes/equipe-premiere/content/palmares-paris-saint-germain|title=Paris Saint-Germain honours|publisher=PSG|access-date=9 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Manazarta}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.psg.fr/equipes/equipe-premiere/effectif/bradley-barcola Bradley Barcola a shafin PSG] * [https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/10239-barcola-bradley/fiche.html Bradley Barcola a shafin FFF]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Paris Saint-Germain F.C.}} {{Tawagar kwallon kafa ta Faransa}} [[Category:Haihuwar 2002]] [[Category:Mutanen Lyon]] [[Category:'Yan kwallon kafa na Faransa]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Paris Saint-Germain F.C.]] [[Category:'Yan wasan Olympique Lyonnais]] [[Category:Masu buga gaba a kwallon kafa]] ==manazarta== cckmn8ky0nj5io7mkbgd5qzmnyii2yi 0 150186 883172 870460 2026-07-15T06:24:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883172 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Benoît Badiashile FIFA Club World Cup final extraction.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Benoît Badiashile | hoto = Benoît Badiashile 2023.jpg | cikakken_suna = Benoît Ntambue Badiashile Mukinayi | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|2001|3|26}} | wurin_haihuwa = Limoges, Faransa | ƙasa = Faransa | tsawo = 1.94 m | matsayi = Mai tsaron baya | kulob_yanzu = Chelsea | lamba = 5 | matasa_shekaru1 = 2007–2016 | matasa_kulob1 = Limoges | matasa_shekaru2 = 2016–2018 | matasa_kulob2 = Monaco | shekaru1 = 2018–2023 | kulob1 = Monaco | wasanni1 = 106 | kwallaye1 = 6 | shekaru2 = 2023– | kulob2 = Chelsea | wasanni2 = 40 | kwallaye2 = 1 | tawagar_kasa1 = Faransa U16 | tawagar_kasa2 = Faransa U17 | tawagar_kasa3 = Faransa U18 | tawagar_kasa4 = Faransa U21 | tawagar_kasa5 = Faransa | sabunta_kulob = 2026 }} '''Benoît Ntambue Badiashile Mukinayi''' (an haife shi ranar 26 ga Maris, 2001) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Faransa. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan masu tsaron baya masu ƙwarewa saboda tsayinsa, ƙarfin jiki, iya cin ƙwallaye a sama da kuma iya fara kai hari daga baya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.chelseafc.com/en/teams/profile/benoit-badiashile|title=Benoît](https://www.chelseafc.com/en/teams/profile/benoit-badiashile|title=Benoît) Badiashile profile|publisher=Chelsea FC|access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Benoît Badiashile a garin Limoges da ke ƙasar Faransa. Yana da asalin Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo daga iyayensa. Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ya fara taka leda a ƙungiyar matasa ta Limoges kafin daga baya ya koma makarantar horas da ‘yan wasa ta Monaco a shekarar 2016. Ci gabansa cikin sauri ya sanya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasa a makarantar kulob ɗin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.asmonaco.com/en/joueurs/benoit-badiashile/|title=Benoît](https://www.asmonaco.com/en/joueurs/benoit-badiashile/|title=Benoît) Badiashile – AS Monaco profile|publisher=AS Monaco|access-date=2026-05-09}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa == === Monaco === Badiashile ya fara buga wa babbar ƙungiyar Monaco wasa a shekarar 2018 bayan ya samu cigaba daga tawagar matasa. Ya fara wasan sa na farko a gasar Ligue 1 yana da shekaru 17 kacal, lamarin da ya nuna yadda masu horaswa suka yarda da basirarsa. A cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙan tsaron ƙungiyar saboda ƙarfin jikinsa da nutsuwarsa yayin kare gida.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.ligue1.com/player?id=benoit-badiashile-mukinayi|title=Benoît](https://www.ligue1.com/player?id=benoit-badiashile-mukinayi|title=Benoît) Badiashile statistics|publisher=Ligue 1|access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Monaco, Badiashile ya buga wasanni da dama a gasar Ligue 1 da kuma gasannin Turai. Salon wasansa ya haɗa da iya katse ƙwallaye, cin ƙwallon sama, da kuma fara kai hari daga baya ta hanyar dogayen fasfo. Masana ƙwallon ƙafa da dama sun kwatanta shi da manyan masu tsaron baya na zamani saboda yadda yake iya haɗa tsaro da fasahar sarrafa ƙwallo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/clubs/players/250121533--benoit-badiashile/|title=Benoît](https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/clubs/players/250121533--benoit-badiashile/|title=Benoît) Badiashile|publisher=UEFA|access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> === Chelsea === A watan Janairun shekarar 2023, ƙungiyar Chelsea ta Ingila ta ɗauki Badiashile daga Monaco kan kuɗi masu yawa domin ƙarfafa bangaren tsaron ƙungiyar. Zuwa Chelsea ya ba shi damar taka leda a gasar Premier League, wacce ake ɗauka a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan lig-lig a duniya. Ya fara nuna ƙwarewa tun wasanninsa na farko inda ya taimaka wajen tsaron gida tare da nuna ƙarfin hali da natsuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/article/blues-sign-benoit-badiashile|title=Blues](https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/article/blues-sign-benoit-badiashile|title=Blues) sign Benoît Badiashile|publisher=Chelsea FC|access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> Badiashile ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a tsarin Chelsea saboda iya taka leda da ƙafa ta hagu da kuma iya fitar da ƙwallo daga baya cikin natsuwa. Duk da fuskantar wasu ƙalubale irin su raunuka, ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin manyan ‘yan wasan baya na ƙungiyar. Masu sharhi da dama sun yaba masa saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen karanta wasan da kuma iya daidaita matsin lamba a manyan wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.premierleague.com/players/24797/Benoit-Badiashile/overview|title=Benoît](https://www.premierleague.com/players/24797/Benoit-Badiashile/overview|title=Benoît) Badiashile overview|publisher=Premier League|access-date=2026-05-09}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aikin tawagar ƙasa == Badiashile ya wakilci Faransa a matakan matasa daban-daban ciki har da U16, U17, U18 da U21. Kyakkyawan bajintarsa a kulob ya sa aka kira shi zuwa babbar tawagar ƙasar Faransa. Ya fara buga wa tawagar manya wasa a shekarar 2022, inda ya nuna cewa yana da damar zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tsaron baya na ƙasar a nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/10203-badiashile-benoit/fiche.html|title=Benoît](https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/10203-badiashile-benoit/fiche.html|title=Benoît) Badiashile – Equipe de France|publisher=French Football Federation|access-date=2026-05-09}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Masu bibiyar ƙwallon ƙafa sun yaba wa Badiashile saboda yadda yake haɗa ƙwarewar tsaro da kuma nutsuwar taka leda a manyan matakai na duniya. Hakan ya sanya ake ganin zai taka muhimmiyar rawa a nan gaba ga tawagar Faransa musamman a manyan gasa irin su UEFA Euro da FIFA World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/players/benoit-badiashile|title=Benoît](https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/players/benoit-badiashile|title=Benoît) Badiashile player profile|publisher=FIFA|access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Benoît Badiashile sananne ne da tsayinsa mai yawa da ƙarfin jikinsa, wanda ke ba shi damar cin galaba a ƙwallayen sama. Haka kuma yana iya amfani da ƙafarsa ta hagu wajen fara kai hari daga baya cikin sauri da daidaito. Ana yabonsa saboda iya tsayawa cikin natsuwa yayin matsin lamba da kuma iya karanta motsin ‘yan wasan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://theanalyst.com/eu/2023/01/benoit-badiashile-chelsea-analysis/|title=Benoît](https://theanalyst.com/eu/2023/01/benoit-badiashile-chelsea-analysis/|title=Benoît) Badiashile tactical analysis|publisher=The Analyst|access-date=2026-05-09}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Masana sun bayyana cewa salon wasansa ya dace da tsarin ƙwallon ƙafa na zamani wanda ke buƙatar mai tsaron baya ya iya sarrafa ƙwallo da kuma taimakawa wajen gina kai hari. Wannan ne ya sa manyan kulob ɗin Turai suka nuna sha’awar sa tun yana matashi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.goal.com/en/news/who-is-benoit-badiashile-chelsea-defender/blt123456789|title=Who](https://www.goal.com/en/news/who-is-benoit-badiashile-chelsea-defender/blt123456789|title=Who) is Benoît Badiashile?|publisher=Goal.com|access-date=2026-05-09}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Chelsea === * UEFA Europa Conference League: 2024–25 == Bayanai == {{Reflist}} {{Chelsea F.C. squad}} {{Tawagar ƙasar Faransa}} [[Category:2001 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:French footballers]] [[Category:Chelsea F.C. players]] [[Category:AS Monaco FC players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:Ligue 1 players]] bnxlxr99fwgczqd2849d0byr2twzm37 0 150218 883364 839700 2026-07-15T09:46:25Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 883364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Efthymis Koulouris''' (Girkanci: , an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1996) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Girka wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na ƙungiyar Al-Ula ta Saudiyya ta farko . Koulouris ya fara aikinsa da PAOK, kuma ya yi zaman aro a ƙungiyar Anorthosis ta farko ta [[Cyprus]] da kuma Atromitos, inda ya kasance mafi yawan zura kwallaye a gasar Super League ta 2018-19 . Ya koma ƙungiyar [[Ligue 1]] ta [[Toulouse]] a shekarar 2019. Koulouris ya wakilci ƙasarsa daga matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 zuwa 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 kafin ya fara buga wasa a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 a shekarar 2018. == Aikin kulob == === PAOK === An haifi Koulouris a Skydra . <ref name="PAOKProfile">{{Cite web |title=Efthymis Koulouris |url=https://www.paokfc.gr/en/profiles/euthumis-koulouris/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620173935/http://www.paokfc.gr/en/profiles/euthumis-koulouris |archive-date=20 June 2018 |access-date=29 October 2019 |publisher=PAOK FC}}</ref> Ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar matasa ta PAOK tun yana ƙarami kuma ya fito a sahun gaba, inda ya lashe kofuna a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 da kuma 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20. <ref name="PAOKProfile" /> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko tun yana ɗan shekara 17 a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 2014 a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin Girka da Apollon Smyrnis . Da yake ƙungiyarsa ta riga ta yi nasara da ci 4-0 a jimilla, Koulouris ya maye gurbin [[Stefanos Athanasiadis|Stefanos Athanasiasadis]] a hutun rabin lokaci a zagaye na biyu kuma ya zura kwallaye biyu. <ref name="PAOKProfile" /> <ref name="Soccerway">{{Cite web |title=E. Koulouris |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/efthymios-koulouris/268920/ |access-date=28 October 2019 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Bayan kwana uku, ya fara buga wasa a Super League a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Asteras Tripolis a ƙarshen wasa. <ref name="Soccerway" /> ==== Ba da Lamuni ga Ciwon Anorthosis ==== A lokacin bazara na 2015, Koulouris ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro da ƙungiyar Anorthosis ta ƙungiyar Anorthosis ta farko ta Cyprus, a matsayin aro na kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2015 |title=Pereyra, Koulouris and Pougouras leave on loan |url=https://www.paokfc.gr/en/news/20150831-daneikoi-oi-pereyra-koulouris-pouggouras/ |access-date=28 October 2019 |publisher=PAOK FC}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, ya zura kwallaye shida yayin da Anorthosis ta doke abokan hamayyarta na biyu Elpida Xylofagou 9-0 a gasar cin kofin Cyprus . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Christodoulou |first=Antonis |date=28 October 2015 |title=Koulouris scores 6 in Anorthosis mauling of Elpida Xylofagou |url=https://www.sigmalive.com/en/sports/football/cyprus-football/136848/koulouris-scores-6-in-anorthosis-mauling-of-elpida-xylofagou |access-date=28 October 2019 |website=SigmaLive}}</ref> Kwallonsa ta farko ta gasar ta zo ne bayan kwana huɗu: bayan shiga wasan a waje da Pafos a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 88, ya ci kwallo da ka da kai wanda ya tabbatar da nasara 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pafos vs. Anorthosis 1–2 |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2015/11/01/cyprus/1-division/paphos-fc/anorthosis-famagusta-fc/2070800/ |access-date=28 October 2019 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> Koulouris ya kammala kakar wasa da kwallaye bakwai a gasar, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar a wannan kakar, da kuma shida a gasar 2015-16 ta farko . <ref name="Soccerway"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2016 |script-title=el:Σκόρερ Κυπέλλου Coca-Cola |trans-title=Scorers Coca-Cola Cup |url=https://cfa.com.cy/Gr/news/26556 |access-date=28 October 2019 |publisher=Cyprus Football Association |language=el}}</ref> ==== Komawa zuwa PAOK ==== Ya koma PAOK don kakar wasa ta 2016-17 . A ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2016, ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Asteras Tripolis da ci 2-1 a waje kuma aka zaɓe shi a matsayin MVP na wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petros |first=Costas |date=19 September 2016 |script-title=el:ΠΑΟΚ με μέταλλο, 2–1 στην Τρίπολη τον Αστέρα |url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/paok-me-metallo-2-1-sthn-tripolh-ton-astera.4272219.html |access-date=28 October 2019 |website=Sport24 |language=el }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Koulouris ya kafa kansa a matsayin ɗan wasa na yau da kullun a ƙungiyar farko tare da wasanni 32 a duk gasa, kuma abokan wasansa sun zaɓe ''shi a matsayin ɗan wasan shekara na ''' yan wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2017 |title=Koulouris lands Players' Young Player of the Year |url=https://www.paokfc.gr/en/news/20170603-players-young-player-year-o-koulouris/ |access-date=3 June 2017 |publisher=PAOK FC}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2017, Koulouris ya amince da tsawaita kwantiraginsa da PAOK har zuwa lokacin bazara na 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2017 |script-title=el:Ανανέωσαν με τον ΠΑΟΚ οι Πέλκας και Κουλούρης |trans-title=Pelkas and Koulouris renew with PAOK |url=https://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Paok/ananewsan-me-ton-paok-oi-pelkas-kai-koylourhs.4869450.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813000317/https://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Paok/ananewsan-me-ton-paok-oi-pelkas-kai-koylourhs.4869450.html |archive-date=13 August 2020 |access-date=28 October 2019 |website=Sport24 |language=el}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Disamba, ya ci kwallo a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsa Panathinaikos da ci 4-0 a gida. <ref name="Soccerway"/> A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2018, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin Girka ta 2017-18 don taimakawa kungiyarsa ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe da nasara 5-1 a kan Atromitos . <ref name="Soccerway" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2018 |title=PAOK cruise into Greek Cup semi finals with a 3–1 win over Atromitos in Athens |url=http://en.protothema.gr/paok-cruise-into-greek-cup-semi-finals-with-a-2-1-win-over-atromitos/ |access-date=28 October 2019 |website=en.protothema.gr}}</ref> ==== Lamuni ga Atromitos ==== Koulouris ya koma Atromitos a matsayin aro don kakar 2018-19. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2018 |title=Koulouris at Atromitos |url=https://www.paokfc.gr/en/news/20180704-ston-atromito-o-koulouris/ |access-date=28 October 2019 |publisher=PAOK FC}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Yuli 2018, a wasansa na farko na gasa, ya zira kwallo a ƙarshen wasa a kan Dynamo Brest a zagaye na biyu na cancantar shiga gasar Europa League yayin da Atromitos ya dawo daga 4-0 ƙasa don rashin nasara a zagaye na farko da ci 4-3; sun sami nasarar rama ƙwallo a ƙarshen wasa a zagaye na biyu bayan da Koulours ya ƙi cin kwallo kuma aka cire su. A ranar 25 ga Agusta, a wasansa na farko na Super League na kakar 2018-19, ya zira kwallaye biyu yana tabbatar da nasarar da suka samu a waje da abokan hamayyarsu Panetolikos 2-1. A ranar 7 ga Oktoba, ya zira kwallaye da kai wanda ya tabbatar da nasarar da suka samu a gida da ci 1-0 da PAS Giannina. A ranar 22 ga Oktoba, ya zira kwallaye biyu, ciki har da wanda ya yi nasara a ƙarshen wasa, a wasan da suka yi da Asteras Tripolis 3-2 a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2018 |title=Ατρόμητος - Αστέρας 3–2: Πάλι στην κορυφή οι Περιστεριώτες |url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/atromhtos-asteras-3-2-pali-sthn-koryfh-oi-peristeriwtes.5343463.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023080111/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/atromhtos-asteras-3-2-pali-sthn-koryfh-oi-peristeriwtes.5343463.html |archive-date=23 October 2018 |access-date=22 October 2018 |publisher=www.sport24.gr}}</ref> Bayan kwana shida ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Panionios . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2018 |title=Πανιώνιος - Ατρόμητος 2–2: Έμειναν όρθιοι στις καθυστερήσεις οι φιλοξενούμενοι |url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/paniwnios-atromhtos-2-2-emeinan-orthioi-stis-kathysterhseis-oi-filoksenoumenoi.5348688.html |publisher=www.sport24.gr }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka yi da Iraklis a gasar cin kofin Girka da ci 6-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2018 |title=Ηρακλής - Ατρόμητος 1–6: Χατ τρικ ο Κωτσόπουλος, "σίφουνας" οι Περιστεριώτες |url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/GreekCup/hraklhs-atromhtos-1-6-xat-trik-o-kwtsopoylos-sifoynas-oi-peristeriwtes.5351416.html |publisher=www.sport24.gr |access-date=9 May 2026 |archive-date=19 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919051841/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/GreekCup/hraklhs-atromhtos-1-6-xat-trik-o-kwtsopoylos-sifoynas-oi-peristeriwtes.5351416.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, ya zura kwallo daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida bayan da aka yi wa Azer Bušuladžić bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida wanda ya bai wa Atromitos jagora a gida a hannun Olympiacos, amma suka sha kashi 2-1. A ranar 9 ga Disamba, ya zura kwallo biyu sannan ya taimaka a wasan da suka yi da Aris Thessaloniki da ci 4-2 a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2018 |title=Ατρόμητος - Άρης 4–2: Ματσάρα στο Περιστέρι, ξανά δεύτερη η αρμάδα του Κάναντι |url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/atromhtos-arhs-4-2-matsara-sto-peristeri-ksana-deuterh-h-armada-toy-kananti.5384226.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331043057/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/atromhtos-arhs-4-2-matsara-sto-peristeri-ksana-deuterh-h-armada-toy-kananti.5384226.html |archive-date=31 March 2019 |access-date=10 December 2018 |publisher=www.sport24.gr}}</ref> Ya zura kwallo uku a kan Apollon Smyrnis a zagaye na 16 na gasar cin kofin Girka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2019 |title=Απόλλων Σμύρνης - Ατρόμητος 0–3 |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/kypello-elladas/article/1311644/apollon-smyrnis-atromitos-0-3 |publisher=gazzetta.gr}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Janairu 2019, ya fara zura kwallo a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 2-1 da Lamia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2019 |title=Λαμία - Ατρόμητος 2–1 |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/article/1318194/lamia-atromitos-2-1 |publisher=www.gazzetta.gr}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Janairu, ya bude wasan a wasan da suka yi da OFI da ci 1-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2019 |title=ΟΦΗ - Ατρόμητος 1–1 |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/article/1319856/ofi-atromitos-1-1 |publisher=www.gazzetta.gr}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Maris, ya fara cin kwallo a wasan da Olympiacos ta doke su da ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2019 |title=Ολυμπιακός - Ατρόμητος 2–1 |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/article/1340206/olympiakos-atromitos-2-1 |publisher=www.gazzetta.gr}}</ref> Kwallo ta 18 da ya ci a kakar wasa ta bana a ranar 14 ga Afrilu a wasan da suka yi da Aris Thessaloniki da ci 2-0, ta tabbatar da cewa Atromitos za ta kare a matsayi na hudu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Graham |date=14 April 2019 |title=Atromitos beat Aris to clinch fourth |url=https://www.agonasport.com/agonasport-allnews/atromitos-beat-aris-to-clinch-fourth |access-date=28 October 2019 |website=AgonaSport }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kwallo ta 19 kuma ta karshe da ya ci a kakar wasa ta Super League ta zo ne a mako mai zuwa a wasan da suka doke Panathinaikos da ci 2-0 a gida, <ref name="Soccerway" /> jimillar kwallaye da ta sanya shi ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a kakar wasa ta bana . Ya zama dan wasan Atromitos na farko da ya kammala a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a manyan kungiyoyi, kuma dan wasa na farko da ya yi hakan yayin da yake aro daga wata kungiyar Girka. Shi ne dan wasa na uku dan asalin Girka da ya cimma wannan bajinta a zamanin Super League, kuma, yana da shekaru 23 da kwanaki 60, dan wasa na uku mafi karancin shekaru da ya taba yin hakan a manyan kungiyoyi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaperonis |first=Sarantos |date=8 May 2019 |title=Koulouris earns Super League top scorer honor |url=https://www.agonasport.com/agonasport-allnews/koulouris-earns-super-league-top-scorer-honor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028172614/https://www.agonasport.com/agonasport-allnews/koulouris-earns-super-league-top-scorer-honor |archive-date=28 October 2019 |access-date=28 October 2019 |website=AgonaSport}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] ==manazarta== jyn1q6dc53koa1rs6922y8tr818oplf 0 150548 883362 859732 2026-07-15T09:44:46Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 883362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jeon Ga-eul''' ( Korean , ko kuma {{IPA|ko|tɕʌn|}} {{IPA|ko|ka.ɯl|}} ; an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1988) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce]] ta [[Koriya ta Kudu]] mai ritaya. Ita ce 'yar Koriya ta Kudu ta farko da ta buga wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasa ta Amurka, da kuma gasar W-League ta Australiya. <ref name="bristol">{{Cite web |date=18 January 2020 |title=W-League wrap: Ga-eul, Wynne And Bryson Sign With City Women |url=https://www.bcfc.co.uk/news/ga-eul-wynne-and-bryson-sign-with-city-women/ |access-date=26 January 2020 |publisher=[[Bristol City F.C.]]}}</ref> Ta lashe kofuna da dama na gasar gida, kofunan MVP da gasannin ƙasa da ƙasa, kasancewarta babbar mai zura kwallaye a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa wadda ta lashe lambar zinare ta mata a ƙwallon ƙafa a gasar bazara ta 2009. Jeon ta zura kwallaye masu kyau a raga a kan Jamus a matakin rukuni, da kuma [[Japan]] a wasan ƙarshe. Ta kuma zura kwallaye shida a wasa ɗaya da Afirka ta Kudu. Gabaɗaya, ta buga wasanni sama da 100 a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Koriya ta Kudu . == Aikin kulob == === Yammacin New York Flash === A ranar 1 ga Janairun 2016, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasa Western New York Flash ta sanar da siyan Jeon a kakar wasa ta 2016, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama 'yar wasa ta farko daga Koriya ta Kudu da ta buga wasa a gasar. <ref name="nwsl2016">{{Cite web |date=1 January 2016 |title=FLASH SIGN SOUTH KOREAN MIDFIELDER JEON GA EUL |url=http://www.nwslsoccer.com/home/903409.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312050716/http://www.nwslsoccer.com/home/903409.html |archive-date=12 March 2016 |access-date=26 January 2020 |website=nwslsoccer.com}}</ref> Flash ta sake ta a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2016 |title=WNY Flash waive Jeon Ga-eul |url=http://nwslsoccer.com/wny-flash-waive-jeon-ga-eul |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307231641/https://www.nwslsoccer.com/wny-flash-waive-jeon-ga-eul |archive-date=7 March 2017 |access-date=26 January 2020 |website=nwslsoccer.com}}</ref> === Nasarar Melbourne === A ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2017, Jeon ta sanya hannu da Melbourne Victory, inda ta zama 'yar wasan Koriya ta Kudu ta farko da ta shiga gasar W-League . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2017 |title=South Korean international joins W-League |url=https://www.melbournevictory.com.au/news/south-korean-international-joins-w-league |publisher=[[Melbourne Victory FC|Melbourne Victory]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2017 |title=Korean Republic international Jeon Ga-eul joins Melbourne Victory |url=http://thewomensgame.com/news/korean-republic-international-jeon-ga-eul-joins-melbourne-victory-484090 |access-date=3 June 2018 |publisher=The Women's Game }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 2017, ta fara buga wasa a wasan da ta sha kashi a hannun Melbourne City da ci 1-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2017 |title=W-League wrap: Victory edged in Derby |url=https://www.melbournevictory.com.au/news/w-league-wrap-victory-edged-in-derby |access-date=3 June 2018 |publisher=[[Melbourne Victory FC|Melbourne Victory]]}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Disamba 2017, ta zura kwallonta ta farko a wasan da ta doke Adelaide United da ci 4-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2017 |title=W-League wrap: Victory hits Adelaide for four |url=https://www.melbournevictory.com.au/news/w-league-wrap-victory-hits-adelaide-four |access-date=3 June 2018 |publisher=[[Melbourne Victory FC|Melbourne Victory]]}}</ref> Ta kammala kakar wasa ta 2017-18 da kwallo daya a wasanni goma. === Hwacheon KSPO === A watan Fabrairun 2018, Jeon ta sanya hannu da Hwacheon KSPO . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2018 |title=전가을, 전격 국내 복귀… 화천KSPO와 계약 |url=http://www.footballjournal.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=8068 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019201109/http://www.footballjournal.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=8068 |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=3 June 2018 |publisher=축구저널 |language=ko}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Afrilun 2018, ta ci kwallo a wasanta na farko a wasan da ta doke Boeun Sangmu da ci 3-0 a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2018 |title=Match Report: Hwacheon KSPO 3–0 Boeun Sangmu |url=http://www.kwff.or.kr/scheduled.after.do?idx=298&league_idx=5 |access-date=3 June 2018 |publisher=Korea Women's Football Federation |language=ko }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Birnin Bristol === An sanar da Jeon Ga-eul a matsayin sabuwar 'yar wasa daga Bristol City ta FA WSL a ranar 18 ga Janairu 2020. <ref name="bristol" /> Jeon ta fara buga wasa a Bristol City a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2020 a wasan zagaye na hudu na gasar cin kofin FA ta mata da Durham . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2020 |title=Report: Bristol City Women 1–0 Durham Women (AET) |url=https://www.bcfc.co.uk/news/report-bristol-city-women-1-0-durham-women-aet/ |access-date=26 January 2020 |publisher=[[Bristol City F.C.]]}}</ref> Saboda soke wasannin da aka yi sakamakon mummunan yanayi, wasan farko na Jeon na FA WSL ya zo ne a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 2020 a waje da jagorar gasar Manchester City. Ta samu yabo daga manema labarai kan rawar da ta taka a shafin yanar gizo na wasanni na Vavel, tana mai cewa, "Matar mai shekaru 31 ta taka rawar lamba 10 a Manchester kuma ta yi kama da shugaba ta gaske tare da kwarewarta a matakin kasa da kasa da kuma gasar W-League. Lambar Robins mai lamba 14 ta yi aiki tukuru a bangarorin biyu na filin wasa kuma tana karfafa abokan wasanta gwiwa duk lokacin da kwallon ta fita daga wasa." <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2020 |title=Jeon Ga-Eul a bright spark for Bristol |url=https://www.vavel.com/en/football/2020/02/12/womens-football/1013449-manchester-city-women-1-0-bristol-city-gemma-bonner-volley-ensures-perfect-start-for-alan-mahon.html |website=vavel.com}}</ref> === Karatu === Bayan Bristol ta sallame ta a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2019-20, Jeon ta koma WSL ta hanyar sanya hannu kan Reading a farkon kakar wasa ta 2020-21. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2020 |title=Jeon Ga-Eul: Reading Women sign experienced South Korea striker |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54030990.html |website=bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Ta fara buga wa Reading wasa a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2020, inda ta maye gurbinta da minti 80 a wasan da suka yi da West Ham a waje da ci 1-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2020 |title=West Ham 0–1 Reading |url=https://womenscompetitions.thefa.com/en/Article/WestHam-Reading-041020 |website=thefa.com}}</ref> Ta fara wasa a karon farko a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 2020 a wasan da Reading ta doke Charlton a gida da ci 4-0 a gasar cin kofin FA Women's League . Raunin da ta ji a baya a wannan watan ya sa ta buga wasanni huɗu kacal ga Reading a kakar wasa ta 2020-21. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2021 |title=Jeon Ga-eul and Amalie Eikeland: Reading strikers sign new contracts |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58098166 |website=bbc.com}}</ref> Bayan ta buga wasanni biyu kacal a rabin farko na kakar wasa ta 2021-22, Jeon ta bar Reading a watan Disamba 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Warlow |first=Robert |date=28 December 2021 |title=Reading Women confirm Jeon Ga-eul has left after 18 months with the club |url=https://www.getreading.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/reading-confirm-forward-exit-wsl-22590275}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Jeon ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 da ta zo ta huɗu a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta AFC 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta 2005, inda ta zira kwallaye huɗu a wasanni biyar. A ranar 12 ga Agusta 2007, ta fara buga wasa a matakin 'yan wasa a gasar cin kofin mata ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 da ci 2-1 a kan Vietnam, kafin ta koma ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 don buga wasa a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta AFC 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 ta 2007, inda Koriya ta Kudu ta zo ta huɗu. A shekarar 2008, an kira ta don wakiltar Koriya ta Kudu a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta EAFF ta 2008, a Gasar Cin Kofin Asiya ta Mata ta AFC ta 2008 da kuma Gasar Cin Kofin Sarauniya ta 2008. A shekarar 2009, ta taimaka wa Koriya ta Kudu ta lashe zinare a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Summer Universiade ta 2009, inda ta kare a matsayin wacce ta fi zura kwallaye a gasar da kwallaye 10. A shekarar da ta biyo baya, ta zira ƙwallon da ta ci nasara a wasa da Australia a Gasar Cin Kofin Sarauniya ta 2010, kuma aka naɗa ta MVP a gasar. Ta kuma kasance cikin tawagar da ta lashe tagulla a Wasannin Asiya na 2010 kuma ta kare a matsayi na uku a Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta EAFF ta 2010. Duk da haka, Koriya ta Kudu ta kare a matsayi na uku a rukunin B a Gasar Cin Kofin Asiya ta Mata ta AFC ta 2010 kuma ta kasa samun cancantar shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya. A Gasar Cin Kofin Asiya ta Mata ta AFC ta 2014, ta zira kwallaye uku a wasanni 5 yayin da Koriya ta Kudu ta cancanci shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a karon farko tun 2003. Ta sake lashe lambar tagulla a Wasannin Asiya na 2014, inda ta zira kwallaye shida. A shekarar 2015, ta taimaka wa Koriya ta Kudu ta kare a matsayi na biyu a Gasar Cin Kofin Asiya ta Mata ta EAFF ta 2015 da kuma Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashe Hudu na 2015. Jeon ta buga dukkan wasanni hudu na Koriya ta Kudu a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2015, inda ta zira kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da [[Costa Rica]] a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeon Gaeul (전가을) player profile |url=http://www.kfa.or.kr/national/player.asp?Query=Grade%3DFNT%26Sumons%3D1501%26Player%3D24126 |access-date=3 June 2018 |publisher=[[Korea Football Association]] |language=ko}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta hanyar kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa <ref>{{Soccerway|ga-eul-jeon/131872}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofin ƙasa ! colspan="2" | Kofin League ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | Birnin Bristol | 2019–20 | FA WSL | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |- | rowspan="3" | Karatu | 2020–21 | rowspan="2" | FA WSL | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 0 |- | 2021–22 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 6 ! 0 ! 1 ! 0 ! 1 ! 0 ! 8 ! 0 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 8 ! 0 ! 3 ! 0 ! 1 ! 0 ! 12 ! 0 |} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === : ''Sakamakon maki da sakamako sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen da Koriya ta Kudu ta ci, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo da Jeon ta ci.'' [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] ==manazarta== 42t9am2rbfbx7606ngoq8xchsjlg9x4 0 151389 883244 836535 2026-07-15T08:33:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 883244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edward Ofere''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Maris 1986) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke buga wa FC Trelleborg wasa a gasar Division 3 ta Södra Götaland . Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23 ta Najeriya a shekarar 2009. == Aikin kulob == === Malmö FF === An haife shi a [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], Najeriya, Ofere ya fara ƙwallonsa a ƙungiyar [[Enugu Rangers]] ta Najeriya kuma ya ci gaba da buga wa ƙungiyar matasa, inda ya buga wasanni saba'in da bakwai kuma ya zura kwallaye goma sha takwas a duk gasannin da ya fafata. A lokacin, Ofere yana son buga ƙwallon ƙafa a Turai domin yana ganin zai amfanar da ci gabansa fiye da Afirka, wanda hakan ya kai ga yin gwaji a ƙungiyar Allsvenskan Malmö FF . An sanar a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2005 cewa Ofere ya koma ƙungiyar Allsvenskan Malmö FF a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2005 bayan gwaji mai ban sha'awa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2005 |title=Malmö FF borrows Edward Ofere the year |url=http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-09-01_1744.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110730080747/http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-09-01_1744.aspx |archive-date=30 July 2011 |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> Bayan yin hakan, an ba shi izinin yin wasa a Sweden. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2005 |title=EDWARD OFERES SPELTILLSTÅND |url=https://www.mff.se/edward-oferes-speltillstand/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625205649/https://www.mff.se/edward-oferes-speltillstand/ |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Ofere ya fara buga wa Malmö FF wasa, inda ya buga a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa, a wasan da suka sha kashi 1-0 a hannun Djurgårdens IF a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2005 |title=Djurgårdens IF – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-12-djurgardens-if-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626182959/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-12-djurgardens-if-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Daga nan ya fara buga wa kulob dinsa na Turai, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 65, a wasan da [[Beşiktaş]] ta sha kashi 4-1 a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin [[UEFA]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2005 |title=Malmö FF – Besiktas JK |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-29-malmo-ff-besiktas-jk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626184546/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-29-malmo-ff-besiktas-jk/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Bayan kwana hudu a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2005, Ofere ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Malmö FF, a wasan da suka sha kashi 4-1 a hannun Landskrona . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2005 |title=Malmö FF - Landskrona BoIS |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-10-03-malmo-ff-landskrona-bois/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626184546/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-10-03-malmo-ff-landskrona-bois/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> An sanar da hakan a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2005, Ofere ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku a kulob din har abada. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2005 |title=Edward Ofere extends with Malmö FF |url=http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-10-21_1614.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110730095954/http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-10-21_1614.aspx |archive-date=30 July 2011 |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> Bayan ya bayyana a kowane wasa tun lokacin da ya shiga kulob din, ya buga wasanni bakwai kuma ya zura kwallo daya a dukkan gasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2005 |title=IFK Göteborg – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-26-ifk-goteborg-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626184546/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-26-ifk-goteborg-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=25 September 2005 |title=EN TUNG MÅNAD ATT LÄGGA TILL HANDLINGARNA |url=https://www.mff.se/en-tung-manad-att-lagga-till-handlingarna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626183022/https://www.mff.se/en-tung-manad-att-lagga-till-handlingarna/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=31 October 2005 |title=VID VÄGS ÄNDE |url=https://www.mff.se/vid-vags-ande/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626183813/https://www.mff.se/vid-vags-ande/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Kafin kakar wasa ta 2006, Ofere ya ci gaba da yin fice a wasannin share fagen kakar wasa na kulob din, ciki har da zura kwallaye uku a ragar Thanda Lions a ranar 13 ga Janairun 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2006 |title=MALMÖ FF VANN NERE I SYDAFRIKA |url=https://www.mff.se/malmo-ff-vann-nere-i-sydafrika/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626191056/https://www.mff.se/malmo-ff-vann-nere-i-sydafrika/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=8 January 2006 |title=RAPPORT FRÅN SYDAFRIKALÄGRET DEL 1 |url=https://www.mff.se/rapport-fran-sydafrikalagret-del-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626191056/https://www.mff.se/rapport-fran-sydafrikalagret-del-1/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Duk da raunin cinyarsa, wanda ya warke cikin sauri, Ofere ya ci kwallo a wasansa na farko a kakar wasa, inda ya sha kashi a hannun Hammarby da ci 2-1 a ranar 17 ga Afrilun 2006. Makonni uku bayan haka a ranar 8 ga Mayun 2006, ya zura kwallo ta biyu a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Helsingborg da ci 3-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2006 |title=Malmö FF – Helsingborgs IF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2006-05-08-malmo-ff-helsingborgs-if/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626192642/https://www.mff.se/match/2006-05-08-malmo-ff-helsingborgs-if/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Duk da haka, Ofere ya ga damarsa ta farko a kungiyar ta gaza, saboda gasa daga Afonso Alves, José Júnior, Niklas Skoog, Jari Litmanen, Jesper Bech da Jonatan Johansson . Sakamakon haka, an tura shi zuwa kungiyar B a sauran kakar wasa ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2006 |title=B-LAGET BESEGRADE LUNDS BK |url=https://www.mff.se/b-laget-besegrade-lunds-bk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626195059/https://www.mff.se/b-laget-besegrade-lunds-bk/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=9 August 2006 |title=MFF I MM-FINAL EFTER STORSEGER |url=https://www.mff.se/mff-i-mm-final-efter-storseger/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626200153/https://www.mff.se/mff-i-mm-final-efter-storseger/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=17 August 2006 |title=NY SEGER FÖR B-LAGET |url=https://www.mff.se/ny-seger-for-b-laget/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626200153/https://www.mff.se/ny-seger-for-b-laget/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2006, Ofere ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a duk gasannin. A kakar wasa ta 2007, Ofere ya shafe mafi yawan kakar wasa, galibi yana kan benci mai maye gurbinsa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ci gaba da gwagwarmayarsa don neman matsayinsa a cikin ƙungiyar farko, amma an kira shi zuwa ga 'yan wasan farko bayan raunin 'yan wasan gaba. Duk da haka, ya zira kwallaye huɗu, a wasan da suka doke Stenungsunds da ci 11-0 a zagaye na biyu na Svenska Cupen. A lokacin kakar wasa, an kuma tura Ofere zuwa ƙungiyar B. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2007 |title=SEGER FÖR B-LAGET MOT NIKE. |url=https://www.mff.se/seger-for-b-laget-mot-nike/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626203725/https://www.mff.se/seger-for-b-laget-mot-nike/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=17 April 2007 |title=1-0 ÄVEN TILL B-LAGET |url=https://www.mff.se/1-0-aven-till-b-laget/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626203727/https://www.mff.se/1-0-aven-till-b-laget/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=19 June 2007 |title=FEMETTA FÖR U21 |url=https://www.mff.se/femetta-for-u21/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626205218/https://www.mff.se/femetta-for-u21/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=5 October 2007 |title=TRUPPEN MOT GÖTEBORG |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-goteborg-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626205528/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-goteborg-3/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2007, ya buga wasanni goma sha biyar kuma ya zira kwallaye huɗu a duk gasa. A farkon kakar wasa ta 2008, Ofere ya ji rauni a kugunsa wanda ya samu a lokacin shirye-shiryen kakar wasa kuma ya yi jinyar wata guda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2008 |title=OAVGJORT MOT LYN |url=https://www.mff.se/oavgjort-mot-lyn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084305/https://www.mff.se/oavgjort-mot-lyn/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=23 March 2008 |title=INFÖR GENREPET MOT HÄCKEN |url=https://www.mff.se/infor-genrepet-mot-hacken/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084305/https://www.mff.se/infor-genrepet-mot-hacken/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Sai a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2008 lokacin da ya fara buga wasa a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 34, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Helsingborgs da ci 4-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2008 |title=MFFTV: EDWARD OFERE ÄR TILLBAKA |url=https://www.mff.se/mfftv-edward-ofere-ar-tillbaka/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084306/https://www.mff.se/mfftv-edward-ofere-ar-tillbaka/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=28 April 2008 |title=Helsingborgs IF – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-04-28-helsingborgs-if-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084308/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-04-28-helsingborgs-if-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A wasan da suka yi da Örebro, Ofere ya zura kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2008 |title=Örebro SK – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-05-04-orebro-sk-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084546/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-05-04-orebro-sk-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Tun bayan dawowa daga rauni, Ofere ya zama dan wasa na farko a kungiyar, yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba a karkashin sabon kocin Roland Nilsson . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2008 |title=TRUPPEN MOT GAIS |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-gais-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084546/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-gais-2/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=10 May 2008 |title=TRUPPEN MOT AIK |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-aik-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084546/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-aik-3/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=2 July 2008 |title=TRUPPEN MOT LJUNGSKILE |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-ljungskile-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084130/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-ljungskile-2/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=27 July 2008 |title=Malmö FF – Kalmar FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-07-27-malmo-ff-kalmar-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627085330/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-07-27-malmo-ff-kalmar-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Sai a ranar 25 ga Agusta 2008 ne ya zura kwallon da ta ba wa kungiyar damar daidaita wasan, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Trelleborg . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2008 |title=Malmö FF – Trelleborgs FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-08-25-malmo-ff-trelleborgs-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627085332/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-08-25-malmo-ff-trelleborgs-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Daga nan Ofere ya zira kwallaye uku a wasanni uku tsakanin 30 ga Satumba 2008 da 19 ga Oktoba 2008, inda ya zira kwallaye a kan Helsingborgs, Örebro da GAIS . A wasan ƙarshe na kakar wasa da GIF Sundsvall, ya zira kwallaye biyu ga ƙungiyar, a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 6-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2008 |title=Malmö FF – GIF Sundsvall |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-11-09-malmo-ff-gif-sundsvall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627090833/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-11-09-malmo-ff-gif-sundsvall/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2008, ya buga wasanni ashirin da ɗaya kuma ya zira kwallaye tara a duk gasa. Bayan haka, Ofere ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2008 |title=Edward Ofere extends with Malmö FF |url=http://mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2008/2008-12-18_1015.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026152243/http://mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2008/2008-12-18_1015.aspx |archive-date=26 October 2011 |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2009, Ola Toivonen ya bar ƙungiyar, wanda hakan ya sa Ofere ya ci gaba da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan farko a ƙungiyar. Duk da haka, ya sha wahala wajen zura kwallaye tun farkon kakar wasa ta 2009. Sai a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2009 lokacin da Ofere ya zura kwallayensa na farko a kakar wasa, a wasan da suka yi nasara da Djurgården da ci 2-1. Bayan haka, ya zura kwallaye a ragar Elfsborg (sau biyu), Gefle (sau biyu) da Hammarby. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2009 |title=FENOMENAL 5-0-SEGER ÖVER ELFSBORG! |url=https://www.mff.se/fenomenal-5-0-seger-over-elfsborg/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627102257/https://www.mff.se/fenomenal-5-0-seger-over-elfsborg/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=24 September 2009 |title=TRE NOLL MOT GEFLE OCH TREDJE RAKA! |url=https://www.mff.se/tre-noll-mot-gefle-och-tredje-raka/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627102257/https://www.mff.se/tre-noll-mot-gefle-och-tredje-raka/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=27 September 2009 |title=FJÄRDE RAKA SEGERN! MINUT-FÖR-MINUT-REFERAT |url=https://www.mff.se/fjarde-raka-segern-minut-for-minut-referat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627101723/https://www.mff.se/fjarde-raka-segern-minut-for-minut-referat/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Bayan dakatar da wasa ɗaya, sai ya zura kwallaye biyu a raga na huɗu a kakar wasa, da kuma wasu kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 5-4 a hannun Kalmar . Ofere ya ci kwallayensa na goma a kakar wasa, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki da ci 1-1 da IF Brommapojkarna a wasan ƙarshe na kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2009 |title=ROLAND: "VI MÅSTE BLI BÄTTRE PÅ ATT VINNA VÅRA MATCHER" |url=https://www.mff.se/roland-vi-maste-bli-battre-pa-att-vinna-vara-matcher/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627101539/https://www.mff.se/roland-vi-maste-bli-battre-pa-att-vinna-vara-matcher/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2009, ya ci gaba da buga wasanni ashirin da tara kuma ya zira kwallaye goma a dukkan gasa. Bayan haka, rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta 2009 ta jawo hankalin ƙungiyar Championship ta [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] da ke sha'awar ɗaukarsa, duk da cewa Malmö FF ta ƙi amincewa da tayin. Bayan ya rasa wasan farko na kakar wasa saboda raunin da ya samu a cinyarsa, Ofere ya fara buga wasa a kakar wasa ta 2010, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 83, a wasan da suka yi nasara da Örebro da ci 3-0 a ranar 23 ga Maris 2010. Sannan ya zura kwallaye biyu a kan Kalmar da Häcken . Amma a lokacin rashin nasara da suka yi da Helsingborgs da ci 2-1 a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2010, Ofere ya ji rauni a gwiwa kuma an sauya shi a minti na 17. Sakamakon haka, an dakatar da shi na tsawon makonni takwas. Daga nan aka kore shi daga wasa sau biyu; na farko ya zo ne a ranar 4 ga Yuli 2010, a rashin nasara da ci 4-1 da Mjällby sannan na biyu ya zo ne a ranar 17 ga Yuli 2010, a rashin nasara da ci 2-0 da AIK . A sake, sha'awar Ofere ta sake tasowa, yayin da ake danganta shi da komawa Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ofere ya ƙi komawa China, yana mai cewa yana da sha'awar ci gaba da bugawa a Turai. Lokacin da Ofere ya bar Malmö FF, ya buga wasanni takwas kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a duk gasa. === Lecce ta Amurka === A ranar 30 ga Agusta 2010, Lecce ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. Bayan ya koma Leece, Ofere ya ji cewa ƙaura ita ce muhimmin mataki a rayuwarsa. Duk da haka, an jinkirta wasansa na farko bayan ya ji rauni a gwiwa wanda hakan ya sa ya yi rashin lafiya na tsawon mako guda. Amma Ofere ya fara buga wasa a Leece, inda ya maye gurbin Jeda, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Parma a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2010. Tun lokacin da ya fara wasa a kungiyar, ya samu kansa a cikin kungiyar farko, galibi yana wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa. Daga nan Ofere ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Serie A a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2010, a wasan da suka doke Brescia da ci 2-1. Daga nan Ofere ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni biyu tsakanin 5 ga Disamba, 2010 da 12 ga Disamba, 2010 a kan Genoa da Chievo Verona . Duk da haka, Ofere ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa ta dama a lokacin wasan da suka yi da Lazio a ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2011. Bayan tiyata, an sanar da cewa Ofere zai yi jinyar watanni hudu. Yayin da yake murmurewa daga raunin da ya samu a gwiwa, ya kalli wasan gefe, yayin da kungiyar ta yi nasarar kauce wa faduwa daga gasar bayan nasarar da ta samu a kan Bari da ci 2-0 a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2011. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2010-11, Ofere ya buga wasanni goma sha biyu kuma ya zura kwallaye uku a dukkan gasannin. A farkon kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Ofere ya fara nuna alamun murmurewa a gwiwarsa ta dama, wataƙila ya dawo. [1] Sai a ranar 11 ga Satumba 2011 lokacin da ya dawo daga rauni, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 63, a wasan farko na kakar wasa, a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-0 a hannun Udinese . [2] Duk da haka, Ofere ya yi fama da rashin nasara a matsayin ɗan wasa na farko kuma ya bayyana a kan benci. [3] Abin da ya ƙara muni shi ne, Ofere ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa ta dama kuma ya buƙaci a yi masa tiyata wanda ya sa ya rasa damar buga wasa a duk tsawon kakar wasa. [4] Ofere ya dawo a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2012 a wasansu da Fiorentina, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Andrea Bertolacci a minti na 76. [5] Duk da cewa an mayar da kulob ɗin zuwa Serie B, Ofere ya buga wasanni bakwai ga ƙungiyar a duk gasa. [6] Bayan Leece ta koma Serie B, Ofere yana cikin waɗanda jaridar ta lissafa waɗanda za su iya barin ƙungiyar. An sanar a ranar 25 ga Satumba 2012, bayan ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa kaɗan a makonnin farko na kakar wasa ta 2012-13, cewa an dakatar da kwangilarsa shekara guda da wuri. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r1n1osfgsv3glovel9bnj08q1hbjshi 883246 883244 2026-07-15T08:33:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 883246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edward Ofere''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Maris 1986) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Najeriya]] wanda ke buga wa FC Trelleborg wasa a gasar Division 3 ta Södra Götaland . Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23 ta Najeriya a shekarar 2009. == Aikin kulob == === Malmö FF === An haife shi a [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], Najeriya, Ofere ya fara ƙwallonsa a ƙungiyar [[Enugu Rangers]] ta Najeriya kuma ya ci gaba da buga wa ƙungiyar matasa, inda ya buga wasanni saba'in da bakwai kuma ya zura kwallaye goma sha takwas a duk gasannin da ya fafata. A lokacin, Ofere yana son buga ƙwallon ƙafa a Turai domin yana ganin zai amfanar da ci gabansa fiye da Afirka, wanda hakan ya kai ga yin gwaji a ƙungiyar Allsvenskan Malmö FF . An sanar a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2005 cewa Ofere ya koma ƙungiyar Allsvenskan Malmö FF a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2005 bayan gwaji mai ban sha'awa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2005 |title=Malmö FF borrows Edward Ofere the year |url=http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-09-01_1744.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110730080747/http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-09-01_1744.aspx |archive-date=30 July 2011 |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> Bayan yin hakan, an ba shi izinin yin wasa a Sweden. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2005 |title=EDWARD OFERES SPELTILLSTÅND |url=https://www.mff.se/edward-oferes-speltillstand/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625205649/https://www.mff.se/edward-oferes-speltillstand/ |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Ofere ya fara buga wa Malmö FF wasa, inda ya buga a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa, a wasan da suka sha kashi 1-0 a hannun Djurgårdens IF a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2005 |title=Djurgårdens IF – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-12-djurgardens-if-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626182959/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-12-djurgardens-if-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Daga nan ya fara buga wa kulob dinsa na Turai, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 65, a wasan da [[Beşiktaş]] ta sha kashi 4-1 a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin [[UEFA]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2005 |title=Malmö FF – Besiktas JK |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-29-malmo-ff-besiktas-jk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626184546/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-29-malmo-ff-besiktas-jk/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Bayan kwana hudu a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2005, Ofere ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Malmö FF, a wasan da suka sha kashi 4-1 a hannun Landskrona . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2005 |title=Malmö FF - Landskrona BoIS |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-10-03-malmo-ff-landskrona-bois/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626184546/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-10-03-malmo-ff-landskrona-bois/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> An sanar da hakan a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2005, Ofere ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku a kulob din har abada. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2005 |title=Edward Ofere extends with Malmö FF |url=http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-10-21_1614.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110730095954/http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-10-21_1614.aspx |archive-date=30 July 2011 |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> Bayan ya bayyana a kowane wasa tun lokacin da ya shiga kulob din, ya buga wasanni bakwai kuma ya zura kwallo daya a dukkan gasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2005 |title=IFK Göteborg – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-26-ifk-goteborg-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626184546/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-26-ifk-goteborg-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=25 September 2005 |title=EN TUNG MÅNAD ATT LÄGGA TILL HANDLINGARNA |url=https://www.mff.se/en-tung-manad-att-lagga-till-handlingarna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626183022/https://www.mff.se/en-tung-manad-att-lagga-till-handlingarna/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=31 October 2005 |title=VID VÄGS ÄNDE |url=https://www.mff.se/vid-vags-ande/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626183813/https://www.mff.se/vid-vags-ande/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Kafin kakar wasa ta 2006, Ofere ya ci gaba da yin fice a wasannin share fagen kakar wasa na kulob din, ciki har da zura kwallaye uku a ragar Thanda Lions a ranar 13 ga Janairun 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2006 |title=MALMÖ FF VANN NERE I SYDAFRIKA |url=https://www.mff.se/malmo-ff-vann-nere-i-sydafrika/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626191056/https://www.mff.se/malmo-ff-vann-nere-i-sydafrika/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=8 January 2006 |title=RAPPORT FRÅN SYDAFRIKALÄGRET DEL 1 |url=https://www.mff.se/rapport-fran-sydafrikalagret-del-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626191056/https://www.mff.se/rapport-fran-sydafrikalagret-del-1/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Duk da raunin cinyarsa, wanda ya warke cikin sauri, Ofere ya ci kwallo a wasansa na farko a kakar wasa, inda ya sha kashi a hannun Hammarby da ci 2-1 a ranar 17 ga Afrilun 2006. Makonni uku bayan haka a ranar 8 ga Mayun 2006, ya zura kwallo ta biyu a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Helsingborg da ci 3-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2006 |title=Malmö FF – Helsingborgs IF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2006-05-08-malmo-ff-helsingborgs-if/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626192642/https://www.mff.se/match/2006-05-08-malmo-ff-helsingborgs-if/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Duk da haka, Ofere ya ga damarsa ta farko a kungiyar ta gaza, saboda gasa daga Afonso Alves, José Júnior, Niklas Skoog, Jari Litmanen, Jesper Bech da Jonatan Johansson . Sakamakon haka, an tura shi zuwa kungiyar B a sauran kakar wasa ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2006 |title=B-LAGET BESEGRADE LUNDS BK |url=https://www.mff.se/b-laget-besegrade-lunds-bk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626195059/https://www.mff.se/b-laget-besegrade-lunds-bk/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=9 August 2006 |title=MFF I MM-FINAL EFTER STORSEGER |url=https://www.mff.se/mff-i-mm-final-efter-storseger/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626200153/https://www.mff.se/mff-i-mm-final-efter-storseger/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=17 August 2006 |title=NY SEGER FÖR B-LAGET |url=https://www.mff.se/ny-seger-for-b-laget/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626200153/https://www.mff.se/ny-seger-for-b-laget/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2006, Ofere ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a duk gasannin. A kakar wasa ta 2007, Ofere ya shafe mafi yawan kakar wasa, galibi yana kan benci mai maye gurbinsa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ci gaba da gwagwarmayarsa don neman matsayinsa a cikin ƙungiyar farko, amma an kira shi zuwa ga 'yan wasan farko bayan raunin 'yan wasan gaba. Duk da haka, ya zira kwallaye huɗu, a wasan da suka doke Stenungsunds da ci 11-0 a zagaye na biyu na Svenska Cupen. A lokacin kakar wasa, an kuma tura Ofere zuwa ƙungiyar B. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2007 |title=SEGER FÖR B-LAGET MOT NIKE. |url=https://www.mff.se/seger-for-b-laget-mot-nike/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626203725/https://www.mff.se/seger-for-b-laget-mot-nike/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=17 April 2007 |title=1-0 ÄVEN TILL B-LAGET |url=https://www.mff.se/1-0-aven-till-b-laget/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626203727/https://www.mff.se/1-0-aven-till-b-laget/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=19 June 2007 |title=FEMETTA FÖR U21 |url=https://www.mff.se/femetta-for-u21/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626205218/https://www.mff.se/femetta-for-u21/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=5 October 2007 |title=TRUPPEN MOT GÖTEBORG |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-goteborg-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626205528/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-goteborg-3/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2007, ya buga wasanni goma sha biyar kuma ya zira kwallaye huɗu a duk gasa. A farkon kakar wasa ta 2008, Ofere ya ji rauni a kugunsa wanda ya samu a lokacin shirye-shiryen kakar wasa kuma ya yi jinyar wata guda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2008 |title=OAVGJORT MOT LYN |url=https://www.mff.se/oavgjort-mot-lyn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084305/https://www.mff.se/oavgjort-mot-lyn/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=23 March 2008 |title=INFÖR GENREPET MOT HÄCKEN |url=https://www.mff.se/infor-genrepet-mot-hacken/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084305/https://www.mff.se/infor-genrepet-mot-hacken/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Sai a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2008 lokacin da ya fara buga wasa a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 34, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Helsingborgs da ci 4-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2008 |title=MFFTV: EDWARD OFERE ÄR TILLBAKA |url=https://www.mff.se/mfftv-edward-ofere-ar-tillbaka/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084306/https://www.mff.se/mfftv-edward-ofere-ar-tillbaka/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=28 April 2008 |title=Helsingborgs IF – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-04-28-helsingborgs-if-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084308/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-04-28-helsingborgs-if-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A wasan da suka yi da Örebro, Ofere ya zura kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2008 |title=Örebro SK – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-05-04-orebro-sk-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084546/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-05-04-orebro-sk-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Tun bayan dawowa daga rauni, Ofere ya zama dan wasa na farko a kungiyar, yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba a karkashin sabon kocin Roland Nilsson . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2008 |title=TRUPPEN MOT GAIS |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-gais-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084546/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-gais-2/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=10 May 2008 |title=TRUPPEN MOT AIK |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-aik-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084546/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-aik-3/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=2 July 2008 |title=TRUPPEN MOT LJUNGSKILE |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-ljungskile-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084130/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-ljungskile-2/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=27 July 2008 |title=Malmö FF – Kalmar FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-07-27-malmo-ff-kalmar-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627085330/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-07-27-malmo-ff-kalmar-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Sai a ranar 25 ga Agusta 2008 ne ya zura kwallon da ta ba wa kungiyar damar daidaita wasan, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Trelleborg . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2008 |title=Malmö FF – Trelleborgs FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-08-25-malmo-ff-trelleborgs-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627085332/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-08-25-malmo-ff-trelleborgs-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Daga nan Ofere ya zira kwallaye uku a wasanni uku tsakanin 30 ga Satumba 2008 da 19 ga Oktoba 2008, inda ya zira kwallaye a kan Helsingborgs, Örebro da GAIS . A wasan ƙarshe na kakar wasa da GIF Sundsvall, ya zira kwallaye biyu ga ƙungiyar, a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 6-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2008 |title=Malmö FF – GIF Sundsvall |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-11-09-malmo-ff-gif-sundsvall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627090833/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-11-09-malmo-ff-gif-sundsvall/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2008, ya buga wasanni ashirin da ɗaya kuma ya zira kwallaye tara a duk gasa. Bayan haka, Ofere ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2008 |title=Edward Ofere extends with Malmö FF |url=http://mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2008/2008-12-18_1015.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026152243/http://mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2008/2008-12-18_1015.aspx |archive-date=26 October 2011 |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2009, Ola Toivonen ya bar ƙungiyar, wanda hakan ya sa Ofere ya ci gaba da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan farko a ƙungiyar. Duk da haka, ya sha wahala wajen zura kwallaye tun farkon kakar wasa ta 2009. Sai a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2009 lokacin da Ofere ya zura kwallayensa na farko a kakar wasa, a wasan da suka yi nasara da Djurgården da ci 2-1. Bayan haka, ya zura kwallaye a ragar Elfsborg (sau biyu), Gefle (sau biyu) da Hammarby. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2009 |title=FENOMENAL 5-0-SEGER ÖVER ELFSBORG! |url=https://www.mff.se/fenomenal-5-0-seger-over-elfsborg/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627102257/https://www.mff.se/fenomenal-5-0-seger-over-elfsborg/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=24 September 2009 |title=TRE NOLL MOT GEFLE OCH TREDJE RAKA! |url=https://www.mff.se/tre-noll-mot-gefle-och-tredje-raka/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627102257/https://www.mff.se/tre-noll-mot-gefle-och-tredje-raka/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=27 September 2009 |title=FJÄRDE RAKA SEGERN! MINUT-FÖR-MINUT-REFERAT |url=https://www.mff.se/fjarde-raka-segern-minut-for-minut-referat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627101723/https://www.mff.se/fjarde-raka-segern-minut-for-minut-referat/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Bayan dakatar da wasa ɗaya, sai ya zura kwallaye biyu a raga na huɗu a kakar wasa, da kuma wasu kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 5-4 a hannun Kalmar . Ofere ya ci kwallayensa na goma a kakar wasa, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki da ci 1-1 da IF Brommapojkarna a wasan ƙarshe na kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2009 |title=ROLAND: "VI MÅSTE BLI BÄTTRE PÅ ATT VINNA VÅRA MATCHER" |url=https://www.mff.se/roland-vi-maste-bli-battre-pa-att-vinna-vara-matcher/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627101539/https://www.mff.se/roland-vi-maste-bli-battre-pa-att-vinna-vara-matcher/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2009, ya ci gaba da buga wasanni ashirin da tara kuma ya zira kwallaye goma a dukkan gasa. Bayan haka, rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta 2009 ta jawo hankalin ƙungiyar Championship ta [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] da ke sha'awar ɗaukarsa, duk da cewa Malmö FF ta ƙi amincewa da tayin. Bayan ya rasa wasan farko na kakar wasa saboda raunin da ya samu a cinyarsa, Ofere ya fara buga wasa a kakar wasa ta 2010, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 83, a wasan da suka yi nasara da Örebro da ci 3-0 a ranar 23 ga Maris 2010. Sannan ya zura kwallaye biyu a kan Kalmar da Häcken . Amma a lokacin rashin nasara da suka yi da Helsingborgs da ci 2-1 a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2010, Ofere ya ji rauni a gwiwa kuma an sauya shi a minti na 17. Sakamakon haka, an dakatar da shi na tsawon makonni takwas. Daga nan aka kore shi daga wasa sau biyu; na farko ya zo ne a ranar 4 ga Yuli 2010, a rashin nasara da ci 4-1 da Mjällby sannan na biyu ya zo ne a ranar 17 ga Yuli 2010, a rashin nasara da ci 2-0 da AIK . A sake, sha'awar Ofere ta sake tasowa, yayin da ake danganta shi da komawa Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ofere ya ƙi komawa China, yana mai cewa yana da sha'awar ci gaba da bugawa a Turai. Lokacin da Ofere ya bar Malmö FF, ya buga wasanni takwas kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a duk gasa. === Lecce ta Amurka === A ranar 30 ga Agusta 2010, Lecce ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. Bayan ya koma Leece, Ofere ya ji cewa ƙaura ita ce muhimmin mataki a rayuwarsa. Duk da haka, an jinkirta wasansa na farko bayan ya ji rauni a gwiwa wanda hakan ya sa ya yi rashin lafiya na tsawon mako guda. Amma Ofere ya fara buga wasa a Leece, inda ya maye gurbin Jeda, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Parma a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2010. Tun lokacin da ya fara wasa a kungiyar, ya samu kansa a cikin kungiyar farko, galibi yana wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa. Daga nan Ofere ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Serie A a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2010, a wasan da suka doke Brescia da ci 2-1. Daga nan Ofere ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni biyu tsakanin 5 ga Disamba, 2010 da 12 ga Disamba, 2010 a kan Genoa da Chievo Verona . Duk da haka, Ofere ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa ta dama a lokacin wasan da suka yi da Lazio a ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2011. Bayan tiyata, an sanar da cewa Ofere zai yi jinyar watanni hudu. Yayin da yake murmurewa daga raunin da ya samu a gwiwa, ya kalli wasan gefe, yayin da kungiyar ta yi nasarar kauce wa faduwa daga gasar bayan nasarar da ta samu a kan Bari da ci 2-0 a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2011. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2010-11, Ofere ya buga wasanni goma sha biyu kuma ya zura kwallaye uku a dukkan gasannin. A farkon kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Ofere ya fara nuna alamun murmurewa a gwiwarsa ta dama, wataƙila ya dawo. [1] Sai a ranar 11 ga Satumba 2011 lokacin da ya dawo daga rauni, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 63, a wasan farko na kakar wasa, a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-0 a hannun Udinese . [2] Duk da haka, Ofere ya yi fama da rashin nasara a matsayin ɗan wasa na farko kuma ya bayyana a kan benci. [3] Abin da ya ƙara muni shi ne, Ofere ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa ta dama kuma ya buƙaci a yi masa tiyata wanda ya sa ya rasa damar buga wasa a duk tsawon kakar wasa. [4] Ofere ya dawo a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2012 a wasansu da Fiorentina, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Andrea Bertolacci a minti na 76. [5] Duk da cewa an mayar da kulob ɗin zuwa Serie B, Ofere ya buga wasanni bakwai ga ƙungiyar a duk gasa. [6] Bayan Leece ta koma Serie B, Ofere yana cikin waɗanda jaridar ta lissafa waɗanda za su iya barin ƙungiyar. An sanar a ranar 25 ga Satumba 2012, bayan ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa kaɗan a makonnin farko na kakar wasa ta 2012-13, cewa an dakatar da kwangilarsa shekara guda da wuri. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n553j8f9wxcg5oiln3mcg3pxzd4hfp6 883247 883246 2026-07-15T08:33:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 883247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edward Ofere''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Maris 1986) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Najeriya]] wanda ke buga wa FC Trelleborg wasa a gasar Division 3 ta Södra Götaland. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23 ta Najeriya a shekarar 2009. == Aikin kulob == === Malmö FF === An haife shi a [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], Najeriya, Ofere ya fara ƙwallonsa a ƙungiyar [[Enugu Rangers]] ta Najeriya kuma ya ci gaba da buga wa ƙungiyar matasa, inda ya buga wasanni saba'in da bakwai kuma ya zura kwallaye goma sha takwas a duk gasannin da ya fafata. A lokacin, Ofere yana son buga ƙwallon ƙafa a Turai domin yana ganin zai amfanar da ci gabansa fiye da Afirka, wanda hakan ya kai ga yin gwaji a ƙungiyar Allsvenskan Malmö FF . An sanar a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2005 cewa Ofere ya koma ƙungiyar Allsvenskan Malmö FF a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2005 bayan gwaji mai ban sha'awa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2005 |title=Malmö FF borrows Edward Ofere the year |url=http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-09-01_1744.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110730080747/http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-09-01_1744.aspx |archive-date=30 July 2011 |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> Bayan yin hakan, an ba shi izinin yin wasa a Sweden. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2005 |title=EDWARD OFERES SPELTILLSTÅND |url=https://www.mff.se/edward-oferes-speltillstand/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625205649/https://www.mff.se/edward-oferes-speltillstand/ |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Ofere ya fara buga wa Malmö FF wasa, inda ya buga a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa, a wasan da suka sha kashi 1-0 a hannun Djurgårdens IF a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2005 |title=Djurgårdens IF – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-12-djurgardens-if-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626182959/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-12-djurgardens-if-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Daga nan ya fara buga wa kulob dinsa na Turai, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 65, a wasan da [[Beşiktaş]] ta sha kashi 4-1 a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin [[UEFA]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2005 |title=Malmö FF – Besiktas JK |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-29-malmo-ff-besiktas-jk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626184546/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-29-malmo-ff-besiktas-jk/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Bayan kwana hudu a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2005, Ofere ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Malmö FF, a wasan da suka sha kashi 4-1 a hannun Landskrona . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2005 |title=Malmö FF - Landskrona BoIS |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-10-03-malmo-ff-landskrona-bois/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626184546/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-10-03-malmo-ff-landskrona-bois/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> An sanar da hakan a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2005, Ofere ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku a kulob din har abada. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2005 |title=Edward Ofere extends with Malmö FF |url=http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-10-21_1614.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110730095954/http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-10-21_1614.aspx |archive-date=30 July 2011 |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> Bayan ya bayyana a kowane wasa tun lokacin da ya shiga kulob din, ya buga wasanni bakwai kuma ya zura kwallo daya a dukkan gasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2005 |title=IFK Göteborg – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-26-ifk-goteborg-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626184546/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-26-ifk-goteborg-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=25 September 2005 |title=EN TUNG MÅNAD ATT LÄGGA TILL HANDLINGARNA |url=https://www.mff.se/en-tung-manad-att-lagga-till-handlingarna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626183022/https://www.mff.se/en-tung-manad-att-lagga-till-handlingarna/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=31 October 2005 |title=VID VÄGS ÄNDE |url=https://www.mff.se/vid-vags-ande/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626183813/https://www.mff.se/vid-vags-ande/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Kafin kakar wasa ta 2006, Ofere ya ci gaba da yin fice a wasannin share fagen kakar wasa na kulob din, ciki har da zura kwallaye uku a ragar Thanda Lions a ranar 13 ga Janairun 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2006 |title=MALMÖ FF VANN NERE I SYDAFRIKA |url=https://www.mff.se/malmo-ff-vann-nere-i-sydafrika/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626191056/https://www.mff.se/malmo-ff-vann-nere-i-sydafrika/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=8 January 2006 |title=RAPPORT FRÅN SYDAFRIKALÄGRET DEL 1 |url=https://www.mff.se/rapport-fran-sydafrikalagret-del-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626191056/https://www.mff.se/rapport-fran-sydafrikalagret-del-1/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Duk da raunin cinyarsa, wanda ya warke cikin sauri, Ofere ya ci kwallo a wasansa na farko a kakar wasa, inda ya sha kashi a hannun Hammarby da ci 2-1 a ranar 17 ga Afrilun 2006. Makonni uku bayan haka a ranar 8 ga Mayun 2006, ya zura kwallo ta biyu a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Helsingborg da ci 3-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2006 |title=Malmö FF – Helsingborgs IF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2006-05-08-malmo-ff-helsingborgs-if/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626192642/https://www.mff.se/match/2006-05-08-malmo-ff-helsingborgs-if/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Duk da haka, Ofere ya ga damarsa ta farko a kungiyar ta gaza, saboda gasa daga Afonso Alves, José Júnior, Niklas Skoog, Jari Litmanen, Jesper Bech da Jonatan Johansson . Sakamakon haka, an tura shi zuwa kungiyar B a sauran kakar wasa ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2006 |title=B-LAGET BESEGRADE LUNDS BK |url=https://www.mff.se/b-laget-besegrade-lunds-bk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626195059/https://www.mff.se/b-laget-besegrade-lunds-bk/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=9 August 2006 |title=MFF I MM-FINAL EFTER STORSEGER |url=https://www.mff.se/mff-i-mm-final-efter-storseger/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626200153/https://www.mff.se/mff-i-mm-final-efter-storseger/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=17 August 2006 |title=NY SEGER FÖR B-LAGET |url=https://www.mff.se/ny-seger-for-b-laget/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626200153/https://www.mff.se/ny-seger-for-b-laget/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2006, Ofere ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a duk gasannin. A kakar wasa ta 2007, Ofere ya shafe mafi yawan kakar wasa, galibi yana kan benci mai maye gurbinsa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ci gaba da gwagwarmayarsa don neman matsayinsa a cikin ƙungiyar farko, amma an kira shi zuwa ga 'yan wasan farko bayan raunin 'yan wasan gaba. Duk da haka, ya zira kwallaye huɗu, a wasan da suka doke Stenungsunds da ci 11-0 a zagaye na biyu na Svenska Cupen. A lokacin kakar wasa, an kuma tura Ofere zuwa ƙungiyar B. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2007 |title=SEGER FÖR B-LAGET MOT NIKE. |url=https://www.mff.se/seger-for-b-laget-mot-nike/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626203725/https://www.mff.se/seger-for-b-laget-mot-nike/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=17 April 2007 |title=1-0 ÄVEN TILL B-LAGET |url=https://www.mff.se/1-0-aven-till-b-laget/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626203727/https://www.mff.se/1-0-aven-till-b-laget/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=19 June 2007 |title=FEMETTA FÖR U21 |url=https://www.mff.se/femetta-for-u21/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626205218/https://www.mff.se/femetta-for-u21/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=5 October 2007 |title=TRUPPEN MOT GÖTEBORG |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-goteborg-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626205528/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-goteborg-3/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2007, ya buga wasanni goma sha biyar kuma ya zira kwallaye huɗu a duk gasa. A farkon kakar wasa ta 2008, Ofere ya ji rauni a kugunsa wanda ya samu a lokacin shirye-shiryen kakar wasa kuma ya yi jinyar wata guda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2008 |title=OAVGJORT MOT LYN |url=https://www.mff.se/oavgjort-mot-lyn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084305/https://www.mff.se/oavgjort-mot-lyn/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=23 March 2008 |title=INFÖR GENREPET MOT HÄCKEN |url=https://www.mff.se/infor-genrepet-mot-hacken/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084305/https://www.mff.se/infor-genrepet-mot-hacken/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Sai a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2008 lokacin da ya fara buga wasa a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 34, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Helsingborgs da ci 4-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2008 |title=MFFTV: EDWARD OFERE ÄR TILLBAKA |url=https://www.mff.se/mfftv-edward-ofere-ar-tillbaka/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084306/https://www.mff.se/mfftv-edward-ofere-ar-tillbaka/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=28 April 2008 |title=Helsingborgs IF – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-04-28-helsingborgs-if-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084308/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-04-28-helsingborgs-if-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A wasan da suka yi da Örebro, Ofere ya zura kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2008 |title=Örebro SK – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-05-04-orebro-sk-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084546/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-05-04-orebro-sk-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Tun bayan dawowa daga rauni, Ofere ya zama dan wasa na farko a kungiyar, yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba a karkashin sabon kocin Roland Nilsson . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2008 |title=TRUPPEN MOT GAIS |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-gais-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084546/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-gais-2/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=10 May 2008 |title=TRUPPEN MOT AIK |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-aik-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084546/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-aik-3/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=2 July 2008 |title=TRUPPEN MOT LJUNGSKILE |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-ljungskile-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084130/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-ljungskile-2/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=27 July 2008 |title=Malmö FF – Kalmar FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-07-27-malmo-ff-kalmar-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627085330/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-07-27-malmo-ff-kalmar-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Sai a ranar 25 ga Agusta 2008 ne ya zura kwallon da ta ba wa kungiyar damar daidaita wasan, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Trelleborg . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2008 |title=Malmö FF – Trelleborgs FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-08-25-malmo-ff-trelleborgs-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627085332/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-08-25-malmo-ff-trelleborgs-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Daga nan Ofere ya zira kwallaye uku a wasanni uku tsakanin 30 ga Satumba 2008 da 19 ga Oktoba 2008, inda ya zira kwallaye a kan Helsingborgs, Örebro da GAIS . A wasan ƙarshe na kakar wasa da GIF Sundsvall, ya zira kwallaye biyu ga ƙungiyar, a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 6-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2008 |title=Malmö FF – GIF Sundsvall |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-11-09-malmo-ff-gif-sundsvall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627090833/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-11-09-malmo-ff-gif-sundsvall/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2008, ya buga wasanni ashirin da ɗaya kuma ya zira kwallaye tara a duk gasa. Bayan haka, Ofere ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2008 |title=Edward Ofere extends with Malmö FF |url=http://mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2008/2008-12-18_1015.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026152243/http://mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2008/2008-12-18_1015.aspx |archive-date=26 October 2011 |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2009, Ola Toivonen ya bar ƙungiyar, wanda hakan ya sa Ofere ya ci gaba da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan farko a ƙungiyar. Duk da haka, ya sha wahala wajen zura kwallaye tun farkon kakar wasa ta 2009. Sai a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2009 lokacin da Ofere ya zura kwallayensa na farko a kakar wasa, a wasan da suka yi nasara da Djurgården da ci 2-1. Bayan haka, ya zura kwallaye a ragar Elfsborg (sau biyu), Gefle (sau biyu) da Hammarby. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2009 |title=FENOMENAL 5-0-SEGER ÖVER ELFSBORG! |url=https://www.mff.se/fenomenal-5-0-seger-over-elfsborg/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627102257/https://www.mff.se/fenomenal-5-0-seger-over-elfsborg/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=24 September 2009 |title=TRE NOLL MOT GEFLE OCH TREDJE RAKA! |url=https://www.mff.se/tre-noll-mot-gefle-och-tredje-raka/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627102257/https://www.mff.se/tre-noll-mot-gefle-och-tredje-raka/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=27 September 2009 |title=FJÄRDE RAKA SEGERN! MINUT-FÖR-MINUT-REFERAT |url=https://www.mff.se/fjarde-raka-segern-minut-for-minut-referat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627101723/https://www.mff.se/fjarde-raka-segern-minut-for-minut-referat/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Bayan dakatar da wasa ɗaya, sai ya zura kwallaye biyu a raga na huɗu a kakar wasa, da kuma wasu kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 5-4 a hannun Kalmar . Ofere ya ci kwallayensa na goma a kakar wasa, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki da ci 1-1 da IF Brommapojkarna a wasan ƙarshe na kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2009 |title=ROLAND: "VI MÅSTE BLI BÄTTRE PÅ ATT VINNA VÅRA MATCHER" |url=https://www.mff.se/roland-vi-maste-bli-battre-pa-att-vinna-vara-matcher/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627101539/https://www.mff.se/roland-vi-maste-bli-battre-pa-att-vinna-vara-matcher/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2009, ya ci gaba da buga wasanni ashirin da tara kuma ya zira kwallaye goma a dukkan gasa. Bayan haka, rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta 2009 ta jawo hankalin ƙungiyar Championship ta [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] da ke sha'awar ɗaukarsa, duk da cewa Malmö FF ta ƙi amincewa da tayin. Bayan ya rasa wasan farko na kakar wasa saboda raunin da ya samu a cinyarsa, Ofere ya fara buga wasa a kakar wasa ta 2010, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 83, a wasan da suka yi nasara da Örebro da ci 3-0 a ranar 23 ga Maris 2010. Sannan ya zura kwallaye biyu a kan Kalmar da Häcken . Amma a lokacin rashin nasara da suka yi da Helsingborgs da ci 2-1 a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2010, Ofere ya ji rauni a gwiwa kuma an sauya shi a minti na 17. Sakamakon haka, an dakatar da shi na tsawon makonni takwas. Daga nan aka kore shi daga wasa sau biyu; na farko ya zo ne a ranar 4 ga Yuli 2010, a rashin nasara da ci 4-1 da Mjällby sannan na biyu ya zo ne a ranar 17 ga Yuli 2010, a rashin nasara da ci 2-0 da AIK . A sake, sha'awar Ofere ta sake tasowa, yayin da ake danganta shi da komawa Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ofere ya ƙi komawa China, yana mai cewa yana da sha'awar ci gaba da bugawa a Turai. Lokacin da Ofere ya bar Malmö FF, ya buga wasanni takwas kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a duk gasa. === Lecce ta Amurka === A ranar 30 ga Agusta 2010, Lecce ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. Bayan ya koma Leece, Ofere ya ji cewa ƙaura ita ce muhimmin mataki a rayuwarsa. Duk da haka, an jinkirta wasansa na farko bayan ya ji rauni a gwiwa wanda hakan ya sa ya yi rashin lafiya na tsawon mako guda. Amma Ofere ya fara buga wasa a Leece, inda ya maye gurbin Jeda, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Parma a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2010. Tun lokacin da ya fara wasa a kungiyar, ya samu kansa a cikin kungiyar farko, galibi yana wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa. Daga nan Ofere ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Serie A a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2010, a wasan da suka doke Brescia da ci 2-1. Daga nan Ofere ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni biyu tsakanin 5 ga Disamba, 2010 da 12 ga Disamba, 2010 a kan Genoa da Chievo Verona . Duk da haka, Ofere ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa ta dama a lokacin wasan da suka yi da Lazio a ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2011. Bayan tiyata, an sanar da cewa Ofere zai yi jinyar watanni hudu. Yayin da yake murmurewa daga raunin da ya samu a gwiwa, ya kalli wasan gefe, yayin da kungiyar ta yi nasarar kauce wa faduwa daga gasar bayan nasarar da ta samu a kan Bari da ci 2-0 a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2011. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2010-11, Ofere ya buga wasanni goma sha biyu kuma ya zura kwallaye uku a dukkan gasannin. A farkon kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Ofere ya fara nuna alamun murmurewa a gwiwarsa ta dama, wataƙila ya dawo. [1] Sai a ranar 11 ga Satumba 2011 lokacin da ya dawo daga rauni, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 63, a wasan farko na kakar wasa, a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-0 a hannun Udinese . [2] Duk da haka, Ofere ya yi fama da rashin nasara a matsayin ɗan wasa na farko kuma ya bayyana a kan benci. [3] Abin da ya ƙara muni shi ne, Ofere ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa ta dama kuma ya buƙaci a yi masa tiyata wanda ya sa ya rasa damar buga wasa a duk tsawon kakar wasa. [4] Ofere ya dawo a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2012 a wasansu da Fiorentina, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Andrea Bertolacci a minti na 76. [5] Duk da cewa an mayar da kulob ɗin zuwa Serie B, Ofere ya buga wasanni bakwai ga ƙungiyar a duk gasa. [6] Bayan Leece ta koma Serie B, Ofere yana cikin waɗanda jaridar ta lissafa waɗanda za su iya barin ƙungiyar. An sanar a ranar 25 ga Satumba 2012, bayan ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa kaɗan a makonnin farko na kakar wasa ta 2012-13, cewa an dakatar da kwangilarsa shekara guda da wuri. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7eyay69y9dw4avjxccn7dukgy0bxt5h 883248 883247 2026-07-15T08:34:10Z Pharouqenr 25549 883248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edward Ofere''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Maris 1986) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Najeriya]] wanda ke buga wa FC Trelleborg wasa a gasar Division 3 ta Södra Götaland. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23 ta [[Najeriya]] a shekarar 2009. == Aikin kulob == === Malmö FF === An haife shi a [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], Najeriya, Ofere ya fara ƙwallonsa a ƙungiyar [[Enugu Rangers]] ta Najeriya kuma ya ci gaba da buga wa ƙungiyar matasa, inda ya buga wasanni saba'in da bakwai kuma ya zura kwallaye goma sha takwas a duk gasannin da ya fafata. A lokacin, Ofere yana son buga ƙwallon ƙafa a Turai domin yana ganin zai amfanar da ci gabansa fiye da Afirka, wanda hakan ya kai ga yin gwaji a ƙungiyar Allsvenskan Malmö FF . An sanar a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2005 cewa Ofere ya koma ƙungiyar Allsvenskan Malmö FF a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2005 bayan gwaji mai ban sha'awa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2005 |title=Malmö FF borrows Edward Ofere the year |url=http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-09-01_1744.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110730080747/http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-09-01_1744.aspx |archive-date=30 July 2011 |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> Bayan yin hakan, an ba shi izinin yin wasa a Sweden. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2005 |title=EDWARD OFERES SPELTILLSTÅND |url=https://www.mff.se/edward-oferes-speltillstand/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625205649/https://www.mff.se/edward-oferes-speltillstand/ |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Ofere ya fara buga wa Malmö FF wasa, inda ya buga a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa, a wasan da suka sha kashi 1-0 a hannun Djurgårdens IF a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2005 |title=Djurgårdens IF – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-12-djurgardens-if-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626182959/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-12-djurgardens-if-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Daga nan ya fara buga wa kulob dinsa na Turai, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 65, a wasan da [[Beşiktaş]] ta sha kashi 4-1 a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin [[UEFA]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2005 |title=Malmö FF – Besiktas JK |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-29-malmo-ff-besiktas-jk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626184546/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-29-malmo-ff-besiktas-jk/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Bayan kwana hudu a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2005, Ofere ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Malmö FF, a wasan da suka sha kashi 4-1 a hannun Landskrona . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2005 |title=Malmö FF - Landskrona BoIS |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-10-03-malmo-ff-landskrona-bois/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626184546/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-10-03-malmo-ff-landskrona-bois/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> An sanar da hakan a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2005, Ofere ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku a kulob din har abada. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2005 |title=Edward Ofere extends with Malmö FF |url=http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-10-21_1614.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110730095954/http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-10-21_1614.aspx |archive-date=30 July 2011 |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> Bayan ya bayyana a kowane wasa tun lokacin da ya shiga kulob din, ya buga wasanni bakwai kuma ya zura kwallo daya a dukkan gasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2005 |title=IFK Göteborg – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-26-ifk-goteborg-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626184546/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-26-ifk-goteborg-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=25 September 2005 |title=EN TUNG MÅNAD ATT LÄGGA TILL HANDLINGARNA |url=https://www.mff.se/en-tung-manad-att-lagga-till-handlingarna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626183022/https://www.mff.se/en-tung-manad-att-lagga-till-handlingarna/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=31 October 2005 |title=VID VÄGS ÄNDE |url=https://www.mff.se/vid-vags-ande/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626183813/https://www.mff.se/vid-vags-ande/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Kafin kakar wasa ta 2006, Ofere ya ci gaba da yin fice a wasannin share fagen kakar wasa na kulob din, ciki har da zura kwallaye uku a ragar Thanda Lions a ranar 13 ga Janairun 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2006 |title=MALMÖ FF VANN NERE I SYDAFRIKA |url=https://www.mff.se/malmo-ff-vann-nere-i-sydafrika/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626191056/https://www.mff.se/malmo-ff-vann-nere-i-sydafrika/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=8 January 2006 |title=RAPPORT FRÅN SYDAFRIKALÄGRET DEL 1 |url=https://www.mff.se/rapport-fran-sydafrikalagret-del-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626191056/https://www.mff.se/rapport-fran-sydafrikalagret-del-1/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Duk da raunin cinyarsa, wanda ya warke cikin sauri, Ofere ya ci kwallo a wasansa na farko a kakar wasa, inda ya sha kashi a hannun Hammarby da ci 2-1 a ranar 17 ga Afrilun 2006. Makonni uku bayan haka a ranar 8 ga Mayun 2006, ya zura kwallo ta biyu a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Helsingborg da ci 3-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2006 |title=Malmö FF – Helsingborgs IF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2006-05-08-malmo-ff-helsingborgs-if/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626192642/https://www.mff.se/match/2006-05-08-malmo-ff-helsingborgs-if/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Duk da haka, Ofere ya ga damarsa ta farko a kungiyar ta gaza, saboda gasa daga Afonso Alves, José Júnior, Niklas Skoog, Jari Litmanen, Jesper Bech da Jonatan Johansson . Sakamakon haka, an tura shi zuwa kungiyar B a sauran kakar wasa ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2006 |title=B-LAGET BESEGRADE LUNDS BK |url=https://www.mff.se/b-laget-besegrade-lunds-bk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626195059/https://www.mff.se/b-laget-besegrade-lunds-bk/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=9 August 2006 |title=MFF I MM-FINAL EFTER STORSEGER |url=https://www.mff.se/mff-i-mm-final-efter-storseger/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626200153/https://www.mff.se/mff-i-mm-final-efter-storseger/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=17 August 2006 |title=NY SEGER FÖR B-LAGET |url=https://www.mff.se/ny-seger-for-b-laget/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626200153/https://www.mff.se/ny-seger-for-b-laget/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2006, Ofere ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a duk gasannin. A kakar wasa ta 2007, Ofere ya shafe mafi yawan kakar wasa, galibi yana kan benci mai maye gurbinsa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ci gaba da gwagwarmayarsa don neman matsayinsa a cikin ƙungiyar farko, amma an kira shi zuwa ga 'yan wasan farko bayan raunin 'yan wasan gaba. Duk da haka, ya zira kwallaye huɗu, a wasan da suka doke Stenungsunds da ci 11-0 a zagaye na biyu na Svenska Cupen. A lokacin kakar wasa, an kuma tura Ofere zuwa ƙungiyar B. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2007 |title=SEGER FÖR B-LAGET MOT NIKE. |url=https://www.mff.se/seger-for-b-laget-mot-nike/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626203725/https://www.mff.se/seger-for-b-laget-mot-nike/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=17 April 2007 |title=1-0 ÄVEN TILL B-LAGET |url=https://www.mff.se/1-0-aven-till-b-laget/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626203727/https://www.mff.se/1-0-aven-till-b-laget/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=19 June 2007 |title=FEMETTA FÖR U21 |url=https://www.mff.se/femetta-for-u21/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626205218/https://www.mff.se/femetta-for-u21/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=5 October 2007 |title=TRUPPEN MOT GÖTEBORG |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-goteborg-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626205528/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-goteborg-3/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2007, ya buga wasanni goma sha biyar kuma ya zira kwallaye huɗu a duk gasa. A farkon kakar wasa ta 2008, Ofere ya ji rauni a kugunsa wanda ya samu a lokacin shirye-shiryen kakar wasa kuma ya yi jinyar wata guda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2008 |title=OAVGJORT MOT LYN |url=https://www.mff.se/oavgjort-mot-lyn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084305/https://www.mff.se/oavgjort-mot-lyn/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=23 March 2008 |title=INFÖR GENREPET MOT HÄCKEN |url=https://www.mff.se/infor-genrepet-mot-hacken/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084305/https://www.mff.se/infor-genrepet-mot-hacken/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Sai a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2008 lokacin da ya fara buga wasa a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 34, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Helsingborgs da ci 4-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2008 |title=MFFTV: EDWARD OFERE ÄR TILLBAKA |url=https://www.mff.se/mfftv-edward-ofere-ar-tillbaka/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084306/https://www.mff.se/mfftv-edward-ofere-ar-tillbaka/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=28 April 2008 |title=Helsingborgs IF – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-04-28-helsingborgs-if-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084308/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-04-28-helsingborgs-if-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A wasan da suka yi da Örebro, Ofere ya zura kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2008 |title=Örebro SK – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-05-04-orebro-sk-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084546/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-05-04-orebro-sk-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Tun bayan dawowa daga rauni, Ofere ya zama dan wasa na farko a kungiyar, yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba a karkashin sabon kocin Roland Nilsson . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2008 |title=TRUPPEN MOT GAIS |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-gais-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084546/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-gais-2/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=10 May 2008 |title=TRUPPEN MOT AIK |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-aik-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084546/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-aik-3/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=2 July 2008 |title=TRUPPEN MOT LJUNGSKILE |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-ljungskile-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084130/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-ljungskile-2/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=27 July 2008 |title=Malmö FF – Kalmar FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-07-27-malmo-ff-kalmar-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627085330/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-07-27-malmo-ff-kalmar-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Sai a ranar 25 ga Agusta 2008 ne ya zura kwallon da ta ba wa kungiyar damar daidaita wasan, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Trelleborg . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2008 |title=Malmö FF – Trelleborgs FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-08-25-malmo-ff-trelleborgs-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627085332/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-08-25-malmo-ff-trelleborgs-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Daga nan Ofere ya zira kwallaye uku a wasanni uku tsakanin 30 ga Satumba 2008 da 19 ga Oktoba 2008, inda ya zira kwallaye a kan Helsingborgs, Örebro da GAIS . A wasan ƙarshe na kakar wasa da GIF Sundsvall, ya zira kwallaye biyu ga ƙungiyar, a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 6-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2008 |title=Malmö FF – GIF Sundsvall |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-11-09-malmo-ff-gif-sundsvall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627090833/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-11-09-malmo-ff-gif-sundsvall/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2008, ya buga wasanni ashirin da ɗaya kuma ya zira kwallaye tara a duk gasa. Bayan haka, Ofere ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2008 |title=Edward Ofere extends with Malmö FF |url=http://mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2008/2008-12-18_1015.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026152243/http://mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2008/2008-12-18_1015.aspx |archive-date=26 October 2011 |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2009, Ola Toivonen ya bar ƙungiyar, wanda hakan ya sa Ofere ya ci gaba da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan farko a ƙungiyar. Duk da haka, ya sha wahala wajen zura kwallaye tun farkon kakar wasa ta 2009. Sai a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2009 lokacin da Ofere ya zura kwallayensa na farko a kakar wasa, a wasan da suka yi nasara da Djurgården da ci 2-1. Bayan haka, ya zura kwallaye a ragar Elfsborg (sau biyu), Gefle (sau biyu) da Hammarby. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2009 |title=FENOMENAL 5-0-SEGER ÖVER ELFSBORG! |url=https://www.mff.se/fenomenal-5-0-seger-over-elfsborg/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627102257/https://www.mff.se/fenomenal-5-0-seger-over-elfsborg/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=24 September 2009 |title=TRE NOLL MOT GEFLE OCH TREDJE RAKA! |url=https://www.mff.se/tre-noll-mot-gefle-och-tredje-raka/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627102257/https://www.mff.se/tre-noll-mot-gefle-och-tredje-raka/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=27 September 2009 |title=FJÄRDE RAKA SEGERN! MINUT-FÖR-MINUT-REFERAT |url=https://www.mff.se/fjarde-raka-segern-minut-for-minut-referat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627101723/https://www.mff.se/fjarde-raka-segern-minut-for-minut-referat/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Bayan dakatar da wasa ɗaya, sai ya zura kwallaye biyu a raga na huɗu a kakar wasa, da kuma wasu kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 5-4 a hannun Kalmar . Ofere ya ci kwallayensa na goma a kakar wasa, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki da ci 1-1 da IF Brommapojkarna a wasan ƙarshe na kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2009 |title=ROLAND: "VI MÅSTE BLI BÄTTRE PÅ ATT VINNA VÅRA MATCHER" |url=https://www.mff.se/roland-vi-maste-bli-battre-pa-att-vinna-vara-matcher/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627101539/https://www.mff.se/roland-vi-maste-bli-battre-pa-att-vinna-vara-matcher/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2009, ya ci gaba da buga wasanni ashirin da tara kuma ya zira kwallaye goma a dukkan gasa. Bayan haka, rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta 2009 ta jawo hankalin ƙungiyar Championship ta [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] da ke sha'awar ɗaukarsa, duk da cewa Malmö FF ta ƙi amincewa da tayin. Bayan ya rasa wasan farko na kakar wasa saboda raunin da ya samu a cinyarsa, Ofere ya fara buga wasa a kakar wasa ta 2010, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 83, a wasan da suka yi nasara da Örebro da ci 3-0 a ranar 23 ga Maris 2010. Sannan ya zura kwallaye biyu a kan Kalmar da Häcken . Amma a lokacin rashin nasara da suka yi da Helsingborgs da ci 2-1 a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2010, Ofere ya ji rauni a gwiwa kuma an sauya shi a minti na 17. Sakamakon haka, an dakatar da shi na tsawon makonni takwas. Daga nan aka kore shi daga wasa sau biyu; na farko ya zo ne a ranar 4 ga Yuli 2010, a rashin nasara da ci 4-1 da Mjällby sannan na biyu ya zo ne a ranar 17 ga Yuli 2010, a rashin nasara da ci 2-0 da AIK . A sake, sha'awar Ofere ta sake tasowa, yayin da ake danganta shi da komawa Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ofere ya ƙi komawa China, yana mai cewa yana da sha'awar ci gaba da bugawa a Turai. Lokacin da Ofere ya bar Malmö FF, ya buga wasanni takwas kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a duk gasa. === Lecce ta Amurka === A ranar 30 ga Agusta 2010, Lecce ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. Bayan ya koma Leece, Ofere ya ji cewa ƙaura ita ce muhimmin mataki a rayuwarsa. Duk da haka, an jinkirta wasansa na farko bayan ya ji rauni a gwiwa wanda hakan ya sa ya yi rashin lafiya na tsawon mako guda. Amma Ofere ya fara buga wasa a Leece, inda ya maye gurbin Jeda, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Parma a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2010. Tun lokacin da ya fara wasa a kungiyar, ya samu kansa a cikin kungiyar farko, galibi yana wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa. Daga nan Ofere ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Serie A a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2010, a wasan da suka doke Brescia da ci 2-1. Daga nan Ofere ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni biyu tsakanin 5 ga Disamba, 2010 da 12 ga Disamba, 2010 a kan Genoa da Chievo Verona . Duk da haka, Ofere ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa ta dama a lokacin wasan da suka yi da Lazio a ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2011. Bayan tiyata, an sanar da cewa Ofere zai yi jinyar watanni hudu. Yayin da yake murmurewa daga raunin da ya samu a gwiwa, ya kalli wasan gefe, yayin da kungiyar ta yi nasarar kauce wa faduwa daga gasar bayan nasarar da ta samu a kan Bari da ci 2-0 a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2011. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2010-11, Ofere ya buga wasanni goma sha biyu kuma ya zura kwallaye uku a dukkan gasannin. A farkon kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Ofere ya fara nuna alamun murmurewa a gwiwarsa ta dama, wataƙila ya dawo. [1] Sai a ranar 11 ga Satumba 2011 lokacin da ya dawo daga rauni, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 63, a wasan farko na kakar wasa, a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-0 a hannun Udinese . [2] Duk da haka, Ofere ya yi fama da rashin nasara a matsayin ɗan wasa na farko kuma ya bayyana a kan benci. [3] Abin da ya ƙara muni shi ne, Ofere ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa ta dama kuma ya buƙaci a yi masa tiyata wanda ya sa ya rasa damar buga wasa a duk tsawon kakar wasa. [4] Ofere ya dawo a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2012 a wasansu da Fiorentina, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Andrea Bertolacci a minti na 76. [5] Duk da cewa an mayar da kulob ɗin zuwa Serie B, Ofere ya buga wasanni bakwai ga ƙungiyar a duk gasa. [6] Bayan Leece ta koma Serie B, Ofere yana cikin waɗanda jaridar ta lissafa waɗanda za su iya barin ƙungiyar. An sanar a ranar 25 ga Satumba 2012, bayan ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa kaɗan a makonnin farko na kakar wasa ta 2012-13, cewa an dakatar da kwangilarsa shekara guda da wuri. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qhb6nurho5tzm2g4zejr1nvk0088zea 883250 883248 2026-07-15T08:34:35Z Pharouqenr 25549 883250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edward Ofere''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Maris 1986) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Najeriya]] wanda ke buga wa FC Trelleborg wasa a gasar Division 3 ta Södra Götaland. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23 ta [[Najeriya]] a shekarar 2009. == Aikin kulob == === Malmö FF === An haife shi a [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], Najeriya, Ofere ya fara ƙwallonsa a ƙungiyar [[Enugu Rangers]] ta Najeriya kuma ya ci gaba da buga wa ƙungiyar matasa, inda ya buga wasanni saba'in da bakwai kuma ya zura kwallaye goma sha takwas a duk gasannin da ya fafata. A lokacin, Ofere yana son buga ƙwallon ƙafa a Turai domin yana ganin zai amfanar da ci gabansa fiye da Afirka, wanda hakan ya kai ga yin gwaji a ƙungiyar Allsvenskan Malmö FF . An sanar a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2005 cewa Ofere ya koma ƙungiyar Allsvenskan Malmö FF a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2005 bayan gwaji mai ban sha'awa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2005 |title=Malmö FF borrows Edward Ofere the year |url=http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-09-01_1744.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110730080747/http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-09-01_1744.aspx |archive-date=30 July 2011 |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> Bayan yin hakan, an ba shi izinin yin wasa a Sweden. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2005 |title=EDWARD OFERES SPELTILLSTÅND |url=https://www.mff.se/edward-oferes-speltillstand/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625205649/https://www.mff.se/edward-oferes-speltillstand/ |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Ofere ya fara buga wa Malmö FF wasa, inda ya buga a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa, a wasan da suka sha kashi 1-0 a hannun Djurgårdens IF a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2005 |title=Djurgårdens IF – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-12-djurgardens-if-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626182959/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-12-djurgardens-if-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Daga nan ya fara buga wa kulob dinsa na Turai, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 65, a wasan da [[Beşiktaş]] ta sha kashi 4-1 a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin [[UEFA]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2005 |title=Malmö FF – Besiktas JK |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-29-malmo-ff-besiktas-jk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626184546/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-29-malmo-ff-besiktas-jk/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Bayan kwana hudu a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2005, Ofere ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Malmö FF, a wasan da suka sha kashi 4-1 a hannun Landskrona.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2005 |title=Malmö FF - Landskrona BoIS |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-10-03-malmo-ff-landskrona-bois/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626184546/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-10-03-malmo-ff-landskrona-bois/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> An sanar da hakan a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2005, Ofere ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku a kulob din har abada. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2005 |title=Edward Ofere extends with Malmö FF |url=http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-10-21_1614.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110730095954/http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-10-21_1614.aspx |archive-date=30 July 2011 |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> Bayan ya bayyana a kowane wasa tun lokacin da ya shiga kulob din, ya buga wasanni bakwai kuma ya zura kwallo daya a dukkan gasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2005 |title=IFK Göteborg – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-26-ifk-goteborg-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626184546/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-26-ifk-goteborg-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=25 September 2005 |title=EN TUNG MÅNAD ATT LÄGGA TILL HANDLINGARNA |url=https://www.mff.se/en-tung-manad-att-lagga-till-handlingarna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626183022/https://www.mff.se/en-tung-manad-att-lagga-till-handlingarna/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=31 October 2005 |title=VID VÄGS ÄNDE |url=https://www.mff.se/vid-vags-ande/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626183813/https://www.mff.se/vid-vags-ande/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Kafin kakar wasa ta 2006, Ofere ya ci gaba da yin fice a wasannin share fagen kakar wasa na kulob din, ciki har da zura kwallaye uku a ragar Thanda Lions a ranar 13 ga Janairun 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2006 |title=MALMÖ FF VANN NERE I SYDAFRIKA |url=https://www.mff.se/malmo-ff-vann-nere-i-sydafrika/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626191056/https://www.mff.se/malmo-ff-vann-nere-i-sydafrika/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=8 January 2006 |title=RAPPORT FRÅN SYDAFRIKALÄGRET DEL 1 |url=https://www.mff.se/rapport-fran-sydafrikalagret-del-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626191056/https://www.mff.se/rapport-fran-sydafrikalagret-del-1/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Duk da raunin cinyarsa, wanda ya warke cikin sauri, Ofere ya ci kwallo a wasansa na farko a kakar wasa, inda ya sha kashi a hannun Hammarby da ci 2-1 a ranar 17 ga Afrilun 2006. Makonni uku bayan haka a ranar 8 ga Mayun 2006, ya zura kwallo ta biyu a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Helsingborg da ci 3-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2006 |title=Malmö FF – Helsingborgs IF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2006-05-08-malmo-ff-helsingborgs-if/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626192642/https://www.mff.se/match/2006-05-08-malmo-ff-helsingborgs-if/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Duk da haka, Ofere ya ga damarsa ta farko a kungiyar ta gaza, saboda gasa daga Afonso Alves, José Júnior, Niklas Skoog, Jari Litmanen, Jesper Bech da Jonatan Johansson . Sakamakon haka, an tura shi zuwa kungiyar B a sauran kakar wasa ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2006 |title=B-LAGET BESEGRADE LUNDS BK |url=https://www.mff.se/b-laget-besegrade-lunds-bk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626195059/https://www.mff.se/b-laget-besegrade-lunds-bk/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=9 August 2006 |title=MFF I MM-FINAL EFTER STORSEGER |url=https://www.mff.se/mff-i-mm-final-efter-storseger/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626200153/https://www.mff.se/mff-i-mm-final-efter-storseger/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=17 August 2006 |title=NY SEGER FÖR B-LAGET |url=https://www.mff.se/ny-seger-for-b-laget/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626200153/https://www.mff.se/ny-seger-for-b-laget/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2006, Ofere ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a duk gasannin. A kakar wasa ta 2007, Ofere ya shafe mafi yawan kakar wasa, galibi yana kan benci mai maye gurbinsa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ci gaba da gwagwarmayarsa don neman matsayinsa a cikin ƙungiyar farko, amma an kira shi zuwa ga 'yan wasan farko bayan raunin 'yan wasan gaba. Duk da haka, ya zira kwallaye huɗu, a wasan da suka doke Stenungsunds da ci 11-0 a zagaye na biyu na Svenska Cupen. A lokacin kakar wasa, an kuma tura Ofere zuwa ƙungiyar B. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2007 |title=SEGER FÖR B-LAGET MOT NIKE. |url=https://www.mff.se/seger-for-b-laget-mot-nike/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626203725/https://www.mff.se/seger-for-b-laget-mot-nike/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=17 April 2007 |title=1-0 ÄVEN TILL B-LAGET |url=https://www.mff.se/1-0-aven-till-b-laget/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626203727/https://www.mff.se/1-0-aven-till-b-laget/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=19 June 2007 |title=FEMETTA FÖR U21 |url=https://www.mff.se/femetta-for-u21/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626205218/https://www.mff.se/femetta-for-u21/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=5 October 2007 |title=TRUPPEN MOT GÖTEBORG |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-goteborg-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626205528/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-goteborg-3/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2007, ya buga wasanni goma sha biyar kuma ya zira kwallaye huɗu a duk gasa. A farkon kakar wasa ta 2008, Ofere ya ji rauni a kugunsa wanda ya samu a lokacin shirye-shiryen kakar wasa kuma ya yi jinyar wata guda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2008 |title=OAVGJORT MOT LYN |url=https://www.mff.se/oavgjort-mot-lyn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084305/https://www.mff.se/oavgjort-mot-lyn/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=23 March 2008 |title=INFÖR GENREPET MOT HÄCKEN |url=https://www.mff.se/infor-genrepet-mot-hacken/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084305/https://www.mff.se/infor-genrepet-mot-hacken/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Sai a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2008 lokacin da ya fara buga wasa a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 34, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Helsingborgs da ci 4-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2008 |title=MFFTV: EDWARD OFERE ÄR TILLBAKA |url=https://www.mff.se/mfftv-edward-ofere-ar-tillbaka/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084306/https://www.mff.se/mfftv-edward-ofere-ar-tillbaka/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=28 April 2008 |title=Helsingborgs IF – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-04-28-helsingborgs-if-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084308/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-04-28-helsingborgs-if-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A wasan da suka yi da Örebro, Ofere ya zura kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2008 |title=Örebro SK – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-05-04-orebro-sk-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084546/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-05-04-orebro-sk-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Tun bayan dawowa daga rauni, Ofere ya zama dan wasa na farko a kungiyar, yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba a karkashin sabon kocin Roland Nilsson . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2008 |title=TRUPPEN MOT GAIS |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-gais-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084546/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-gais-2/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=10 May 2008 |title=TRUPPEN MOT AIK |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-aik-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084546/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-aik-3/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=2 July 2008 |title=TRUPPEN MOT LJUNGSKILE |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-ljungskile-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084130/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-ljungskile-2/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=27 July 2008 |title=Malmö FF – Kalmar FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-07-27-malmo-ff-kalmar-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627085330/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-07-27-malmo-ff-kalmar-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Sai a ranar 25 ga Agusta 2008 ne ya zura kwallon da ta ba wa kungiyar damar daidaita wasan, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Trelleborg . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2008 |title=Malmö FF – Trelleborgs FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-08-25-malmo-ff-trelleborgs-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627085332/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-08-25-malmo-ff-trelleborgs-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Daga nan Ofere ya zira kwallaye uku a wasanni uku tsakanin 30 ga Satumba 2008 da 19 ga Oktoba 2008, inda ya zira kwallaye a kan Helsingborgs, Örebro da GAIS . A wasan ƙarshe na kakar wasa da GIF Sundsvall, ya zira kwallaye biyu ga ƙungiyar, a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 6-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2008 |title=Malmö FF – GIF Sundsvall |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-11-09-malmo-ff-gif-sundsvall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627090833/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-11-09-malmo-ff-gif-sundsvall/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2008, ya buga wasanni ashirin da ɗaya kuma ya zira kwallaye tara a duk gasa. Bayan haka, Ofere ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2008 |title=Edward Ofere extends with Malmö FF |url=http://mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2008/2008-12-18_1015.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026152243/http://mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2008/2008-12-18_1015.aspx |archive-date=26 October 2011 |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2009, Ola Toivonen ya bar ƙungiyar, wanda hakan ya sa Ofere ya ci gaba da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan farko a ƙungiyar. Duk da haka, ya sha wahala wajen zura kwallaye tun farkon kakar wasa ta 2009. Sai a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2009 lokacin da Ofere ya zura kwallayensa na farko a kakar wasa, a wasan da suka yi nasara da Djurgården da ci 2-1. Bayan haka, ya zura kwallaye a ragar Elfsborg (sau biyu), Gefle (sau biyu) da Hammarby. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2009 |title=FENOMENAL 5-0-SEGER ÖVER ELFSBORG! |url=https://www.mff.se/fenomenal-5-0-seger-over-elfsborg/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627102257/https://www.mff.se/fenomenal-5-0-seger-over-elfsborg/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=24 September 2009 |title=TRE NOLL MOT GEFLE OCH TREDJE RAKA! |url=https://www.mff.se/tre-noll-mot-gefle-och-tredje-raka/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627102257/https://www.mff.se/tre-noll-mot-gefle-och-tredje-raka/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=27 September 2009 |title=FJÄRDE RAKA SEGERN! MINUT-FÖR-MINUT-REFERAT |url=https://www.mff.se/fjarde-raka-segern-minut-for-minut-referat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627101723/https://www.mff.se/fjarde-raka-segern-minut-for-minut-referat/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Bayan dakatar da wasa ɗaya, sai ya zura kwallaye biyu a raga na huɗu a kakar wasa, da kuma wasu kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 5-4 a hannun Kalmar . Ofere ya ci kwallayensa na goma a kakar wasa, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki da ci 1-1 da IF Brommapojkarna a wasan ƙarshe na kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2009 |title=ROLAND: "VI MÅSTE BLI BÄTTRE PÅ ATT VINNA VÅRA MATCHER" |url=https://www.mff.se/roland-vi-maste-bli-battre-pa-att-vinna-vara-matcher/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627101539/https://www.mff.se/roland-vi-maste-bli-battre-pa-att-vinna-vara-matcher/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2009, ya ci gaba da buga wasanni ashirin da tara kuma ya zira kwallaye goma a dukkan gasa. Bayan haka, rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta 2009 ta jawo hankalin ƙungiyar Championship ta [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] da ke sha'awar ɗaukarsa, duk da cewa Malmö FF ta ƙi amincewa da tayin. Bayan ya rasa wasan farko na kakar wasa saboda raunin da ya samu a cinyarsa, Ofere ya fara buga wasa a kakar wasa ta 2010, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 83, a wasan da suka yi nasara da Örebro da ci 3-0 a ranar 23 ga Maris 2010. Sannan ya zura kwallaye biyu a kan Kalmar da Häcken . Amma a lokacin rashin nasara da suka yi da Helsingborgs da ci 2-1 a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2010, Ofere ya ji rauni a gwiwa kuma an sauya shi a minti na 17. Sakamakon haka, an dakatar da shi na tsawon makonni takwas. Daga nan aka kore shi daga wasa sau biyu; na farko ya zo ne a ranar 4 ga Yuli 2010, a rashin nasara da ci 4-1 da Mjällby sannan na biyu ya zo ne a ranar 17 ga Yuli 2010, a rashin nasara da ci 2-0 da AIK . A sake, sha'awar Ofere ta sake tasowa, yayin da ake danganta shi da komawa Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ofere ya ƙi komawa China, yana mai cewa yana da sha'awar ci gaba da bugawa a Turai. Lokacin da Ofere ya bar Malmö FF, ya buga wasanni takwas kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a duk gasa. === Lecce ta Amurka === A ranar 30 ga Agusta 2010, Lecce ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. Bayan ya koma Leece, Ofere ya ji cewa ƙaura ita ce muhimmin mataki a rayuwarsa. Duk da haka, an jinkirta wasansa na farko bayan ya ji rauni a gwiwa wanda hakan ya sa ya yi rashin lafiya na tsawon mako guda. Amma Ofere ya fara buga wasa a Leece, inda ya maye gurbin Jeda, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Parma a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2010. Tun lokacin da ya fara wasa a kungiyar, ya samu kansa a cikin kungiyar farko, galibi yana wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa. Daga nan Ofere ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Serie A a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2010, a wasan da suka doke Brescia da ci 2-1. Daga nan Ofere ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni biyu tsakanin 5 ga Disamba, 2010 da 12 ga Disamba, 2010 a kan Genoa da Chievo Verona . Duk da haka, Ofere ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa ta dama a lokacin wasan da suka yi da Lazio a ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2011. Bayan tiyata, an sanar da cewa Ofere zai yi jinyar watanni hudu. Yayin da yake murmurewa daga raunin da ya samu a gwiwa, ya kalli wasan gefe, yayin da kungiyar ta yi nasarar kauce wa faduwa daga gasar bayan nasarar da ta samu a kan Bari da ci 2-0 a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2011. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2010-11, Ofere ya buga wasanni goma sha biyu kuma ya zura kwallaye uku a dukkan gasannin. A farkon kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Ofere ya fara nuna alamun murmurewa a gwiwarsa ta dama, wataƙila ya dawo. [1] Sai a ranar 11 ga Satumba 2011 lokacin da ya dawo daga rauni, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 63, a wasan farko na kakar wasa, a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-0 a hannun Udinese . [2] Duk da haka, Ofere ya yi fama da rashin nasara a matsayin ɗan wasa na farko kuma ya bayyana a kan benci. [3] Abin da ya ƙara muni shi ne, Ofere ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa ta dama kuma ya buƙaci a yi masa tiyata wanda ya sa ya rasa damar buga wasa a duk tsawon kakar wasa. [4] Ofere ya dawo a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2012 a wasansu da Fiorentina, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Andrea Bertolacci a minti na 76. [5] Duk da cewa an mayar da kulob ɗin zuwa Serie B, Ofere ya buga wasanni bakwai ga ƙungiyar a duk gasa. [6] Bayan Leece ta koma Serie B, Ofere yana cikin waɗanda jaridar ta lissafa waɗanda za su iya barin ƙungiyar. An sanar a ranar 25 ga Satumba 2012, bayan ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa kaɗan a makonnin farko na kakar wasa ta 2012-13, cewa an dakatar da kwangilarsa shekara guda da wuri. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b6ncxngisylyc24lbmo37g7ek2kln6a 883251 883250 2026-07-15T08:34:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 883251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edward Ofere''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Maris 1986) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Najeriya]] wanda ke buga wa FC Trelleborg wasa a gasar Division 3 ta Södra Götaland. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23 ta [[Najeriya]] a shekarar 2009. == Aikin kulob == === Malmö FF === An haife shi a [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], Najeriya, Ofere ya fara ƙwallonsa a ƙungiyar [[Enugu Rangers]] ta Najeriya kuma ya ci gaba da buga wa ƙungiyar matasa, inda ya buga wasanni saba'in da bakwai kuma ya zura kwallaye goma sha takwas a duk gasannin da ya fafata. A lokacin, Ofere yana son buga ƙwallon ƙafa a Turai domin yana ganin zai amfanar da ci gabansa fiye da Afirka, wanda hakan ya kai ga yin gwaji a ƙungiyar Allsvenskan Malmö FF . An sanar a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2005 cewa Ofere ya koma ƙungiyar Allsvenskan Malmö FF a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2005 bayan gwaji mai ban sha'awa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2005 |title=Malmö FF borrows Edward Ofere the year |url=http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-09-01_1744.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110730080747/http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-09-01_1744.aspx |archive-date=30 July 2011 |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> Bayan yin hakan, an ba shi izinin yin wasa a Sweden. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2005 |title=EDWARD OFERES SPELTILLSTÅND |url=https://www.mff.se/edward-oferes-speltillstand/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625205649/https://www.mff.se/edward-oferes-speltillstand/ |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Ofere ya fara buga wa Malmö FF wasa, inda ya buga a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa, a wasan da suka sha kashi 1-0 a hannun Djurgårdens IF a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2005 |title=Djurgårdens IF – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-12-djurgardens-if-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626182959/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-12-djurgardens-if-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Daga nan ya fara buga wa kulob dinsa na Turai, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 65, a wasan da [[Beşiktaş]] ta sha kashi 4-1 a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin [[UEFA]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2005 |title=Malmö FF – Besiktas JK |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-29-malmo-ff-besiktas-jk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626184546/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-29-malmo-ff-besiktas-jk/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Bayan kwana hudu a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2005, Ofere ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Malmö FF, a wasan da suka sha kashi 4-1 a hannun Landskrona.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2005 |title=Malmö FF - Landskrona BoIS |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-10-03-malmo-ff-landskrona-bois/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626184546/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-10-03-malmo-ff-landskrona-bois/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> An sanar da hakan a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2005, Ofere ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku a kulob din har abada. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2005 |title=Edward Ofere extends with Malmö FF |url=http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-10-21_1614.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110730095954/http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-10-21_1614.aspx |archive-date=30 July 2011 |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> Bayan ya bayyana a kowane wasa tun lokacin da ya shiga kulob din, ya buga wasanni bakwai kuma ya zura kwallo daya a dukkan gasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2005 |title=IFK Göteborg – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-26-ifk-goteborg-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626184546/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-26-ifk-goteborg-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=25 September 2005 |title=EN TUNG MÅNAD ATT LÄGGA TILL HANDLINGARNA |url=https://www.mff.se/en-tung-manad-att-lagga-till-handlingarna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626183022/https://www.mff.se/en-tung-manad-att-lagga-till-handlingarna/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=31 October 2005 |title=VID VÄGS ÄNDE |url=https://www.mff.se/vid-vags-ande/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626183813/https://www.mff.se/vid-vags-ande/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Kafin kakar wasa ta 2006, Ofere ya ci gaba da yin fice a wasannin share fagen kakar wasa na kulob din, ciki har da zura kwallaye uku a ragar Thanda Lions a ranar 13 ga Janairun 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2006 |title=MALMÖ FF VANN NERE I SYDAFRIKA |url=https://www.mff.se/malmo-ff-vann-nere-i-sydafrika/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626191056/https://www.mff.se/malmo-ff-vann-nere-i-sydafrika/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=8 January 2006 |title=RAPPORT FRÅN SYDAFRIKALÄGRET DEL 1 |url=https://www.mff.se/rapport-fran-sydafrikalagret-del-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626191056/https://www.mff.se/rapport-fran-sydafrikalagret-del-1/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Duk da raunin cinyarsa, wanda ya warke cikin sauri, Ofere ya ci kwallo a wasansa na farko a kakar wasa, inda ya sha kashi a hannun Hammarby da ci 2-1 a ranar 17 ga Afrilun 2006. Makonni uku bayan haka a ranar 8 ga Mayun 2006, ya zura kwallo ta biyu a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Helsingborg da ci 3-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2006 |title=Malmö FF – Helsingborgs IF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2006-05-08-malmo-ff-helsingborgs-if/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626192642/https://www.mff.se/match/2006-05-08-malmo-ff-helsingborgs-if/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Duk da haka, Ofere ya ga damarsa ta farko a kungiyar ta gaza, saboda gasa daga Afonso Alves, José Júnior, Niklas Skoog, Jari Litmanen, Jesper Bech da Jonatan Johansson . Sakamakon haka, an tura shi zuwa kungiyar B a sauran kakar wasa ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2006 |title=B-LAGET BESEGRADE LUNDS BK |url=https://www.mff.se/b-laget-besegrade-lunds-bk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626195059/https://www.mff.se/b-laget-besegrade-lunds-bk/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=9 August 2006 |title=MFF I MM-FINAL EFTER STORSEGER |url=https://www.mff.se/mff-i-mm-final-efter-storseger/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626200153/https://www.mff.se/mff-i-mm-final-efter-storseger/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=17 August 2006 |title=NY SEGER FÖR B-LAGET |url=https://www.mff.se/ny-seger-for-b-laget/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626200153/https://www.mff.se/ny-seger-for-b-laget/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2006, Ofere ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a duk gasannin. A kakar wasa ta 2007, Ofere ya shafe mafi yawan kakar wasa, galibi yana kan benci mai maye gurbinsa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ci gaba da gwagwarmayarsa don neman matsayinsa a cikin ƙungiyar farko, amma an kira shi zuwa ga 'yan wasan farko bayan raunin 'yan wasan gaba. Duk da haka, ya zira kwallaye huɗu, a wasan da suka doke Stenungsunds da ci 11-0 a zagaye na biyu na Svenska Cupen. A lokacin kakar wasa, an kuma tura Ofere zuwa ƙungiyar B. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2007 |title=SEGER FÖR B-LAGET MOT NIKE. |url=https://www.mff.se/seger-for-b-laget-mot-nike/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626203725/https://www.mff.se/seger-for-b-laget-mot-nike/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=17 April 2007 |title=1-0 ÄVEN TILL B-LAGET |url=https://www.mff.se/1-0-aven-till-b-laget/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626203727/https://www.mff.se/1-0-aven-till-b-laget/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=19 June 2007 |title=FEMETTA FÖR U21 |url=https://www.mff.se/femetta-for-u21/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626205218/https://www.mff.se/femetta-for-u21/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=5 October 2007 |title=TRUPPEN MOT GÖTEBORG |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-goteborg-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626205528/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-goteborg-3/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2007, ya buga wasanni goma sha biyar kuma ya zira kwallaye huɗu a duk gasa. A farkon kakar wasa ta 2008, Ofere ya ji rauni a kugunsa wanda ya samu a lokacin shirye-shiryen kakar wasa kuma ya yi jinyar wata guda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2008 |title=OAVGJORT MOT LYN |url=https://www.mff.se/oavgjort-mot-lyn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084305/https://www.mff.se/oavgjort-mot-lyn/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=23 March 2008 |title=INFÖR GENREPET MOT HÄCKEN |url=https://www.mff.se/infor-genrepet-mot-hacken/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084305/https://www.mff.se/infor-genrepet-mot-hacken/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Sai a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2008 lokacin da ya fara buga wasa a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 34, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Helsingborgs da ci 4-2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2008 |title=MFFTV: EDWARD OFERE ÄR TILLBAKA |url=https://www.mff.se/mfftv-edward-ofere-ar-tillbaka/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084306/https://www.mff.se/mfftv-edward-ofere-ar-tillbaka/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=28 April 2008 |title=Helsingborgs IF – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-04-28-helsingborgs-if-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084308/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-04-28-helsingborgs-if-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A wasan da suka yi da Örebro, Ofere ya zura kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka ci 3-0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2008 |title=Örebro SK – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-05-04-orebro-sk-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084546/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-05-04-orebro-sk-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Tun bayan dawowa daga rauni, Ofere ya zama dan wasa na farko a kungiyar, yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba a karkashin sabon kocin Roland Nilsson . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2008 |title=TRUPPEN MOT GAIS |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-gais-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084546/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-gais-2/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=10 May 2008 |title=TRUPPEN MOT AIK |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-aik-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084546/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-aik-3/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=2 July 2008 |title=TRUPPEN MOT LJUNGSKILE |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-ljungskile-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084130/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-ljungskile-2/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=27 July 2008 |title=Malmö FF – Kalmar FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-07-27-malmo-ff-kalmar-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627085330/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-07-27-malmo-ff-kalmar-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Sai a ranar 25 ga Agusta 2008 ne ya zura kwallon da ta ba wa kungiyar damar daidaita wasan, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Trelleborg . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2008 |title=Malmö FF – Trelleborgs FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-08-25-malmo-ff-trelleborgs-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627085332/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-08-25-malmo-ff-trelleborgs-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Daga nan Ofere ya zira kwallaye uku a wasanni uku tsakanin 30 ga Satumba 2008 da 19 ga Oktoba 2008, inda ya zira kwallaye a kan Helsingborgs, Örebro da GAIS . A wasan ƙarshe na kakar wasa da GIF Sundsvall, ya zira kwallaye biyu ga ƙungiyar, a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 6-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2008 |title=Malmö FF – GIF Sundsvall |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-11-09-malmo-ff-gif-sundsvall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627090833/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-11-09-malmo-ff-gif-sundsvall/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2008, ya buga wasanni ashirin da ɗaya kuma ya zira kwallaye tara a duk gasa. Bayan haka, Ofere ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2008 |title=Edward Ofere extends with Malmö FF |url=http://mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2008/2008-12-18_1015.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026152243/http://mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2008/2008-12-18_1015.aspx |archive-date=26 October 2011 |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2009, Ola Toivonen ya bar ƙungiyar, wanda hakan ya sa Ofere ya ci gaba da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan farko a ƙungiyar. Duk da haka, ya sha wahala wajen zura kwallaye tun farkon kakar wasa ta 2009. Sai a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2009 lokacin da Ofere ya zura kwallayensa na farko a kakar wasa, a wasan da suka yi nasara da Djurgården da ci 2-1. Bayan haka, ya zura kwallaye a ragar Elfsborg (sau biyu), Gefle (sau biyu) da Hammarby. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2009 |title=FENOMENAL 5-0-SEGER ÖVER ELFSBORG! |url=https://www.mff.se/fenomenal-5-0-seger-over-elfsborg/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627102257/https://www.mff.se/fenomenal-5-0-seger-over-elfsborg/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=24 September 2009 |title=TRE NOLL MOT GEFLE OCH TREDJE RAKA! |url=https://www.mff.se/tre-noll-mot-gefle-och-tredje-raka/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627102257/https://www.mff.se/tre-noll-mot-gefle-och-tredje-raka/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=27 September 2009 |title=FJÄRDE RAKA SEGERN! MINUT-FÖR-MINUT-REFERAT |url=https://www.mff.se/fjarde-raka-segern-minut-for-minut-referat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627101723/https://www.mff.se/fjarde-raka-segern-minut-for-minut-referat/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Bayan dakatar da wasa ɗaya, sai ya zura kwallaye biyu a raga na huɗu a kakar wasa, da kuma wasu kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 5-4 a hannun Kalmar . Ofere ya ci kwallayensa na goma a kakar wasa, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki da ci 1-1 da IF Brommapojkarna a wasan ƙarshe na kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2009 |title=ROLAND: "VI MÅSTE BLI BÄTTRE PÅ ATT VINNA VÅRA MATCHER" |url=https://www.mff.se/roland-vi-maste-bli-battre-pa-att-vinna-vara-matcher/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627101539/https://www.mff.se/roland-vi-maste-bli-battre-pa-att-vinna-vara-matcher/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2009, ya ci gaba da buga wasanni ashirin da tara kuma ya zira kwallaye goma a dukkan gasa. Bayan haka, rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta 2009 ta jawo hankalin ƙungiyar Championship ta [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] da ke sha'awar ɗaukarsa, duk da cewa Malmö FF ta ƙi amincewa da tayin. Bayan ya rasa wasan farko na kakar wasa saboda raunin da ya samu a cinyarsa, Ofere ya fara buga wasa a kakar wasa ta 2010, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 83, a wasan da suka yi nasara da Örebro da ci 3-0 a ranar 23 ga Maris 2010. Sannan ya zura kwallaye biyu a kan Kalmar da Häcken . Amma a lokacin rashin nasara da suka yi da Helsingborgs da ci 2-1 a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2010, Ofere ya ji rauni a gwiwa kuma an sauya shi a minti na 17. Sakamakon haka, an dakatar da shi na tsawon makonni takwas. Daga nan aka kore shi daga wasa sau biyu; na farko ya zo ne a ranar 4 ga Yuli 2010, a rashin nasara da ci 4-1 da Mjällby sannan na biyu ya zo ne a ranar 17 ga Yuli 2010, a rashin nasara da ci 2-0 da AIK . A sake, sha'awar Ofere ta sake tasowa, yayin da ake danganta shi da komawa Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ofere ya ƙi komawa China, yana mai cewa yana da sha'awar ci gaba da bugawa a Turai. Lokacin da Ofere ya bar Malmö FF, ya buga wasanni takwas kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a duk gasa. === Lecce ta Amurka === A ranar 30 ga Agusta 2010, Lecce ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. Bayan ya koma Leece, Ofere ya ji cewa ƙaura ita ce muhimmin mataki a rayuwarsa. Duk da haka, an jinkirta wasansa na farko bayan ya ji rauni a gwiwa wanda hakan ya sa ya yi rashin lafiya na tsawon mako guda. Amma Ofere ya fara buga wasa a Leece, inda ya maye gurbin Jeda, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Parma a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2010. Tun lokacin da ya fara wasa a kungiyar, ya samu kansa a cikin kungiyar farko, galibi yana wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa. Daga nan Ofere ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Serie A a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2010, a wasan da suka doke Brescia da ci 2-1. Daga nan Ofere ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni biyu tsakanin 5 ga Disamba, 2010 da 12 ga Disamba, 2010 a kan Genoa da Chievo Verona . Duk da haka, Ofere ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa ta dama a lokacin wasan da suka yi da Lazio a ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2011. Bayan tiyata, an sanar da cewa Ofere zai yi jinyar watanni hudu. Yayin da yake murmurewa daga raunin da ya samu a gwiwa, ya kalli wasan gefe, yayin da kungiyar ta yi nasarar kauce wa faduwa daga gasar bayan nasarar da ta samu a kan Bari da ci 2-0 a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2011. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2010-11, Ofere ya buga wasanni goma sha biyu kuma ya zura kwallaye uku a dukkan gasannin. A farkon kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Ofere ya fara nuna alamun murmurewa a gwiwarsa ta dama, wataƙila ya dawo. [1] Sai a ranar 11 ga Satumba 2011 lokacin da ya dawo daga rauni, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 63, a wasan farko na kakar wasa, a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-0 a hannun Udinese . [2] Duk da haka, Ofere ya yi fama da rashin nasara a matsayin ɗan wasa na farko kuma ya bayyana a kan benci. [3] Abin da ya ƙara muni shi ne, Ofere ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa ta dama kuma ya buƙaci a yi masa tiyata wanda ya sa ya rasa damar buga wasa a duk tsawon kakar wasa. [4] Ofere ya dawo a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2012 a wasansu da Fiorentina, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Andrea Bertolacci a minti na 76. [5] Duk da cewa an mayar da kulob ɗin zuwa Serie B, Ofere ya buga wasanni bakwai ga ƙungiyar a duk gasa. [6] Bayan Leece ta koma Serie B, Ofere yana cikin waɗanda jaridar ta lissafa waɗanda za su iya barin ƙungiyar. An sanar a ranar 25 ga Satumba 2012, bayan ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa kaɗan a makonnin farko na kakar wasa ta 2012-13, cewa an dakatar da kwangilarsa shekara guda da wuri. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5hte6iw04e7zsasgu56dowa10ffft73 883252 883251 2026-07-15T08:35:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 883252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edward Ofere''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Maris 1986) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Najeriya]] wanda ke buga wa FC Trelleborg wasa a gasar Division 3 ta Södra Götaland. Ya buga wasanni uku a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23 ta [[Najeriya]] a shekarar 2009. == Aikin kulob == === Malmö FF === An haife shi a [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], Najeriya, Ofere ya fara ƙwallonsa a ƙungiyar [[Enugu Rangers]] ta Najeriya kuma ya ci gaba da buga wa ƙungiyar matasa, inda ya buga wasanni saba'in da bakwai kuma ya zura kwallaye goma sha takwas a duk gasannin da ya fafata. A lokacin, Ofere yana son buga ƙwallon ƙafa a Turai domin yana ganin zai amfanar da ci gabansa fiye da Afirka, wanda hakan ya kai ga yin gwaji a ƙungiyar Allsvenskan Malmö FF . An sanar a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2005 cewa Ofere ya koma ƙungiyar Allsvenskan Malmö FF a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2005 bayan gwaji mai ban sha'awa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2005 |title=Malmö FF borrows Edward Ofere the year |url=http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-09-01_1744.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110730080747/http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-09-01_1744.aspx |archive-date=30 July 2011 |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> Bayan yin hakan, an ba shi izinin yin wasa a Sweden. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2005 |title=EDWARD OFERES SPELTILLSTÅND |url=https://www.mff.se/edward-oferes-speltillstand/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625205649/https://www.mff.se/edward-oferes-speltillstand/ |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Ofere ya fara buga wa Malmö FF wasa, inda ya buga a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa, a wasan da suka sha kashi 1-0 a hannun Djurgårdens IF a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2005 |title=Djurgårdens IF – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-12-djurgardens-if-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626182959/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-12-djurgardens-if-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Daga nan ya fara buga wa kulob dinsa na Turai, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa na minti 65, a wasan da [[Beşiktaş]] ta sha kashi 4-1 a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin [[UEFA]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2005 |title=Malmö FF – Besiktas JK |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-29-malmo-ff-besiktas-jk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626184546/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-29-malmo-ff-besiktas-jk/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Bayan kwana hudu a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2005, Ofere ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Malmö FF, a wasan da suka sha kashi 4-1 a hannun Landskrona.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2005 |title=Malmö FF - Landskrona BoIS |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-10-03-malmo-ff-landskrona-bois/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626184546/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-10-03-malmo-ff-landskrona-bois/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> An sanar da hakan a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2005, Ofere ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku a kulob din har abada. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2005 |title=Edward Ofere extends with Malmö FF |url=http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-10-21_1614.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110730095954/http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2005/2005-10-21_1614.aspx |archive-date=30 July 2011 |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> Bayan ya bayyana a kowane wasa tun lokacin da ya shiga kulob din, ya buga wasanni bakwai kuma ya zura kwallo daya a dukkan gasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2005 |title=IFK Göteborg – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-26-ifk-goteborg-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626184546/https://www.mff.se/match/2005-09-26-ifk-goteborg-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=25 September 2005 |title=EN TUNG MÅNAD ATT LÄGGA TILL HANDLINGARNA |url=https://www.mff.se/en-tung-manad-att-lagga-till-handlingarna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626183022/https://www.mff.se/en-tung-manad-att-lagga-till-handlingarna/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=31 October 2005 |title=VID VÄGS ÄNDE |url=https://www.mff.se/vid-vags-ande/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626183813/https://www.mff.se/vid-vags-ande/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Kafin kakar wasa ta 2006, Ofere ya ci gaba da yin fice a wasannin share fagen kakar wasa na kulob din, ciki har da zura kwallaye uku a ragar Thanda Lions a ranar 13 ga Janairun 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2006 |title=MALMÖ FF VANN NERE I SYDAFRIKA |url=https://www.mff.se/malmo-ff-vann-nere-i-sydafrika/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626191056/https://www.mff.se/malmo-ff-vann-nere-i-sydafrika/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=8 January 2006 |title=RAPPORT FRÅN SYDAFRIKALÄGRET DEL 1 |url=https://www.mff.se/rapport-fran-sydafrikalagret-del-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626191056/https://www.mff.se/rapport-fran-sydafrikalagret-del-1/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Duk da raunin cinyarsa, wanda ya warke cikin sauri, Ofere ya ci kwallo a wasansa na farko a kakar wasa, inda ya sha kashi a hannun Hammarby da ci 2-1 a ranar 17 ga Afrilun 2006. Makonni uku bayan haka a ranar 8 ga Mayun 2006, ya zura kwallo ta biyu a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Helsingborg da ci 3-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2006 |title=Malmö FF – Helsingborgs IF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2006-05-08-malmo-ff-helsingborgs-if/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626192642/https://www.mff.se/match/2006-05-08-malmo-ff-helsingborgs-if/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Duk da haka, Ofere ya ga damarsa ta farko a kungiyar ta gaza, saboda gasa daga Afonso Alves, José Júnior, Niklas Skoog, Jari Litmanen, Jesper Bech da Jonatan Johansson . Sakamakon haka, an tura shi zuwa kungiyar B a sauran kakar wasa ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2006 |title=B-LAGET BESEGRADE LUNDS BK |url=https://www.mff.se/b-laget-besegrade-lunds-bk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626195059/https://www.mff.se/b-laget-besegrade-lunds-bk/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=9 August 2006 |title=MFF I MM-FINAL EFTER STORSEGER |url=https://www.mff.se/mff-i-mm-final-efter-storseger/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626200153/https://www.mff.se/mff-i-mm-final-efter-storseger/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=17 August 2006 |title=NY SEGER FÖR B-LAGET |url=https://www.mff.se/ny-seger-for-b-laget/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626200153/https://www.mff.se/ny-seger-for-b-laget/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2006, Ofere ya buga wasanni tara kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a duk gasannin. A kakar wasa ta 2007, Ofere ya shafe mafi yawan kakar wasa, galibi yana kan benci mai maye gurbinsa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ci gaba da gwagwarmayarsa don neman matsayinsa a cikin ƙungiyar farko, amma an kira shi zuwa ga 'yan wasan farko bayan raunin 'yan wasan gaba. Duk da haka, ya zira kwallaye huɗu, a wasan da suka doke Stenungsunds da ci 11-0 a zagaye na biyu na Svenska Cupen. A lokacin kakar wasa, an kuma tura Ofere zuwa ƙungiyar B. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2007 |title=SEGER FÖR B-LAGET MOT NIKE. |url=https://www.mff.se/seger-for-b-laget-mot-nike/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626203725/https://www.mff.se/seger-for-b-laget-mot-nike/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=17 April 2007 |title=1-0 ÄVEN TILL B-LAGET |url=https://www.mff.se/1-0-aven-till-b-laget/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626203727/https://www.mff.se/1-0-aven-till-b-laget/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=19 June 2007 |title=FEMETTA FÖR U21 |url=https://www.mff.se/femetta-for-u21/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626205218/https://www.mff.se/femetta-for-u21/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=5 October 2007 |title=TRUPPEN MOT GÖTEBORG |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-goteborg-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626205528/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-goteborg-3/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2007, ya buga wasanni goma sha biyar kuma ya zira kwallaye huɗu a duk gasa. A farkon kakar wasa ta 2008, Ofere ya ji rauni a kugunsa wanda ya samu a lokacin shirye-shiryen kakar wasa kuma ya yi jinyar wata guda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2008 |title=OAVGJORT MOT LYN |url=https://www.mff.se/oavgjort-mot-lyn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084305/https://www.mff.se/oavgjort-mot-lyn/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=23 March 2008 |title=INFÖR GENREPET MOT HÄCKEN |url=https://www.mff.se/infor-genrepet-mot-hacken/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084305/https://www.mff.se/infor-genrepet-mot-hacken/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Sai a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2008 lokacin da ya fara buga wasa a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 34, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Helsingborgs da ci 4-2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2008 |title=MFFTV: EDWARD OFERE ÄR TILLBAKA |url=https://www.mff.se/mfftv-edward-ofere-ar-tillbaka/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084306/https://www.mff.se/mfftv-edward-ofere-ar-tillbaka/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=28 April 2008 |title=Helsingborgs IF – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-04-28-helsingborgs-if-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084308/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-04-28-helsingborgs-if-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A wasan da suka yi da Örebro, Ofere ya zura kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka ci 3-0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2008 |title=Örebro SK – Malmö FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-05-04-orebro-sk-malmo-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084546/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-05-04-orebro-sk-malmo-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Tun bayan dawowa daga rauni, Ofere ya zama dan wasa na farko a kungiyar, yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba a karkashin sabon kocin Roland Nilsson . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2008 |title=TRUPPEN MOT GAIS |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-gais-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084546/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-gais-2/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=10 May 2008 |title=TRUPPEN MOT AIK |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-aik-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084546/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-aik-3/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=2 July 2008 |title=TRUPPEN MOT LJUNGSKILE |url=https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-ljungskile-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627084130/https://www.mff.se/truppen-mot-ljungskile-2/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=27 July 2008 |title=Malmö FF – Kalmar FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-07-27-malmo-ff-kalmar-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627085330/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-07-27-malmo-ff-kalmar-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Sai a ranar 25 ga Agusta 2008 ne ya zura kwallon da ta ba wa kungiyar damar daidaita wasan, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Trelleborg . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2008 |title=Malmö FF – Trelleborgs FF |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-08-25-malmo-ff-trelleborgs-ff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627085332/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-08-25-malmo-ff-trelleborgs-ff/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Daga nan Ofere ya zira kwallaye uku a wasanni uku tsakanin 30 ga Satumba 2008 da 19 ga Oktoba 2008, inda ya zira kwallaye a kan Helsingborgs, Örebro da GAIS . A wasan ƙarshe na kakar wasa da GIF Sundsvall, ya zira kwallaye biyu ga ƙungiyar, a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 6-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2008 |title=Malmö FF – GIF Sundsvall |url=https://www.mff.se/match/2008-11-09-malmo-ff-gif-sundsvall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627090833/https://www.mff.se/match/2008-11-09-malmo-ff-gif-sundsvall/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2008, ya buga wasanni ashirin da ɗaya kuma ya zira kwallaye tara a duk gasa. Bayan haka, Ofere ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2008 |title=Edward Ofere extends with Malmö FF |url=http://mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2008/2008-12-18_1015.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026152243/http://mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyhetsarkiv/2008/2008-12-18_1015.aspx |archive-date=26 October 2011 |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=Malmö FF}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2009, Ola Toivonen ya bar ƙungiyar, wanda hakan ya sa Ofere ya ci gaba da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan farko a ƙungiyar. Duk da haka, ya sha wahala wajen zura kwallaye tun farkon kakar wasa ta 2009. Sai a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2009 lokacin da Ofere ya zura kwallayensa na farko a kakar wasa, a wasan da suka yi nasara da Djurgården da ci 2-1. Bayan haka, ya zura kwallaye a ragar Elfsborg (sau biyu), Gefle (sau biyu) da Hammarby. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2009 |title=FENOMENAL 5-0-SEGER ÖVER ELFSBORG! |url=https://www.mff.se/fenomenal-5-0-seger-over-elfsborg/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627102257/https://www.mff.se/fenomenal-5-0-seger-over-elfsborg/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=24 September 2009 |title=TRE NOLL MOT GEFLE OCH TREDJE RAKA! |url=https://www.mff.se/tre-noll-mot-gefle-och-tredje-raka/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627102257/https://www.mff.se/tre-noll-mot-gefle-och-tredje-raka/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=27 September 2009 |title=FJÄRDE RAKA SEGERN! MINUT-FÖR-MINUT-REFERAT |url=https://www.mff.se/fjarde-raka-segern-minut-for-minut-referat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627101723/https://www.mff.se/fjarde-raka-segern-minut-for-minut-referat/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> Bayan dakatar da wasa ɗaya, sai ya zura kwallaye biyu a raga na huɗu a kakar wasa, da kuma wasu kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 5-4 a hannun Kalmar . Ofere ya ci kwallayensa na goma a kakar wasa, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki da ci 1-1 da IF Brommapojkarna a wasan ƙarshe na kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2009 |title=ROLAND: "VI MÅSTE BLI BÄTTRE PÅ ATT VINNA VÅRA MATCHER" |url=https://www.mff.se/roland-vi-maste-bli-battre-pa-att-vinna-vara-matcher/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627101539/https://www.mff.se/roland-vi-maste-bli-battre-pa-att-vinna-vara-matcher/ |archive-date=27 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |publisher=Malmö FF |language=sv}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2009, ya ci gaba da buga wasanni ashirin da tara kuma ya zira kwallaye goma a dukkan gasa. Bayan haka, rawar da ya taka a kakar wasa ta 2009 ta jawo hankalin ƙungiyar Championship ta [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] da ke sha'awar ɗaukarsa, duk da cewa Malmö FF ta ƙi amincewa da tayin. Bayan ya rasa wasan farko na kakar wasa saboda raunin da ya samu a cinyarsa, Ofere ya fara buga wasa a kakar wasa ta 2010, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 83, a wasan da suka yi nasara da Örebro da ci 3-0 a ranar 23 ga Maris 2010. Sannan ya zura kwallaye biyu a kan Kalmar da Häcken . Amma a lokacin rashin nasara da suka yi da Helsingborgs da ci 2-1 a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2010, Ofere ya ji rauni a gwiwa kuma an sauya shi a minti na 17. Sakamakon haka, an dakatar da shi na tsawon makonni takwas. Daga nan aka kore shi daga wasa sau biyu; na farko ya zo ne a ranar 4 ga Yuli 2010, a rashin nasara da ci 4-1 da Mjällby sannan na biyu ya zo ne a ranar 17 ga Yuli 2010, a rashin nasara da ci 2-0 da AIK . A sake, sha'awar Ofere ta sake tasowa, yayin da ake danganta shi da komawa Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ofere ya ƙi komawa China, yana mai cewa yana da sha'awar ci gaba da bugawa a Turai. Lokacin da Ofere ya bar Malmö FF, ya buga wasanni takwas kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a duk gasa. === Lecce ta Amurka === A ranar 30 ga Agusta 2010, Lecce ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. Bayan ya koma Leece, Ofere ya ji cewa ƙaura ita ce muhimmin mataki a rayuwarsa. Duk da haka, an jinkirta wasansa na farko bayan ya ji rauni a gwiwa wanda hakan ya sa ya yi rashin lafiya na tsawon mako guda. Amma Ofere ya fara buga wasa a Leece, inda ya maye gurbin Jeda, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Parma a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2010. Tun lokacin da ya fara wasa a kungiyar, ya samu kansa a cikin kungiyar farko, galibi yana wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa. Daga nan Ofere ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Serie A a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2010, a wasan da suka doke Brescia da ci 2-1. Daga nan Ofere ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni biyu tsakanin 5 ga Disamba, 2010 da 12 ga Disamba, 2010 a kan Genoa da Chievo Verona. Duk da haka, Ofere ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa ta dama a lokacin wasan da suka yi da Lazio a ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2011. Bayan tiyata, an sanar da cewa Ofere zai yi jinyar watanni hudu. Yayin da yake murmurewa daga raunin da ya samu a gwiwa, ya kalli wasan gefe, yayin da kungiyar ta yi nasarar kauce wa faduwa daga gasar bayan nasarar da ta samu a kan Bari da ci 2-0 a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2011. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2010-11, Ofere ya buga wasanni goma sha biyu kuma ya zura kwallaye uku a dukkan gasannin. A farkon kakar wasa ta 2011-12, Ofere ya fara nuna alamun murmurewa a gwiwarsa ta dama, wataƙila ya dawo. [1] Sai a ranar 11 ga Satumba 2011 lokacin da ya dawo daga rauni, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 63, a wasan farko na kakar wasa, a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-0 a hannun Udinese . [2] Duk da haka, Ofere ya yi fama da rashin nasara a matsayin ɗan wasa na farko kuma ya bayyana a kan benci. [3] Abin da ya ƙara muni shi ne, Ofere ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa ta dama kuma ya buƙaci a yi masa tiyata wanda ya sa ya rasa damar buga wasa a duk tsawon kakar wasa. [4] Ofere ya dawo a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2012 a wasansu da Fiorentina, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Andrea Bertolacci a minti na 76. Duk da cewa an mayar da kulob ɗin zuwa Serie B, Ofere ya buga wasanni bakwai ga ƙungiyar a duk gasa. Bayan Leece ta koma Serie B, Ofere yana cikin waɗanda jaridar ta lissafa waɗanda za su iya barin ƙungiyar. An sanar a ranar 25 ga Satumba 2012, bayan ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa kaɗan a makonnin farko na kakar wasa ta 2012-13, cewa an dakatar da kwangilarsa shekara guda da wuri. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] azq0kv687o2nf3no53el1r3amfq4c1i 0 152226 883124 870102 2026-07-14T23:57:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Farfesa Abraham Babalola Borishade''' an haife shi (7 ga watan Maris ta 1946 ya mutu 26 ga watan Afrilun 2017) ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne. Ya kasance Ministan Tarayya sau hudu [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], tsakanin 1999-2011.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/04/prof-babalola-borishade-former-minister-dead/</ref> An san shi da Injiniyan lantarki, malami da kuma Mai dabarun siyasa.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/ex-minister-borishade-dies-71/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Borishade ya halarci makarantar firamare ta St. Andrews, Usi Ekiti, da Doherty Memorial Grammar School, [[Ijero|Ijero a garin Ekiti]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncac.gov.ng/news/press-release-the-colossus-of-our-time-prof-abraham-babalola-borishade-is-dead/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-18 |archive-date=2022-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121110527/https://www.ncac.gov.ng/news/press-release-the-colossus-of-our-time-prof-abraham-babalola-borishade-is-dead/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 1971, ya kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo|Jami'ar Ife]], tare da girmamawa na farko a aikin injiniya na lantarki.<ref>https://www.ifecitynews.com/2017/07/oau-electrical-electronic-engineering-history-brief/{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.thecable.ng/obituary-borishade-man-senate-rejected-thrice-yet-led-4-key-ministries</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa, an hayar shi a matsayin mataimakin digiri a can. A shekara ta 1972, ya sami tallafin karatu na Commonwealth don digiri na biyu a fannin injiniya mai ƙarfi a Jami'ar Victoria.<ref>https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/borishade-prof-abraham-babalola/</ref> Ya sami digirinsa na PhD a shekara ta 1975, kuma ya koma [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] (OAU), inda ya kaddamar da shirin digiri na Electrical Power Systems da Jami'ar Ife Consultancy Unit, duka biyu a Faculty of Technology.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220304124356/https://www.insideoau.com/2020/05/25/departments-in-oau-with-the-most-popular-alumni/</ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 1975, an zaɓi Borishade don horar da shi a tashar Injiniyan Nukiliya da Wutar Lantarki a Jami'ar Texas A & M. Ya sami takardar shaidar a Ci gaban Nukiliya.<ref>https://gov.libertyapp.ng/government/officials/off-fed-exec-babalolabo-490211</ref> Ya kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Najeriya, Ƙungiyar Nukiliya ta Amirka, da Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-12 |title=BORISHADE, Prof. Abraham Babalola |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/borishade-prof-abraham-babalola/ |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation}}</ref> Ya zama Mataimakin Farfesa na Injiniyan Lantarki a OAU a shekarar 1985. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Fasaha na Cibiyar Horar da Yankin a Binciken Aerospace. Ya kasance wakilin ikilisiya a Majalisar Dattijai ta Jami'ar, kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Ayyuka da Kwamitin Kula da Ayyuka na Jami'ar. == Ayyukan jama'a == A shekara ta 1988 an zabi Borishade a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki don sake duba Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Najeriya na 1979. Ya ba da shawara don ƙirƙirar Hukumar Makamashi ta Najeriya da Hukumar Kare Muhalli wacce daga baya ta kirkiro Hukumar Kare Muhallin Tarayya (FEPA), wanda ya riga ya zama Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta yanzu.<ref>https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/borishade-prof-abraham-babalola/</ref> Borishade ya goyi bayan kokarin Janar [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua|Shehu Musa Yar'adua]] don yin gadoji na fahimta tsakanin kabilun kasar a matsayin abin da ake bukata don ci gaba. Ya shiga ƙungiyar Yar'adua da ake kira "Peoples Front" tare da wasu 'yan siyasa kamar [[Atiku Abubakar]], [[Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila]], [[Abubakar Koko]], [[Dapo Sarumi]], Yomi Edu, [[Bola Tinubu]], Farfesa Ango Abdullahi, [[Sabo Bakin Zuwo]] da [[Rabiu Kwankwaso]]. Wannan daga baya ya haifar da Peoples Democratic Movement (PDM), ƙungiyar siyasa da ta kasance mai rinjaye a siyasar Najeriya. PDM ta yi gwagwarmaya don dawo da dimokuradiyya a Najeriya kuma ta zama babban abokin tarayya a cikin kafa [[Jam'iyyar SDP|Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party]] (SDP) da [[Ibrahim Babangida|Babangida]] Military Administration ta kirkira. Borishade ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan bincike da tsarawa ga tsohuwar SDP; Coordinator (Administration) na yakin neman zabe na [[Moshood Abiola|M.K.O Abiola]]; darektan gudanarwa, dabarun, da tsarawa don Kungiyar Yakin [[Olusegun Obasanjo|Obasanjo]] a 1999; da kuma mai kula da Gudanar da Zabe da Sashin Gudanarwa na Kungiyar Yankin Obasanjo / [[Atiku Abubakar|Atiku]] a 2003. An nada Borishade a matsayin babban mataimakin na musamman ga Shugaba Obasanjo a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1999, inda ya fara kuma ya shirya taron matasa na farko a [[Abuja]]. Ya jagoranci shirye-shiryen Manufofin Matasa na Kasa da kuma tsarin Shirin Kawar da Talauci na Kasa (NAPEP). Tsakanin Fabrairu 2001 da Mayu 2003, ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Ilimi.<ref>https://bionerdsng.wordpress.com/2017/04/27/babalola-borishade-7th-march-1946-26th-april-2017/</ref> Tsakanin Yulin 2005 da Nuwamba 2006, Farfesa Borishade ya kasance Ministan Jirgin Sama, a lokacin da aka zartar da Dokar Jirgin Sama don maye gurbin Dokar 1964, kuma an dawo da jirgin kai tsaye tsakanin Najeriya da Amurka. Farawa da sauye-sauye daban-daban da ci gaba a bangaren jirgin sama ya haifar da Najeriya ta zira kwallaye 93% a cikin ICAO Universal Audit wanda ya sanya Najeriya a matsayin misali ga masana'antar jirgin sama ta Afirka.<ref>https://businessday.ng/uncategorized/article/breaking-former-education-minister-babalola-borisade-dead/</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2006, an sanya shi a Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Yawon Bude Ido ta Tarayya a matsayin Minista, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa Mayu 2007 a ƙarshen wa'adin Obasanjo da Abubakar. == Sanarwa == * Darajar Kasa ta Kwamandan Order of the Federal Republic, CFR <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.nigeriavillagesquare.com/forum/archive/index.php/t-5594.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195838/http://www.nigeriavillagesquare.com/forum/archive/index.php/t-5594.html |archive-date=2014-09-10 |access-date=2014-09-09}}</ref> * Baba Isale na St Andrew Anglican Cathedral na Ekiti Oke Diocese na Anglican tarayya a Usi Ekiti == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya auri Ireti Olubunmi Borishade kuma yana da 'ya'ya.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/232579-borishades-family-announces-funeral-rites-for-ex-minister.html</ref> == Mutuwa == Farfesa Babalola Borishade ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2017 a London bayan ɗan gajeren rashin lafiya. Yana da shekaru 71.<ref>https://punchng.com/breaking-former-minister-prof-babalola-borishade-is-dead/</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iu195uln6biijg6lpkqb2d91gb13uco 0 152227 883168 840138 2026-07-15T06:12:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Benjamin Chukwuma Ozumba | image = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|3|21}} | birth_place = Abba, Anambra State, Najeriya | nationality = Dan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, likita, jami'in gudanarwa | known_for = Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a na Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka | title = Farfesan Obstetrics da Gynaecology | alma_mater = Jami'ar Legas }} '''Benjamin Chukwuma Ozumba''' (an haife shi ranar 21 ga Maris 1954) farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin ''Obstetrics and Gynaecology'' kuma tsohon shugaban [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]] (UNN). Ya kasance shugaban jami'ar daga shekarar 2014 zuwa 2019, inda ya jagoranci ayyukan ci gaban bincike, fasaha da kirkire-kirkire a jami'ar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ozumba named new UNN VC as Okolo bows out |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/06/ozumba-named-new-unn-vc-okolo-bows/ |work=Vanguard News |date=7 June 2014 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Ozumba a garin Abba da ke jihar Anambra a Najeriya. Ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a Government College Umuahia kafin ya shiga [[Jami'ar Legas]] inda ya karanci likitanci, ya kuma samu digirin MBBS a shekarar 1979.<ref>{{cite web |title=Staff Profiles – Professor Benjamin Chukwuma Ozumba |url=https://servicom.unn.edu.ng/staff-profiles/ |publisher=University of Nigeria |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ya samu ƙarin horo da takardun ƙwarewa daga Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists na Birtaniya da kuma cibiyoyin koyon aikin likita a Amurka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ozumba, Chukwuma Benjamin |url=https://www.efdinitiative.org/about-efd/people/ozumba-chukwuma-benjamin |publisher=Environment for Development Initiative |access-date=25 May 2026 |archive-date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212161624/https://www.efdinitiative.org/about-efd/people/ozumba-chukwuma-benjamin |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aiki == Ozumba ya fara aiki a matsayin malami a Faculty of Medicine ta Jami'ar Najeriya a shekarar 1988. Cikin sauri ya zama farfesa a fannin Obstetrics da Gynaecology.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ozumba named new UNN VC as Okolo bows out |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/06/ozumba-named-new-unn-vc-okolo-bows/ |work=Vanguard News |date=7 June 2014 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Ya taba zama shugaban Faculty of Medicine sannan daga 2004 zuwa 2008 ya kasance Provost na College of Medicine na jami'ar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Chukwuma Ozumba |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Chukwuma_Ozumba |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> === Shugabancin Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka === A watan Yunin 2014 aka nada shi shugaban Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka (UNN), inda ya gaji Farfesa Bartho Okolo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ozumba named new UNN VC as Okolo bows out |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/06/ozumba-named-new-unn-vc-okolo-bows/ |work=Vanguard News |date=7 June 2014 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> A lokacin mulkinsa, jami'ar ta kaddamar da cibiyar haɗa kwamfyutocin tafi-da-gidanka ta farko a jami'ar Najeriya, wadda aka sani da ''Lion Laptop Assembly Plant''.<ref>{{cite news |title=How varsities can drive economic growth through innovation, by UNN’s VC Ozumba |url=https://guardian.ng/news/how-varsities-can-drive-economic-growth-through-innovation-by-unns-vc-ozumba/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=19 November 2018 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Haka kuma jami'ar ta kafa ''Lion Science Park'', cibiyar bincike da kirkire-kirkire domin bunkasa fasaha da kasuwanci.<ref>{{cite news |title=Patronise made in Nigeria products – Prof Ozumba urges FG |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/03/patronise-made-in-nigeria-products-prof-ozumba-urges-fg/ |work=Vanguard News |date=19 March 2024 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Ozumba ya bayyana cewa daya daga cikin manufofinsa shi ne mayar da jami'ar cibiyar ilimi ta zamani mai dogaro da kudaden shiga na cikin gida maimakon jiran tallafin gwamnati kawai.<ref>{{cite news |title=I'll Make UNN A 21st Century University With Internally Generated Revenue— VC |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/student/university-of-nigeria-ill-make-unn-a-21st-century-university-with-internally-2024080114084693514 |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=6 November 2014 |access-date=25 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2019 ya bayyana cewa jami'ar ta samu manyan nasarori a bangaren tantance kwasa-kwasai da bincike, inda Webometrics ta sanya UNN a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'in Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=I inherited dysfunctional UNN in 2014, says VC, Ozumba |url=https://guardian.ng/news/i-inherited-dysfunctional-unn-in-2014-says-vc-ozumba/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=14 May 2019 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Ozumba ya wallafa bincike masu yawa a fannoni kamar: * Lafiyar mata masu juna biyu * Ciwon sankarar mahaifa * Lafiyar haihuwa * Matsalolin zubar da ciki * Maternal and fetal medicine Ya kuma shiga bincike kan tasirin yunwar Biafra ga lafiyar jama'a.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ozumba, Chukwuma Benjamin |url=https://www.efdinitiative.org/about-efd/people/ozumba-chukwuma-benjamin |publisher=Environment for Development Initiative |access-date=25 May 2026 |archive-date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212161624/https://www.efdinitiative.org/about-efd/people/ozumba-chukwuma-benjamin |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gadonsa == Ana kallon Ozumba a matsayin daya daga cikin shugabannin jami'o'in Najeriya da suka mayar da hankali kan kirkire-kirkire, bincike da bunkasa fasahar cikin gida. A lokacinsa ne aka kara yawan shirye-shiryen da suka samu cikakken amincewa daga National Universities Commission (NUC).<ref>{{cite news |title=I inherited dysfunctional UNN in 2014, says VC, Ozumba |url=https://guardian.ng/news/i-inherited-dysfunctional-unn-in-2014-says-vc-ozumba/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=14 May 2019 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:1954 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nigerian academics]] [[Category:Nigerian medical doctors]] [[Category:University administrators]] [[Category:People from Anambra State]] lwo1trn94lqj5fewc71c14pert2meyf 0 152230 883263 840145 2026-07-15T08:39:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883263 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Billy Dudley''' (cikakken suna: '''Billy Joseph Stanley Oritsesaninomi Dudley'''; 10 Nuwamba 1931 – 23 Disamba 1980) ya kasance fitaccen masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Najeriya kuma ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa tubalin nazarin siyasar Najeriya a jami’o’i. Ya yi fice musamman wajen bincike kan siyasar Arewa da tsarin jam’iyyu a Najeriya. Yawancin aikinsa ya gudana ne a [[University of Ibadan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Dudley |title=Billy Dudley |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> An san Dudley a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan malaman da suka taimaka wajen fahimtar rikice-rikicen siyasa, tsarin mulki da kuma tasirin soja a siyasar Najeriya bayan samun ‘yancin kai. A yau ana kallon ayyukansa a matsayin muhimman tushe wajen nazarin tarihin siyasar Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://dailytrust.com/democracy-survives-but-not-because-of-political-science/ |title=Democracy survives, but not because of political science |newspaper=Daily Trust |author=Jibrin Ibrahim |date=2015 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Billy Dudley a garin Warri da ke Najeriya a shekarar 1931. Ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a Warri da Ilesha kafin daga bisani ya samu gurbin karatu a kasar Birtaniya. Ya yi karatu a University College Leicester inda ya yi fice a fannin tattalin arziki da siyasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Dudley |title=Billy Dudley |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya, ya shiga aiki a [[University of Ibadan]] a shekarar 1959 inda daga baya ya zama farfesa a fannin kimiyyar siyasa. A lokacin da yake Zariya tsakanin 1960 zuwa 1962, ya gudanar da bincike mai zurfi kan siyasar Arewacin Najeriya wanda daga baya ya zama sanannen littafinsa ''Parties and Politics in Northern Nigeria''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Dudley |title=Billy Dudley |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Gudummawa a kimiyyar siyasa == Billy Dudley ya kasance daga cikin malaman farko da suka yi amfani da dabarun binciken zamani wajen nazarin siyasar Najeriya. Ayyukansa sun mayar da hankali ne kan: * tsarin jam’iyyun siyasa; * rikicin siyasa bayan samun ‘yancin kai; * rawar soja a siyasa; * dimokuraɗiyya da tsarin mulki; * dangantakar kabilanci da siyasa. Littafinsa ''Parties and Politics in Northern Nigeria'' ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi muhimmancin littattafan da aka rubuta kan siyasar Arewa da tsarin jam’iyyu a Afirka.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://dailytrust.com/democracy-survives-but-not-because-of-political-science/ |title=Democracy survives, but not because of political science |newspaper=Daily Trust |author=Jibrin Ibrahim |date=2015 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Hakazalika, littafinsa ''Instability and Political Order: Politics and Crisis in Nigeria'' ya yi bayani kan yadda rikice-rikicen siyasa da juyin mulki suka shafi Najeriya bayan samun ‘yancin kai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Dudley |title=Billy Dudley |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Tasiri a siyasar Najeriya == Masana da dama suna kallon Billy Dudley a matsayin “uban kimiyyar siyasa” a Najeriya saboda yadda ya taimaka wajen gina wannan fanni a jami’o’in ƙasar. Ya kasance shugaban farko na ''Nigerian Political Science Association (NPSA)''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://dailytrust.com/democracy-survives-but-not-because-of-political-science/ |title=Democracy survives, but not because of political science |newspaper=Daily Trust |author=Jibrin Ibrahim |date=2015 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Rahotanni sun nuna cewa ya kasance cikin mutanen da suka taimaka wajen tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na shekarar 1979.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Dudley |title=Billy Dudley |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A cikin wani jawabi da aka wallafa a mujallar ''Intervention'', an bayyana shi a matsayin “doyen” na kimiyyar siyasa a Najeriya saboda irin tasirin da ya yi a harkar ilimi da siyasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://intervention.ng/33002/ |title=Liberal Democracy and Governance in Nigeria Since 1999 |website=Intervention |date=2026 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026 |archive-date=2026-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260306211428/https://intervention.ng/33002/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manyan ayyukansa == === Littattafai === * ''Parties and Politics in Northern Nigeria'' * ''Instability and Political Order: Politics and Crisis in Nigeria'' * ''An Introduction to Nigerian Government and Politics'' === Mujallu da bincike === * ''Federalism and the Balance of Political Power in Nigeria'' * ''The Nigerian Elections of 1979: The Voting Decision'' * ''The Military and Development'' == Mutuwa == Billy Dudley ya rasu a ranar 23 Disamba 1980 a kasar Ingila yana da shekaru 49. Duk da gajeruwar rayuwarsa, ayyukansa sun ci gaba da zama tushen bincike ga ɗalibai da masana kimiyyar siyasa a Najeriya da Afirka baki ɗaya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Dudley |title=Billy Dudley |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] * [[Siyasar Najeriya]] * [[University of Ibadan]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Masana kimiyyar siyasa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:1980 deaths]] [[Category:Mutane daga Warri]] ta1go9qq8ryprnl3wfpvp3z87c8zcz5 0 152270 883382 840240 2026-07-15T10:45:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Bogolo Kenewendo|image = Bogolo Joy Kenewendo 1-crop.jpg | image_size |caption=Bogolo Kenewendo a wani taro na kasa da kasa|birth_date=1987|birth_place=Botswana|nationality=Ɗan Botswana|occupation=Ɗan siyasa, masaniyar tattalin arziki|office=Ministar Zuba Jari, Kasuwanci da Masana’antu ta Botswana|term_start=2018|term_end=2019|alma_mater=[[University of Sussex]]}}'''Bogolo Joy Kenewendo''' fitacciyar ‘yar siyasa ce kuma masaniyar tattalin arziki daga ƙasar [[Botswana]]. Ta shahara a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan shugabanni mata a nahiyar [[Afirka]], musamman saboda rawar da ta taka wajen bunƙasa tattalin arziki, kasuwanci, da ci gaban matasa. Ta riƙe muƙamin Ministar Zuba Jari, Kasuwanci da Masana’antu ta Botswana tana da ƙuruciya sosai, lamarin da ya jawo hankalin duniya. == Rayuwar Farko da Karatu == An haifi Bogolo Kenewendo a ƙasar Botswana a shekarar 1987. Ta taso cikin yanayin da ya ƙarfafa ilimi da jajircewa wajen ci gaban al’umma. Tun tana yarinya ta nuna sha’awa sosai ga harkokin tattalin arziki da shugabanci. Ta yi karatu a jami’o’i daban-daban inda ta mayar da hankali kan tattalin arziki da harkokin ci gaba. Daga cikin manyan makarantu da ta halarta akwai ''Rubutun tsutsa''[[University of Sussex]] dake [[United Kingdom]]., inda ta ƙara zurfafa ilimi kan tattalin arziki da manufofin raya ƙasa. == Fara Harkokin Siyasa == Bogolo Kenewendo ta shiga harkokin siyasa ne da nufin taimakawa wajen kawo sauyi ga tattalin arzikin Botswana da kuma inganta rayuwar matasa da mata. Ta samu damar aiki a hukumomi da cibiyoyi daban-daban kafin daga baya ta shiga gwamnatin Botswana. A shekarar 2018, shugaban Botswana ya naɗa ta Ministar Zuba Jari, Kasuwanci da Masana’antu. A lokacin tana ɗaya daga cikin matasa mata mafi ƙanƙanta da suka riƙe irin wannan muƙami a Afirka. == Ayyuka da Gudummawa == Bogolo Kenewendo ta yi fice wajen: Ƙarfafa kasuwanci tsakanin ƙasashen Afirka. Tallafawa harkokin matasa da mata a kasuwanci. Inganta manufofin tattalin arziki. Kawo sauye-sauye a fannin zuba jari da masana’antu. Ta kuma kasance cikin masu goyon bayan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci ta nahiyar Afirka wato ''African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)'', wadda ke da nufin haɗa kasuwannin Afirka domin bunƙasa tattalin arziki. == Tasiri a Duniya == Saboda bajintarta, Bogolo Kenewendo ta samu karɓuwa a duniya. Ta halarci manyan taruka na ƙasa da ƙasa inda take magana kan: Tattalin arzikin Afirka Ci gaban matasa Mata a shugabanci Sauyin yanayi da tattalin arziki Haka kuma, an haɗa sunanta cikin jerin matasa shugabanni masu tasiri a duniya. == Kyaututtuka da Karramawa == Bogolo Kenewendo ta samu lambobin yabo da karramawa daga cibiyoyi daban-daban saboda gudummawar da take bayarwa wajen ci gaban Afirka da kuma ƙarfafa mata da matasa. =References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.kenewendo.com/ Personal Webpage] * [https://zwnews.com/photo-hot-new-minister-of-trade-industry-and-investment/ Bogolo Kenewendo, Botswana Young Female Minister Rocks Social Media]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} As of 5 April 2018. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kenewendo, Bogolo}} [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Botswana economists]] [[Category:21st-century Botswana businesswomen]] [[Category:21st-century Botswana businesspeople]] [[Category:University of Botswana alumni]] [[Category:Members of the National Assembly (Botswana)]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of Sussex]] [[Category:21st-century Botswana women politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Botswana politicians]] [[Category:Women government ministers of Botswana]] [[Category:Women members of the Parliament of Botswana]] [[Category:Botswana women economists]] [[Category:Government ministers of Botswana]] 177wrxodpe4dhzzp5bpd5stnhc63et3 0 152553 883165 841065 2026-07-15T05:29:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wani lokacin ana kiranta '''Beles II''' ko '''Tana Beles''', tashar wutar lantarki ce ta ruwa a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] kusa da Tafkin Tana .<ref>{{Cite web |last=1Q. Goor |last2=C. Halleux |last3=Y. Mohamed |last4=A. Tilmant |date=July 6, 2010 |title=Optimal operation of a multipurpose multireservoir system in the Eastern Nile River Basin |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/7/4331/2010/hessd-7-4331-2010-print.pdf |access-date=30 November 2013 |publisher=Copernicus Publications |page=4356 (10)}}</ref> Tashar wutar lantarki tana karɓar ruwa daga tafkin ta hanyar canja wurin Tana-Beles kuma bayan amfani da shi don samar da wutar lantarki, ana fitar da ruwa cikin Kogin Beles. Shirin yana da ƙarfin shigarwa na 460 MW, yana mai da shi tashar wutar lantarki ta biyu mafi girma a kasar. Hakanan ana sa ran zai taimaka wajen samar da ruwa don ban ruwa na hekta {{Convert|140000|ha|acre}} (acre 350,000). <ref name="large">{{Cite web |date=May 14, 2010 |title=Ethiopia's Beles Power Plant {{sic|Inaug|rated|nolink=y|expected=inaugurated}} |url=http://www.ezega.com/news/NewsDetails.aspx?Page=heads&NewsID=2307 |access-date=13 October 2010 |publisher=Ezega}}</ref> An kaddamar da shi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010 kuma janareta na karshe ya fara aiki a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2012. Gininsa ya kasance mummunan ra'ayi daga Masar. == Tarihi da gini == In 1992, the first feasibility study was completed for the project, a 200 MW power station. A later study and final design was completed in 2005 by Studio Pietrangeli for the current 460 MW plant.<ref name="Piet">{{Cite web |title=Beles MPP |url=http://www.pietrangeli.it/immagini1/pdf/Brochures-progetti/Beles_MPP_-_rev__21_dic_2006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313170802/http://www.pietrangeli.it/immagini1/pdf/Brochures-progetti/Beles_MPP_-_rev__21_dic_2006.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2012 |access-date=13 October 2010 |publisher=Studio Pietrangeli}}</ref> The Government of Ethiopia signed a contract with Salini Costruttori to build the plant on July 8, 2005, and construction began soon after.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report on Operations |url=http://www.salini.it/index.php/english/content/download/233 |access-date=13 October 2010 |publisher=Salini Construtorri |archive-date=13 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313170801/http://www.salini.it/index.php/english/content/download/233 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Because of the project's remote location, transportation and manning of personnel and equipment was difficult, often taking 4–5 months for supplies to arrive. On June 2, 2007, a tunnel boring machine (TBM), operated by SELI, began boring the {{Convert|7.2|km|mi}} tailrace tunnel and completed it on May 31, 2008. Tunneling was carried out seven days a week in three eight-hour shifts a day. The TBM averaged {{Convert|20|m|ft}} per day while in January 2008, a maximum daily amount of {{Convert|36|m|ft}} was achieved.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Francesco Bartimoccia |first=Antonio Raschillà |title=- Case History - 8 M Diameter 7 Km Long Beles Tailrace Tunnel (Ethiopia) Bored And Lined In Basaltic Formations In Less Than 12 Months |url=http://www.selitunnel.com/pdf_articoli/RETC_2009_-_Raschilla.PDF |access-date=13 October 2010 |publisher=SELI Tunnel}}</ref> The TBM for the {{Convert|12|km|mi}} headrace tunnel broke through, completing it on August 11, 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=News - Ethiopia - Beles Headrace Breakthrough |url=http://db.selitunnel.com/4daction/seli_news?page=eng:09_news:00_default&lingua=ing |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211934/http://db.selitunnel.com/4daction/seli_news?page=eng:09_news:00_default&lingua=ing |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=13 October 2010 |publisher=SELI}}</ref> Salini Costruttori awarded a sub contract to construct the actual power station to VA Tech Hydro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2006 |title=Beles supply contract signed |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2036150 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614045548/http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2036150 |archive-date=14 June 2011 |access-date=13 October 2010 |publisher=International Power Technology and Dam Construction}}</ref> On May 11, 2010, the first 115 MW generator at the power plant began operation<ref name="wapow">{{Cite web |date=May 11, 2010 |title=Beles operates in trial test |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2056342 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614045516/http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2056342 |archive-date=14 June 2011 |access-date=13 October 2010 |publisher=International Water Power and Dam Construction Magazine}}</ref> and on May 14, 2010, the plant was inaugurated. The project's cost was around $500 million USD.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sisay |first=Andualem |date=May 14, 2010 |title=AfricaNews - Ethiopia inaugurates third hydro power plant in a year |url=http://www.africanews.com/site/list_message/27710 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329060753/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_message/27710 |archive-date=March 29, 2012 |access-date=13 October 2010 |publisher=AfricaNews}}</ref> The power plant was fully operational in February 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2012 |title=Ethiopia Tana Beles Hydroelectric power at full capacity |url=http://article.wn.com/view/2013/12/02/PPL_Holtwood_doubles_capacity_of_hydroelectric_facility/ |access-date=28 February 2014 |publisher=WN.com}}</ref> == Tsarin == Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Beles yana karɓar ruwa daga Tafkin Tana inda ake canja wurinsa zuwa tashar wutar lantarki sannan a fitar da shi ta wata hanyar rami zuwa Kogin Beles. Ana fara yin hakan ta hanyar shiga tafkin Tana, inda tashar wutar lantarki za ta iya amfani da {{Convert|9120000000|m3|acre.ft}} na girman tafkin don samar da wutar lantarki. <ref name="Piet"/> Tashar shiga ita ce {{Convert|43|m|ft}} faɗi, {{Convert|11.5|m|ft}} mai tsayi kuma kwararar sa zuwa cikin ramin tseren kai tsaye tana ƙarƙashin ikon [[Kofar ambaliya|kofofin ambaliyar ruwa]] guda biyar. Ramin tseren kai tsaye yana canja wurin ruwan zuwa kudu maso yamma tare da titinsa {{Convert|12|km|mi}} tsawonsa a cikin diamita na {{Convert|8.1|m|ft}} . A ƙarshen ramin tseren kai, yana canzawa zuwa {{Convert|6.5|m|ft}}diamita da {{Convert|270|m|ft}} dogon bututun ruwa kafin isa tashar wutar lantarki. <ref name="Piet" /> A tashar wutar lantarki, ana isar da ruwa ga injinan turbines guda huɗu na Francis waɗanda ke ba da wutar lantarki ga janareta guda huɗu masu ƙarfin MW 115. <ref name="Salini">{{Cite web |title=Works in progress - Beles |url=http://www.salini.it/index.php/english/content/workingon#top |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313170805/http://www.salini.it/index.php/english/content/workingon#top |archive-date=13 March 2012 |access-date=13 October 2010 |publisher=Salini Costruttori}}</ref> Tashar wutar lantarki nau'in kogo ne kuma ƙarfinta shine {{Convert|82|m|ft}} tsayi, {{Convert|17.6|m|ft}} tsayi da {{Convert|38.5|m|ft}}faɗin . <ref name="Piet" /> Yana da {{Convert|91.2|m|ft}} zurfi da {{Convert|8|m|ft}} kuma ramin hawan igiyar ruwa mai diamita. <ref name="Piet" /> Da zarar an yi amfani da ruwan wajen samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, sai a fitar da shi daga tashar wutar lantarki zuwa Kogin Beles ta hanyar {{Convert|7.2|km|mi}} ramin tseren baya mai diamita iri ɗaya da na tseren kai. Matsakaicin matakin ruwa a mashigar ruwa shine {{Convert|1800|m|ft}} sama da matakin teku kuma tashar wutar lantarki tana da nisan {{Convert|1450|m|ft}}, wanda ke ba da damar {{Convert|350|m|ft}} na kan ruwa mai amfani da ruwa . <ref name="Salini" /> Ana kuma sa ran aikin zai taimaka wajen ban ruwa ga {{Convert|140000|ha|acre}} a nan gaba ma. <ref name="large"/> == Manazarta == Ana ɗaukar [[Binciken tasirin muhalli|Binciken Tasirin Muhalli]] na Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Beles a matsayin wani abu na yau da kullun kuma ba za a iya gano shi ba. <ref name="annys">{{Cite journal |last=Annys |first=S. and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Impacts of the hydropower-controlled Tana-Beles interbasin water transfer on downstream rural livelihoods (northwest Ethiopia) |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=569 |pages=436–448 |bibcode=2019JHyd..569..436A |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.12.012 |s2cid=135072795 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> An yi nazarin tasirin watsa ruwan Tana-Beles a zamantakewa kuma an buga sakamakon a cikin Mujallar Hydrology mai suna: ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin kwararar ruwan kogin Beles ya haifar da nutsewar mutane 250 tsakanin 2010 da 2018. Duk da haka, mummunan tasirin da ke kan rayuwar karkara ya mamaye manufofin ci gaban ƙasa (samar da wutar lantarki). Kuɗaɗen waje (jure wa lalacewa) mutanen yankin ne, waɗanda ke da ƙarancin ƙarfin ciniki. <ref name="annys" /> [[Fayil:Beles_downstream_of_Tana_outlet.jpg|thumb|Kogin Beles a cikin ruwa na tashar wutar lantarki]] == Hamayya ta Masar == Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant wani bangare ne na babbar matsala tsakanin kasashen Kogin Nilu kamar yadda Kogin Beles ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga Blue Nile kuma Tafkin Tana yana ba da kwandon. Bayan kaddamar da tashar wutar lantarki, an saki sanarwa daga taron jami'an Masar, daya daga cikinsu shine "Tana Beles dam yana da niyyar tayar da fushin Masar kuma ya jagoranci ta dauki mataki na diflomasiyya da sauri wanda zai juya ra'ayin duniya don goyon bayan ƙasashen Nilu. " Jami'an, da yawa da ke da hannu a yankin Kogin Nilu, sun bayyana cewa ba su da wani bayani game da aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2010 |title=Ethiopian dam 'funded by Italy,' say govt sources |url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/ethiopian-dam-funded-italy-say-govt-sources |access-date=13 October 2010 |publisher=Al-Masry Al-Youm}}</ref><ref name="anger">{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2010 |title=Egypt discuss response to Ethiopian dam |url=http://news.egypt.com/en/2010051710829/news/-egypt-news/egypt-discuss-response-to-ethiopian-dam.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202080146/http://news.egypt.com/en/2010051710829/news/-egypt-news/egypt-discuss-response-to-ethiopian-dam.html |archive-date=February 2, 2011 |access-date=13 October 2010 |publisher=Egypt News}}</ref> An kaddamar da tashar wutar lantarki a lokaci guda yayin da aka sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Tsarin hadin gwiwa kan Kogin Nilu ta kasashe masu tasowa kamar [[Uganda]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da Habasha, amma kasashe masu laushi Sudan da Masar sun ki sanya hannu. A karkashin yarjejeniyar mulkin mallaka, Sudan da Masar ne kawai za su amfana daga kwararar Nilu kuma za su iya ƙin duk wani aikin da zai hana shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sintayehu |first=Zekarias |date=May 22, 2010 |title=Ethiopia can build any infrastructure and dams it wants on the Nile River |url=http://www.ethjournal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2547:ethiopia-can-build-any-infrastructure-and-dams-it-wants-on-the-nile-river&catid=16:top-headlines |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194811/http://www.ethjournal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2547:ethiopia-can-build-any-infrastructure-and-dams-it-wants-on-the-nile-river&catid=16:top-headlines |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=13 October 2010 |publisher=Ethiopia Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 14, 2010 |title=East Africa seeks more Nile water from Egypt |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8682387.stm |access-date=13 October 2010 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kate Linthicum |first=Jeffrey Fleishman |date=September 13, 2010 |title=On the Nile, Egypt cuts water use as Ethiopia dams for power |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-sep-11-la-fg-nile-battle-20100912-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918052340/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/sep/11/world/la-fg-nile-battle-20100912 |archive-date=18 September 2010 |access-date=13 October 2010 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> == Manazarta == kphguqsujytdq6pp43uj9lm0uhpve83 0 153140 882966 842575 2026-07-14T16:31:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anthony Ujah''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 1990) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba, inda ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a Jamus. Ya buga wasanni bakwai a [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] tsakanin 2013 da 2015. == Rayuwar farko == Ujah ya girma a ƙaramin garin Ugbokolo a [[Benue (jiha)|Jihar Benue]] ta Najeriya. == Aikin kulob == Ujah ya fara aikinsa da Abuja FC A shekarar 2008, [[Warri Wolves F.C.|Warri Wolves]] ta saye shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2010 |title=Nigeria: Ujah, Obaje Dazzle in Denmark |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201002081172.html |access-date=1 November 2015 |publisher=Daily Champion}}</ref> Ya bar Warri Wolves a watan Janairun 2010 don halartar wani gwaji da Lillestrøm . === Lillestrøm === ==== kakar 2010 ==== Bayan ya burge shi yayin da yake halartar shari'ar, Ujah ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu da Lillestrøm kuma ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a ranar 14 ga Maris 2010 da Aalesunds FK . A watan Janairun 2011, an yi ta rade-radin cewa Ujah zai koma Ingila, inda aka ruwaito cewa kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Swindon Town da Southampton suna sha'awarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Ujah Biography / Profile |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/15618/anthony-ujah |access-date=29 January 2019 |website=Manpower}}</ref> A ranar da aka kayyade wa'adin canja wurin 'yan wasa, Ujah ya yi tafiya zuwa Mallorca ta [[La Liga]] don tattauna batun komawarsa bayan Lillestrøm ta amince da tayin da aka yi masa na neman dan wasan. Duk da haka, ba a sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ba, kuma Ujah ya fara kakar wasa ta 2011 har yanzu yana Norway tare da Lillestrøm. ==== kakar 2011 ==== A wasan farko na kakar wasa ta bana a ranar 3 ga Maris 2011, Ujah ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasan da Lillestrøm ta doke Stabæk da ci 7-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2011 |title=Stabæk - Lillestrøm |url=http://www.fotball.no/System-pages/Kampfakta/?matchId=5256277 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802025945/http://www.fotball.no/System-pages/Kampfakta/?matchId=5256277 |archive-date=2 August 2012 |access-date=9 September 2012 |publisher=fotball.no}}</ref> Bayan kyakkyawan aikin da ya yi, an ruwaito cewa [[PSV Eindhoven]], tsakanin sauran kungiyoyin Turai kamar Rennes, Lille, Toulouse da [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]], suna ci gaba da sa ido kan Ujah. Ujah ya kara wa jimillar kwallayen sa ta hanyar zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da kungiyar sa ta doke FK Haugesund da ci 5-0 a ranar 25 ga Afrilu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2011 |title=Lillestrøm - Haugesund |url=http://www.fotball.no/System-pages/Kampfakta/?matchId=5256287 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120803010920/http://www.fotball.no/System-pages/Kampfakta/?matchId=5256287 |archive-date=3 August 2012 |access-date=9 September 2012 |publisher=fotball.no}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2011, bayan dawowar kwallaye takwas daga wasanni shida na farko na gasar Lillestrøm, an alakanta Ujah da manyan kungiyoyi daga manyan gasannin nahiyar, ciki har da Bundesliga, [[Ligue 1]] da Eredivisie . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">an buƙata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Wata guda bayan haka a ranar 28 ga Mayu, Ujah ya zira kwallon da ta yi nasara a kan Sarpsborg 08 da ci 4-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2011 |title=Sarpsborg 08 - Lillestrøm |url=http://www.fotball.no/System-pages/Kampfakta/?matchId=5256217 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527165136/http://www.fotball.no/System-pages/Kampfakta/?matchId=5256217 |archive-date=27 May 2011 |access-date=9 September 2012 |publisher=fotball.no}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Yuni 2011, Ujah ya sake zira kwallaye huɗu ga Lillestrøm, a wannan karon a kan Strømsgodset, inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta yi nasara da ci 4-2 a Tippeligaen. Bayan watanni 15 kacal a Norway, ya gina kyakkyawar alaƙa da magoya bayan ƙungiyar kuma ana iya cewa ya sami matsayi kamar na tatsuniya ga wani ɗan shekara 20. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> Ya ƙare da zura kwallaye 30 a wasanni 42 a duk gasannin da ya buga wa Lillestrøm. <ref name="nifs">{{Cite web |title=Profile at Nifs.no |url=http://www.nifs.no/personprofil.php?land=1&u=6683&t=5&person_id=63220 |access-date=7 December 2015 |website=nifs.no}}</ref> === Mainz 05 === A watan Yunin 2011, Ujah ya sanya hannu a Mainz 05, bayan da ƙungiyoyi da dama suka bi sahunsa, musamman ƙungiyar Denmark FC Copenhagen da Brøndby IF . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2011 |title=Mainz 05 Signs Anthony Ujah From Lillestrom |url=https://www.sbnation.com/soccer/2011/6/28/2249473/mainz-05-signs-anthony-ujah-from-lillestrom |access-date=9 September 2012 |publisher=SBNation.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okeleji |first=Oluwashina |date=28 June 2011 |title=Nigeria under-23 striker Ujah joins German club Mainz |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/13944959 |access-date=9 September 2012 |website=BBC News}}</ref> A farkon aikinsa na Mainz, Ujah ya rasa damarmaki da dama kuma ya zura kwallo mai mahimmanci a kansa yayin da Gaz Metan Mediaș ya fitar da Mainz daga gasar UEFA Europa League . Ujah ya zura kwallaye biyu na farko a sabuwar ƙungiyarsa a wasan da suka doke VfB Stuttgart da ci 3-1 a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen nasarar da ƙungiyarsa ta samu ba tare da nasara ba wanda ya kai ga tsakiyar watan Agusta kuma ya sa ta fice daga yankin faɗuwa; duk da haka, waɗannan su ne kawai kwallayen Bundesliga da ya ci a wannan kakar, kuma ya buga wasanni uku kacal bayan hutun hunturu. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2011 |title=Two sent off as Mainz end drought |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=320942&cc=5901 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715004939/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=320942&cc=5901 |archive-date=15 July 2012 |access-date=9 September 2012 |publisher=ESPN Soccernet}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2011 |title=Gamecast: Mainz vs. VfB Stuttgart |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/gamecast?id=320942&cc=5901 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719072740/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/gamecast?id=320942&cc=5901 |archive-date=19 July 2012 |access-date=9 September 2012 |publisher=ESPN Soccernet}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Anthony Ujah {{!}} Laufbahn {{!}} Spielerprofil |url=https://www.kicker.de/anthony-ujah/laufbahn |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=kicker |language=de-DE}}</ref> === 1. FC Köln === A ranar ƙarshe ta lokacin canja wurin bazara na 2012, Ujah ya sanya hannu kan aro na 1. FC Köln na tsawon kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okeleji |first=Oluwashina |date=31 August 2011 |title=Nigerian Anthony Ujah joins Cologne on loan from Mainz |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/19436754 |access-date=9 September 2012 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye 13 a kakar wasa ta 2012–13 2. Bundesliga da canja wurin sun zama na dindindin a ƙarshen kakar wasa. <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Köln striker Ujah agrees Bremen deal {{!}} SV Werder Bremen |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/0000319677.jsp |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=bundesliga.com - the official Bundesliga website |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Köln ya samu ci gaba zuwa Bundesliga a kakar wasa ta 2013-14, inda Ujah ya kafa kawancen 'yan wasa tare da Patrick Helmes . Ujah shine wanda ya fi kowa zura kwallaye a kungiyar a kakar wasa ta 2014-15 ta Bundesliga, inda ya zura kwallaye 10. [1] [2] A watan Maris na 2015, Ujah ya yi fice a kan bikin murnarsa bayan ya zura kwallo a raga a wasan da suka yi da Eintracht Frankfurt ; dan wasan ya yi gudu zuwa wurin abin koyi na akuya na kungiyar, Hennes, kuma ya kama kaho. [3] A shekarar 2020, Ujah ya bayyana sihirinsa a Köln a matsayin mafi kyawun lokacin aikinsa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] feiukzp2zudp4nwpnobwrmgt9417f00 0 153484 883188 843434 2026-07-15T08:16:22Z BnHamid 12586 883188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adelaide Retselisitsoe Matlanyane''' ƙwararren masani ne na tattalin arziki na Lesotho wanda aka ƙayyade a cikin Macro-econometric da Tattalin Arziki. A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Ministan kudi da shirin ci gaba na Lesotho tun 2022, ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama gwamnan [[Babban Bankin Lesotho]] (CBL) daga 2012 zuwa 2021. An sanya sunan Matlanyane a cikin jerin sunayen Avance Media na 100 Mafi Girma na Mata na Afirka a cikin 2019. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gad |date=2021-11-18 |title=Adelaide Retselisitsoe Matlanyane - AERC |url=https://aercafrica.org/leadership/adelaide-retselisitsoe-matlanyane/ |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=aercafrica.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ilimi == Tana da digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Lesotho da kuma digiri na biyu a wannan hanya daga Jami'an Botswana . Ta yi karatu don PhD a cikin tsarin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki a [[Jami'ar Pretoria]], Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gad |date=2021-11-18 |title=Adelaide Retselisitsoe Matlanyane - AERC |url=https://aercafrica.org/leadership/adelaide-retselisitsoe-matlanyane/ |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=aercafrica.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Matlanyane ta fara aikinta a Jami'ar Kasa ta Lesotho inda ta koyar da tattalin arziki. Ta shiga Babban Bankin Lesotho a watan Afrilun 2006 a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna ta biyu don bincike, kasuwannin kudi da ayyukan kuma an inganta ta zuwa matsayin mataimakin gwamna na farko a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndungidi |first=Patrick |date=2022-11-04 |title=Two pioneering women appointed to Lesotho's new government |url=https://africanshapers.com/en/two-pioneering-women-appointed-to-lesothos-new-government/ |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=African Shapers |language=en-GB}}</ref> Daga baya aka nada ta mukaddashin gwamnan bankin har zuwa 2012 lokacin da aka nada ta a matsayin gwamnan CBL ta zama mace ta farko da ta rike mukamin. Ta bar bankin a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2021. A shekara ta 2022, an nada ta Ministan kudi da shirin ci gaba. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] a6h7mnvpkr6hyqo43eq3fju5250mv90 0 153665 883129 843870 2026-07-15T00:04:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Babatunde Raji Fashola | honorific_suffix = SAN, CON | image = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|6|28}} | birth_place = Lagos, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Lauya, ɗan siyasa | alma_mater = Jami'ar Benin | spouse = Abimbola Fashola | children = 2 | office = Gwamnan Jihar Legas na 13 | term_start = 29 Mayu 2007 | term_end = 29 Mayu 2015 | predecessor = Bola Ahmed Tinubu | successor = Akinwunmi Ambode }} '''Babatunde Raji Fashola''' SAN, CON (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Yuni 1963) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya wanda ya yi fice a harkokin mulki da gudanar da gwamnati. Ya kasance Gwamnan Jihar Legas daga shekarar 2007 zuwa 2015, sannan ya zama Ministan Wutar Lantarki, Ayyuka da Gidaje na Tarayyar Najeriya daga 2015 zuwa 2019, kafin daga baya ya zama Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje daga 2019 zuwa 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-celebrates-babatunde-fashola-at-61/ |title=President Tinubu Celebrates Babatunde Fashola at 61 |publisher=State House Abuja |date=2024-06-29 |access-date=2026-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://resolvetosavelives.org/about/team/mr-babatunde-fashola/ |title=Mr. Babatunde Fashola, SAN |publisher=Resolve to Save Lives |access-date=2026-05-31}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Babatunde Raji Fashola a Legas ranar 28 ga Yuni 1963. Ya yi karatunsa na firamare a Sunny Fields Primary School da ke Surulere, sannan ya halarci Birch Freeman High School da Igbobi College a Legas. Bayan haka ya shiga Jami'ar Benin inda ya karanci shari'a (Law) kuma ya kammala digirin LL.B. (Hons) a shekarar 1987.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.okay.ng/profile-of-babatunde-raji-fashola-nigerias-new-minister-of-power-works-and-housing/ |title=Profile of Babatunde Raji Fashola Nigeria’s New Minister of Power, Works and Housing |website=Okay.ng |date=2015-11-11 |access-date=2026-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/babatunde-raji-fashola/ |title=Babatunde Raji Fashola |publisher=World Economic Forum |access-date=2026-05-31}}</ref> A shekarar 1988 an kira shi zuwa Bar na Najeriya bayan kammala horonsa a Nigerian Law School, lamarin da ya ba shi damar fara aikin lauya a hukumance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://resolvetosavelives.org/about/team/mr-babatunde-fashola/ |title=Mr. Babatunde Fashola, SAN |publisher=Resolve to Save Lives |access-date=2026-05-31}}</ref> == Aikin lauya == Fashola ya fara aikinsa na lauya a kamfanin lauyoyi na Sofunde, Osakwe, Ogundipe and Belgore inda ya yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban na shari'a ciki har da shari'o'in kasuwanci, filaye da kuma manyan ƙarar kotu. Saboda ƙwarewarsa a aikin lauya, an ba shi mukamin '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''' a shekarar 2004, wanda shi ne ɗaya daga cikin manyan lambobin yabo ga lauyoyi a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://resolvetosavelives.org/about/team/mr-babatunde-fashola/ |title=Mr. Babatunde Fashola, SAN |publisher=Resolve to Save Lives |access-date=2026-05-31}}</ref> == Shiga siyasa == Fashola ya shiga gwamnatin Jihar Legas a lokacin mulkin tsohon gwamna '''Bola Ahmed Tinubu'''. Ya zama Chief of Staff na gwamnan daga 2002 zuwa 2006. Daga baya jam'iyyar Action Congress ta tsayar da shi takarar gwamna, inda ya lashe zaɓen shekarar 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.okay.ng/profile-of-babatunde-raji-fashola-nigerias-new-minister-of-power-works-and-housing/ |title=Profile of Babatunde Raji Fashola Nigeria’s New Minister of Power, Works and Housing |website=Okay.ng |date=2015-11-11 |access-date=2026-05-31}}</ref> == Gwamnan Jihar Legas == Fashola ya yi wa'adin mulki biyu a matsayin gwamnan Jihar Legas daga 2007 zuwa 2015. A lokacin mulkinsa, an aiwatar da manyan ayyukan raya ababen more rayuwa, hanyoyi, sufuri da tsare-tsaren tsaftar muhalli. Daga cikin fitattun ayyukan da aka danganta da gwamnatinsa akwai: * Faɗaɗa hanyar Lagos–Badagry Expressway. * Ci gaba da aikin Lagos Light Rail. * Tallafa wa tsarin Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). * Inganta Lekki Free Trade Zone. * Haɓaka tsarin tara kuɗaɗen shiga na cikin gida (IGR) na jihar Legas. * Shirye-shiryen inganta tsafta da sarrafa shara a jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/babatunde-raji-fashola/ |title=Babatunde Raji Fashola |publisher=World Economic Forum |access-date=2026-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://encyclopedia.litcaf.com/government/government-government/babatunde-fashola/ |title=Babatunde Fashola |publisher=LitCaf Encyclopedia |access-date=2026-05-31 |archive-date=2025-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708044421/https://encyclopedia.litcaf.com/government/government-government/babatunde-fashola/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mulkinsa ya samu yabo daga masu sharhi da dama saboda yadda aka inganta tsarin gudanar da birnin Legas da kuma ayyukan raya birane.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/piece/2023/10/02/everything-about-babatunde-fashola/ |title=Everything About Babatunde Fashola |website=Within Nigeria |date=2023-10-02 |access-date=2026-05-31}}</ref> == Ministan Tarayya == Bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2015, shugaban ƙasa '''Muhammadu Buhari''' ya naɗa Fashola a matsayin Ministan Wutar Lantarki, Ayyuka da Gidaje. Ya jagoranci ma'aikatar daga 2015 zuwa 2019. A shekarar 2019 an sake naɗa shi a matsayin Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje, inda ya ci gaba da kula da ayyukan hanyoyi da gidaje a faɗin Najeriya har zuwa shekarar 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-celebrates-babatunde-fashola-at-61/ |title=President Tinubu Celebrates Babatunde Fashola at 61 |publisher=State House Abuja |date=2024-06-29 |access-date=2026-05-31}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == Fashola ya samu lambobin yabo da dama a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a harkokin shugabanci da gudanar da gwamnati. A shekarar 2009 ya samu lambar yabo ta ''Governor of the Decade for Peace'', sannan ya samu ''Award of Excellence in Leadership'' daga Martin Luther King Jr. Foundation a shekarar 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/babatunde-raji-fashola/ |title=Babatunde Raji Fashola |publisher=World Economic Forum |access-date=2026-05-31}}</ref> == Rayuwar iyali == Fashola ya auri Abimbola Fashola kuma suna da yara biyu. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun lauyoyi da 'yan siyasar Najeriya da suka haɗa aikin lauya da hidimar gwamnati a matakai daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-celebrates-babatunde-fashola-at-61/ |title=President Tinubu Celebrates Babatunde Fashola at 61 |publisher=State House Abuja |date=2024-06-29 |access-date=2026-05-31}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:1963 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nigerian lawyers]] [[Category:Nigerian politicians]] [[Category:Governors of Lagos State]] [[Category:University of Benin alumni]] [[Category:Yoruba people]] [[Category:Senior Advocates of Nigeria]] [[Category:People from Lagos]] ```2 cdtb32uo115asbvy5wswh4rbyxzwy9k 0 153984 882914 844836 2026-07-14T14:16:05Z Nuance007 46942 An fassara kuma an sabunta daga [[:en:Special:PermanentLink/1363983456]]; an ƙara ingantattun manazarta da bayanin Ugo Foam 882914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mathias Nwafor Ugochukwu | birth_date = 1926 | birth_place = [[Umunze]], Najeriya ta mulkin mallaka | death_date = 1990 | occupation = Ɗan kasuwa, mai zuba jari kuma mai masana'antu | known_for = Ugo Foam | title = Abilikete na Umunze; Igwe na Orumba }} '''Mathias Nwafor Ugochukwu''' (1926–1990) ɗan kasuwa ne, mai zuba jari, mai masana'antu kuma mai riƙe da sarautar gargajiya a Najeriya. Ya bunƙasa harkoki a sufuri, kadarori, inshora, noma da masana'antu. Kasuwancin da aka fi saninsa da shi shi ne Ugochukwu Chemical Industries, wanda ya kera katifun Ugo Foam da sauran kayayyaki a masana'antu da ke Umunze, Onitsha da Kaduna.<ref name="Forrest66">{{cite book |last=Forrest |first=Tom G. |title=The Advance of African Capital: The Growth of Nigerian Private Enterprise |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |year=1994 |page=66 |isbn=0-8139-1562-7}}</ref><ref name="Yusuf">{{cite magazine |last=Yusuf |first=Kabiru |title=Across the Bridge |magazine=Citizen |volume=1 |issue=17 |date=1990-12-10 |page=35 |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/items/4c6541ef-a60d-4536-b282-88727e64f659 |via=National Library of Nigeria |access-date=2026-07-14}}</ref> Ya kuma yi sarauta a matsayin Abilikete na Umunze da Igwe na Orumba.<ref name="Onwu">{{cite web |title=Onwu v Nka (1996) |url=https://lawcarenigeria.com/onwu-v-nka/ |website=LawCare Nigeria |publisher=Supreme Court of Nigeria |date=1996-07-09 |access-date=2026-07-14}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Ugochukwu a shekarar 1926 a Umunze, a [[Jihar Anambra]] ta yau. Ya yi karatun firamare a St Augustine's Primary School da ke Umunze. A 1939 ya tafi [[Jos]], inda ya yi aikin kula da gida ga Louis Offor, ɗan kasuwa daga Enugwu Ukwu. Ya koma Umunze a 1945, ya yi ƙananan kasuwanci sannan ya shiga aikin ɗan sanda. A watan Afrilun 1951, ya lashe fam £50,000 a Irish Hospitals' Sweepstake, sannan ya bar aikin ɗan sanda ya shiga kasuwanci na cikakken lokaci.<ref name="Forrest64">{{cite book |last=Forrest |first=Tom G. |title=The Advance of African Capital: The Growth of Nigerian Private Enterprise |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |year=1994 |pages=64–65 |isbn=0-8139-1562-7}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasuwanci == === Ciniki, sufuri da zuba jari === Ugochukwu ya fara shigo da kayan gyaran mota daga Gold Coast kuma ya kafa sabis na sufuri tsakanin [[Onitsha]] da [[Lagos]]. Ya ƙulla hulɗar kasuwanci da John Holt, daga baya ya zama shugaban John Holt (Nigeria), sannan ya faɗaɗa harkokinsa zuwa shigo da yadudduka, kayan abinci da taba, da kuma zuba jari a kadarori.<ref name="Forrest64" /> Kafin Yaƙin Basasar Najeriya, ya shugabanci African Development Corporation da African Produce Dealers. Sauran harkokinsa sun haɗa da masana'antar itace a [[Port Harcourt]], kamfanin gyaran tayoyi na Ugochukwu Tyres a Onitsha, inshora, Biscuit Manufacturing Company, Niger Pools da Central Finance Company.<ref name="Forrest65">{{cite book |last=Forrest |first=Tom G. |title=The Advance of African Capital: The Growth of Nigerian Private Enterprise |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |year=1994 |pages=65–66 |isbn=0-8139-1562-7}}</ref> Masanin tarihi Folarin Ajibade ya bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu ba Niger Pools jari na sirri.<ref name="Ajibade">{{cite journal |last=Ajibade |first=Folarin |title=When there is a ban, there is a way: everyday gambling and the Nigerian political economy, 1977–83 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=64 |issue=3 |year=2023 |pages=351–367 |doi=10.1017/S0021853723000658}}</ref> A lokacin shirin mayar da kamfanoni hannun 'yan Najeriya, Ugochukwu ya samu rinjayen hannun jari a Eagle Insurance Brokers da Biscuit Manufacturing Company. Ya kuma riƙe hannun jari a Yamaha Manufacturing Nigeria, Afprint da Nigerian Sewing Machines.<ref name="Forrest66" /> === Masana'antu da Ugo Foam === Bayan Yaƙin Basasa, Ugochukwu ya kafa Ugochukwu Chemical Industries. Kamfanin ya kera katifu, matasan kai, kushin da zanen kumfa, tare da masana'antu a Umunze, Onitsha da [[Kaduna]]. Ana sayar da katifun kumfa da matasan kansa a faɗin Najeriya da sunan '''Ugo Foam'''.<ref name="Forrest66" /><ref name="Yusuf" /> Forrest ya ruwaito cewa a ƙarshen shekarun 1980 kamfanin yana da jujjuyawar kuɗi ta shekara kusan naira miliyan 40 kuma yana ɗaukar ma'aikata kusan 800.<ref name="Forrest66" /> Kamfanonin da ke da alaƙa da Ugochukwu a Umunze sun haɗa da Household Utilities, mai kera kayan ɗaki; Hecam Farms, mai kiwon kaji da aladu da niƙa masara; Ugochukwu Tyres; da Palmke Oil Mill. Zuba jarinsa a garin ya kuma haɗa da kayayyakin lantarki da ruwa, ƙaramin madatsar ruwa da otal.<ref name="Forrest66" /> == Mukaman jama'a da siyasa == Ugochukwu ya yi aiki a kwamitocin Nigerian Railway Corporation, African Continental Bank, Nigerian Industrial Development Bank, Nigerian Stock Exchange, Federal Tenders Board da Eastern Nigeria Marketing Board. Ya kasance shugaban Nigerian Industrial Development Bank daga 1964 zuwa 1966.<ref name="Forrest66" /> A shekarun 1950, Ugochukwu ya kasance amintaccen National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons. A Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta Biyu, ya kasance memba na National Party of Nigeria kuma yana da alaƙa da Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa [[Alex Ekwueme]]. Bayan juyin mulkin 1983, gwamnatin soja ta [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ta tsare shi na watanni 18.<ref name="Forrest64" /> == Jagorancin gargajiya da ci gaban al'umma == Zuwa 1971, Ugochukwu yana sarauta a matsayin Abilikete na Umunze da Igwe na Orumba. A wannan matsayi, shi da masu ba shi shawara na gargajiya sun sasanta rikicin fili wanda daga baya Kotun Ƙolin Najeriya ta duba a shari'ar ''Onwu v Nka''.<ref name="Onwu" /> A 1980, ya karɓi taken Eze Ohazurume I na Igboland.<ref name="Forrest64" /> Federal College of Education (Technical), Umunze ta ce Ugochukwu ya samar da gidaje goma da ɗakunan ma'aikatansu domin fara aikin makarantar.<ref name="FCET">{{cite web |title=History of the College |url=https://fcetumunze.wordpress.com/ |website=Federal College of Education (Technical), Umunze |access-date=2026-07-14}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> m4yp87fo0aac4e0nqq00qmmpxi6hwz0 0 154542 883022 846259 2026-07-14T18:20:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Arif Yadulla Abdullayev''' ([[Azerbaijan]]_language" id="mwBg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="[[Azerbaijan|Azerbaijani]] language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Azerbaijani: Arif Abdullayev; an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Agustan 1968, [[Baku]], Azerbaijan) ɗan gwagwarmayar Azerbaijan ne. Abdullayev ya sami lambar zinare a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a shekara ta 2003 don kokawa ta Freestyle da aka shirya a New York. <ref>[http://wrestling.warezwebhosting.com/eng_news_arif_abdullayev.html World Champion for Freestyle Wrestling- Arif Abdullayev ]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{In lang|en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya fito ne daga ƙauyen Ağdərə a cikin Gundumar Khizi . Abdullayev ya yi aure kuma yana zaune a Baku. Shi ne ɗan'uwan mai kokawa na Olympics Namig Abdullayev . == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] tidx765dodtxdeqzglssbbsebx81qf4 0 154651 883058 846575 2026-07-14T19:38:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Asibitin Jamaica na Yara asibitin yara ne a Kingston, Jamaica, wanda ke kan Arthur Wint Drive a cikin gundumar Kingston 5 na birnin, kusa da filin wasa na Independence Park da mutum-mutumi na Bob Marley . Ita ce kawai asibitin yara tsakanin kasashe masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin Caribbean. == Tarihi == An kafa asibitin Bustamante na yara a 1963 kuma yana aiki da kusan marasa lafiya 35,887 da 70,331 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SERHA |url=http://www.serha.gov.jm/institutions/hospital/ksa/bch.htm# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908065517/http://www.serha.gov.jm/institutions/hospital/ksa/bch.htm# |archive-date=2009-09-08 |access-date=2010-02-10}}</ref> Yana da gadaje 283 ciki har da gadaje 5 na ICU. Tsohon asibitin sojan Burtaniya ne amma an canza shi zuwa asibitin yara bayan Burtaniya ta bar a 1962 (wanda gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da kyauta bayan samun 'yancin Jamaica) kuma an sanya masa suna ne bayan Firayim Minista na lokacin, Sir Alexander Bustamante .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bustamante Hospital for Children |url=http://www.serha.gov.jm/hospitals/bmch# |access-date=30 March 2019 |publisher=South East Regional Health Authority }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ayyukan asibitoci da ake da su sun haɗa da: * Magunguna na gaba ɗaya * Ilimin zuciya * Neurology * [[Cutar Asthma|Cutar huhu]] * Rashin numfashi * Nephrology * Kimiyyar fata * Rashin ƙwaƙwalwa * Babban aikin tiyata * Aikin tiyata * Magungunan Orthopedics * Magungunan fitsari * Kunnuwa, Kunnuwa da Makogwaro (ENT) * Flastik da Wutar * Ilimin ido Har ila yau, asibitin yana da shirin Medical Social Worker wanda ke ba da shawara ga yara. == Kyaututtuka == Asibitin Bustamante na Yara ya sami lambar yabo ta Babban Nursing Administration (SANG award) a shekarar 2012. Wannan lambar yabo ta ƙunshi aiwatar da bin manufofi, halayyar ƙwararru na ma'aikatan jinya da kuma ayyukan ma'aikatan ma'aikatan. == Manazarta == mp7316z5y9l50qw37kxad8xj3jne5t3 0 154701 883103 846699 2026-07-14T22:39:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Coral Tree Family Service ƙwararren ƙwararren yara ne da sabis na kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na iyali wanda ke harabar Asibitin Macquarie a Arewacin Ryde, Sydney, Ostiraliya. Yana aiki a cikin Gundumar Lafiya ta Arewacin Sydney a matsayin wani ɓangare NSW Lafiya ta NSW . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Coral Tree Family Service |url=https://www.nslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/Services/Pages/Coral-Tree-Family-Service.aspx |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=Northern Sydney Local Health District |publisher=NSW Health }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sabis ɗin yana ba da shigarwar iyali ga yara masu shekaru 12 da ƙasa da ke da ƙwarewar halayyar halayyar, motsin rai da lafiyar hankali.<ref name="Plunkett2023">{{Cite journal |last=Plunkett |first=Leah J. |year=2023 |title=Effectiveness of the Coral Tree Family Service family inpatient unit: a longitudinal study exploring change in family functioning |journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy |volume=44 |pages=162–178 |doi=10.1002/anzf.1535 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa sabis ɗin ne a cikin 1959 a matsayin Sashin Yara a Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Arewacin Ryde . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Macquarie Hospital |url=https://www.sydney.edu.au/medicine/museum/mwmuseum/index.php/Macquarie_Hospital |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=Faculty of Medicine Online Museum and Archive |publisher=University of Sydney}}</ref> . A cikin shekarun 1960 an sake masa suna a matsayin Arndell Children's Unit. A farkon shekarun da suka gabata, sashin ya yi aiki a matsayin sabis na asibiti na yara na gargajiya. A farkon shekarun 1990s sashin ya sami jerin gyare-gyare waɗanda suka sauya tsarin kulawa zuwa ga shiga cikin gidaje na iyali.[1] Binciken ciki na Yankin Yara da Iyali na Arndell wanda NSW Health da Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horarwa suka gudanar a shekarar 1998 sun ba da shawarar cewa a sake tsara sabis ɗin don aiki a matsayin hanya ta gida da ta jihar. [2] A farkon shekarun 2000, an sake sunan sabis ɗin Coral Tree Family Service. == Shirye-shiryen == Coral Tree Family Service yana aiki da manyan shirye-shirye guda biyu - Shirin Gida na Iyali da Shirin Makarantar Asibiti. Shirin Gida na Iyali ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen zama na ɗan gajeren lokaci, yawanci na dare huɗu, lokacin da yara da iyayensu ko masu kulawa ke zaune a shafin kuma suna shiga cikin tsarin warkarwa. Misali ya haɗa da horar da kula da iyaye da hanyoyin maganin tsarin a cikin yanayin zama, tare da mai da hankali kan karfafa aikin iyali da tallafawa iyaye don sarrafa matsalolin halayyar da motsin rai.<ref name="Plunkett2023"/><ref name="Krabman2006">{{Cite journal |last=Krabman |first=P. |year=2006 |title=Intensive inpatient family work with families of children with emotional and behavioural difficulties: an Australian experience |url=https://drpeterkrabman.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Coral-Tree-context-article-2006.pdf |journal=Context |issue=88 |pages=41–45 |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref> Shirin Makarantar Asibiti yana aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Makarantar Arndell, Makarantar Takamaiman Manufa a cikin Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta New South Wales wanda ke cikin harabar Asibitin Macquarie. Yara da suka shiga cikin shirin suna halartar Makarantar Arndell yayin da suke karɓar tallafin warkewa daga likitoci a Coral Tree Family Service . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Coral Tree Family Service |url=https://arndell-s.schools.nsw.gov.au/about-us/coral-tree-family-service |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=Arndell School |publisher=NSW Department of Education}}</ref> Matsayi yana da iyakacin lokaci, yawanci yana da tsawon watanni 12, kuma an yi niyya ne ga ɗaliban da ke fuskantar matsaloli masu mahimmanci na halayyar da motsin rai. Shirin ya haɗa tallafin ilimi da warkewa tare da manufar daidaita aikin ɗalibai da tallafawa sauyawarsu zuwa makarantar al'ada. == Bincike == Wani binciken da aka yi a 2023 na iyalai 493 ya ba da rahoton ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin aikin iyali biyo bayan shiga cikin Shirin Gida na Iyali na Coral Tree, tare da ci gaba da ci gaba a makonni 13.<ref name="Plunkett2023"/> Wani binciken 2015 da ke nazarin daliban da ke halartar Makarantar Arndell a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Makarantar Asibiti ya ba da rahoton ci gaba a cikin halayyar ɗalibai, motsin rai da aikin zamantakewa yayin da aka sanya su.<ref name="Hulme2015">{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Melissa J. |last2=Cornish |first2=Alison M. |year=2015 |title=Behavioural improvements and emotional gains for students attending an Australian School for Specific Purposes |journal=Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=677–688 |doi=10.1177/1359104514547595}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Makarantar Arndell * NSW Lafiya * Rivendell Child, Matashi da Family Unit == Manazarta == 44emtf0xjn3c191xrttyf3ubusxu4hq 0 154994 883153 847512 2026-07-15T04:44:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bayanan ci gaba wani banga'''R''' ne na rik'''O''' liki'''T''' inda ma'''S''' [[Kula da lafiya|kiwon lafiya]] suka rubuta cikakkun bayanai don yin rikodin matsayin asibiti ko nasarorin da ya samu yayin kwantar da shi [[Asibiti|A asibiti]] ko a lokacin kula da marasa lafiya.<ref name="urlUW Internal Medicine Residency Program">{{Cite web |title=UW Internal Medicine Residency Program |url=http://depts.washington.edu/uwmedres/policies/handbook/patient/docu.htm |access-date=2009-04-10}}</ref> Ana iya yin rikodin bayanan sake dubawa a cikin Bayanan Ci gaba, Shirin Magunguna na Jagora (MTP) da / ko Binciken MTP. Ana rubuta bayanan ci gaba a cikin tsari da daki-daki daban-daban, dangane da yanayin asibiti da ke hannun da kuma bayanin da likitan yake so ya rubuta. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai shine bayanin SOAP, inda aka tsara bayanin a cikin sassan Subjective, Objective, Assessment, da Plan. Wani misali shine '''Tsarin DART''', wanda aka tsara a cikin Bayyanawa, Bincike, Amsa, da Magunguna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Records and Progress Notes |url=http://psyc.csustan.edu/kbaker/5780/baird%20(2002).pdf |access-date=2013-02-24 |archive-date=2014-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202230334/http://psyc.csustan.edu/kbaker/5780/baird%20%282002%29.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Takaddun kulawa da magani wani muhimmin bangare ne na tsarin magani. likitoci da [[Ungozoma|ma'aikatan jinya]] suna rubuta bayanan ci gaba don yin rikodin kulawar mai haƙuri a lokaci-lokaci yayin kwantar da mai haƙuri. Bayanan ci gaba suna aiki ne a matsayin rikodin abubuwan da suka faru yayin kula da mai haƙuri, suna ba da damar likitoci su kwatanta matsayin da ya gabata da matsayin yanzu, suyi aiki don sadarwa da binciken, ra'ayoyi da tsare-tsare tsakanin likitoci da sauran membobin ƙungiyar kula da kiwon lafiya, da kuma ba da damar sake dubawa na cikakkun bayanai game da shari'a ga masu sha'awar daban-daban. Su ne wurin adana bayanan kiwon lafiya da tunanin asibiti, kuma an yi niyyar zama taƙaitaccen abin sadarwa game da yanayin mai haƙuri ga waɗanda ke samun damar rikodin kiwon lafiya. Yawancin rikodin kiwon lafiya sun ƙunshi bayanan ci gaba da ke rubuta kulawar da aka bayar da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a asibiti da suka dace da ganewar asali da magani ga mai haƙuri. Ya kamata su kasance masu iya karantawa, masu sauƙin fahimta, cikakke, daidai, da kuma taƙaitaccen. Dole ne su kasance masu sassauci don isar da hankali ga wasu abin da ya faru a lokacin gamuwa, misali, jerin abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin ziyarar, da kuma tabbatar da cikakken lissafi ga kayan da aka rubuta, misali, wanda ya rubuta bayanin da kuma lokacin da aka rubuta shi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nbug3f45wmo5qveyfxcoo30jeswbosd 0 155085 883337 847775 2026-07-15T09:13:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 4 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Binyavanga Wainaina | image = | caption = Binyavanga Wainaina | birth_date = {{Birth date|1971|1|18}} | birth_place = Nakuru, Kenya | death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|5|21|1971|1|18}} | nationality = Kenyan | occupation = Writer, journalist, editor | known_for = ''How to Write About Africa'', Kwani? literary magazine }} '''Binyavanga Wainaina''' (18 Janairu 1971 – 21 Mayu 2019) marubuci ne, ɗan jarida, kuma mai fafutukar bunƙasa adabin Afirka daga Kenya. Ya shahara saboda rubuce-rubucensa kan al'adun Afirka, siyasa, da adabi, musamman maƙalarsa mai suna ''How to Write About Africa''. Haka kuma shi ne wanda ya kafa mujallar adabi ta '''Kwani?''', wacce ta taimaka wajen haɓaka sabbin marubutan Afirka a ƙarni na 21.<ref>{{cite web |title=Binyavanga Wainaina |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Binyavanga-Wainaina |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Wainaina a Nakuru, Kenya. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Transkei da ke Afirka ta Kudu kafin ya fara aiki a matsayin marubuci da ɗan jarida. A farkon shekarun 2000, ya fara samun karɓuwa a fagen adabin Afirka saboda salon rubutunsa mai cike da barkwanci da suka ga yadda ake kallon Afirka daga waje.<ref>{{cite web |title=Binyavanga Wainaina obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/22/binyavanga-wainaina-obituary |website=The Guardian}}</ref> == Aikin adabi == A shekarar 2002, Wainaina ya lashe '''Caine Prize for African Writing''' saboda gajeren labarinsa mai suna ''Discovering Home''. Bayan wannan nasara, ya kafa mujallar '''Kwani?''', wacce ta zama ɗaya daga cikin muhimman cibiyoyin adabin zamani a Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Binyavanga Wainaina wins Caine Prize |url=https://www.caineprize.com/winners/binyavanga-wainaina |website=Caine Prize for African Writing }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daga cikin fitattun ayyukansa akwai: * ''How to Write About Africa'' (2005) * ''One Day I Will Write About This Place'' (2011) * ''Discovering Home'' (2003) == Tasiri ga adabin Najeriya == Ta hanyar mujallar '''Kwani?''' da tarurrukan marubuta, Wainaina ya taimaka wajen haɓaka sabon ƙarni na marubutan Afirka, ciki har da wasu daga Najeriya. An yi la'akari da tasirinsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaban adabin Afirka na zamani wanda ya haɗa marubuta daga Kenya, Najeriya, Uganda, Ghana, da sauran ƙasashe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kwani? and the new African literature |url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2019/05/23/binyavanga-wainaina-and-the-future-of-african-literature/ |website=The Paris Review }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Masana adabi sun bayyana cewa rubuce-rubucensa sun taimaka wajen ƙalubalantar tsofaffin ra'ayoyi game da Afirka da kuma ƙarfafa marubuta su ba da labarinsu daga hangen nesa na Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Remembering Binyavanga Wainaina |url=https://pen.org/remembering-binyavanga-wainaina/ |website=PEN America }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Girmamawa == A shekarar 2014, mujallar '''Time''' ta sanya Wainaina cikin jerin mutane masu tasiri a duniya. Haka kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin malami da mai ba da shawara ga cibiyoyin adabi daban-daban a Afirka da duniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Time 100: Binyavanga Wainaina |url=https://time.com/collection-post/70895/binyavanga-wainaina-2014-time-100/ |website=Time }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Mutuwa == Binyavanga Wainaina ya rasu a ranar 21 ga Mayu 2019 a Nairobi, Kenya, yana da shekaru 48. Mutuwarsa ta jawo alhini a tsakanin marubuta da masu sha'awar adabi a duniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Binyavanga Wainaina, celebrated Kenyan writer, dies at 48 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/world/africa/binyavanga-wainaina-dead.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:2019 deaths]] [[Category:Kenyan writers]] [[Category:Kenyan journalists]] [[Category:African writers]] [[Category:Literary activists]] [[Category:Caine Prize winners]] [[Category:People from Nakuru]] 3yvw1nczk6go9cu3h5qkymif53rj6nf 0 155179 883200 848070 2026-07-15T08:19:30Z BnHamid 12586 883200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Omoloto Opeifa | nickname = Omolots | birth_date = 17 June 2004 | birth_place = Nigeria | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Social media content creator, model, student | known_for = Gen Z content creation, fashion influence, online community presence }} '''Omoloto Opeifa''', wadda aka fi sani da laƙabin '''Omolots''', 'yar Najeriya ce mai ƙirƙirar abun ciki a kafafen sada zumunta (social media content creator), mai ƙirar fashion, kuma ɗalibar likitanci. Ta samu shahara a kafafen yanar gizo musamman Twitter, Instagram, da TikTok saboda salon rayuwarta, fashion aesthetics, da kuma tasirinta a cikin Gen Z online communities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Get To Know Omoloto: A Gen Z Model, Content Creator And Medical Student |url=https://ynaija.com/get-to-know-omoloto-a-gen-z-model-content-creator-and-medical-student/ |website=YNaija}}</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Omoloto Opeifa a Najeriya a ranar 17 ga Yuni 2004. A halin yanzu tana karatu a fannin likitanci, inda take haɗa karatu da aikin ƙirƙirar abun ciki a social media. Masu rubutu sun bayyana ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasa masu iya daidaita karatu da kirkira a kafafen dijital.<ref>{{cite web |title=Get To Know Omoloto |url=https://ynaija.com/get-to-know-omoloto-a-gen-z-model-content-creator-and-medical-student/ |website=YNaija}}</ref> == Aikin ƙirƙirar abun ciki == Omoloto ta fara samun karɓuwa ne ta hanyar posting na fashion da lifestyle content a Twitter da Instagram. Daga baya ta samu ƙarin shahara lokacin da wasu posts ɗinta suka yadu (viral), wanda ya sa ta fara haɗin gwiwa da wasu brands a fannin fashion da beauty.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gen Z Model Omoloto Opeifa Profile |url=https://ynaija.com/for-the-culture/gen-z/ |website=YNaija}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun haɗa da: * Fashion content creation * Beauty and lifestyle influencing * Modeling campaigns * Short-form video content (TikTok/Instagram Reels) == Shahara a kafafen sada zumunta == Omoloto Opeifa tana da dubban mabiya a Instagram da TikTok, inda take amfani da waɗannan dandamali wajen nuna fashion style, lifestyle, da kuma ra’ayoyin matasa (Gen Z culture).<ref>{{cite web |title=Get To Know Omoloto |url=https://ynaija.com/get-to-know-omoloto-a-gen-z-model-content-creator-and-medical-student/ |website=YNaija}}</ref> == Tasiri a Gen Z culture == Masu sharhi sun bayyana Omoloto a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin sabbin muryoyin matasan Najeriya a kafafen sada zumunta. Ta zama misali na yadda social media ke ba matasa damar: * Gina suna da brand na kansu * Shiga harkar fashion da modeling * Haɓaka al’ummar online communities == Alaka da al’umma == Omoloto ana yawan ambatonta a cikin tattaunawar online communities na matasa, inda ake yaba mata saboda salon rayuwa da kuma yadda take bayyana halayen Gen Z a Najeriya. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Haifaffun 2004]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Nigerian social media influencers]] [[Category:Nigerian models]] [[Category:Nigerian content creators]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerian women]] [[Category:People from Nigeria]] gkwr07x7cyt8tsuxcqqa4m341v1f97z 0 155482 883407 853958 2026-07-15T11:44:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boulders Beach''' [[Bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku]] ne mai kariya wanda ya kunshi ƙofofi tsakanin duwatsun dutse, daga inda sunan ya samo asali. Tana kan yankin Cape Peninsula, a Garin Simon, a yankin kudancin Cape Town, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. An kuma san shi da '''Boulders Bay''' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Boulders Penguin Colony |url=http://www.capetown.travel/attractions/entry/Boulders_penguin_colony |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312224411/http://www.capetown.travel/attractions/entry/Boulders_penguin_colony |archive-date=2014-03-12 |access-date=2014-03-12 |publisher=Cape Town Tourism}}</ref> Yankin rairayin bakin teku sanannen wurin [[Yawon Buɗe Ido a Afirka ta Kudu|yawon bude ido]] ne saboda mulkin mallaka na tsuntsayen Afirka da ke cikin haɗari wanda ya zauna a can a shekarar 1982. Boulders Beach ya zama wani ɓangare na Gidan shakatawa na Table Mountain . Kodayake an saita shi a cikin yanki mai zama, yana ɗaya daga cikin shafuka kalilan inda za'a iya lura da wannan tsuntsu mai rauni (''Spheniscus demersus'') a kusa, yana yawo kyauta a cikin yanayin da aka kare. Daga nau'i biyu kawai a cikin 1982, mazaunin penguin <ref>{{Cite web |title=Boulders Beach Penguins |url=https://bouldersbeachpenguins.com/ |access-date=2026-06-06 |archive-date=2024-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218201701/https://www.bouldersbeachpenguins.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ya girma zuwa kimanin tsuntsaye 3000 a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Wannan wani bangare ne saboda haramtacciyar cinikin teku a False Bay, wanda ya kara wadatar sardines da Ankovies, wadanda suka zama wani ɓangare na abincin penguins.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South African National Parks - SANParks - Official Website - Accommodation, Activities, Prices, Reservations |url=http://www.sanparks.co.za/parks/table_mountain/tourism/attractions.php |access-date=2026-06-06 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094059/http://www.sanparks.co.za/parks/table_mountain/tourism/attractions.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma taimakon tsohon jami'in sojan ruwa na SANDF, Van the Penguin Man . <ref>{{Cite web |title=See or Swim with African Penguins at Boulders Beach Simon Town |url=https://www.capetownmagazine.com/things-to-do-cape-town/swim-with-african-penguins/15_100_834/}}</ref> An iyakance shi da ƙananan daji na asali sama da alamar ruwa mai zurfi a gefe ɗaya, da kuma ruwan False Bay a ɗayan, yankin ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙauyuka masu kariya da yawa, an rufe su da dutsen dutse wanda ke da shekaru miliyan 540. Mafi mashahuriyar wurin shakatawa ita ce Boulders Beach, amma ana kallon penguins daga Foxy Beach, inda sabbin hanyoyin da aka gina ke kai baƙi cikin 'yan mita daga tsuntsaye. Har ila yau sanannen rairayin bakin teku ne, kodayake mutane an ƙuntata su ga rairayin rairayin kan iyaka da yankin penguin. A cikin 2024, an sanya Boulders a matsayin rairayin bakin teku na biyu mafi kyau a duniya a cikin Golden Beach Awards, don haɗuwa da kyawawan dabi'u da penguins na Afirka.<ref name="3 Cape Town beaches make the world’s top-100 list">{{Cite web |last=Chante Hohip |date=30 May 2024 |title=3 Cape Town beaches make the world’s top-100 list |url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/05/30/3-south-african-beaches-make-the-world-s-100-list |access-date=7 May 2025 |publisher=EWN}}</ref> A cikin 2025, Boulders ya kasance rairayin bakin teku na 12 mafi kyau a duniya ta hanyar The World's Best, don ruwan dumi, penguins, wuraren yin iyo mai aminci, da haɗuwa da nishaɗi da kiyaye namun daji.<ref name="Cape Town beach named one of the ‘World’s 50 Best Beaches’">{{Cite web |last=Sundeeka Mungroo |date=6 May 2025 |title=Cape Town beach named one of the ‘World’s 50 Best Beaches’ |url=https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/cape-town-beach-named-one-of-the-world-s-50-best-beaches/ar-AA1EfISK |access-date=7 May 2025 |publisher=MSN}}</ref> == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery> Fayil:Welcome_to_Boulders_(01).jpg|Welcome to Boulders Fayil:Boulders_Beach_Entrance_(01).jpg|Entrance, Kleintuin Road, Simon's Town Fayil:Boulders_Beach_Visitor_Center.jpg|Boulders Beach Visitor Centre Fayil:Boulders_Beach_(01).jpg|Pathway Fayil:Boulders_Beach_2019_2.jpg|African penguins at Boulders Penguin Colony Fayil:Playa_de_Boulders,_Simon's_Town,_Sudáfrica,_2018-07-23,_DD_47.jpg|Rocks in Boulder Beach Fayil:Boulders_Beach_Penguin_Colony_3.jpg|Penguin colony Fayil:Bruthöhlen_Brillenpinguin.jpg|Nesting burrows of the African penguin Fayil:Boulders-Beach.jpg|Swimmers enjoying the relatively calm waters of the sheltered beach next to the penguin colony Fayil:Cape_Dassie.jpg|[[Rock hyrax|Dassie]] at Boulders Beach Fayil:Boulders_Beach,_South_Africa.jpg|Boulders at the beach Fayil:Boulders-Beach2.jpg|Boulders Beach with some swimmers. In the background, the penguin colony and visitors can be seen Fayil:Boulders-Beach4.jpg|Swimmers and a penguin at the beach Fayil:Penguin-at-boulders-beach-south-africa.jpg|Penguin, Boulders Beach </gallery> == Manqzarta == fyocraxflyqd8zaouigrt8ajg08kcps 0 155619 883063 853499 2026-07-14T20:13:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883063 wikitext text/x-wiki "'''In''' {{Databox}} '''ternational clinic'''" is a colloquial term used by expats in China for a privately owned clinic or [[Asibiti|hospital]] that possesses specific characteristics, which separates it from the various domestic healthcare establishments. International clinics are generally much more expensive than public hospitals and will be able to accept non-Chinese insurance.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2014}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> In [[Beijing]], there are a number of such companies, the most prominent being Puhua International Hospital - Shuangjing,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puhua International Clinic Homepage |url=http://www.puhuaclinic.com/ |access-date=30 October 2014 |publisher=Puhuaclinic.com |archive-date=31 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031013702/http://www.puhuaclinic.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Beijing United Family Hospital<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beijing United Family Hospital and Clinics |url=http://beijing.ufh.com.cn/ |access-date=30 October 2014 |publisher=Puhuaclinic.com |archive-date=31 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031011846/http://beijing.ufh.com.cn/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and International SOS.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=International SOS - Beijing |url=http://www.internationalsos.com/clinicsinchina/en/Beijing.aspx |access-date=30 October 2014 |publisher=Internationalsos.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == Cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu a waje da asibitocin gargajiya na kasar Sin sabon ra'ayi ne a kasar Sin tare da kiwon lafiya yana da alaƙa da manyan asibitoci na jama'a. [[Beijing]] tana alfahari da wasu sanannun wuraren kiwon lafiya kamar Xie He, Chaoyang da Asibitocin Ga baƙi, samun damar waɗannan ayyukan yana da iyaka saboda shingen harshe da rata tsakanin abin da aka ba da abin da ake tsammani daga asibiti ta ƙa'idodin yamma. Asibitocin jama'a suna buƙatar marasa lafiya su fara ɗaukar lamba (Gua hao), bayan haka za su jira sa'o'i da yawa don ganin likita. Tattaunawar gabaɗaya ba ta da tsawo sosai kuma yawancin marasa lafiya na waje na iya mamakin matakin sabis na abokin ciniki da ke akwai. Asibitocin kasa da kasa za su ba da irin wannan matakin sabis kamar yadda mutum zai iya tsammani daga asibitin mai zaman kansa a [[Turai]] ko [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] kuma saboda haka shine zaɓi na farko na baƙi a Beijing, musamman waɗanda ke da [[Inshorar lafiya]] ta duniya. == Halaye na gaba ɗaya == Akwai halaye da yawa na kowa da ƙungiyar dole ne ta mallaka don a ɗauke su a matsayin Asibitin Duniya. Kungiyar ba ta buƙatar samun su duka don cancanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Healthcare in China |url=http://www.expatarrivals.com/china/healthcare-in-china |access-date=30 October 2014 |website=Expat Arrivals}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka fi bayyane sune: == Manazarta == bfatodyfrqdq44s5v28q38pomqgk7eu 0 155768 883369 880137 2026-07-15T09:52:22Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 883369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sikelin Ritvo Autism & Asperger Diagnostic Scale''' ( '''RAADS''' ) wani ma'auni ne na kimanta kai na tunani wanda Riva Ariella Ritvo, farfesa a Makarantar Magunguna ta Yale ta haɓaka. Daga nan aka ƙirƙiri sigar tambayoyi 14 (RAADS-14) mai taƙaitacciyar sigar tambayoyi 14 (RAADS-14) a sashen ilimin kimiyyar jijiyoyi na asibiti a Cibiyar Karolinska, don tantance marasa lafiya waɗanda wataƙila ba a gano su da ASD ba. <ref name="Kutcher">{{Cite journal |last=Eriksson |first=Jonna M |last2=Andersen |first2=Lisa MJ |last3=Bejerot |first3=Susanne |date=2013 |title=RAADS-14 Screen: validity of a screening tool for autism spectrum disorder in an adult psychiatric population |journal=Molecular Autism |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=49 |doi=10.1186/2040-2392-4-49 |pmc=3907126 |pmid=24321513 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Bayani == Sau da yawa yana da wuya a gano cutar Autism a cikin manya saboda alamun da ke tattare da wasu cututtuka daban-daban. Wannan na iya haifar da kuskuren ganewar asali ko kuma rashin ganewar ASD gaba ɗaya. Wannan yana haifar da ƙalubale ga likitocin tabin hankali wajen gano manya da ba a gano su ba waɗanda za su iya samun autism. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eriksson |first=Jonna M. |last2=Andersen |first2=Lisa M. J. |last3=Bejerot |first3=Susanne |date=2013 |title=RAADS-14 Screen: validity of a screening tool for autism spectrum disorder in an adult psychiatric population |journal=Molecular Autism |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=49 |doi=10.1186/2040-2392-4-49 |pmc=3907126 |pmid=24321513 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana tura manya ko kuma a tura su don gano su akai-akai, wanda hakan ya sa wannan kayan aiki mai amfani na asibiti. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ritvo |first=Riva Ariella |last2=Ritvo |first2=Edward R. |last3=Guthrie |first3=Donald |last4=Ritvo |first4=Max J. |last5=Hufnagel |first5=Demetra H. |last6=McMahon |first6=William |last7=Tonge |first7=Bruce |last8=Mataix-Cols |first8=David |last9=Jassi |first9=Amita |last10=Attwood |first10=Tony |last11=Eloff |first11=Johann |date=August 2011 |title=The Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised (RAADS-R): A Scale to Assist the Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adults: An International Validation Study |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=1076–1089 |doi=10.1007/s10803-010-1133-5 |pmc=3134766 |pmid=21086033 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An nuna cewa maki 64 ko fiye sun yi daidai kuma suna tallafawa ganewar asibiti, amma idan ganewar asibiti ta bambanta da sakamakon gwaji, ganewar asibiti ya kamata ya zama fifiko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=says |first=Maja |title=The Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised (RAADS-R) |url=https://autismspectrumnews.org/the-ritvo-autism-asperger-diagnostic-scale-revised-raads-r/ |website=Autism Spectrum News |language=en}}</ref> Nazari da yawa sun nuna cewa manya za su iya zama ba a gano su ba saboda wahalar samun ingantaccen tarihin ci gaban manya har zuwa ƙuruciya, bayyanar da ba ta da sauƙi ko kuma rashin cikakken ilimi daga ƙwararrun likitoci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Au-Yeung |first=Sheena K |last2=Bradley |first2=Louise |last3=Robertson |first3=Ashley E |last4=Shaw |first4=Rebecca |last5=Baron-Cohen |first5=Simon |last6=Cassidy |first6=Sarah |date=14 December 2019 |title=Experience of mental health diagnosis and perceived misdiagnosis in autistic, possibly autistic and non-autistic adults |url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/250774/1/250774.pdf |journal=Autism |language=en |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=1508–1518 |doi=10.1177/1362361318818167 |issn=1362-3613 |pmid=30547677 |s2cid=56492460}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kondo |first=Tsuyoshi |date=November 2015 |title=How and Why is Autism Spectrum Disorder Misdiagnosed in Adult Patients? - From Diagnostic Problem to Management for Adjustment |url=http://mhfmjournal.com/open-access/how-and-why-is-autism-spectrum-disorder-misdiagnosed-in-adult-patients--from-diagnostic-problem-to-management-for-adjustment-.pdf |journal=Mental Health in Family Medicine |volume=11 |issue=2 |doi=10.25149/1756-8358.1102011 |s2cid=52228647 |access-date=2023-03-28 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328194350/http://mhfmjournal.com/open-access/how-and-why-is-autism-spectrum-disorder-misdiagnosed-in-adult-patients--from-diagnostic-problem-to-management-for-adjustment-.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sake duba gwajin da kansa kuma yana da maimaitawa da yawa: RAADS, RAADS-R, da RAADS-14. RAADS-14 ya bambanta sosai, wanda ya ƙunshi tambayoyi 14 da aka tsara zuwa fannoni uku: tunani na rashin ƙarfi, amsawar ji, da damuwa ta zamantakewa. RAADS-R, wanda aka sake dubawa a 2011 bayan ainihin a 2008, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ritvo |first=Riva Ariella |last2=Ritvo |first2=Edward R. |last3=Guthrie |first3=Donald |last4=Ritvo |first4=Max J. |last5=Hufnagel |first5=Demetra H. |last6=McMahon |first6=William |last7=Tonge |first7=Bruce |last8=Mataix-Cols |first8=David |last9=Jassi |first9=Amita |last10=Attwood |first10=Tony |last11=Eloff |first11=Johann |date=2011 |title=The Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised (RAADS-R): A Scale to Assist the Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adults: An International Validation Study |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=1076–1089 |doi=10.1007/s10803-010-1133-5 |issn=0162-3257 |pmc=3134766 |pmid=21086033}}</ref> yana da tambayoyi 80 da aka tsara zuwa fannoni huɗu: alaƙar zamantakewa, abubuwan da aka ƙayyade, harshe, da alamun motsin ji. Gwajin yana amfani da ma'aunin Likert mai maki huɗu inda mahalarta ke amsawa ga kalamai ta hanyar nuna lokacin da wani hali ko halayyar da aka fuskanta: "ba gaskiya ba ne", "gaskiya ne kawai lokacin da nake ƙarami (kafin shekaru 16)", "gaskiya ne kawai yanzu", ko "gaskiya yanzu da lokacin da nake ƙarami". <ref name="pmid21327833">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Andersen LM, Näswall K, Manouilenko I, Nylander L, Edgar J, Ritvo RA, Ritvo E, Bejerot S |date=December 2011 |title=The Swedish version of the Ritvo autism and asperger diagnostic scale: revised (RAADS-R). A validation study of a rating scale for adults |url= |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |volume=41 |issue=12 |pages=1635–45 |doi=10.1007/s10803-011-1191-3 |pmc=3217140 |pmid=21327833}}</ref> == Amfani == Ana iya samun RAADS-R kyauta, kuma galibi ana amfani da shi azaman hanyar tantance kai, yana ɗaukar kimanin mintuna 10-30 kafin a kammala. <ref name="RAADS-R">{{Cite web |last=Engelbrecht |first=Natalie |date=4 April 2020 |title=RAADS-R |url=https://embrace-autism.com/raads-r/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=embrace-autism.com}}</ref> Ritvo, wanda ya ƙirƙiri kimantawar, ya bayyana cewa gwajin gabaɗaya ya fi kyau a yi amfani da shi azaman kayan aikin asibiti wanda likita ya kammala tare da likita. Wannan kuma yana ba da damar sadarwa kai tsaye tsakanin majiyyaci da likita, wanda Ritvo ya bayyana a matsayin ƙarin amfani don dalilai na ganewar asali. Ana samun RAADS-R ta yanar gizo a cikin Ingilishi da Yaren mutanen [[Sweden]] kuma an fassara shi zuwa harsuna daban-daban don tantance daidaitonsa wajen gano ASD, <ref name="RAADS-R"/> ban da aikinsa idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan aikin ganewar asali. <ref name="dare.uva.nl">{{Cite journal |last=Sizoo |first=Bram B. |last2=Horwitz |first2=E. H. |last3=Teunisse |first3=J. P. |last4=Kan |first4=C. C. |last5=Vissers |first5=Ctwm |last6=Forceville |first6=Ejm |last7=Van Voorst |first7=Ajp |last8=Geurts |first8=H. M. |date=October 2015 |title=Predictive validity of self-report questionnaires in the assessment of autism spectrum disorders in adults |url=https://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/predictive-validity-of-selfreport-questionnaires-in-the-assessment-of-autism-spectrum-disorders-in-adults(06aa5c49-acf5-46e6-9e06-c04528a1f6a2).html |journal=Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice |volume=19 |issue=7 |pages=842–849 |doi=10.1177/1362361315589869 |issn=1461-7005 |pmid=26088060 |s2cid=6573623 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Lokacin da aka fassara shi ga mahalarta a [[Holand|Netherlands]], RAADS-R ya gano ASD daidai a cikin kashi 80% na shari'o'in, tare da babban larura sabanin wani ma'auni mai shahara, AQ . Sigar Faransanci <ref>{{Cite web |title=Test RAADS-R (version française) |url=https://flapping.fr/raads-r/}}</ref> ta RAADS-R <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Picot |first=Marie-Christine |last2=Michelon |first2=Cécile |last3=Bertet |first3=Héléna |last4=Pernon |first4=Eric |last5=Fiard |first5=Dominique |last6=Coutelle |first6=Romain |last7=Abbar |first7=Mocrane |last8=Attal |first8=Jérome |last9=Amestoy |first9=Anouck |last10=Duverger |first10=Philippe |last11=Ritvo |first11=Ariella Riva |last12=Ritvo |first12=Edward R. |last13=Baghdadli |first13=Amaria |date=2021-01-01 |title=The French Version of the Revised Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale: A Psychometric Validation and Diagnostic Accuracy Study |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |language=en |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=30–44 |doi=10.1007/s10803-020-04518-z |issn=1573-3432 |pmid=32347469 |s2cid=254571461}}</ref> tana nuna babban ma'auni na inganci da aminci wajen gano manya da ke da ASD. === Daidaiton ganewar asali === Wata fa'ida da RAADS-R ke da ita idan aka kwatanta da sauran gwaje-gwajen tantance autism da aka saba amfani da su ita ce tana da takamaiman tambayoyi waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan rashin lafiyar jiki da rashin lafiyar jiki, <ref name="dare.uva.nl"/> wanda ya yi daidai da sharuɗɗan ganewar asali a cikin DSM-5 . Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Kulawa ta Ƙasa, ko [[Nice|NICE]], <ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Sarah L |last2=Johnson |first2=Maria |last3=Alty |first3=Bronwen |last4=Adamou |first4=Marios |date=2021-09-11 |title=The Effectiveness of RAADS-R as a Screening Tool for Adult ASD Populations |journal=Autism Research and Treatment |volume=2021 |doi=10.1155/2021/9974791 |issn=2090-1925 |pmc=8452438 |pmid=34552768 |doi-access=free}}</ref>, wacce ke aiki a cikin Burtaniya, ta ba da shawarar RAADS-R don samar da jagororin kiwon lafiya na ƙasa baki ɗaya. Binciken da aka gudanar a ƙasashen Ingilishi ya duba ingancin gwajin RAADS-R, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brugha |first=Traolach |last2=Tyrer |first2=Freya |last3=Leaver |first3=Andrew |last4=Lewis |first4=Samantha |last5=Seaton |first5=Sarah |last6=Morgan |first6=Zoe |last7=Tromans |first7=Samuel |last8=Rensburg |first8=Kobus |date=March 2020 |title=Testing adults by questionnaire for social and communication disorders, including autism spectrum disorders, in an adult mental health service population |journal=International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/mpr.1814 |issn=1049-8931 |pmc=7051834 |pmid=31899844}}</ref> kuma ya gano cewa kayan aiki ne mai tasiri don hanzarta gano cutar tare da ayyukan lafiyar kwakwalwa na manya, amma bai kamata a yi amfani da shi a ware ba. Ƙarin bincike da aka buga a ''Autism'' a Amurka ya gano cewa gwajin gabaɗaya daidai ne. Shekarun mahalarta, jinsi, ganewar cutar autism, ko ganewar kai ba su shafi yadda suka amsa tambayoyin da aka gabatar ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sturm |first=Alexandra |last2=Huang |first2=Sijia |last3=Bal |first3=Vanessa |last4=Schwartzman |first4=Ben |date=2024-02-02 |title=Psychometric exploration of the RAADS-R with autistic adults: Implications for research and clinical practice |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13623613241228329 |journal=Autism |language=en |doi=10.1177/13623613241228329 |issn=1362-3613 |pmid=38305196 |s2cid=267381710 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Cututtuka masu alaƙa da juna === Ana iya ganin ƙarin amfani da gwajin RAADS-R tare da amfani da shi don gano cututtukan da ke tattare da juna, ko kuma wanzuwar cututtuka da yawa tare da alamun da ke haɗuwa waɗanda za a iya gano su a matsayin alamun ASD. An yi amfani da gwajin RAADS-R don tantance alamun autism da ke akwai a cikin waɗanda ke da matsalar cin abinci, kamar yadda wasu bincike <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vagni |first=David |last2=Moscone |first2=Davide |last3=Travaglione |first3=Sara |last4=Cotugno |first4=Armando |date=1 December 2016 |title=Using the Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised (RAADS-R) disentangle the heterogeneity of autistic traits in an Italian eating disorder population |journal=Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders |volume=32 |pages=143–155 |doi=10.1016/J.RASD.2016.10.002 |s2cid=151400476}}</ref> suka nuna yiwuwar alaƙa tsakanin matsalar cin abinci da ASD. Wannan ya faru ne saboda haɗuwa da kamanceceniya tsakanin su biyun da ke haifar da ƙalubale iri ɗaya, kamar waɗanda suka shafi ƙwarewar zamantakewa da sadarwa. An ƙirƙiri sigar gwajin ta Italiya don tantance yiwuwar alaƙa da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin matsalar cin abinci da ASD, kuma an gano cewa kashi 33% na marasa lafiya da ke da matsalar cin abinci suna da manyan halayen ASD, tare da RAADS-R yana nuna babban yarda. An kuma nuna cewa ASD tana taka rawa a cikin waɗanda ke da [[cutar bipolar]] da aka gano a tsakanin sauran cututtuka masu haɗari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carmassi |first=Claudia |last2=Bertelloni |first2=Carlo Antonio |last3=Salarpi |first3=Gianluca |last4=Diadema |first4=Elisa |last5=Avella |first5=Maria Teresa |last6=Dell'Oste |first6=Valerio |last7=Dell'Osso |first7=Liliana |date=2019-05-26 |title=Is There a Major Role for Undetected Autism Spectrum Disorder with Childhood Trauma in a Patient with a Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder, Self-Injuring, and Multiple Comorbidities? |journal=Case Reports in Psychiatry |language=en |volume=2019 |doi=10.1155/2019/4703795 |issn=2090-682X |pmc=6556326 |pmid=31249714 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan binciken ya bayyana wani amfani da RAADS-R ke yi wajen gano yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta, da kuma yiwuwar rasa ganewar asali a lokacin girma wanda za a iya gano shi ta amfani da gwajin, duk da yawan alamomin da ke haɗuwa. An yi amfani da RAADS-14, sigar tambaya 14 ta gwajin, don amfani a New Zealand. Gabaɗaya an tabbatar da cewa ma'auni ne mai inganci, wanda ke da alaƙa sosai da Autism Spectrum Quotient, ko AQ-10. Duk da haka, idan aka yi amfani da shi ga al'ummar New Zealand, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kember |first=Sarah M. |last2=Williams |first2=Matt N. |date=2021 |title=Autism in Aotearoa: Is the RAADS-14 a valid tool for a New Zealand population? |journal=European Journal of Psychological Assessment |volume=37 |issue=3 |doi=10.1027/1015-5759/a000598 |s2cid=235741023}}</ref> gwajin yana da babban tasiri, amma ba takamaiman bayani ba, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin adadin tabbataccen ƙarya lokacin da kawai aka dogara da sakamakon gwaji. Marubutan binciken da ke sama sun bayyana yiwuwar ci gaba ga RAADS-14 ta hanyar gyara halayensa na tunani don dacewa da takamaiman ƙungiyar al'adu. == Iyakoki == Akwai wasu iyakoki kaɗan ga gwajin RAADS waɗanda suka sa yake da mahimmanci a yi amfani da shi tare da hanyoyin bincike na asibiti na ƙwararru. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brugha |first=Traolach |last2=Tyrer |first2=Freya |last3=Leaver |first3=Andrew |last4=Lewis |first4=Samantha |last5=Seaton |first5=Sarah |last6=Morgan |first6=Zoe |last7=Tromans |first7=Samuel |last8=Rensburg |first8=Kobus |date=March 2020 |title=Testing adults by questionnaire for social and communication disorders, including autism spectrum disorders, in an adult mental health service population |journal=International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research |volume=29 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/mpr.1814 |pmc=7051834 |pmid=31899844 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wasu iyakoki na iya haɗawa da yin tambayoyi ba daidai ba ko rashin fahimta, rashin sani ko kuma yawan bayar da rahoton alamun, da kuma alamun iri ɗaya waɗanda aka kimanta su a matakai daban-daban na "rashin hankali" a cikin ayyukan yau da kullun. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ritvo |first=Riva Ariella |last2=Ritvo |first2=Edward R. |last3=Guthrie |first3=Donald |last4=Ritvo |first4=Max J. |last5=Hufnagel |first5=Demetra H. |last6=McMahon |first6=William |last7=Tonge |first7=Bruce |last8=Mataix-Cols |first8=David |last9=Jassi |first9=Amita |last10=Attwood |first10=Tony |last11=Eloff |first11=Johann |date=August 2011 |title=The Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised (RAADS-R): A Scale to Assist the Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adults: An International Validation Study |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=1076–1089 |doi=10.1007/s10803-010-1133-5 |pmc=3134766 |pmid=21086033 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gwajin RAADS ya nuna daidaito ne kawai a yanayin asibiti. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Conner |first=Caitlin M. |last2=Cramer |first2=Ryan D. |last3=McGonigle |first3=John J. |date=2019 |title=Examining the Diagnostic Validity of Autism Measures Among Adults in an Outpatient Clinic Sample |journal=Autism in Adulthood |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=60–68 |doi=10.1089/aut.2018.0023 |issn=2573-9581 |pmc=8992806 |pmid=36600688}}</ref> An kuma nuna cewa yana buƙatar ƙarin nazarin ilimi saboda yuwuwar dawo da sakamako na ƙarya. <ref name="ReferenceA"/> A cikin kimantawa kan ingancin tantancewar RAADS-R tsakanin mahalarta 50, babu wata alaƙa tsakanin sakamakon RAADS-R da kuma gano cutar autism a nan gaba. <ref name="ReferenceB"/> == Manazarta == i6bzlr7t5e0z16e69j6bp1hno5n9jhp 0 155773 883356 865855 2026-07-15T09:29:09Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 883356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tabbatar da zamantakewa''' (ko '''tasirin zamantakewa na bayanai''' ) wani lamari ne [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|na tunani]] da zamantakewa inda mutane ke kwaikwayon ayyukan wasu wajen zaɓar yadda za su yi aiki a wani yanayi. Robert Cialdini ne ya ƙirƙiro kalmar a cikin littafinsa na 1984 ''Tasiri: Kimiyya da Aiki'' . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ana amfani da hujjar zamantakewa a cikin yanayi mai rikitarwa na zamantakewa inda mutane ba za su iya tantance ''yanayin'' da ya dace ba, kuma ana yin hakan ne ta hanyar zato cewa mutanen da ke kewaye da su suna da ƙarin ilimi game da yanayin da ake ciki a yanzu. Ana iya ganin tasirin tasirin zamantakewa a cikin yanayin manyan ƙungiyoyi na bin ƙa'ida. Ana kiran wannan a cikin wasu wallafe-wallafe a matsayin ''halin garken'' . Kodayake shaidar zamantakewa tana nuna dalili mai ma'ana don la'akari da bayanan da wasu ke da su, bincike na yau da kullun ya nuna cewa yana iya sa mutane su haɗu da sauri kan zaɓi ɗaya daban, don haka shawarwarin manyan ƙungiyoyi na mutane na iya zama tushen ƙaramin bayani (duba jerin bayanai ). Hujjar zamantakewa nau'i ne na daidaito . Idan mutum yana cikin yanayi inda ba shi da tabbas game da hanyar da ta dace ta yin aiki, sau da yawa yakan nemi wasu alamu game da ɗabi'ar da ta dace. Lokacin da "muka bi domin mun yi imani cewa fassarar wasu game da wani yanayi mai rikitarwa ya fi namu daidai kuma zai taimaka mana mu zaɓi hanyar da ta dace ta aiki", tasirin zamantakewa ne na bayanai. Wannan an kwatanta shi da tasirin zamantakewa na yau da kullun inda mutum ya yarda da son wasu ko kuma ya karɓe shi. Shaidar zamantakewa sau da yawa ba wai kawai tana haifar da bin ƙa'idodin jama'a ba (ta hanyar bin ɗabi'un wasu a bainar jama'a ba tare da la'akari da cewa daidai ne ba) har ma da yarda ta sirri (ta hanyar imani na gaske cewa wasu daidai ne). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kelman |first=H. C. |date=1 March 1958 |title=Compliance, identification, and internalization three processes of attitude change |journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=51–60 |doi=10.1177/002200275800200106 |s2cid=145642577}}</ref> Shaidar zamantakewa ta fi ƙarfi lokacin da daidaito ya fi muhimmanci da kuma lokacin da aka ɗauke wasu a matsayin masu ilimi musamman. == Tsarin aiki == === Rashin tabbas game da cikakkiyar ƙarshe === Rashin tabbas babban abu ne da ke ƙarfafa amfani da shaidar zamantakewa. Wani bincike ya gano cewa lokacin da ake kimanta samfur, masu amfani da kayayyaki sun fi haɗa ra'ayoyin wasu ta hanyar amfani da shaidar zamantakewa lokacin da abubuwan da suka fuskanta da samfurin ba su da tabbas, wanda hakan ke barin rashin tabbas game da ainihin ƙarshen da ya kamata su yanke. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wooten |first=D |last2=Reed II, A |date=1 January 1998 |title=Informational Influence and the Ambiguity of Product Experience: Order Effects on the Weighting of Evidence |journal=Journal of Consumer Psychology |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=79–99 |doi=10.1207/s15327663jcp0701_04}}</ref> === Kamanceceniya da ƙungiyar da ke kewaye === Kamanceceniya kuma tana motsa amfani da shaidar zamantakewa; idan mutum ya fahimci kansa a matsayin wanda ya yi kama da mutanen da ke kewaye da shi, zai fi yiwuwa ya rungumi kuma ya fahimci cewa yana gyara halayen waɗannan mutanen. An lura da wannan a fannoni kamar amfani da waƙoƙin dariya, inda mahalarta za su yi dariya na tsawon lokaci idan suka ga mutanen suna dariya kamar kansu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Platow |first=Michael J. |last2=Haslam, S. Alexander |last3=Both, Amanda |last4=Chew, Ivanne |last5=Cuddon, Michelle |last6=Goharpey, Nahal |last7=Maurer, Jacqui |last8=Rosini, Simone |last9=Tsekouras, Anna |last10=Grace, Diana M. |date=1 September 2005 |title='It's not funny if they're laughing': Self-categorization, social influence, and responses to canned laughter |journal=Journal of Experimental Social Psychology |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=542–550 |doi=10.1016/j.jesp.2004.09.005 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Shaidar zamantakewa kuma ɗaya ce daga cikin ƙa'idodi shida na lallashi na Robert Cialdini, (tare da ramawa, sadaukarwa/daidaituwa, iko, so, da ƙarancin kuɗi) wanda ke da'awar cewa mutane suna da yuwuwar yin wasu ayyuka musamman idan za su iya hulɗa da mutanen da suka yi irin waɗannan ayyukan a gabansu. <ref name="Cialdini 2001 72–79">{{Cite journal |last=Cialdini |first=Robert B. |date=October 2001 |title=Harnessing the science of persuasion |journal=Harvard Business Review |volume=79 |issue=9 |pages=72–79}}</ref> Wani gwaji da ya misalta wannan iƙirarin an gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar masu bincike waɗanda suka shiga wani kamfen na sadaka na ƙofa zuwa ƙofa, waɗanda suka gano cewa idan jerin waɗanda suka bayar da gudummawa a baya sun fi tsayi, mutumin da aka nema na gaba shi ma zai iya bayar da gudummawa. Wannan yanayin ya fi bayyana lokacin da sunayen da ke cikin jerin masu bayar da gudummawa mutane ne da mai ba da gudummawa ya sani, kamar abokai da maƙwabta. <ref name="Cialdini 2001 72–79" /> Ka'idar Cialdini kuma ta tabbatar da cewa ikon takwarorinsu yana da tasiri saboda mutane sun fi mayar da martani ga dabarun tasiri da aka yi amfani da su a kwance maimakon a tsaye, don haka mutane suna iya shawo kan abokin aiki fiye da wanda ya fi shi. <ref name="Cialdini 2001 72–79" /> == Bincike == === Binciken farko === Binciken da ya fi shahara game da shaidar zamantakewa shine gwajin Muzafer Sherif na 1935. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sherif |first=M |year=1935 |title=A study of some social factors in perception |journal=Archives of Psychology |volume=27 |page=187}}</ref> A cikin wannan gwajin, an sanya mutane a cikin [[ɗaki]] mai duhu kuma an nemi su kalli digo na haske kimanin ƙafa 15 daga nesa. Sai aka tambaye su nawa ne digo na haske ke motsawa, a cikin inci,. A zahiri ba ya motsawa kwata-kwata, amma saboda tasirin autokinetic, ya bayyana yana motsawa. Nawa hasken yake motsawa ya bambanta daga mutum zuwa mutum amma gabaɗaya yana daidai akan lokaci ga kowane mutum. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan haka, an gudanar da wani ɓangare na biyu na gwajin. An haɗa kowane mutum da wasu mutane biyu kuma an nemi su yi kiyasin su da babbar murya game da adadin hasken yana motsawa. Ko da yake mutanen sun riga sun ba da kiyasi daban-daban, ƙungiyoyin za su zo ga kiyasi ɗaya. Don kawar da yiwuwar cewa mutanen suna ba wa ƙungiyar amsa ne kawai don guje wa yin kama da wauta yayin da har yanzu suna da yakinin cewa kiyasin su na asali daidai ne, Sherif ya sa mutanen su sake yin hukunci kan fitilun da kansu bayan yin hakan a cikin ƙungiyar. Sun ci gaba da hukuncin ƙungiyar. Saboda motsin hasken ba shi da tabbas, mahalarta sun dogara ga junansu don fayyace gaskiya. Wani bincike ya duba tasirin zamantakewa a cikin gano shaidu . An nuna wa waɗanda abin ya shafa hoton "mai laifin". Daga nan aka nuna musu hoton jerin mutane huɗu, ɗaya daga cikinsu shi ne wanda ya aikata laifin da suka gani, aka kuma nemi su cire shi. Aikin ya yi wahala har ya kai ga rashin tabbas ta hanyar gabatar da hotunan cikin sauri. An yi aikin a cikin ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi mutum ɗaya na gaske da ƙungiyoyi uku (mutum yana aiki a matsayin wanda abin ya shafa amma a zahiri yana aiki ga mai gwajin). Ƙungiyoyin sun amsa da farko kuma dukkan ukun sun ba da amsar da ba daidai ba. A cikin yanayi mai mahimmanci na gwajin, an gaya wa waɗanda abin ya shafa cewa suna shiga cikin gwajin gaske na ƙwarewar gano shaidu wanda sassan 'yan sanda da kotuna za su yi amfani da shi, kuma sakamakonsu zai kafa ƙa'ida don aiki. A cikin yanayi mara mahimmanci, an gaya wa waɗanda abin ya shafa cewa har yanzu ana haɓaka aikin zane kuma masu gwajin ba su san menene ƙa'ida don aiki ba - suna neman alamu masu amfani don inganta aikin. An gano cewa lokacin da waɗanda abin ya shafa suka yi tunanin cewa aikin yana da matuƙar muhimmanci, sun fi dacewa su bi ka'idojin, wanda hakan ya ba wa ƙungiyar amsar da ba ta dace ba kashi 51% na lokacin, sabanin kashi 35% na lokacin da ba su da mahimmanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baron |first=Robert S. |last2=Vandello, Joseph A. |last3=Brunsman, Bethany |date=1 January 1996 |title=The forgotten variable in conformity research: Impact of task importance on social influence. |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=915–927 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.71.5.915}}</ref> === Tasirin al'adu akan shaidar zamantakewa === Ƙarfin shaidar zamantakewa kuma ya bambanta a cikin al'adu daban-daban. Misali, bincike ya nuna cewa batutuwa a cikin al'adun haɗin kai sun fi dacewa da shaidar zamantakewa ta wasu fiye da waɗanda ke cikin al'adun haɗin kai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bond |first=Rod |last2=Peter B. Smith |year=1996 |title=Culture and Conformity: A Meta-analysis of Studies Using Asch's (1952, 1956) Line Judgment Task |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=119 |pages=111–137 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.111}}</ref> Ko da yake wannan yanayin yana sake faruwa, akwai shaida da ke nuna cewa waɗannan sakamakon sauƙi ne, kuma cewa halin mutum ɗaya na mutum ɗaya mai zaman kansa yana da tasiri kan shawarwarinsa. <ref name="Cialdini 1999 1242–1253">{{Cite journal |last=Cialdini |first=Robert B. |last2=Wosinska, W. |last3=Barett, D. W. |last4=Gornik-Durose, M. |date=October 1999 |title=Compliance with a request in two cultures: The differential influence of social proof and commitment/consistency on collectivists and individualists |journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1242–1253 |doi=10.1177/0146167299258006 |s2cid=143225569}}</ref> Ƙarin canje-canje, kamar fahimtar alhakin zamantakewa na mutum ɗaya, ya kamata a yi la'akari da su don fahimtar hanyoyin shaidar zamantakewa a cikin al'adu; misali, mutane da yawa masu haɗin kai sau da yawa za su sami ƙarin tilas na taimaka wa wasu saboda sanin da suka yi game da alhakin zamantakewa, kuma wannan zai ƙara yiwuwar su bi buƙatun, ba tare da la'akari da shawarar takwarorinsu na baya ba. <ref name="Cialdini 1999 1242–1253" /> === Kashe kai na kwafi === An gabatar da hujjar zamantakewa a matsayin bayani game da kisan kai na kwafi, inda yawan kashe kansa ke karuwa bayan wallafa labarai game da kashe kansa a kafafen yada labarai. Wani bincike da aka yi amfani da shi wajen yin samfurin wakili ya nuna cewa kashe kansa na kwafi yana da yuwuwar faruwa idan akwai kamanceceniya tsakanin mutumin da ke da hannu a kisan kai da aka yada da kuma yiwuwar masu kwafi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mesoudi |first=Alex |last2=Jones, James Holland |year=2009 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=James Holland |title=The Cultural Dynamics of Copycat Suicide |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=9 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.7252M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0007252 |pmc=2748702 |pmid=19789643 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, binciken da David Phillips ya gudanar tsakanin 1947 da 1968 ya ƙara tabbatar da wanzuwar kashe kansa na kwafi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoffmann-Richter |first=Ulrike |last2=Schenker |first2=Tanja |last3=Finzen |first3=Asmus |last4=Dittmann |first4=Volker |last5=Kraeuchi |first5=Kurt |last6=Hoffmann-Richter |first6=Ulrike |date=Summer 2003 |title=The Werther Effect and Assisted Suicide |journal=Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=192–200 |doi=10.1521/suli.33.2.192.22768 |pmid=12882420}}</ref> == Misalai == === Tarihi === An ɗauki karɓuwa da shaharar furannin tulip a [[Holand|Netherlands]] da Jamus bayan da Conrad Gessner ya shigo da su daga Constantinople a shekara ta 1559 a matsayin misali na salon da aka yaɗa ta hanyar shaidar zamantakewa. === A cikin nishaɗi === A wasu lokutan gidajen wasan kwaikwayo suna amfani da 'yan kallo na musamman waɗanda aka umarce su da su yi wa mutane gaisuwa a lokutan da aka tsara. Yawanci, waɗannan mutane ne suke yin tafi da farko, sauran masu kallo kuma suna biyo baya. Masu sauraro marasa ƙwarewa na iya ɗaukar irin waɗannan gaisuwa a matsayin alamun ingancin wasan kwaikwayon. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin, gidajen talabijin sun gano cewa suna iya ƙara "ban dariya" da ake ji a shirin ta hanyar kunna waƙar dariya da aka riga aka yi rikodi a muhimman lokutan. Sun gano cewa duk da cewa masu kallo suna ganin waƙar dariya tana da ban haushi, suna ganin shirye-shiryen da ke amfani da dariya a cikin gwangwani don su fi ban dariya fiye da waɗanda ba sa yi. === A cikin kasuwancin e-commerce === A cikin kasuwancin e-commerce, shaidar zamantakewa tana ɗaukar nau'in shaidu masu kyau daga abokan ciniki na baya. Nuna waɗannan shaidun yana ɗaya daga cikin dabarun da aka gano suna da tasiri wajen ƙarfafa kwastomomi masu yuwuwa su yi rijista. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roethke |first=Konstantin |last2=Klumpe |first2=Johannes |last3=Adam |first3=Martin |last4=Benlian |first4=Alexander |date=2020-04-01 |title=Social influence tactics in e-commerce onboarding: The role of social proof and reciprocity in affecting user registrations |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167923620300233 |journal=Decision Support Systems |language=en |volume=131 |doi=10.1016/j.dss.2020.113268 |issn=0167-9236 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Lina |last2=Roy |first2=Abhijit |last3=Niculescu |first3=Mihai |date=2022-03-16 |title=A Dual Process Model of the Influence of Recommender Systems on Purchase Intentions in Online Shopping Environments |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15332861.2022.2049113 |journal=Journal of Internet Commerce |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=432–453 |doi=10.1080/15332861.2022.2049113 |issn=1533-2861 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === A shafukan sada zumunta === Ana amfani da hujjojin zamantakewa a shafukan sada zumunta kamar [[Twitter|X]] (wanda a da ake kira Twitter), [[Fezbuk|Facebook]], [[Instagram]] da [[YouTube]] . Yawan mabiya, magoya baya, ra'ayoyi, so, abubuwan da aka fi so, har ma da tsokaci da mai amfani ya yi, yana da tasiri mai kyau ga yadda sauran masu amfani ke ganin su. Ana ɗaukar mai amfani da X mai mabiya miliyan ɗaya a matsayin wanda ya fi aminci da kuma daraja fiye da mai amfani iri ɗaya mai mabiya dubu, wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar mabiya cikin sauri da kuma ƙaruwar hulɗa da kuma yawan dannawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Using Social Proof for your Digital Success ϟ Devumi |url=https://devumi.top/social-proof-in-digital-success/ |access-date=2015-10-01 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4sky4jmghn3l3vsumzqaeo1dkn0o1pi 0 156123 883145 852136 2026-07-15T02:21:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883145 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist}} == Tarihi == === Kafawa === An fara gabatar da kafa Bankin kasuwanci na cikin gida a cikin Maldives a shekarar 1979. A cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa, Gwamnatin Maldives ta gudanar da shawarwari tare da Kamfanin Kudi da Zuba Jari na Duniya na Bangladesh (Bankin IFIC) don kafa bankin hadin gwiwa. Daraktan Kudi na lokacin, Ismail Fathy ne ya jagoranci tattaunawar.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=11 November 2022 |title=Bank of Maldives marks 40th anniversary |url=https://psmnews.mv/en/115105 |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=PSM News}}</ref> Bankin Maldives an kaddamar da shi a hukumance a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1982 ta Shugaba Maumoon Abdul Gayoom . A lokacin da aka kafa shi, [[Maldives|Gwamnatin Maldivian]] ce ke riƙe da kashi 60% na hannun jari kuma Bankin IFIC ne ke riƙe da shi.<ref name=":5"/> === Yaduwar ƙasa === Bankin ya buɗe reshen farko a waje da [[Malé]] a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1983, a Gan, Addu Atoll. Wannan ya nuna wani yunkuri na dabarun yin hidima ga cibiyar yawan jama'a ta kudu a kasar. An kafa reshe na biyu a Naifaru, Lhaviyani Atoll, a cikin 1990, yana fadada kasancewar bankin a cikin tsibirin arewa.<ref name="bml20242">{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2024 |url=https://www.bankofmaldives.com.mv/storage/document/1566/9357/annual-report-2024-en.pdf |access-date=15 June 2025 |publisher=Bank of Maldives}}</ref> A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka biyo baya, Bankin Maldives ya ci gaba da fadada hanyar sadarwarsa a duk faɗin ƙasar. A shekara ta 2016, ta kafa akalla reshe daya a kowane tsibirin Maldives 20.<ref name="bml20242"/> Ya zuwa 2025, bankin yana aiki da rassan 39, cibiyoyin banki na kai 100, ATM 165, kuma yana kula da cibiyar sadarwa ta wakilai sama da 200 a duk faɗin Maldives.<ref name="bml20242"/> === Ayyukan dijital === Bankin Maldives ya gabatar da na'urori masu sarrafa kansa na farko (ATMs) na ƙasar a cikin Janairu 2000, tare da Katin Kuɗi na BML, katin zare kudi na farko a cikin gida. Bankin ya kuma ƙaddamar da hanyar sadarwa ta farko ta Point-of-Sale (POS) ta Maldives a wannan lokacin. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Maldives |first=Corporate |date=2024-02-01 |title=BML's 41 Years: Navigating the Seas of Financial Innovation |url=https://corporatemaldives.com/spotlight/bmls-41-years-navigating-the-seas-of-financial-innovation/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=corporatemaldives.com |language=en-US}}</ref> An gabatar da ayyukan Bankin Intanet don kasuwanci a cikin 2007, sannan Bankin Intanat na sirri a cikin 2015 tare da aikace-aikacen Bankin Mobile na farko na ƙasar, yana bawa kwastomomi damar samun damar ayyukan banki ta hanyar wayoyin salula.<ref name=":4"/><ref name="bml2021">{{Cite web |date=19 June 2021 |title=Bank of Maldives introduces Mobile Banking App with new features |url=https://www.bankofmaldives.com.mv/articles/432/bank-of-maldives-introduces-mobile-banking-app-with-new-features |access-date=15 June 2025 |publisher=Bank of Maldives}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Bankin Maldives ya ƙaddamar da BML MobilePay, Aikace-aikacen biyan kuɗi na QR, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarinsa na haɓaka ma'amaloli marasa kuɗi. Bankin tun daga lokacin ya fadada tsarin halittu na dijital tare da fasalulluka kamar buɗe asusun kan layi, bayar da katin nan take, canja wurin walat-to-wallet, NFC-a-halitta "tap to pay," da kuma tallafin banki na kan layi 24/7 . <ref name="bml2021"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-23 |title=BML introduces Digital Wallet on Mobile Banking App |url=https://psmnews.mv/en/103147 |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=PSMnews.mv |language=en}}</ref> == Kayayyaki da ayyuka == === Ayyukan Katin === A shekarar 2004, '''katunan American Express''' su ne katin bashi na farko da '''BML''' ta fitar, sannan kuma aka biyo da '''katin cire kudi (Debit card)''' na American Express. Yau, tare da kasancewa kadai mai ba da katunan American Express a '''Maldives''', bankin yana ba da katuna daga manyan abokan hulɗar katunan ƙasa da ƙasa, '''Visa''' da '''Mastercard'''. === Bankin Intanet === Ya biyo bayan matakin gabatarwa na farko don kasuwanci a cikin 2007, an fitar da banki na intanet ga duk abokan ciniki na Bankin Maldives a cikin 2015. === Bankin wayar hannu === Manhajar banki ta BML Mobile ita ce manhajar banki ta farko da wani bankin gida ya kaddamar a Maldives. BML MobilePay, app na biyan kuɗin bankin, an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2017 kuma a cikin 2022, bankin ya haɗa app ɗin banki da biyan kuɗi zuwa ɗaya. Ana samun sabis ɗin biyan kuɗi mara lamba da sabis na canja wurin walat zuwa walat ta hanyar aikace-aikacen banki. === Bankin sabis na kai === A shekara ta 2000, an shigar da ATM guda huɗu, wanda ke nuna farkon banki na kai tsaye a kasar. Bankin yanzu yana da babbar hanyar sadarwa tare da rassa 42 da cibiyoyin sabis a duk faɗin tsibirai 20, Cibiyoyin Bankin Ayyukan Kai 156, ATM 215, sama da wakilai 200 da cikakken sabis na banki na dijital. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, an gabatar da ATMs na farko na USD a Maldives. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=7 November 2022 |title=Nationwide expansion |url=https://www.facebook.com/bankofmaldives/posts/nationwide-expansion-was-always-on-the-horizon-with-the-first-atoll-based-branch/5490636164389313/ |access-date=2 November 2024 |via=Facebook |agency=Bank of Maldives}}</ref> === Bankin kasuwanci === BML tana ba da sabis na banki da aka tsara don abokan cinikin su, wanda ya haɗa da banki na intanet, sabis na biyan kuɗi, kasuwanci na duniya da sabis na kasuwanci.<ref name="Corporate Maldives">{{Cite web |title=Bank of Maldives |url=https://corporatemaldives.com/gold100/bank-of-maldives/ |access-date=2 November 2024 |website=Corporate Maldives}}</ref> Bankin kuma yana da cibiyar kasuwanci ta sadaukar da kai. Ga manyan kamfanoni, BML tana ba da sabis na banki na kamfanoni. == Hakkin zamantakewar kamfanoni == Tallafin Bankin ga al'ummomi yana ci gaba ta hanyar Asusun Al'umma, zaman karatu da rubutu na kudi a duk faɗin ƙasar, tallafi ga Mutanen da ke da nakasa da haɗin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyin agaji. == Shekaru 40 na hidima == Don bikin cika shekaru 40 da kafuwa, BML ta gudanar da ayyuka 12 na kowane wata don tallafawa al'umma. Yunkurin farko shi ne Asusun ba da tallafin karatu na BML, asusu na shekara-shekara da nufin haɓaka ƴan Maldibiya a fannin banki da kuɗi. Sauran shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da Tallafin Farawa, Kyautar Gidaje, Ƙananan Grant, Shirin Fehi, Malaman Wasanni, dandalin tara kuɗi da kirki, hackathon da dakin gwaje-gwaje na ƙididdigewa, tallafi ga Maldives National Museum, National Library, Oncology ward a IGMH da Gida ga Mutane masu Bukatu na Musamman. <ref>{{Cite web |title=40th Anniversary |url=https://www.bankofmaldives.com.mv/40th-anniversary |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Bank of Maldives}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == BML ta karbi "Matsayin Ma'aikacin Asiya" daga Majalisar HRD ta Duniya da Cibiyar Ma'aikaci na Shekaru hudu a jere. Bankin ya kuma sami "Global Business Excellence Award for Outstanding Community Initiative" don Bankin Dhoni a cikin 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=News: Maldives Floating Bank Gets International Award |url=https://maldivesfinest.com/maldives-floating-bank-gets-award |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=maldivesfinest.com}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Bankin ya sami "Mafi Kyawun Bankin Bankin a cikin Tekun Indiya" a cikin kyaututtuka na shekara-shekara da Capital Finance International London ta bayar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2016 |title=Bank of Maldives: Most Innovative Banking Team Indian Ocean 2016 |url=https://cfi.co/awards/asia-pacific/2016/bank-maldives-innovative-banking-team-indian-ocean-2016/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=CFI.co |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rikici == A ranar 25 ga watan Agustan 2024, BML ta dakatar da ma'amaloli na kasashen waje a kan katunan zare kudi, wani yunkuri wanda ya haifar da tsoro ga mutanen Maldives da ke zaune a kasashen waje. A wannan rana, BML ta sauya dakatarwar kuma ta koma ga manufofin da ta gabata. shugaban Maldives Mohamed Muizzu tare da Ministan Tattalin Arziki Mohamed Saeed ya yi la'akari da wannan dakatarwar a matsayin 'juyin mulki na kudi'.<ref name=":2" /> Muizzu da Saeed sun kuma yi zargin cewa Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Maldivian tana da alaƙa da juyin mulkin duk da cewa ba a nuna wata shaida ba.<ref name=":3" /> Ba a kama kowa ba dangane da juyin mulkin. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite web |title=Digital technology key to future success, BML says |url=https://avas.mv/en/56566 |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=avas.mv |publisher=Avas |language=en}} * {{Cite web |date=11 April 2019 |title=Bank Of Maldives continues winning streak with MVR1.6bn in profits |url=https://mbr.mv/5047/ |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=mbr.mv |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224082334/https://mbr.mv/5047 |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite web |title=Investor Relations |url=https://www.bankofmaldives.com.mv/investor-relations |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=Bank of Maldives}} am7powybwmdaqvtjd6d6l5lafzbutpm 0 156253 883130 852698 2026-07-15T00:21:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Babban Jami'in (Japanese: 幼女 shugaban, Hepburn: Yōjo Shachō; lit. "Little Girl President") jerin wasan kwaikwayo ne na Japan wanda Odeko Fujii ya shirya. An tsara shi a kan layi ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon Curazy [[manga]] tun daga watan Janairun 2018 kuma [[Kadokawa Shoten]] ya tattara shi a cikin kundin {{Transl|ja|[[tankōbon]]}} guda uku. Hakanan yana samuwa a shafin yanar gizon ComicWalker na Kadokawa Shoten. An fara gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na asali (ONA) ta hanyar Project No.9 a watan Janairun 2021, tare da kakar wasa ta biyu daga Yuli zuwa Satumba 2023. == Halin da ake kira == ; Najimu Mujina (六科なじむ, Mujina Najimu) : Voiced by: Rina Hidaka<ref name="ANN1">{{Cite web |last=Sherman |first=Jennifer |date=October 1, 2020 |title=Yōjo Shachō Comedy Anime Announces Cast, Staff |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-10-01/yojo-shacho-comedy-anime-announces-cast-staff/.164779 |access-date=October 2, 2020 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> ; Yuki Karuizawa (Fen, Karuizawa Yuki) ) : Voiced by: Sumire Uesaka<ref name="ANN1" /> ; Mayu Warito (Yana da kyau, Warito Mayu) : Voiced by: Hisako Kanemoto<ref name="ANN1" /> ; Garcia Dekasegi (Yana da kuma karɓar karɓar karɓa, Dekasegi Garushia) : Voiced by: Sayaka Kaneko<ref name="ANN1" /> ; Riya Motohashi (元橋リヤ, Motohashi Riya) : Voiced by: Chinami Hashimoto<ref name="ANN2">{{Cite web |last=Mateo |first=Alex |date=November 5, 2020 |title=Yōjo Shachō Comedy Anime Reveals Additional Cast, Visual |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-11-05/yojo-shacho-comedy-anime-reveals-additional-cast-visual/.166019 |access-date=November 5, 2020 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> ; Nowani (野ワニ, Nowani) ) : Voiced by: Aoi Koga<ref name="ANN2" /> ; Complaining Customer (クレーック, Kurвла) : Voiced by: Tomokazu Sugita<ref name="ANN3">{{Cite web |last=Loo |first=Egan |date=December 1, 2020 |title=Yōjo Shachō Comedy Anime's Promo Video Reveals More Cast, Theme Songs, January 1 Net Debut |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-12-01/yojo-shacho-comedy-anime-promo-video-reveals-more-cast-theme-songs-january-1-net-debut/.166894 |access-date=December 1, 2020 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> ; Mr. Corn Potage (コンポタおじさん, Konpota Oji san) : Voiced by: Chō<ref name="ANN3" /> ; Bakery Manager (パン屋の店主, Panya no tenshu) : Voiced by: Hōchū Ōtsuka<ref name="ANN3" /> ; Garcia’s Mother (Har ila yau, yarinya, yarinya) : Voiced by: Aya Hisakawa<ref name="ANN3" /> ; Fat Salaryman (太リーマン, Futoriiman) : Voiced by: Kazuyuki Okitsu<ref name="ANN3" /> ; Tanryūsai Suda (須田丹龍斎) : Voiced by: Tesshō Genda<ref name="ANN3" /> ; TV Director (Kayan aiki, Terebi D) : Voiced by: Jun Fukuyama<ref name="ANN3" /> ; Designer (Girgin, Dezainā) : Voiced by: Kotori Koiwai<ref name="ANN3" /> ; Najimu's Mother (なじむの母, Najimu no haha) : Voiced by: Yukari Tamura<ref name="ANN3" /> ; Yoshine Fudō : Voiced by: Ikumi Hasegawa<ref name="ANN4">{{Cite web |last=Loo |first=Egan |date=September 18, 2022 |title=Cute Executive Officer Anime Gets Sequel in Early 2023 |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-09-18/cute-executive-officer-anime-gets-sequel-in-early-2023/.189858 |access-date=September 18, 2022 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> ; Ray Okano : Voiced by: Yui Ogura<ref name="ANN4" /> ; Mugaku Hamaoka : Voiced by: Akio Otsuka<ref name="ANN4" /> ; Yamada-san ; Dokudakomaru == Kafofin watsa labarai == {{Graphic novel list/header|{{Graphic novel list | VolumeNumber = 1 | OriginalRelDate = April 26, 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kadokawa.co.jp/product/321812000786/|title=幼女社長|publisher=[[Kadokawa Corporation|Kadokawa]]|accessdate=January 4, 2021|language=Japanese}}</ref> | OriginalISBN = 978-4-04-065688-5 | ChapterList = | Summary = }} {{Graphic novel list | VolumeNumber = 2 | OriginalRelDate = November 15, 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kadokawa.co.jp/product/321906000417/|title=幼女社長２|publisher=Kadokawa|accessdate=January 4, 2021|language=Japanese}}</ref> | OriginalISBN = 978-4-04-064103-4 | ChapterList = | Summary = }} {{Graphic novel list | VolumeNumber = 3 | OriginalRelDate = January 14, 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kadokawa.co.jp/product/322010000760/|title=幼女社長３|publisher=Kadokawa|accessdate=January 4, 2021|language=Japanese}}</ref> | OriginalISBN = 978-4-04-680221-7 | ChapterList = | Summary = }}|OneLanguage=yes|Width=69%}} === Anime === Odeko Fujii ya sanar da karbuwa ta anime a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Loo |first=Egan |date=September 30, 2020 |title=Yōjo Shachō Comedy Manga About 5-Year-Old Company President Gets Anime |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-09-30/yojo-shacho-comedy-manga-about-5-year-old-company-president-gets-anime/.164713 |access-date=October 2, 2020 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Daga baya aka bayyana shi a matsayin asali net animation (ONA) a watan Disamba na 2020. <ref name="ANN3"/> Shirin No.9 ne ya shirya jerin kuma Kazuya Iwata ne ya ba da umarni, tare da Satoru Sugizawa da ke kula da jerin abubuwan da suka faru, Susumu Watanabe da ke tsara haruffa, kuma H Zett M da ke tsara waƙoƙin jerin.<ref name="ANN1"/> Ya fara yawo a kan layi a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2021, ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon anime da asusun Twitter. Waƙar buɗewa ita ce "Maris Onward! Kamfanin Mujina" (Qawata!むじなパニー; "Susume! Mujina Kanpanī") wanda Neko Hacker ya yi, tare da Najimu Mujina (Rina Hidaka), Mayu Warito (Hisako Kanemoto), Yuki Karuizawa (Sumire Uesaka) da Garcia Dekasegi (Sayaka Kaneko), yayin da waƙar ƙarshe ita ce "Bari mu Komai Aiki!" (Qawaya Ni Kaerō!") wanda Mayuito Koi Kot Kot Kot Kot<ref name="ANN3" /> Sentai Filmworks ya ba da lasisi ga wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 22, 2020 |title=SENTAI RECRUITS "CUTE EXECUTIVE OFFICER" TO LINEUP |url=https://www.sentaifilmworks.com/a/news/sentai-recruits-cute-executive-officer-to-lineup |access-date=December 22, 2020 |website=Sentai Filmworks |archive-date=December 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222174538/https://www.sentaifilmworks.com/a/news/sentai-recruits-cute-executive-officer-to-lineup |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sun sake shi ta hanyar gyara dukkan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin cikakken lokaci guda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1, 2021 |title=Cute Executive Officer |url=https://www.hidive.com/movies/cute-executive-officer |access-date=January 1, 2021 |website=HIDIVE}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2022, an sanar da yanayi na biyu mai taken Cute Executive Officer R, kuma ma'aikatan da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo sun sake bayyana matsayinsu daga kakar da ta gabata. An watsa shi daga Yuli 1 zuwa Satumba 23, 2023. Waƙar buɗewa ta kakar shine "Sound Off! Mujina Symphony" (鳴させる！むじなシンフニー; "Narase! Mujina Shinfonī", wanda Arisa-Yi-Soon ke yin waƙar, yayin da Arisa-Yi-Sooni ke yin waƙar R-O-Y-AL H-I-G-H-N-E-S-S!" (オ・ヒ・メ・サ・マ！; "O-Hi-Me-Sa-Ma!!") wanda Neko Hacker ya yi.<ref name="ANN4"/>   == Karɓar baƙi == A cikin 2019, an zabi ''Babban Jami'in'' don Kyautar Manga ta 5 a cikin rukunin dijital kuma an sanya shi na 20 daga cikin 50 da aka zaba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2019 |title=SPY × FAMILY, Kusuriya no Hitorigoto Win Tsugi ni Kuru Manga Award 2019 |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2019-08-22/spy-family-kusuriya-no-hitorigoto-win-tsugi-ni-kuru-manga-award-2019/.150311 |access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Shafin yanar gizon hukuma na Manga (a cikin Jafananci) * Shafin yanar gizon hukuma na Anime (a cikin Jafananci) * Cute Executive Officer (manga) aCibiyar Labaran Animeencyclopedia 337w84gjjc8ucxapug6lvyu2idyub7z 0 156478 882897 853907 2026-07-14T12:23:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882897 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anastasija Marsenić''' (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2003) ƴar wasan ƙwallon hannu ce ta Montenegro/Danish a ƙungiyar København Håndbold da kuma ƙungiyar Montenegro . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anastasija Marsenić - Career & Statistics |url=https://ehfcl.eurohandball.com/women/2023-24/player/0tN4Hu8Sey3QkOlAO3jcRA/anastasija-marsenic/ |access-date=24 October 2020 |website=[[European Handball Federation]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=DHDB > Anastasija Marsenić |url=http://dhdb.hyldgaard-jensen.dk/spiller.php?id=11778 |access-date=24 October 2020 |website=Damehåndbolddatabasen}}</ref> An haife ta a Denmark ga iyayenta Montenegro. <ref name="molde">{{Cite web |title=Første 03-piger udtaget til Talenttræning |url=http://www.dev.ubold.dk/artikler/foerste-03-piger-udtaget-til-talenttraening/ |access-date=8 January 2024 |publisher=dev.ubold.dk |language=da |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108005518/http://www.dev.ubold.dk/artikler/foerste-03-piger-udtaget-til-talenttraening/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == Ta buga wasan ƙwallon hannu na matasa a FIF, Herlev/Hjorten Håndbold nad HIK a ciki da wajen Copenhagen. <ref name="molde"/> A shekarar 2020 ta koma ƙungiyar Montenigrin mai suna ŽRK Budućnost Podgorica . <ref name="podgorica">{{Cite web |title=Pojačanje iz Danske: Anastasija Marsenić u Budućnosti |url=https://www.vijesti.me/sport/rukomet/441833/pojacanje-iz-danske-anastasija-marsenic-u-buducnosti |access-date=8 January 2024 |publisher=vijesti.me |language=cnr}}</ref> A shekarar 2021 ta lashe kofin Montenegrin da kuma gasar Championship. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Budućnost šampion Crne Gore |url=https://mina.news/sport-crna-gora/buducnost-sampion-crne-gore/ |access-date=8 January 2024 |publisher=mina.news |language=cnr |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108011020/https://mina.news/sport-crna-gora/buducnost-sampion-crne-gore/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2021-22 ta koma ƙungiyar Molde HK ta ƙasar Norway. <ref name="molde"/> A nan ta kai wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin 2021. A cikin 2023 ta koma ŽRK Budućnost Podgorica. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anastasija Marsenić opet u Budućnost Bemaxu |url=https://www.vijesti.me/sport/rukomet/648545/anastasija-marsenic-opet-u-buducnost-bemaxu |access-date=8 January 2024 |publisher=vijesti.me |language=cnr}}</ref> A cikin 2025 ta shiga København Håndbold a babban rukunin Danish. === Tawagar ƙasa === {{Databox}} Ga ƙungiyoyin matasa, Marsenić ta buga wa ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na Denmark da Montenegro wasa. <ref name="molde" /> A watan Satumba na 2019, babban kocin Per Johansson ya zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon hannu ta Montenegro a karon farko don cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin ƙwallon hannu ta mata ta Turai ta 2020. An kuma zaɓe ta a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar 'yan wasa 35 ta Montenegro don Gasar Cin Kofin Hannun Mata ta Turai ta 2020. A Gasar Cin Kofin Hannun Mata ta Duniya ta 2023, ta kare a matsayi na 7 tare da ƙungiyar Montenegro. <ref>{{Cite web |title=26th IHF Women’s World Championship: Montenegro |url=https://www.ihf.info/sites/default/files/competitions/29fa120a-f09a-4648-8ce7-963c3618fc5f/pdf/MNETOTAL.PDF?n=1704637248 |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=ihf.info |publisher=[[International Handball Federation]]}}</ref> == Nasarorin == * '''Kofin Norway''' : ** ''Wanda ya zo na ƙarshe'' : 2021 * '''Ƙungiyar Montenegro''' ** ''Wanda ya yi nasara'' : 2021, 2024 * '''Kofin Montenegro''' ** ''Wanda ya yi nasara'' : 2021, 2024 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] 71w0dc60k9zwnht4f2u39dasevnga2g 0 156600 883146 854365 2026-07-15T03:07:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gross Barmen''' ([[Jamusanci]]: Groß Barmen) wani yanki ne na tarihi da kuma wurin shakatawa a kan [[Kogin Swakop]] a tsakiyar [[Namibiya|Namibia]], arewacin [[Windhoek]] . Tana kan Hanyar Gundumar 1972, kilomita 25 kudu maso yammacin [[Okahandja]] a Yankin Otjozondjupa . Kusa da babban birnin [[Windhoek]] ya sa ya zama sanannen wurin karshen mako ga mazauna yankin.<ref name="cardboard">{{Cite web |title=Gross Barmen Hot Springs |url=http://www.namibian.org/travel/lodging/barmen.htm |access-date=18 February 2011 |publisher=The Cardboard Box |archive-date=20 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520104107/http://namibian.org/travel/lodging/barmen.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>&nbsp; == Tarihi == Asalin sunan da aka sani da ''Otjikango'' ( [[Harshen Herero|Otjiherero]] : "babban marmaro"), mutanen Herero ne ke zaune a wurin. Lokacin da masu wa'azin Wesley suka isa Windhoek a shekarar 1844 bisa gayyatar Jonker Afrikaner, masu wa'azin Rhenish Carl Hugo Hahn da Franz Heinrich Kleinschmidt, waɗanda suka riga suka zauna a wurin tun 1842, sun ji tsoron rikici kuma suka ƙaura zuwa Otjikango. A nan suka kafa tashar mishan ta Rhenish ta farko zuwa Herero a ƙarshen 1844. <ref name="1on1">{{Cite web |title=Gross Barmen Namibia Hot Springs |url=http://www.namibia-1on1.com/grossbarmen.html |access-date=21 February 2011 |publisher=Namibia 1-on-1}}</ref> Sun sanya wa wurin suna ''Barmen'' {{Sfn|Vedder|1997}} bayan garin Barmen (wanda a yau ɓangare ne na [[Wuppertal]] ) a [[Jamus]] inda hedikwatar ƙungiyar mishan ta Rhenish take. <ref name="Dahm">{{Cite web |last=Wolf-Dahm |first=Barbara |title=Hahn, Carl. Afrikamissionar und Sprachforscher |trans-title=Hahn, Carl. Missionary to Africa and Linguist |url=http://www.ostdeutsche-biographie.de/hahnca95.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719071313/http://www.ostdeutsche-biographie.de/hahnca95.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=21 February 2011 |publisher=Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen, Ostdeutsche Biographie [Cultural Foundation of German Refugees, East–German Biography] |language=German}}</ref> Har yanzu ana iya ganin rusassun gidan mishan. <ref name="cardboard"/> A wannan lokacin ana haɓaka hanyar sadarwa a Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka a ƙarƙashin kulawa, kuma a kan shirin, na Jonker Afrikaner. Hahn da Kleinschmidt sun fara kirkirar hanya daga Windhoek zuwa Barmen ta hanyar Okahandja, kuma a cikin 1850 wannan hanyar, daga baya aka sani da [[Alter Baiweg]] (Old Bay Path), an tsawaita ta hanyar Otjimbingwe zuwa [[Walvis Bay]].{{Sfn|Vedder|1997}} Wannan hanyar ta zama muhimmiyar hanyar kasuwanci tsakanin bakin teku da Windhoek kuma ana amfani da ita har zuwa 1900, lokacin da aka ba da layin dogo daga Swakopmund.<ref name="Karibib">{{Cite web |last=Henckert |first=Wolfgang |date=16 March 2006 |title=Karibib |url=http://www.henckert.com/karibib/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6%3Akaribib&catid=1%3Ahistory&Itemid=7&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711162341/http://www.henckert.com/karibib/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6%3Akaribib&catid=1%3Ahistory&Itemid=7&lang=en |archive-date=11 July 2011 |publisher=Henckert Tourist Centre}}</ref> Hahn ya koyar da dabarun noma na Yamma kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya zauna da Herero a Otjikango, amma Herero ya bar yankin don tserewa daga hare-haren Jonker Afrikaner's [[Mutanen Nama|Nama]] a 1850, musamman bayan nasarar da ya samu a [[Okahandja]] a watan Agustan 1850. An umarci Hahn ya koma baya zuwa Jamus, amma an sake tura shi zuwa [[Cape Town|Kaapstad]] a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1852. Tun da mishaneri na Wesleyan sun watsar da Windhoek zuwa hare-haren Jonker, an hayar Hahn don maye gurbin su amma ya kasa tabbatar da shi kuma ya dawo Barmen a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1853. A farkon 1856, ya dawo, amma a wannan lokacin ya zauna a Otjimbingwe inda Herero ya nemi mafaka. Mai wa'azi na Rhenish na gaba da ya zauna a Gross Barmen shine Rev. [[Peter Heinrich Brincker]] . Ya yi aure a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1864, kuma jim kadan bayan haka ya koma hidimar a tashar. Dole ne ya gudu don ransa daga hare-haren Nama a tashar ba kasa da sau bakwai ba, kawai don sake dawo da ita. Lokacin da mazaunan tashar suka gudu a 1866, Brincker ya koma Otjimbingwe, amma bayan 'yan watanni ya koma Gross Barmen saboda Gabashin Herero, ko Mbandjeru, ya zauna a can ba zato ba tsammani. Ya sami nasarar yin bishara a gare su, amma an hana shi lokacin da suka tafi su shiga shugaban Maharero a Okahandja. Komawa Otjimbingwe sau ɗaya, Brincker zai dawo Gross Barmen a 1869, lokacin da yaƙin ya kusan ƙare. Nan da nan ya fara sake gina tashar, a wannan lokacin tare da makaranta da coci. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan abin da ake kira Zaman Lafiya na Okahandja (Satumba 13, 1870), wanda masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje suka inganta tsawon shekaru goma, sun yi alfaharin mazauna 251 da yara 130 da ke halartar makarantar. Bayan ziyarar da ya kai Jamus a watan Fabrairun 1880, Brincker ya koma Jamus ta Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka, amma a wannan lokacin ya tafi Otjimbingwe. == Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi == An gina cibiyar nishaɗi a Gross Barmen a shekarar 1977. Ruwa na maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi ya fito ne daga zurfin 2,500 m.<ref name="1on1"/> Yana fita daga ƙasa a 65 °C kuma an sanyaya shi zuwa kusan 40 °C don wanka mai zafi.<ref name="cardboard"/>&nbsp;&nbsp; Gross Barmen tana sarrafawa ta Namibia Wildlife Resorts (NWR), kamfanin da ke da alhakin duk wuraren shakatawa na kasa da wuraren shakatawa a Namibia. Baya ga wanka mai zafi ya ƙunshi tashar man fetur, gidan cin abinci, da kuma masauki na dare har zuwa 2010 amma ya zama babban mai asarar NWR. Yanzu yana cikin lokacin sake ginawa da fadadawa kuma an shirya sake buɗewa a cikin 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. Nandi-Ndaitwah unveils Gross Barmen Redevelopment project |url=http://www.nwr.com.na/pdf/gros_barmen_media_release.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722234200/http://www.nwr.com.na/pdf/gros_barmen_media_release.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=21 February 2011 |publisher=Namibia Wildlife Resorts}}</ref> == Manazarta == tlfjcn12am5kdbqpnp4j5y21zmkf5ie 0 156628 883164 854504 2026-07-15T05:25:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bela-Bela''' ( Tswana;<ref name="Accom.">{{Cite web |title=History of Warmbaths/ Bela-Bela |url=http://www.accommodation-warmbaths.co.za/history.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110044104/http://www.accommodation-warmbaths.co.za/history.htm |archive-date=10 January 2010 |access-date=14 December 2009 |publisher=Marula Marketing}}</ref> wanda aka fi sani da '''Warmbaths''', Afrikaans<ref name="Artefacts">{{Cite web |title=Warmbaths |url=http://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/towndetframes.php?townid=244 |access-date=14 December 2009 |publisher=ArteFacts |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722181154/https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/towndetframes.php?townid=244 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ) gari ne da ke lardin Limpopo na Afirka ta Kudu. Ya samo sunansa ne daga maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi na ƙasa wanda aka gina garin a kai. Garin yana cikin Gundumar Waterberg ta Lardin Limpopo . Yana kwance a kan hanyar N1 tsakanin [[Pretoria]] da Polokwane (Pietersburg). Maɓuɓɓugar ruwan zafi tana samar da lita 22,000 a kowace awa a {{Convert|52|°C|°F}} ° C (126 ° F). <ref name="info">{{Cite web |title=Warmbad / Bela Bela Information and Accommodation |url=http://www.warmbadinfo.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230051426/http://www.warmbadinfo.com/ |archive-date=30 December 2008 |access-date=31 October 2010}}</ref> Babban wurin shakatawa na maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi (wanda kamfanin mallakar jihar Aventura ke gudanarwa, wanda ake kira Overvaal <ref>{{Cite web |title=Committee Briefed on Repeal of Overvaal Resorts Limited Bill - Parliament of South Africa |url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/committee-briefed-repeal-overvaal-resorts-limited-bill}}</ref>) a cikin garin har yanzu ana kiransa ''Warmbaths'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Warmbaths, A Forever Resort &#124; Holiday destination in Bela-Bela, en-route between Pretoria and Pietersburg (Polokwane) &#124; leisure, corporate, conference, weddings, hotel, accommodation, health hydro, spa, water park &#124; Limpopo &#124; South Africa |url=https://www.foreverwarmbaths.co.za/ |website=www.foreverwarmbaths.co.za}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Waterslides_at_Warmbaths.JPG|left|thumb|Slides da tafkuna a cikin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai zafi]] Lokacin da Ƙabilun Tswana suka fara shiga yankin a cikin 1800s, sun gano maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bela Bela, Limpopo {{!}} By South Africa Channel |url=http://www.southafrica.com/limpopo/bela-bela/ |access-date=31 October 2009}}</ref> Voortrekker Carl Van Heerden ya kafa gonar Boer ta farko a cikin abin da ke yanzu Bela-Bela kuma ya kira shi Het Bad . A shekara ta 1873, gwamnatin Transvaal ta Shugaba Burgers' ta sayi ƙasar kuma ta kafa wani wurin shakatawa da ake kira ''Hartingsburg'' bayan shahararren masanin ilimin halitta na Dutch Pieter Harting . <ref name="Artefacts"/> Birtaniya sun mamaye garin a lokacin Yaƙin Anglo-Boer, kuma sun sake sunan ofishin gidan waya Warm Baths a cikin 1903, kuma sun ayyana iyakokin Warmbaths su zama dukan gonar Het Bad.<ref name="Accom."/> A cikin 1920 an ayyana Warmbaths a matsayin gari (a cikin doka, ba launin fata ba) kuma masanin gine-gine John Abraham Moffat ne ya tsara garin <ref>{{Cite web |title=Moffat, John Abraham |url=http://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/archframes.php?archid=1103 |access-date=14 December 2009 |publisher=ArteFacts}}</ref> a wannan shekarar. A shekara ta 1950, ya zama Gundumar majistare. A cikin 1932 Warmbaths ya zama ƙauyen ƙauye kuma an kafa shi a matsayin majalisa a cikin 1960. <ref name="Accom."/> An kira ''Warmbaths'' a Turanci, sunan Afrikaans na garin shine ''Warmbad.''<ref name="Artefacts"/> A ranar 14 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2002 <ref>{{Cite web |title=OldPlaceNames |url=http://sagns.dac.gov.za/Public/OldPlaceNames.aspx?Contains=W |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208231613/http://sagns.dac.gov.za/Public/OldPlaceNames.aspx?Contains=W |archive-date=8 February 2010 |access-date=31 October 2009 |publisher=South African Geographical Names System}}</ref> gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta sake ba da sunan garin Bela-Bela (ma'anar " tafasa"). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bela-Bela Tourism |url=http://www.belabelatourism.co.za/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330174747/http://www.belabelatourism.co.za/ |archive-date=30 March 2009 |access-date=31 October 2009 |publisher=Bela Bela Tourism}}</ref> == Yanayi == <div style="width:75%">{{Weather box}}</div> == Ilimi == Bela Bela ya tabbatar da zama gari mai mahimmancin ilimi ta hanyar nasarorin ilimi. Garin yana da makarantu kamar makarantar firamare ta Albert Luthuli, makarantar sakandare ta Bela, makarantar firamaren Hleketane, Hoërskool Warmbad, makarantar firimare ta Jinnah Park, makarantar firemare ta Khabele, Laerskool Warmbid, makarantar firayimare ta Maope, makarantar firimu ta Mmamakwa, makarantar firaminare ta Mmampatile, makarantar sakandaren Raeleng, makarantar firmare ta Spa Park, [[Settlers Agricultural High School|Makarantar Sakandaren Noma]] ta Settlers da makarantar sakandare ta Ulando. == Shahararrun mutane == AB na Villiers Jack Mithileni Tsohon Malami da mai binciken makarantu wanda ya fara aikin koyarwa da tafiyar ilimi ta hanyar zama malami a makarantar firamare ta Mphe-Mphe a Gundumar Waterberg. An san shi da IVERSONN014 yana daya daga cikin sanannun masu fasahar kiɗa waɗanda suka haɓaka masu bin diddigin a dandamali daban-daban. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin sunayen wurare da aka sake maimaitawa == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lnfo4vi06qxfikrzasffmeuzousz2zd 0 156770 883388 854862 2026-07-15T10:56:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883388 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Boli_quai_Branly_musée.jpg|thumb|Boli, Gidan kayan gargajiya na Quai Branly]] ''Boli'' na iya zama mai siffar zoomorphic (galibi barewa ko zebu) ko ma wani lokacin ma wani lokacin mai siffar ɗan adam . Al'ummar Mali waɗanda ke yin abin da ake kira bautar ''bamanaya'', wato waɗanda ke jin daɗin sadaukarwar dabbobi a kan ''boliw'' kuma waɗanda ke hulɗa da rayuwar lahira ta hanyar masu rawa da suka rufe fuska suna cewa su Bamana ne.<ref>Jean-Paul Colleyn, ''Images, signes, fétiches. À propos de l’art bamana (Mali)''</ref> A cikin addinan Mandingo ''boli'' wani abu ne da ake kira "mai caji", ma'ana yana iya cewa ta hanyar sihirinsa yana iya cim ma abubuwa masu ban mamaki, kamar ba da mutuwa, hango makomar, ko mallaki wani. Boli, wanda kuma zai iya kasancewa da ɗan adam ko dabba, yumɓu, nama, fata, da dai sauransu, ita ce alamar placenta.<ref>Youssouf Cissé, ''The Dwarfs and the origin of the Hunting boli of the Malinke (Mali)''</ref> Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin halitta mai rai kuma yana ɗauke da wani abu a cikinsa wanda zai iya zama dutse, ƙarfe ko wani abu. Wannan tsakiya ko "hatsi" yana wakiltar kuzarin rai. Yawan jini da ''boli'' zai samu, haka nan za a "kara masa" da ''nyama'' (ƙarfin ƙarfi).<ref>Youssouf Cissé, ''La confrérie des chasseurs Malinké et Bambara: mythes, rites et récits initiatiques'', Editions Nouvelles du Sud, 1994</ref> A cikin littafinsa "L'Afrique fantôme" (The Phantom Africa), masanin ilimin ɗan adam Michel Leiris ya ba da labarin abin da ya faru a tsakiyar Afirka, daga yamma zuwa gabas, tsakanin 1931 da 1933. Masana kimiyya da yawa a karkashin jagorancin Marcel Griaule sun hada wannan balaguron da ake kira Dakar-Djibouti mission. Manufofinta sune ethnographic da harshe kuma sun kunshi tattara, a madadin Gidan kayan gargajiya na Trocadéro, abubuwa na al'adun Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka ya lalata shi. Leiris ya bayyana a cikin bayanansa hanyoyin da ba su dace ba da aka yi amfani da su don daidaita abubuwan da ake so. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka zama sanannun shine ''satar kaya''. Yin amfani da matsin lamba, magudi, zamba da barazanar ramuwar gayya daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka, ba da diyya mai ban dariya kuma wani lokacin yin sata na dare, masana ilimin kabilanci sun kwace kudade da yawa daga wasu ƙauyukan Bambara, a ƙarƙashin idanu masu tsoro da mamaki na yawan jama'a. Wadannan sata sun zama alama ce mai cin zarafi a idanun Bambaras kuma a cikin kalmomin Leiris, sun zama "abin ganima" da "enormity". Ya cancanci kansa da tawagarsa a matsayin "aljanu ko musamman masu iko da ƙarfin zuciya".<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Etiembre |first=Yvan |title=L'Homme qui déroba le kono en poursuivant un rêve d'Afrique. Michel Leiris. |url=https://agoras.typepad.fr/regard_eloigne/2008/04/lhomme-qui-dero.html |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=agoras.typepad.fr |archive-date=2023-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027162854/https://agoras.typepad.fr/regard_eloigne/2008/04/lhomme-qui-dero.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Leiris|first=Michel|title=L' Afrique fantôme|date=2008|publisher=Gallimard|isbn=978-2-07-071188-8|edition=Nachdr.|series=Collection Tel|location=Paris}}</ref> Za a nuna waɗannan ƙwayoyin a gidan kayan gargajiya na Trocadéro, a Gidan Tarihi na Dan Adam, a gidan kayan tarihi na Neuchâtel, daga cikin "ƙwararrun abubuwa ɗari na Gidan Tarihin Dan Adam" a gidan kayan tarihin New York da kuma Gidan kayan gargajiya na Quai Branly . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Etiembre |first=Yvan |title=L'Homme qui déroba le kono en poursuivant un rêve d'Afrique. Michel Leiris. |url=https://agoras.typepad.fr/regard_eloigne/2008/04/lhomme-qui-dero.html |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=agoras.typepad.fr |archive-date=2023-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027162854/https://agoras.typepad.fr/regard_eloigne/2008/04/lhomme-qui-dero.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == rimdjhw7sblcml5i50nd5u4ef30h3y4 0 156773 883311 854879 2026-07-15T09:04:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ganewar kai''' shine tsarin gano ko gano yanayin lafiya a cikin mutum. Ana iya taimakawa ta hanyar ƙamus na likitanci, littattafai, albarkatun intanet, abubuwan da suka faru a baya, ko gane alamun ko alamun lafiya na wata cuta da wani ɗan uwa ya taɓa samu ko kuma yake da ita a halin yanzu. Dangane da yanayin yanayin mutum da kuma sahihancin bayanan da yake samu, ganewar cutar kansa na iya bambanta sosai a cikin amincinsa. Saboda bambancin daidaiton ganewar kansa, ra'ayoyin jama'a game da ganewar kansa sun haɗa da musanta sahihancinsa da kuma yaba wa ikonsa na haɓaka samun damar kiwon lafiya da kuma ba wa mutane damar samun haɗin kai da tallafi. <ref name="Murphy_2022"/> <ref name="Lewis_2016"/> Bugu da ƙari, tasirin waje kamar tallatawa, yanayin kafofin watsa labarun, kyamar al'umma game da cututtuka, da kuma wanda yawan jama'a ke ciki yana shafar amfani da ganewar kansa sosai. == Amfani mai dacewa == Ganewar kai yana iya zama da haɗari kuma yana iya zama haɗari idan aka yanke shawara mara dacewa, wanda zai iya samo asali daga manyan alamu ko kuma waɗanda ba a yi amfani da su ba daidai ba da kuma nuna son kai . <ref name="Murphy_2022" /> Saboda haɗarin, likitoci da ƙungiyoyin kula da marasa lafiya suna hana yin ganewar asali a hukumance. Likitoci kuma suna hana yin ganewar asali da kansu saboda yuwuwar rashin daidaito. <ref name="Rosvold_2004">{{Cite web |date=September 2004 |title=Doctor, Don't Treat Thyself |url=http://www.webmm.ahrq.gov/case.aspx?caseID=71&searchStr=saline |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721032233/http://www.webmm.ahrq.gov/case.aspx?caseID=71&searchStr=saline |archive-date=2011-07-21 |access-date=2008-03-24 |website=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |publisher=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services}}</ref> Ganewar kai mara daidai - ganewar asali mara daidai - na iya haifar da rashin kula da lafiya mara kyau, gami da amfani da magani mara daidai ko rashin neman kulawa ga wata mummunar cuta da ba a gano ta ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Clinician Resources Listing |url=https://www.rmf.harvard.edu/clinician-resources/kc-listing-page |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=www.rmf.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ƙarin damuwa sun haɗa da rage ikon likita, rashin ra'ayin kai mara son kai, ƙiyasta alamun cutar fiye da kima, ko ɗaukar yanayin musantawa game da waɗannan alamun. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2010 |title=The Dangers of Self-Diagnosis |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/debunking-myths-the-mind/201005/the-dangers-self-diagnosis |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Psychology Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da haka, ganewar asali na iya zama daidai a wasu yanayi. <ref name="Alper_2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alper BS |date=August 2006 |title=Usefulness of online medical information |journal=American Family Physician |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=482, 485 |doi= |pmid=16913169}}</ref> Amfani da magungunan da ba a rubuta su ba (ba tare da takardar likita ba) galibi yana da alaƙa da gano kai ga yanayin da ba zai yi tsanani ba kuma yana da ƙarancin haɗarin cutarwa ta hanyar maganin da bai dace ba. Wasu yanayi sun fi yiwuwa a gano kai, musamman yanayi masu sauƙi kamar ƙwarƙwata da [[Miki|gogewar]] fata ko yanayi da aka saba gani kamar ciwon mara na al'ada, [[ciwon kai]] ko [[mura]] . A lokacin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]], gano kai ta hanyar amfani da kayan gwajin kai ya zama ruwan dare kuma gwamnatoci sun amince da shi, Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafi (CDC) tana ba da jagororin da jama'ar Amurka ya kamata su yi gwajin kai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-06 |title=Self-Testing At Home or Anywhere |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/testing/self-testing.html |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> Yanayi masu rikitarwa, gami da yanayi kamar [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|ADHD]] a cikin manya da kuma autism spectrum disorder (ASD), <ref name="Lewis_2016"/> sun fi wahalar gano kansa daidai. Irin waɗannan ganewar kai suna da rikitarwa ta hanyar abubuwa da yawa, kamar tallan magunguna kai tsaye ga masu amfani, wanda ake suka sosai saboda haɓaka ganewar kai da bai dace ba. <ref name="Hendrick_2007">{{Cite web |date=8 January 2007 |title=Self diagnosis from TV drug ads can be dangerous |url=http://www.ajc.com/health/content/health/stories/2007/01/08/0108meshmeds.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315002714/http://www.ajc.com/health/content/health/stories/2007/01/08/0108meshmeds.html |archive-date=15 March 2007 |website=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution}}</ref> <ref name="AMA_2002">{{Cite web |date=17 July 2002 |title=AMA (Professionalism) E-5.015 Direct-to-consumer advertisements of prescription drugs |url=http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/8347.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041211200735/http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/8347.html |archive-date=2004-12-11 |access-date=2008-03-23 |website=American Medical Association}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, musamman a tsakanin matasa, samun damar shiga [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin watsa labarun]] da Intanet ya ƙara sauƙin da mutane za su iya samun damar jerin alamun cutar da kuma gano kansu da waɗannan yanayi masu rikitarwa, wataƙila ba daidai ba. <ref name="Murphy_2022"/> == Abubuwan da ke tasiri == === Talla === ==== Talla kai tsaye zuwa ga mai amfani ==== Kamfanonin magunguna da na likitanci suna ɗaukar ganewar asali a cikin dabarun tallan su a matsayin hanyar haɗi da tushen masu amfani da su. Kamfanonin magunguna sun saka kuɗi mai yawa a cikin kamfen ɗin tallan, wanda wani bincike na 2007 ya danganta da ƙaruwar marasa lafiya da ke neman ƙarin gwaje-gwajen gano cututtuka. <ref name="Ebeling_2011"/> Kamfunan tallan takamaiman, waɗanda ake kira kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a game da cututtuka, suna yaɗa bayanai game da wani yanayi ga masu amfani, maimakon takamaiman marasa lafiya da aka riga aka gano, da kuma tallata takamaiman magunguna da kamfanin magunguna ya ƙirƙira a matsayin maganin wannan yanayin. <ref name="Ebeling_2011" /> Sau da yawa, waɗannan kamfen ɗin suna yaɗuwa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar gidajen yanar gizo marasa alama tare da jerin abubuwan da ke nuna alamun da ba su da tabbas kuma masu faɗi waɗanda aka ce suna wakiltar wata cuta ta musamman, <ref name="Ebeling_2011"/> wanda ya sa Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka (AMA) ta gargaɗi likitoci game da wannan nau'in tallan kai tsaye ga mai amfani . Damuwar AMA ita ce jerin alamun sun bayyana cewa jerin alamun da suka dace suna nuna takamaiman yanayi, suna ilmantar da masu amfani game da cutar ba daidai ba kuma suna shawo kansu su rungumi wannan ganewar don yanayin da ƙila ba su da shi. <ref name="AMA_2002"/> <ref name="Ebeling_2011" /> Ebling ya kimanta cewa sanya wa cutar suna ba ta ƙarin sahihanci wanda ya cancanci maganin likita, wanda gidajen yanar gizon suka gabatar a matsayin takamaiman magani, duk ba tare da bayyana a fili cewa an tallafa masa ba. <ref name="Ebeling_2011" /> Ƙwararrun likitoci sun damu da wannan tallan maganin likita, suna zargin cewa hanyar samun riba ce ga masu amfani waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin magance wata cuta da ƙila ba su da ita. <ref name="Hendrick_2007"/> Likitoci sun ƙara sukar waɗannan kamfen ɗin da cewa suna ɓatar da mutane ne domin sau da yawa suna amfani da kalmomin da ke nuna cewa majiyyaci yana ɗaukar kansa ta hanyar samun wannan ilimin da kuma neman mafita. <ref name="Hendrick_2007" /> <ref name="Ebeling_2011" /> Waɗannan jerin abubuwan da ba su da tabbas na alamun cutar an yi su ne ta hanyar tallace-tallacen kamfanonin likitanci a kan TikTok waɗanda ke gabatar da abubuwan da ke cikin su a matsayin rubuce-rubucen masu tasiri na gargajiya, sannan suna tambayar masu amfani ko suna nuna wasu alamu da za a iya amfani da su ga yanayi daban-daban, kamar "Shin kuna cikin damuwa?" Daga wannan lokacin, kamar gidajen yanar gizo, waɗannan tallace-tallace suna ƙarfafa masu amfani su ƙarfafa kansu don magance takamaiman yanayin da za su iya samu ta hanyar amfani da ayyukan kamfanin, wanda zai iya haɗawa da shawarwari ko takamaiman magunguna. <ref name="Murphy_2022">{{Cite web |date=13 April 2022 |title=Self-diagnosis ads on TikTok blur mental health fears with reality |url=https://www.ft.com/content/dd63fb93-fa81-4a29-918e-93fa06fb8c4c |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Financial Times |language=en}}</ref> Duk da haka, babu wata yarjejeniya tsakanin bincike kan ko fallasa ga tallan kai tsaye ga masu amfani zai haifar da ƙaruwar buƙatar magunguna masu suna iri ɗaya. <ref name="Ebeling_2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ebeling M |date=September 2011 |title='Get with the Program!': pharmaceutical marketing, symptom checklists and self-diagnosis |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=73 |issue=6 |pages=825–832 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.054 |pmid=21835526}}</ref> ==== Rashin lafiyar haila kafin al'ada (PMDD) ==== Masana'antar magunguna ta taka rawa wajen tallata magungunan da ke magance matsalar rashin lafiyar jinin al'ada kafin lokacin al'ada (PMDD). Sarafem, wani nau'in Prozac mai suna daban, wanda ake amfani da shi don magance baƙin ciki, an ƙirƙira shi ne a lokacin da haƙƙin mallaka na Prozac zai ƙare nan ba da jimawa ba. Dokar haƙƙin mallaka ta Amurka ta buƙaci Eli Lilly and Company, mai haɓaka Prozac, da su gabatar da sabon amfani ga maganin don faɗaɗa haƙƙin mallaka. Ebling ya bayyana cewa Eli Lilly ya nemi likitoci waɗanda za su goyi bayan sanya PMDD a matsayin cutar kansa, wanda ya haifar da amincewa [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|da FDA]] game da yanayin da amincewar Sarafem don zama magani a gare shi. Kamfanin ya yi nasarar guje wa gasa da za a samar ta hanyar samar da nau'in Prozac na gama gari. <ref name="Ebeling_2011"/> Tun daga lokacin, PMDD ta zama ruwan dare gama gari, yanzu tana da nata rukuni a cikin DSM-V . Duk da haka, har yanzu ba a san ta a tsakanin ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ba saboda wasu likitoci har yanzu suna ɗaukar ta a matsayin yanayi mai sarkakiya. <ref name="Ebeling_2011"/> ==== Kayan gwajin kai ==== [[Fayil:Covid19_Antigen_Rapid_Test_Diagnostic_(50688135107).jpg|thumb|Gwajin gaggawa na antigen wanda za a iya amfani da shi a gida ga waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin tantance ko suna da COVID-19.]] Binciken kai da kanka yana ƙara zama masana'antu mai riba idan aka yi la'akari da shaharar kayan gwajin kai. Duk da cewa waɗannan galibi suna da alaƙa da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], kayan gwajin kai suna wanzuwa ga cututtuka daban-daban, kamar [[Ciwon daji na prostate|cutar kansar mafitsara]], cutar Alzheimer, da kuma lokacin haila . Duk da cewa ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya sun yi gargaɗi game da yuwuwar rashin inganci, waɗannan kayan aikin suna jan hankalin jama'a saboda sauƙin amfani da su, sauƙin amfani, da kuma rashin araha. Duk da cewa likitoci sun yi gargaɗin cewa ba za su iya gano wata cuta ba ko kuma su rufe cikakkiyar sarkakiyar cuta, masana'antar da ke ƙirƙirar waɗannan gwaje-gwajen tana ƙaruwa da riba. <ref name="Hynes_2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hynes V |date=February 2013 |title=The trend toward self-diagnosis |journal=CMAJ |volume=185 |issue=3 |pages=E149–E150 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.109-4383 |pmc=3576458 |pmid=23359044}}</ref> ==== Manhajojin wayar salula ==== Masu haɓaka aikace-aikacen ganewar asibiti suma za su iya samun ƙarfi ta hanyar sha'awar kasuwanci. Yawancin aikace-aikacen suna karɓar ribar kuɗi don yin aiki a matsayin tura zuwa kamfanonin inshorar lafiya, ofisoshin likitoci, da shagunan magani. Waɗannan nau'ikan diyya na kuɗi galibi ba a ambace su ba <ref name="Fan_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fan X, Chao D, Zhang Z, Wang D, Li X, Tian F |date=January 2021 |title=Utilization of Self-Diagnosis Health Chatbots in Real-World Settings: Case Study |journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research |volume=23 |issue=1 |doi=10.2196/19928 |pmc=7817366 |pmid=33404508 |doi-access=free}}</ref> a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin app ɗin ko taƙaitaccen bayani na gaba ɗaya. <ref name="Lupton_2015"/> === Matsayin nuna wariya === ==== Zalunci a bainar jama'a ==== Ko da yake ganewar asali na kai na iya yin aiki don magance ƙazanta da ke tattare da cututtuka, yana fuskantar rashin amincewar jama'a. Waɗanda ke wallafa rubuce-rubucen da ke ƙarfafa ganewar asali ba koyaushe suna da takaddun shaida na likita ba duk da cewa galibi suna gabatar da rubuce-rubucensu a matsayin shawarwarin ƙwararru. <ref name="Phillips_2022">{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=Self-diagnosis in a digital world |url=https://ct.counseling.org/2022/03/self-diagnosis-in-a-digital-world/ |access-date=14 November 2022 |website=Counseling Today |language=en-US |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014171124/https://ct.counseling.org/2022/03/self-diagnosis-in-a-digital-world/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sakamakon haka, ba koyaushe jama'a ke karɓar ganewar asali na kai ba saboda ana iya ganin su a matsayin yaudara (duba sashe na gaba akan Amfani da Kafafen Sadarwa da Shafukan Yanar Gizo). <ref name="Murphy_2022"/> Masana kiwon lafiya sun damu cewa gano cutar da kai zai iya ƙara jaddadawa da kuma tilasta fahimtar rashin lafiya ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, suna mai cewa wallafa labaran sada zumunta na iya yin watsi da sarkakiyar lafiyar lafiyar jiki da ta kwakwalwa. <ref name="Phillips_2022"/> ==== Tallafi ==== Ganewar kai na iya samar da sauƙi daga kyamar da ke tattare da cututtukan kwakwalwa. Mutumin da ya gano kansa da wata cuta zai iya neman al'ummomin kan layi na wasu da ke da irin wannan yanayin, yana ba su jin kamar an gane su da kuma kasancewa tare da su. <ref name="Phillips_2022"/> A [[TikTok]], waɗanda ke ɗaukar kansu a matsayin masu nuna halaye na yanayi kamar su obsessive-compulsive disorder, dissociative identity disorder, da ASD sun sami al'ummomin tallafi. <ref name="Murphy_2022"/> Hakazalika, akwai takamaiman al'ummomin kan layi ga mutanen da ke da autism, wanda manya masu autism suka ruwaito a matsayin taimakawa wajen yaƙi da jin rashin dacewa kafin su iya gane cutar. <ref name="Lewis_2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lewis LF |date=October 2016 |title=Exploring the Experience of Self-Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adults |journal=Archives of Psychiatric Nursing |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=575–580 |doi=10.1016/j.apnu.2016.03.009 |pmid=27654240}}</ref> Al'ummomin da ke da matsalolin lafiya waɗanda ba lallai ba ne a san su ta hanyar likitanci suma suna nan akan layi tare da manufar samar da tallafi da fahimta. <ref name="Phillips_2022" /> Hakazalika, gano kai na iya haifar da fahimtar kai wanda ke haɓaka karɓar kai idan aka fuskanci ƙa'idodi masu tsauri na zamantakewa. Wannan ya yi tasiri musamman ga mutanen da ke da Autism. Mutanen da ke da Autism na iya nuna halaye daban-daban fiye da mutanen da ba sa da Autism, wanda ke sa mutanen da ke da Autism su ji "wani abu daban." <ref name="Lewis_2016"/> Ba tare da wani bayani game da dalilin da yasa suke jin daban da wasu ba, suna da yuwuwar jin ruɗani da rashin girman kai, nazarin da ke haɗa jinkirin ganewar asali a cikin mutanen da ke da Autism tare da yawan damuwa, baƙin ciki, da halayen kashe kai. <ref name="Lewis_2016" /> Manya masu Autism suma galibi suna fuskantar shinge da hana samun ganewar asali ta hukuma, musamman idan sun fito daga al'umma da aka ware. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ardeleanu |first=Katherine |last2=Steinberg |first2=Hillary |last3=Garfield |first3=Tamara |last4=Voltaire |first4=Samuelle |last5=Shea |first5=Lindsay |last6=Brown |first6=Maci |last7=Chvasta |first7=Kyle |last8=Tan |first8=Catherine Do |date=2025-09-01 |title=Self-identification of autism: Why some autistic adults lack a clinical diagnosis and why this matters for inclusion |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613241297222 |journal=Autism |language=EN |volume=29 |issue=9 |pages=2344–2355 |doi=10.1177/13623613241297222 |issn=1362-3613 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Duk da haka, masu fafutukar gano kai sun yi nuni da cewa tare da bayani, mutanen da ke da Autism za su iya fahimtar dalilin da yasa suke jin daban, yana rage wannan nauyin. Wannan fahimtar kuma na iya haɓaka fahimtar ƙarfi, raunin su, da alamun su, yana ba su damar yin rayuwa ta yau da kullun mafi kyau. <ref name="Lewis_2016" /> Bugu da ƙari, masu amfani da shafukan sada zumunta suna jayayya cewa yawan gano cutar kansa ya haɓaka tattaunawa a fili game da lafiyar kwakwalwa, yana aiki don kawar da ƙyama daga cututtuka da yanayi daban-daban. <ref name="Murphy_2022"/> An kuma yi amfani da tattaunawa ta yanar gizo game da gano cutar kansa a matsayin kayan aiki don samar da fa'idodin ganewar asali ga waɗanda ke fuskantar iyakokin kuɗi ko na yanki don samun ganewar asali na ƙwararru. <ref name="Lewis_2016"/> === Yaɗuwar intanet === [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] da sauran albarkatun da ke da alaƙa sun zama wurare masu shahara don fara binciken kai. Samuwar bayanan likita akan layi yana ba marasa lafiya damar samun ilimin likitanci mafi girma. <ref name="Lupton_2015"/> ==== Manhajojin wayar salula ==== Akwai manhajojin lafiya da yawa da ake da su a Apple App Store da Google Play Store waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don gano kansu. Kimanin kashi 20% na masu amfani da wayoyin komai da ruwanka suna da manhajojin da suka shafi lafiya da aka sauke a na'urarsu. <ref name="Lupton_2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lupton D, Jutel A |date=May 2015 |title='It's like having a physician in your pocket!' A critical analysis of self-diagnosis smartphone apps |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=133 |pages=128–135 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.04.004 |pmid=25864149 |s2cid=13552417}}</ref> Masana sun soki masu ƙirƙirar irin waɗannan manhajojin likitanci da cewa suna haɓaka rashin sahihanci don ƙara yawan saukewa. Misali, waɗannan manhajojin za su yi amfani da alamomin likita da aka sani sosai kamar ja ko kuma na'urar stethoscope a kan ƙananan hotuna da shafukan bincike, tare da jaddada kalmomi kamar " algorithm ", " [[Sensor|sensors]] ", da "computer" a cikin tsarin ganewar asali don isar da ma'anar kimiyya mai ma'ana. <ref name="Lupton_2015"/> Lupton da Jutel, a cikin nazarin su na manhajoji 35 na ganewar kai, sun yi jayayya cewa waɗannan dabarun suna nuna manhajojin ganewar kai a matsayin suna da iko mai ƙarfi wajen tantance ganewar asali. <ref name="Lupton_2015" /> Dangane da ƙarfin da manhajojin wayar salula masu alaƙa da lafiya ke da shi wajen tantance cutar, masu bincike sun jaddada mahimmancin amfani da irin waɗannan manhajoji cikin hikima. <ref name="You_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=You Y, Gui X |date=2021-01-25 |title=Self-Diagnosis through AI-enabled Chatbot-based Symptom Checkers: User Experiences and Design Considerations |journal=AMIA ... Annual Symposium Proceedings. AMIA Symposium |volume=2020 |pages=1354–1363 |pmc=8075525 |pmid=33936512}}</ref> Domin a kiyaye daidaito tsakanin hukumar kula da marasa lafiya da ƙwararrun likitoci, aikace-aikacen gano kai da yawa suna tunatar da masu amfani da rashin cikakken tabbacin likita game da cutar da aka bayar da kuma ƙarfafa su su sami shawarar likita ta biyu daga likita ko ƙwararre. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aboueid S, Liu RH, Desta BN, Chaurasia A, Ebrahim S |date=May 2019 |title=The Use of Artificially Intelligent Self-Diagnosing Digital Platforms by the General Public: Scoping Review |journal=JMIR Medical Informatics |volume=7 |issue=2 |doi=10.2196/13445 |pmc=6658267 |pmid=31042151 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, tushen bayanan gano cutar sau da yawa yana da wahalar tantancewa ko tabbatarwa. Akwai lokutan da wasu aikace-aikacen da suka shafi lafiya suka yi iƙirarin karɓar gudummawa mai yawa daga manyan cibiyoyin ilimi don ƙara yawan saukewa, amma ba a bayar da bayanai kaɗan game da girman da kuma tabbatar da irin waɗannan gudummawar ba. <ref name="Lupton_2015"/> ==== Amfani da chatbots ==== Wata fasaha ta baya-bayan nan da ta fara karɓuwa a fannin gano kai ita ce amfani da aikace-aikacen duba alamun cutar chatbot (CSC). <ref name="You_2021"/> An tsara CSCs don magance matsalar tsawaita lokacin jira don ganin likita da rashin samun shawarwarin likita a kan lokaci. Marasa lafiya sun kuma yi amfani da chatbots don tantance tsananin yiwuwar ganewar cutar kafin su shiga tsarin ganin likita da kuma fuskantar matsin tattalin arziki da zai iya biyo baya. <ref name="Fan_2021"/> Chatbots suna amfani da [[Kirkirar Basira|fasahar wucin gadi]] (AI) don taimaka wa marasa lafiya game da damuwarsu ta lafiya a duk lokutan yini. Tsarin aiki na CSCs tsarin rubutu ne, inda chatbot ke yin tambayoyi da yawa game da lafiya don tantance ganewar asali. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Divya S, Indumathi V, Ishwarya S, Priyasankari M, Devi SK |date=2018 |title=A Self-Diagnosis Medical Chatbot Using Artificial Intelligence. |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/230494941.pdf |journal=Journal of Web Development and Web Designing |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–7}}</ref> Har yanzu ana muhawara kan ingancin chatbots a cikin tsarin gano kai. <ref name="Fan_2021" /> Bincike ya gano cewa masu amfani suna da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da shigarwar da ake buƙata don gidajen yanar gizo da aikace-aikacen chatbot. <ref name="Fan_2021"/> <ref name="You_2021"/> A wasu lokuta, chatbots suna ba da iyakataccen sarari don shigar da alamomi da wurare da yawa na alamun don tantance ganewar asali. Hanyoyin sadarwa sun gabatar wa masu amfani da "jerin zaɓin alamun da aka riga aka tsara" wanda ya tilasta wa masu amfani su zama gabaɗaya tare da amsoshin su fiye da yadda suke so. <ref name="You_2021" /> Wasu masu amfani sun ji cewa tambayoyin da ake yi ta hanyar bincikar chatbots kai tsaye suna buƙatar cikakkun bayanai da yawa, suna barin su cikin ruɗani ko damuwa. <ref name="Fan_2021" /> Mutane kuma suna amfani da manhajojin tattaunawa na AI don gano kansu. <ref name="Shahsavar and Choudhury">{{Cite journal |last=Shahsavar |first=Yeganeh |last2=Choudhury |first2=Avishek |date=2023-05-17 |title=User Intentions to Use ChatGPT for Self-Diagnosis and Health-Related Purposes: Cross-sectional Survey Study |journal=JMIR Human Factors |volume=10 |doi=10.2196/47564 |pmc=10233444 |pmid=37195756 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Kafofin sada zumunta ==== Kafafen sada zumunta sun fara taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin gano kai, musamman gano cututtukan tabin hankali . Masu amfani da shafukan sada zumunta da ke neman amsoshi galibi suna gano kai bayan sun yi magana da wani takamaiman siffa ta wata cuta da aka ambata a wani rubutu a shafukan sada zumunta. Gane kai ta hanyar shafukan sada zumunta galibi ya fi yawa a cikin mutanen da ke da matsalar rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa (OCD), [[Matsalar damuwa|damuwa]], damuwa, ko wasu raunuka masu rikitarwa. <ref name="Phillips_2022"/> Ƙara samun damar yin ganewar asali ta hanyar intanet na iya samun fa'idodi ga sadarwa tsakanin majiyyaci da likita. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhou L, Zhang D, Yang C, Wang Y |date=2018-01-01 |title=Harnessing social media for health information management |journal=Electronic Commerce Research and Applications |volume=27 |pages=139–151 |doi=10.1016/j.elerap.2017.12.003 |pmc=6105292 |pmid=30147636}}</ref> Ta hanyar tantance ganewar asali ta majiyyaci, ƙwararren likita zai iya ganin takamaiman halayen wata cuta da majiyyaci ya gano kuma zai iya aiki tare da su don ƙirƙirar ganewar asali da magani mafi inganci. <ref name="Phillips_2022"/> Binciken kai ta hanyar kafofin sada zumunta na iya samun wasu matsaloli da ke tattare da shi. Wasu rubuce-rubucen kafofin sada zumunta na iya sauƙaƙa ganewar asali, wanda ke haifar da yaɗuwar bayanai marasa tushe game da cutar da aka fi sani. <ref name="Phillips_2022"/> Wasu gwaje-gwajen gano kai ta yanar gizo sun bayyana cewa alamu na yau da kullun, kamar damuwa da canjin yanayi, alamu ne na takamaiman cututtuka, wanda ke sa masu amfani da kafofin sada zumunta su ba da rahoton irin waɗannan rubuce-rubucen saboda rashin daidaito. <ref name="Murphy_2022"/> Mutanen da ke buga rubuce-rubucen da suka shafi lafiya kan gano kai na matsalolin lafiya ƙila ba su da takaddun shaidar likita duk da cewa sun gabatar da rubutunsu a matsayin shawara ta ƙwararru. <ref name="Phillips_2022" /> 'Yar jarida kuma marubuciya Doreen Dodgen-Magee ta yi la'akari da gwaje-gwajen gano kai don aiki saboda son zuciya, wanda aka gani lokacin da aka sami ƙaruwar ƙididdiga a yawan 'yan mata matasa da ke kusantar likitocinsu suna nuna damuwa cewa suna da cutar Tourette bayan bidiyo da yawa suna ambaton manyan alamu yayin da alamun Tourette suka yaɗu a [[TikTok]] . <ref name="Murphy_2022" /> == Tasiri kan bambancin alƙaluma == === Asalin ƙabilu da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki === ==== Alƙaluma masu rauni ==== Ani da Bazargan <ref name="pmid18646330">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ani C, Bazargan M, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Andersen RM, Hindman DW, Baker RS |date=2008 |title=Correlates of self-diagnosis of chronic medical and mental health conditions in under-served African American and Latino populations |url=https://ethndis.org/priorsuparchives/ethn-18-02s2-105.pdf |journal=Ethnicity & Disease |volume=18 |issue=2 Suppl 2 |pages=S2–105–11 |doi= |pmid=18646330}}</ref> daga Sashen Magungunan Iyali da Cibiyoyin Bincike a Cibiyoyin Ƙananan Yara sun gano cewa samun dama, araha, ci gaba da kula da lafiya, da matsalolin kuɗi sune manyan abubuwan da ke tantance ko marasa lafiya sun zaɓi yin amfani da ganewar asali ko kuma ganewar asali. Ta hanyar amfani da Tsarin Halayya ga Al'umma Masu Rauni, binciken ya ɗauki sama da gidaje 1,394 'yan Afirka-Amurka da Latino. Baya ga matsayin ƙabilarsu marasa rinjaye, gidaje kuma suna da waɗannan asalin mahalli: 89% mata ne, 50% gidaje ne na iyaye ɗaya, 60% suna da ƙasa da ilimin sakandare, 73% ba su da aikin yi, kuma 33% ba sa jin Turanci. A duk lokacin binciken, 43% na mahalarta sun ba da rahoton cewa likita bai taɓa gano aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin cututtukansu ba. Sakamakon binciken ya lura da tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki kan amfani da ganewar kai a matsayin mafita mafi inganci da sauƙin samu ta hanyar likita. Duk da haka, binciken ya kuma tayar da damuwa game da gano kai a cikin al'ummomin tsiraru. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa yiwuwar neman ganewar asali ta kai ya fi yiwuwa idan akwai alamun da ake iya gani fiye da lokacin da alamun ba a iya lura da su ba. Idan ba a yi wa waɗannan alƙaluma duba lafiya akai-akai ba, da alama ba za su fahimci yanayin lafiyarsu ba har sai sun zama marasa tabbas. Da yake tsokaci kan wannan sakamakon da ba za a iya gyarawa ba, Pete Wharmby, marubucin littattafai biyu game da autism, ya nuna takaici ga mutanen da ba fararen fata ba ne masu autism: "Sau da yawa ba a gano Autism ba, musamman a cikin alƙaluma waɗanda ba fararen fata ba ne. Wannan yana nufin ganewar kai sau da yawa buƙata ce don samun ganewar asali a hukumance. Wasu ba za su iya samun wannan DX ba, amma duk da haka, sun cancanci a ji su." <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=commaficionado|title=Autism is often undiagnosed especially in demographics that aren't young white males.|access-date=August 17, 2023}}</ref> ==== Annobar cutar covid-19 ==== [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] ya kuma taimaka wajen ƙaruwar ganewar asali tsakanin tsirarun al'ummomi. Samantha Artiga <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-22 |title=COVID-19 Cases and Deaths by Race/Ethnicity: Current Data and Changes Over Time |url=https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/covid-19-cases-and-deaths-by-race-ethnicity-current-data-and-changes-over-time/ |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Kaiser Family Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> daga Gidauniyar Kaiser Family Foundation ta ba da rahoton cewa lokacin da aka gyara ƙididdiga don yin la'akari da bambance-bambancen shekaru dangane da launin fata da ƙabila, ya bayyana cewa mutanen Baƙaƙe, Hispanic, AIAN, da NHOPI suna da mafi yawan adadin shari'o'in COVID-19 da mace-mace idan aka kwatanta da fararen fata. Waɗannan alƙaluma sun sami ƙaruwa mai alaƙa a cikin shari'o'in COVID-19 da aka gano kansu. ''Tattaunawar'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2022 |title=The rise of 'Dr. Google': The risks of self-diagnosis and searching symptoms online |url=http://theconversation.com/the-rise-of-dr-google-the-risks-of-self-diagnosis-and-searching-symptoms-online-180278 |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> ta nuna yadda aka haɓaka amfani da albarkatun intanet don tantance alamun COVID-19 da kuma tantance kansu a lokacin annobar, tana nuna yadda bayanan lafiya na kan layi suka sami sabon mahimmanci. ==== Fa'idodi da farashi ga alƙaluma masu rauni ==== Wannan yanayin komawa ga gano kai ga 'yan tsiraru na iya zama mai haɗari, idan aka yi la'akari da bayanan da ba a tace ba kuma ba a ba su izini ba a yanar gizo. Wani rahoto daga ''[https://www.psychreg.org/ Psychreg]'' ya soki binciken kai saboda yanayin da ke tattare da shi na iya zama mai haɗari, yana ba da rahoton cewa kashi 61% <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-15 |title=Expert Warns the Harm of Self-Diagnosis on Social Media |url=https://www.psychreg.org/harm-self-diagnosis-social-media/ |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Psychreg |language=en-GB}}</ref> na shawarwarin da ke kan kafofin sada zumunta (musamman, TikTok) ba daidai ba ne. Ƙungiyar Lafiyar Hankali ta Camber <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Social Media Sparks Dangerous Trend of Mental Health Self-Diagnosing |url=https://www.cambermentalhealth.org/2022/07/06/social-media-sparks-dangerous-trend-of-mental-health-self-diagnosing/ |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Camber Children's Mental Health}}</ref> ta kuma lura da haɗarin da ke tattare da gano kai ta yanar gizo, yana nuna cewa masu tasiri ba tare da lasisi mai kyau ba suna ba da shawarar jama'a wanda zai iya ƙara jefa al'umma cikin haɗari. Wasu bincike sun gabatar da wasu fannoni marasa haɗari na ganewar kai ga waɗannan al'ummomi. Wani sabon bincike da Ma'aikatar Lafiyar Jama'a da Kulawa ta Farko ta Leiden University Medical Centre <ref name="Kwakernaak_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kwakernaak J, Eekhof JA, De Waal MW, Barenbrug EA, Chavannes NH |date=November 2019 |title=Patients' Use of the Internet to Find Reliable Medical Information About Minor Ailments: Vignette-Based Experimental Study |journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research |language=EN |volume=21 |issue=11 |doi=10.2196/12278 |pmc=6878104 |pmid=31710304 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ta buga ya bayyana cewa marasa lafiya suna amfani da intanet don nemo ingantattun bayanai game da ƙananan cututtuka don haka hana alamun su ta'azzara idan ba za a iya samar da kulawar lafiya nan take ba. Bayan yin bincike kan mahalarta 1,372, binciken ya gano cewa yawancin marasa lafiya suna amfani da wannan hanyar bisa ga alamun. A ce marasa lafiya suna tsammanin yiwuwar ganewar cutar zai fi mutuwa. A wannan yanayin, suna yawan yin ƙarin bincike a intanet don tabbatar da zarge-zargen da suke yi game da yanayin su. === Shekaru === Matasan tsararraki sun fi iya yin gwajin kansu. Kwakernaak <ref name="Kwakernaak_2019"/> ya bayyana sakamakon bincikensu na alaƙa mai kyau tsakanin daidaiton ganewar kai da kuma canjin shekaru. Akwai alaƙar da ke tsakanin shekaru da daidaito; ƙaramar mara lafiya, da yawan yiwuwar samun gidajen yanar gizo masu inganci don samun bayanai. Kunst daga ''Statista'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2019 |title=Health apps usage for self-diagnosis U.S. adults by age 2017 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/699505/us-adults-that-use-apps-to-self-diagnose-by-age/ |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> ya gudanar da wani bincike wanda ke gabatar da bayanan mitar kowace ƙungiyar shekaru ta amfani da manhajoji don gano kai. Ƙungiyar 'yan shekaru 18-19 sun kusan ninka yiwuwar amfani da Intanet akai-akai ko lokaci-lokaci idan aka kwatanta da duk sauran ƙungiyoyin shekaru. Bayanan sun nuna cewa kashi 10% na waɗanda ke cikin wannan rukunin shekaru suna amfani da ganewar kai akai-akai idan aka kwatanta da kashi 4% na waɗanda suka girmi shekaru 61. Binciken ya nuna cewa wannan yawan amfani da shi na iya bayyana dalilin da yasa matasa ke da ƙwarewa wajen neman gidajen yanar gizo masu inganci da kuma samun ingantattun ganewar asali. Duk da haka, Kunst ya lura cewa wannan ƙarshe na iya zama son kai domin an gudanar da binciken akan layi kuma don haka ne kawai waɗanda aka yi niyya waɗanda ke da damar shiga Intanet akai-akai. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h9fl2kmwpk89vnndybakrwv9856ry6x 0 156802 883028 855015 2026-07-14T18:31:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Aristochromis christyi''''' wani nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae, wanda ke cikin [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a Afirka. Ita ce kawai sanannen memba na jinsin. == Bayyanawa == ''A. christyi'' yana da jiki mai tsawo da kuma babban kai mai laushi. Mace da matashi A, christyi suna kama da juna a launi suna azurfa da aka yi alama da layin baƙar fata mai tsayi daya daga abin da ke gudana daga wuyansa zuwa wutsiya kuma tare da ɗayan tare da tushe na dorsal fin. Yayin da maza suka kai ga balaga na jima'i suna rasa layin su kuma launi na jiki yana canzawa zuwa shuɗi, a lokaci guda ƙuƙwalwar ventral tana canza launi zuwa orange a lokacin haifuwa.<ref name="aquatropic">{{Cite web |date=17 October 2017 |title=Malawi Hawk Cichlid (Aristochromis christyi) |url=http://www.aquatropic.com/news/malawi-hawk-cichlid-aristochromis-christyi |access-date=27 November 2018 |publisher=Aquatropic |archive-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127110659/http://www.aquatropic.com/news/malawi-hawk-cichlid-aristochromis-christyi |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan babban kifi mai cin nama yana girma zuwa tsawon 30 centimeters (12 in) jimlar tsawon. == Rarraba da mazaunin == Ana samunsa a [[Malawi]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] inda yake a cikin [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]]. A cikin Tafkin Malawi ''A. christyi'' wani nau'in jinsin da aka samo a yankunan da ke da dutse mai yawa ya ba da damar yashi,<ref name="SF">{{Cite web |title=''Aristochromis christyi'' TREWAVAS, 1935 |url=https://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/aristochromis-christyi/ |access-date=27 November 2018 |publisher=Seriously Fish}}</ref> == Ilimin halittu == Wannan nau'in kifi ne kuma babban ganimarsa ta ƙunshi wasu nau'in cichlid, suna cin duk wani ganima wanda zai iya shiga cikin bakinsa.<ref name="SF" /> Don ciyar da ''A. christyi'' yana bincike a tsakanin duwatsu kuma lokacin da ya sami ganima yana juyawa gefe kuma yana sanya girmansa, a gefe a cikin raguwar dutse yana kama duk wani karamin kifi wanda zai iya ɓoyewa a cikin duwatsu. Dukansu maza da mata suna da yanki kuma suna kadai amma mata za su shiga yankunan da maza ke gudanarwa don haifuwa, maza suna da mace da yawa kuma ƙwai da yara suna da baki da mace.<ref name="aquatropic" /> == Sunan == takamaiman suna yana girmama likitan Ingilishi kuma [[Zoology|masanin ilimin dabbobi]] Cuthbert Christy (1863-1932), mai tara nau'in.<ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=27 November 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> == Manazarta == briuh2ch9w3mo9wddteuw7a2sb2852y 0 156876 883354 855329 2026-07-15T09:24:40Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 883354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''''Salmonella''''''' wani nau'in kwayoyin cuta ne mai kama da sandar, (bacillus) Gram-negative na dangin Enterobacteriaceae . Hanyoyin ''Salmonella'' guda biyu da aka sani sune ''Salmonella enterica'' da ''Salmonella bongori'' . ''S. enterica&nbsp;'' shine nau'in jinsin kuma an kara raba shi zuwa nau'o'i shida <ref name="Su">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Su LH, Chiu CH |date=2007 |title=Salmonella: clinical importance and evolution of nomenclature |journal=Chang Gung Medical Journal |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=210–219 |pmid=17760271}}</ref> wanda ya hada da nau'ikan serotypes sama da 2,650. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gal-Mor O, Boyle EC, Grassl GA |date=2014 |title=Same species, different diseases: how and why typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars differ |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=5 |page=391 |bibcode=2014FrMic...500391G |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2014.00391 |pmc=4120697 |pmid=25136336 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An sanya wa Salmonella suna ne bayan Daniel Elmer Salmon (1850-1914), likitan dabbobi na Amurka. Nau'in ''Salmonella'' ba su da ƙwayoyin cuta, galibi ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta tare da diamita tsakanin kimanin 0.7 da 1.5 μm, tsawon daga 2 zuwa 5 μm, da kuma peritrichous flagella (duk a kusa da jikin tantanin halitta, yana ba su damar motsawa). <ref name="Fabrega2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fàbrega A, Vila J |date=April 2013 |title=Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium skills to succeed in the host: virulence and regulation |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=308–341 |bibcode=2013CliMR..26..308F |doi=10.1128/CMR.00066-12 |pmc=3623383 |pmid=23554419}}</ref> Su ne chemotrophs, suna samun makamashi daga halayen Oxidation da raguwa, ta amfani da tushen kwayoyin. Har ila yau anaerobes ne na zaɓi, wanda ke iya samar da adenosine triphosphate tare da iskar oxygen ("aerobically") lokacin da yake samuwa, ko amfani da wasu masu karɓar lantarki ko fermentation ("anaerobically"). <ref name="Fabrega2013" />&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tarihin lissafi == Salmonella wani yanki ne na dangin Enterobacteriaceae. An sake duba tsarin harajin sa kuma yana da yuwuwar rikicewa. Halin halittar ya ƙunshi nau'i biyu, S. bongori da S. enterica, na ƙarshensu ya kasu kashi shida: S. e. enterica, S. e. salama, S.e. [[Arizona]], S.e. diarizonae, S.e. houtenae, da S.e. nuni [1] [2] Ƙungiyar taxonomic ta ƙunshi fiye da 2500 serotypes (kuma serovars) da aka ayyana bisa tushen somatic O (lipopolysaccharide) da flagellar H antigens (kauffman-White rarrabuwa). An ba da cikakken sunan serotype a matsayin, misali, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Typhimurium, amma ana iya rage shi zuwa Salmonella Typhimurium. Further differentiation of strains to assist clinical and epidemiological investigation may be achieved by antibiotic sensitivity testing and by other molecular biology techniques such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and, increasingly, whole genome sequencing. A tarihi, an rarraba salmonellae a asibiti a matsayin masu cin zarafi (typhoidal) ko kuma mara amfani (nontyphoidal salmonellae) dangane da fifikon masaukin baki da bayyanar cututtuka a cikin mutane.[3] == Tarihi == Karl Eberth ne ya fara ganin ''''Salmonella'''' a cikin 1880 a cikin takardun Peyer da spleens na marasa lafiya na typhoid. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eberth CJ |date=1880-07-01 |title=Die Organismen in den Organen bei Typhus abdominalis |journal=Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin |language=de |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=58–74 |doi=10.1007/BF01995472 |s2cid=6979333}}</ref> Shekaru hudu bayan haka, Georg Theodor Gaffky ya sami damar girma da kwayar cutar a cikin al'ada mai tsarki.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hardy A |date=August 1999 |title=Food, hygiene, and the laboratory. A short history of food poisoning in Britain, circa 1850-1950 |journal=Social History of Medicine |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=293–311 |doi=10.1093/shm/12.2.293 |pmid=11623930}}</ref> Shekara guda bayan haka, masanin kimiyyar binciken likita [[Theobald Smith]] ya gano abin da daga baya za a san shi da ''Salmonella enterica'' (var. Choleraesuis). A lokacin, Smith yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin dakin gwaje-gwaje na bincike a Sashen Kula da Dabbobi na Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka. Rukunin ya kasance a karkashin gwamnatin Daniel Elmer Salmon, likitan dabbobi.<ref name="FDA">{{Cite web |date=2008-07-03 |title=FDA/CFSAN—Food Safety A to Z Reference Guide—Salmonella |url=http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/a2z-s.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302092542/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/a2z-s.html |archive-date=2009-03-02 |access-date=2009-02-14 |website=FDA–Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition}}</ref> Da farko, an yi tunanin Salmonella Choleraesuis shine mai haifar da kwalara ta alade, don haka Salmon da Smith sun kira shi "Hog-cholera bacillus". Ba a yi amfani da sunan Salmonella ba har zuwa 1900, lokacin da Joseph Leon Lignières ya ba da shawarar cewa a kira kwayar cutar da ƙungiyar Salmon ta gano Salmonella don girmama shi. : 16 {{Rp|16}} A ƙarshen shekarun 1930, masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta na Australiya Nancy Atkinson ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje na ''Salmonella'' - ɗaya daga cikin uku kawai a duniya a lokacin - a Gidan gwaje-gaje na Pathology da Bacteriology na Gwamnatin Kudancin [[Asturaliya|Australia]] a [[Adelaide]] (daga baya Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Dabbobi). A nan ne Atkinson ya bayyana sabbin nau'ikan salmonella da yawa, gami da Salmonella Adelaide, wanda aka ware a 1943. Atkinson ta buga aikinta kan salmonellas a shekara ta 1957. == Serootyping == Ana yin serotyping ta hanyar haɗakar sel tare da antibodies don wani antigen. Zai iya ba da ra'ayi game da haɗari. Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2014 ya nuna cewa S. Reading ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin samfurori na matasa, amma ba mai ba da gudummawa ga salmonellosis na mutum ba.[1] Serotyping na iya taimakawa wajen gano tushen gurɓata ta hanyar daidaita serotypes a cikin mutanen da ke da serotypes cikin tushen kamuwa da cuta.[2] Za'a iya gano maganin rigakafi mai dacewa daga sanannen juriya na serotype.[3] Sabbin hanyoyin "serotyping" sun haɗa da xMAP da PCR na ainihi, hanyoyi biyu da suka danganci jerin DNA maimakon halayen rigakafi. Wadannan hanyoyin na iya zama da sauri, godiya ga ci gaba a fasahar tsarawa. Wadannan tsarin "molecular serotyping" a zahiri suna yin kwayar halitta na kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ƙayyade antigen na surface.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Luo Y, Huang C, Ye J, Octavia S, Wang H, Dunbar SA, Jin D, Tang YW, Lan R |date=2020-09-07 |title=Comparison of xMAP ''Salmonella'' Serotyping Assay With Traditional Serotyping and Discordance Resolution by Whole Genome Sequencing |journal=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fcimb.2020.00452 |pmc=7504902 |pmid=33014887 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nair S, Patel V, Hickey T, Maguire C, Greig DR, Lee W, Godbole G, Grant K, Chattaway MA |date=August 2019 |title=Real-Time PCR Assay for Differentiation of Typhoidal and Nontyphoidal ''Salmonella'' |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=57 |issue=8 |doi=10.1128/JCM.00167-19 |pmc=6663909 |pmid=31167843}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] excg3jryeqd7ccxua9dqq7w4uuhu17o 0 157397 883107 856960 2026-07-14T22:49:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], ayyukan gaggawa na kiwon lafiya (EMS) suna ba da kulawar lafiya mai tsanani da/ko jigilar marasa lafiya zuwa asibiti ga waɗanda ke cikin buƙata. Hukumar Kula da Tsaron Ababen Hawa ta Ƙasa (NHTSA) ce ke tsara su a matakin farko, <ref>{{Cite web |title=EMS.gov &#124; What is EMS? |url=https://www.ems.gov/whatisems.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405192040/https://www.ems.gov/whatisems.html |archive-date=2019-04-05 |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=www.ems.gov}}</ref> wanda ke saita mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodi da dole ne duk masu samar da EMS na jihohi su cika, kuma gwamnatocin [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|jihohi]] da ƙabilu daban-daban ke tsara su sosai, waɗanda galibi suna buƙatar ƙarin ƙa'idodi daga ayyukan da suke kulawa. A wasu jihohi, gwamnatocin gundumomi da ƙananan hukumomi kuma suna tsara ayyuka a yankunansu. Mutane a Amurka sun fi neman taimakon gaggawa ta hanyar tuntuɓar 911, lambar wayar gaggawa ta Arewacin Amurka. A cikin 2018, EMS ta amsa buƙatun gaggawa sama da miliyan 28 911, waɗanda suka ƙunshi fiye da rabin duk kiran gaggawa na EMS don taimako. Har da wasu ayyuka kamar jiran aiki, jigilar likitoci ta sama, da kuma taimakon gaggawa na al'umma, EMS ta amsa buƙatun sabis sama da miliyan 42. Bambance-bambance masu yawa a yawan jama'a, [[Yanayin ƙasar Amurka|yanayin ƙasa]], yanayi da sauran yanayi na iya buƙatar nau'ikan tsarin EMS daban-daban; saboda haka, sau da yawa akwai babban bambanci tsakanin Ayyukan Gaggawa na Lafiya da ake bayarwa a wata jiha da waɗanda ake bayarwa a wata jiha. == Ƙungiya da kuɗaɗen tallafi == === Tsarin bayar da kuɗi === Duk da cewa yawancin ayyuka, a wani mataki, ana ba da kuɗaɗen gwamnati, abin da ke bambanta ayyuka sau da yawa shine yadda ake gudanar da su. Tsarin EMS na iya zama kai tsaye ta al'umma, ko kuma suna iya faɗawa hannun wani mai samar da sabis na ɓangare na uku, kamar kamfani mai zaman kansa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=EMS System &#124; NHTSA EMS |url=http://www.ems.gov/whatisems.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308110607/http://www.ems.gov/whatisems.htm |archive-date=2016-03-08 |access-date=2016-02-29}}</ref> Wani rahoto na shekarar 2018 da Kwalejin Haverford ta fitar ya gano cewa yawancin hukumomin EMS (41%) ana kula da su ne ta hannun sassan kashe gobara, sai kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (25%), ayyukan gwamnati marasa kashe gobara (21%), sannan kuma asibitoci (6%). Sauran nau'ikan mallakar sun kai kashi 6% na hukumomin. ==== EMS da ake amfani da shi a bainar jama'a ==== A cikin ɗaya daga cikin tsarin da gwamnati ke amfani da shi, tsarin EMS yana gudanar da shi kai tsaye ta hannun karamar hukuma da take bayarwa. Hukumomin ƙananan hukumomi na iya samar da ayyukan, ko kuma alhakin gwamnatin yanki (ko jiha) ne. Ayyukan da ƙananan hukumomi ke gudanarwa na iya samun kuɗaɗen sabis kuma ana ƙara musu harajin kadarori . A lokuta da yawa, ana ɗaukar tsarin EMS a matsayin ƙarami don yin aiki da kansa, kuma an tsara shi azaman reshe na wani sashen ƙananan hukumomi, kamar sashen [[Lafiyar jama'a|Lafiyar Jama'a]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Monterey County EMS |url=http://www.mtyhd.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=20&Itemid=209&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001045749/http://www.mtyhd.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=20&Itemid=209&lang=en |archive-date=2012-10-01 |access-date=2012-11-15}}</ref> A cikin ƙananan al'ummomi waɗanda ba su da yawan jama'a ko tushen haraji, irin wannan sabis ɗin ba zai iya aiki ba sai dai idan masu sa kai na al'umma ne ke aiki da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Monroe Volunteer EMS website |url=http://www.monroeems.org/ |access-date=2008-10-08}}</ref> A cikin waɗannan lokuta, ƙungiyar masu sa kai na iya samun wasu kuɗaɗe daga harajin ƙananan hukumomi, amma gabaɗaya sun dogara sosai kan gudummawar son rai don biyan kuɗaɗen aiki. Wannan yana ba da babban ƙalubale ga ƙungiyoyin masu sa kai, tunda dole ne a cika ƙa'idodin horo ga ma'aikata, kuma ana bin ƙa'idodin abin hawa da kayan aiki, yayin da ƙungiyar ke yin duk ko mafi yawan kuɗin tara kuɗi nata. Duk da haka, ba tare da kasancewar masu sa kai na musamman ba, ƙananan al'ummomi da yawa a Amurka ba za su iya zama ba tare da tsarin EMS na gida ba kuma ko dai ba za su sami sabis ba ko kuma a tilasta musu su dogara da sabis daga al'ummomi masu nisa. Wani tsarin aiki na EMS da ake gudanarwa a bainar jama'a shine abin da ake kira a masana'antar a matsayin zaɓin "sabis na uku". A cikin wannan zaɓin, maimakon zama wani ɓangare na (ko a wasu lokuta, "ƙari" ga) ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan "gaggawa" na gargajiya (gobara da 'yan sanda), ana tsara sabis ɗin a matsayin wani sashe na [[Ƙaramar hukuma|birni]] daban, mai zaman kansa, tare da ƙungiya wanda zai iya kama da, amma ana gudanar da shi daban-daban daga, ko dai sassan kashe gobara ko na 'yan sanda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Orleans EMS |url=http://www.nola.gov/government/ems/ |access-date=2012-11-15}}</ref> A cikin wani nau'in wannan samfurin, ana iya gane tsarin EMS a matsayin sabis na gaggawa na uku na halal, amma ana bayar da shi ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar kwangila da wata ƙungiya, kamar kamfani mai zaman kansa ko asibiti, maimakon aiki kai tsaye. Wannan samfurin wani lokaci ana kiransa samfurin "ayyukan jama'a". Wannan na iya zama ma'auni mai ceton kuɗi, ko kuma yana iya zama saboda al'umma suna jin cewa ba su da ƙwarewar mazauna don magance matsalolin kulawa da kulawa na likita, da kuma buƙatun doka waɗanda galibi ke kewaye da Sabis na Gaggawa na Lafiya. A wani tsari na EMS da ake gudanarwa a bainar jama'a, ana iya haɗa tsarin cikin ayyukan wani sabis na gaggawa na birni, kamar sashen kashe gobara na gida ko [[Ɗan sanda|sashen 'yan sanda]] . Wannan haɗin gwiwa na iya zama ɓangare ko cikakke. Idan aka haɗa ɓangare, ma'aikatan EMS na iya raba kwata, ayyukan gudanarwa, har ma da umarni da iko tare da ɗayan sabis ɗin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FDNYEMS website |url=http://fdnyems.com/ |access-date=2008-10-08}}</ref> Idan aka haɗa gaba ɗaya, ma'aikatan EMS na iya samun cikakken horo don yin aikin matakin shiga na ɗayan sabis na gaggawa, ko dai aikin kashe gobara ko [[Ɗan sanda|aikin 'yan sanda]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryland State Police Aviation Command website |url=http://www.mspaviation.org/frames.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004094925/http://www.mspaviation.org/frames.asp |archive-date=2008-10-04 |access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> Al'ummomi da yawa suna ganin wannan a matsayin samar da "ƙarin ƙima" ga al'umma, tunda ma'aikatan birni suna cika ayyuka fiye da ɗaya, kuma ba sa yin aiki yadda ya kamata. ==== EMS na sirri/don riba ==== Ayyukan motar asibiti da ke aiki a matsayin masu zaman kansu/don neman riba suna da dogon tarihi a Amurka Sau da yawa, musamman a ƙananan al'ummomi, al'umma suna ganin hidimar motar asibiti a matsayin mafi ƙarancin fifiko fiye da 'yan sanda ko ayyukan kashe gobara, kuma babu abin da ya kamata ya buƙaci tallafin jama'a. Har zuwa lokacin da aka fara aikin likitocin gaggawa a farkon shekarun 1970, ɗaya daga cikin masu samar da sabis na motar asibiti da aka fi sani a Amurka gidan jana'izar al'umma ne. Wannan ya faru ne ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, domin motocin jigila ne kawai ke iya ɗaukar mutum a kwance a lokacin. Ayyukan motar asibiti a lokacin jana'iza wani lokacin ana ƙara musu ayyukan "uwa da amarya", waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da gidajen jana'iza amma suna aiki iri ɗaya da sabis na taksi. Babu ƙa'idodin ƙasa don ayyukan motar asibiti kuma ma'aikata gabaɗaya ba su da horo ko kayan aiki, wanda ke haifar da yawan mace-mace kafin asibiti. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kossoff |first=Jackie |date=5 May 2021 |title=Private/For Profit EMS |url=https://www.iamed.com/private-for-profit-ems/ |access-date=29 October 2022 |publisher=IA MED}}</ref> Irin waɗannan kamfanoni suna ci gaba da aiki ta wannan hanyar a wasu wurare, suna ba da ayyukan sufuri na gaggawa, sabis na gaggawa na kuɗi don sabis, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guardian Ambulance Ltd. website |url=http://www.guardianambulance.org/ver_1.html |access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> ko kwangilar sabis na motar asibiti na gaggawa ga ƙananan hukumomi, kamar yadda yake a cikin tsarin kayan aikin jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency Ambulance Service Ltd website |url=http://www.emergencyambulance.com/main.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027035037/http://www.emergencyambulance.com/main.html |archive-date=2008-10-27 |access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1970 da farkon shekarun 1980, an haɗa kamfanonin motar asibiti masu zaman kansu sama da 200 a Amurka a hankali zuwa manyan kamfanonin yanki, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu ke ci gaba da aiki a yau. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Acadian Ambulance Company website |url=http://www.acadian.com/ |access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> Yayin da wannan yanayin ya ci gaba, sakamakon ya kasance wasu kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da suka rage, wasu ƙananan kamfanonin yanki, da manyan kamfanoni biyu na ƙasashen duniya waɗanda a halin yanzu ke mamaye dukkan masana'antar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=American Medical Response website |url=http://www.amr.net/ |access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rural Metro Corporation website |url=http://www.ruralmetro.com/ |access-date=2008-10-09}}</ref> Waɗannan ayyukan suna ci gaba da aiki a wasu sassan Amurka, ko dai akan kuɗin sabis ga majiyyaci, ko kuma ta hanyar kwangiloli da ƙananan hukumomi. Irin waɗannan kwangiloli galibi suna haifar da aikin kuɗi-don-sabis wanda ƙaramar hukuma ke ba da kuɗaɗen sa, a musanya don garantin aiki mai kyau akan batutuwa kamar ma'aikata, ƙwarewar aiki, albarkatun da ake da su, da lokutan amsawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambulance Service Performance Standards, Kern County, California |url=http://www.co.kern.ca.us/ems/AmbPerfStds_Appvd_Ver2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701204914/http://www.co.kern.ca.us/ems/AmbPerfStds_Appvd_Ver2.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-01 |access-date=2012-11-15}}</ref> ==== Tsarin kulawa ==== Tsarin Kula da Lafiya na Gaggawa a Amurka yawanci yana bin tsarin isar da sabis na Anglo-American (kawo mara lafiya asibiti), sabanin tsarin Franco-Jamusanci (kawo asibiti ga majiyyaci). Baya ga wasu likitoci kaɗan da ke aiki a cikin jirgin Medevac ko kuma suna yin horo ko tabbatar da ingancin lafiya, ba kasafai ake ganin likita yana amsawa da gangan ga wurin gaggawa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dick WF |year=2003 |title=Anglo-American vs. Franco-German emergency medical services system |journal=Prehosp Disaster Med |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=29–35; discussion 35–37 |doi=10.1017/s1049023x00000650 |pmid=14694898 |s2cid=31020961}}</ref> ==== Motar asibiti ta jirgin sama ==== Ana iya gudanar da ayyukan motar asibiti ta hanyar hanyoyi daban-daban. Wasu ayyuka ana gudanar da su ne ta asibiti, <ref>{{Cite web |title=AirLifeDenver website |url=http://www.airlifedenver.com/ |access-date=2008-10-02}}</ref> yayin da wasu kuma [[Ƙaramar hukuma|gwamnatin]] tarayya, [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|jiha]] ko ta ƙananan hukumomi ne ke gudanar da su; ko kuma ta hanyar sassa daban-daban, ciki har da 'yan sandan gida ko na jiha, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryland State Police Aviation Command website |url=http://www.mspaviation.org/frames.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004094925/http://www.mspaviation.org/frames.asp |archive-date=2008-10-04 |access-date=2008-10-02}}</ref> [[Gidan shakatawa na Kasa|Hukumar Kula da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa ta Amurka]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=US Parks Police website |url=http://www.nps.gov/uspp/avipag.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041016010137/http://www.nps.gov/uspp/avipag.htm |archive-date=October 16, 2004 |access-date=2008-10-02}}</ref> ko sassan kashe gobara . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Los Angeles County Fire Department website |url=http://www.fire.lacounty.gov/EMS/EMS.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924022238/http://www.fire.lacounty.gov/EMS/EMS.asp |archive-date=2008-09-24 |access-date=2008-10-02}}</ref> Irin waɗannan ayyuka ana iya gudanar da su kai tsaye ta kowace daga cikin waɗannan tsarin EMS, ko kuma ana iya ba su kwangila ga wani mai samar da sabis na ɓangare na uku, kamar kamfanin haya jirgin sama. Bugu da ƙari, ba sabon abu ba ne a tilasta wa jiragen sama na sojojin Amurka su yi aiki don samar da tallafin motar asibiti ta iska. Nisa mai faɗi da Amurka ta rufe yana nufin cewa yayin da jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu na iya zama nau'in isar da sabis ga gaggawa "a wurin", jiragen sama masu fikafikai, gami da ƙananan jiragen sama, galibi ana amfani da su don canja wurin daga asibitocin karkara zuwa wuraren [[Kula da lafiya|kulawa na gaba]] . Waɗannan jiragen galibi suna da ma'aikata iri-iri ciki har da likitoci, [[Ungozoma|ma'aikatan jinya]], da ma'aikatan jinya, kuma a wasu lokuta, duka ukun. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rasmussen K |date=November 2017 |title=Does Medical Staffing Influence Perceived Safety? An International Survey on Medical Crew Models in Helicopter Emergency Medical Services |url=https://www.airmedicaljournal.com/article/S1067-991X(16)30280-2/fulltext |journal=Air Medical Journal |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=29–36 |doi=10.1016/j.amj.2017.09.008 |pmid=29332773 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ana ƙara wa sabis na jigilar jiragen sama na gaggawa da na gaggawa, wanda kamfanonin jigilar jiragen sama na musamman za su iya bayarwa, ko kuma kamfanonin haya jiragen sama a matsayin wani aiki na biyu na kasuwanci. 3<gallery widths="250px" heights="180px" perrow="3" caption="Jirgin Sama na Ambulance a Amurka"> Fayil:MCI_Drill_2008_003.jpg|alt=Training with LifeEvac II| Horarwa tare da LifeEvac II Fayil:Tn_DSC01826.JPG| STAT MedEvac Fayil:Aircare.JPG| PHI AirMedical AirCare 2 </gallery> == Tarihi == === Na zamani === An fara aikin motar [[Ambulance|asibiti]] ta Grady a Amurka a [[Atlanta]], Georgia a shekarar 1869. Ma'aikatan Asibitin Grady Memorial sun hau kekunan dawaki da aka tsara musamman don jigilar marasa lafiya da waɗanda suka ji rauni. Rukunin farko na masu aikin sa kai na ceto sun shirya a kusan shekarar 1920 a Roanoke, Virginia, Palmyra, New Jersey, da kuma bakin tekun [[New Jersey]] . A hankali, musamman a lokacin da kuma bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, asibitoci da likitoci sun ɓace daga aikin kafin a kai asibiti, suna bin diddigin shirye-shiryen da aka tsara a tsakiyar birane. Sau da yawa asibitoci ko sashen kashe gobara na birni ne ke kula da waɗannan. Lokaci-lokaci, ana maye gurbin wuraren jana'iza, waɗanda suka kasance hanyar sufuri ta yau da kullun, da sashen kashe gobara, ƙungiyar ceto, da motocin asibiti masu zaman kansu. Kafin shekarun 1970, ba a cika yin aikin motar asibiti ba. Duk da cewa a wasu yankuna, motocin daukar marasa lafiya na daukar marasa lafiya na matakin farko suna aiki, a wasu yankuna, abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare ga mai kula da kayan daki na yankin, wanda ke da motoci daya tilo da mutum zai iya kwanciya a ciki, yana gudanar da shagon kayan daki na yankin (inda yake yin akwatin gawa a gefe) da kuma na'urar daukar marasa lafiya ta yankin. === Ci gaban ayyukan zamani === Fitowar binciken Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa a shekarar 1966, "Mutuwa da Nakasa a Haɗari: Cutar da Aka Saka a Hannun Jama'ar Zamani", (wanda aka sani a fannin EMS a matsayin Farin Takarda ) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaston SR |date=March 1971 |title=Accidental death and disability: the neglected disease of modern society. A progress report |journal=J Trauma |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=195–206 |doi=10.1097/00005373-197103000-00001 |pmid=5545943}}</ref> ya haifar da haɗakar ƙoƙari don inganta kulawar gaggawa ta likita a wuraren da ba a kai asibiti ba. Binciken ya gano cewa za a iya hana mace-mace da yawa marasa amfani ta hanyar haɗakar ilimin al'umma, tsauraran ƙa'idojin tsaro, da kuma ingantattun jiyya kafin a kai asibiti. Peter Safar, wanda aka haifa a Austria, ƙwararren likitan sa barci ne a Jami'ar Pittsburgh, ya kasance majagaba a fannin CPR wanda ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar Sashen Kula da Lafiya Mai Tsanani na Asibiti na zamani (ICU). 'Yarsa ta mutu a shekarar 1966 sakamakon kamuwa da cutar asma yayin jigilar ta daga gidanta zuwa asibiti. A martanin da ya bayar, ya tsara motar asibiti mai ɗauke da kayan aikin likita da kuma tsarin fenti. Ya kuma tsara tsarin farko mai cikakken tsari don horar da ma'aikatan jinya. <ref name="MEN">{{Cite web |last=Waxman |first=Olivia B. |title=The Little-Known History of the Black Men Who Became America's First Paramedics |url=https://time.com/6215072/first-paramedics-black-men-history/ |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=time.com |publisher=Time, USA}}</ref> Sabis na Ambulance na Safar na Freedom House shine sabis na gaggawa na farko a Amurka da ma'aikatan jinya ke ɗaukar ma'aikata tare da horon likita fiye da taimakon farko. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Corry |first=Megan |last2=Keyes |first2=Casey |last3=Page |first3=David |date=March 2013 |title=Reviving Freedom House. How the storied ambulance company has been reborn |journal=JEMS: A Journal of Emergency Medical Services |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=70–75 |issn=0197-2510 |pmid=23717921}}</ref> Daraktan lafiya na Freedom House Nancy Caroline ta rubuta littafin horo na EMS wanda aka karɓa a matsayin ma'aunin ƙasa. <ref name="MEN" /> A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, Dr. R Adams Cowley ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙirƙirar shirin EMS na farko a duk faɗin ƙasar, a Maryland. Ana kiran tsarin da Sashen Ayyukan Lafiya na Gaggawa (wanda yanzu aka sani da ''[http://www.miemss.org/ Cibiyar Ayyukan Lafiya na Gaggawa ta Maryland]'' ). Haka kuma a shekarar 1969, Cowley ya sami jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na soja don taimakawa wajen jigilar marasa lafiya cikin sauri zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Rauni (wanda yanzu aka sani da Cibiyar R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center ), wani asibiti na musamman da ya fara don magance girgiza . Wannan sabis ɗin ba wai kawai shine shirin EMS na farko a duk faɗin jihar ba, har ma shine farkon jigilar helikwafta na gaggawa na likita a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.umm.edu/shocktrauma/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224082924/http://www.umm.edu/shocktrauma/history.html |archive-date=December 24, 2005}}</ref> Shirin farko na helikwafta na likitanci na farar hula da ke aiki a asibiti a Amurka, Flight For Life Colorado, ya fara ne a shekarar 1972 da jirgin helikwafta guda ɗaya na Alouette III, wanda ke aiki a Asibitin St. Anthony Central da ke Denver, Colorado. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flight for Life Colorado website |url=http://www.flightforlifecolorado.org/index.php?s=5 |access-date=2008-10-01}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Amurka ce ke tantance ƙa'idodin EMS na ƙasa don Amurka kuma Ma'aikatar EMS ta kowace jiha (yawanci a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya ), kuma Kwamitocin Ba da Shawara kan Lafiya na Yanki (yawanci a yankunan karkara) ko wasu kwamitoci, ko ma masu samar da EMS daban-daban suna canza su. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙirƙiri Rijistar Ƙasa ta Masu Fasaha na Gaggawa ta Lafiya, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, a cikin 1970 bisa shawarar Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson a ƙoƙarin samar da takardar shaida da aka amince da ita a ƙasa ga masu samar da kayayyaki da kuma yarjejeniya a duk faɗin ƙasar kan yarjejeniyoyi. A halin yanzu, ana karɓar takardar shaidar Rijistar Ƙasa a wasu sassan Amurka, yayin da wasu yankuna har yanzu suna da nasu yarjejeniyoyi da manhajojin horo daban-daban. Musamman ma, a jihar [[California]] ta Amurka, a [[Seattle]], jihar [[Washington (jiha)|Washington]] ( Medic One ), da kuma a [[Miami]], ayyukan sun fara haɗawa da ma'aikatan jinya a cikin martanin EMS a farkon shekarun 1970. Ƙungiyoyi a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Charlottesville, Virginia da Portland, Oregon suma sun kasance farkon waɗanda suka fara horon gaggawa na likitanci kafin asibiti. Duk da adawa daga masu kashe gobara da likitoci, shirin ya sami karɓuwa yayin da ingancinsa ya bayyana a fili. Bugu da ƙari, irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun shahara sosai a Arewacin Amurka a shekarun 1970 tare da shirin talabijin [[NBC|na NBC]], ''Emergency!'' wanda, a wani ɓangare, ya biyo bayan balaguron ma'aikatan jinya biyu na Sashen Kashe Gobara na Gundumar Los Angeles yayin da suke mayar da martani ga nau'ikan [[Maganin gaggawa|gaggawa na likita]] daban-daban. James O. Page ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan fasaha na jerin kuma ya zama muhimmin ɓangare na haɓaka EMS a Amurka. Shahararren wannan jerin ya ƙarfafa sauran al'ummomi su kafa nasu ayyukan. === Karanci === A ƙarni na 21, al'ummomin karkara waɗanda ke da raguwar yawan jama'a sun fuskanci ƙarin matsaloli wajen neman masu sa kai na EMS, yayin da yawan jama'ar yankin ke tsufa kuma suna da ƙarin matsalolin lafiya. Daga 2005 zuwa tsakiyar 2019, asibitoci 160 na karkara sun rufe, da yawa a jihohin da ba su faɗaɗa Medicare a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dokar Kulawa Mai Sauƙi ba, wanda ya haifar da tsawaita lokacin tuƙi ga EMS. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2019 |title=What if you call 911 and no one comes? Inside the collapse of America's EMS services. |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-care/there-s-shortage-volunteer-ems-workers-ambulances-rural-america-n1068556 |website=NBC News}}</ref> Annobar COVID-19 a Amurka ta haifar da ƙaruwar haɗarin aiki, matsin lamba a wurin aiki, da kuma yawan ma'aikata, wanda ya haifar da ƙarancin ma'aikatan EMS a duk faɗin ƙasar. <ref name="crippling">{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2021 |title=EMS services warn of 'crippling labor shortage' undermining 911 system |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/ems-services-warn-crippling-labor-shortage-undermining-911-system-rcna2677 |website=NBC News}}</ref> Abin da ya ƙara ta'azzara matsalar shi ne dakatar da horo na ɗan lokaci, ɗaukar ma'aikatan jinya da asibitoci ke yi, da kuma ƙarin albashi a wasu fannoni da ke fuskantar ƙarancin ma'aikata kuma ba bisa ƙa'idar gwamnati ba. <ref name="crippling" /> == Haɗarin lafiyar sana'a == === Hadarin da aka saba === Ma'aikatan Sabis na Gaggawa na Lafiya suna fuskantar [[Hadarin aiki|haɗarin aiki]] da yawa saboda yawan aiki da kuma canje-canje a duk tsawon ranar aikinsu. Waɗannan haɗarin galibi suna kama da [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|ƙwararrun likitoci]] . EMS yawanci yana zuwa kafin a kawar da muhalli daga sinadarai, halittu, da [[Hadarin jiki|haɗarin jiki]] . Wannan yana sanya ma'aikata cikin haɗari fiye da idan suna cikin yanayi mai ƙarfi kamar [[asibiti]] . Raunin da ma'aikatan EMS suka fi samu shine rauni da rauni. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-04-23 |title=Emergency Medical Services Clinician Injury Data |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ems/data/index.html |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Emergency Medical Services |language=en-us}}</ref> Masu ba da sabis suna ɗaga abubuwa masu nauyi da yawa, gami da mutane da kayan aiki. Yanayin damuwa mai yawa na iya haifar da rauni daga tashin hankali ga ma'aikatan EMS. <ref name=":02" /> A cikin binciken haɗarin aiki ga ma'aikatan EMS, kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na ma'aikatan EMS sun fuskanci wani nau'in tashin hankali a wurin aiki cikin watanni 12. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Powell |first=Jonathan R. |last2=Cash |first2=Rebecca E. |last3=Kurth |first3=Jordan D. |last4=Gage |first4=Christopher B. |last5=Mercer |first5=Christopher B. |last6=Panchal |first6=Ashish R. |date=2023-11-01 |title=National examination of occupational hazards in emergency medical services |url=https://oem.bmj.com/content/80/11/644 |journal=Occupational and Environmental Medicine |language=en |volume=80 |issue=11 |pages=644–649 |doi=10.1136/oemed-2023-109053 |issn=1351-0711 |pmc=10646910 |pmid=37833069}}</ref> Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da zagi, naushi, da tofa. Duk da cewa duk waɗannan [[Hadarin jiki|haɗarin lafiyar jiki]] ne, tofa kuma yana iya zama haɗarin halitta, yaɗa cututtuka masu yaɗuwa. Hulɗa da jinin majiyyaci kuma na iya zama babban haɗari ga ma'aikatan lafiya na gaggawa. <ref name=":12" /> <ref name=":2" /> Jini na iya ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke yaɗa cututtuka kamar [[Kanjamau|HIV/AIDS]] da [[Ciwon Hanta|Hepatitis]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Why is Blood Biohazardous {{!}} Eco Medical |url=https://www.ecomedicalwaste.com/blog-posts/why-blood-biohazardous#:~:text=%E2%80%8DWhy%20is%20Blood%20a%20Biohazard?&text=Blood%20is%20a%20biohazard%20due,bacteria,%20viruses,%20and%20parasites.&text=Activities%20that%20involve%20the%20exchange,fluids%20can%20transmit%20bloodborne%20pathogens. |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=www.ecomedicalwaste.com}}</ref> Waɗannan haɗarin na iya kamawa daga [[Dafi|abubuwa masu guba]] daga zubewa ko fashewar gilashi da ƙarfe mai kaifi daga fashewa ko haɗarin ababen hawa. Ma'aikata suna amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta kamar bleach ko kayayyakin da aka yi da barasa lokacin da suke tsaftacewa da amfani da ingantattun ka'idojin tsaro, waɗanda za su iya yin mummunan tasiri ga lafiya. === Sakamako === Saboda kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin EMS, masu samar da sabis suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta. Wasu daga cikinsu sune [[Hepatitis C]] da [[Hepatitis B|B]], HIV, [[Agana|Smallpox]], da [[Influenza]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bitely |first=Colton |date=Oct 11, 2019 |title=EMS Disease Exposure, Transmission, and Prevention: a Review Article |journal=Current Emergency and Hospital Medicine Reports |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=135–140 |doi=10.1007/s40138-019-00200-6 |pmc=7100409 |pmid=32226658}}</ref> Ba wai kawai suna cikin haɗarin rashin lafiya ba, har ma da raunuka na jiki, ko dai daga rikici da marasa lafiya ko kuma daga ɗaga nauyi, na iya haifar da hutun da ake buƙata daga aiki. Wannan yana sanya ma'aikata cikin haɗarin matsalar kuɗi ko kuma a kore su. Damuwa da ma'aikatan gaggawa ke fuskanta, kamar kallon wahalar ɗan adam/mutuwa da yanayin aikin da ba a iya faɗi ba, na iya haifar da sakamako na dogon lokaci ga lafiyar kwakwalwarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=NRP |first=Taylor Shearer BS |date=2022-05-05 |title=A Frontline Battle: The Mental Health Crisis in Emergency Medical Services |url=https://www.jems.com/mental-health-wellness/a-frontline-battle-the-mental-health-crisis-in-emergency-medical-services/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=JEMS: EMS, Emergency Medical Services - Training, Paramedic, EMT News |language=en-US}}</ref> Damuwa a kan aiki na iya haifar da matsaloli da yawa na tunani, matsalolin zuciya, da raunin tsarin garkuwar jiki. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=jli0814 |date=2023-02-08 |title=EMS Burnout and Mental Health |url=https://naemsp.org/2023-2-1-ems-burnout-and-mental-health/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=NAEMSP |language=en-US}}</ref> Damuwa kuma na iya haifar da [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|PTSD]], wanda zai iya ba da gudummawa ga yawan kashe kansa. <ref name=":0" /> Cutar COVID-19 ta ƙara ta'azzara waɗannan matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin ma'aikatan EMS saboda ƙaruwar damuwa a fagen aiki da ƙarancin albarkatu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Awais |first=Shehar Bano |last2=Martins |first2=Russell Seth |last3=Khan |first3=Muhammad Shameel |date=February 2021 |title=Paramedics in pandemics: protecting the mental wellness of those behind enemy lines |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/paramedics-in-pandemics-protecting-the-mental-wellness-of-those-behind-enemy-lines/C0B1C08CF27CF1AD95EAC18B43D35E21 |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=218 |issue=2 |pages=75–76 |doi=10.1192/bjp.2020.193 |issn=0007-1250 |pmid=33092658}}</ref> === Dabaru na rage radadi === Abin farin ciki, akwai hanyoyi da yawa da aka tabbatar don taimakawa wajen rage raunin ma'aikatan EMS da kuma fallasa haɗarin aiki. Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka ce ke tsara rage haɗari ga EMS a Amurka. Dokokin OSHA galibi suna dogara ne akan binciken da NIOSH ta samar ko ta amince da shi, wata hukuma ce da ke cikin CDC . Jihohi ashirin da ɗaya na Amurka suna da jagororin musamman na jihohi waɗanda suka fi takamaiman kuma cikakke fiye da buƙatun tarayya kuma saboda haka OSHA ta amince da su. Wani sashe na Hukumar Gaggawa ta Tarayya (FEMA), Hukumar Kashe Gobara ta Amurka, ya buga jagororin da aka yi niyya don rage haɗarin aiki a cikin EMS. Hukumar NHTSA, wani ɓangare na hukumar DOT ta tarayya, ta kuma buga sakamakon bincike da yawa na musamman na EMS, bayanai, da jagorori ta hanyar Ofishin EMS ɗinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.ems.gov/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=EMS.gov |language=en |archive-date=2024-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202225127/https://www.ems.gov/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hukumomin ba da shawara sun amince kan dabarun rage tasirin cutar. * Samar wa ma'aikata ayyuka da nauyin da ke kansu na iya rage yiwuwar ma'aikata su shiga cikin halayen da ke haifar da babban haɗari. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zara |first=Jamil |last2=Nordin |first2=Shahrina Md |last3=Isha |first3=Ahmad Shahrul Nizam |date=2023-08-08 |title=Influence of communication determinants on safety commitment in a high-risk workplace: a systematic literature review of four communication dimensions |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=11 |bibcode=2023FrPH...1125995Z |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2023.1225995 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=10442955 |pmid=37614453 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Tsarin ɗagawa lafiya, amfani da fasaha/ [[Abubuwan ɗan adam da ergonomics|kayan aikin ergonomic]], da ƙarin ma'aikata na iya rage katsewa da gajiya daga ɗagawa. <ref name=":12"/> * Kariya daga cututtuka masu haɗari (PPE), na'urorin kariya na musamman, da kuma ayyukan kawar da gurɓataccen iska na iya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2024-04-23 |title=About EMS Clinician Safety |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ems/about/index.html |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Emergency Medical Services |language=en-us}}</ref> * Dabaru na rage radadi, hana marasa lafiya, da kuma barin jami'an tsaro su tsare wuraren tashin hankali na iya rage haɗarin cin zarafi ta jiki ga EMS. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maguire |first=Brian J. |last2=O’Neill |first2=Barbara J. |last3=O’Meara |first3=Peter |last4=Browne |first4=Matthew |last5=Dealy |first5=Michael T. |date=July 2018 |title=Preventing EMS workplace violence: A mixed-methods analysis of insights from assaulted medics |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2018.05.007 |journal=Injury |volume=49 |issue=7 |pages=1258–1265 |doi=10.1016/j.injury.2018.05.007 |issn=0020-1383 |pmid=29861309 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Samun salon rayuwa mai kyau, tsarin tallafawa zamantakewa, da kuma neman tallafin takwarorinsu na iya rage damuwa mai tsanani daga gaggawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 29, 2024 |title=Disaster Responder Stress Management |url=https://www.samhsa.gov/dtac/disaster-response-template-toolkit/disaster-responder-stress-management |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=www.samhsa.gov |language=en}}</ref> * Horarwa sosai, rage amfani da fitilu da siren da ba dole ba, da kuma ƙara yawan amfani da abubuwan da ke hana mutum yin abin da ya dace na iya rage haɗarin rauni daga karo ko haɗari a cikin abin hawa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k9d8yt4vspzthycgb1toklmj83i5prl 0 157479 883355 857209 2026-07-15T09:28:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:2014-05-30_Austria_-_Iceland_football_match,_Birkir_Már_Sævarsson_0641.jpg|thumb|Sævarsson yana wasa ga Iceland zuwa Austria a watan Mayu 2014]] '''Birkir Már Sævarsson''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1984) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Iceland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Afturelding . == Ayyukan kulob din == === Ƙarfin Ƙarfin === Birkir ya fara sana'arsa ta sana'a tare da kungiyar Valur ta gida a Úrvalsdeild, inda ya fara bugawa a shekara ta 2003. Ya ci gaba da buga wasanni 66 na gasar zakarun Turai ga kulob din, inda ya zira kwallaye sau biyu, a cikin yanayi biyar. Ya lashe gasar Úrvalsdeild ta 2007 tare da Valur . === Brann === A shekara ta 2008, yana da shekaru 23, ya shiga kungiyar Norway SK Brann a Tippeligaen . Kafin sanya hannu ga Brann, Sævarsson ya yi gwaji tare da Bryne FK . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2008 |title=Bryne-vrakgods skal utfordre i Brann |url=http://www.vg.no/sport/fotball/sk-brann/bryne-vrakgods-skal-utfordre-i-brann/a/507909/ |access-date=2 August 2017 |publisher=Verdens Gang |language=no}}</ref> Da yake an san shi da mai tsaron gida, an tsara shi ne a matsayin mai tsaron baya a Brann, amma ya buga kusan dukkanin kakar 2009 a hagu. Sau da yawa ana yaba masa saboda ƙarfinsa, saurinsa, da kuma ikon ba da gudummawa ga wasan kai hari daga matsayinsa na baya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2010 |title=Skarsfjord: - Birkir, du kunne vært toppscorer! |url=http://www.vg.no/sport/fotball/sk-brann/skarsfjord-birkir-du-kunne-vaert-toppscorer/a/10001160/ |access-date=2 August 2017 |publisher=Verdens Gang |language=no}}</ref> Birkir nan da nan ya zama sananne saboda iyawarsa ta zira kwallaye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2009 |title=Sævarsson sendte Brann for alvor opp i medaljestriden |url=http://www.dagbladet.no/sport/saevarsson-sendte-brann-for-alvor-opp-i-medaljestriden/65278322 |access-date=2 August 2017 |publisher=Dagbladet |language=no}}</ref> A shekara ta 2011, kungiyarsa ta kai wasan karshe a gasar cin Kofin Norway, inda Birkir ta buga dukkan wasan yayin da Brann ya rasa 1-2 ga Aalesunds FK . <ref name="bt">{{Cite web |date=28 November 2014 |title=Sævarsson: - Nedrykket hadde ingenting å si |url=https://www.bt.no/100Sport/fotball/Savarsson---Nedrykket-hadde-ingenting-a-si-178309b.html |access-date=2 August 2017 |publisher=Bergens Tidende |language=no}}</ref> Birkir ya buga dukkan minti a kowane wasa na gasa a lokacin 2012 da 2013 a matsayin dama a baya.<ref name="nettavisen">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Sævarsson på vei bort fra Brann |url=http://www.nettavisen.no/sport/fotball/svarsson-pa-vei-bort-fra-brann/8509449.html |access-date=2 August 2017 |publisher=Nettavisen |language=no}}</ref> Birkir ya sanya hannu kan karin kwangilar shekaru hudu tare da Brann a watan Mayu 2013. <ref name="nettavisen"/> A lokacin mulkin kocin Sweden Rikard Norling, Birkir duk da haka ya rasa matsayinsa a matsayin mai farawa na yau da kullun a Brann. A shekara ta 2014, Norling ya zaɓi ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na gida Andreas Vindheim maimakon na ƙasar Iceland.<ref name="bt"/> Lokacin ya zama mummunan ga Brann, wanda aka sake shi zuwa matsayi na biyu bayan ya sha kashi a kan Mjøndalen a wasan cancanta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2014 |title=Praktfiasko för Norlings Brann |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/internationell/norge/article19924894.ab |access-date=2 August 2017 |publisher=Aftonbladet |language=sv}}</ref> Har ila yau, sauyawar ta kawo karshen shekaru 6.5 na Birkir a Brann, wanda ya koma kungiyar Hammarby IF ta Sweden a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Birkir Saevarsson klar för Hammarby |url=http://www.hammarbyfotboll.se/Article.aspx?id=1f5f46a5-669f-4d38-af3f-8e6ed9ae17ae# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619134947/http://www.hammarbyfotboll.se/Article.aspx?id=1f5f46a5-669f-4d38-af3f-8e6ed9ae17ae |archive-date=19 June 2015 |access-date=23 January 2016 |publisher=[[Hammarby Fotboll]] |language=sv}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa ya bar Brann a kan canja wurin kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2014 |title=Islänning kan värvas till Hammarby – till priset av en vänskapsmatch |url=http://www.fotbolldirekt.se/2014/11/19/islanning-kan-varvas-till-hammarby-till-priset-av-en-vanskapsmatch/ |access-date=2 August 2017 |publisher=Fotbolldirekt |language=sv}}</ref> === Hammarby === A Hammarby ya fara kakar 2015 a matsayin mai tsakiya, amma daga ƙarshe ya koma matsayinsa na asali a gefen dama bayan isowar Richard Magyar . <ref name="hammarby">{{Cite web |title=2. Birkir Már Sævarsson |url=http://www.hammarbyfotboll.se/matcher-lagen/herr/spelare/birkir-mar-saevarsson/ |access-date=2 August 2017 |publisher=[[Hammarby Fotboll]] |language=sv}}</ref> Bayan ya yi wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa a kan mukamai biyu, magoya bayansa sun zabe shi a matsayin "sabon mai zuwa na shekara".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birkir Årets nykomling 2015! |url=http://www.hammarbyfotboll.se/Article.aspx?id=67f6774f-1760-47c8-8dd9-5323950a491e |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128045413/http://www.hammarbyfotboll.se/Article.aspx?id=67f6774f-1760-47c8-8dd9-5323950a491e |archive-date=28 November 2015 |access-date=11 January 2015 |publisher=[[Hammarby Fotboll]] |language=sv}}</ref> Birkir ya buga wasanni 28 a gasar a kungiyarsa, inda ya zira kwallaye sau biyu, yayin da Hammarby ya kammala a matsayi na 11 a Allsvenskan . <ref name="hammarby" /> A shekara ta 2016, Sævarsson ya buga wasanni 27 na gasa, inda ya zira kwallaye sau ɗaya.<ref name="svff">{{Cite web |date=2 August 2017 |title=Birkir Már Sævarsson |url=https://svenskfotboll.se/allsvenskan/person/?playerid=8395 |access-date=2 August 2017 |publisher=Svenskfotboll |language=sv}}</ref> Birkir ya ci gaba da zama a matsayin babban dan wasa a Hammarby a shekarar 2017, yayin da kulob din ya kasance na 9 a Allsvenskan, yayin da yake ba da taimako biyar a wasanni 29.<ref name="svff"/> A ƙarshen shekara, Birkir ya nemi barin Hammarby a ƙarshen kwangilarsa, yana neman sabon kulob a gaban gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafar duniya ta 2018|Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 2018]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2017 |title=Birkir lämnar Hammarby |url=http://www.hammarbyfotboll.se/aktuellt/nyheter/birkir-lamnar-hammarby/ |access-date=9 January 2018 |publisher=Hammarby Fotboll |language=sv }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Komawa ga Ƙarfin === Kafin kakar 2018, Birkir ya koma kasarsa kuma kulob din Valur na farko. Ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku tare da zakarun Iceland. <ref name="comeback">{{Cite web |date=20 December 2017 |title=Birkir Már Sævarsson semur við Val til þriggja ára |url=https://www.valur.is/frett/17822/2017/12/20/birkir-mar-saevarsson-semur-vid-val-til-thriggja-ara.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109064048/https://www.valur.is/frett/17822/2017/12/20/birkir-mar-saevarsson-semur-vid-val-til-thriggja-ara.aspx |archive-date=9 January 2018 |access-date=9 January 2018 |publisher=Valur |language=is}}</ref> Birkir ya haɗu da ƙanensa Aron Elí Sævarsson, wanda aka haifa a shekara ta 1997, a cikin tawagar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2018 |title=Meistaraflokkur karla |url=https://www.valur.is/fotbolti/leikmenn/meistaraflokkur-karla.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628232615/https://www.valur.is/fotbolti/leikmenn/meistaraflokkur-karla.aspx |archive-date=28 June 2017 |access-date=9 January 2018 |publisher=Valur |language=is}}</ref> Bayan kammalawar 2024 Besta deild karla, Birkir ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2024 |title=Farsæll ferill á enda: "Langar að vera í fríi um helgar og á kvöldin"" |trans-title=Successful career ending: "Want to be on vacation at weekends and in the evenings" |url=https://www.visir.is/g/20242642641d/farsaell-ferill-a-enda-langar-ad-vera-i-frii-um-helgar-og-a-kvoldin |access-date=6 November 2024 |publisher=[[DV (newspaper)|Dagblaðið Vísir]] |language=is}}</ref> === Nacka === A ranar 3 ga Maris 2025, Birkir ya sanya hannu ga Nacka . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2025 |title=BIRKIR MÁR SAEVARSSON KLAR FÖR NFC |trans-title=Birkir Már Sævarsson ready for NFC |url=https://nackafc.web.sportadmin.se/nyheter/?ID=543211&NID=1255379 |access-date=1 April 2025 |publisher=[[Nacka FC]] |language=sv}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Birkir ya fara bugawa tawagar kasar Iceland wasa a ranar 2 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2007, a wasan 1-1 da aka yi da Liechtenstein. Shekaru tara bayan haka, a ranar 6 ga Yuni 2016, ya zira kwallaye na farko na kasa a kan wannan adawa. Birkir ya buga kwallo daga nesa yayin da Iceland ta ci 4-0 a wasan sada zumunci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2016 |title=Seger i EM-genrepet – drömmål av Bajen-back |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/landslagsfotboll/em2016/article22954348.ab |access-date=9 August 2017 |publisher=Dagens Nyheter |language=sv}}</ref> Ya buga gasar farko yana da shekaru 31, an zaba shi don UEFA Euro 2016 a Faransa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2016 |title=A karla – Lokahópur fyrir EM 2016 |url=http://www.ksi.is/landslid/nr/13334 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512081400/http://www.ksi.is/landslid/nr/13334 |archive-date=12 May 2016 |access-date=10 May 2016 |publisher=Knattspyrnusamband Íslands |language=is}}</ref> A wasan rukuni na biyu da ya yi da Hungary, ya zira kwallaye wanda ya haifar da 1-1 draw.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2016 |title=Hungary exult and Iceland only draw after Birkir Saevarsson own goal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/jun/18/iceland-hungary-euro-2016-match-report |access-date=9 August 2017 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> An yaba wa Birkir saboda ci gaba da dan wasan Portugal [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] a bay a cikin rukuni na rukuni, da kuma kawar da [[Raheem Sterling]] a nasarar da Iceland ta samu 2-1 a kan Ingila a zagaye na 16. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=Sævarsson ler av sure Ronaldo |url=https://www.aftenposten.no/100Sport/fotball/Savarsson-ler-av-sure-Ronaldo-209652b.html |access-date=9 August 2017 |publisher=Aftenposten}}</ref> Birkir ya buga dukkan minti ga Iceland a lokacin gasar, inda aka kori kungiyarsa a wasan kusa da na karshe bayan da aka yi wa Faransa 5-2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2016 |title=EM-hjälten: "Så ska Bajen lära av Island" |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/sverige/allsvenskan/hammarby/article23139883.ab/promo |access-date=9 August 2017 |publisher=Aftonbladet}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018 an ambaci sunansa a cikin 'yan wasa 23 na Iceland don gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafar duniya ta 2018|Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 2018]] a Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Crawford |first=Stephen |date=4 June 2018 |title=Revealed: Every World Cup 2018 squad - Final 23-man lists |url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=Goal}}</ref> Birkir ya buga wasan karshe na tawagar kwallon kafa ta kasa da Arewacin Makidoniya a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2021. == Ayyukan horarwa == A ranar 15 ga Afrilu 2019, an ba da sanarwar cewa an nada Birkir a matsayin mataimakin kocin [[3. deild karla|deild karla]]">3. deild karla club Knattspyrnufélagið Hlíðarendi . == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|8 June 2019}}<ref name="altomfotball" >{{cite web |url=http://www.altomfotball.no/element.do?cmd=player&personId=195200&tournamentId=1&seasonId=333&useFullUrl=false |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927154328/http://www.altomfotball.no/element.do?cmd=player&personId=195200&tournamentId=1&seasonId=333&useFullUrl=false |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2013 |title=altomfotball.no: Birkir Sævarsson |publisher=Altom Fotball |access-date=3 September 2013|language=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ksi.is/mot/leikmadur/?leikmadur=17550 |title=Birkir Már Sævarsson |website=[[Football Association of Iceland]] |access-date=14 October 2020 |language=is}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Rarraba ! colspan="2" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Darajar U23 |2002 |Kofin Iceland |0 |0 |2 |0 |2 |0 |- | rowspan="7" |Ƙarfin Ƙarfin |2003 |Karla na Úrvalsdeild |8 |0 |0 |0 |8 |0 |- |2004 |1. deild |11 |0 |2 |0 |13 |0 |- |2005 | rowspan="4" |Karla na Úrvalsdeild |1 |0 |2 |0 |3 |0 |- |2006 |18 |0 |2 |0 |20 |0 |- |2007 |17 |1 |2 |0 |19 |1 |- |2008 |11 |1 |3 |0 |14 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !66 !2 !11 !0 !77 !2 |- | rowspan="7" |Brann |2008 | rowspan="7" |Tippeligaen |8 |1 |0 |0 |8 |1 |- |2009 |26 |2 |3 |1 |29 |3 |- |2010 |27 |2 |1 |0 |28 |2 |- |2011 |27 |4 |6 |0 |33 |4 |- |2012 |30 |2 |5 |2 |35 |4 |- |2013 |30 |3 |2 |0 |30 |3 |- |2014 |20 |1 |3 |0 |23 |1 |- | rowspan="4" |Hammarby |2015 | rowspan="3" |Allsvenskan |28 |2 |5 |0 |33 |2 |- |2016 |27 |1 |5 |0 |32 |1 |- |2017 |29 |0 |4 |1 |33 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !84 !3 !14 !1 !98 !4 |- | rowspan="3" |Ƙarfin Ƙarfin |2018 | rowspan="2" |Karla na Úrvalsdeild |18 |2 |2 |0 |20 |2 |- |2019 |7 |1 |2 |0 |9 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !25 !3 !4 !0 !29 !3 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !343 !23 !51 !4 !392 !25 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6dcg18yhy1buoo3ext14c8noo92upey 0 157823 883062 858274 2026-07-14T20:04:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox hospital|name=Normansfield Hospital|image=Normansfield Hospital - geograph.org.uk - 819136.jpg|caption=Normansfield Hospital|location=[[Teddington]]|region=London|state=England|country=UK|coordinates={{coord|51|25|12.83|N|0|18|45.22|W|region:GB-MID|display=inlinbe,title}}|type=Mental health|beds=|founded=1868|closed=1997|website=None|pushpin_map=United Kingdom London Richmond upon Thames|pushpin_map_caption=Location within Richmond upon Thames|module={{infobox designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Grade II* | designation1_offname = Normansfield Hospital | designation1_date = 25 May 1983; amended 2 September 1996 | designation1_number = 1065379 }}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" |Asibitin Normansfield |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Normansfield_Hospital_-_geograph.org.uk_-_819136.jpg|250x250px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Asibitin Normansfield</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:225px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:225px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:225px">[[Fayil:Richmond_upon_Thames_London_UK_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|225x225px|Normansfield Hospital is located in London Borough of Richmond upon Thames]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:67.972%;left:47.264%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Normansfield Hospital]]</div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Yanayi a cikin Richmond a kan Thames</div></div></div></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;" |Yanayin ƙasa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data" |Teddington, London, Ingila, Ingila |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ma'auni | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Normansfield_Hospital&params=51_25_12.83_N_0_18_45.22_W_region:GB-MID_type:landmark <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°25′12.83′′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°18′45.22′′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.4202306°N 0.3125611°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.4202306; -0.3125611</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Normansfield_Hospital&params=51_25_12.83_N_0_18_45.22_W_region:GB-MID_type:landmark <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°25′12.83″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°18′45.22″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.4202306°N 0.3125611°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">51.4202306; -0.3125611</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;" |Shirye-shiryen |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Asibiti|Irin wannan]] | class="infobox-data category" |Lafiyar kwakwalwa |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;" |Tarihi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An kafa shi | class="infobox-data" |1868 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An rufe shi | class="infobox-data" |1997 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: inherit;" |Haɗin kai |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Jerin | class="infobox-data" |Asibitoci a Ingila |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#87CEEB">Ginin da aka jera - Grade II*</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Sunan hukuma</div> | class="infobox-data" |Asibitin Normansfield |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An tsara shi | class="infobox-data" |25 Mayu 1983; an gyara 2 Satumba 1996 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Bayani ba.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1065379 |} '''Asibitin Normansfield''' gini ne na Grade II * a Teddington a cikin London Borough of Richmond a kan Thames, Ingila . An gina shi azaman wurin aiki ga marasa lafiya da ke da nakasa ta hankali kuma ya haɗa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Yanzu yana da ofishin kasa na Down's Syndrome Association, da kuma Langdon Down Museum of Learning Disability. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Normansfield_Theatre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_49803.jpg|left|thumb|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Normansfield na waje]] Asibitin Normansfield an kafa shi ne a Fadar White House a Teddington a matsayin cibiyar yara masu nakasa ta hanyar John Langdon Down, <ref name="lost">{{Cite web |title=Normansfield Hospital |url=http://ezitis.myzen.co.uk/normansfield.html |access-date=5 May 2014 |website=Lost Hospitals of London}}</ref> bayan wanda aka sanya sunan Down syndrome. An buɗe shi a matsayin Cibiyar Horar da Normansfield don Imbeciles a watan Mayu 1868. <ref name="lost" /> An gina reshen kudu a 1869, an kara reshen arewa a 1873 kuma Earl na Devon ya buɗe Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Normansfield a 1879 . <ref name="lost" /> Lokacin da Down ya mutu a shekara ta 1896, 'ya'yansa maza, Reginald da Percival, sun gaji shi a matsayin manajojin ma'aikatar.<ref name="lost"/> An sake masa suna Normansfield a 1925 kuma ya shiga Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa a 1951. <ref name="lost" /> Asibitin ya kasance wurin yajin aiki da ma'aikatan jinya a cikin Trades Union COHSE a shekara ta 1976. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dark Corners of the NHS No 23: Normansfield Hospital |url=http://www.nhsmanagers.net/guest-editorials/dark-corners-of-the-nhs-no-19-normansfield-hospital/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112203952/http://www.nhsmanagers.net/guest-editorials/dark-corners-of-the-nhs-no-19-normansfield-hospital/ |archive-date=12 November 2013 |access-date=12 November 2013 |publisher=NHS Managers Network}}</ref> Nurses sun yi fushi cewa Hukumomin kiwon lafiya na yanki sun yi watsi da korafin da suka yi wa likitan kwakwalwa mai suna Terence Lawlor kuma sun bukaci a dakatar da shi. Dakatarwarsa ta haifar da binciken jama'a wanda Michael Sherrard ke jagoranta.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=1978 |title=The Normansfield Inquiry |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=2 |issue=6151 |pages=1560–3 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.6151.1560 |pmc=1608780 |pmid=20792765}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin tambayoyin hukuma da yawa a cikin asibitocin kula da lafiyar kasa a wannan lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 1981 |title=Official Inquiry Reports into National Health Service Mental Hospitals |url=http://www.sochealth.co.uk/national-health-service/democracy-involvement-and-accountability-in-health/complaints-regulation-and-enquries/the-production-and-reproduction-of-scandals-in-chronic-sector-hospitals-1981/official-inquiry-reports-into-national-health-service-mental-hospitals/ |access-date=12 November 2013 |website=The Production and Reproduction of Scandals in Chronic Sector Hospitals 1981 by Amy Munson- Barkshire |publisher=Socialist Health Association}}</ref> Halin sana'a na Dokta Lawlor ya fito ne a matsayin mai rashin haƙuri, mai cin zarafi da zalunci. An soki COHSE sosai saboda yajin aiki wanda jami'anta suka karya dokokin ƙungiyar, suka yaudari membobinsu sannan suka zargi ma'aikatan jinya. An gano wani mai kula da NHS yana tsoron Dr Lawlor. Kungiyar da ta fito da kowane yabo ita ce Majalisar Lafiya ta Al'umma, wacce aka soke a shekara ta 2003. Binciken ya ba da shawarar cewa a kori Lawlor. Wannan hukunci ya shafi manyan ma'aikatan jinya da masu gudanarwa da yawa.<ref name="lost"/> Asibitin ya rufe a shekarar 1997. <ref name="lost" /> The Down's Syndrome Association tana aiki da Cibiyar Langdon Down a cikin tsohon reshen gidan wasan kwaikwayo na asibitin, wanda ya haɗa da ofishin kasa na Down's syndrome Association, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hospitals |url=http://www.derelictlondon.com/hospitals.html |access-date=16 July 2018 |publisher=Derelict London}}</ref> gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya Normansfield (gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Victorian da aka lissafa na Grade II *) da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Langdon Down na Naƙasassun Ilimi. Abubuwan da aka nuna a gidan kayan gargajiya sun haɗa da bayanai game da John Langdon Down da iyalinsa, tarihin kula da mutanen da ke da nakasa, da tarihin Asibitin Normansfield da mazaunanta. Gidan kayan gargajiya kuma yana da fasahar, gami da ayyukan James Henry Pullen da yawa, da kayan tarihi na tsohon gidan kayan gargajiya na Royal Earlswood a Surrey game da tsohon asibitin Royal Earlsfield.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hospital memories get new home |url=http://www.sabp.nhs.uk/news/old-news/royal-earlswood-collection-to-take-pride-of-place-in-downs-syndrome-associations-new-learning-disability-history-museum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091851/http://www.sabp.nhs.uk/news/old-news/royal-earlswood-collection-to-take-pride-of-place-in-downs-syndrome-associations-new-learning-disability-history-museum |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=23 March 2015 |publisher=Surrey and Borders Partnership NHS Foundation Trust}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Langdon Down Museum of Learning Disability at Langdon Down Centre |url=http://www.visitrichmond.co.uk/thedms.aspx?dms=3&venue=3504754 |access-date=23 March 2015 |publisher=Visit Richmond}}</ref> Gidan kayan gargajiya ya buɗe a cikin 2012, kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar Gidan Tarihi na Lafiya da Magunguna na London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medical Museums |url=http://medicalmuseums.org/ |access-date=26 August 2016 |website=medicalmuseums.org}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Kafawa == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commons category-inline}} * [http://miriam-may.com/ Bruinsma, Miriam: ''Komawa asibitin Normansfield, hoton hoto na kwarewar aikina''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129080230/https://miriam-may.com/ |date=2023-11-29 }} * [http://langdondownmuseum.org.uk/ Gidan kayan gargajiya na Langdon Down] - shafin yanar gizon * Normansfield Hospital Oral History Project An adana shi * [http://normansfieldhospital.wordpress.com/ Tarihin Asibitin Normansfield] {{LB Richmond}}{{Hospitals in Richmond upon Thames}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o96r07lb9tg1dv6aylh2njb8ror2hni 0 157848 882911 858339 2026-07-14T13:59:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882911 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Aniefiok Dennis''' lauya ce kuma 'yar siyasa a Najeriya. Ya kasance memba wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Jihar [[Etinan]] a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Akwa Ibom ta 6 da 7. Shi memba ne na Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ShineYourEye |url=https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/aniefiok-dennis-a |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.shineyoureye.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-07 |title=7th Assembly: We have recorded remarkable strides in 2 years - Aniefiok Dennis - The Mail Newspaper |url=https://themail.com.ng/7th-assembly-we-have-recorded-remarkable-strides-in-2-years-aniefiok-dennis/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-14 |title=Aniefiok Dennis: Raising the standard of legislative representation - MoreNews.ng |url=https://morenews.ng/aniefiok-dennis-raising-the-standard-of-legislative-representation/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227121724/https://morenews.ng/aniefiok-dennis-raising-the-standard-of-legislative-representation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=Bankole |first=Idowu |date=2019-04-17 |title=Seventh Assembly: Who speaks for Akwa Ibom? |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/seventh-assembly-who-speaks-for-akwa-ibom/amp/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Tafiyar Aniefiok Dennis zuwa aikin gwamnati ta fara ne a shekara ta 2000 lokacin da ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga Majalisar Karamar Hukumar Etinan, rawar da ya taka har zuwa shekara ta 2002. A shekara ta 2001, ya tsara Kwamitin Binciken Tsarin Mulki na Yankin Karamar Hukumar Etinan yayin Binciken Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya na 1999.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Bankole |first=Idowu |date=2019-04-17 |title=Seventh Assembly: Who speaks for Akwa Ibom? |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/seventh-assembly-who-speaks-for-akwa-ibom/amp/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-14 |title=Aniefiok Dennis: Raising the standard of legislative representation - MoreNews.ng |url=https://morenews.ng/aniefiok-dennis-raising-the-standard-of-legislative-representation/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227121724/https://morenews.ng/aniefiok-dennis-raising-the-standard-of-legislative-representation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman kan batutuwan majalisa ga Hon. [[Enobong Eshiet]], tsohon memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Akwa Ibom, daga 2003 zuwa 2007. A shekara ta 2007, an nada shi Mataimakin Musamman kan Harkokin Shari'a ga Gwamna [[Godswill Akpabio]], kuma an inganta shi a shekara ta 2013 zuwa matsayin Babban Mataimakin Na Musamman kan Al'amuran Shari'a, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa shekara ta 2014. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-14 |title=Aniefiok Dennis: Raising the standard of legislative representation - MoreNews.ng |url=https://morenews.ng/aniefiok-dennis-raising-the-standard-of-legislative-representation/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227121724/https://morenews.ng/aniefiok-dennis-raising-the-standard-of-legislative-representation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zabi Dennis don wakiltar mazabar Jihar Etinan a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Akwa Ibom a shekarar 2015. An nada shi a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar a lokacin wa'adinsa na farko a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Akwa Ibom ta 6. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan .Bayanai.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |last=Bankole |first=Idowu |date=2019-04-17 |title=Seventh Assembly: Who speaks for Akwa Ibom? |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/seventh-assembly-who-speaks-for-akwa-ibom/amp/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Anthony |first=Lovina |date=2019-07-19 |title=Akwa Ibom Assembly stipulates capital punishment for rape, violent crimes |url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/07/19/akwa-ibom-assembly-stipulates-capital-punishment-rape-violent-crimes/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> * Dokar Shari'a don Kafa Kwalejin Fasahar Lafiya ta Jihar Akwa Ibom . <ref name=":2"/> * A Bill to Eliminate Violence in Private and Public Life and Provide Remedies for Victims, wani lissafin da ke ba da shawarar azabtarwa ga mutane da aka tabbatar da laifin fyade da sauran laifuka na tashin hankali a jihar Akwa Ibom. * Dokar Shari'ar Shari'a ta Jihar Akwa Ibom . <ref name=":2" /> Ayyukansa suna magance batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar lafiyar jama'a, lalacewar ababen more rayuwa, da tashin hankali na jinsi. Shahararrun misalai sun haɗa da motsi kan matakan rigakafin COVID-19, bayar da shawarwari game da allurar rigakafi, da sake gina kayan aikin da suka rushe.<ref name=":2"/> == Ci gaban Al'umma == Dennis yana tallafawa al'ummarsa ta hanyar sauƙaƙe ayyukan ci gaba da yawa. Wadannan sun hada da gyaran makarantu, samar da kayan aji, kafa tsarin samar da ruwa, da kuma bayar da kayan aiki masu mahimmanci don tallafawa ƙananan kasuwanci. Gudummawar da ya bayar ga ilimi sananne ne musamman, tare da tallafin karatu ga ɗaliban shari'a, samar da kwamfutoci ga makarantu, da taimakon kuɗi ga ɗalibai a fannoni daban-daban.<ref name=":2"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mnp0clk6z6bglwrt11ew1n5sxyr28ct 0 157862 883253 858373 2026-07-15T08:35:44Z BnHamid 12586 883253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} Microcephalic primordial dwarfism, nau'in Montreal wani abu ne mai ban sha'awa, rikice-rikicen kwayar halitta mai yawa wanda ke nunawa ta hanyar dysmorphy na gashin kai, launin gashi da gashi, dabino masu bushewa da wrinkled, ƙarancin kwarangwal, cryptorchidism, [[Dementia|Rashin hankali]] da nakasa ta hankali na tsananin ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=RESERVED |first=INSERM US14-- ALL RIGHTS |title=Orphanet: Microcephalic primordial dwarfism, Montreal type |url=https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=2617 |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=www.orpha.net |language=en}}</ref> == Gabatarwa == Mutanen da ke fama da wannan cuta galibi suna nuna alamun da suka biyo baya: <ref>{{Cite web |title=OMIM Clinical Synopsis - 210700 - MICROCEPHALIC PRIMORDIAL DWARFISM, MONTREAL TYPE |url=https://omim.org/clinicalSynopsis/210700 |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=omim.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-10 |title=Microcephalic primordial dwarfism, Montreal type |url=https://rarediseases.oscar.ncsu.edu/disease/microcephalic-primordial-dwarfism-montreal-type/about/}}</ref> * Nauyin haihuwa na yau da kullun amma karami daga baya a rayuwa * Farkon [[Dementia|Rashin hankali]] * Farin gashi da rashi da wuri * Hannun dabino da aka karkatar * Ƙananan kai (microcephaly) * Babban idanu * Ƙananan fuska * Sanya gemu * Rashin hankali * Ƙananan kwakwalwa * Cryptorchidism * Farin hanci * Ƙananan kunnuwa * Earlobe hypoplasia-aplasia == Magana == An gano wannan cuta a farkon fall of 1970, a [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]], lokacin da Fitch et al. suka bayyana wani mai haƙuri tare da nau'in tsuntsaye-kai dwarfism, ya bayyana alamun da aka ambata a sama, wasu daga cikin alamun sun ba da shawarar ganewar asali na ko dai cutar Werner, cutar Seckel, cutar Hallermann-Streiff, ko cutar Noonan. Koyaya, marubutan sun yi tunanin akwai bambance-bambance da suka bambanta wannan lamari daga kowane ciwo, suna ba da shawarar a raba shi cikin wani bangare na kansa (wanda ya yi).<ref>{{Cite web |title=OMIM Entry – 210700 - MICROCEPHALIC PRIMORDIAL DWARFISM, MONTREAL TYPE |url=https://omim.org/entry/210700#2 |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=omim.org |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fitch |first=N. |last2=Pinsky |first2=L. |last3=Lachance |first3=R. C. |date=September 1970 |title=A form of bird-headed dwarfism with features of premature senility |journal=American Journal of Diseases of Children |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=260–264 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.1970.02100080144019 |issn=0002-922X |pmid=5458566}}</ref> Ba a sake bayar da rahoton wannan cuta ba tun daga lokacin (1970). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Microcephalic primordial dwarfism, Montreal type - About the Disease - Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center |url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/895/microcephalic-primordial-dwarfism-montreal-type |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124100326/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/895/microcephalic-primordial-dwarfism-montreal-type |archive-date=January 24, 2017 |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lki0pjwy0g23e3lwws0rxbxqm1fao15 0 157865 883177 858390 2026-07-15T06:52:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Neda Bernards Imasuen''' Sanata ce ta Tarayyar Najeriya daga [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] . Kotun Koli ta Jihar New York ta kore shi a shekarar 2010 saboda rashin halin kwararru. An zabe shi a 2023 don wakiltar Gundumar Sanata ta Kudu ta Edo a [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa]]. Shi memba ne na [[Nigeria Labour Party|Jam'iyyar]] Labour......<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nseyen |first=Nsikak |date=27 February 2023 |title=Election result: Labour Party wins Edo South Senatorial seat |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/02/27/election-result-labour-party-wins-edo-south-senatorial-seat/ |access-date=8 August 2023 |agency=Daily Post |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Imasuen ya fara karatun firamare daga Makarantar Katolika ta St. Thomas, a Birnin Benin, Jihar Edo inda ya sami takardar shaidar barin makarantar firamare. Ya ci gaba zuwa makarantar sakandare ta Edo Boys, kuma Benin City kuma ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Yammacin Afirka. Bayan karatun sakandare, ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Maiduguri inda ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Shari'a. An tabbatar da shi kuma ya yi rajista a matsayin mai ba da shawara da lauya na Kotun Koli ta Najeriya a shekarar 1985. Ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na biyu a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar Long Island, Brooklyn Campus a shekara ta 2004.<ref>https://www.nedaimasuen.com/about</ref>((((((Imasuen started his primary education from St. Thomas' Catholic School, in Benin City, Edo State where he obtained his Primary School Leaving Certificate. He proceeded to the Edo Boys High School, also Benin City and obtained the West African School Certificate. After his secondary education, he proceeded to the University of Maiduguri where he graduated with a Bachelor of Laws degree. He was certified and enrolled as a Solicitor and Advocate of the Supreme Court of Nigeria in 1985. He graduated with a Master's == Ayyuka == A cikin Babban zaben Najeriya na 2023, Imasuen na 'yan tsiraru na [[Nigeria Labour Party|Jam'iyyar Labour]] Party ya ci Matthew Iduoriyekemwen na [[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] da Valentine Asuen na [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] don zama sanata wanda ke wakiltar gundumar Edo ta Kudu a majalisar dattijai ta Najeriya..<ref>{{Cite news |last=Okoro |first=Churchhill |date=2023-02-27 |title=LP wins Edo South senatorial district, oredo federal constituency |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/lp-wins-edo-south-senatorial-district-oredo-federal-constituency/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ewepu |first=Gabriel |date=14 June 2023 |title=CSO congratulates Imasuen, Omoruyi, Iyawe, calls on minority to ensure effective representation |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/06/cso-congratulates-imasuen-omoruyi-iyawe-calls-on-minority-to-ensure-effective-representation/ |access-date=8 August 2023 |agency=Vanguard |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Imasuen ta yi aure tare da yara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=theconclaveng |date=2023-03-18 |title=Neda Imasuen the Edo South Senatorial District "Star Boy", By Augustine Osayande |url=https://www.theconclaveng.com/neda-imasuen-the-edo-south-senatorial-district-star-boy-by-augustine-osayande/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=The Conclave Online Newspaper |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810225216/https://www.theconclaveng.com/neda-imasuen-the-edo-south-senatorial-district-star-boy-by-augustine-osayande/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Zargin Cin Hanci da rashawa == Imasuen ya fuskanci zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa biyo bayan rahotanni cewa shi da Sanata [[Victor Umeh]] sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya taro a gidan baƙi na Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai [[Godswill Akpabio]]. A cewar Sahara Reporters, a lokacin wannan taron, sanatoci 87 da ake zargin sun karɓi biyan kuɗi daga $ 5,000 zuwa $ 10,000 kowannensu don samun goyon bayan majalisa ga sanarwar Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] game da dokar ta baci a Jihar Rivers........ == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 23oasx7ro7g6d6bvkten3chnycqr3jd 0 157986 883148 858713 2026-07-15T03:43:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa da aka tsara a Batoka Gorge''' tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce mai karfin MW 2400, wadda aka tsara don gina ta a [[kogin Zambezi]] da ke kan iyakar kasa da kasa tsakanin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] da [[Zimbabwe]] . <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Matthew Hill |first=and Prinesha Naidoo |date=21 June 2019 |title=GE, PowerChina Set to Build $4 Billion Zambia-Zimbabwe Plant |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-20/ge-wins-bid-to-build-4-billion-zambia-zimbabwe-hydropower-dam |access-date=22 June 2019 |publisher=[[Bloomberg.com]]}}</ref> == Wuri == Za a gina tashar wutar lantarki da aka tsara a Kogin Zambezi, kimanin {{Convert|54|km|0}}, ƙasan [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]], wanda ke ratsa kan iyakar ƙasa da ƙasa tsakanin Zambia da Zimbabwe. <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Lusaka Times Staff |date=27 September 2013 |title=Construction of Dam for Batoka Gorge hydroelectric power stations to start next year |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2013/09/27/construction-of-dam-for-batoka-gorge-hydroelectric-power-stations-to-start-next-year/ |access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> == Bayani == A halin yanzu, shawarar ita ce samar da tashoshin wutar lantarki guda biyu, kowannensu yana da karfin wutar lantarki na MW 1200; daya a gefen Zambia dayan kuma a gefen Zimbabwe. Madatsar ruwa da za ta samar wa madatsar ruwa ruwa za ta kasance {{Convert|181|m|0}} nau'in nauyi mai tsayi. <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=COMESA |date=7 March 2014 |title=Batoka Gorge Hydro-Power Project Profile |url=http://www.comesa.int/attachments/article/842/Batoka%20Gorge%20%20-%20Project%20Profile%20130526.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307044658/http://www.comesa.int/attachments/article/842/Batoka%20Gorge%20%20-%20Project%20Profile%20130526.pdf |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=9 July 2018 |publisher=[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA) |format=Archived from the Original}}</ref> [[Hukumar Kogin Zambezi]] ce ke aiwatar da wannan aikin, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka dora wa alhakin aiki, sa ido da kuma kula da ginin [[Ruwan ruwa na Kariba|madatsar ruwa ta Kariba]], da kuma amfani da cikakken damar da Kogin Zambezi ke da ita. <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Mukarati |first=Levi |date=9 July 2018 |title=$4.5 Billion Batoka Deal to Create 6,000 Jobs |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/45bn-batoka-deal-to-create-6-000-jobs/ |access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> == Juriyar al'umma == Kamar yadda aka yi a cikin shawarar da aka gabatar a shekarun 1990, kuma yanzu, masu ruwa da tsaki da kuma al'ummar yankin suna adawa da ginin madatsar ruwan. Duk da adawa, a watan Yunin 2019, gwamnatocin Zambia da Zimbabwe sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar gina madatsar ruwan tare da General Electric da wani kamfanin kasar Sin, Power China. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-04-16 |title=Save the Zambezi – Batoka Gorge threatened by huge dam - International Rafting Federation |url=https://www.internationalrafting.com/2020/04/save-the-zambezi-batoka-gorge/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, Zambia ta soke kwangilar, inda ta yi zargin cewa akwai tsada mai yawa da kuma rashin bin hanyoyin sayayya masu kyau. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okafor |first=Chinedu |date=2023-06-15 |title=Zambia cancels $5 billion project with China, see why |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/zambia-cancels-dollar5-billion-project-with-china-see-why/w0ffvyd |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Business Insider Africa |language=en}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2023, UNESCO ta ba da izinin aikin madatsar ruwan ya ci gaba duk da damuwar masu suka kan muhalli da yawon bude ido. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okafor |first=Chinedu |date=October 17, 2023 |title=The controversial $5 billion project between Zambia and Zimbabwe has received approval from the UN |url=https://www.msn.com/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> Masana'antar yawon bude ido da kwarin Batoka na yanzu ya samar, gami da yin rafting a cikin ruwan fari, tana daukar dubban mutane 'yan asalin yankin aiki, kai tsaye da kuma a kaikaice, kuma an amince da ita a matsayin ta uku mafi girma da ke ba da gudummawa ga tattalin arzikin Zambia. Masu suka sun yi jayayya cewa madatsar ruwan tana da barazanar ambaliyar ruwa ga kwararar ruwan kogi. Yawon shakatawa na ruwan fari na Zambezi sun shahara da kasancewa cikin mafi kyawun tafiye-tafiye na rana da na kwanaki da yawa da ake gudanarwa a duk duniya. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Batoka Gorge Dam |url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/batoka-gorge-dam.html |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=www.victoriafalls-guide.net |language=en}}</ref> Tafiye-tafiyen rafting a Zambezi suna jawo hankalin dubban masu yawon bude ido na duniya kowace shekara, a cikin damina da lokacin rani. <ref name=":0" /> Idan shawarar ta ci gaba, masana'antar rafting za ta yi asarar kimanin dala miliyan 4 a kowace shekara. <ref name=":0" /> Ana sa ran samar da wani ma'ajiyar ruwa mai zurfi a bayan madatsar ruwan zai haifar da mummunan sakamako ga yanayin muhalli na gida. Damuwa game da ikon tafkin na ci gaba da samar da manyan kifaye na barazana ga yawon shakatawa na kamun kifi a yankin. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2"/> Wasu masu goyon bayan madatsar ruwan sun nuna cewa hakan na iya bude sabbin damarmakin yawon bude ido, kamar parasailing da wakeboarding. Duk da haka, kasancewar dabbobi masu haɗari kamar hippos da kada a cikin ruwan da ke kwance yana haifar da damuwa game da tsaro. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Massive Dam Threatens Spectacular Gorge Downstream of Victoria Falls |url=https://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/articles/entry/dam-threatens-batoka-gorge-zambezi-river/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Earth Island Journal}}</ref> An san yankin Zambezi da samar da [[Sabis ɗin yanayin halittu|ayyuka daban-daban na muhalli]] . Ana sa ran gina madatsar ruwan zai yi tasiri mai ɗorewa ga yankin, musamman masana'antar yawon bude ido ta yanayi. <ref name=":2" /> Akwai shakku cewa madatsar ruwan za ta cika burinta na samar da wutar lantarki ga al'ummomin karkara, domin za a haɗa ta da Tafkin Wutar Lantarki na Kudancin Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/batoka-gorge-hydroelectric-power-station/ |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=NS Energy}}</ref> Madatsar ruwan za ta iya sa kogin ya koma ƙasa da mita 650 daga Madatsar Ruwan Victoria, a cewar wani labarin da aka buga a Zambezia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Update on the Batoka Dam Project {{!}} VictoriaFalls24 |url=https://victoriafalls24.com/blog/2015/01/26/latest-update-batoka-dam-project/ |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=victoriafalls24.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan zai karya iyakokin kiyayewa a ƙarƙashin madatsar ruwan, wato 12&nbsp;km bisa ga yarjejeniyar [[UNESCO]] [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|ta Duniya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/509 |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=whc.unesco.org |language=en}}</ref> Don haka, idan shawarar madatsar ruwa ta ci gaba, [[Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria|Victoria Falls]] na iya zama Gadon Duniya Mai Haɗari . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage in Danger |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/158/ |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=whc.unesco.org |language=en}}</ref> == Kudin gini == Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2018, an kiyasta cewa farashin da aka kiyasta na ginawa zai kai dala biliyan 4.5. Kamfanin General Electric Africa ya nuna sha'awarsa ta haɓaka wannan tashar wutar lantarki a ƙarƙashin tsarin tsara-gina-aiki-canja wurin, amma mallakar ta koma Zambia da Zimbabwe, bayan masu haɓaka sun dawo da jarin da suka zuba tare da ribar da suka samu. <ref name="4R" /> A watan Yunin 2019, Bloomberg News ta ruwaito cewa an bai wa wata ƙungiya da ta ƙunshi General Electric na Amurka da Kamfanin Gina Wutar Lantarki na China (PowerChina). <ref name="1R"/> Ana sa ran ginin zai ɗauki daga shekaru goma zuwa goma sha uku. <ref name="11R">{{Cite web |last=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=25 June 2019 |title=Zambia/Zimbabwe: GE And Power China To Build Batoka Gorge Dam |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/zambia-zimbabwe-ge-and-power-china-to-build-batoka-gorge-dam/ |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=Afrik21.africa }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Zambia ta sanar da soke kwangilar PowerChina ta 2019 a shekarar 2024 saboda rashin bin ka'idojin sayayya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kubwa |first=M. |date=2025-05-03 |title=The $5 Billion Batoka Gorge Hydropower Project, a Bi-National Scheme Between Zambia and Zimbabwe |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/zambia-and-zimbabwe-seek-investors-to-revive-the-5-billion-batoka-gorge-hydropower-project/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=Constructionreview |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 86c4gz2o2z4hvgoohmodofgoisun52w 0 158133 883260 878128 2026-07-15T08:39:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 883260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogin Eiseb''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Eiseb Omuramba''', wani kogin ƙasasshe ne (kogin da ke gudana lokaci-lokaci) ko [[omuramba]] a cikin [[Hamada Kalahari]] ta gabashin [[Namibiya]] da arewa maso yammacin [[Botswana]]. Yana kafa ɓangare na tsarin magudanar ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro kuma yana gudanar da ruwa zuwa gabas zuwa [[Dendun Okavango]].<ref name="ThomasShaw1991">{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=David S. G. |title=The Kalahari Environment |last2=Shaw |first2=Paul A. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780521370806|url=https://the-eis.com/elibrary/sites/default/files/downloads/literature/The_Kalahari_Environment.pdf}}</ref><ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro">{{cite report |url=https://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/MAWF_IWRM%20booklet%20Eiseb-Epukiro_RV2.pdf |title=Integrated Water Resources Management: Eiseb-Epukiro River Basin |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> Kogin yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin magudanar ruwa (fossil) ko magudanar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci a arewacin Kalahari. Kamar sauran omiramba, yana ɗaukar ruwan saman ne kawai bayan an yi ruwan sama, yayin da gadon koginsa da lissafin laka (alluvial deposits) da ke tattare da shi ke da muhimmanci ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kiwo, matsugunai da amfanin ruwa na gida a cikin yankin da da ma can busasshe ne (semi-arid).<ref name="Jacobson1995">{{cite book |last1=Jacobson |first1=Peter J. |url=https://hydro-wiki.de/_media/en/projects/omaruru/1207_ephemeral-rivers-and-their-catchments.pdf |title=Ephemeral Rivers and Their Catchments: Sustaining People and Development in Western Namibia |last2=Jacobson |first2=Kathryn M. |last3=Seely |first3=Mary K. |publisher=Desert Research Foundation of Namibia |year=1995 |isbn=9991670947 |location=Windhoek |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="MEFTInventory2015">{{cite report |url=https://www.meft.gov.na/files/downloads/179_ResMob-Inventory%20report2-final.pdf |title=Development of an Inventory of Ecosystem Services in Namibia |year=2015 |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Jografi == Kogin Eiseb yana cikin yankin yashi na Kalahari sandveld a gabashin Namibiya da yammacin Botswana. Yana da alaƙa da Yankin Omaheke na Namibiya kuma yana gudana zuwa gabas zuwa cikin faffadan yankin magudanar ruwa na Okavango.<ref name="ThomasShaw1991" /> A cikin bayanan rarraba kogunan ƙasa na Namibiya, an rarraba Eiseb a cikin rukunin koguna da omiramba masu gudanar da ruwa zuwa Dendun Okavango.<ref name="Strohbach2008">{{cite journal |last=Strohbach |first=Ben J. |year=2008 |title=Mapping the major catchments of Namibia |url=https://hydro-wiki.de/_media/en/projects/omaruru/strohbach_2008.pdf |journal=Agricola |volume=18 |pages=63–73 |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> Kogin na cikin kwanon-ruwa na kogin Eiseb-Epukiro, kwanon-ruwa da ke tsakanin Eiseb da [[Epukiro]]. Kwanon-ruwan yana iyaka da Botswana a gabas, ya miƙe zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa [[Gobabis]], kuma ya mamaye sassan yankunan Omaheke da [[Yankin Otjozondjupa|Otjozondjupa]] na Namibiya.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Matsugunin [[Eiseb]] da ke kusa, wanda kuma aka sani da Eiseb Block, an sanya masa suna ne bayan kogin. Matsugunin yana cikin [[Mazabar Otjombinde]] ta Yankin Omaheke.<ref name="NewEra2015">{{cite news |date=17 November 2015 |title=Nguvauva wants Eiseb Block to be declared a constituency |url=https://www.newera.com.na/2015/11/17/nguvauva-eiseb-block-declared-constituency/ |access-date=16 June 2026 |work=New Era |archive-date=18 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118135352/https://www.newera.com.na/2015/11/17/nguvauva-eiseb-block-declared-constituency/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Yanayin Omuramba == Eiseb omuramba ne, kalmar da ake amfani da ita a Namibiya da Botswana don tsofaffin magudanar koguna (fossil riverbeds) a Kalahari. Yawancin lokaci omiramba kan kasance a bushe a mafi yawan sassan shekara amma suna iya riƙe ruwan sama bayan an yi ruwa mai ƙarfi. Galibi sun fi filayen yashi na Kalahari da ke kewaye da su daɗin noma saboda kofofinsu suna ɗauke da kyawawan laka (alluvial sediments).<ref name="Jacobson1995" /> Omiramba a arewa maso gabashin Namibiya da arewa maso yammacin Botswana galibi suna farawa ne daga tsakiyar sassan Namibiya kuma su yi gaba zuwa tsakiyar Botswana. Mutane da yawa sun yi amon cewa sun kasance masu gudanar da ruwa sosai a lokutan can can baya lokacin da yanayi ke da damina, amma a yanayin yanzu suna gudana ne kawai lokaci-lokaci kuma na ɗan gajeren nisa bayan an yi ruwan sama.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /><ref name="Strohbach2008" /> A cikin dazuzzukan arewacin Kalahari, tsofaffin magudanar ruwa kamar su Eiseb, Epukiro, Omatako, Khaudom, Nhoma, Mpungu da Otjozondjou suna daga cikin manyan siffofin laka da ke katse yanayin shimfidar yashi. Waɗannan magudanar koguna da guraben tabki (pans) da ke da alaƙa da su yawancin lokaci suna ɗauke da laka mai kyau (alluvial silts) ko yumbu kuma a tarihi sun kasance suna samar da ruwa ga mutane, dabbobi da namun daji, ko dai a matsayin ruwan sama bayan damina ko ta hanyar rami na gajeren zurfi (shallow wells).<ref name="MEFTInventory2015" /> == Kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro == Kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro yana ɗaya daga cikin kwanon-ruwan sha na Namibiya. Yana da faɗin fili da aka ruwaito na kilomita murabba'i 10,665 da ƙiyasin yawan ruwan shekara na kusan mita kubik miliyan 20, mafi yawansa daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Kwanon-ruwan yana da mahimmanci saboda ruwan saman ba shi da tabbas, wanda hakan ya sa ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya zama babban tushen ruwa ga matsugunai, dabbobi da sauran amfanin gida. Wannan yanayi ya zama ruwan dare ga mafi yawan omiramba na Kalahari, inda layukan magudanar ruwa kan iya bushewa a saman amma sun kasance masu mahimmanci azaman yankunan sake cika ruwa (recharge zones), wuraren haƙar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi ko tsarin laka mai ɗauke da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /><ref name="Simmonds2000">{{cite journal |last1=Simmonds |first1=A. L. E. |last2=Smalley |first2=T. J. |year=2000 |title=Kalahari aquifers in the Gam area of north-eastern Namibia |url=https://mme.gov.na/files/publications/05a_Simmonds%20and%20Smalley_Kalahari%20aquifers_Gam.pdf |journal=Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia |volume=12 |pages=469–474 |access-date=16 June 2026 |archive-date=8 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608141550/https://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/05a_Simmonds%20and%20Smalley_Kalahari%20aquifers_Gam.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kuma ambaci kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro a cikin faffadan binciken albarkatun ruwa na yankin Cubango-Okavango. Wani rahoton binciken kuɗi na ruwa na Kwanon-ruwan Kogin Cubango-Okavango ya gano yankunan noman rani a gabas da arewa maso gabashin Dam ɗin Omatako da kuma can gabas kusa da Otjinene a cikin kwanon-ruwa na ƙasa na Eiseb-Epukiro.<ref name="CORBWA2013">{{cite report |url=https://www.fao.org/4/i3743e/i3743e.pdf |title=Cubango-Okavango River Basin Water Audit: Synthesis Report |year=2013 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Jiyoloji da Ruwan Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa == Ƙananan yankin Eiseb yana da alaƙa da Eiseb Graben, tsarin rifts na tectonic a gabashin Namibiya. Ayyukan jiyoloji a yankin Gam sun gano kuruskus (faults) da suka nufi arewa maso gabas a kudancin Eiseb Omuramba waɗanda suka yi daidai da canjin matsayin tudun yashi (dune crests) kuma suna tasiri ga tsarin magudanar ruwa na yanzu.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Simmonds da Smalley sun ruwaito cewa an fassara waɗannan tsare-tsare a matsayin sabbin kuruskus da ke kafa tsawon kudu maso yamma na tsarin rift na Dendun Okavango. A Namibiya, ana kiran wannan tsari da Eiseb Graben.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Haƙar rami a tsakiyar Eiseb Graben kusa da iyakar Botswana ya tabbatar da samuwar laka na Kalahari mai kauri fiye da mita 250.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Eiseb Graben yana da mahimmanci ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa saboda laka mai ruwa a ƙananan sassan Kalahari na iya samar da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da za a iya fitarwa a sassan graben ɗin. Bincike a arewa maso gabashin Namibiya ya nuna cewa binciken ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin madaidaitan laka na Kalahari na iya zama mai wahala, kuma hanyoyin haƙar rami suna tasiri ga ganowa da haɓaka sassan da ke ɗauke da ruwa maras yawa.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> == Muhalli da Amfanin Ƙasa == Kogin Eiseb yana cikin faffadan yankin Kalahari, inda ruwan sama yake da ƙaranci kuma na lokaci ne. Lakar alluvium na omiramba suna samar da yankuna masu albarka idan aka kwatanta da yashi mai zurfi da ke kewaye da su.<ref name="MEFTInventory2015" /> Wadannan yankuna ana amfani da su ne ta hanyar mutane da dabbobi kuma suna iya tallafawa tsoron ciyayi da kiwo a lokutan da yankunan yashi na sandveld na kusa ba su da amfani sosai.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /> A cikin Dazuzzukan Arewacin Kalahari na Namibiya, ayyukan noma da kiwon dabbobi sune muhimman hanyoyin amfanin ƙasa. Ruwan sha galibi ana hako shi ne daga madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) kuma ana amfani da shi don amfanin gida, amfanin gona, dabbobi da namun daji.<ref name="MEFTInventory2015" /> Don haka, Eiseb da omiramba da ke da alaƙa da shi suna kafa ɓangare na tushen albarkatun ruwa na gida don matsugunan karkara da hanyoyin rayuwar makiyaya a gabashin Namibiya. == Gudanar da Ruwa == Gudanar da ruwa a kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro yana samuwa ne sakamakon bushewar kwanon-ruwan, gudanar ruwan saman na lokaci-lokaci da kuma dogaro ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Tsarin tsara albarkatun ruwa na Namibiya yana ɗaukar Eiseb-Epukiro a matsayin kwanon-ruwa daban don manufofin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Takardun tsara aikin noma da albarkatun ruwa na Namibiya na baya-bayan nan sun gano kwanon-ruwa da yawa, gami da Eiseb-Epukiro, a matsayin waɗanda ke fuskantar matsin lamba ko kuma ke cikin haɗarin ƙarancin albarkatun ruwa. Waɗannan damuwa suna da alaƙa da faffadan buƙatar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin haɗin gwiwa, fitar da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai dorewa, da tsara ƙasa da ruwa mai jure yanayi a yankunan busassun Namibiya.<ref name="AgriFoodStrategy2024">{{cite report |url=https://www.nafsan.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Final_MAWLR-STAS-Document-2024-web-quality.pdf |title=Strategy for the Transformation of the Agri-Food Sector 2025/26–2030/31 |year=2024 |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Alaƙa da tsarin Okavango == Eiseb yana cikin rukunin rafuka na lokaci-lokaci da tsofaffin layukan magudanar ruwa da ke da alaƙa da Dendun Okavango da Kwanon-ruwa na Kalahari. Dendun Okavango wani tsarin dausayi ne na cikin gida (endorheic) a arewacin Botswana, kusa da inda ruwan da ke shiga dendun yake ɓacewa galibi ta hanyar tururi (evapotranspiration) da shiga cikin ƙasa maimakon ya guda zuwa teku.<ref name="CORBWA2013" /> Ba kamar Kogin Cubango-Okavango na dindindin ba, Eiseb yana ba da gudummawa ga tsarin ne a matsayin layin magudanar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci na Kalahari. Don haka, an fi fahimtarsa azaman hanyar kogin lokaci-lokaci ko tsohon kogi a cikin faffadan yanayin magudanar ruwa na Okavango-Kalahari maimakon azaman reshen kogi mai gudana dare da rana.<ref name="ThomasShaw1991" /><ref name="Strohbach2008" /> == Duba kuma == * [[Omuramba]] * [[Hamada Kalahari]] * [[Kwanon-ruwa na Kalahari]] * [[Dendun Okavango]] * [[Rukunin kogunan Namibiya]] * [[Rukunin kogunan Botswana]] * [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Namibiya]] == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} [[Category:Kogunan Afirka]] [[Category:Kogunan Afirka ta ƙasa]] [[Category:Kogunan Namibiya]] q634ympe0ahbpbhwewf2d7ofyjq9xgm 883262 883260 2026-07-15T08:39:16Z Pharouqenr 25549 883262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogin Eiseb''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Eiseb Omuramba''', wani kogin ƙasasshe ne (kogin da ke gudana lokaci-lokaci) ko omuramba a cikin [[Hamada Kalahari]] ta gabashin [[Namibiya]] da arewa maso yammacin [[Botswana]]. Yana kafa ɓangare na tsarin magudanar ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro kuma yana gudanar da ruwa zuwa gabas zuwa [[Dendun Okavango]].<ref name="ThomasShaw1991">{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=David S. G. |title=The Kalahari Environment |last2=Shaw |first2=Paul A. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780521370806|url=https://the-eis.com/elibrary/sites/default/files/downloads/literature/The_Kalahari_Environment.pdf}}</ref><ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro">{{cite report |url=https://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/MAWF_IWRM%20booklet%20Eiseb-Epukiro_RV2.pdf |title=Integrated Water Resources Management: Eiseb-Epukiro River Basin |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> Kogin yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin magudanar ruwa (fossil) ko magudanar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci a arewacin Kalahari. Kamar sauran omiramba, yana ɗaukar ruwan saman ne kawai bayan an yi ruwan sama, yayin da gadon koginsa da lissafin laka (alluvial deposits) da ke tattare da shi ke da muhimmanci ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kiwo, matsugunai da amfanin ruwa na gida a cikin yankin da da ma can busasshe ne (semi-arid).<ref name="Jacobson1995">{{cite book |last1=Jacobson |first1=Peter J. |url=https://hydro-wiki.de/_media/en/projects/omaruru/1207_ephemeral-rivers-and-their-catchments.pdf |title=Ephemeral Rivers and Their Catchments: Sustaining People and Development in Western Namibia |last2=Jacobson |first2=Kathryn M. |last3=Seely |first3=Mary K. |publisher=Desert Research Foundation of Namibia |year=1995 |isbn=9991670947 |location=Windhoek |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="MEFTInventory2015">{{cite report |url=https://www.meft.gov.na/files/downloads/179_ResMob-Inventory%20report2-final.pdf |title=Development of an Inventory of Ecosystem Services in Namibia |year=2015 |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Jografi == Kogin Eiseb yana cikin yankin yashi na Kalahari sandveld a gabashin Namibiya da yammacin Botswana. Yana da alaƙa da Yankin Omaheke na Namibiya kuma yana gudana zuwa gabas zuwa cikin faffadan yankin magudanar ruwa na Okavango.<ref name="ThomasShaw1991" /> A cikin bayanan rarraba kogunan ƙasa na Namibiya, an rarraba Eiseb a cikin rukunin koguna da omiramba masu gudanar da ruwa zuwa Dendun Okavango.<ref name="Strohbach2008">{{cite journal |last=Strohbach |first=Ben J. |year=2008 |title=Mapping the major catchments of Namibia |url=https://hydro-wiki.de/_media/en/projects/omaruru/strohbach_2008.pdf |journal=Agricola |volume=18 |pages=63–73 |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> Kogin na cikin kwanon-ruwa na kogin Eiseb-Epukiro, kwanon-ruwa da ke tsakanin Eiseb da [[Epukiro]]. Kwanon-ruwan yana iyaka da Botswana a gabas, ya miƙe zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa [[Gobabis]], kuma ya mamaye sassan yankunan Omaheke da [[Yankin Otjozondjupa|Otjozondjupa]] na Namibiya.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Matsugunin [[Eiseb]] da ke kusa, wanda kuma aka sani da Eiseb Block, an sanya masa suna ne bayan kogin. Matsugunin yana cikin [[Mazabar Otjombinde]] ta Yankin Omaheke.<ref name="NewEra2015">{{cite news |date=17 November 2015 |title=Nguvauva wants Eiseb Block to be declared a constituency |url=https://www.newera.com.na/2015/11/17/nguvauva-eiseb-block-declared-constituency/ |access-date=16 June 2026 |work=New Era |archive-date=18 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118135352/https://www.newera.com.na/2015/11/17/nguvauva-eiseb-block-declared-constituency/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Yanayin Omuramba == Eiseb omuramba ne, kalmar da ake amfani da ita a Namibiya da Botswana don tsofaffin magudanar koguna (fossil riverbeds) a Kalahari. Yawancin lokaci omiramba kan kasance a bushe a mafi yawan sassan shekara amma suna iya riƙe ruwan sama bayan an yi ruwa mai ƙarfi. Galibi sun fi filayen yashi na Kalahari da ke kewaye da su daɗin noma saboda kofofinsu suna ɗauke da kyawawan laka (alluvial sediments).<ref name="Jacobson1995" /> Omiramba a arewa maso gabashin Namibiya da arewa maso yammacin Botswana galibi suna farawa ne daga tsakiyar sassan Namibiya kuma su yi gaba zuwa tsakiyar Botswana. Mutane da yawa sun yi amon cewa sun kasance masu gudanar da ruwa sosai a lokutan can can baya lokacin da yanayi ke da damina, amma a yanayin yanzu suna gudana ne kawai lokaci-lokaci kuma na ɗan gajeren nisa bayan an yi ruwan sama.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /><ref name="Strohbach2008" /> A cikin dazuzzukan arewacin Kalahari, tsofaffin magudanar ruwa kamar su Eiseb, Epukiro, Omatako, Khaudom, Nhoma, Mpungu da Otjozondjou suna daga cikin manyan siffofin laka da ke katse yanayin shimfidar yashi. Waɗannan magudanar koguna da guraben tabki (pans) da ke da alaƙa da su yawancin lokaci suna ɗauke da laka mai kyau (alluvial silts) ko yumbu kuma a tarihi sun kasance suna samar da ruwa ga mutane, dabbobi da namun daji, ko dai a matsayin ruwan sama bayan damina ko ta hanyar rami na gajeren zurfi (shallow wells).<ref name="MEFTInventory2015" /> == Kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro == Kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro yana ɗaya daga cikin kwanon-ruwan sha na Namibiya. Yana da faɗin fili da aka ruwaito na kilomita murabba'i 10,665 da ƙiyasin yawan ruwan shekara na kusan mita kubik miliyan 20, mafi yawansa daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Kwanon-ruwan yana da mahimmanci saboda ruwan saman ba shi da tabbas, wanda hakan ya sa ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya zama babban tushen ruwa ga matsugunai, dabbobi da sauran amfanin gida. Wannan yanayi ya zama ruwan dare ga mafi yawan omiramba na Kalahari, inda layukan magudanar ruwa kan iya bushewa a saman amma sun kasance masu mahimmanci azaman yankunan sake cika ruwa (recharge zones), wuraren haƙar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi ko tsarin laka mai ɗauke da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /><ref name="Simmonds2000">{{cite journal |last1=Simmonds |first1=A. L. E. |last2=Smalley |first2=T. J. |year=2000 |title=Kalahari aquifers in the Gam area of north-eastern Namibia |url=https://mme.gov.na/files/publications/05a_Simmonds%20and%20Smalley_Kalahari%20aquifers_Gam.pdf |journal=Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia |volume=12 |pages=469–474 |access-date=16 June 2026 |archive-date=8 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608141550/https://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/05a_Simmonds%20and%20Smalley_Kalahari%20aquifers_Gam.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kuma ambaci kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro a cikin faffadan binciken albarkatun ruwa na yankin Cubango-Okavango. Wani rahoton binciken kuɗi na ruwa na Kwanon-ruwan Kogin Cubango-Okavango ya gano yankunan noman rani a gabas da arewa maso gabashin Dam ɗin Omatako da kuma can gabas kusa da Otjinene a cikin kwanon-ruwa na ƙasa na Eiseb-Epukiro.<ref name="CORBWA2013">{{cite report |url=https://www.fao.org/4/i3743e/i3743e.pdf |title=Cubango-Okavango River Basin Water Audit: Synthesis Report |year=2013 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Jiyoloji da Ruwan Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa == Ƙananan yankin Eiseb yana da alaƙa da Eiseb Graben, tsarin rifts na tectonic a gabashin Namibiya. Ayyukan jiyoloji a yankin Gam sun gano kuruskus (faults) da suka nufi arewa maso gabas a kudancin Eiseb Omuramba waɗanda suka yi daidai da canjin matsayin tudun yashi (dune crests) kuma suna tasiri ga tsarin magudanar ruwa na yanzu.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Simmonds da Smalley sun ruwaito cewa an fassara waɗannan tsare-tsare a matsayin sabbin kuruskus da ke kafa tsawon kudu maso yamma na tsarin rift na Dendun Okavango. A Namibiya, ana kiran wannan tsari da Eiseb Graben.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Haƙar rami a tsakiyar Eiseb Graben kusa da iyakar Botswana ya tabbatar da samuwar laka na Kalahari mai kauri fiye da mita 250.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Eiseb Graben yana da mahimmanci ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa saboda laka mai ruwa a ƙananan sassan Kalahari na iya samar da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da za a iya fitarwa a sassan graben ɗin. Bincike a arewa maso gabashin Namibiya ya nuna cewa binciken ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin madaidaitan laka na Kalahari na iya zama mai wahala, kuma hanyoyin haƙar rami suna tasiri ga ganowa da haɓaka sassan da ke ɗauke da ruwa maras yawa.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> == Muhalli da Amfanin Ƙasa == Kogin Eiseb yana cikin faffadan yankin Kalahari, inda ruwan sama yake da ƙaranci kuma na lokaci ne. Lakar alluvium na omiramba suna samar da yankuna masu albarka idan aka kwatanta da yashi mai zurfi da ke kewaye da su.<ref name="MEFTInventory2015" /> Wadannan yankuna ana amfani da su ne ta hanyar mutane da dabbobi kuma suna iya tallafawa tsoron ciyayi da kiwo a lokutan da yankunan yashi na sandveld na kusa ba su da amfani sosai.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /> A cikin Dazuzzukan Arewacin Kalahari na Namibiya, ayyukan noma da kiwon dabbobi sune muhimman hanyoyin amfanin ƙasa. Ruwan sha galibi ana hako shi ne daga madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) kuma ana amfani da shi don amfanin gida, amfanin gona, dabbobi da namun daji.<ref name="MEFTInventory2015" /> Don haka, Eiseb da omiramba da ke da alaƙa da shi suna kafa ɓangare na tushen albarkatun ruwa na gida don matsugunan karkara da hanyoyin rayuwar makiyaya a gabashin Namibiya. == Gudanar da Ruwa == Gudanar da ruwa a kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro yana samuwa ne sakamakon bushewar kwanon-ruwan, gudanar ruwan saman na lokaci-lokaci da kuma dogaro ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Tsarin tsara albarkatun ruwa na Namibiya yana ɗaukar Eiseb-Epukiro a matsayin kwanon-ruwa daban don manufofin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Takardun tsara aikin noma da albarkatun ruwa na Namibiya na baya-bayan nan sun gano kwanon-ruwa da yawa, gami da Eiseb-Epukiro, a matsayin waɗanda ke fuskantar matsin lamba ko kuma ke cikin haɗarin ƙarancin albarkatun ruwa. Waɗannan damuwa suna da alaƙa da faffadan buƙatar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin haɗin gwiwa, fitar da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai dorewa, da tsara ƙasa da ruwa mai jure yanayi a yankunan busassun Namibiya.<ref name="AgriFoodStrategy2024">{{cite report |url=https://www.nafsan.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Final_MAWLR-STAS-Document-2024-web-quality.pdf |title=Strategy for the Transformation of the Agri-Food Sector 2025/26–2030/31 |year=2024 |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Alaƙa da tsarin Okavango == Eiseb yana cikin rukunin rafuka na lokaci-lokaci da tsofaffin layukan magudanar ruwa da ke da alaƙa da Dendun Okavango da Kwanon-ruwa na Kalahari. Dendun Okavango wani tsarin dausayi ne na cikin gida (endorheic) a arewacin Botswana, kusa da inda ruwan da ke shiga dendun yake ɓacewa galibi ta hanyar tururi (evapotranspiration) da shiga cikin ƙasa maimakon ya guda zuwa teku.<ref name="CORBWA2013" /> Ba kamar Kogin Cubango-Okavango na dindindin ba, Eiseb yana ba da gudummawa ga tsarin ne a matsayin layin magudanar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci na Kalahari. Don haka, an fi fahimtarsa azaman hanyar kogin lokaci-lokaci ko tsohon kogi a cikin faffadan yanayin magudanar ruwa na Okavango-Kalahari maimakon azaman reshen kogi mai gudana dare da rana.<ref name="ThomasShaw1991" /><ref name="Strohbach2008" /> == Duba kuma == * [[Omuramba]] * [[Hamada Kalahari]] * [[Kwanon-ruwa na Kalahari]] * [[Dendun Okavango]] * [[Rukunin kogunan Namibiya]] * [[Rukunin kogunan Botswana]] * [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Namibiya]] == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} [[Category:Kogunan Afirka]] [[Category:Kogunan Afirka ta ƙasa]] [[Category:Kogunan Namibiya]] 2s5gb881zyqk5fswcwiu9z19jze01ld 883264 883262 2026-07-15T08:39:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 883264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogin Eiseb''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Eiseb Omuramba''', wani kogin ƙasasshe ne (kogin da ke gudana lokaci-lokaci) ko omuramba a cikin [[Hamada Kalahari]] ta gabashin [[Namibiya]] da arewa maso yammacin [[Botswana]]. Yana kafa ɓangare na tsarin magudanar ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro kuma yana gudanar da ruwa zuwa gabas zuwa Dendun Okavango.<ref name="ThomasShaw1991">{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=David S. G. |title=The Kalahari Environment |last2=Shaw |first2=Paul A. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780521370806|url=https://the-eis.com/elibrary/sites/default/files/downloads/literature/The_Kalahari_Environment.pdf}}</ref><ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro">{{cite report |url=https://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/MAWF_IWRM%20booklet%20Eiseb-Epukiro_RV2.pdf |title=Integrated Water Resources Management: Eiseb-Epukiro River Basin |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> Kogin yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin magudanar ruwa (fossil) ko magudanar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci a arewacin Kalahari. Kamar sauran omiramba, yana ɗaukar ruwan saman ne kawai bayan an yi ruwan sama, yayin da gadon koginsa da lissafin laka (alluvial deposits) da ke tattare da shi ke da muhimmanci ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kiwo, matsugunai da amfanin ruwa na gida a cikin yankin da da ma can busasshe ne (semi-arid).<ref name="Jacobson1995">{{cite book |last1=Jacobson |first1=Peter J. |url=https://hydro-wiki.de/_media/en/projects/omaruru/1207_ephemeral-rivers-and-their-catchments.pdf |title=Ephemeral Rivers and Their Catchments: Sustaining People and Development in Western Namibia |last2=Jacobson |first2=Kathryn M. |last3=Seely |first3=Mary K. |publisher=Desert Research Foundation of Namibia |year=1995 |isbn=9991670947 |location=Windhoek |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="MEFTInventory2015">{{cite report |url=https://www.meft.gov.na/files/downloads/179_ResMob-Inventory%20report2-final.pdf |title=Development of an Inventory of Ecosystem Services in Namibia |year=2015 |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Jografi == Kogin Eiseb yana cikin yankin yashi na Kalahari sandveld a gabashin Namibiya da yammacin Botswana. Yana da alaƙa da Yankin Omaheke na Namibiya kuma yana gudana zuwa gabas zuwa cikin faffadan yankin magudanar ruwa na Okavango.<ref name="ThomasShaw1991" /> A cikin bayanan rarraba kogunan ƙasa na Namibiya, an rarraba Eiseb a cikin rukunin koguna da omiramba masu gudanar da ruwa zuwa Dendun Okavango.<ref name="Strohbach2008">{{cite journal |last=Strohbach |first=Ben J. |year=2008 |title=Mapping the major catchments of Namibia |url=https://hydro-wiki.de/_media/en/projects/omaruru/strohbach_2008.pdf |journal=Agricola |volume=18 |pages=63–73 |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> Kogin na cikin kwanon-ruwa na kogin Eiseb-Epukiro, kwanon-ruwa da ke tsakanin Eiseb da [[Epukiro]]. Kwanon-ruwan yana iyaka da Botswana a gabas, ya miƙe zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa [[Gobabis]], kuma ya mamaye sassan yankunan Omaheke da [[Yankin Otjozondjupa|Otjozondjupa]] na Namibiya.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Matsugunin [[Eiseb]] da ke kusa, wanda kuma aka sani da Eiseb Block, an sanya masa suna ne bayan kogin. Matsugunin yana cikin [[Mazabar Otjombinde]] ta Yankin Omaheke.<ref name="NewEra2015">{{cite news |date=17 November 2015 |title=Nguvauva wants Eiseb Block to be declared a constituency |url=https://www.newera.com.na/2015/11/17/nguvauva-eiseb-block-declared-constituency/ |access-date=16 June 2026 |work=New Era |archive-date=18 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118135352/https://www.newera.com.na/2015/11/17/nguvauva-eiseb-block-declared-constituency/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Yanayin Omuramba == Eiseb omuramba ne, kalmar da ake amfani da ita a Namibiya da Botswana don tsofaffin magudanar koguna (fossil riverbeds) a Kalahari. Yawancin lokaci omiramba kan kasance a bushe a mafi yawan sassan shekara amma suna iya riƙe ruwan sama bayan an yi ruwa mai ƙarfi. Galibi sun fi filayen yashi na Kalahari da ke kewaye da su daɗin noma saboda kofofinsu suna ɗauke da kyawawan laka (alluvial sediments).<ref name="Jacobson1995" /> Omiramba a arewa maso gabashin Namibiya da arewa maso yammacin Botswana galibi suna farawa ne daga tsakiyar sassan Namibiya kuma su yi gaba zuwa tsakiyar Botswana. Mutane da yawa sun yi amon cewa sun kasance masu gudanar da ruwa sosai a lokutan can can baya lokacin da yanayi ke da damina, amma a yanayin yanzu suna gudana ne kawai lokaci-lokaci kuma na ɗan gajeren nisa bayan an yi ruwan sama.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /><ref name="Strohbach2008" /> A cikin dazuzzukan arewacin Kalahari, tsofaffin magudanar ruwa kamar su Eiseb, Epukiro, Omatako, Khaudom, Nhoma, Mpungu da Otjozondjou suna daga cikin manyan siffofin laka da ke katse yanayin shimfidar yashi. Waɗannan magudanar koguna da guraben tabki (pans) da ke da alaƙa da su yawancin lokaci suna ɗauke da laka mai kyau (alluvial silts) ko yumbu kuma a tarihi sun kasance suna samar da ruwa ga mutane, dabbobi da namun daji, ko dai a matsayin ruwan sama bayan damina ko ta hanyar rami na gajeren zurfi (shallow wells).<ref name="MEFTInventory2015" /> == Kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro == Kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro yana ɗaya daga cikin kwanon-ruwan sha na Namibiya. Yana da faɗin fili da aka ruwaito na kilomita murabba'i 10,665 da ƙiyasin yawan ruwan shekara na kusan mita kubik miliyan 20, mafi yawansa daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Kwanon-ruwan yana da mahimmanci saboda ruwan saman ba shi da tabbas, wanda hakan ya sa ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya zama babban tushen ruwa ga matsugunai, dabbobi da sauran amfanin gida. Wannan yanayi ya zama ruwan dare ga mafi yawan omiramba na Kalahari, inda layukan magudanar ruwa kan iya bushewa a saman amma sun kasance masu mahimmanci azaman yankunan sake cika ruwa (recharge zones), wuraren haƙar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi ko tsarin laka mai ɗauke da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /><ref name="Simmonds2000">{{cite journal |last1=Simmonds |first1=A. L. E. |last2=Smalley |first2=T. J. |year=2000 |title=Kalahari aquifers in the Gam area of north-eastern Namibia |url=https://mme.gov.na/files/publications/05a_Simmonds%20and%20Smalley_Kalahari%20aquifers_Gam.pdf |journal=Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia |volume=12 |pages=469–474 |access-date=16 June 2026 |archive-date=8 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608141550/https://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/05a_Simmonds%20and%20Smalley_Kalahari%20aquifers_Gam.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kuma ambaci kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro a cikin faffadan binciken albarkatun ruwa na yankin Cubango-Okavango. Wani rahoton binciken kuɗi na ruwa na Kwanon-ruwan Kogin Cubango-Okavango ya gano yankunan noman rani a gabas da arewa maso gabashin Dam ɗin Omatako da kuma can gabas kusa da Otjinene a cikin kwanon-ruwa na ƙasa na Eiseb-Epukiro.<ref name="CORBWA2013">{{cite report |url=https://www.fao.org/4/i3743e/i3743e.pdf |title=Cubango-Okavango River Basin Water Audit: Synthesis Report |year=2013 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Jiyoloji da Ruwan Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa == Ƙananan yankin Eiseb yana da alaƙa da Eiseb Graben, tsarin rifts na tectonic a gabashin Namibiya. Ayyukan jiyoloji a yankin Gam sun gano kuruskus (faults) da suka nufi arewa maso gabas a kudancin Eiseb Omuramba waɗanda suka yi daidai da canjin matsayin tudun yashi (dune crests) kuma suna tasiri ga tsarin magudanar ruwa na yanzu.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Simmonds da Smalley sun ruwaito cewa an fassara waɗannan tsare-tsare a matsayin sabbin kuruskus da ke kafa tsawon kudu maso yamma na tsarin rift na Dendun Okavango. A Namibiya, ana kiran wannan tsari da Eiseb Graben.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Haƙar rami a tsakiyar Eiseb Graben kusa da iyakar Botswana ya tabbatar da samuwar laka na Kalahari mai kauri fiye da mita 250.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Eiseb Graben yana da mahimmanci ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa saboda laka mai ruwa a ƙananan sassan Kalahari na iya samar da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da za a iya fitarwa a sassan graben ɗin. Bincike a arewa maso gabashin Namibiya ya nuna cewa binciken ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin madaidaitan laka na Kalahari na iya zama mai wahala, kuma hanyoyin haƙar rami suna tasiri ga ganowa da haɓaka sassan da ke ɗauke da ruwa maras yawa.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> == Muhalli da Amfanin Ƙasa == Kogin Eiseb yana cikin faffadan yankin Kalahari, inda ruwan sama yake da ƙaranci kuma na lokaci ne. Lakar alluvium na omiramba suna samar da yankuna masu albarka idan aka kwatanta da yashi mai zurfi da ke kewaye da su.<ref name="MEFTInventory2015" /> Wadannan yankuna ana amfani da su ne ta hanyar mutane da dabbobi kuma suna iya tallafawa tsoron ciyayi da kiwo a lokutan da yankunan yashi na sandveld na kusa ba su da amfani sosai.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /> A cikin Dazuzzukan Arewacin Kalahari na Namibiya, ayyukan noma da kiwon dabbobi sune muhimman hanyoyin amfanin ƙasa. Ruwan sha galibi ana hako shi ne daga madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) kuma ana amfani da shi don amfanin gida, amfanin gona, dabbobi da namun daji.<ref name="MEFTInventory2015" /> Don haka, Eiseb da omiramba da ke da alaƙa da shi suna kafa ɓangare na tushen albarkatun ruwa na gida don matsugunan karkara da hanyoyin rayuwar makiyaya a gabashin Namibiya. == Gudanar da Ruwa == Gudanar da ruwa a kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro yana samuwa ne sakamakon bushewar kwanon-ruwan, gudanar ruwan saman na lokaci-lokaci da kuma dogaro ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Tsarin tsara albarkatun ruwa na Namibiya yana ɗaukar Eiseb-Epukiro a matsayin kwanon-ruwa daban don manufofin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Takardun tsara aikin noma da albarkatun ruwa na Namibiya na baya-bayan nan sun gano kwanon-ruwa da yawa, gami da Eiseb-Epukiro, a matsayin waɗanda ke fuskantar matsin lamba ko kuma ke cikin haɗarin ƙarancin albarkatun ruwa. Waɗannan damuwa suna da alaƙa da faffadan buƙatar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin haɗin gwiwa, fitar da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai dorewa, da tsara ƙasa da ruwa mai jure yanayi a yankunan busassun Namibiya.<ref name="AgriFoodStrategy2024">{{cite report |url=https://www.nafsan.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Final_MAWLR-STAS-Document-2024-web-quality.pdf |title=Strategy for the Transformation of the Agri-Food Sector 2025/26–2030/31 |year=2024 |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Alaƙa da tsarin Okavango == Eiseb yana cikin rukunin rafuka na lokaci-lokaci da tsofaffin layukan magudanar ruwa da ke da alaƙa da Dendun Okavango da Kwanon-ruwa na Kalahari. Dendun Okavango wani tsarin dausayi ne na cikin gida (endorheic) a arewacin Botswana, kusa da inda ruwan da ke shiga dendun yake ɓacewa galibi ta hanyar tururi (evapotranspiration) da shiga cikin ƙasa maimakon ya guda zuwa teku.<ref name="CORBWA2013" /> Ba kamar Kogin Cubango-Okavango na dindindin ba, Eiseb yana ba da gudummawa ga tsarin ne a matsayin layin magudanar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci na Kalahari. Don haka, an fi fahimtarsa azaman hanyar kogin lokaci-lokaci ko tsohon kogi a cikin faffadan yanayin magudanar ruwa na Okavango-Kalahari maimakon azaman reshen kogi mai gudana dare da rana.<ref name="ThomasShaw1991" /><ref name="Strohbach2008" /> == Duba kuma == * [[Omuramba]] * [[Hamada Kalahari]] * [[Kwanon-ruwa na Kalahari]] * [[Dendun Okavango]] * [[Rukunin kogunan Namibiya]] * [[Rukunin kogunan Botswana]] * [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Namibiya]] == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} [[Category:Kogunan Afirka]] [[Category:Kogunan Afirka ta ƙasa]] [[Category:Kogunan Namibiya]] cxadu44cgggbg2ia8q829deuel5x6jn 883265 883264 2026-07-15T08:39:57Z Pharouqenr 25549 883265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogin Eiseb''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Eiseb Omuramba''', wani kogin ƙasasshe ne (kogin da ke gudana lokaci-lokaci) ko omuramba a cikin [[Hamada Kalahari]] ta gabashin [[Namibiya]] da arewa maso yammacin [[Botswana]]. Yana kafa ɓangare na tsarin magudanar ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro kuma yana gudanar da ruwa zuwa gabas zuwa Dendun Okavango.<ref name="ThomasShaw1991">{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=David S. G. |title=The Kalahari Environment |last2=Shaw |first2=Paul A. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780521370806|url=https://the-eis.com/elibrary/sites/default/files/downloads/literature/The_Kalahari_Environment.pdf}}</ref><ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro">{{cite report |url=https://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/MAWF_IWRM%20booklet%20Eiseb-Epukiro_RV2.pdf |title=Integrated Water Resources Management: Eiseb-Epukiro River Basin |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> Kogin yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin magudanar ruwa (fossil) ko magudanar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci a arewacin Kalahari. Kamar sauran omiramba, yana ɗaukar ruwan saman ne kawai bayan an yi ruwan sama, yayin da gadon koginsa da lissafin laka (alluvial deposits) da ke tattare da shi ke da muhimmanci ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kiwo, matsugunai da amfanin ruwa na gida a cikin yankin da da ma can busasshe ne (semi-arid).<ref name="Jacobson1995">{{cite book |last1=Jacobson |first1=Peter J. |url=https://hydro-wiki.de/_media/en/projects/omaruru/1207_ephemeral-rivers-and-their-catchments.pdf |title=Ephemeral Rivers and Their Catchments: Sustaining People and Development in Western Namibia |last2=Jacobson |first2=Kathryn M. |last3=Seely |first3=Mary K. |publisher=Desert Research Foundation of Namibia |year=1995 |isbn=9991670947 |location=Windhoek |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="MEFTInventory2015">{{cite report |url=https://www.meft.gov.na/files/downloads/179_ResMob-Inventory%20report2-final.pdf |title=Development of an Inventory of Ecosystem Services in Namibia |year=2015 |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Jografi == Kogin Eiseb yana cikin yankin yashi na Kalahari sandveld a gabashin Namibiya da yammacin Botswana. Yana da alaƙa da Yankin Omaheke na Namibiya kuma yana gudana zuwa gabas zuwa cikin faffadan yankin magudanar ruwa na Okavango.<ref name="ThomasShaw1991" /> A cikin bayanan rarraba kogunan ƙasa na Namibiya, an rarraba Eiseb a cikin rukunin koguna da omiramba masu gudanar da ruwa zuwa Dendun Okavango.<ref name="Strohbach2008">{{cite journal |last=Strohbach |first=Ben J. |year=2008 |title=Mapping the major catchments of Namibia |url=https://hydro-wiki.de/_media/en/projects/omaruru/strohbach_2008.pdf |journal=Agricola |volume=18 |pages=63–73 |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> Kogin na cikin kwanon-ruwa na kogin Eiseb-Epukiro, kwanon-ruwa da ke tsakanin Eiseb da [[Epukiro]]. Kwanon-ruwan yana iyaka da Botswana a gabas, ya miƙe zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa [[Gobabis]], kuma ya mamaye sassan yankunan Omaheke da [[Yankin Otjozondjupa|Otjozondjupa]] na Namibiya.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Matsugunin [[Eiseb]] da ke kusa, wanda kuma aka sani da Eiseb Block, an sanya masa suna ne bayan kogin. Matsugunin yana cikin Mazabar Otjombinde ta Yankin Omaheke.<ref name="NewEra2015">{{cite news |date=17 November 2015 |title=Nguvauva wants Eiseb Block to be declared a constituency |url=https://www.newera.com.na/2015/11/17/nguvauva-eiseb-block-declared-constituency/ |access-date=16 June 2026 |work=New Era |archive-date=18 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118135352/https://www.newera.com.na/2015/11/17/nguvauva-eiseb-block-declared-constituency/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Yanayin Omuramba == Eiseb omuramba ne, kalmar da ake amfani da ita a Namibiya da Botswana don tsofaffin magudanar koguna (fossil riverbeds) a Kalahari. Yawancin lokaci omiramba kan kasance a bushe a mafi yawan sassan shekara amma suna iya riƙe ruwan sama bayan an yi ruwa mai ƙarfi. Galibi sun fi filayen yashi na Kalahari da ke kewaye da su daɗin noma saboda kofofinsu suna ɗauke da kyawawan laka (alluvial sediments).<ref name="Jacobson1995" /> Omiramba a arewa maso gabashin Namibiya da arewa maso yammacin Botswana galibi suna farawa ne daga tsakiyar sassan Namibiya kuma su yi gaba zuwa tsakiyar Botswana. Mutane da yawa sun yi amon cewa sun kasance masu gudanar da ruwa sosai a lokutan can can baya lokacin da yanayi ke da damina, amma a yanayin yanzu suna gudana ne kawai lokaci-lokaci kuma na ɗan gajeren nisa bayan an yi ruwan sama.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /><ref name="Strohbach2008" /> A cikin dazuzzukan arewacin Kalahari, tsofaffin magudanar ruwa kamar su Eiseb, Epukiro, Omatako, Khaudom, Nhoma, Mpungu da Otjozondjou suna daga cikin manyan siffofin laka da ke katse yanayin shimfidar yashi. Waɗannan magudanar koguna da guraben tabki (pans) da ke da alaƙa da su yawancin lokaci suna ɗauke da laka mai kyau (alluvial silts) ko yumbu kuma a tarihi sun kasance suna samar da ruwa ga mutane, dabbobi da namun daji, ko dai a matsayin ruwan sama bayan damina ko ta hanyar rami na gajeren zurfi (shallow wells).<ref name="MEFTInventory2015" /> == Kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro == Kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro yana ɗaya daga cikin kwanon-ruwan sha na Namibiya. Yana da faɗin fili da aka ruwaito na kilomita murabba'i 10,665 da ƙiyasin yawan ruwan shekara na kusan mita kubik miliyan 20, mafi yawansa daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Kwanon-ruwan yana da mahimmanci saboda ruwan saman ba shi da tabbas, wanda hakan ya sa ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya zama babban tushen ruwa ga matsugunai, dabbobi da sauran amfanin gida. Wannan yanayi ya zama ruwan dare ga mafi yawan omiramba na Kalahari, inda layukan magudanar ruwa kan iya bushewa a saman amma sun kasance masu mahimmanci azaman yankunan sake cika ruwa (recharge zones), wuraren haƙar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi ko tsarin laka mai ɗauke da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /><ref name="Simmonds2000">{{cite journal |last1=Simmonds |first1=A. L. E. |last2=Smalley |first2=T. J. |year=2000 |title=Kalahari aquifers in the Gam area of north-eastern Namibia |url=https://mme.gov.na/files/publications/05a_Simmonds%20and%20Smalley_Kalahari%20aquifers_Gam.pdf |journal=Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia |volume=12 |pages=469–474 |access-date=16 June 2026 |archive-date=8 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608141550/https://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/05a_Simmonds%20and%20Smalley_Kalahari%20aquifers_Gam.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kuma ambaci kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro a cikin faffadan binciken albarkatun ruwa na yankin Cubango-Okavango. Wani rahoton binciken kuɗi na ruwa na Kwanon-ruwan Kogin Cubango-Okavango ya gano yankunan noman rani a gabas da arewa maso gabashin Dam ɗin Omatako da kuma can gabas kusa da Otjinene a cikin kwanon-ruwa na ƙasa na Eiseb-Epukiro.<ref name="CORBWA2013">{{cite report |url=https://www.fao.org/4/i3743e/i3743e.pdf |title=Cubango-Okavango River Basin Water Audit: Synthesis Report |year=2013 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Jiyoloji da Ruwan Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa == Ƙananan yankin Eiseb yana da alaƙa da Eiseb Graben, tsarin rifts na tectonic a gabashin Namibiya. Ayyukan jiyoloji a yankin Gam sun gano kuruskus (faults) da suka nufi arewa maso gabas a kudancin Eiseb Omuramba waɗanda suka yi daidai da canjin matsayin tudun yashi (dune crests) kuma suna tasiri ga tsarin magudanar ruwa na yanzu.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Simmonds da Smalley sun ruwaito cewa an fassara waɗannan tsare-tsare a matsayin sabbin kuruskus da ke kafa tsawon kudu maso yamma na tsarin rift na Dendun Okavango. A Namibiya, ana kiran wannan tsari da Eiseb Graben.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Haƙar rami a tsakiyar Eiseb Graben kusa da iyakar Botswana ya tabbatar da samuwar laka na Kalahari mai kauri fiye da mita 250.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Eiseb Graben yana da mahimmanci ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa saboda laka mai ruwa a ƙananan sassan Kalahari na iya samar da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da za a iya fitarwa a sassan graben ɗin. Bincike a arewa maso gabashin Namibiya ya nuna cewa binciken ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin madaidaitan laka na Kalahari na iya zama mai wahala, kuma hanyoyin haƙar rami suna tasiri ga ganowa da haɓaka sassan da ke ɗauke da ruwa maras yawa.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> == Muhalli da Amfanin Ƙasa == Kogin Eiseb yana cikin faffadan yankin Kalahari, inda ruwan sama yake da ƙaranci kuma na lokaci ne. Lakar alluvium na omiramba suna samar da yankuna masu albarka idan aka kwatanta da yashi mai zurfi da ke kewaye da su.<ref name="MEFTInventory2015" /> Wadannan yankuna ana amfani da su ne ta hanyar mutane da dabbobi kuma suna iya tallafawa tsoron ciyayi da kiwo a lokutan da yankunan yashi na sandveld na kusa ba su da amfani sosai.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /> A cikin Dazuzzukan Arewacin Kalahari na Namibiya, ayyukan noma da kiwon dabbobi sune muhimman hanyoyin amfanin ƙasa. Ruwan sha galibi ana hako shi ne daga madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) kuma ana amfani da shi don amfanin gida, amfanin gona, dabbobi da namun daji.<ref name="MEFTInventory2015" /> Don haka, Eiseb da omiramba da ke da alaƙa da shi suna kafa ɓangare na tushen albarkatun ruwa na gida don matsugunan karkara da hanyoyin rayuwar makiyaya a gabashin Namibiya. == Gudanar da Ruwa == Gudanar da ruwa a kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro yana samuwa ne sakamakon bushewar kwanon-ruwan, gudanar ruwan saman na lokaci-lokaci da kuma dogaro ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Tsarin tsara albarkatun ruwa na Namibiya yana ɗaukar Eiseb-Epukiro a matsayin kwanon-ruwa daban don manufofin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Takardun tsara aikin noma da albarkatun ruwa na Namibiya na baya-bayan nan sun gano kwanon-ruwa da yawa, gami da Eiseb-Epukiro, a matsayin waɗanda ke fuskantar matsin lamba ko kuma ke cikin haɗarin ƙarancin albarkatun ruwa. Waɗannan damuwa suna da alaƙa da faffadan buƙatar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin haɗin gwiwa, fitar da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai dorewa, da tsara ƙasa da ruwa mai jure yanayi a yankunan busassun Namibiya.<ref name="AgriFoodStrategy2024">{{cite report |url=https://www.nafsan.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Final_MAWLR-STAS-Document-2024-web-quality.pdf |title=Strategy for the Transformation of the Agri-Food Sector 2025/26–2030/31 |year=2024 |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Alaƙa da tsarin Okavango == Eiseb yana cikin rukunin rafuka na lokaci-lokaci da tsofaffin layukan magudanar ruwa da ke da alaƙa da Dendun Okavango da Kwanon-ruwa na Kalahari. Dendun Okavango wani tsarin dausayi ne na cikin gida (endorheic) a arewacin Botswana, kusa da inda ruwan da ke shiga dendun yake ɓacewa galibi ta hanyar tururi (evapotranspiration) da shiga cikin ƙasa maimakon ya guda zuwa teku.<ref name="CORBWA2013" /> Ba kamar Kogin Cubango-Okavango na dindindin ba, Eiseb yana ba da gudummawa ga tsarin ne a matsayin layin magudanar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci na Kalahari. Don haka, an fi fahimtarsa azaman hanyar kogin lokaci-lokaci ko tsohon kogi a cikin faffadan yanayin magudanar ruwa na Okavango-Kalahari maimakon azaman reshen kogi mai gudana dare da rana.<ref name="ThomasShaw1991" /><ref name="Strohbach2008" /> == Duba kuma == * [[Omuramba]] * [[Hamada Kalahari]] * [[Kwanon-ruwa na Kalahari]] * [[Dendun Okavango]] * [[Rukunin kogunan Namibiya]] * [[Rukunin kogunan Botswana]] * [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Namibiya]] == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} [[Category:Kogunan Afirka]] [[Category:Kogunan Afirka ta ƙasa]] [[Category:Kogunan Namibiya]] f8h1ppdxhwzu0sfp29dgz008kq2mk4n 883266 883265 2026-07-15T08:40:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 883266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogin Eiseb''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Eiseb Omuramba''', wani kogin ƙasasshe ne (kogin da ke gudana lokaci-lokaci) ko omuramba a cikin [[Hamada Kalahari]] ta gabashin [[Namibiya]] da arewa maso yammacin [[Botswana]]. Yana kafa ɓangare na tsarin magudanar ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro kuma yana gudanar da ruwa zuwa gabas zuwa Dendun Okavango.<ref name="ThomasShaw1991">{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=David S. G. |title=The Kalahari Environment |last2=Shaw |first2=Paul A. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 |isbn=9780521370806|url=https://the-eis.com/elibrary/sites/default/files/downloads/literature/The_Kalahari_Environment.pdf}}</ref><ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro">{{cite report |url=https://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/MAWF_IWRM%20booklet%20Eiseb-Epukiro_RV2.pdf |title=Integrated Water Resources Management: Eiseb-Epukiro River Basin |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> Kogin yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin magudanar ruwa (fossil) ko magudanar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci a arewacin Kalahari. Kamar sauran omiramba, yana ɗaukar ruwan saman ne kawai bayan an yi ruwan sama, yayin da gadon koginsa da lissafin laka (alluvial deposits) da ke tattare da shi ke da muhimmanci ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kiwo, matsugunai da amfanin ruwa na gida a cikin yankin da da ma can busasshe ne (semi-arid).<ref name="Jacobson1995">{{cite book |last1=Jacobson |first1=Peter J. |url=https://hydro-wiki.de/_media/en/projects/omaruru/1207_ephemeral-rivers-and-their-catchments.pdf |title=Ephemeral Rivers and Their Catchments: Sustaining People and Development in Western Namibia |last2=Jacobson |first2=Kathryn M. |last3=Seely |first3=Mary K. |publisher=Desert Research Foundation of Namibia |year=1995 |isbn=9991670947 |location=Windhoek |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="MEFTInventory2015">{{cite report |url=https://www.meft.gov.na/files/downloads/179_ResMob-Inventory%20report2-final.pdf |title=Development of an Inventory of Ecosystem Services in Namibia |year=2015 |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Jografi == Kogin Eiseb yana cikin yankin yashi na Kalahari sandveld a gabashin Namibiya da yammacin Botswana. Yana da alaƙa da Yankin Omaheke na Namibiya kuma yana gudana zuwa gabas zuwa cikin faffadan yankin magudanar ruwa na Okavango.<ref name="ThomasShaw1991" /> A cikin bayanan rarraba kogunan ƙasa na Namibiya, an rarraba Eiseb a cikin rukunin koguna da omiramba masu gudanar da ruwa zuwa Dendun Okavango.<ref name="Strohbach2008">{{cite journal |last=Strohbach |first=Ben J. |year=2008 |title=Mapping the major catchments of Namibia |url=https://hydro-wiki.de/_media/en/projects/omaruru/strohbach_2008.pdf |journal=Agricola |volume=18 |pages=63–73 |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> Kogin na cikin kwanon-ruwa na kogin Eiseb-Epukiro, kwanon-ruwa da ke tsakanin Eiseb da [[Epukiro]]. Kwanon-ruwan yana iyaka da Botswana a gabas, ya miƙe zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa [[Gobabis]], kuma ya mamaye sassan yankunan Omaheke da [[Yankin Otjozondjupa|Otjozondjupa]] na Namibiya.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Matsugunin [[Eiseb]] da ke kusa, wanda kuma aka sani da Eiseb Block, an sanya masa suna ne bayan kogin. Matsugunin yana cikin Mazabar Otjombinde ta Yankin Omaheke.<ref name="NewEra2015">{{cite news |date=17 November 2015 |title=Nguvauva wants Eiseb Block to be declared a constituency |url=https://www.newera.com.na/2015/11/17/nguvauva-eiseb-block-declared-constituency/ |access-date=16 June 2026 |work=New Era |archive-date=18 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118135352/https://www.newera.com.na/2015/11/17/nguvauva-eiseb-block-declared-constituency/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Yanayin Omuramba == Eiseb omuramba ne, kalmar da ake amfani da ita a Namibiya da Botswana don tsofaffin magudanar koguna (fossil riverbeds) a Kalahari. Yawancin lokaci omiramba kan kasance a bushe a mafi yawan sassan shekara amma suna iya riƙe ruwan sama bayan an yi ruwa mai ƙarfi. Galibi sun fi filayen yashi na Kalahari da ke kewaye da su daɗin noma saboda kofofinsu suna ɗauke da kyawawan laka (alluvial sediments).<ref name="Jacobson1995" /> Omiramba a arewa maso gabashin Namibiya da arewa maso yammacin Botswana galibi suna farawa ne daga tsakiyar sassan Namibiya kuma su yi gaba zuwa tsakiyar Botswana. Mutane da yawa sun yi amon cewa sun kasance masu gudanar da ruwa sosai a lokutan can can baya lokacin da yanayi ke da damina, amma a yanayin yanzu suna gudana ne kawai lokaci-lokaci kuma na ɗan gajeren nisa bayan an yi ruwan sama.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /><ref name="Strohbach2008" /> A cikin dazuzzukan arewacin Kalahari, tsofaffin magudanar ruwa kamar su Eiseb, Epukiro, Omatako, Khaudom, Nhoma, Mpungu da Otjozondjou suna daga cikin manyan siffofin laka da ke katse yanayin shimfidar yashi. Waɗannan magudanar koguna da guraben tabki (pans) da ke da alaƙa da su yawancin lokaci suna ɗauke da laka mai kyau (alluvial silts) ko yumbu kuma a tarihi sun kasance suna samar da ruwa ga mutane, dabbobi da namun daji, ko dai a matsayin ruwan sama bayan damina ko ta hanyar rami na gajeren zurfi (shallow wells).<ref name="MEFTInventory2015" /> == Kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro == Kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro yana ɗaya daga cikin kwanon-ruwan sha na Namibiya. Yana da faɗin fili da aka ruwaito na kilomita murabba'i 10,665 da ƙiyasin yawan ruwan shekara na kusan mita kubik miliyan 20, mafi yawansa daga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Kwanon-ruwan yana da mahimmanci saboda ruwan saman ba shi da tabbas, wanda hakan ya sa ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya zama babban tushen ruwa ga matsugunai, dabbobi da sauran amfanin gida. Wannan yanayi ya zama ruwan dare ga mafi yawan omiramba na Kalahari, inda layukan magudanar ruwa kan iya bushewa a saman amma sun kasance masu mahimmanci azaman yankunan sake cika ruwa (recharge zones), wuraren haƙar rijiyoyi marasa zurfi ko tsarin laka mai ɗauke da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /><ref name="Simmonds2000">{{cite journal |last1=Simmonds |first1=A. L. E. |last2=Smalley |first2=T. J. |year=2000 |title=Kalahari aquifers in the Gam area of north-eastern Namibia |url=https://mme.gov.na/files/publications/05a_Simmonds%20and%20Smalley_Kalahari%20aquifers_Gam.pdf |journal=Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia |volume=12 |pages=469–474 |access-date=16 June 2026 |archive-date=8 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250608141550/https://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/05a_Simmonds%20and%20Smalley_Kalahari%20aquifers_Gam.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kuma ambaci kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro a cikin faffadan binciken albarkatun ruwa na yankin Cubango-Okavango. Wani rahoton binciken kuɗi na ruwa na Kwanon-ruwan Kogin Cubango-Okavango ya gano yankunan noman rani a gabas da arewa maso gabashin Dam ɗin Omatako da kuma can gabas kusa da Otjinene a cikin kwanon-ruwa na ƙasa na Eiseb-Epukiro.<ref name="CORBWA2013">{{cite report |url=https://www.fao.org/4/i3743e/i3743e.pdf |title=Cubango-Okavango River Basin Water Audit: Synthesis Report |year=2013 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Jiyoloji da Ruwan Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa == Ƙananan yankin Eiseb yana da alaƙa da Eiseb Graben, tsarin rifts na tectonic a gabashin Namibiya. Ayyukan jiyoloji a yankin Gam sun gano kuruskus (faults) da suka nufi arewa maso gabas a kudancin Eiseb Omuramba waɗanda suka yi daidai da canjin matsayin tudun yashi (dune crests) kuma suna tasiri ga tsarin magudanar ruwa na yanzu.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Simmonds da Smalley sun ruwaito cewa an fassara waɗannan tsare-tsare a matsayin sabbin kuruskus da ke kafa tsawon kudu maso yamma na tsarin rift na Dendun Okavango. A Namibiya, ana kiran wannan tsari da Eiseb Graben.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Haƙar rami a tsakiyar Eiseb Graben kusa da iyakar Botswana ya tabbatar da samuwar laka na Kalahari mai kauri fiye da mita 250.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> Eiseb Graben yana da mahimmanci ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa saboda laka mai ruwa a ƙananan sassan Kalahari na iya samar da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da za a iya fitarwa a sassan graben ɗin. Bincike a arewa maso gabashin Namibiya ya nuna cewa binciken ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin madaidaitan laka na Kalahari na iya zama mai wahala, kuma hanyoyin haƙar rami suna tasiri ga ganowa da haɓaka sassan da ke ɗauke da ruwa maras yawa.<ref name="Simmonds2000" /> == Muhalli da Amfanin Ƙasa == Kogin Eiseb yana cikin faffadan yankin Kalahari, inda ruwan sama yake da ƙaranci kuma na lokaci ne. Lakar alluvium na omiramba suna samar da yankuna masu albarka idan aka kwatanta da yashi mai zurfi da ke kewaye da su.<ref name="MEFTInventory2015" /> Wadannan yankuna ana amfani da su ne ta hanyar mutane da dabbobi kuma suna iya tallafawa tsoron ciyayi da kiwo a lokutan da yankunan yashi na sandveld na kusa ba su da amfani sosai.<ref name="Jacobson1995" /> A cikin Dazuzzukan Arewacin Kalahari na Namibiya, ayyukan noma da kiwon dabbobi sune muhimman hanyoyin amfanin ƙasa. Ruwan sha galibi ana hako shi ne daga madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (aquifers) kuma ana amfani da shi don amfanin gida, amfanin gona, dabbobi da namun daji.<ref name="MEFTInventory2015" /> Don haka, Eiseb da omiramba da ke da alaƙa da shi suna kafa ɓangare na tushen albarkatun ruwa na gida don matsugunan karkara da hanyoyin rayuwar makiyaya a gabashin Namibiya. == Gudanar da Ruwa == Gudanar da ruwa a kwanon-ruwa na Eiseb-Epukiro yana samuwa ne sakamakon bushewar kwanon-ruwan, gudanar ruwan saman na lokaci-lokaci da kuma dogaro ga ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Tsarin tsara albarkatun ruwa na Namibiya yana ɗaukar Eiseb-Epukiro a matsayin kwanon-ruwa daban don manufofin gudanar da albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="IWRMEisebEpukiro" /> Takardun tsara aikin noma da albarkatun ruwa na Namibiya na baya-bayan nan sun gano kwanon-ruwa da yawa, gami da Eiseb-Epukiro, a matsayin waɗanda ke fuskantar matsin lamba ko kuma ke cikin haɗarin ƙarancin albarkatun ruwa. Waɗannan damuwa suna da alaƙa da faffadan buƙatar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa cikin haɗin gwiwa, fitar da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai dorewa, da tsara ƙasa da ruwa mai jure yanayi a yankunan busassun Namibiya.<ref name="AgriFoodStrategy2024">{{cite report |url=https://www.nafsan.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Final_MAWLR-STAS-Document-2024-web-quality.pdf |title=Strategy for the Transformation of the Agri-Food Sector 2025/26–2030/31 |year=2024 |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Namibia |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> == Alaƙa da tsarin Okavango == Eiseb yana cikin rukunin rafuka na lokaci-lokaci da tsofaffin layukan magudanar ruwa da ke da alaƙa da Dendun Okavango da Kwanon-ruwa na Kalahari. Dendun Okavango wani tsarin dausayi ne na cikin gida (endorheic) a arewacin Botswana, kusa da inda ruwan da ke shiga dendun yake ɓacewa galibi ta hanyar tururi (evapotranspiration) da shiga cikin ƙasa maimakon ya guda zuwa teku.<ref name="CORBWA2013" /> Ba kamar Kogin Cubango-Okavango na dindindin ba, Eiseb yana ba da gudummawa ga tsarin ne a matsayin layin magudanar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci na Kalahari. Don haka, an fi fahimtarsa azaman hanyar kogin lokaci-lokaci ko tsohon kogi a cikin faffadan yanayin magudanar ruwa na Okavango-Kalahari maimakon azaman reshen kogi mai gudana dare da rana.<ref name="ThomasShaw1991" /><ref name="Strohbach2008" /> == Duba kuma == * [[Omuramba]] * [[Hamada Kalahari]] * [[Kwanon-ruwa na Kalahari]] * [[Dendun Okavango]] * [[Rukunin kogunan Namibiya]] * [[Rukunin kogunan Botswana]] * [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Namibiya]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Kogunan Afirka]] [[Category:Kogunan Afirka ta ƙasa]] [[Category:Kogunan Namibiya]] k1p0w6sk3urlaq8xheflfb2i05mc4ix 0 158496 883186 860638 2026-07-15T08:15:23Z BnHamid 12586 Replaced content with "{{Databox}} Artelinic acid (ko gishirinsa, artelinate) magani ne na gwaji wanda ake bincike a matsayin maganin zazzabin cizon sauro.[1] Yana da wani Semi-synthetic wanda aka samo daga fili na artemisinin. Artelinic acid yana da ƙananan ƙimar neurotoxicity fiye da abubuwan da suka danganci artemisinin arteether da artemether, [2] amma ya fi artesunate mai guba sau uku.[3]. A halin yanzu, [yaushe?] [yaushe?] [yaushe?] artelinic acid da alama ba zai iya shiga aikin a..." 883186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Artelinic acid (ko gishirinsa, artelinate) magani ne na gwaji wanda ake bincike a matsayin maganin zazzabin cizon sauro.[1] Yana da wani Semi-synthetic wanda aka samo daga fili na artemisinin. Artelinic acid yana da ƙananan ƙimar neurotoxicity fiye da abubuwan da suka danganci artemisinin arteether da artemether, [2] amma ya fi artesunate mai guba sau uku.[3]. A halin yanzu, [yaushe?] [yaushe?] [yaushe?] artelinic acid da alama ba zai iya shiga aikin asibiti na yau da kullun ba, saboda ba shi da fa'ida ta musamman akan artemesinins da aka riga aka samu (artesunate da artemether). Har yanzu ba a tantance Artelinic acid don amfani a cikin mutane ba. [yaushe?] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 63fgk2yvdmj8153botkdbl3whrhl3lx 0 158605 883128 861220 2026-07-15T00:03:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Babatunde Osotimehin''' (an haife shi ranar 6 ga Fabrairun 1949 ya mutu ranar 4 ga watan Yunin 2017) likita ne na Najeriya, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin [[Ma’aikatar Lafiya ta Tarayya (Najeriya)|Ministan Lafiya]], kuma a shekarar 2011 ya zama babban darakta na Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yana riƙe da matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dattijai, an sake nada shi a watan Agusta 2014 har zuwa mutuwarsa. Abubuwan da Osotimehin ke so su ne matasa da jinsi, kuma ya ba da shawara ga [[Jima'i da lafiyar haihuwa|Lafiyar haihuwa]] da haƙƙin haihuwa, musamman a cikin yanayin annobar cutar kanjamau. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙarfinsa shine dogaro da bayanai da shaidu.<ref name=":0">https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/233142-osinbajo-un-unfpa-others-mourn-babatunde-osotimehin.html</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == [[Fayil:BirminghamQueenElizabethHospitalMedicalSchool.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Birmingham]] An haifi Babatunde Osotimehin a watan Fabrairun 1949 a [[Jihar Ogun]].<ref name=":0" /> Ya halarci Kwalejin Igbobi tsakanin 1966 da 1971. Ya yi karatun likitanci a [[Jami'ar Ibadan]], Najeriya . A shekara ta 1979 ya koma Burtaniya don digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Birmingham, Ingila, kuma daga 1979 zuwa 1980 ya kasance ɗan'uwa a fannin endocrinology a Makarantar Magunguna ta [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]], New York, Amurka.<ref name=":3">https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/06/osotimehin-died-new-york/</ref><ref name=":1">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)31675-6/fulltext?elsca1=etoc</ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 1980, ya koma Najeriya kuma ya zama Farfesa a fannin ilimin asibiti, Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya, [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] . Ya hau matakan ilimi kuma daga 1990 zuwa 1994 ya kasance Provost na Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya a Ibadan.<ref name=":1" /> Abubuwan da Osotimehin ke so sun haɗa da matasa da jinsi, a cikin mahallin kiwon lafiya da haƙƙoƙi. A cikin wata kasida ta 2005 a cikin The New York Times, ya lura cewa kusan kashi 58 cikin 100 na 'yan Najeriya da ke dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau mata ne. 'Yan mata da yawa a Najeriya sun yi aure kafin su kasance a shirye a jiki ko a hankali lokacin da suke matasa 13 ko 14. Ba abin yarda ba ne a gare su nemi abokan aikinsu su yi amfani da kwaroron roba ko kuma su guji yin jima'i.a. <ref name=":2">https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235735/http://www.unfpa.org/public/site/global/lang/en/pid/7096</ref><ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/19/opinion/19osotimehin.html</ref> Daga baya a shekara ta 2005, ya ce gwamnati ta ba da umarnin karuwa zuwa 250,000 na yawan mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau a shirin maganin antiretroviral na Najeriya.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</ref> Daga Yuli 2002 zuwa Maris 2007 ya kasance shugaban kwamitin aiki na kasa kan cutar kanjamau a Najeriya, kuma daga 2002 zuwa 2008, ya kasance manajan aikin Bankin Duniya na taimakawa shirin ci gaban cutar kanjamaun HIV / AIDS.<ref>https://kffhealthnews.org/morning-breakout/dr00033040/</ref><ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/200811180312.html</ref> A shekara ta 2005, a taron kasa da kasa na 14 kan cutar kanjamau da cututtukan cututtuka a Afirka (ICASA), ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kasa. Daga shekara ta 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2008, ya kasance shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa, Shirin Haɗin Kai na Yankin HIV / AIDS a cikin hanyar Sufuri ta Abidjan-Lagos.<ref name=":1" /> Daga Maris 2007 zuwa Disamba 2008 ya kasance Darakta Janar a Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Cututtuka ta Najeriya.<ref name=":1" />. === Ministan Lafiya, 2008-2010 === A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008, an nada Osotimehin a matsayin Ministan Lafiya. A lokacin mulkinsa, ya haɗa dukkan jihohi 36 don gina shirin kiwon lafiya na kasa wanda ya mai da hankali kan kiwon lafiya. Daga Disamba 2008 zuwa Maris 2010, ya kasance Kakakin Afirka na Hadin gwiwar Maternal, Newborn da Child Health. Osotimehin ya kalubalanci ra'ayin 'yan Najeriya cewa luwadi da yaduwar cutar kanjamau ba batun ba ne a Afirka.<ref name=":3" /> A taron manema labarai na Satumba 2009, Osotimehin ya ce Najeriya ba ta riga ta bi Sanarwar Abuja ba cewa 15% na kasafin kudin kowace ƙasa ta Afirka ya kamata a ba da ita ga kiwon lafiya. Najeriya gabaɗaya tana kashewa tsakanin 8% da 9%, kodayake wasu jihohi suna yin mafi kyau.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20101029202555/http://www.ony.unu.edu/events-forums/africa/aidsymposiumdocs/bio.html</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, ya nuna cewa doka ta buƙaci cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya don kula da wadanda suka kamu da hatsari da harbin bindiga. Ƙin ba da magani za a iya hukunta shi da ɗaurin kurkuku.<ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/200909220513.html</ref>. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009, ya sake tabbatar da jajircewar gwamnati na kawar da cutar shan inna da sauran cututtukan yara masu kisan kai.<ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/200910140758.html</ref> Ya bar ofishin a watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, lokacin da mukaddashin shugaban kasar [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya rushe majalisar ministocinsa.<ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/200912110199.html</ref> === Alkawarin UNFPA, 2010-2017 === A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2010, an nada Osotimehin a matsayin babban darakta na Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFPA) na tsawon shekaru hudu. Ya hau matsayin a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2011 kuma ya zama babban darakta na huɗu na kungiyar, yana riƙe da matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref name=":5">https://allafrica.com/stories/201003171041.html</ref> Matasa sun kasance abin da ya fi mayar da hankali a UNFPA. "Muna buƙatar tabbatar da cewa matasa na maza da mata suna da daidaito, ba kawai a cikin haƙƙin haihuwa da kiwon lafiya ba har ma a cikin al'umma da tattalin arziki.<ref name=":4">https://press.un.org/en/2010/sga1268.doc.htm</ref> Ya kasance Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Cututtukan Cututtuka ta Najeriya, hukumar da ke daidaita duk aikin HIV da AIDS a cikin ƙasa da ke da mutane sama da miliyan 150. A matsayinsa na shugaban kwamitin aiki na kasa kan cutar kanjamau (NACA) ya kula da ci gaban tsarin wanda a cikin 2011, ya gudanar da fiye da dala biliyan daya.<ref name=":4" /> Ya yi imanin cewa tawali'u shine mabuɗin shiga mutane da sauƙaƙe canji, "tawali'u don shiga tare da ɗayan ɗayan al'umma ta hanyar da za su san cewa kuna girmama su.<ref name=":4" /> Al'adun al'adu da fahimta ma suna da mahimmanci. Ya yi aure kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyar An sake nada shi a matsayin a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 2014.<ref name=":5" /> == Rayuwa da mutuwarsa == Osotimehin ya auri Olufunke . Suna da 'ya'ya biyar da jikoki biyar.<ref name=":3" /> Ya mutu a Harrison, New York, wani yanki na Manhattan, a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2017, yana da shekaru 68. Abokan aiki a UNFPA sun bayyana amincewarsa, ƙwarewar sadarwa, da dogaro da bayanai da shaida.<ref name=":3" /> == Kasancewa memba da alaƙa == Osotimehin ya kasance memba ko alaƙa da waɗannan:<ref name=":1" /> * Shugaban, Kwamitin Masu Ba da Shawara na Shugaban kasa na Kula da cutar kanjamau a Afirka * memba, Kwamitin Manufofi da Dabarun, Asusun Duniya don Yaki da cutar kanjamau, Cutar Fuka da Malaria * memba, Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Duniya kan Samun Duniya * Mai tsarawa, Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya da Kiwon Lafiyar Rubuce-rubuce, [[Ibadan]], Najeriya (cibiyar sadarwa ta fannoni da ta kunshi masu ilimin zamantakewa, masana tattalin arziki, likitoci, lauyoyi, masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da masu kula da abinci mai gina jiki na ɗan adam da aka sadaukar don amfani da sabbin hanyoyin bincike don kiwon lafiyar haihuwa da ci gaban ɗan adam) * memba na Royal College of Physicians (UK) * Babban Baƙo, John D. da Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Chicago, Amurka, 1996 * Ziyarar Fellow, Cibiyar Harvard don Nazarin Jama'a da Ci Gaban, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Amurka, 1996-1997.<ref name=":6">https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2811%2960258-4</ref> * Fellow na [[Makarantar Kimiyya ta Najeriya|Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Najeriya]] tun 2006.<ref name=":6" /> * Fellow na Kwalejin Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya da Cututtuka ta Kasa.<ref name=":6" /> * Fellow na Kwalejin Likitocin Yammacin Afirka.<ref name=":6" /> * Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Amurka * Ƙungiyar Ba da Shawara ta Duniya, Jama'a da Lafiya ta Rubuta, Gidauniyar John D. da Catherine T. MacArthur, Chicago * Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Yankin (Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya), Shirin Musamman kan Bincike da Bincike a cikin Shirin Haihuwar Mutum na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] * Shugaban kwamitin don tsara manufofi kan Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiya ta asali Bincike da Fasahar Kiwon Lafiyar Gwamnatin Najeriya * Ƙungiyar Endocrinology da Metabolism ta Najeriya * Kungiyar Likitoci ta Najeriya * Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Najeriya == Daraja == * An ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa ta Najeriya, [[Order of the Niger|Jami'in Order of the Niger]] (OON), Disamba 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bulletin.ui.edu.ng/sites/default/files/Professor%20Osotimehin%20Obituary%20%281%29.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-19 |archive-date=2024-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004030802/https://bulletin.ui.edu.ng/sites/default/files/Professor%20Osotimehin%20Obituary%20%281%29.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ry0xw370iy80hqrlf2q7eef7ta5hfnc 0 158828 883314 863546 2026-07-15T09:05:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 883314 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Parkia_bicolor_A._Chev_by_Dorothy_Amaury_Talbot.jpg|thumb|Hoton ''Parkia bicolor'' A. Chev na Dorothy Amaury Talbot]] '''Dorothy Amaury Talbot''' (née Amaury, 1871-1916) ta kasance mai tara shuke-shuke na Ingila kuma mai ilimin lissafi a Najeriya . Ita da mijinta da 'yar'uwarta sun tattara nau'ikan shuke-shuke na Najeriya sama da 4000, gami da sababbin da aka gano. Ta kuma yi karatu kuma ta rubuta game da [[Mutanen Ibibio]]. An haife ta a shekara ta 1871, Dorothy ta auri Percy Talbot, ma'aikacin gwamnati na mulkin mallaka. Ita da 'yar'uwarta, Miss Amaury, sun bi shi a lokuta da yawa na kasancewa a Najeriya a matsayin mai binciken ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rendle |first=Alfred Barton |date=1917 |title=Book-Notes, News Etc. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/36197#page/95/mode/1up |journal=Journal of Botany, British and Foreign |volume=55 |pages=85–6 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref> Sun aika da tarin shuke-shuke zuwa Burtaniya har zuwa mutuwarta. == Tarin shuke-shuke == A cikin 1910-11, Dorothy ta yi tafiya ta zagaye a kusa da Najeriya tare da mijinta da abokin aikinta mai tara shuke-shuke Olive MacLeod, tattara da zanen shuke-huke na Najeriya. Ƙarin tarin daga gundumar [[Eket]] ya biyo baya a cikin 1912-1913 lokacin da Talbots da Miss Amaury suka tsaya a can. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rendle |first=Alfred Barton |date=1914 |title=Plants from the Eket District, S. Nigeria |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/33761#page/11/mode/1up |journal=Journal of Botany, British and Foreign |volume=52 |pages=1 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Percy Amaury Talbot |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG128705 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=www.britishmuseum.org}}</ref> An gabatar da tarin su, tare da kimanin zane-zane dubu na tsire-tsire da Dorothy ta samar, ga Gidan Tarihin Halitta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Hopkins |first=Helen C.F. |last2=Wajer |first2=Jacek |date=2023-09-13 |title=Variation in the colour and shape of capitula in Parkia bicolor (Leguminosae) illustrated by two watercolours from southern Nigeria painted by Dorothy Amaury Talbot (1871–1916) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/candollea/volume-78/issue-2/c2023v782a3/Variation-in-the-colour-and-shape-of-capitula-in-Parkia/10.15553/c2023v782a3.full |journal=Candollea |volume=78 |issue=2 |doi=10.15553/c2023v782a3 |issn=0373-2967}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Talbot Collection |url=https://primo-44nhm.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=44NHM_INST:44NHM_V1&tab=Everything&docid=alma9927870802081&context=L&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&lang=en |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Natural History Museum |language=en}}</ref> Ga [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya]] sun ba da kimanin samfurori 4000 na botanical da zoological tare da ba da kyauta ga Kew Gardens.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hopkins |first=Helen C.F. |last2=Wajer |first2=Jacek |date=2023-09-13 |title=Variation in the colour and shape of capitula in Parkia bicolor (Leguminosae) illustrated by two watercolours from southern Nigeria painted by Dorothy Amaury Talbot (1871–1916) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/candollea/volume-78/issue-2/c2023v782a3/Variation-in-the-colour-and-shape-of-capitula-in-Parkia/10.15553/c2023v782a3.full |journal=Candollea |volume=78 |issue=2 |doi=10.15553/c2023v782a3 |issn=0373-2967}}</ref>   An sanya sunan jinsin ''Talbotiella'' ga Talbots, tare da ''Dorothea talbotii'' Wernham ana kiranta da sunan Dorothy da kansa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Talbot, Dorothy Amaury (1871-1916) on JSTOR |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000055638 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=plants.jstor.org |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dorothea talbotii Wernham, from Nigeria on JSTOR |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.visual.bmtal23883503 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=plants.jstor.org |doi=}}</ref> == Tarihin kabilanci == Dorothy da mijinta suna da sha'awar ilimin al'adun mutanen Ibibio, waɗanda suka ga ba su da tasiri ta hanyar hulɗa da fararen mutane har zuwa zuwan su. Sun tattara kayan tarihi na wakilci daga gare su, kuma littafin Dorothy Woman's Mysteries of a Primitive People: The Ibibios of Southern Nigeria an buga shi a shekarar 1915.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman's Mysteries of a Primitive People: The Ibibios of South Nigeria |url=https://www.routledge.com/Womans-Mysteries-of-a-Primitive-People-The-Ibibios-of-South-Nigeria/Talbot/p/book/9781138010932 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Routledge & CRC Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meek |first=C. K. |date=1947 |title=5. Amaury Talbot: 1877-1945 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2791974 |journal=Man |volume=47 |pages=13–14 |issn=0025-1496 |jstor=2791974}}</ref> Dorothy ta kafa kyautar Percy Amaury Talbot don ilimin ɗan adam na Afirka, wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Dan Adam ta Royal ke gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PERCY AMAURY TALBOT PRIZE FOR AFRICAN ANTHROPOLOGY (A86) |url=https://therai.org.uk/archives-and-manuscripts/archive-contents/percy-amaury-talbot-prize-for-african-anthropology-a86 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Royal Anthropological Institute |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ta mutu a Degama, Najeriya, a ranar 28 ga Disamba 1916 daga zazzabin cizon sauro.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Hopkins |first=Helen C.F. |last2=Wajer |first2=Jacek |date=2023-09-13 |title=Variation in the colour and shape of capitula in Parkia bicolor (Leguminosae) illustrated by two watercolours from southern Nigeria painted by Dorothy Amaury Talbot (1871–1916) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/candollea/volume-78/issue-2/c2023v782a3/Variation-in-the-colour-and-shape-of-capitula-in-Parkia/10.15553/c2023v782a3.full |journal=Candollea |volume=78 |issue=2 |doi=10.15553/c2023v782a3 |issn=0373-2967}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Works by Talbot, P. Amaury (her husband)aShirin Gutenberg {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Talbot, Dorothy Amaury}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] eg7lyf3qh7wzrr62v50gadkcn5p6d02 883315 883314 2026-07-15T09:06:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 883315 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Parkia_bicolor_A._Chev_by_Dorothy_Amaury_Talbot.jpg|thumb|Hoton ''Parkia bicolor'' A. Chev na Dorothy Amaury Talbot]] '''Dorothy Amaury Talbot''' (née Amaury, 1871-1916) ta kasance mai tara shuke-shuke na Ingila kuma mai ilimin lissafi a Najeriya . Ita da mijinta da 'yar'uwarta sun tattara nau'ikan shuke-shuke na Najeriya sama da 4000, gami da sababbin da aka gano. Ta kuma yi karatu kuma ta rubuta game da [[Mutanen Ibibio]]. An haife ta a shekara ta 1871, Dorothy ta auri Percy Talbot, ma'aikacin gwamnati na mulkin mallaka. Ita da 'yar'uwarta, Miss Amaury, sun bi shi a lokuta da yawa na kasancewa a Najeriya a matsayin mai binciken ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rendle |first=Alfred Barton |date=1917 |title=Book-Notes, News Etc. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/36197#page/95/mode/1up |journal=Journal of Botany, British and Foreign |volume=55 |pages=85–6 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref> Sun aika da tarin shuke-shuke zuwa Burtaniya har zuwa mutuwarta. == Tarin shuke-shuke == A cikin 1910-11, Dorothy ta yi tafiya ta zagaye a kusa da Najeriya tare da mijinta da abokin aikinta mai tara shuke-shuke Olive MacLeod, tattara da zanen shuke-huke na Najeriya. Ƙarin tarin daga gundumar [[Eket]] ya biyo baya a cikin 1912-1913 lokacin da Talbots da Miss Amaury suka tsaya a can. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rendle |first=Alfred Barton |date=1914 |title=Plants from the Eket District, S. Nigeria |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/33761#page/11/mode/1up |journal=Journal of Botany, British and Foreign |volume=52 |pages=1 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Percy Amaury Talbot |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG128705 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=www.britishmuseum.org}}</ref> An gabatar da tarin su, tare da kimanin zane-zane dubu na tsire-tsire da Dorothy ta samar, ga Gidan Tarihin Halitta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Hopkins |first=Helen C.F. |last2=Wajer |first2=Jacek |date=2023-09-13 |title=Variation in the colour and shape of capitula in Parkia bicolor (Leguminosae) illustrated by two watercolours from southern Nigeria painted by Dorothy Amaury Talbot (1871–1916) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/candollea/volume-78/issue-2/c2023v782a3/Variation-in-the-colour-and-shape-of-capitula-in-Parkia/10.15553/c2023v782a3.full |journal=Candollea |volume=78 |issue=2 |doi=10.15553/c2023v782a3 |issn=0373-2967}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Talbot Collection |url=https://primo-44nhm.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=44NHM_INST:44NHM_V1&tab=Everything&docid=alma9927870802081&context=L&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&lang=en |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Natural History Museum |language=en}}</ref> Ga [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya]] sun ba da kimanin samfurori 4000 na botanical da zoological tare da ba da kyauta ga Kew Gardens.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hopkins |first=Helen C.F. |last2=Wajer |first2=Jacek |date=2023-09-13 |title=Variation in the colour and shape of capitula in Parkia bicolor (Leguminosae) illustrated by two watercolours from southern Nigeria painted by Dorothy Amaury Talbot (1871–1916) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/candollea/volume-78/issue-2/c2023v782a3/Variation-in-the-colour-and-shape-of-capitula-in-Parkia/10.15553/c2023v782a3.full |journal=Candollea |volume=78 |issue=2 |doi=10.15553/c2023v782a3 |issn=0373-2967}}</ref>   An sanya sunan jinsin ''Talbotiella'' ga Talbots, tare da ''Dorothea talbotii'' Wernham ana kiranta da sunan Dorothy da kansa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Talbot, Dorothy Amaury (1871-1916) on JSTOR |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000055638 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=plants.jstor.org |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dorothea talbotii Wernham, from Nigeria on JSTOR |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.visual.bmtal23883503 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=plants.jstor.org |doi=}}</ref> == Tarihin kabilanci == Dorothy da mijinta suna da sha'awar ilimin al'adun mutanen Ibibio, waɗanda suka ga ba su da tasiri ta hanyar hulɗa da fararen mutane har zuwa zuwan su. Sun tattara kayan tarihi na wakilci daga gare su, kuma littafin Dorothy Woman's Mysteries of a Primitive People: The Ibibios of Southern Nigeria an buga shi a shekarar 1915.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman's Mysteries of a Primitive People: The Ibibios of South Nigeria |url=https://www.routledge.com/Womans-Mysteries-of-a-Primitive-People-The-Ibibios-of-South-Nigeria/Talbot/p/book/9781138010932 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Routledge & CRC Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meek |first=C. K. |date=1947 |title=5. Amaury Talbot: 1877-1945 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2791974 |journal=Man |volume=47 |pages=13–14 |issn=0025-1496 |jstor=2791974}}</ref> Dorothy ta kafa kyautar Percy Amaury Talbot don ilimin ɗan adam na Afirka, wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Dan Adam ta Royal ke gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PERCY AMAURY TALBOT PRIZE FOR AFRICAN ANTHROPOLOGY (A86) |url=https://therai.org.uk/archives-and-manuscripts/archive-contents/percy-amaury-talbot-prize-for-african-anthropology-a86 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Royal Anthropological Institute |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ta mutu a Degama, Najeriya, a ranar 28 ga Disamba 1916 daga zazzabin cizon sauro.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Hopkins |first=Helen C.F. |last2=Wajer |first2=Jacek |date=2023-09-13 |title=Variation in the colour and shape of capitula in Parkia bicolor (Leguminosae) illustrated by two watercolours from southern Nigeria painted by Dorothy Amaury Talbot (1871–1916) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/candollea/volume-78/issue-2/c2023v782a3/Variation-in-the-colour-and-shape-of-capitula-in-Parkia/10.15553/c2023v782a3.full |journal=Candollea |volume=78 |issue=2 |doi=10.15553/c2023v782a3 |issn=0373-2967}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Works by Talbot, P. Amaury (her husband)aShirin Gutenberg {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Talbot, Dorothy Amaury}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p3rcew316i46lwqdl1jma0t288z9hna 883316 883315 2026-07-15T09:06:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 883316 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Parkia_bicolor_A._Chev_by_Dorothy_Amaury_Talbot.jpg|thumb|Hoton ''Parkia bicolor'' A. Chev na Dorothy Amaury Talbot]] '''Dorothy Amaury Talbot''' (née Amaury, 1871-1916) ta kasance mai tara shuke-shuke na Ingila kuma mai ilimin lissafi a Najeriya . Ita da mijinta da 'yar'uwarta sun tattara nau'ikan shuke-shuke na Najeriya sama da 4000, gami da sababbin da aka gano. Ta kuma yi karatu kuma ta rubuta game da [[Mutanen Ibibio]]. An haife ta a shekara ta 1871, Dorothy ta auri Percy Talbot, ma'aikacin gwamnati na mulkin mallaka. Ita da 'yar'uwarta, Miss Amaury, sun bi shi a lokuta da yawa na kasancewa a Najeriya a matsayin mai binciken ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rendle |first=Alfred Barton |date=1917 |title=Book-Notes, News Etc. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/36197#page/95/mode/1up |journal=Journal of Botany, British and Foreign |volume=55 |pages=85–6 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref> Sun aika da tarin shuke-shuke zuwa Burtaniya har zuwa mutuwarta. == Tarin shuke-shuke == A cikin 1910-11, Dorothy ta yi tafiya ta zagaye a kusa da Najeriya tare da mijinta da abokin aikinta mai tara shuke-shuke Olive MacLeod, tattara da zanen shuke-huke na Najeriya. Ƙarin tarin daga gundumar [[Eket]] ya biyo baya a cikin 1912-1913 lokacin da Talbots da Miss Amaury suka tsaya a can.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rendle |first=Alfred Barton |date=1914 |title=Plants from the Eket District, S. Nigeria |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/33761#page/11/mode/1up |journal=Journal of Botany, British and Foreign |volume=52 |pages=1 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Percy Amaury Talbot |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG128705 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=www.britishmuseum.org}}</ref> An gabatar da tarin su, tare da kimanin zane-zane dubu na tsire-tsire da Dorothy ta samar, ga Gidan Tarihin Halitta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Hopkins |first=Helen C.F. |last2=Wajer |first2=Jacek |date=2023-09-13 |title=Variation in the colour and shape of capitula in Parkia bicolor (Leguminosae) illustrated by two watercolours from southern Nigeria painted by Dorothy Amaury Talbot (1871–1916) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/candollea/volume-78/issue-2/c2023v782a3/Variation-in-the-colour-and-shape-of-capitula-in-Parkia/10.15553/c2023v782a3.full |journal=Candollea |volume=78 |issue=2 |doi=10.15553/c2023v782a3 |issn=0373-2967}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Talbot Collection |url=https://primo-44nhm.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=44NHM_INST:44NHM_V1&tab=Everything&docid=alma9927870802081&context=L&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&lang=en |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Natural History Museum |language=en}}</ref> Ga [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya]] sun ba da kimanin samfurori 4000 na botanical da zoological tare da ba da kyauta ga Kew Gardens.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hopkins |first=Helen C.F. |last2=Wajer |first2=Jacek |date=2023-09-13 |title=Variation in the colour and shape of capitula in Parkia bicolor (Leguminosae) illustrated by two watercolours from southern Nigeria painted by Dorothy Amaury Talbot (1871–1916) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/candollea/volume-78/issue-2/c2023v782a3/Variation-in-the-colour-and-shape-of-capitula-in-Parkia/10.15553/c2023v782a3.full |journal=Candollea |volume=78 |issue=2 |doi=10.15553/c2023v782a3 |issn=0373-2967}}</ref>   An sanya sunan jinsin ''Talbotiella'' ga Talbots, tare da ''Dorothea talbotii'' Wernham ana kiranta da sunan Dorothy da kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talbot, Dorothy Amaury (1871-1916) on JSTOR |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000055638 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=plants.jstor.org |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dorothea talbotii Wernham, from Nigeria on JSTOR |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.visual.bmtal23883503 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=plants.jstor.org |doi=}}</ref> == Tarihin kabilanci == Dorothy da mijinta suna da sha'awar ilimin al'adun mutanen Ibibio, waɗanda suka ga ba su da tasiri ta hanyar hulɗa da fararen mutane har zuwa zuwan su. Sun tattara kayan tarihi na wakilci daga gare su, kuma littafin Dorothy Woman's Mysteries of a Primitive People: The Ibibios of Southern Nigeria an buga shi a shekarar 1915.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman's Mysteries of a Primitive People: The Ibibios of South Nigeria |url=https://www.routledge.com/Womans-Mysteries-of-a-Primitive-People-The-Ibibios-of-South-Nigeria/Talbot/p/book/9781138010932 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Routledge & CRC Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meek |first=C. K. |date=1947 |title=5. Amaury Talbot: 1877-1945 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2791974 |journal=Man |volume=47 |pages=13–14 |issn=0025-1496 |jstor=2791974}}</ref> Dorothy ta kafa kyautar Percy Amaury Talbot don ilimin ɗan adam na Afirka, wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Dan Adam ta Royal ke gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PERCY AMAURY TALBOT PRIZE FOR AFRICAN ANTHROPOLOGY (A86) |url=https://therai.org.uk/archives-and-manuscripts/archive-contents/percy-amaury-talbot-prize-for-african-anthropology-a86 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Royal Anthropological Institute |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ta mutu a Degama, Najeriya, a ranar 28 ga Disamba 1916 daga zazzabin cizon sauro.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Hopkins |first=Helen C.F. |last2=Wajer |first2=Jacek |date=2023-09-13 |title=Variation in the colour and shape of capitula in Parkia bicolor (Leguminosae) illustrated by two watercolours from southern Nigeria painted by Dorothy Amaury Talbot (1871–1916) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/candollea/volume-78/issue-2/c2023v782a3/Variation-in-the-colour-and-shape-of-capitula-in-Parkia/10.15553/c2023v782a3.full |journal=Candollea |volume=78 |issue=2 |doi=10.15553/c2023v782a3 |issn=0373-2967}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Works by Talbot, P. Amaury (her husband)aShirin Gutenberg {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Talbot, Dorothy Amaury}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jjgmwtpswuxqbgv2qdguvp75gk03gsq 883317 883316 2026-07-15T09:06:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 883317 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Parkia_bicolor_A._Chev_by_Dorothy_Amaury_Talbot.jpg|thumb|Hoton ''Parkia bicolor'' A. Chev na Dorothy Amaury Talbot]] '''Dorothy Amaury Talbot''' (née Amaury, 1871-1916) ta kasance mai tara shuke-shuke na Ingila kuma mai ilimin lissafi a Najeriya. Ita da mijinta da 'yar'uwarta sun tattara nau'ikan shuke-shuke na Najeriya sama da 4000, gami da sababbin da aka gano. Ta kuma yi karatu kuma ta rubuta game da [[Mutanen Ibibio]]. An haife ta a shekara ta 1871, Dorothy ta auri Percy Talbot, ma'aikacin gwamnati na mulkin mallaka. Ita da 'yar'uwarta, Miss Amaury, sun bi shi a lokuta da yawa na kasancewa a Najeriya a matsayin mai binciken ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rendle |first=Alfred Barton |date=1917 |title=Book-Notes, News Etc. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/36197#page/95/mode/1up |journal=Journal of Botany, British and Foreign |volume=55 |pages=85–6 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref> Sun aika da tarin shuke-shuke zuwa Burtaniya har zuwa mutuwarta. == Tarin shuke-shuke == A cikin 1910-11, Dorothy ta yi tafiya ta zagaye a kusa da Najeriya tare da mijinta da abokin aikinta mai tara shuke-shuke Olive MacLeod, tattara da zanen shuke-huke na Najeriya. Ƙarin tarin daga gundumar [[Eket]] ya biyo baya a cikin 1912-1913 lokacin da Talbots da Miss Amaury suka tsaya a can.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rendle |first=Alfred Barton |date=1914 |title=Plants from the Eket District, S. Nigeria |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/33761#page/11/mode/1up |journal=Journal of Botany, British and Foreign |volume=52 |pages=1 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Percy Amaury Talbot |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG128705 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=www.britishmuseum.org}}</ref> An gabatar da tarin su, tare da kimanin zane-zane dubu na tsire-tsire da Dorothy ta samar, ga Gidan Tarihin Halitta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Hopkins |first=Helen C.F. |last2=Wajer |first2=Jacek |date=2023-09-13 |title=Variation in the colour and shape of capitula in Parkia bicolor (Leguminosae) illustrated by two watercolours from southern Nigeria painted by Dorothy Amaury Talbot (1871–1916) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/candollea/volume-78/issue-2/c2023v782a3/Variation-in-the-colour-and-shape-of-capitula-in-Parkia/10.15553/c2023v782a3.full |journal=Candollea |volume=78 |issue=2 |doi=10.15553/c2023v782a3 |issn=0373-2967}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Talbot Collection |url=https://primo-44nhm.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=44NHM_INST:44NHM_V1&tab=Everything&docid=alma9927870802081&context=L&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&lang=en |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Natural History Museum |language=en}}</ref> Ga [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya]] sun ba da kimanin samfurori 4000 na botanical da zoological tare da ba da kyauta ga Kew Gardens.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hopkins |first=Helen C.F. |last2=Wajer |first2=Jacek |date=2023-09-13 |title=Variation in the colour and shape of capitula in Parkia bicolor (Leguminosae) illustrated by two watercolours from southern Nigeria painted by Dorothy Amaury Talbot (1871–1916) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/candollea/volume-78/issue-2/c2023v782a3/Variation-in-the-colour-and-shape-of-capitula-in-Parkia/10.15553/c2023v782a3.full |journal=Candollea |volume=78 |issue=2 |doi=10.15553/c2023v782a3 |issn=0373-2967}}</ref>   An sanya sunan jinsin ''Talbotiella'' ga Talbots, tare da ''Dorothea talbotii'' Wernham ana kiranta da sunan Dorothy da kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talbot, Dorothy Amaury (1871-1916) on JSTOR |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000055638 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=plants.jstor.org |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dorothea talbotii Wernham, from Nigeria on JSTOR |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.visual.bmtal23883503 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=plants.jstor.org |doi=}}</ref> == Tarihin kabilanci == Dorothy da mijinta suna da sha'awar ilimin al'adun mutanen Ibibio, waɗanda suka ga ba su da tasiri ta hanyar hulɗa da fararen mutane har zuwa zuwan su. Sun tattara kayan tarihi na wakilci daga gare su, kuma littafin Dorothy Woman's Mysteries of a Primitive People: The Ibibios of Southern Nigeria an buga shi a shekarar 1915.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman's Mysteries of a Primitive People: The Ibibios of South Nigeria |url=https://www.routledge.com/Womans-Mysteries-of-a-Primitive-People-The-Ibibios-of-South-Nigeria/Talbot/p/book/9781138010932 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Routledge & CRC Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meek |first=C. K. |date=1947 |title=5. Amaury Talbot: 1877-1945 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2791974 |journal=Man |volume=47 |pages=13–14 |issn=0025-1496 |jstor=2791974}}</ref> Dorothy ta kafa kyautar Percy Amaury Talbot don ilimin ɗan adam na Afirka, wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Dan Adam ta Royal ke gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PERCY AMAURY TALBOT PRIZE FOR AFRICAN ANTHROPOLOGY (A86) |url=https://therai.org.uk/archives-and-manuscripts/archive-contents/percy-amaury-talbot-prize-for-african-anthropology-a86 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Royal Anthropological Institute |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ta mutu a Degama, Najeriya, a ranar 28 ga Disamba 1916 daga zazzabin cizon sauro.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Hopkins |first=Helen C.F. |last2=Wajer |first2=Jacek |date=2023-09-13 |title=Variation in the colour and shape of capitula in Parkia bicolor (Leguminosae) illustrated by two watercolours from southern Nigeria painted by Dorothy Amaury Talbot (1871–1916) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/candollea/volume-78/issue-2/c2023v782a3/Variation-in-the-colour-and-shape-of-capitula-in-Parkia/10.15553/c2023v782a3.full |journal=Candollea |volume=78 |issue=2 |doi=10.15553/c2023v782a3 |issn=0373-2967}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Works by Talbot, P. Amaury (her husband)aShirin Gutenberg {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Talbot, Dorothy Amaury}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ntxe7u3ju6at8ewpv8pnr4zwq2a0w8a 883318 883317 2026-07-15T09:07:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 883318 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Parkia_bicolor_A._Chev_by_Dorothy_Amaury_Talbot.jpg|thumb|Hoton ''Parkia bicolor'' A. Chev na Dorothy Amaury Talbot]] '''Dorothy Amaury Talbot''' (née Amaury, 1871-1916) ta kasance mai tara shuke-shuke na Ingila kuma mai ilimin lissafi a [[Najeriya]]. Ita da mijinta da 'yar'uwarta sun tattara nau'ikan shuke-shuke na Najeriya sama da 4000, gami da sababbin da aka gano. Ta kuma yi karatu kuma ta rubuta game da [[Mutanen Ibibio]]. An haife ta a shekara ta 1871, Dorothy ta auri Percy Talbot, ma'aikacin gwamnati na mulkin mallaka. Ita da 'yar'uwarta, Miss Amaury, sun bi shi a lokuta da yawa na kasancewa a Najeriya a matsayin mai binciken ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rendle |first=Alfred Barton |date=1917 |title=Book-Notes, News Etc. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/36197#page/95/mode/1up |journal=Journal of Botany, British and Foreign |volume=55 |pages=85–6 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref> Sun aika da tarin shuke-shuke zuwa Burtaniya har zuwa mutuwarta. == Tarin shuke-shuke == A cikin 1910-11, Dorothy ta yi tafiya ta zagaye a kusa da Najeriya tare da mijinta da abokin aikinta mai tara shuke-shuke Olive MacLeod, tattara da zanen shuke-huke na Najeriya. Ƙarin tarin daga gundumar [[Eket]] ya biyo baya a cikin 1912-1913 lokacin da Talbots da Miss Amaury suka tsaya a can.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rendle |first=Alfred Barton |date=1914 |title=Plants from the Eket District, S. Nigeria |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/33761#page/11/mode/1up |journal=Journal of Botany, British and Foreign |volume=52 |pages=1 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Percy Amaury Talbot |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG128705 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=www.britishmuseum.org}}</ref> An gabatar da tarin su, tare da kimanin zane-zane dubu na tsire-tsire da Dorothy ta samar, ga Gidan Tarihin Halitta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Hopkins |first=Helen C.F. |last2=Wajer |first2=Jacek |date=2023-09-13 |title=Variation in the colour and shape of capitula in Parkia bicolor (Leguminosae) illustrated by two watercolours from southern Nigeria painted by Dorothy Amaury Talbot (1871–1916) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/candollea/volume-78/issue-2/c2023v782a3/Variation-in-the-colour-and-shape-of-capitula-in-Parkia/10.15553/c2023v782a3.full |journal=Candollea |volume=78 |issue=2 |doi=10.15553/c2023v782a3 |issn=0373-2967}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Talbot Collection |url=https://primo-44nhm.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=44NHM_INST:44NHM_V1&tab=Everything&docid=alma9927870802081&context=L&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&lang=en |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Natural History Museum |language=en}}</ref> Ga [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya]] sun ba da kimanin samfurori 4000 na botanical da zoological tare da ba da kyauta ga Kew Gardens.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hopkins |first=Helen C.F. |last2=Wajer |first2=Jacek |date=2023-09-13 |title=Variation in the colour and shape of capitula in Parkia bicolor (Leguminosae) illustrated by two watercolours from southern Nigeria painted by Dorothy Amaury Talbot (1871–1916) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/candollea/volume-78/issue-2/c2023v782a3/Variation-in-the-colour-and-shape-of-capitula-in-Parkia/10.15553/c2023v782a3.full |journal=Candollea |volume=78 |issue=2 |doi=10.15553/c2023v782a3 |issn=0373-2967}}</ref>   An sanya sunan jinsin ''Talbotiella'' ga Talbots, tare da ''Dorothea talbotii'' Wernham ana kiranta da sunan Dorothy da kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talbot, Dorothy Amaury (1871-1916) on JSTOR |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000055638 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=plants.jstor.org |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dorothea talbotii Wernham, from Nigeria on JSTOR |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.visual.bmtal23883503 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=plants.jstor.org |doi=}}</ref> == Tarihin kabilanci == Dorothy da mijinta suna da sha'awar ilimin al'adun mutanen Ibibio, waɗanda suka ga ba su da tasiri ta hanyar hulɗa da fararen mutane har zuwa zuwan su. Sun tattara kayan tarihi na wakilci daga gare su, kuma littafin Dorothy Woman's Mysteries of a Primitive People: The Ibibios of Southern Nigeria an buga shi a shekarar 1915.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman's Mysteries of a Primitive People: The Ibibios of South Nigeria |url=https://www.routledge.com/Womans-Mysteries-of-a-Primitive-People-The-Ibibios-of-South-Nigeria/Talbot/p/book/9781138010932 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Routledge & CRC Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meek |first=C. K. |date=1947 |title=5. Amaury Talbot: 1877-1945 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2791974 |journal=Man |volume=47 |pages=13–14 |issn=0025-1496 |jstor=2791974}}</ref> Dorothy ta kafa kyautar Percy Amaury Talbot don ilimin ɗan adam na Afirka, wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Dan Adam ta Royal ke gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PERCY AMAURY TALBOT PRIZE FOR AFRICAN ANTHROPOLOGY (A86) |url=https://therai.org.uk/archives-and-manuscripts/archive-contents/percy-amaury-talbot-prize-for-african-anthropology-a86 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Royal Anthropological Institute |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ta mutu a Degama, Najeriya, a ranar 28 ga Disamba 1916 daga zazzabin cizon sauro.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Hopkins |first=Helen C.F. |last2=Wajer |first2=Jacek |date=2023-09-13 |title=Variation in the colour and shape of capitula in Parkia bicolor (Leguminosae) illustrated by two watercolours from southern Nigeria painted by Dorothy Amaury Talbot (1871–1916) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/candollea/volume-78/issue-2/c2023v782a3/Variation-in-the-colour-and-shape-of-capitula-in-Parkia/10.15553/c2023v782a3.full |journal=Candollea |volume=78 |issue=2 |doi=10.15553/c2023v782a3 |issn=0373-2967}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Works by Talbot, P. Amaury (her husband)aShirin Gutenberg {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Talbot, Dorothy Amaury}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7r1w3vnygrrazwm47f99gic3bbhedkm 0 159079 883400 862838 2026-07-15T11:32:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Olatunbosun Tijani''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1977) ɗan kasuwa ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya wanda shine ministan Sadarwa, Innovation da Tattalin Arziki na Dijital na Najeriya na yanzu, tun daga shekara ta 2023.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/08/ministerial-list-tinubu-allots-porfolio-to-cabinet-nominees-see-full-list/</ref><ref>https://techcabal.com/2023/08/16/bosun-tijani-named-minister-of-communications/</ref> A cikin 2019, a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ta sami iHub na Kenya<ref>https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/30/bosun-tijani-talks-strategy-as-ceo-of-africas-new-largest-tech-hub/</ref> kuma ta ƙaddamar da CcHUN Design Lab a [[Kigali]], Rwanda a wannan shekarar.<ref>https://qz.com/africa/1562040/african-startups-cchub-lagos-opens-design-lab-in-rwanda</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Tijani a [[Agege]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] kuma ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a can kafin ya koma [[Abeokuta]], Najeriya don karatun sakandare. A shekara ta 1996, ya tafi [[Jos]], Najeriya don yin karatu a [[Jami'ar Jos]] inda ya fara karatu don difloma a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta kafin ya ci gaba da karatun Tattalin Arziki, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a shekara ta 2002. Daga baya ya sami MSc a cikin Tsarin Bayanai da Gudanarwa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Warwick, Ingila a 2007. A cikin 2023, Tijani ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kirkire-kirkire da ci gaban tattalin arziki daga Makarantar Kasuwanci, Jami'ar Leicester.<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=430137493&privcapId=271527613&previousCapId=271527613&previousTitle=Co-Creation%20Hub</ref>Binciken digirinsa ya mayar da hankali kan ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar yadda hangen nesa na cibiyar sadarwa ga damar kirkire-kirkire zai iya samar da tsarin da ya dace da mahallin don bayyana karɓar da daidaitawa da kirkire-kire a kasashe masu tasowa kuma musamman ya ba da wata hanya ta daban ga yadda ƙasashen Afirka za su iya tsara tsarin halittu na kirkire-karya yadda ya kamata.<ref>https://le.ac.uk/school-of-business/people/phd-students</ref> Tijani ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na shirin zartarwa na Innovation for Economic Development a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy a cikin 2013 tare da kasancewa Draper Hills Fellow na 2014 na Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya, Ci gaba da Dokar Shari'a (CDDRL) a [[Jami'ar Stanford]]. == Ayyuka == '''Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya''' Kafin CcHUB, Tijani ya yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, Geneva, Switzerland a matsayin Fellow, yana bincike kan ci gaban kasuwanci tare da mai da hankali kan ci gaban gudanar da kasuwanci. A wannan lokacin, ya samu nasarar jagorantar ci gaba da tura shirin tallace-tallace na yanar gizo da sabis na bayanai a Ghana tsakanin Maris da Satumba 2006 sannan kuma a Uganda da Kenya wanda ya rubuta sakamako mai kyau. An tura shirin ne a Habasha sannan daga baya aka kara zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da Tanzania.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20060708095516/http://www.intracen.org/organics/project-ghana.htm</ref> '''Hewlett Packard''' A [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett Packard]], ya samu nasarar gudanar da tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta ODel a Jami'ar Virtual ta Afirka a Kenya kuma ya kammala tura HP, IEEE da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] a Najeriya. Ya kuma fara kuma ya kammala tura cibiyar ilmantarwa ta HP Micro-enterprise Acceleration Programme a [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas]] a Najeriya kuma ya ba da goyon baya ga turawa a Misira da Morocco.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160430201439/http://mea-i.org/</ref> '''Cibiyar Nazarin Pera''' Tijani daga baya zai koma Pera Innovation Network (PERA) a 2007 inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Innovation na Turai. A PERA, ya jagoranci daidaitawar hukumomin kirkire-kirkire a duk faɗin Turai.<ref>https://www.chathamhouse.org/london-conference/2018/speakers/bosun-tijani</ref> A wurare daban-daban, yana da alhakin gudanar da Cibiyar Bincike ta Pan-Turai ta Jami'o'i da ke shiga cikin Shirin Tsarin 7 da kuma INNOTEX Project - Am Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da kuɗin aikin don ci gaban dandalin aiki mafi kyau don ƙwarewar kasuwanci don ɓangaren masana'antu na fasaha (United Kingdom, Spain, Estonia da Denmark). '''Cibiyar Halitta''' A cikin 2010, Tijani ya kafa CcHUB, cibiyar kirkiro fasaha.<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/22/tech/innovation/nigeria-cc-hub/index.html</ref>.A farkon shekarun, ya jagoranci ayyukan fasahar zamantakewa da yawa ciki har da Lagos Innovation Hotspots da ra'ayin i-HQ (tsarin laima na Yaba - mafi saurin haɓaka fasaha a Afirka), wanda ya haɗa da aiki tare da MainOne Cable da [[Gwamnatin Jihar Lagos|Gwamnatin Jihar Legas]] don shimfiɗa igiyoyin fiber optic a yankin Yaba na Legas hanzarta ci gaban yankin ya zama gidan farawa na fasaha a Najeriya.<ref>https://techcabal.com/2013/11/20/tech-startups-lagos-will-want-move-yaba-soon/</ref><ref>https://www.africatechsummit.com/kigali/cth_speaker/bosun-tijani-2/</ref> A karkashin jagorancinsa, CcHUB ya haifar da ci gaban kirkire-kirkire na zamantakewa kuma ya rinjayi kasuwanci da shirye-shirye a bangarori daban-daban ciki har da - muhalli (Wecyclers), nuna gaskiya ga kasafin kudi ([[BudgIT]]), e-commerce (Traclist), Healthcare ([[LifeBank (Nijeriya)|LifeBank]]), ilimi (re-koyi), lafiya (Truppr) da sufuri (GoMyWay), aikin jama'a (GoVOTE), kan layi da tsaro na yanar gizo) da sauransu. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Tijani yana zaune a [[Abuja]], Najeriya da [[Leicester]], United Kingdom tare da matarsa, Moji Tijani da yara uku.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.businessforafricaforum.com/speaker/bosun-tijani-2/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-21 |archive-date=2019-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822205300/https://www.businessforafricaforum.com/speaker/bosun-tijani-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0rtiig2lolix1ks93ie8sfq68nwxdo5 0 159177 883302 863482 2026-07-15T08:59:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox journal|title=AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses|cover=|editor=R. Keith Reeves and Lish Ndhlovu|discipline=[[AIDS]], [[HIV]], human [[retrovirus]]|peer-reviewed=|language=[[English language|English]]|formernames=AIDS Research|abbreviation=AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir.|nlm=AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses|publisher=[[Mary Ann Liebert]]|country=United States|frequency=|history=1983&ndash;1986: ''AIDS Research''<br/>1987&ndash;present: ''AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses''|openaccess=|license=|impact=1.805|impact-year=2018|website=http://www.liebertpub.com/aid|link1=http://online.liebertpub.com/loi/aid|link1-name=Online Access|link2=http://online.liebertpub.com/action/showFeed?ui=0&mi=3dc7lw&ai=sv&jc=aid&type=etoc&feed=rss|link2-name=RSS|JSTOR=|OCLC=13812822|LCCN=|CODEN=|ISSN=0889-2229|eISSN=1931-8405}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox hproduct" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" style="font-size:125%;" |''<span class="fn">Binciken cutar kanjamau da cututtukan cututtukani na mutum</span>'' ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Hanyar horo | class="infobox-data category" style="text-align:left;" |Cutar AIDS, [[HIV]], [[retrovirus]] na mutum |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Harshe | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;" |[[English language|Turanci]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An shirya shi ta hanyar&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;" |R. Keith Reeves da Lish Ndhlovu |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;color:#000;" |Bayani game da bugawa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">Tsohon sunan</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;" |<div style="font-style:italic;">Binciken cutar kanjamau</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tarihi | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;" |1983-1986: ''Binciken cutar kanjamau''-yanzu: Bincike kanjamau da Retroviruses na Mutum<br />''Binciken cutar kanjamau da cututtukan cututtukani na mutum'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mai bugawa | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">[[Mary Ann Liebert]] (Amurka) &nbsp;</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="nowrap">[[Impact factor|Matsayi na tasiri]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;" |1.805 (2018) |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;color:#000;" |Abun taƙaice <span class="infobox-journal-search plainlinks" style="display:none;">[https://marcinwrochna.github.io/abbrevIso/?search=AIDS_Research_and_Human_Retroviruses ISO 4] ([http://www.issn.org/services/online-services/access-to-the-ltwa/ Alt]) '''&#xB7;''' Bluebook ([https://westerncriminology.org/publications/bluebook-abbreviations/ Alt]) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=0889-2229%5BISSN%5D NLM] ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=AIDS+Research+and+Human+Retroviruses%5BJournal%5D Alt]) • [https://mathscinet.ams.org/msnhtml/serials.pdf MathSciNet] ([https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/search/journals.html?journalName=0889-2229&Submit=Search Alt]) &nbsp;&#x20;<br />&nbsp;&#x20;[[File:Lock-red-alt-2.svg|link=|14x14px|Paid subscription required]]</span> <br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[ISO 4 (infobox)|ISO 4]] | class="infobox-data identifier" style="text-align:left;" |''AIDS Res. Hum. Ka duba baya.'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[NLM (infobox)|NLM]] | class="infobox-data identifier" style="text-align:left;" |''Cutar AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses'' |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;color:#000;" |IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt) MIAR · NLM (alt) • Scopus · W&L<br /><span class="infobox-journal-search plainlinks" style="display:none;">CODEN ([https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=issns&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=1931-8405 Alt] '''&#xB7;''' [https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=titles&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=AIDS+Research+and+Human+Retroviruses][https://www.jstor.org/action/showJournals?browseType=title Alt]) '''&#xB7;''' [[jstor:08892229|JSTOR]] ([https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=AIDS+Research+and+Human+Retroviruses&argType1=all&searchCode1=KTIL&searchType=2 Alt]) '''&#xB7;''' [https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=0889-2229&argType1=all&searchCode1=KNUM&searchType=2 LCCN] ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=AIDS+Research+and+Human+Retroviruses%5BJournal%5D Alt]) MIAR '''&#xB7;''' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=0889-2229%5BISSN%5D NLM] (alt) • [https://www.scopus.com/sources?sortField=citescore&sortDirection=desc&isHiddenField=false&field=issn&issn=0889-2229 Scopus] '''&#xB7;''' [https://managementtools4.wlu.edu/LawJournals/ W&L]&nbsp;&#x20;&nbsp;&#x20;&nbsp;&#x20;<br />&nbsp;&#x20;&nbsp;&#x20;&nbsp;&#x20;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="type">[[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;" |<span class="value">[https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0889-2229 0889-2229]</span> (bugawa) [https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1931-8405 1931-8405] (web) &nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="type">[[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] ba.&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;" |[[oclc:13812822|13812822]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;color:#000;" |Haɗin kai |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;" | * <span class="url">[http://www.liebertpub.com/aid Shafin farko na jarida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226015515/http://www.liebertpub.com/AID |date=2018-02-26 }}</span> * [http://online.liebertpub.com/loi/aid Samun damar kan layi] * [http://online.liebertpub.com/action/showFeed?ui=0&mi=3dc7lw&ai=sv&jc=aid&type=etoc&feed=rss RSS] |} AIDS Research and Human retroviruses wata mujallar kimiyya ce da ake nazari da ita wanda ke mai da hankali kan Binciken HIV / AIDS, da kuma retroviruses na mutum da cututtukan da suka danganci su. An kafa mujallar ne a 1983 a matsayin ''Binciken cutar kanjamau'', kuma ta sami sunanta na yanzu a 1987. Mary Ann Liebert ce ta buga shi, kuma R. Keith Reeves da Lish Ndhlovu ne suka shirya shi. Ita ce mujallar hukuma ta [[International Retrovirology Association|Ƙungiyar Retrovirology ta Duniya]]. == Lissafi da cirewa == Binciken Cutar Cutar Ciki da Rashin Bayanan Mutum an jera su kuma an cire su a cikin bayanan bayanai masu zuwa:<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />{{Columns-list|*[[Biological Abstracts]] *[[BIOSIS Previews]] *[[CAB Direct (database)|CAB Abstracts]] *[[Current Awareness in Biological Sciences]] (CABS) *[[Current Contents]]/Life Sciences *[[Derwent Drug File]] *[[Elsevier BIOBASE|BIOBASE]] *[[EMBASE|EMBASE/Excerpta Medica]] *[[ISI Custom Information Services]] *[[Journal Citation Reports]]/Science Edition *[[MEDLINE]] *[[Prous Science Integrity]] *[[Science Citation Index]] *[[Scopus]] *[[SIIC Databases]]}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.liebertpub.com/aid Shafin yanar gizon Binciken Cutar Cutar Ciki da Rashin Bayanai na Mutum]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.htlv.net/ Gidan yanar gizon Ƙungiyar Retrovirology ta Duniya] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0x8vyjz5ry600x81vsuoocs51zoy2oy 0 159328 883224 864597 2026-07-15T08:26:49Z BnHamid 12586 883224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''XK''' (wanda aka fi sani da Kell blood group precursor) furotin ne da aka samo a kan jajayen ƙwayoyin jini na mutum da sauran ƙwayoyin da ke da alhakin antigen na Kx wanda ke taimakawa wajen tantance nau'in jini mutum. == Muhimmancin asibiti == Kx antigen yana taka rawa wajen daidaita jini don ƙarin jini. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2021}} Canjin furotin na XK na iya haifar da Cutar McLeod, <ref name="pmid19040496">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Arnaud L, Salachas F, Lucien N, Maisonobe T, Le Pennec PY, Babinet J, Cartron JP |date=March 2009 |title=Identification and characterization of a novel XK splice site mutation in a patient with McLeod syndrome |journal=Transfusion |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=479–484 |doi=10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.02003.x |pmid=19040496 |s2cid=27198922}}</ref> cuta mai yawa wanda ke nuna cutar hemolytic anemia, myopathy, acanthocytosis, da Chorea. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Malandrini A, Fabrizi GM, Truschi F, Di Pietro G, Moschini F, Bartalucci P, Berti G, Salvadori C, Bucalossi A, Guazzi G |date=June 1994 |title=Atypical McLeod syndrome manifested as X-linked chorea-acanthocytosis, neuromyopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy: report of a family |journal=Journal of the Neurological Sciences |volume=124 |issue=1 |pages=89–94 |doi=10.1016/0022-510X(94)90016-7 |pmid=7931427 |s2cid=27859436}}</ref> XK yana kan X chromosome (cytogenetic band Xp21.1) kuma rashin furotin XK cuta ce mai alaƙa da X.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ho MF, Monaco AP, Blonden LA, van Ommen GJ, Affara NA, Ferguson-Smith MA, Lehrach H |date=February 1992 |title=Fine mapping of the McLeod locus (XK) to a 150-380-kb region in Xp21 |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=317–330 |pmc=1682457 |pmid=1734714}}</ref> == Binciken asibiti == Gwajin asibiti a cikin kula da haƙuri don antigen na Kx ya bi mafi ƙarancin ingancin da aka buga da buƙatun aiki, kama da ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin halitta na ja don kowane ɗayan tsarin rukunin jini da aka sani. Binciken kwayoyin halitta na iya gano bambance-bambance na kwayoyin halitta (alleles) wanda zai iya shafar bayyanar antigen na Kx a kan membrane na jan tantanin halitta. == Ayyuka == XK furotin ne na jigilar membrane na aikin da ba a sani ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jung HH, Russo D, Redman C, Brandner S |date=October 2001 |title=Kell and XK immunohistochemistry in McLeod myopathy |journal=Muscle & Nerve |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=1346–1351 |doi=10.1002/mus.1154 |pmid=11562915 |s2cid=44749645}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1354/ GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW shigarwa akan McLeod Neuroacanthocytosis Syndrome] * [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]].nlm.NIH.gov/gv/mhc/?cmd=BGMUT/systems_info&system=kell" id="mw1w" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">XK a BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database a NCBI, NIH * XK+protein,+humana cikin ɗakin karatu na kasa na AmurkaTakaddun Magunguna (MeSH) [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 60pvzqpwujb1pi4xi8eg8ooxz62ub4h 0 160010 882956 881262 2026-07-14T16:09:39Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gogewa|1=wrong language.}} Rashin wariyar launin fata a Vietnam (Vietnamese) galibi ya jagoranci mafi rinjaye da manyan kabilun Vietnamese Kinh a kan kabilun kabilun kamar Degars (Montagnards), Chams, da Khmer Krom. == History == {{Databox}} === Race issues and Khmer–Vietnamese racial violence during the First Indochina War === Historian Shawn McHale notes that while race shaped French attitudes towards Vietnamese, almost nothing has been written on Vietnamese notions of race in the First Indochina War. In reality, some Vietnamese writers and intellectuals were heavily influenced by social Darwinism before the [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Second World War]],{{Sfn|McHale|2021}} shaping their discourse on race. During the First Indochina War, while antagonists generally avoided race-talk, some did not. They increasingly employed a discourse of race and ethnicity that, at times, demonized Black, Arab, Khmer, and (non-Vietnamese) indigenous Other.{{Sfn|McHale|2021}} For instance, a nationalist propaganda leaflet in the Mekong Delta in 1951 claiming how the "barbaric French" were using machines to "cook" Vietnamese soldiers and turn them into [[Bakar fata|black Africans]] and Moroccans.{{Sfn|McHale|2021}} War propaganda aside, some of this racial denigration could be found in mainstream Vietnamese media, a vicious anti-black and xenophobic hatred. Racially charged rhetorical expressions could be found in popular slogans, newspapers, and graphic imagery such as propaganda posters and cartoons. At the same time, Vietnamese across the political spectrum emphasized the need "to protect the Vietnamese race (''nòi giống'')".{{Sfn|McHale|2021}} The Vietnamese construct of race at the time was the one who shared "biological bloodline" or having the common Vietnamese descent.{{Sfn|McHale|2021}} The term ''đồng bào'' (compatriots) also accentuates the same meanings, and was later extended to the Chinese in Mekong Delta who had often intermarried with the Vietnamese, but was never applied to peoples of Cham, Malay, and Khmer ethnicities.{{Sfn|McHale|2021}} The high percentages of Black Africans and Arabs in the French Expeditionary Corps were likely reasons for Vietnamese deep animosity toward blackness.{{Sfn|McHale|2021}} Such intense antagonisms received little condemnation from the Viet Minh leaders who at the same time also realized that those Black and Arab soldiers were also victims of the French colonial empire.{{Sfn|McHale|2021}} Examples of this racial discourse across time are not hard to find. For example, Đào Duy Anh once stated in the 1940s: "the culture of the American and European peoples is high, while the culture of the savage peoples ''(dân tộc mọi rợ)'' of Africa and [[Asturaliya|Australia]], just like that of the ''Mường, Mán, Mọi'' in our country, is deficient." A ''Dân sinh'' newspaper declared on January 14, 1946, "Now, no one would dare claim that the Vietnamese nation is a tribe of savages (''một bộ tộc mọi rợ''), since the Vietnamese people have exercised [[Ƙaddamar da kai|self-determination]] and self-rule through elections!" [[Hanoi]] journalist Phùng Tri Lai in 1950 vigorously characterized African minorities in terms of their so-called "nudity, barbaric habits, and custom of eating human flesh." When Catholic members in the Viet Minh resistance appealed to fellow Catholic in the Mekong Delta in 1949, they invoked the fear of racial extinction: "You cannot fold your arms and watch the enemy wipe out the race."{{Sfn|McHale|2021}} On the opposite view, Khmer Krom monk Trịnh Thới Cang in 1949 argued that, without education, the Cambodian minority of Vietnam would be practically viewed as no more than the Blacks of America in the perception of Vietnamese intellectuals.{{Sfn|McHale|2021}} It was common, during the war, for ethnic minorities in Vietnam who were deemed "darker-skinned" to be considered culturally inferior to the Vietnamese.{{Sfn|McHale|2021}} Racial discourse was linked, at times, to repression of ethnic minorities. Even before the beginning of the war, Vietnamese ethnic violence and repression conducted by various factions against the Khmer Krom of the Mekong Delta had already accelerated, all part of a dynamic of violence that shaped the Mekong delta. Trần Văn Trà in early 1946 admitted that the Party "used force to repress, and arrested hundreds of Khmer."{{Sfn|McHale|2021}} These resulted in an outbreak of ethnic tensions, mass murders, chaotic pillaging of towns, and race riots committed by both Khmer and Viet populaces erupted and spread throughout the Delta from August 1945 to March 1946.{{Sfn|McHale|2021}} McHale concludes that racial violence and race issues during the First Indochina War, which are often seen as marginal, outside the mainstream scholarship, were significant: "..., the First Indochina War was a race war. But it was not like World War II, in which Japanese propagandists spoke of a "Yamato race" fighting whites in a bitter global struggle, or Nazis defined Germans as a pure Aryan "race" fighting against racial others. Neither was it a Fanonian war pitting white colonialists against a darker foe. Rather, in the worst of times, Vietnamese sometimes perceived the war as a struggle for their own racial or ethnic survival against enemies, who ranged from French rapists and killers to Moroccan and [[Senegal|Senegalese]] cannibals and on to Khmer Krom decapitators."{{Sfn|McHale|2021}} === South Vietnam === Starting from 1955, the South Vietnamese government of Ngô Đình Diệm carried out an assimilation program against the indigenous peoples of the Central Highlands and the Cham, banning the teaching of Cham language in public schools, discriminating highland groups, while seizing indigenous lands for the Kinh.{{Sfn|Lafont|2007}} This resulted in increasing nationalist and independent sentiments among the Cham and the indigenous peoples. Some Cham joined the communist NFL, some other joined FLC and FLHPC Front de Libeùration des Hauts Plateaux du Champa (Liberation of Highlands and Champa). By 1964, civil right activists and independent organizations of the indigenous peoples, including Cham organizations, had been merged into Front Unifieù de Lutte des Races Opprimeùes (FULRO), which fought against the governments of the Republic of Vietnam and succeeding [[Vietnam|Socialist Republic of Vietnam]] until late 1980s.{{Sfn|Lafont|2007}} == Chams == The Cham in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government despite being indigenous to central and southern Vietnam. Both Hindu and Muslim Chams have experienced religious and ethnic persecution and restrictions on their faith under the current Vietnamese government, with the Vietnamese state confiscating Cham property and forbidding Cham from observing their religious beliefs. In 2010 and 2013 several incidents occurred in Thành Tín and Phươc Nhơn villages where Cham were murdered by Vietnamese. Vietnamese authorities were reported confisticating Cham property and forbidding Cham from observing their religious beliefs also through turning Hindu temples into tourist sites. In 2012, Vietnamese police in Chau Giang village stormed into a Cham Mosque, stole the electric generator, and also raped Cham girls.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-14 |title=Mission to Vietnam Advocacy Day (Vietnamese-American Meet up 2013) in the U.S. Capitol. A UPR report By IOC-Campa |url=http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/news-tin-t-c/100-mission-to-vietnam-advocacy-day |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222133028/http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/news-tin-t-c/100-mission-to-vietnam-advocacy-day |archive-date=2014-02-22 |access-date=2014-06-17 |publisher=Chamtoday.com}}</ref> == Highlanders == The Kinh Vietnamese dominated government media propagate negative stereotypes of the highlander ethnic minorities, labeling them as "ignorant", "illiterate", "backward" and claim that they are impoverished and underdeveloped because of their own lack of economic and agricultural skills.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McElwee |first=Pamela |date=2008 |title="Blood Relatives" or Uneasy Neighbors? Kinh Migrant and Ethnic Minority Interactions in the Trường Sơn Mountains |url=https://www.academia.edu/192968 |journal=Journal of Vietnamese Studies |publisher=Regents of the University of California |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=81–116 |doi=10.1525/vs.2008.3.3.81 |issn=1559-372X |access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref> The ethnic Kinh settlers in the highlands have negative stereotypes and views of the highlanders with barely any intermarriage and little interaction since they deliberately choose to live in different villages with other ethnic Kinh. The Vietnamese government has promoted the ethnic Kinh migration to the highlands as bringing "development" to the highlanders.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McElwee |first=Pamela |date=2008 |title="Blood Relatives" or Uneasy Neighbors? Kinh Migrant and Ethnic Minority Interactions in the Trường Sơn Mountains |url=https://www.academia.edu/192968 |journal=Journal of Vietnamese Studies |publisher=Regents of the University of California |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=83–84 |doi=10.1525/vs.2008.3.3.81 |issn=1559-372X |access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref> === Montagnards === Montagnards are made up of many different tribes that are indigenous to the Central Highlands of Vietnam. In the past, Montagnards were referred to as "mọi" (savages), by the Vietnamese. Vietnamese textbooks used to describe Montagnards as people with long tails and excessive body hair. Nowadays, the non-offensive term "người Thượng" (highlanders), is used instead. The French, the Communist North Vietnamese, and the anti-Communist South Vietnamese all exploited and persecuted the Montagnards. North Vietnamese Communists forcibly recruited "comfort girls" from the indigenous Montagnard peoples of the Central Highlands and murdered those who didn't comply, inspired by [[Japan]]'s use of [[Mata masu ta'aziyya|Comfort women]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2010 |title=Conclusions |url=http://www.mhro.org/montangards-history/conclusions |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006165023/http://www.mhro.org/montangards-history/conclusions |archive-date=2012-10-06 |access-date= |website=Montagnard Human Rights Organization (MHRO) |publisher= |quote=}}</ref> In 1956, President Ngo Dinh Diem launched programs to resettle the ethnic Kinh and Northern ethnic minorities into the Central Highlands. These programs also sought to assimilate the Montagnards into mainstream Vietnamese society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=REPRESSION OF MONTAGNARDS |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/vietnam/viet0402-03.htm |access-date=2020-11-22 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref> This was the beginning of the struggle between ethnic Kinh and Montagnards. After the Vietnam War, the communist government further encouraged the ethnic Kinh to resettle in the highlands to cultivate coffee after the demand for coffee in the world boomed. Approximately 1,000,000 ethnic Kinh were forcibly resettled to the Central Highlands. This resettlement caused conflict between the ethnic Kinh and Montagnards because the Montagnards believed the ethnic Kinh were encroaching on their land. This conflict lead to resentment from the Montagnards which lead to some deadly protests against the ethnic Kinh.<ref name="Sullivan2010" /> Montagnards have faced religious persecution from the communist Vietnamese government since the end of the Vietnam war. The Vietnamese government has a list of government-approved religious organizations and requires that all religious groups register with the government. Any religious groups that are considered to be going against national interests are repressed and shut down. The Vietnamese government claim the independent Montagnard religious groups use religion to incite unrest. They use this to justify their capture, detainment, and interrogation of Montagnard political activists, leaders, and shut down of unregistered Montagnard churches. Followers of unregistered churches and religious activists have also been harassed, arrested, imprisoned, or placed under house arrest by authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-30 |title=Vietnam: Montagnards Harshly Persecuted |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/03/30/vietnam-montagnards-harshly-persecuted |access-date=2020-11-22 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2011-03-30 |title=Montagnard Christians in Vietnam |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2011/03/30/montagnard-christians-vietnam/case-study-religious-repression |language=en |access-date=2020-11-22}}</ref> In 2001 and 2004, there were major protests from thousands of Montagnards. They protested against the repression and religious persecution from the Vietnamese government and demanded their land back.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnam: Torture, Arrests of Montagnard Christians Cambodia Slams the Door on New Asylum Seekers : II. Recent Arrests and Harassment |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/asia/vietnam0105/4.htm |access-date=2020-11-22 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref> In 2001, there was a Montagnard independence movement facilitated by MFI members.<ref>{{Cite web |title=REPRESSION OF MONTAGNARDS |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/vietnam/viet0402-10.htm |access-date=2020-11-22 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref> These protests lead to deaths and mass imprisonments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bray |first=Adam |date=June 16, 2014 |title=The Cham: Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/06/140616-south-china-sea-vietnam-china-cambodia-champa/ |url-status=dead |journal=National Geographic News |publisher=National Geographic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620153051/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/06/140616-south-china-sea-vietnam-china-cambodia-champa/ |archive-date=June 20, 2014 |access-date=3 September 2014}}</ref> == Khmer Krom == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Some USA-based NGOs report that the human rights of the Khmer Krom are being violated by the Vietnamese government. According to these reports, Khmer Krom are reportedly forced to adopt Vietnamese family names and speak the Vietnamese language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2009 |title=Rearhoo (The Dark Age) - KKF |url=http://www.khmerkrom.org/node/25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806184840/http://www.khmerkrom.org/node/25 |archive-date=6 August 2009 |access-date=21 September 2016}}</ref> As well, the Vietnamese government has cracked down on non-violent demonstrations by the Khmer Krom.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=21 January 2009 |title=On the Margins |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/01/21/margins/rights-abuses-ethnic-khmer-vietnams-mekong-delta |journal=Human Rights Watch |access-date=21 September 2016}}</ref> Unlike some other minority people groups in Vietnam, the Khmer Krom are largely unknown by the Western world, despite efforts by associations of exiled Khmer Krom such as the Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation to publicize their plight with the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. No Western government has yet raised the matter of the Khmer Krom's human rights with the Vietnamese government. The "Human Rights Council Universal Periodic Review Working Group" was visited by the Khmer Kampuchea Krom Federation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2009 |title=Khmer Krom Attend UPR Session on Vietnam |url=https://unpo.org/article/16831 |website=[[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]}}</ref> == See also == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dv5ijvc7ijzsqkln3bhj6bxe5akn5f9 0 160236 882950 879743 2026-07-14T15:51:26Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Olufolasade "Sade" Ayomide Danielle Adamolekun '''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olufolasade_Adamolekun</ref> An haife ta a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 2001) ƙwararriyar 'yar ƙwallon ƙafa ce wacce ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba ko ɗan tsakiya a Hearts. An haife ta a Amurka, tana wakiltar [[Jamaica]] a ƙasashen duniya.<ref>[[https://web.archive.org/web/20190708190751/https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWWC/2019/pdf/FWWC_2019_SQUADLISTS.PDF]]</ref> Ta taɓa bugawa USC Trojans wasa a baya. == Rayuwar farko == An haife ta a Austin, [[Texas]] ga mahaifinta ɗan Najeriya ɗan kabilar Yarbawa Lanre Adamolekun da mahaifiyarta ɗan Jamaica Michelle Adamolekun, Olufolasade an rene ta ne tare da babban ɗan'uwanta Nathaniel.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190708190751/https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWWC/2019/pdf/FWWC_2019_SQUADLISTS.PDF (PDF) on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.</ref> A shekarar 2016, Adamolekun ta sami kyautar UIL Girls Soccer All District 14-6A a matsayin ɗalibi na farko a Makarantar Sakandare ta Lake Travis da ke Austin, Texas. A matsayinta na ɗalibi na biyu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Fleming Island, ta sami kyautar All-First Coast 1st Team Award a shekarar 2017 bayan ta zira kwallaye 22. A shekarar 2017 da 2018, Adamolekun ta sami kyautar United Soccer Coaches Youth Girls All-South Region Award. An kuma karrama ta kuma sanya ta cikin jerin 'Yan Matan Gabashin U16/U17 na Cibiyar Ci Gaban Amurka a kakar farko ta shirin 'Yan Mata a shekarar 2018.<ref>http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/sports/adamolekun-sticking-to-her-jamaican-roots_114256?profile=1513 Jamaica Observer. 18 October 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2019.</ref> === Jami'ar Kudancin California (2019–2022) === Adamolekun ta karɓi tallafin karatu na ƙwallon ƙafa kuma ta fara aikinta na kwaleji tare da Jami'ar Kudancin California a watan Agusta na 2019. Duk da ci gaba da rashin zuwa saboda kiran ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Jamaica da kuma alƙawarin da ta ɗauka a duk shekararta ta farko, Adamolekun ta sami lambar yabo ta PAC-12 Conference na zama memba na "Dukan Sabbin Ƙungiyoyi" don kakar wasannin kwaleji ta 2019.<ref>http://www.theathleticsdepartment.com/orgs/UIL/honors/2015-2016-All-District-14-6A-Girls-Soccer-46702/ www.theathleticsdepartment.com. Retrieved 19 March 2019.</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Santa Clara Blue Heat FC === Adamolekun ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta United Women's Soccer ta 2021 a gasar cin kofin ƙwallon ƙafa ta Santa Clarita Blue Heat, inda ta ba da gudummawa wajen cin ƙwallo da kuma taimakawa a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Connecticut Fusion FC da ci 5-0.<ref>https://www.jacksonville.com/sports/high-schools/2017-04-11/all-first-coast-girls-soccer-2017-spartans-newton-headlines-deep-area he Florida Times-Union. Retrieved 9 March 2019.</ref> === Hearts === A watan Agusta na 2023, Adamolekun ta koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Scotland Heart of Midlothian a kan kwangilar shekara ɗaya, tare da zaɓin tsawaita shekara ɗaya. A shekarar 2024 ta sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangila don ci gaba da zama a ƙungiyar na tsawon shekaru biyu.<ref>http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/sports/20190119/girlz-integrating-well-camp jamaica-gleaner.com. Retrieved 9 March 2019.</ref> == Ayyukan ƙasashen waje == === Ƙungiyoyin Matasa na Ƙasa === A watan Maris na 2014, tana da shekaru 13, Adamolekun ta halarci sansanin horar da 'yan wasan Amurka na ID2 da ke Portland, OR. An yi amfani da sansanin a matsayin kimantawa ga sansanin horar da 'yan wasan Amurka na gaba. Daga nan aka kira Adamolekun cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Amurka na 'yan wasan kasa da shekaru 14 a watan Yuni, Agusta da Oktoba na 2014. A watan Afrilu na 2014, ta halarci sansanin 'yan wasan Amurka na 'yan wasan kasa da shekaru 15 da aka gudanar a Cibiyar Horar da 'Yan wasan Soccer ta Amurka da ke Carson, California. Tana da shekaru 14, Adamolekun ta halarci sansanin 'yan wasan mata na Amurka na 'yan wasan kasa da shekaru 17 daga ranar 15 ga Yuni, zuwa 22 ga Yuni, 2014 a Cibiyar Horar da 'Yan wasan Olympics ta Amurka da ke Chula Vista, California. A watan Maris, Satumba da Nuwamba na 2015, Adamolekun ta halarci sansanin 'yan wasan kasa da shekaru 15 na Amurka. Daga baya an kira Adamolekun zuwa sansanin 'yan wasan mata na ƙasa na Amurka 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 a Bradenton, [[Florida]] daga 6-13 ga Oktoba, 2018.<ref>https://guyanachronicle.com/2019/05/24/reggae-girlz-unbeaten-run-continues-ahead-of-world-cup-bow/</ref> Adamolekun ya karɓi kiran Jamaica 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 don shiga gasar CONCACAF ta mata 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta 2018 daga 16-22 ga Oktoba, 2017 a Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Adamolekun ya sami yabo mafi yawan masu zura kwallaye a gasar, inda ya zira kwallaye 4 a wasanni 3 a gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar.<ref>https://www.socceramerica.com/publications/article/76415/rosters-heavy-us-flavor-at-concacaf-under-20-wo.html</ref> Lokacin da yake da shekara 16, an sanya Adamolekun cikin jerin 'yan wasan Jamaica 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 don neman cancantar shiga gasar CONCACAF ta mata 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta 2018 a Basseterre, St. Kitts. A wasan farko, Adamolekun ya zira kwallo ɗaya tilo da ta bai wa Jamaica nasara 1-0 a kan Jamhuriyar Dominican. Jamaica ta samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin mata ta CONCACAF ta 2018, bayan ta kare a matsayi na farko a zagaye na karshe na neman gurbin shiga gasar Caribbean. Adamolekun ya kammala gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar da kwallaye biyu a wasanni uku.<ref>https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/sport/football/hearts/jamaican-international-becomes-hearts-latest-new-signing-4242331</ref> An sanya Adamolekun cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su fafata a gasar CONCACAF ta mata ta Jamaica ta 2018 a Couva, Trinidad & Tobago. Adamolekun ya zura kwallo a wasan Jamaica da [[Nicaragua]] da ci 2-2, kuma an yaba masa da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da ya sanya Jamaica ta yi daidai da [[Amurka]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://britishlinkz.com/ent/interviews/untold-athletes-features-reggae-girl-olufolasade-sade-adamolekun/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-06-29 |archive-date=2022-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202095520/https://britishlinkz.com/ent/interviews/untold-athletes-features-reggae-girl-olufolasade-sade-adamolekun/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin da take da shekaru 17, Adamolekun ta fara fitowa a matsayin babbar 'yar wasan mata ta Jamaica a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2018, inda ta zura kwallaye biyu a wasan sada zumunta da Nottingham Forest Ladies da ci 3-0. Lura cewa wannan fitowar ba ta cancanta a matsayin 'yar wasan kasa da kasa ba, kuma kwallayen ba su da tasiri ga jimillar kwallayen da ta zura a gasar kasa da kasa tun lokacin da aka buga wasan da kungiyar kwallon kafa ba ta babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ba. Bayan samun gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA a tarihi daga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Jamaica, an sanya Adamolekun cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su fafata a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2019 a watan Janairun 2019. Ta samu kiran da aka yi mata na gaba don shiga sansanin shirye-shiryen gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2019 a Jamaica, kuma ta fara buga wasa a matsayin 'yar wasa a matsayin 'yar wasa a wasan sada zumunta da suka doke Chile da ci 1-0 a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 2019. Ta kuma buga wasa a matsayin 'yar wasa a wasan sada zumunci da Jamaica ta doke Chile da ci 3-2 a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2019. An gayyaci Adamolekun zuwa sansanin shirye-shiryen gasar cin kofin duniya ta uku da Jamaica ta fafata da Afirka ta Kudu a watan Afrilun 2019, inda ta buga wasa a matsayin 'yar wasa a wasan da Jamaica ta buga da ci 1-1 da Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2019. An gayyaci Adamolekun zuwa sansanin shirye-shiryen gasar cin kofin duniya ta hudu da Jamaica ta fafata da Afirka ta Kudu a Kingston, Jamaica a watan Mayun 2019 kuma ta fito a cikin 'yan wasan farko kuma an yaba mata da taimakawa wajen taimakawa. Nasarar da Jamaica ta samu a wasan sada zumunci da Panama a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2019. A lokacin tana da shekaru 18 kuma kafin ta kammala karatun sakandare, an nada Adamolekun a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasa 23 da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Jamaica ta zaba domin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2019. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2019, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Jamaica ta buga wasanta na karshe a Miramar, Florida a gasar Reggae Girlz Foundation World Cup Send Off Celebration, kafin ta tafi gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2019 a Faransa. Adamolekun ya zura kwallo a wasan sada zumunci da Jamaica ta doke FC Surge ta kungiyar kwallon kafa ta FC Surge da ci 2-1. Lura cewa wannan bayyanar ba ta cancanta a matsayin kasa da kasa ba kuma ba a kirga kwallayen da ta zura a manyan kwallayen kasa da kasa ba tun lokacin da aka buga wasan da kungiyar kwallon kafa ba ta babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ba. === Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2019 === Adamolekun ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Jamaica 'yan wasa 23 waɗanda suka kafa tarihi a matsayin ƙungiyar Caribbean ta farko da ta shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA. Adamolekun tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Jamaica kuma an san ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan matasa 10 da suka kalli gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2019 a Faransa. Tana da shekaru 18, ta fara shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2019 a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Jamaica wadda ta fara wasa da Italiya a Reims, Faransa a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 2019. === Wasannin Pan American na 2019 === Adamolekun tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa 18 da aka zaɓa don Gasar Wasannin Pan American ta 2019 a Lima, Peru, inda aka nuna ta a cikin 'yan wasa 11 da suka fara kuma an yaba mata da taimakawa a wasan da Jamaica ta doke Peru da ci 1-0 a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 2019. Gasar Cin Kofin Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta CONCACAF ta 2020 Adamolekun tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa 20 da aka zaɓa don Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta CONCACAF ta 2020 a Edinberg, Texas, inda aka nuna ta a cikin 'yan wasa 11 da suka fara da Mexico da St. Kitts & Nevis kuma an yaba mata da taimakawa ɗaya a wasan da Jamaica ta yi da St. Kitts & Nevis da ci 7-0 a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2020. === Jerin Wasannin bazara na WNT na 2021 === Adamolekun tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa 23 da aka zaɓa don gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Jamaica (wanda aka fi sani da Senior Reggae Girlz) ta WNT Summer Series ta 2021 daga 10 ga Yuni zuwa 16, 2021 a Houston, Texas, inda Adamolekun An fito a wasannin da aka yi da Costa Rica da Amurka. === Ceton Gasar Mata ta CONCACAF ta 2022 === Adamolekun na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa 23 da aka zaɓa don ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Jamaica (wanda aka fi sani da Senior Reggae Girlz) a gasar cancantar shiga gasar CONCACAF W ta 2022 daga 16 ga Fabrairu - 12 ga Afrilu, 2022. Adamolekun ya fito a wasannin gasar da Grenada, Bermuda da Tsibirin Cayman. Adamolekun ya samu yabo da taimakon da ya bayar a nasarar da Reggae Girlz ta samu a kan Tsibirin Cayman da ci 9-0. === Gasar Mata ta CONCACAF ta 2022 === Adamolekun na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa 23 da aka zaɓa don gasar cin kofin mata ta CONCACAF ta 2022 daga 4-18 ga Yuli, 2022 a Monterrey, Mexico, kuma memba ce a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Jamaica wadda ta lashe lambar yabo ta Bronze ta biyu a gasar CONCACAF W Championships don cimma cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2023. An nuna Adamolekun a gasar cin kofin mata ta CONCACAF ta 2022 da Kanada da Haiti. === Wasannin Tsakiyar Amurka da Caribbean na 2023 === Adamolekun yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa 20 da aka zaɓa don ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Jamaica (wanda aka fi sani da Senior Reggae Girlz) ta wasannin Tsakiyar [[Amurka]] da Caribbean na 2023 a San Salvador, El Salvador daga 23 ga Yuni - 8 ga Yuli, 2023. Adamolekun ya fito a dukkan wasanni uku na rukuni na B da El Salvador, Puerto Rico da Mexico, an danganta Adamolekun da zura ƙwallo a wasan Reggae Girlz da [[Mexico]]. == Ƙididdigar aiki == === ƙwallayen ƙasa da ƙasa === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !scope="col"|Lamba !scope="col"|Rana !scope="col"|Wuri !scope="col"|Abokin hamayya !scope="col"|Ci !scope="col"|Sakamako !scope="col"|Gasa |- | 1. || 3 July 2023 || [[Estadio Las Delicias]], [[Saint Tecla]], El Salvador || {{fbw|MEX}} || align=center|'''2'''–4 || align=center| 3–7 ||[[Football at the 2023 Central American and Caribbean Games – Women's tournament#Group B|CAC games group stage]] |- |} == Rayuwar Kai == An haifi Adamolekun a Amurka ga mahaifin wani Ba’amurke ɗan Najeriya kuma mahaifiyar ɗan Jamaica. Ɗan’uwanta Nathaniel Adamolekun shi ma ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Lake Travis da ke Austin, Texas a shekararta ta farko kafin ta koma Florida, inda ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Fleming Island da ke Florida. == Sauran Ayyuka == === Jagoranci === A shekarar 2020, a lokacin rikicin zamantakewa a faɗin Amurka, Adamolekun ta haɗu da kafa Ƙungiyar 'Yan Wasan Baƙar fata ta Ƙasa (UBSAA) a Jami'ar Kudancin California (USC) tare da haɗin gwiwar Hukumar USC don ƙarfafa takwarorinta su yi amfani da dandamalinsu a matsayin 'yan wasa na ɗalibai don yin tasiri mai kyau da kuma taimakawa wajen cike gibin da ke akwai a Jami'ar Kudancin California da kuma cikin al'ummominsu. == Manazarta == m399aeiz8cval5d1mir9p8tc9jj1n88 0 160416 882959 872830 2026-07-14T16:15:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ansi Agolli'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansi_Agolli</ref> (an haife shi 11 Oktoba 1982) manajan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Albaniya kuma tsohon ɗan wasa wanda shine mai kuma kocin AB7 Future Soccer Academy.<ref>https://www.ab7futuresocceracademy.com/team-3</ref> Ya fara aikinsa na kulob da Tirana, inda ya lashe kofunan gida da yawa, da suka hada da zakarun Superiore uku na Kategoria, Kofin Albaniya biyu da Super Cup na Albanian uku. Bayan buga wasa a kungiyoyi da dama a kasashen waje, ya shafe wani muhimmin bangare na rayuwarsa tare da Qarabağ a gasar Premier ta Azerbaijan, inda ya kafa kansa a matsayin dan wasa mai dadewa a kungiyar, inda ya lashe kofunan lig biyar a jere da kofunan Azerbaijan uku. A lokacin da yake kulob din, ya buga wasanni akai-akai a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai, ciki har da wasanni da dama a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA Europa da kuma gasar zakarun Turai, inda ya zama wani bangare na tawagar Azerbaijan ta farko da ta kai matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai. An nada shi Qarabağ Player of the Season a cikin 2014-15.<ref>https://euro.fshf.org/ansi-agolli/</ref> A matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, ya buga wasanni 73 kuma ya zura kwallaye biyu a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Albania, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin a shekarunsa na ƙarshe.<ref>https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12200.html</ref> Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mafi kyau a ƙasar Albania, bayan ya lashe jimillar kofuna 16, na farko shine Kategoria Superiore 2003–04.<ref>https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/albasupcuphist.html#02</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Tirana === An haifi Agolli a Tirana kuma ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa yana da shekaru tara, inda ya shiga Kwalejin KF Tirana. Bayan ya ci gaba a tsarin matasa na ƙungiyar, ya shiga ƙungiyar farko a kakar wasa ta 2000–01 kuma ya fara bugawa a karon farko yana da shekaru 19.<ref>https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/alba03.html</ref> A kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya buga wasa a zagaye na farko na Kofin Albania na 2001–02 da Laçi, inda ya zira kwallaye uku a duka ƙafafu biyu a ranakun 18 da 24 ga Agusta 2001, yayin da Tirana ta kai zagaye na gaba da nasara da jimillar kwallaye 6–0.<ref>https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/albasupcuphist.html#03</ref> Agolli ya fara bugawa nahiyar Afirka wasa a ranar 15 ga Agusta 2002 a zagayen cancantar shiga Kofin UEFA na 2002–03 da Progresul București.<ref>https://telegrafi.com/agolli-dhe-teli-fitojne-edhe-kupen-e-azerbajxhanit/</ref> Agolli yana cikin tawagar Tirana da ta lashe gasar Albania Supercup ta 2002 da nasara 6-0 a kan Dinamo Tirana a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2002.<ref>https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe27843/ansi-agolli/vs2009/club-matches/</ref> Ya buga wasanni 10 a gasar Tirana a kakar wasa ta farko kafin a ba shi aro ga ƙungiyar Kategoria Superiore ta Apolonia Fier a watan Janairun 2003 don taimaka wa ƙungiyar a yaƙin da take yi na guje wa faɗuwa.<ref>https://www.nisaofficial.com/roster/ansi--agolli</ref> Ya buga wasanni 12 kuma ya zura kwallo ɗaya a raga a Apolonia Fier, amma ƙungiyar ta koma rukuni na farko na Albania bayan ta sha kashi a wasan share fage na faɗuwa. Sannan ya koma Tirana kafin kakar wasa ta 2003-04. === Komawa da kafa a matsayin wanda zai fara wasa (2003–2005) === Agolli ya bayyana tawagar Tirana ta 2002–03 a matsayin ginshiƙin ƙungiyar da ta ci gaba har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2003–04, inda ya ƙara shiga cikin ƙungiyar farko bayan dawowarsa daga aro. Agolli ya fara kakar wasa ta hanyar zura kwallaye a cikin ƙarin lokaci a wasan zagaye na biyu na cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA na 2003–04 da Grazer AK a ranar 6 ga Agusta 2003. Duk da ƙwallon da ya ci a ƙarshen lokaci, an cire Tirana bayan shan kashi 2-1 a daren da kuma rashin nasara 7-2 a jimilla. Tirana ta sami kofinta na farko a kakar wasa ta bana ta hanyar lashe kofin Albania na 2003, inda ta doke Dinamo Tirana da ci 3-0 a ranar 16 ga Agusta 2003, inda Agolli ya zira kwallo ta uku a ƙarshen wasan. A lokacin gasar cin kofin Albania ta 2003-04, Agolli ya zura kwallo a wasan da Tirana ta yi da Cërriku a zagaye na biyu da ci 5-2 a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2003. A gasar cikin gida, Agolli ya kafa kansa a matsayin wanda ya fara wasa akai-akai, inda ya buga mafi yawan wasannin gasar tun daga farko. A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 2004, Agolli ya zura kwallo a gasar a wasan da suka yi da Shkumbini da ci 3-2. Tirana ta mamaye kakar wasa ta Kategoria Superiore ta 2003-04, inda ta kare a matsayin zakara da maki 80, bayan ta ci 24, ta yi canjaras 8 sannan ta sha kashi a wasanni 4 daga cikin 36 da ta buga a gasar, sannan ta ci kwallaye 90 yayin da aka ci ta 36. A farkon kakar wasa ta 2004-05, Agolli ya shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta Tirana ta 2004-05 da kungiyar Gomel ta Belarus a watan Yulin 2004, inda ta fara a duka wasanni biyu. Tirana ta yi nasara a waje da ci 2-0 kuma ta sha kashi a gida da ci 1-0, inda ta kai zagaye na biyu na cancantar shiga gasar da nasara a jimillar maki 2-1. A zagaye na biyu na cancantar shiga gasar da Ferencváros, Agolli ya ci gaba da zama wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a dukkan wasannin biyu yayin da aka cire Tirana daga gasar a kan kwallayen waje bayan an tashi kunnen doki 3-3. Agolli bai buga wasan karshe na gasar Albania Supercup ta 2004 ba, wanda Tirana ta sha kashi a hannun Partizani da ci 2-0. A lokacin kakar wasa ta Kategoria Superiore ta 2004-05, Tirana ta kare a matsayin zakara da maki 84, ta lashe wasanni 26, ta yi canjaras shida sannan ta sha kashi a wasanni hudu, yayin da ta zura kwallaye 82 sannan ta ci 32; Agolli ya shiga wasanni 31 kuma ya bayar da gudummawa da kwallaye biyar a lokacin kakar wasa, inda ya zura kwallaye a kan Dinamo Tirana, Laçi (sau biyu), Lushnja da Partizani. A wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin Albania ta 2004-05, Agolli ya fara wasa da Tirana kuma an sauya shi a minti na 70 yayin da wasan ya ƙare ba tare da ƙwallo ba bayan ƙarin lokaci, inda Tirana ta sha kashi 6-5 a bugun fenariti a hannun Teuta a ranar 11 ga Mayu 2005. === Neuchâtel Xamax === Bayan ya shafe shekaru biyu a Tirana, kulob din Neuchâtel Xamax na Switzerland ya gan shi, wanda a lokacin Miroslav Blažević ne ke horar da shi. Bayan gwajin da aka yi masa, a watan Yulin 2005, Agolli ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya fara buga wa Neuchâtel Xamax wasa a ranar 10 ga Yulin 2005 da Saint-Étienne a zagaye na biyu na Kofin UEFA Intertoto na 2005, inda ya buga mintuna 63. Bayan kwana uku, a ranar 13 ga Yulin 2005, ya fara buga gasarsa ta farko, inda ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka sha kashi a gida da ci 3-1 a hannun BSC Young Boys a zagayen farko na gasar Swiss Super League ta 2005-06, inda ya buga dukkan mintuna 90. Mako guda bayan haka, a ranar 23 ga Yulin 2005, Agolli ya zura kwallo ta biyu a jere, inda ya zura kwallo ta 90 a minti daya a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Schaffhausen, kafin a kore shi bayan ya sami katin rawaya na biyu a karshen wasan. Agolli ya kafa kansa a matsayin wanda ya fara wasa akai-akai a Neuchâtel Xamax, yana yawan buga cikakken mintuna 90 a kakar wasa ta 2005-06 ta Swiss Super League. A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2005, a ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba, ya zura kwallonsa ta uku a gasar a wasan da suka yi da Thun da ci 3-2 a waje. A kakar wasa ta 2005-06, Agolli ya buga wasanni 29 a gasar, kuma Neuchâtel Xamax ya kammala kakar wasa ta 2005-06 ta Swiss Super League a matsayi na tara (na biyu daga ƙasa) kuma ya shiga gasar share fage ta kasa. A gasar cin kofin Swiss Cup ta 2005-06, Agolli ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka yi da Bex da ci 4-0 a waje. === Luzern === Bayan kakar wasa ɗaya a Neuchâtel Xamax, a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2006, Agolli ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara ɗaya da Luzern, tare da zaɓin tsawaita yarjejeniyar. Agolli ya fara wasa a ranar 5 ga Agusta 2006, inda ya fara da nasara a gida da ci 2-1 a kan Aarau a wasan zagaye na 4 na gasar Swiss Super League ta 2006-07. Bayan fara wasa, Agolli ya kafa kansa a matsayin wanda zai fara wasa akai-akai, inda ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasanni biyu na gaba na gasar, waɗanda duka suka ƙare ba tare da nasara ga Luzern ba. Bayan haka, Agolli ya rasa matsayinsa a cikin jerin 'yan wasa kuma an yi amfani da shi ne kawai a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, yana yin ɗan gajeren wasa daga benci. A ƙarshen 2006, ya buga jimillar wasanni takwas a gasar ga ƙungiyar. A lokacin lokacin canja wurin hunturu na 2007, Agolli ya bar Luzern a matsayin wani ɓangare na sauye-sauyen 'yan wasan ƙungiyar kafin rabin na biyu na kakar wasa. === Vaasan Palloseura === A watan Janairun 2007, Agolli ya koma Finland don shiga Vaasan Palloseura (VPS), yana fafatawa a Veikkausliiga, babban rukunin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Finland. A kakar wasan Veikkausliiga ta 2007, ya buga wasanni 18 a gasar. Agolli ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Vaasan Palloseura har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2008. A lokacin rabin farko na kakar wasan Veikkausliiga ta 2008, Agolli ya kasance a gasar akai-akai, yana kasancewa a koyaushe, yana fara duk wasannin da ake da su kuma bai buga wasa na mintuna biyar kawai ba. Ya zira kwallo ɗaya a ranar 26 ga Agusta 2008 a wasan zagaye na 9 da Honka a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 2-1 a waje. Gabaɗaya, Agolli ya buga wasanni 33 a gasar ga Vaasan Palloseura, inda ya zira kwallo ɗaya. === Komawa Tirana a matsayin aro === Duk da cewa yana da kwantiragi da Vaasan Palloseura har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2009, Agolli ya koma Albania saboda dalilan iyali a watan Yulin 2008 kuma ya koma tsohuwar kungiyarsa Tirana a matsayin aro har zuwa ranar 30 ga Afrilun 2009. Bayan komawarsa Tirana a matsayin aro, Agolli ya kasance a cikin masu tsaron baya na kungiyar a farkon kakar wasa ta 2008-09 Kategoria Superiore, yayin da kungiyar ta fara kakar wasa mai karfi, inda aka zura mata kwallaye biyu kacal a wasanni shida na farko na gasar. A watan Disamba na 2008, Blaž Slišković ya bar Tirana bayan rashin sakamako mai kyau kuma daga baya aka maye gurbinsa da Agustin Kola a matsayin koci a lokacin kakar wasa ta 2008-09. Agolli ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a ranar 31 ga Janairun 2009, inda ya ci kwallo a wasan da suka yi da Dinamo Tirana da ci 4-2, wanda hakan ya sa Tirana ta ci gaba da taka rawa a gasar, inda maki daya kacal ya rage wa Vllaznia. Ya sake zura kwallo a zagaye na gaba, inda ya zura kwallo ta biyu ta Tirana a wasan da suka doke Shkumbini da ci 2-0 a gida a ranar 5 ga Fabrairun 2009. Agolli ya zura kwallo a wasa na uku a jere a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 2009, inda ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka yi da Besa da ci 3-1. Agolli ya taka rawar gani sosai yayin da Tirana ke kan gaba a tseren lashe kofin, inda ya taimaka wajen cin kwallo a wasan da suka yi da Partizani wanda ya taimaka wajen samun maki daya a saman tebur. Ya zura kwallonsa ta hudu a gasar a ranar 25 ga Afrilun 2009, inda ya zura kwallo a karshen wasan da suka yi da Teuta da ci 4-1 a gida. A watan Afrilun 2009, Agolli ya koma Vaasan Palloseura kamar yadda aka tsara. Duk da haka, an samu rajistar Agolli daga VPS kuma ya buga wasan ƙarshe na Kofin Albanian na 2009 a ranar 6 ga Mayu 2009 da Flamurtari, inda Tirana ta sha kashi da ci 2-1; bayan shan kaye, kocin Tirana Agustin Kola ya yi murabus kuma aka maye gurbinsa da daraktan fasaha Alban Tafaj. Ya zira kwallonsa ta biyar kuma ta ƙarshe a gasar kakar wasa ta bana a ranar 16 ga Mayu 2009 a wasan da suka yi da Dinamo da ci 3-2. Tirana ta tabbatar da kambun Kategoria Superiore a wasan ƙarshe da nasara 2-1 a gida akan Vllaznia. === Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih === A watan Yulin 2009, Agolli ya koma Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih a gasar Premier ta Ukraine kan kudi da aka ruwaito na €30,000. Agolli ya sake komawa tawagar 'yan wasansa daga kungiyar Albania, Ervin Bulku, Isli Hidi da Dorian Bylykbashi. Agolli ya fara buga wasa a ranar 18 ga Yulin 2009, a kakar wasa ta farko ta gasar Premier ta Ukraine ta 2009-10, inda ya fara wasa da kuma buga dukkan mintuna 90 a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Shakhtar Donetsk da ci 3-0. A lokacin yakin neman zabe, Agolli ya yi magana game da daidaitawa da babban matakin gasa a gasar Ukraine idan aka kwatanta da Albania, yana mai lura da cewa yanayin kwararru yana buƙatar wani matakin wasa daban. Bayan fara wasansa na farko a watan Yulin 2009, an yi amfani da Agolli a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, inda ya buga wasanni biyar a jere a rabi na biyu yayin da Kryvbas ya yi rashin nasara sau hudu da kuma canjaras daya babu ci. Ya dawo cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko a farkon Disamba duk da cewa ya dawo bayan hutun hunturu, inda ya buga kusan kowane minti a wasanni biyar na lig, amma Kryvbas ya sha kashi sau biyar a jere a gasar a wannan lokacin. Agolli ya buga jimillar wasanni 13 har zuwa karshen kakar wasa. === Qarabağ === Agolli tare da Qarabağ a shekarar 2014. A watan Yulin 2010, Agolli ya koma Qarabağ a matsayin aro a gasar Premier ta Azerbaijan har zuwa karshen Disamba 2011. Agolli ya buga wasa shida cikin takwas a gasar UEFA Europa League ta 2010-11, tun daga zagaye na farko, inda ya buga wasanni shida cikin takwas yayin da Qarabağ ta ci gaba da zagaye uku kafin Borussia Dortmund ta kawar da shi a zagayen playoff. Agolli ya buga wasanni 31 na gasar lig a gasar Premier ta Azerbaijan ta 2010-11 yayin da Qarabağ ta kare a matsayi na uku. Agolli ya buga wasa a gasar UEFA Europa League ta 2011-12 kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Qarabağ a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 3-0 a kan Banga Gargždai a zagayen farko na cancantar shiga gasar. Ya buga wasa a kowane minti na kakar wasa ta cancanta, yayin da Qarabağ ta kai zagaye na uku na cancantar shiga gasar kafin Club Brugge ta kawar da shi. Agolli ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Zakarun Turai a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2011 a wasan da suka doke Turan Tovuz da ci 3-1 a gida a wasansu na ranar takwas na gasar Firimiya ta Azerbaijan ta 2011-12. A watan Janairun 2012, an mayar da cinikin aro na dindindin kan kudi da aka ruwaito na £30,000. Agolli ya kammala kakar wasa da jimillar wasanni 31 a gasar Zakarun Turai yayin da Qarabağ ke matsayi na hudu a gasar. A watan Disamba na 2012, an ruwaito cewa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Bundesliga ta Jamus Eintracht Frankfurt ta nuna sha'awar sayen Agolli kafin kakar wasa mai zuwa; duk da haka, babu wani dan wasa da ya samu nasara. Agolli ya shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA ta 2013-14, inda ya buga wasanni takwas a jere yayin da Qarabağ ta ci gaba da zagaye uku kafin Eintracht Frankfurt ta kawar da shi a zagayen share fage. A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 2013, Agolli ya zura kwallon da ta yi nasara a wasan da suka tashi 3-2 da Ravan Baku. A kakar wasa ta 2012-13, Agolli ya buga wasanni 27 a gasar kuma ya zura kwallo daya yayin da Qarabağ ta kare a matsayi na biyu a gasar Premier ta Azerbaijan. Agolli ya zura kwallo a raga a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2013 a kan Baku a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 3-0. A kakar wasa ta 2013-14, Agolli ya buga wasanni 31 a gasar yayin da Qarabağ ta lashe gasar, wanda hakan ya zama kofin gasar farko da ya lashe tare da kungiyar. Agolli ya buga wasa a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta 2014-15, inda ya buga kusan kowane minti a zagaye biyu na cancanta, yayin da Red Bull Salzburg ta fitar da Qarabağ a zagaye na uku na cancanta. Sakamakon fitar da su daga gasar zakarun Turai, Qarabağ ta shiga zagayen neman gurbin shiga gasar UEFA Europa League ta 2014-15, inda ta fafata da Twente; a wasan farko a ranar 21 ga Agusta 2014, Agolli ya buga dukkan mintuna 90 a wasan da ba a zura kwallo ba. Agolli ya kuma buga cikakken mintuna 90 a zagaye na biyu a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2014 wanda ya ƙare da kunnen doki 1-1, yayin da Qarabağ ta ci gaba zuwa matakin rukuni da kwallaye a waje. Agolli ya fara buga wasansa na farko a matakin rukuni na gasar UEFA ta nahiyar Turai a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2014 a wasan farko na gasar UEFA Europa League ta 2014-15 da Etienne, inda ya buga cikakken wasan ba tare da an zura masa kwallo ba. Agolli ya kasance a koyaushe a lokacin gasar Europa League, yayin da Qarabağ ta sami nasara daya akan Dnipro Dnipropetrivsk da kuma kunnen doki biyu akan Étienne da Inter Milan. A wasan ƙarshe na rukuni a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2014, Qarabağ ta yi kunnen doki 0-0 a gida da Inter Milan, sakamakon da ya kawar da su daga gasar; Qarabağ ta buƙaci nasara don ta ci gaba, amma an doke ta bayan da Dnipro ta doke Etienne a ɗayan wasan rukuni. A lokacin wasan, an hana ƙwallon da aka ci a ƙarshen wasan Qarabağ saboda an yi offside, hukuncin da ƙungiyar ta yi jayayya a kai kuma kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida suka ruwaito. A gasar Premier ta Azerbaijan ta 2014-15, Agolli ya buga wasanni 26. Ya rasa wasanni da dama a farkon kakar wasa saboda shigar Qarabağ cikin matakin rukuni na UEFA Europa League na 2014-15 yayin da ƙungiyar ke jagorantar jadawalin tun daga farkon gasar kuma ta lashe gasar. A ranar 3 ga Yuni 2015, Agolli ya buga wasan ƙarshe na Kofin Azerbaijan na 2014-15 yayin da Qarabağ ta doke Neftçi da ci 3-1 don lashe kofin. An zaɓe shi a matsayin mafi kyawun mai tsaron baya na kakar 2014-15 bayan kyakkyawan salon gudu da ya yi kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan wasa na huɗu mafi kyau gaba ɗaya. A ƙarshen kakar wasa, Agolli ya amince da tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Qarabağ, wanda hakan ya sa ya ci gaba da zama a ƙungiyar har zuwa watan Yunin 2016. A zagaye na biyu na cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA ta 2015-16, Agolli ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ɗaya tilo a wasan da aka buga da Rudar Pljevlja, yayin da Qarabağ ta ci gaba zuwa zagaye na uku da nasara da jimillar kwallaye 1-0. A zagaye na uku na cancantar shiga gasar, Agolli ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a duka wasanni biyu da Celtic, yayin da aka cire Qarabağ da jimillar kwallaye 1-0. Bayan fitar da su daga gasar zakarun Turai, Qarabağ ta shiga zagaye na farko na cancantar shiga gasar UEFA Europa League ta 2015-16 da Young Boys, inda Agolli ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a duka wasanni biyu, yayin da Qarabağ ta lashe wasan da jimillar kwallaye 4-0, inda ta cancanci shiga matakin rukuni na biyu a jere. A matakin rukuni na gasar UEFA Europa League ta 2015-16, Agolli ya sama ma Qarabağ a wasan farko da Tottenham Hotspur, wanda Richard Almeida ya ci kwallo a minti na 7; daga baya Tottenham ta yi nasarar cin kwallaye 3-1. Agolli ya buga wasanni cikakke a sauran wasannin rukuni, yayin da kungiyar ta samu nasara 1-0 a kan Anderlecht da kuma kunnen doki 1-1 da Monaco, amma ta kare a rukunin da maki hudu. A ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2016, Agolli ya buga wasa na 228 ga kungiyar a dukkan gasannin da ta fafata da Inter Baku a gida da ci 2-0,[86] ya zama dan wasan waje da ya fi kowa bugawa a kungiyar, wanda ya zarce tarihin dan kasarsa Admir Teli. A gasar Premier ta Azerbaijan ta 2015-16, Agolli ya buga wasanni 24 a gasar, kuma a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2016, an tabbatar da Qarabağ a matsayin zakaran gasar a kakar wasa ta uku a jere, inda ya tabbatar da lashe gasar wasanni hudu kafin karshen kakar wasa. A ranar 26 ga Mayu 2016, Agolli ya buga wasan ƙarshe na Kofin Azerbaijan na 2015-16 da Neftçi, kuma ya taimaka wa ƘARABAğ ta lashe ƙwallon a minti na 119, yayin da ƘARABAğ ta lashe kofin bayan ƙarin lokaci, inda ta kammala wasanni biyu na gida a kakar wasa ta bana. A wasan share fage na gasar zakarun Turai ta 2016-17, Agolli ya kasance cikin waɗanda suka shiga zagaye na biyu da na uku na cancanta, inda ƙungiyar Viktoria Plzeň ta kawar da ƘARABAğ da kwallaye a waje bayan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1. A wasan share fage na cancantar shiga gasar UEFA Europa League ta 2016-17, Agolli ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a duka wasanni biyu da IFK Göteborg, yayin da ƘARABAğ ta lashe wasan da ci 3-1 a jimilla don cancantar shiga matakin rukuni na Europa League a kakar wasa ta uku a jere. A matakin rukuni na gasar UEFA Europa League ta 2016-17, Agolli ya kasance kusan koyaushe a wurin yayin da Qarabağ ta fara kakar wasanta da kunnen doki 2-2 da Slovan Liberec kuma daga baya ta sami maki shida daga nasarorin da ta samu a kan PAOK da ci 2-0 da kuma 1-0, amma duk da haka bai cancanci shiga zagaye na 12 ba. An nada Agolli a matsayin gwarzon ɗan wasan ƙasashen waje na shekarar 2016 a Azerbaijan. A gasar Premier ta Azerbaijan ta 2016-17, Agolli ya buga wasanni 20 a gasar, inda ya buga kusan mintuna 90 a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na hagu, inda Qarabağ ya yi wasanni 13 ba tare da an zura masa kwallo ba a waɗannan wasannin, inda yawancin waɗannan wasannin ba tare da an zura masa kwallo ba suka zo da nasara. Yayin da Qarabağ ta lashe gasar makonni biyu kafin ƙarshen; ita ce gasar da ta lashe a jere karo na huɗu. A ranar 5 ga Mayu 2017, Agolli ya buga wasan ƙarshe na Kofin Azerbaijan na 2016–17 inda Qarabağ ya doke Gabala 2–0, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da lashe kofin na biyu na kakar 2016–17. A ƙarshen kakar 2016–17, Agolli ya sabunta kwangilarsa na tsawon shekara guda. A wasan share fagen shiga gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA na 2017–18, Agolli ya fara da taimakawa wajen zura kwallo a zagaye na biyu na neman shiga gasar da Samtredia ta yi nasara da ci 5–0, kuma bayan wata nasara a zagaye na biyu, Qarabağ ta ci gaba zuwa zagaye na gaba da jimillar kwallaye 6–0. A wasan share fage na uku na neman shiga gasar da Sheriff Tiraspol a ranar 1 ga Agusta 2017, Agolli ya ba da taimako 1 ga ƙwallon da Míchel ya ci a minti na 86 don taimakawa Qarabag ta lashe 2–1 kuma ta cancanci shiga zagaye na gaba bayan jimillar kwallaye 2–1. A ranar 15 ga Agusta 2017, a zagayen farko na wasan share fage na cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA ta 2017-18, Agolli ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 yayin da Qarabağ ta doke Copenhagen da ci 1-0 a gida. A zagaye na biyu, Qarabağ ta sha kashi a hannun Copenhagen da ci 2-1 a waje amma ta kai matakin rukuni da kwallaye a waje, don haka ta zama kungiya ta farko daga Azerbaijan da ta kai matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA. Agolli bai buga wasan farko na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA ta 2017-18 ba saboda rauni, inda ya fara buga gasar a wasan da suka biyo baya, inda ya buga cikakken wasan mintuna 90 a gida da Roma, inda Qarabağ ta sha kashi 2-1. Bayan wasansa na farko, Agolli ya buga wasanni uku na mintuna 90 na cikakken wasa a Qarabağ, inda ya buga canjaras biyu da Atlético Madrid (0-0 a gida da kuma 1-1 a waje; kungiyar ta sami maki biyu) da kuma rashin nasara a gida da Chelsea da ci 0-4. A wasan da ya gabata a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 2017, Qarabağ ya buga wasa da 'yan wasa goma daga minti na 19 bayan an ba shi jan kati ga ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasansa. Agolli bai buga wasan ƙarshe na matakin rukuni na Qarabağ da Roma ba saboda rauni, kuma an cire ƙungiyar daga gasar a matakin rukuni. Saboda jajircewarsa a matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai, Agolli ya buga wasanni 20 a gasar Premier ta Azerbaijan ta 2017–18, lokacin da Qarabağ ya sami sakamako mai kyau, yana yawan yin wasa ba tare da an zura masa kwallo ba; a wasannin da ya buga, ƙungiyar ta zura kwallaye 11. A ranar 27 ga Oktoba 2017, Agolli ya sami jan kati na farko a rayuwarsa a Azerbaijan, an kore shi bayan katin rawaya na biyu a minti na 43 na wasan gasar Qarabağ da Gabala; duk da ya buga da 'yan wasa goma, Qarabağ ya ci gaba da lashe wasan da ci 1-0. A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2018, Qarabağ ta lashe gasar a kakar wasa ta biyar a jere bayan ta doke Sumgayit da ci 1-0 a waje, inda kungiyar ta lashe gasar a zagaye hudu a lissafi. kafin ƙarshen kakar wasa kuma yana da maki 17 a kan Gabala mai matsayi na biyu. A ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2018, Agolli ya taimaka a mintuna na ƙarshe na nasarar da Qarabağ ta samu a waje da Zira da ci 2-1, wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga ƙwallon da ta ci. A ranar 14 ga Yuni 2018, Agolli ya sabunta kwangilarsa da Qarabağ, inda ya tsawaita zamansa a ƙungiyar na wani kakar wasa. A zagaye na farko na cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA ta 2018-19, Agolli ya buga mintuna na ƙarshe na wasa na biyu da Olimpija Ljubljana, yayin da Qarabağ ta ci gaba zuwa zagaye na gaba da nasara 1-0. A ranar 25 ga Yuli 2018, a zagaye na farko na zagaye na biyu na cancanta, Agolli ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasan da suka tashi babu ci da ƙungiyar Kukësi ta Albania. A zagayen share fage na neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin UEFA Europa League ta 2018-19, a ranar 23 ga Agusta 2018, Agolli ya buga wasa a mintuna 18 na karshe a wasan da Qarabağ ta sha kashi a hannun Sheriff Tiraspol da ci 1-0 a waje. A gasar Premier ta Azerbaijan ta 2018-19, Agolli ya buga wasanni 11, inda ya tara kimanin mintuna 772 na lokacin wasa. A ranar 6 ga Disamba 2018, an zabi Agolli a cikin kungiyar Premier League ta Azerbaijan ta mako bayan ya taka rawar gani a wasan da Qarabağ ta doke Keşla da ci 5-1 a gida. A watan Fabrairun 2019, an nada Agolli a matsayin ɗan wasan da ya fi kowanne a gasar Premier League ta Azerbaijan bayan rawar da ya taka a wasan da Qarabağ ta tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Sabah a wasan da suka buga a ranar 18 ga watan Maris. A ranar 14 ga Maris 2019, Agolli ya shirya kawo karshen zamansa da Qarabağ kuma ya cimma yarjejeniyar shiga New York Cosmos a Amurka, inda aka shirya wasansa na bankwana da Sabail. An kuma ruwaito cewa ana sa ran Agolli zai koma New York Cosmos a mako mai zuwa. === New York Cosmos === A ranar 25 ga Maris 2019, Agolli ya rattaba hannu da ƙungiyar NPSL ta New York Cosmos, kuma da farko an shirya zai shiga tare da ƙungiyar New York Cosmos B kafin kakar wasa ta NPSL ta 2019, daga baya kuma tare da ƙungiyar farko a gasar cin kofin NPSL Founders Cup, wadda aka tsara za ta gudana tsakanin watan Agusta da Nuwamba 2019; an ba shi lambar ƙungiyar lamba 13 bayan isowarsa. An nuna shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin sabbin 'yan wasa da ake sa ran za su ƙarfafa ƙungiyar New York Cosmos B. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2019, Agolli ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar New York Cosmos B wasa a wasan da suka doke New York Athletic Club da ci 2-0. A ranar 8 ga Mayu 2019, Agolli ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar Lamar Hunt ta Amurka a gasar cin kofin Lamar Hunt, inda ya buga ƙwallon kusurwa da Bljedi Bardic ya buga a raga a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci na biyu don tabbatar da nasarar zagaye na farko akan Black Rock da ci 2-1, sannan ya kai New York Cosmos B ga zagaye na biyu. Agolli yana cikin jerin 'yan wasan tsaron gida na New York Cosmos B a lokacin da ba a doke su ba a kakar wasan NPSL, inda yake taka leda a gefen hagu akai-akai. A ranar 10 ga Yuli 2019, Agolli ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a Amurka a wasan karshe na gasar NPSL North Atlantic Conference ta 2019 tsakanin New York Cosmos B da Brooklyn Italians; kwallon ita ce kawai kwallon da aka zira a wasan, inda ta samu nasara 1-0 kuma ta ba shi kofinsa na farko a Amurka. A ranar 21 ga Yuli 2019, Agolli ya sake zira kwallo a wasan karshe na yankin Arewa maso Gabas ga New York Cosmos B, inda ya zira kwallo a minti na 70 na nasarar 3-1 akan Baltimore don daukar wani kofi a Amurka. A ranar 4 ga Agusta 2019, Agolli ya zira kwallo a wasan karshe na NPSL da Miami a minti na 31, inda ya rage rashin nasara bayan bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida daga wajen filin bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, amma duk da haka wasan ya ƙare da rashin nasara 3-1; wannan shine kwallonsa ta uku a wasanni hudu na playoffs. A ranar 29 ga Mayu 2020, Agolli ya sake rattaba hannu da New York Cosmos kafin kakar wasa mai zuwa, yana jiran amincewar Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa da kuma Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka. A ranar 2 ga Agusta 2020, Agolli ya zura kwallo a wasan farko na Gasar Cin Kofin NISA ta 2020, inda ya zura kwallo ta biyu a minti na 27 a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da New Amsterdam. Agolli ya buga wasanni shida a New York Cosmos a gasar cin kofin NISA ta 2020, inda ya zura kwallo daya sannan ya taimaka aka zura kwallo biyu a minti 540 na wasan. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Agolli ya fara buga wasa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa tare da Albania 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2002 a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin UEFA Euro 2004 da Switzerland 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21, wanda ya ƙare da rashin zura ƙwallo. Ya buga jimillar wasanni shida a lokacin kamfen ɗin, yayin da Albania ta kare a matsayi na uku a rukunin ƙungiyoyi biyar. Agolli ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasan Albania wasa a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2005 a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA da Kazakhstan a shekarar 2006, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a hutun rabin lokaci. A shekarar 2008 bayan ya koma KF Tirana, Agolli ya zama memba na ƙungiyar Albania a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2010, inda ya kafa kansa a matsayin wanda zai fara wasa a ƙarƙashin koci Arie Haan, inda ya buga mafi yawan wasannin neman cancantar a cikin mintuna 90, inda aka fara sanya shi a matsayin ɗan baya na hagu sannan kuma a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na hagu. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2009 a wasan sada zumunci da Georgia. Ya zira kwallonsa ta biyu a gasar kasa da kasa a ranar 12 ga Agusta 2009 a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke Cyprus da ci 6-1, wasan da ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da Albania ta samu. A lokacin bayan kammala gasar, Agolli ya buga kusan kowane minti na wasannin sada zumunta da Albania ta buga, inda kungiyar ba ta zura kwallo ko daya ba a wasanni biyar a jere, wanda hakan ya daidaita tarihin wasanninta na wasanni 5 a jere, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama tarihi a gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA 2012. A lokacin gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA 2012, Agolli ya taimaka wa Albania ta rama kwallo a wasan farko, inda suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Romania a ranar 3 ga Satumba 2010. Daga nan ya buga wasanni biyu a jere a kakar wasa yayin da Albania ta doke Luxembourg da ci 1-0 kuma ta samu karin canjaras 1-1 a wata mai zuwa, don haka ya tsawaita wasanninta takwas a jere ba tare da an doke ta ba, wanda hakan ya daidaita tarihin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar da aka kafa a 1999-2000. === Tsarin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA 2016 a gasar cin kofin duniya === A lokacin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA ta 2016, karkashin koci Gianni De Biasi Agolli ya buga wasa a kowane minti daga wasan farko har zuwa wasan karshe, inda ya buga dukkan wasannin rukuni banda wasan karshe ta hanyar dakatarwa bayan ya tara katunan rawaya uku. An fara kakar wasa da nasara ta 1-0 a waje da Portugal a Aveiro a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2014. A watan da ya biyo baya, Albania ta buga wasa a waje da Serbia, amma an dakatar da wasan bayan mintuna 41 saboda rashin jituwa tsakanin 'yan kallo, wanda daga karshe aka yi watsi da shi, sannan aka ba Albania 3-0 bayan hukuncin da Kotun Sasantawa ta Wasanni ta yanke a watan Yulin 2015. Nasarorin da suka samu a kan Armenia da kuma kunnen doki biyu da suka yi da Denmark sun taimaka wa Albania ta kare a matsayi na biyu a rukunin kuma ta cancanci shiga gasar karshe ta UEFA Euro 2016 ta atomatik, babbar gasa ta farko a kasar. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2015, yana da shekaru 33, Agolli ya jagoranci Albania a karon farko a wasansa na 58, inda ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Georgia a filin wasa na Qemal Stafa. Agolli (#7) ya yi wasa da Albania da Austria a 2016. A ranar 21 ga Mayu 2016, an sanya Agolli a cikin tawagar Albania mai mutum 27 don gasar UEFA Euro 2016, kuma a cikin tawagar Albania mai mutum 23 UEFA Euro 2016 a ranar 31 ga Mayu. Albania ta fara gasar a ranar 11 ga Yuni 2016 a wasan farko na rukunin A da Switzerland, inda Agolli ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasan da suka sha kashi 1-0. Albania ta zura kwallaye a raga a farkon minti na 5 kuma ta buga wasa da mutum 10 bayan kyaftin Lorik Cana ya sami jan kati a minti na 36. An nada Agolli kyaftin na riko na Albania a madadin Cana da aka dakatar a wasa na biyu a ranar 15 ga Yuni da mai masaukin baki Faransa, inda ya sake buga cikakken mintuna 90 yayin da Albania ta sha kashi 2-0 bayan ta sha kashi sau biyu a makare. A halin yanzu, a wasa na uku, Cana ya fara wasa a benci kuma Agolli ya sake zama kyaftin din kungiyar a ranar 19 ga watan Yuni da Romania, inda ya kammala wani cikakken wasa sannan ya jagoranci Albania zuwa ga nasara 1-0 da kwallon da Armando Sadiku ya ci. Albania ta kammala rukunin a matsayi na uku da maki uku da bambancin kwallaye -2, kuma ta kasance ta karshe a cikin kungiyoyin da suka zo na uku, wanda daga karshe ya kawar da su. === Bayan–Euro 2016 === Bayan Cana ya yi ritaya bayan gasar Euro 2016, Agolli ya zama kyaftin na yau da kullun kafin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018. Ya zira kwallaye na uku a gasar kasa da kasa a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2017 a wasan share fagen shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da suka doke Liechtenstein da ci 2-0, wanda hakan ya nuna sabon kocin da ya fara bugawa Christian Panucci wasa. Bayan kakar wasa ta neman cancanta, kocin Panucci ya cire Agolli daga cikin 'yan wasan da za su buga wasanni masu zuwa, yana mai cewa yana da shekaru 36 - kuma zai kai shekaru 38 a lokacin gasar UEFA Euro 2020 - yana neman sabbin 'yan wasa, kodayake ya ce ya tattauna lamarin da Agolli kuma zai yi la'akari da shi idan ana buƙata. A watan Satumba na 2018, an kira Agolli zuwa tawagar kasa kuma a matsayin kyaftin kafin kakar wasa ta farko ta gasar UEFA Nations League. Ya bayyana a benci a wasan da Scotland ta sha kashi da ci 2-0, wanda kuma shi ne wasansa na karshe a duniya. A karshen aikinsa na kasa da kasa, Agolli ya samu wasanni 73, wanda hakan ya sanya shi a matsayi na shida a mafi yawan wasanni ga Albania. == Sana'ar bayan wasa == Bayan ya yi ritaya, Agolli, tare da tsohon abokin wasansa na New York Cosmos Bljedi Bardic, sun kafa AB7 Future Soccer Academy a Castleton Corners, Staten Island. Kwalejin ba wai kawai ta mayar da hankali kan haɓaka ƙwarewar ƙwallon ƙafa ba, har ma da haɓaka muhimman dabi'u da ke da alaƙa da wasanni, gami da motsa jiki, aiki tare, ladabi, da juriya, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaban 'yan wasa gabaɗaya. A watan Yunin 2024, an naɗa Agolli a matsayin babban kocin ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 ta Westchester a Amurka. == Rayuwar Kansa == A watan Mayun 2018, Agolli ya zama uba a karon farko, yayin da abokin aikinsa Rea ya haifi ɗansu Blodin Brooklyn Agolli a NYU Langone Health, New York. Ma'auratan sun kasance tare fiye da shekaru goma a lokacin. == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{updated|28 September 2020|<ref name="Soccerway">{{Soccerway|new_id=agolli-ansi/4dFlH5d4|accessdate=25 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="NFT" /><ref name="FSHF" /><ref>{{cite web |title=National Premier Soccer League - 2019 New York Cosmos B Match Reports |url=http://npsl.bonzidev.com/sam/standings/ss/schedule.php?containerID=MTAwODY3MjA=&v=3 |website=npsl.bonzidev.com |access-date=11 July 2020 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712082018/http://npsl.bonzidev.com/sam/standings/ss/schedule.php?containerID=MTAwODY3MjA=&v=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New York Cosmos B Members Cup |url=https://www.npsl.com/team/new-york-cosmos-b/ |website=National Premier Soccer League |access-date=11 July 2020 |date=25 June 2018}}</ref>}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition |- !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Season !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|Cup !colspan="2"|Continental{{efn|Includes [[UEFA Champions League]] and [[UEFA Europa League]].}} !colspan="2"|Other !colspan="2"|Total |- !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="6"|[[KF Tirana|Tirana]] |[[2000–01 Albanian National Championship|2000–01]] |[[Kategoria Superiore]] |1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||1||0 |- |[[2001–02 Albanian National Championship|2001–02]] |Kategoria Superiore |3||0||2||3||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||5||3 |- |[[2002–03 Albanian National Championship|2002–03]] |Kategoria Superiore |6||0||0||0||1{{efn|Appearance(s) in [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]}}||0||1{{efn|name=ALB|Appearance in [[Albanian Supercup]]}}||0||8||0 |- |[[2003–04 Kategoria Superiore|2003–04]] |Kategoria Superiore |23||1||0||0||1{{efn|name=UCL|Appearance(s) in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}||1||1{{efn|name=ALB}}||1||25||4 |- |[[2004–05 Kategoria Superiore|2004–05]] |Kategoria Superiore |31||4||0||0||2{{efn|name=UCL}}||0||0||0||33||4 |- !colspan="2"|Total !64!!5!!2!!3!!4!!1!!2!!1!!72!!9 |- |[[KF Apolonia Fier|Apolonia Fier]] (loan) |[[2002–03 Albanian National Championship|2002–03]] |Kategoria Superiore |12||1||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||12||1 |- |[[Neuchâtel Xamax]] |[[2005–06 Swiss Super League|2005–06]] |[[Swiss Super League]] |29||3||2||1||1{{efn|name=INT|Appearance(s) in [[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]}}||0||colspan="2"|—||32||4 |- |[[FC Luzern|Luzern]] |[[2006–07 Swiss Super League|2006–07]] |Swiss Super League |8||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||8||0 |- |rowspan="3"|[[Vaasan Palloseura|VPS]] |[[2007 Veikkausliiga|2007]] |[[Veikkausliiga]] |18||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||18||0 |- |[[2008 Veikkausliiga|2008]] |Veikkausliiga |15||1||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||15||1 |- !colspan="2"|Total !33!!1!!0!!0!!colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—!!33!!1 |- |[[KF Tirana|Tirana]] |[[2008–09 Kategoria Superiore|2008–09]] |Kategoria Superiore |30||5||7||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||37||5 |- |[[FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih (1959–2013)|Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih]] |[[2009–10 Ukrainian Premier League|2009–10]] |[[Ukrainian Premier League]] |13||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||13||0 |- |rowspan="10"|[[Qarabağ FK|Qarabağ]] |[[2010–11 Azerbaijan Premier League|2010–11]] |[[Azerbaijan Premier League]] |31||0||1||0||6{{efn|name=UEL|Appearance(s) in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}||0||colspan="2"|—||38||0 |- |[[2011–12 Azerbaijan Premier League|2011–12]] |Azerbaijan Premier League |31||1||4||0||6{{efn|name=UEL}}||1||colspan="2"|—||41||2 |- |[[2012–13 Azerbaijan Premier League|2012–13]] |Azerbaijan Premier League |27||1||4||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||31||1 |- |[[2013–14 Azerbaijan Premier League|2013–14]] |Azerbaijan Premier League |34||1||2||0||8{{efn|name=UEL}}||0||colspan="2"|—||44||1 |- |[[2014–15 Azerbaijan Premier League|2014–15]] |Azerbaijan Premier League |26||0||4||0||12{{efn|name=STS|Four appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]; eight appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}||0||colspan="2"|—||42||0 |- |[[2015–16 Azerbaijan Premier League|2015–16]] |Azerbaijan Premier League |24||0||4||0||11{{efn|Four appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]; seven appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}||0||0||0||39||0 |- |[[2016–17 Azerbaijan Premier League|2016–17]] |Azerbaijan Premier League |21||0||3||0||12{{efn|name=STS}}||0||colspan="2"|—||36||0 |- |[[2017–18 Azerbaijan Premier League|2017–18]] |Azerbaijan Premier League |19||0||0||0||10{{efn|name=UCL}}||0||colspan="2"|—||29||0 |- |[[2018–19 Azerbaijan Premier League|2018–19]] |Azerbaijan Premier League |11||0||2||0||4{{efn|Two appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]; two appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}||0||colspan="2"|—||17||0 |- !colspan="2"|Total !224!!3!!24!!0!!69!!1!!0!!0!!317!!4 |- |[[New York Cosmos B]] |[[2019 NPSL season|2019]] |[[National Premier Soccer League|NPSL]] |9||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||12{{efn|Four appearances in [[National Premier Soccer League|NPSL playoffs]];<ref name="Cosmos Miami final" /> eight appearances in the [[NPSL Members Cup]]}}||3{{efn|Three goals in [[National Premier Soccer League|NPSL playoffs]]<ref name="Cosmos Miami final" />}}||23||3 |- |[[New York Cosmos (2013–2020)|New York Cosmos]] |[[2020–21 NISA season|2020–21]] |[[National Independent Soccer Association|NISA]] |7{{efn|name=2020 NISA Cup|Appearances and goals during the [[2020–21 National Independent Soccer Association season]]<ref name="2020 Independent Cup opener" /><ref name="2020 NISA" />}}||2{{efn|name=2020 NISA Cup}}||0||0||colspan="2"|—||0||0||7||2 |- !colspan="3"|Career total !429!!20!!37!!4!!74!!1!!14!!4!!535!!30 |} {{notelist}} ===International=== {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" |+ Appearances and goals by national team and year<ref name="NFT" /><ref name="EU-Football.info">{{EU-Football.info|24484|access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref> |- !National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="13"|[[Albania national football team|Albania]] |2005||1||0 |- |2006||1||0 |- |2007||0||0 |- |2008||5||0 |- |2009||7||2 |- |2010||9||0 |- |2011||8||0 |- |2012||6||0 |- |2013||8||0 |- |2014||8||0 |- |2015||5||0 |- |2016||10||0 |- |2017||5||1 |- !colspan="2"|Total!!73!!3 |} :''Scores and results list Albania's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Agolli goal.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ List of international goals scored by Ansi Agolli<ref name="EU-Football.info"/> |- !scope="col"|No. !scope="col"|Date !scope="col"|Venue !scope="col"|Opponent !scope="col"|Score !scope="col"|Result !scope="col"|Competition |- | style="text-align:center"|1 | 10 June 2009 || [[Qemal Stafa Stadium]], [[Tirana]], Albania || {{fb|Georgia}} || style="text-align:center"|1–1 || style="text-align:center"|1–1 || Friendly |- | style="text-align:center"|2 | 12 August 2009 || Qemal Stafa Stadium, Tirana, Albania || {{fb|Cyprus}} || style="text-align:center"|5–1 || style="text-align:center"|6–1 || Friendly |- | style="text-align:center"|3 | 2 September 2017 || [[Elbasan Arena]], [[Elbasan]], Albania || {{fb|LIE}} || style="text-align:center"|2–0 || style="text-align:center"|2–0 || [[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group G|2018 FIFA World Cup qualification]] |} == Kasa da kasa == ===International=== {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" |+ Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata<ref name="NFT" /><ref name="EU-Football.info">{{EU-Football.info|24484|access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref> |- !National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="13"|[[Albania national football team|Albania]] |2005||1||0 |- |2006||1||0 |- |2007||0||0 |- |2008||5||0 |- |2009||7||2 |- |2010||9||0 |- |2011||8||0 |- |2012||6||0 |- |2013||8||0 |- |2014||8||0 |- |2015||5||0 |- |2016||10||0 |- |2017||5||1 |- !colspan="2"|Total!!73!!3 |} :''Scores and results list Albania's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Agolli goal.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ List of international goals scored by Ansi Agolli<ref name="EU-Football.info"/> |- !scope="col"|No. !scope="col"|Date !scope="col"|Venue !scope="col"|Opponent !scope="col"|Score !scope="col"|Result !scope="col"|Competition |- | style="text-align:center"|1 | 10 June 2009 || [[Qemal Stafa Stadium]], [[Tirana]], Albania || {{fb|Georgia}} || style="text-align:center"|1–1 || style="text-align:center"|1–1 || Friendly |- | style="text-align:center"|2 | 12 August 2009 || Qemal Stafa Stadium, Tirana, Albania || {{fb|Cyprus}} || style="text-align:center"|5–1 || style="text-align:center"|6–1 || Friendly |- | style="text-align:center"|3 | 2 September 2017 || [[Elbasan Arena]], [[Elbasan]], Albania || {{fb|LIE}} || style="text-align:center"|2–0 || style="text-align:center"|2–0 || [[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group G|2018 FIFA World Cup qualification]] |} ==Daraja== ;Tirana<ref name="Soccerway"/> *[[Kategoria Superiore]]: [[2003–04 Kategoria Superiore|2003–04]], [[2004–05 Kategoria Superiore|2004–05]], [[2008–09 Kategoria Superiore|2008–09]] *[[Albanian Cup]]: [[2000–01 Albanian Cup|2000–01]], [[2001–02 Albanian Cup|2001–02]] *[[Albanian Supercup]]: [[2000 Albanian Supercup|2000]], [[2002 Albanian Supercup|2002]], [[2003 Albanian Supercup|2003]] ;Qarabağ<ref name="Soccerway"/> *[[Azerbaijan Premier League]]: [[2013–14 Azerbaijan Premier League|2013–14]], [[2014–15 Azerbaijan Premier League|2014–15]], [[2015–16 Azerbaijan Premier League|2015–16]], [[2016–17 Azerbaijan Premier League|2016–17]], [[2017–18 Azerbaijan Premier League|2017–18]] *[[Azerbaijan Cup]]: [[2014–15 Azerbaijan Cup|2014–15]], [[2015–16 Azerbaijan Cup|2015–16]], [[2016–17 Azerbaijan Cup|2016–17]] '''Kai da kai''' *[[Qarabağ FK|Qarabağ Player of the Season]]: [[2014–15 FK Qarabağ season|2014–15]]<ref name="Agolli"/> ==Manazarta== 00ykbfvail26dlxmkj1exguli7n76at 0 160509 882899 873221 2026-07-14T13:07:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Reflist}}'''André Brassard''' (28 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1946 - 11 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2022) ya gwagwalada kasance darektan mataki na Kanada, mai shirya fina-finai kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda aka fi sani da shirya yawancin wasan kwaikwayon Michel Tremblay. Ya kasance darektan sashen Faransanci na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kasa daga 1982 zuwa 1989 da kuma Makarantar Wasanni ta Kasa daga 1992 zuwa 2000. Fim din Brassard na 1974 Once Upon a Time in the East ya shiga cikin bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 1974. <ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{Cite web |title=Festival de Cannes: Once Upon a Time in the East |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/2222/year/1974.html |access-date=26 April 2009 |website=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> Fim dinsa na 1977 Le soleil se lève en retard ya shiga cikin 10th Moscow International Film Festival . <ref name="Moscow1977">{{Cite web |title=10th Moscow International Film Festival (1977) |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1977 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194935/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1977 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |access-date=9 January 2013 |website=MIFF}}</ref> Brassard ya sami lambar yabo ta Gwamna Janar na Ayyuka don gudummawar rayuwarsa ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kanada a shekara ta 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=André Brassard - biography |url=http://ggpaa.ca/award-recipients/2002/brassard-andre.aspx |access-date=24 January 2014 |publisher=Governor General's Performing Arts Awards}}</ref> Brassard ya kasance ɗan luwaɗi a bayyane. Ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Watan Oktoba shekara ta 2022, yana da shekaru 76.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quebec theatre director André Brassard dies |url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/quebec-theatre-director-andre-brassard-dies |access-date=2026-06-30 |archive-date=2022-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012042725/https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/quebec-theatre-director-andre-brassard-dies |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Françoise Durocher, Waitress - gajeren fim, 1972 * ''Once Upon a Time in the East (Ya kasance sau ɗaya a gabas) '' - 1974 * The ''Late Blossom (Rana ta tashi da wuri) '' - 1977 * ''Frederic'' - jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin, 1980 * Babban Tashin hankali - 1993 * ''2 Sa'o'i (2 seconds) '' - 1998 == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] nf05wd351dae0whrpi6i7a6pponjkcj 0 160535 883026 873173 2026-07-14T18:29:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883026 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Aristide_von_Bienefeldt.png|thumb|Aristide von Bienefeldt]] '''Aristide von Bienefeldt''' (24 ga Oktoba 1959, Rozenburg - 15 ga Janairu 2016) shi ne sunan alkalami na marubucin littafin Holland '''Rijk de Jong''' . <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Nieuws: Aristide von Bienefeldt (1964 - 2016) overleden - Tzum literair weblog |url=http://www.tzum.info/2016/01/nieuws-aristide-von-bienefeldt-overleden/ |access-date=2016-01-30 |website=Tzum.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2016 |title=Tegenstander van de Blankenburgtunnel Overleden |url=http://www.maassluis.nu/dossiers/dossier-blankenburgtunnel/tegenstander-van-de-blankenburgtunnel-overleden/ |access-date=2016-02-22 |website=maassluis.nu}}</ref> Littafin farko na Von Bienefeldt - ''Bekentenissen van een Stamhouder'' ("Confessions of a Son and Heir") - an yaba shi kuma 'yan jaridar Flemish sun soki shi saboda bayyanar sassan ɗan luwaɗi ("Ba tare da wata shakka ba da hannun maigidan ya rubuta shi", ''Haarlems Dagblad'', "Halinsa yana da kyau sosai ga mai farawa", ''Nederlands Dagblad'', 'Gidan wallafe-wallafen ba zai damu da ya sake aika wannan ɓangaren lalata ga mai kula da jima'i ba, De Twist ya ƙare, kowanne ya ƙare, "Yar nan kawai ya ƙare",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fenomenologie van de egoneuker |url=http://www.nrcboeken.nl/recensie/fenomenologie-van-de-egoneuker |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213072625/http://www.nrcboeken.nl/recensie/fenomenologie-van-de-egoneuker |archive-date=February 13, 2010 |access-date=September 25, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2016 |title=Schrijver Aristide von Bienefeldt overleden |url=http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/4492/Nederland/article/detail/4229020/2016/01/20/Schrijver-Aristide-von-Bienefeldt-overleden.dhtml |access-date=2016-01-30 |website=Trouw.nl |language=nl}}</ref> Confessions shine labarin wani saurayi, [[Landan]] kuma ake kira Aristide, wanda yunwa ta jima'i mara iyaka ta motsa shi don fuskantar yanayin rayuwa a [[Faris|Paris]] da London, a farkon karni. In 2003, von Bienefeldt's second novel, ''Een beschaafde jongeman'' ("A Decent Young Man"), was published to more divided opinion: one critic spoke about the ''magnificent'' Aristide von Bienefeldt ("von Bienefeldt displays an immense talent for writing", ''Haarlems Dagblad'', May 2003), another one wished him a slow and painful death, preferably as a result of [[Kanjamau|AIDS]] (''HP/De Tijd'', June 2003). {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2007}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2007)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Leer mij Walter kennen (wanda marubucin ya kira shi a Turanci a matsayin "Ka gaya mini Dukkanin Game da Walter") <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Walter's Birthday (English) |url=http://vonbienefeldt.tripod.com/id15.html |access-date=2016-01-30 |website=Vonbienefeldt.tripod.com}}</ref> an buga shi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2007 ta hanyar J.M. Meulenhoff, Amsterdam, sannan De zus die Anna Magnani niet was ("The Sister Who Was Not Anna Magnani") a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010. Von Bienefeldt ya ƙare haɗin gwiwar sa tare da J.M. Meulenhoff a watan Janairun 2011, sakamakon rikici na sha'awa. Labaran ƙaramin jan kwalban na (tarin ginshiƙai 51) an buga su ne a watan Janairun 2014 ta hanyar kleine Uil editions. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, Marmer Altheverij ya wallafa littafinsa na tarihin kansa ''Wani Paul Newman a cikin kicin'', wani littafi na tarihin kansa da ya rubuta a ƙarƙashin sunan haihuwarsa wanda ya bayyana yadda mahaifiyarsa ke ci gaba da tsayayya da barin gidan gona na kakanninta a Rozenburg don gina ramin zirga-zirga ({{Interlanguage link|Blankenburgtunnel|nl}} [nl]). ''Otal din Malinconia'', wani karamin labari game da asarar tunani a cikin al'ummarmu an buga shi bayan mutuwarsa ta wannan kamfani a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2016. Von Bielefeldt ya mutu daga ciwon daji a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2016. == Littattafai == * ''Bekentenissen van een Stamhouder'' (2002) {{ISBN|90-290-7180-X}} * Een beschaafde jongeman (2003) {{ISBN|90-290-7310-1}} * Karatun Walter kennen (2007) {{ISBN|978-90-290-7903-7}} * De zus die Anna Magnani niet ya kasance (2010) {{ISBN|978-90-290-8655-4}} * Daga baya van mijn ya hau flesje (2014) {{ISBN|978-94-91065-67-5}} * ''A cikin weer zat er een Paul Newman a cikin keuken'' (2014) {{ISBN|978-94-6068-213-1}} * ''Otal din Malinconia'' (2016) {{ISBN|978-94-6068-296-4}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://vonbienefeldt.tripod.com/index.html Gidan yanar gizon Von Bienefeldt]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2016]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] 7h2fsd1kxs58olhbkxrxb04v4yj6qef 0 160848 883372 876839 2026-07-15T10:17:44Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jane Marie Lynch''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1960) <ref>{{Cite web |last=UPI Staff |title=Famous birthdays for July 14: Jane Lynch, Taboo |url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2021/07/14/Famous-birthdays-for-July-14-Jane-Lynch-Taboo/1271626210459/ |access-date=October 29, 2021 |website=United Press International}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, 'yar wasan kwaikwayon, kuma mawaƙa. An san ta da taka rawa da kuma rawar da ta taka a talabijin mai ban dariya, lambobin yabo sun hada da Golden Globe guda ɗaya, Emmys na farko guda shida da kuma Screen Actors Guild Awards guda biyu. A Shekara 2013, Lynch ya sami tauraro a kan Hollywood Walk of Fame . Bayan ta bayyana a cikin sitcom Two and a Half Men (2004-2014) da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo The L Word (2005-2009), Lynch ta sami nasarar taka rawar gani a matsayin Sue Sylvester a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na ''Glee'' (2009-2015). Daga nan sai ta taka rawar gani a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2017-2023), jerin wasan kwaikwayo The Good Fight (2017-2022), da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo masu ban mamaki Only Murders in the Building (2021-2025). Baya ga yin wasan kwaikwayo a [[talabijin]], ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon ''Hollywood Game Night'' (2013-2020) kuma, tun daga 2020, tana aiki a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin da kuma babban furodusa na wasan kwaikwayon The Weakest Link (American version). Lynch ta sami karbuwa saboda haɗin gwiwar da ta yi da Christopher Guest, ta bayyana a cikin fina-finai na mockumentary Best in Show (2000), A Mighty Wind (2003), da For Your Consideration (2006).<ref name="wired">{{Cite web |last=Freeman, Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=October 22, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="NPR">{{Cite web |last=Holmes, Linda |date=September 16, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: A Life Of 'Happy Accidents' |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/monkeysee/2011/09/16/140502205/jane-lynch-a-life-of-happy-accidents |access-date=November 21, 2011 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Ta taka rawa a fina-finai masu ban dariya da yawa, kamar The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005), Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), Role Models (2008), Paul (2011), da ''The Three Stooges'' (2012). Ta ba da muryarta ga fina-finai masu yawa, ciki har da Space Chimps (2008), ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'' (2009), Shrek Forever After (2010), ''Rio'' (2011), Wreck-It Ralph fim din (2012-2018), Escape from Planet Earth (2013), da UglyDolls (2019). Lynch kuma an san ta da aikinta na mataki ciki har da rawar da ta taka a wasan kwaikwayo na Nora Ephron na Broadway Love, Loss, da What I Wore a cikin 2009. Ta fara fitowa a Broadway a matsayin Miss Hannigan a farfadowar ''Annie'' a shekarar 2013. Ta koma Broadway a matsayin Mrs. Brice a wani farfadowa, Funny Girl, a cikin 2022. == Rayuwar radio == An haifi Jane Marie Lynch a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1960, a Evergreen Park, [[Illinois]], kuma ta girma a Dolton, Illinois, 'yar mahaifin banki, Frank Joseph Lynch, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Francis J. Lynch Obituary (2003) Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/chicagotribune/name/francis-lynch-obituary?id=2361800 |website=[[Legacy.com]]}}</ref> da mahaifiyar mai kula da gida, Eileen Lynch (née Carney). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Andrew |date=January 24, 2011 |title=See Jane Run |url=http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130154943/http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |archive-date=January 30, 2011 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Elle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Accidents by Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705004404/https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |archive-date=July 5, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Mahaifinta dan asalin Irish ne, iyayensa sun fito ne daga Sonnagh, kusa da Charlestown da Culduff, Killasser, kusa da Swinford duka biyu a County Mayo bi da bi, kuma mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga asalin Irish da Swedish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Grandparents |date=October 3, 2013 |title=Jane Lynch on adults behaving like kids in A.C.O.D. |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/irishvoice/jane-lynch-on-adults-behaving-like-kids-in-acod-video-226322221-237793771 |access-date=October 3, 2013 |publisher=Irish Central}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowles |first=Hamish |date=July 14, 2011 |title=Queen Jane Lynch |url=http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110133629/http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |archive-date=January 10, 2012 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Vogue}}</ref> Ta girma ne a cikin iyalin Katolika kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Thornridge . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tecum |first=Dykeus |date=November 7, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://goodcatholicdykes.wordpress.com/tag/jane-lynch/ |access-date=June 29, 2014 |publisher=Good Catholic Dykes}}</ref><ref name="guardian10" /> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Jihar Illinois a 1982 tare da digiri na wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ta sami digiri na biyu na zane-zane daga Jami'an Cornell a 1984. == Ayyuka == === Ayyuka na farko === Lynch ta yi shekaru 15 a Birnin Chicago, tana aiki a Kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Steppenwolf kuma, a lokacin da ta saurare, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu da aka zaba don shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Birni na Biyu. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da inganta ƙwarewarta ta ban dariya da kuma ingantawa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Annoyance, tana wasa da Carol Brady a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo The Real Live Brady Bunch . Andy Richter ya buga Mike Brady a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na New York. Shi da Lynch sun zama abokai masu kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2010 |title=Jane Lynch at Outfest |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504163006/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video/ |archive-date=May 4, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> === Ayyukan fim === Lynch ta fara fitowa a fina-finai a shekarar 1988, tana taka karamin rawa a fim din Vice Versa . A shekara ta 1993, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa, a matsayin likita Kathy Wahlund, tare da Harrison Ford a cikin The Fugitive . Ta kuma bayyana, a wannan shekarar, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a cikin Fatal Instinct . A cikin shekarun 1990s, ta yi Tallace-tallace na talabijin da yawa, ciki har da daya don Frosted Flakes don masu sauraro, wanda Christopher Guest ya jagoranta. Bayan 'yan shekaru, Guest zai tuna Lynch yayin da ya zaɓi' yan wasan kwaikwayo don wasan kwaikwayo na 2000 mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo. Lynch ya buga Christy Cummings, mai kula da kare na butch ga matarsa Sheri Ann Cabot (Jennifer Coolidge). Daga can, ta zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin masu ba da kyauta, ta bayyana a cikin darektan A Mighty Wind (2003) a matsayin 'yar wasan batsa mai suna Laurie Bohner kuma a cikin For Your Consideration (2006) a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na nishaɗi. Masu sauraro da masu sukar sun lura da Lynch don lokacin da ta yi a Judd Apatow's The 40-Year-Old Virgin . Ta gaya wa Fresh Air's Terry Gross cewa an fara yin rawar ne ga mutum amma kuma cewa, bisa ga shawarar matar Steve Carell Nancy Walls, an miƙa ta ga Lynch a maimakon haka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2009 |title=The many roles of 'Glee' meanie Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=120086244 |access-date=November 29, 2010 |website=npr.org |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Daga can, ta ɗauki matsayi na tallafi a cikin jerin fina-finai ciki har da Role Models, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, Space Chimps, The ''Rocker'', The Hammer, Another Cinderella Story, ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'', Wreck-It, da Spring Breakdown. A cikin ''Julie da Julia'', ta nuna Dorothy McWilliams, 'yar'uwar Julia Child. Entertainment Weekly ta sadaukar da wata kasida a shafin yanar gizon ta game da yiwuwar aikinta na karɓar Kyautar Kwalejin.<ref name="Variety">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Byron |date=March 5, 2008 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224191659/https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |archive-date=February 24, 2020 |access-date=February 24, 2020 |website=Variety}}</ref> Koyaya, ba a zabi ta ba. Ta ba da muryar Bobbi St. Simone a cikin The Venture Bros: Radiant Is the Blood of the Baboon Heart a cikin 2023. === Ayyukan talabijin === Lynch ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da ''Ciyawa'', ciki har da The ''X-Files,'' LA Law, Judging Amy, The West Wing, 7th Heaven, ''Glee,'' Desperate Housewives, Friends, NewsRadio, Married With Children, 3rd Rock From The Sun, Dawson's Creek, Felicity, Arrested Development, ''Lovespring International'', ''Maza Biyu da rabi'', ''Veronica Mars'', Weeds, Boston Legal, L Word, Criminal Minds, Taimaka Ni, Gilmore Girls, Sabon Labarin Tsohon Christine, King, Monk Psych, Theus, Mary, Mary, The Frus. Ta kuma fito tare da John Hannah da William Fichtner a cikin ''MDs'' na 2002 kuma ta bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka Criminal Minds a matsayin mahaifiyar Spencer Reid mai cutar [[Hauka|schizophrenic]]. A shekara ta 2008 ta ba da labari Out & Proud a Chicago, wani shirin da ke ba da labari game da rayuwar [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] a Chicago daga Yaƙin basasa zuwa 2008 ta hanyar labarun 20 na yau da kullun, daga shekaru 30 zuwa shekaru 80. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame |url=http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227201056/http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |archive-date=December 27, 2014 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}</ref> [[Fayil:Jane_Lynch_at_the_69th_Annual_Peabody_Awards.jpg|right|thumb|Jane Lynch a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Peabody karo na 69 ga ''Glee'']] Da farko a shekara ta 2009, Lynch ya bayyana a matsayin memba na yau da kullun na jerin Fox ''''Glee.'''' . Matsayinta ya sake maimaita bayyanar baƙi na baya a cikin The ''X-Files'' da ''Veronica Mars,'' kasancewar ta a karo na uku a matsayin malamin makarantar sakandare mai tsanani. Ta sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai horar da masu gaisuwa, Sue Sylvester . Mary McNamara na ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta rubuta, "Lynch shi kaɗai ya sa Glee ya cancanci kallo. " Kafin aikinta tare da ''Glee,'' ta kasance jerin shirye-shirye na yau da kullun a kan Starz comedy Party Down . Kodayake an sabunta jerin don kakar wasa ta biyu, Lynch ba ta dawo ba saboda aikinta a ''Glee.''<ref name="partydown">{{Cite web |last=Godwin |first=Jennifer |date=July 7, 2009 |title=Who Could Replace Jane Lynch on Party Down? |url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/watch_with_kristin/b133021_who_could_replace_jane_lynch_on_party.html |access-date=July 8, 2009 |publisher=[[E! Online]]}}</ref> Ko da a farkon kwanakin ''Glee'', Lynch ya ci gaba da bin wasu ayyukan. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin Asabar Night Live a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2010; Labarin karbar bakuncin ta ya karya mata da gangan daga shugabanta na ''Glee'', Ryan Murphy, ta hanyar saƙon rubutu. Lynch ya kuma yi baƙo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Nickelodeon]] ''iCarly'' a matsayin Pam Puckett, mahaifiyar Sam Puckett. Lynch kuma ta bayyana babban mai suna Miss Power daga jerin PBS Kids WordGirl a cikin fim din kawai The Rise of Miss Power a cikin 2012. Da farko a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2013, Lynch ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo na NBC ''Hollywood Game Night.'' . Nunin yana da ƙungiyoyi biyu waɗanda suka haɗa da membobin jama'a (fararen hula) da kuma shahararrun da ke fafatawa a wasannin jam'iyya daban-daban, tare da damar fararen hula su kai gida har zuwa $ 25,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hollywood Game Night |url=http://www.nbc.com/hollywood-game-night/ |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=NBC}}</ref> Lynch ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin NBC na musamman ''[[Carson Daly]]">Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly'' a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2013, tare da Carson Saly, mai karɓar Bakuncin ''Muryar.'' Kwarewar farko ta Lynch ta karɓi bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo ta kasance a cikin 2010 lokacin da ta karɓi kyautar VH1 DoSomething Awards ta 2010. An sanar da cewa za ta dauki bakuncin 2011 VH1 DoSomething Awards, wanda aka watsa a kan VH1 a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin lambar yabo ta Emmy ta 63 a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2011, mace ta uku ne kawai a tarihin Emmy don karbar bakuncin lambar bakuncin solo. [[Fayil:GLEE_JANE_LYNCH_LAURA_EMBRY_(wife).jpg|right|thumb| (l-r) Don Norte, Dokta Lara Embry, Jane Lynch, da mijin Norte, mai fafutukar gay Kevin Norte, a Autum P-FLAG 2010's Charitable Event a Otal din London, West Hollywood]] Wani tarihin kansa da Lynch ya rubuta, mai taken Happy Accidents, an buga shi a cikin fall of 2011 ta hanyar Hyperion Voice. Lynch ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don rubuta littafin bayan ta yi tunani game da nasarorin da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata kuma tana fatan za ta iya gaya mata ta ƙara damuwa, ƙarami da kada ta damu sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2011 |title=Previews of Happy Accidents |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425045633/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents/ |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |access-date=June 2, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> Littafin ya hada da cikakkun bayanai game da shekarunta a matsayin mai shaye-shaye da nasarar da ta samu wajen yaki da wannan jaraba. Lynch a bayyane take 'yar luwaɗi kuma ta auri Lara Embry a shekara ta 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Freeman |first=Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=December 24, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Mai son dabba, Lynch yana da karnuka masu ceto guda huɗu. Ta yi rikodin PSA don PETA da ke ƙarfafa karɓar dabbobi masu mafaka, kuma tana tallafawa taron karɓar shekara-shekara a Rose Bowl a Pasadena. Ta kasance mai magana da yawun farko a ajin Kwalejin Smith na 2012 inda ta sami digiri na girmamawa a Fine Arts . == Rayuwa Gida == Lynch ta auri Lara Embry a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2010, a Sunderland, Massachusetts. Sun sake aure a watan Janairun shekara ta 2014. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ix1l86rdtfnchbc1ysob0ebpxt0knzs 883373 883372 2026-07-15T10:18:07Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jane Marie Lynch''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1960) <ref>{{Cite web |last=UPI Staff |title=Famous birthdays for July 14: Jane Lynch, Taboo |url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2021/07/14/Famous-birthdays-for-July-14-Jane-Lynch-Taboo/1271626210459/ |access-date=October 29, 2021 |website=United Press International}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, 'yar wasan kwaikwayon, kuma mawaƙa. An san ta da taka rawa da kuma rawar da ta taka a talabijin mai ban dariya, lambobin yabo sun hada da Golden Globe guda ɗaya, Emmys na farko guda shida da kuma Screen Actors Guild Awards guda biyu. A Shekara ta 2013, Lynch ya sami tauraro a kan Hollywood Walk of Fame . Bayan ta bayyana a cikin sitcom Two and a Half Men (2004-2014) da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo The L Word (2005-2009), Lynch ta sami nasarar taka rawar gani a matsayin Sue Sylvester a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na ''Glee'' (2009-2015). Daga nan sai ta taka rawar gani a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2017-2023), jerin wasan kwaikwayo The Good Fight (2017-2022), da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo masu ban mamaki Only Murders in the Building (2021-2025). Baya ga yin wasan kwaikwayo a [[talabijin]], ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon ''Hollywood Game Night'' (2013-2020) kuma, tun daga 2020, tana aiki a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin da kuma babban furodusa na wasan kwaikwayon The Weakest Link (American version). Lynch ta sami karbuwa saboda haɗin gwiwar da ta yi da Christopher Guest, ta bayyana a cikin fina-finai na mockumentary Best in Show (2000), A Mighty Wind (2003), da For Your Consideration (2006).<ref name="wired">{{Cite web |last=Freeman, Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=October 22, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="NPR">{{Cite web |last=Holmes, Linda |date=September 16, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: A Life Of 'Happy Accidents' |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/monkeysee/2011/09/16/140502205/jane-lynch-a-life-of-happy-accidents |access-date=November 21, 2011 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Ta taka rawa a fina-finai masu ban dariya da yawa, kamar The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005), Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), Role Models (2008), Paul (2011), da ''The Three Stooges'' (2012). Ta ba da muryarta ga fina-finai masu yawa, ciki har da Space Chimps (2008), ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'' (2009), Shrek Forever After (2010), ''Rio'' (2011), Wreck-It Ralph fim din (2012-2018), Escape from Planet Earth (2013), da UglyDolls (2019). Lynch kuma an san ta da aikinta na mataki ciki har da rawar da ta taka a wasan kwaikwayo na Nora Ephron na Broadway Love, Loss, da What I Wore a cikin 2009. Ta fara fitowa a Broadway a matsayin Miss Hannigan a farfadowar ''Annie'' a shekarar 2013. Ta koma Broadway a matsayin Mrs. Brice a wani farfadowa, Funny Girl, a cikin 2022. == Rayuwar radio == An haifi Jane Marie Lynch a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1960, a Evergreen Park, [[Illinois]], kuma ta girma a Dolton, Illinois, 'yar mahaifin banki, Frank Joseph Lynch, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Francis J. Lynch Obituary (2003) Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/chicagotribune/name/francis-lynch-obituary?id=2361800 |website=[[Legacy.com]]}}</ref> da mahaifiyar mai kula da gida, Eileen Lynch (née Carney). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Andrew |date=January 24, 2011 |title=See Jane Run |url=http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130154943/http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |archive-date=January 30, 2011 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Elle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Accidents by Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705004404/https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |archive-date=July 5, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Mahaifinta dan asalin Irish ne, iyayensa sun fito ne daga Sonnagh, kusa da Charlestown da Culduff, Killasser, kusa da Swinford duka biyu a County Mayo bi da bi, kuma mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga asalin Irish da Swedish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Grandparents |date=October 3, 2013 |title=Jane Lynch on adults behaving like kids in A.C.O.D. |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/irishvoice/jane-lynch-on-adults-behaving-like-kids-in-acod-video-226322221-237793771 |access-date=October 3, 2013 |publisher=Irish Central}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowles |first=Hamish |date=July 14, 2011 |title=Queen Jane Lynch |url=http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110133629/http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |archive-date=January 10, 2012 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Vogue}}</ref> Ta girma ne a cikin iyalin Katolika kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Thornridge . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tecum |first=Dykeus |date=November 7, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://goodcatholicdykes.wordpress.com/tag/jane-lynch/ |access-date=June 29, 2014 |publisher=Good Catholic Dykes}}</ref><ref name="guardian10" /> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Jihar Illinois a 1982 tare da digiri na wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ta sami digiri na biyu na zane-zane daga Jami'an Cornell a 1984. == Ayyuka == === Ayyuka na farko === Lynch ta yi shekaru 15 a Birnin Chicago, tana aiki a Kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Steppenwolf kuma, a lokacin da ta saurare, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu da aka zaba don shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Birni na Biyu. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da inganta ƙwarewarta ta ban dariya da kuma ingantawa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Annoyance, tana wasa da Carol Brady a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo The Real Live Brady Bunch . Andy Richter ya buga Mike Brady a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na New York. Shi da Lynch sun zama abokai masu kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2010 |title=Jane Lynch at Outfest |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504163006/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video/ |archive-date=May 4, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> === Ayyukan fim === Lynch ta fara fitowa a fina-finai a shekarar 1988, tana taka karamin rawa a fim din Vice Versa . A shekara ta 1993, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa, a matsayin likita Kathy Wahlund, tare da Harrison Ford a cikin The Fugitive . Ta kuma bayyana, a wannan shekarar, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a cikin Fatal Instinct . A cikin shekarun 1990s, ta yi Tallace-tallace na talabijin da yawa, ciki har da daya don Frosted Flakes don masu sauraro, wanda Christopher Guest ya jagoranta. Bayan 'yan shekaru, Guest zai tuna Lynch yayin da ya zaɓi' yan wasan kwaikwayo don wasan kwaikwayo na 2000 mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo. Lynch ya buga Christy Cummings, mai kula da kare na butch ga matarsa Sheri Ann Cabot (Jennifer Coolidge). Daga can, ta zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin masu ba da kyauta, ta bayyana a cikin darektan A Mighty Wind (2003) a matsayin 'yar wasan batsa mai suna Laurie Bohner kuma a cikin For Your Consideration (2006) a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na nishaɗi. Masu sauraro da masu sukar sun lura da Lynch don lokacin da ta yi a Judd Apatow's The 40-Year-Old Virgin . Ta gaya wa Fresh Air's Terry Gross cewa an fara yin rawar ne ga mutum amma kuma cewa, bisa ga shawarar matar Steve Carell Nancy Walls, an miƙa ta ga Lynch a maimakon haka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2009 |title=The many roles of 'Glee' meanie Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=120086244 |access-date=November 29, 2010 |website=npr.org |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Daga can, ta ɗauki matsayi na tallafi a cikin jerin fina-finai ciki har da Role Models, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, Space Chimps, The ''Rocker'', The Hammer, Another Cinderella Story, ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'', Wreck-It, da Spring Breakdown. A cikin ''Julie da Julia'', ta nuna Dorothy McWilliams, 'yar'uwar Julia Child. Entertainment Weekly ta sadaukar da wata kasida a shafin yanar gizon ta game da yiwuwar aikinta na karɓar Kyautar Kwalejin.<ref name="Variety">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Byron |date=March 5, 2008 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224191659/https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |archive-date=February 24, 2020 |access-date=February 24, 2020 |website=Variety}}</ref> Koyaya, ba a zabi ta ba. Ta ba da muryar Bobbi St. Simone a cikin The Venture Bros: Radiant Is the Blood of the Baboon Heart a cikin 2023. === Ayyukan talabijin === Lynch ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da ''Ciyawa'', ciki har da The ''X-Files,'' LA Law, Judging Amy, The West Wing, 7th Heaven, ''Glee,'' Desperate Housewives, Friends, NewsRadio, Married With Children, 3rd Rock From The Sun, Dawson's Creek, Felicity, Arrested Development, ''Lovespring International'', ''Maza Biyu da rabi'', ''Veronica Mars'', Weeds, Boston Legal, L Word, Criminal Minds, Taimaka Ni, Gilmore Girls, Sabon Labarin Tsohon Christine, King, Monk Psych, Theus, Mary, Mary, The Frus. Ta kuma fito tare da John Hannah da William Fichtner a cikin ''MDs'' na 2002 kuma ta bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka Criminal Minds a matsayin mahaifiyar Spencer Reid mai cutar [[Hauka|schizophrenic]]. A shekara ta 2008 ta ba da labari Out & Proud a Chicago, wani shirin da ke ba da labari game da rayuwar [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] a Chicago daga Yaƙin basasa zuwa 2008 ta hanyar labarun 20 na yau da kullun, daga shekaru 30 zuwa shekaru 80. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame |url=http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227201056/http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |archive-date=December 27, 2014 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}</ref> [[Fayil:Jane_Lynch_at_the_69th_Annual_Peabody_Awards.jpg|right|thumb|Jane Lynch a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Peabody karo na 69 ga ''Glee'']] Da farko a shekara ta 2009, Lynch ya bayyana a matsayin memba na yau da kullun na jerin Fox ''''Glee.'''' . Matsayinta ya sake maimaita bayyanar baƙi na baya a cikin The ''X-Files'' da ''Veronica Mars,'' kasancewar ta a karo na uku a matsayin malamin makarantar sakandare mai tsanani. Ta sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai horar da masu gaisuwa, Sue Sylvester . Mary McNamara na ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta rubuta, "Lynch shi kaɗai ya sa Glee ya cancanci kallo. " Kafin aikinta tare da ''Glee,'' ta kasance jerin shirye-shirye na yau da kullun a kan Starz comedy Party Down . Kodayake an sabunta jerin don kakar wasa ta biyu, Lynch ba ta dawo ba saboda aikinta a ''Glee.''<ref name="partydown">{{Cite web |last=Godwin |first=Jennifer |date=July 7, 2009 |title=Who Could Replace Jane Lynch on Party Down? |url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/watch_with_kristin/b133021_who_could_replace_jane_lynch_on_party.html |access-date=July 8, 2009 |publisher=[[E! Online]]}}</ref> Ko da a farkon kwanakin ''Glee'', Lynch ya ci gaba da bin wasu ayyukan. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin Asabar Night Live a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2010; Labarin karbar bakuncin ta ya karya mata da gangan daga shugabanta na ''Glee'', Ryan Murphy, ta hanyar saƙon rubutu. Lynch ya kuma yi baƙo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Nickelodeon]] ''iCarly'' a matsayin Pam Puckett, mahaifiyar Sam Puckett. Lynch kuma ta bayyana babban mai suna Miss Power daga jerin PBS Kids WordGirl a cikin fim din kawai The Rise of Miss Power a cikin 2012. Da farko a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2013, Lynch ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo na NBC ''Hollywood Game Night.'' . Nunin yana da ƙungiyoyi biyu waɗanda suka haɗa da membobin jama'a (fararen hula) da kuma shahararrun da ke fafatawa a wasannin jam'iyya daban-daban, tare da damar fararen hula su kai gida har zuwa $ 25,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hollywood Game Night |url=http://www.nbc.com/hollywood-game-night/ |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=NBC}}</ref> Lynch ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin NBC na musamman ''[[Carson Daly]]">Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly'' a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2013, tare da Carson Saly, mai karɓar Bakuncin ''Muryar.'' Kwarewar farko ta Lynch ta karɓi bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo ta kasance a cikin 2010 lokacin da ta karɓi kyautar VH1 DoSomething Awards ta 2010. An sanar da cewa za ta dauki bakuncin 2011 VH1 DoSomething Awards, wanda aka watsa a kan VH1 a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin lambar yabo ta Emmy ta 63 a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2011, mace ta uku ne kawai a tarihin Emmy don karbar bakuncin lambar bakuncin solo. [[Fayil:GLEE_JANE_LYNCH_LAURA_EMBRY_(wife).jpg|right|thumb| (l-r) Don Norte, Dokta Lara Embry, Jane Lynch, da mijin Norte, mai fafutukar gay Kevin Norte, a Autum P-FLAG 2010's Charitable Event a Otal din London, West Hollywood]] Wani tarihin kansa da Lynch ya rubuta, mai taken Happy Accidents, an buga shi a cikin fall of 2011 ta hanyar Hyperion Voice. Lynch ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don rubuta littafin bayan ta yi tunani game da nasarorin da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata kuma tana fatan za ta iya gaya mata ta ƙara damuwa, ƙarami da kada ta damu sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2011 |title=Previews of Happy Accidents |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425045633/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents/ |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |access-date=June 2, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> Littafin ya hada da cikakkun bayanai game da shekarunta a matsayin mai shaye-shaye da nasarar da ta samu wajen yaki da wannan jaraba. Lynch a bayyane take 'yar luwaɗi kuma ta auri Lara Embry a shekara ta 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Freeman |first=Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=December 24, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Mai son dabba, Lynch yana da karnuka masu ceto guda huɗu. Ta yi rikodin PSA don PETA da ke ƙarfafa karɓar dabbobi masu mafaka, kuma tana tallafawa taron karɓar shekara-shekara a Rose Bowl a Pasadena. Ta kasance mai magana da yawun farko a ajin Kwalejin Smith na 2012 inda ta sami digiri na girmamawa a Fine Arts . == Rayuwa Gida == Lynch ta auri Lara Embry a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2010, a Sunderland, Massachusetts. Sun sake aure a watan Janairun shekara ta 2014. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ayxvonj2dqtxxidgpv2eby248skqjr5 883374 883373 2026-07-15T10:19:15Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jane Marie Lynch''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1960) <ref>{{Cite web |last=UPI Staff |title=Famous birthdays for July 14: Jane Lynch, Taboo |url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2021/07/14/Famous-birthdays-for-July-14-Jane-Lynch-Taboo/1271626210459/ |access-date=October 29, 2021 |website=United Press International}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, 'yar wasan kwaikwayon, kuma mawaƙa. An san ta da taka rawa da kuma rawar da ta taka a talabijin mai ban dariya, lambobin yabo sun hada da Golden Globe guda ɗaya, Emmys na farko guda shida da kuma Screen Actors Guild Awards guda biyu. A Shekara ta 2013, Lynch ya sami tauraro a kan Hollywood Walk of Fame . Bayan ta bayyana a cikin sitcom Two and a Half Men (2004-2014) da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo The L Word (2005-2009), Lynch ta sami nasarar taka rawar gani a matsayin Sue Sylvester a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na ''Glee'' (2009-2015). Daga nan sai ta taka rawar gani a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2017-2023), jerin wasan kwaikwayo The Good Fight (2017-2022), da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo masu ban mamaki Only Murders in the Building (2021-2025). Baya ga yin wasan kwaikwayo a [[talabijin]], ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon ''Hollywood Game Night'' (2013-2020) kuma, tun daga 2020, tana aiki a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin da kuma babban furodusa na wasan kwaikwayon The Weakest Link (American version). Lynch ta sami karbuwa saboda haɗin gwiwar da ta yi da Christopher Guest, ta bayyana a cikin fina-finai na mockumentary Best in Show (2000), A Mighty Wind (2003), da For Your Consideration (2006).<ref name="wired">{{Cite web |last=Freeman, Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=October 22, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="NPR">{{Cite web |last=Holmes, Linda |date=September 16, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: A Life Of 'Happy Accidents' |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/monkeysee/2011/09/16/140502205/jane-lynch-a-life-of-happy-accidents |access-date=November 21, 2011 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Ta taka rawa a fina-finai masu ban dariya da yawa, kamar The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005), Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), Role Models (2008), Paul (2011), da ''The Three Stooges'' (2012). Ta ba da muryarta ga fina-finai masu yawa, ciki har da Space Chimps (2008), ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'' (2009), Shrek Forever After (2010), ''Rio'' (2011), Wreck-It Ralph fim din (2012-2018), Escape from Planet Earth (2013), da UglyDolls (2019). Lynch kuma an san ta da aikinta na mataki ciki har da rawar da ta taka a wasan kwaikwayo na Nora Ephron na Broadway Love, Loss, da What I Wore a cikin 2009. Ta fara fitowa a Broadway a matsayin Miss Hannigan a farfadowar ''Annie'' a shekarar 2013. Ta koma Broadway a matsayin Mrs. Brice a wani farfadowa, Funny Girl, a shelara 2022. == Rayuwar radio == An haifi Jane Marie Lynch a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1960, a Evergreen Park, [[Illinois]], kuma ta girma a Dolton, Illinois, 'yar mahaifin banki, Frank Joseph Lynch, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Francis J. Lynch Obituary (2003) Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/chicagotribune/name/francis-lynch-obituary?id=2361800 |website=[[Legacy.com]]}}</ref> da mahaifiyar mai kula da gida, Eileen Lynch (née Carney). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Andrew |date=January 24, 2011 |title=See Jane Run |url=http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130154943/http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |archive-date=January 30, 2011 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Elle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Accidents by Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705004404/https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |archive-date=July 5, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Mahaifinta dan asalin Irish ne, iyayensa sun fito ne daga Sonnagh, kusa da Charlestown da Culduff, Killasser, kusa da Swinford duka biyu a County Mayo bi da bi, kuma mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga asalin Irish da Swedish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Grandparents |date=October 3, 2013 |title=Jane Lynch on adults behaving like kids in A.C.O.D. |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/irishvoice/jane-lynch-on-adults-behaving-like-kids-in-acod-video-226322221-237793771 |access-date=October 3, 2013 |publisher=Irish Central}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowles |first=Hamish |date=July 14, 2011 |title=Queen Jane Lynch |url=http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110133629/http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |archive-date=January 10, 2012 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Vogue}}</ref> Ta girma ne a cikin iyalin Katolika kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Thornridge . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tecum |first=Dykeus |date=November 7, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://goodcatholicdykes.wordpress.com/tag/jane-lynch/ |access-date=June 29, 2014 |publisher=Good Catholic Dykes}}</ref><ref name="guardian10" /> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Jihar Illinois a 1982 tare da digiri na wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ta sami digiri na biyu na zane-zane daga Jami'an Cornell a 1984. == Ayyuka == === Ayyuka na farko === Lynch ta yi shekaru 15 a Birnin Chicago, tana aiki a Kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Steppenwolf kuma, a lokacin da ta saurare, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu da aka zaba don shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Birni na Biyu. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da inganta ƙwarewarta ta ban dariya da kuma ingantawa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Annoyance, tana wasa da Carol Brady a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo The Real Live Brady Bunch . Andy Richter ya buga Mike Brady a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na New York. Shi da Lynch sun zama abokai masu kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2010 |title=Jane Lynch at Outfest |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504163006/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video/ |archive-date=May 4, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> === Ayyukan fim === Lynch ta fara fitowa a fina-finai a shekarar 1988, tana taka karamin rawa a fim din Vice Versa . A shekara ta 1993, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa, a matsayin likita Kathy Wahlund, tare da Harrison Ford a cikin The Fugitive . Ta kuma bayyana, a wannan shekarar, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a cikin Fatal Instinct . A cikin shekarun 1990s, ta yi Tallace-tallace na talabijin da yawa, ciki har da daya don Frosted Flakes don masu sauraro, wanda Christopher Guest ya jagoranta. Bayan 'yan shekaru, Guest zai tuna Lynch yayin da ya zaɓi' yan wasan kwaikwayo don wasan kwaikwayo na 2000 mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo. Lynch ya buga Christy Cummings, mai kula da kare na butch ga matarsa Sheri Ann Cabot (Jennifer Coolidge). Daga can, ta zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin masu ba da kyauta, ta bayyana a cikin darektan A Mighty Wind (2003) a matsayin 'yar wasan batsa mai suna Laurie Bohner kuma a cikin For Your Consideration (2006) a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na nishaɗi. Masu sauraro da masu sukar sun lura da Lynch don lokacin da ta yi a Judd Apatow's The 40-Year-Old Virgin . Ta gaya wa Fresh Air's Terry Gross cewa an fara yin rawar ne ga mutum amma kuma cewa, bisa ga shawarar matar Steve Carell Nancy Walls, an miƙa ta ga Lynch a maimakon haka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2009 |title=The many roles of 'Glee' meanie Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=120086244 |access-date=November 29, 2010 |website=npr.org |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Daga can, ta ɗauki matsayi na tallafi a cikin jerin fina-finai ciki har da Role Models, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, Space Chimps, The ''Rocker'', The Hammer, Another Cinderella Story, ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'', Wreck-It, da Spring Breakdown. A cikin ''Julie da Julia'', ta nuna Dorothy McWilliams, 'yar'uwar Julia Child. Entertainment Weekly ta sadaukar da wata kasida a shafin yanar gizon ta game da yiwuwar aikinta na karɓar Kyautar Kwalejin.<ref name="Variety">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Byron |date=March 5, 2008 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224191659/https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |archive-date=February 24, 2020 |access-date=February 24, 2020 |website=Variety}}</ref> Koyaya, ba a zabi ta ba. Ta ba da muryar Bobbi St. Simone a cikin The Venture Bros: Radiant Is the Blood of the Baboon Heart a cikin 2023. === Ayyukan talabijin === Lynch ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da ''Ciyawa'', ciki har da The ''X-Files,'' LA Law, Judging Amy, The West Wing, 7th Heaven, ''Glee,'' Desperate Housewives, Friends, NewsRadio, Married With Children, 3rd Rock From The Sun, Dawson's Creek, Felicity, Arrested Development, ''Lovespring International'', ''Maza Biyu da rabi'', ''Veronica Mars'', Weeds, Boston Legal, L Word, Criminal Minds, Taimaka Ni, Gilmore Girls, Sabon Labarin Tsohon Christine, King, Monk Psych, Theus, Mary, Mary, The Frus. Ta kuma fito tare da John Hannah da William Fichtner a cikin ''MDs'' na 2002 kuma ta bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka Criminal Minds a matsayin mahaifiyar Spencer Reid mai cutar [[Hauka|schizophrenic]]. A shekara ta 2008 ta ba da labari Out & Proud a Chicago, wani shirin da ke ba da labari game da rayuwar [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] a Chicago daga Yaƙin basasa zuwa 2008 ta hanyar labarun 20 na yau da kullun, daga shekaru 30 zuwa shekaru 80. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame |url=http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227201056/http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |archive-date=December 27, 2014 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}</ref> [[Fayil:Jane_Lynch_at_the_69th_Annual_Peabody_Awards.jpg|right|thumb|Jane Lynch a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Peabody karo na 69 ga ''Glee'']] Da farko a shekara ta 2009, Lynch ya bayyana a matsayin memba na yau da kullun na jerin Fox ''''Glee.'''' . Matsayinta ya sake maimaita bayyanar baƙi na baya a cikin The ''X-Files'' da ''Veronica Mars,'' kasancewar ta a karo na uku a matsayin malamin makarantar sakandare mai tsanani. Ta sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai horar da masu gaisuwa, Sue Sylvester . Mary McNamara na ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta rubuta, "Lynch shi kaɗai ya sa Glee ya cancanci kallo. " Kafin aikinta tare da ''Glee,'' ta kasance jerin shirye-shirye na yau da kullun a kan Starz comedy Party Down . Kodayake an sabunta jerin don kakar wasa ta biyu, Lynch ba ta dawo ba saboda aikinta a ''Glee.''<ref name="partydown">{{Cite web |last=Godwin |first=Jennifer |date=July 7, 2009 |title=Who Could Replace Jane Lynch on Party Down? |url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/watch_with_kristin/b133021_who_could_replace_jane_lynch_on_party.html |access-date=July 8, 2009 |publisher=[[E! Online]]}}</ref> Ko da a farkon kwanakin ''Glee'', Lynch ya ci gaba da bin wasu ayyukan. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin Asabar Night Live a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2010; Labarin karbar bakuncin ta ya karya mata da gangan daga shugabanta na ''Glee'', Ryan Murphy, ta hanyar saƙon rubutu. Lynch ya kuma yi baƙo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Nickelodeon]] ''iCarly'' a matsayin Pam Puckett, mahaifiyar Sam Puckett. Lynch kuma ta bayyana babban mai suna Miss Power daga jerin PBS Kids WordGirl a cikin fim din kawai The Rise of Miss Power a cikin 2012. Da farko a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2013, Lynch ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo na NBC ''Hollywood Game Night.'' . Nunin yana da ƙungiyoyi biyu waɗanda suka haɗa da membobin jama'a (fararen hula) da kuma shahararrun da ke fafatawa a wasannin jam'iyya daban-daban, tare da damar fararen hula su kai gida har zuwa $ 25,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hollywood Game Night |url=http://www.nbc.com/hollywood-game-night/ |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=NBC}}</ref> Lynch ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin NBC na musamman ''[[Carson Daly]]">Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly'' a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2013, tare da Carson Saly, mai karɓar Bakuncin ''Muryar.'' Kwarewar farko ta Lynch ta karɓi bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo ta kasance a cikin 2010 lokacin da ta karɓi kyautar VH1 DoSomething Awards ta 2010. An sanar da cewa za ta dauki bakuncin 2011 VH1 DoSomething Awards, wanda aka watsa a kan VH1 a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin lambar yabo ta Emmy ta 63 a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2011, mace ta uku ne kawai a tarihin Emmy don karbar bakuncin lambar bakuncin solo. [[Fayil:GLEE_JANE_LYNCH_LAURA_EMBRY_(wife).jpg|right|thumb| (l-r) Don Norte, Dokta Lara Embry, Jane Lynch, da mijin Norte, mai fafutukar gay Kevin Norte, a Autum P-FLAG 2010's Charitable Event a Otal din London, West Hollywood]] Wani tarihin kansa da Lynch ya rubuta, mai taken Happy Accidents, an buga shi a cikin fall of 2011 ta hanyar Hyperion Voice. Lynch ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don rubuta littafin bayan ta yi tunani game da nasarorin da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata kuma tana fatan za ta iya gaya mata ta ƙara damuwa, ƙarami da kada ta damu sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2011 |title=Previews of Happy Accidents |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425045633/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents/ |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |access-date=June 2, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> Littafin ya hada da cikakkun bayanai game da shekarunta a matsayin mai shaye-shaye da nasarar da ta samu wajen yaki da wannan jaraba. Lynch a bayyane take 'yar luwaɗi kuma ta auri Lara Embry a shekara ta 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Freeman |first=Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=December 24, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Mai son dabba, Lynch yana da karnuka masu ceto guda huɗu. Ta yi rikodin PSA don PETA da ke ƙarfafa karɓar dabbobi masu mafaka, kuma tana tallafawa taron karɓar shekara-shekara a Rose Bowl a Pasadena. Ta kasance mai magana da yawun farko a ajin Kwalejin Smith na 2012 inda ta sami digiri na girmamawa a Fine Arts . == Rayuwa Gida == Lynch ta auri Lara Embry a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2010, a Sunderland, Massachusetts. Sun sake aure a watan Janairun shekara ta 2014. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ftfulkved0zu4ce4cfouatx9htl1hq3 883375 883374 2026-07-15T10:20:00Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jane Marie Lynch''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1960) <ref>{{Cite web |last=UPI Staff |title=Famous birthdays for July 14: Jane Lynch, Taboo |url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2021/07/14/Famous-birthdays-for-July-14-Jane-Lynch-Taboo/1271626210459/ |access-date=October 29, 2021 |website=United Press International}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, 'yar wasan kwaikwayon, kuma mawaƙa. An san ta da taka rawa da kuma rawar da ta taka a talabijin mai ban dariya, lambobin yabo sun hada da Golden Globe guda ɗaya, Emmys na farko guda shida da kuma Screen Actors Guild Awards guda biyu. A Shekara ta 2013, Lynch ya sami tauraro a kan Hollywood Walk of Fame . Bayan ta bayyana a cikin sitcom Two and a Half Men (2004-2014) da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo The L Word (2005-2009), Lynch ta sami nasarar taka rawar gani a matsayin Sue Sylvester a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na ''Glee'' (2009-2015). Daga nan sai ta taka rawar gani a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2017-2023), jerin wasan kwaikwayo The Good Fight (2017-2022), da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo masu ban mamaki Only Murders in the Building (2021-2025). Baya ga yin wasan kwaikwayo a [[talabijin]], ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon ''Hollywood Game Night'' (2013-2020) kuma, tun daga 2020, tana aiki a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin da kuma babban furodusa na wasan kwaikwayon The Weakest Link (American version). Lynch ta sami karbuwa saboda haɗin gwiwar da ta yi da Christopher Guest, ta bayyana a cikin fina-finai na mockumentary Best in Show (2000), A Mighty Wind (2003), da For Your Consideration (2006).<ref name="wired">{{Cite web |last=Freeman, Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=October 22, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="NPR">{{Cite web |last=Holmes, Linda |date=September 16, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: A Life Of 'Happy Accidents' |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/monkeysee/2011/09/16/140502205/jane-lynch-a-life-of-happy-accidents |access-date=November 21, 2011 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Ta taka rawa a fina-finai masu ban dariya da yawa, kamar The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005), Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), Role Models (2008), Paul (2011), da ''The Three Stooges'' (2012). Ta ba da muryarta ga fina-finai masu yawa, ciki har da Space Chimps (2008), ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'' (2009), Shrek Forever After (2010), ''Rio'' (2011), Wreck-It Ralph fim din (2012-2018), Escape from Planet Earth (2013), da UglyDolls (2019). Lynch kuma an san ta da aikinta na mataki ciki har da rawar da ta taka a wasan kwaikwayo na Nora Ephron na Broadway Love, Loss, da What I Wore a cikin 2009. Ta fara fitowa a Broadway a matsayin Miss Hannigan a farfadowar ''Annie'' a shekarar 2013. Ta koma Broadway a matsayin Mrs. Brice a wani farfadowa, Funny Girl, a shekaara ta 2022. == Rayuwar radio == An haifi Jane Marie Lynch a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1960, a Evergreen Park, [[Illinois]], kuma ta girma a Dolton, Illinois, 'yar mahaifin banki, Frank Joseph Lynch, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Francis J. Lynch Obituary (2003) Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/chicagotribune/name/francis-lynch-obituary?id=2361800 |website=[[Legacy.com]]}}</ref> da mahaifiyar mai kula da gida, Eileen Lynch (née Carney). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Andrew |date=January 24, 2011 |title=See Jane Run |url=http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130154943/http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |archive-date=January 30, 2011 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Elle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Accidents by Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705004404/https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |archive-date=July 5, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Mahaifinta dan asalin Irish ne, iyayensa sun fito ne daga Sonnagh, kusa da Charlestown da Culduff, Killasser, kusa da Swinford duka biyu a County Mayo bi da bi, kuma mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga asalin Irish da Swedish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Grandparents |date=October 3, 2013 |title=Jane Lynch on adults behaving like kids in A.C.O.D. |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/irishvoice/jane-lynch-on-adults-behaving-like-kids-in-acod-video-226322221-237793771 |access-date=October 3, 2013 |publisher=Irish Central}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowles |first=Hamish |date=July 14, 2011 |title=Queen Jane Lynch |url=http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110133629/http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |archive-date=January 10, 2012 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Vogue}}</ref> Ta girma ne a cikin iyalin Katolika kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Thornridge . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tecum |first=Dykeus |date=November 7, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://goodcatholicdykes.wordpress.com/tag/jane-lynch/ |access-date=June 29, 2014 |publisher=Good Catholic Dykes}}</ref><ref name="guardian10" /> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Jihar Illinois a 1982 tare da digiri na wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ta sami digiri na biyu na zane-zane daga Jami'an Cornell a 1984. == Ayyuka == === Ayyuka na farko === Lynch ta yi shekaru 15 a Birnin Chicago, tana aiki a Kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Steppenwolf kuma, a lokacin da ta saurare, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu da aka zaba don shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Birni na Biyu. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da inganta ƙwarewarta ta ban dariya da kuma ingantawa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Annoyance, tana wasa da Carol Brady a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo The Real Live Brady Bunch . Andy Richter ya buga Mike Brady a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na New York. Shi da Lynch sun zama abokai masu kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2010 |title=Jane Lynch at Outfest |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504163006/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video/ |archive-date=May 4, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> === Ayyukan fim === Lynch ta fara fitowa a fina-finai a shekarar 1988, tana taka karamin rawa a fim din Vice Versa . A shekara ta 1993, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa, a matsayin likita Kathy Wahlund, tare da Harrison Ford a cikin The Fugitive . Ta kuma bayyana, a wannan shekarar, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a cikin Fatal Instinct . A cikin shekarun 1990s, ta yi Tallace-tallace na talabijin da yawa, ciki har da daya don Frosted Flakes don masu sauraro, wanda Christopher Guest ya jagoranta. Bayan 'yan shekaru, Guest zai tuna Lynch yayin da ya zaɓi' yan wasan kwaikwayo don wasan kwaikwayo na 2000 mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo. Lynch ya buga Christy Cummings, mai kula da kare na butch ga matarsa Sheri Ann Cabot (Jennifer Coolidge). Daga can, ta zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin masu ba da kyauta, ta bayyana a cikin darektan A Mighty Wind (2003) a matsayin 'yar wasan batsa mai suna Laurie Bohner kuma a cikin For Your Consideration (2006) a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na nishaɗi. Masu sauraro da masu sukar sun lura da Lynch don lokacin da ta yi a Judd Apatow's The 40-Year-Old Virgin . Ta gaya wa Fresh Air's Terry Gross cewa an fara yin rawar ne ga mutum amma kuma cewa, bisa ga shawarar matar Steve Carell Nancy Walls, an miƙa ta ga Lynch a maimakon haka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2009 |title=The many roles of 'Glee' meanie Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=120086244 |access-date=November 29, 2010 |website=npr.org |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Daga can, ta ɗauki matsayi na tallafi a cikin jerin fina-finai ciki har da Role Models, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, Space Chimps, The ''Rocker'', The Hammer, Another Cinderella Story, ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'', Wreck-It, da Spring Breakdown. A cikin ''Julie da Julia'', ta nuna Dorothy McWilliams, 'yar'uwar Julia Child. Entertainment Weekly ta sadaukar da wata kasida a shafin yanar gizon ta game da yiwuwar aikinta na karɓar Kyautar Kwalejin.<ref name="Variety">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Byron |date=March 5, 2008 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224191659/https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |archive-date=February 24, 2020 |access-date=February 24, 2020 |website=Variety}}</ref> Koyaya, ba a zabi ta ba. Ta ba da muryar Bobbi St. Simone a cikin The Venture Bros: Radiant Is the Blood of the Baboon Heart a cikin 2023. === Ayyukan talabijin === Lynch ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da ''Ciyawa'', ciki har da The ''X-Files,'' LA Law, Judging Amy, The West Wing, 7th Heaven, ''Glee,'' Desperate Housewives, Friends, NewsRadio, Married With Children, 3rd Rock From The Sun, Dawson's Creek, Felicity, Arrested Development, ''Lovespring International'', ''Maza Biyu da rabi'', ''Veronica Mars'', Weeds, Boston Legal, L Word, Criminal Minds, Taimaka Ni, Gilmore Girls, Sabon Labarin Tsohon Christine, King, Monk Psych, Theus, Mary, Mary, The Frus. Ta kuma fito tare da John Hannah da William Fichtner a cikin ''MDs'' na 2002 kuma ta bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka Criminal Minds a matsayin mahaifiyar Spencer Reid mai cutar [[Hauka|schizophrenic]]. A shekara ta 2008 ta ba da labari Out & Proud a Chicago, wani shirin da ke ba da labari game da rayuwar [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] a Chicago daga Yaƙin basasa zuwa 2008 ta hanyar labarun 20 na yau da kullun, daga shekaru 30 zuwa shekaru 80. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame |url=http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227201056/http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |archive-date=December 27, 2014 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}</ref> [[Fayil:Jane_Lynch_at_the_69th_Annual_Peabody_Awards.jpg|right|thumb|Jane Lynch a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Peabody karo na 69 ga ''Glee'']] Da farko a shekara ta 2009, Lynch ya bayyana a matsayin memba na yau da kullun na jerin Fox ''''Glee.'''' . Matsayinta ya sake maimaita bayyanar baƙi na baya a cikin The ''X-Files'' da ''Veronica Mars,'' kasancewar ta a karo na uku a matsayin malamin makarantar sakandare mai tsanani. Ta sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai horar da masu gaisuwa, Sue Sylvester . Mary McNamara na ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta rubuta, "Lynch shi kaɗai ya sa Glee ya cancanci kallo. " Kafin aikinta tare da ''Glee,'' ta kasance jerin shirye-shirye na yau da kullun a kan Starz comedy Party Down . Kodayake an sabunta jerin don kakar wasa ta biyu, Lynch ba ta dawo ba saboda aikinta a ''Glee.''<ref name="partydown">{{Cite web |last=Godwin |first=Jennifer |date=July 7, 2009 |title=Who Could Replace Jane Lynch on Party Down? |url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/watch_with_kristin/b133021_who_could_replace_jane_lynch_on_party.html |access-date=July 8, 2009 |publisher=[[E! Online]]}}</ref> Ko da a farkon kwanakin ''Glee'', Lynch ya ci gaba da bin wasu ayyukan. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin Asabar Night Live a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2010; Labarin karbar bakuncin ta ya karya mata da gangan daga shugabanta na ''Glee'', Ryan Murphy, ta hanyar saƙon rubutu. Lynch ya kuma yi baƙo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Nickelodeon]] ''iCarly'' a matsayin Pam Puckett, mahaifiyar Sam Puckett. Lynch kuma ta bayyana babban mai suna Miss Power daga jerin PBS Kids WordGirl a cikin fim din kawai The Rise of Miss Power a cikin 2012. Da farko a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2013, Lynch ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo na NBC ''Hollywood Game Night.'' . Nunin yana da ƙungiyoyi biyu waɗanda suka haɗa da membobin jama'a (fararen hula) da kuma shahararrun da ke fafatawa a wasannin jam'iyya daban-daban, tare da damar fararen hula su kai gida har zuwa $ 25,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hollywood Game Night |url=http://www.nbc.com/hollywood-game-night/ |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=NBC}}</ref> Lynch ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin NBC na musamman ''[[Carson Daly]]">Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly'' a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2013, tare da Carson Saly, mai karɓar Bakuncin ''Muryar.'' Kwarewar farko ta Lynch ta karɓi bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo ta kasance a cikin 2010 lokacin da ta karɓi kyautar VH1 DoSomething Awards ta 2010. An sanar da cewa za ta dauki bakuncin 2011 VH1 DoSomething Awards, wanda aka watsa a kan VH1 a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin lambar yabo ta Emmy ta 63 a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2011, mace ta uku ne kawai a tarihin Emmy don karbar bakuncin lambar bakuncin solo. [[Fayil:GLEE_JANE_LYNCH_LAURA_EMBRY_(wife).jpg|right|thumb| (l-r) Don Norte, Dokta Lara Embry, Jane Lynch, da mijin Norte, mai fafutukar gay Kevin Norte, a Autum P-FLAG 2010's Charitable Event a Otal din London, West Hollywood]] Wani tarihin kansa da Lynch ya rubuta, mai taken Happy Accidents, an buga shi a cikin fall of 2011 ta hanyar Hyperion Voice. Lynch ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don rubuta littafin bayan ta yi tunani game da nasarorin da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata kuma tana fatan za ta iya gaya mata ta ƙara damuwa, ƙarami da kada ta damu sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2011 |title=Previews of Happy Accidents |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425045633/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents/ |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |access-date=June 2, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> Littafin ya hada da cikakkun bayanai game da shekarunta a matsayin mai shaye-shaye da nasarar da ta samu wajen yaki da wannan jaraba. Lynch a bayyane take 'yar luwaɗi kuma ta auri Lara Embry a shekara ta 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Freeman |first=Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=December 24, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Mai son dabba, Lynch yana da karnuka masu ceto guda huɗu. Ta yi rikodin PSA don PETA da ke ƙarfafa karɓar dabbobi masu mafaka, kuma tana tallafawa taron karɓar shekara-shekara a Rose Bowl a Pasadena. Ta kasance mai magana da yawun farko a ajin Kwalejin Smith na 2012 inda ta sami digiri na girmamawa a Fine Arts . == Rayuwa Gida == Lynch ta auri Lara Embry a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2010, a Sunderland, Massachusetts. Sun sake aure a watan Janairun shekara ta 2014. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hgytclegarywr2l5afpcue7hzj5pa6t 883376 883375 2026-07-15T10:20:32Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jane Marie Lynch''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1960) <ref>{{Cite web |last=UPI Staff |title=Famous birthdays for July 14: Jane Lynch, Taboo |url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2021/07/14/Famous-birthdays-for-July-14-Jane-Lynch-Taboo/1271626210459/ |access-date=October 29, 2021 |website=United Press International}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, 'yar wasan kwaikwayon, kuma mawaƙa. An san ta da taka rawa da kuma rawar da ta taka a talabijin mai ban dariya, lambobin yabo sun hada da Golden Globe guda ɗaya, Emmys na farko guda shida da kuma Screen Actors Guild Awards guda biyu. A Shekara ta 2013, Lynch ya sami tauraro a kan Hollywood Walk of Fame . Bayan ta bayyana a cikin sitcom Two and a Half Men (2004-2014) da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo The L Word (2005-2009), Lynch ta sami nasarar taka rawar gani a matsayin Sue Sylvester a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na ''Glee'' (2009-2015). Daga nan sai ta taka rawar gani a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2017-2023), jerin wasan kwaikwayo The Good Fight (2017-2022), da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo masu ban mamaki Only Murders in the Building (2021-2025). Baya ga yin wasan kwaikwayo a [[talabijin]], ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon ''Hollywood Game Night'' (2013-2020) kuma, tun daga 2020, tana aiki a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin da kuma babban furodusa na wasan kwaikwayon The Weakest Link (American version). Lynch ta sami karbuwa saboda haɗin gwiwar da ta yi da Christopher Guest, ta bayyana a cikin fina-finai na mockumentary Best in Show (2000), A Mighty Wind (2003), da For Your Consideration (2006).<ref name="wired">{{Cite web |last=Freeman, Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=October 22, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="NPR">{{Cite web |last=Holmes, Linda |date=September 16, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: A Life Of 'Happy Accidents' |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/monkeysee/2011/09/16/140502205/jane-lynch-a-life-of-happy-accidents |access-date=November 21, 2011 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Ta taka rawa a fina-finai masu ban dariya da yawa, kamar The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005), Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), Role Models (2008), Paul (2011), da ''The Three Stooges'' (2012). Ta ba da muryarta ga fina-finai masu yawa, ciki har da Space Chimps (2008), ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'' (2009), Shrek Forever After (2010), ''Rio'' (2011), Wreck-It Ralph fim din (2012-2018), Escape from Planet Earth (2013), da UglyDolls (2019). Lynch kuma an san ta da aikinta na mataki ciki har da rawar da ta taka a wasan kwaikwayo na Nora Ephron na Broadway Love, Loss, da What I Wore a cikin 2009. Ta fara fitowa a Broadway a matsayin Miss Hannigan a farfadowar ''Annie'' a shekarar 2013. Ta koma Broadway a matsayin Mrs. Brice a wani farfadowa, Funny Girl, a shekaara ta 2022. == Rayuwar radiyo == An haifi Jane Marie Lynch a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1960, a Evergreen Park, [[Illinois]], kuma ta girma a Dolton, Illinois, 'yar mahaifin banki, Frank Joseph Lynch, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Francis J. Lynch Obituary (2003) Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/chicagotribune/name/francis-lynch-obituary?id=2361800 |website=[[Legacy.com]]}}</ref> da mahaifiyar mai kula da gida, Eileen Lynch (née Carney). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Andrew |date=January 24, 2011 |title=See Jane Run |url=http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130154943/http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |archive-date=January 30, 2011 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Elle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Accidents by Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705004404/https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |archive-date=July 5, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Mahaifinta dan asalin Irish ne, iyayensa sun fito ne daga Sonnagh, kusa da Charlestown da Culduff, Killasser, kusa da Swinford duka biyu a County Mayo bi da bi, kuma mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga asalin Irish da Swedish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Grandparents |date=October 3, 2013 |title=Jane Lynch on adults behaving like kids in A.C.O.D. |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/irishvoice/jane-lynch-on-adults-behaving-like-kids-in-acod-video-226322221-237793771 |access-date=October 3, 2013 |publisher=Irish Central}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowles |first=Hamish |date=July 14, 2011 |title=Queen Jane Lynch |url=http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110133629/http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |archive-date=January 10, 2012 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Vogue}}</ref> Ta girma ne a cikin iyalin Katolika kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Thornridge . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tecum |first=Dykeus |date=November 7, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://goodcatholicdykes.wordpress.com/tag/jane-lynch/ |access-date=June 29, 2014 |publisher=Good Catholic Dykes}}</ref><ref name="guardian10" /> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Jihar Illinois a 1982 tare da digiri na wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ta sami digiri na biyu na zane-zane daga Jami'an Cornell a 1984. == Ayyuka == === Ayyuka na farko === Lynch ta yi shekaru 15 a Birnin Chicago, tana aiki a Kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Steppenwolf kuma, a lokacin da ta saurare, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu da aka zaba don shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Birni na Biyu. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da inganta ƙwarewarta ta ban dariya da kuma ingantawa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Annoyance, tana wasa da Carol Brady a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo The Real Live Brady Bunch . Andy Richter ya buga Mike Brady a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na New York. Shi da Lynch sun zama abokai masu kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2010 |title=Jane Lynch at Outfest |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504163006/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video/ |archive-date=May 4, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> === Ayyukan fim === Lynch ta fara fitowa a fina-finai a shekarar 1988, tana taka karamin rawa a fim din Vice Versa . A shekara ta 1993, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa, a matsayin likita Kathy Wahlund, tare da Harrison Ford a cikin The Fugitive . Ta kuma bayyana, a wannan shekarar, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a cikin Fatal Instinct . A cikin shekarun 1990s, ta yi Tallace-tallace na talabijin da yawa, ciki har da daya don Frosted Flakes don masu sauraro, wanda Christopher Guest ya jagoranta. Bayan 'yan shekaru, Guest zai tuna Lynch yayin da ya zaɓi' yan wasan kwaikwayo don wasan kwaikwayo na 2000 mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo. Lynch ya buga Christy Cummings, mai kula da kare na butch ga matarsa Sheri Ann Cabot (Jennifer Coolidge). Daga can, ta zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin masu ba da kyauta, ta bayyana a cikin darektan A Mighty Wind (2003) a matsayin 'yar wasan batsa mai suna Laurie Bohner kuma a cikin For Your Consideration (2006) a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na nishaɗi. Masu sauraro da masu sukar sun lura da Lynch don lokacin da ta yi a Judd Apatow's The 40-Year-Old Virgin . Ta gaya wa Fresh Air's Terry Gross cewa an fara yin rawar ne ga mutum amma kuma cewa, bisa ga shawarar matar Steve Carell Nancy Walls, an miƙa ta ga Lynch a maimakon haka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2009 |title=The many roles of 'Glee' meanie Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=120086244 |access-date=November 29, 2010 |website=npr.org |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Daga can, ta ɗauki matsayi na tallafi a cikin jerin fina-finai ciki har da Role Models, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, Space Chimps, The ''Rocker'', The Hammer, Another Cinderella Story, ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'', Wreck-It, da Spring Breakdown. A cikin ''Julie da Julia'', ta nuna Dorothy McWilliams, 'yar'uwar Julia Child. Entertainment Weekly ta sadaukar da wata kasida a shafin yanar gizon ta game da yiwuwar aikinta na karɓar Kyautar Kwalejin.<ref name="Variety">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Byron |date=March 5, 2008 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224191659/https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |archive-date=February 24, 2020 |access-date=February 24, 2020 |website=Variety}}</ref> Koyaya, ba a zabi ta ba. Ta ba da muryar Bobbi St. Simone a cikin The Venture Bros: Radiant Is the Blood of the Baboon Heart a cikin 2023. === Ayyukan talabijin === Lynch ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da ''Ciyawa'', ciki har da The ''X-Files,'' LA Law, Judging Amy, The West Wing, 7th Heaven, ''Glee,'' Desperate Housewives, Friends, NewsRadio, Married With Children, 3rd Rock From The Sun, Dawson's Creek, Felicity, Arrested Development, ''Lovespring International'', ''Maza Biyu da rabi'', ''Veronica Mars'', Weeds, Boston Legal, L Word, Criminal Minds, Taimaka Ni, Gilmore Girls, Sabon Labarin Tsohon Christine, King, Monk Psych, Theus, Mary, Mary, The Frus. Ta kuma fito tare da John Hannah da William Fichtner a cikin ''MDs'' na 2002 kuma ta bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka Criminal Minds a matsayin mahaifiyar Spencer Reid mai cutar [[Hauka|schizophrenic]]. A shekara ta 2008 ta ba da labari Out & Proud a Chicago, wani shirin da ke ba da labari game da rayuwar [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] a Chicago daga Yaƙin basasa zuwa 2008 ta hanyar labarun 20 na yau da kullun, daga shekaru 30 zuwa shekaru 80. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame |url=http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227201056/http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |archive-date=December 27, 2014 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}</ref> [[Fayil:Jane_Lynch_at_the_69th_Annual_Peabody_Awards.jpg|right|thumb|Jane Lynch a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Peabody karo na 69 ga ''Glee'']] Da farko a shekara ta 2009, Lynch ya bayyana a matsayin memba na yau da kullun na jerin Fox ''''Glee.'''' . Matsayinta ya sake maimaita bayyanar baƙi na baya a cikin The ''X-Files'' da ''Veronica Mars,'' kasancewar ta a karo na uku a matsayin malamin makarantar sakandare mai tsanani. Ta sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai horar da masu gaisuwa, Sue Sylvester . Mary McNamara na ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta rubuta, "Lynch shi kaɗai ya sa Glee ya cancanci kallo. " Kafin aikinta tare da ''Glee,'' ta kasance jerin shirye-shirye na yau da kullun a kan Starz comedy Party Down . Kodayake an sabunta jerin don kakar wasa ta biyu, Lynch ba ta dawo ba saboda aikinta a ''Glee.''<ref name="partydown">{{Cite web |last=Godwin |first=Jennifer |date=July 7, 2009 |title=Who Could Replace Jane Lynch on Party Down? |url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/watch_with_kristin/b133021_who_could_replace_jane_lynch_on_party.html |access-date=July 8, 2009 |publisher=[[E! Online]]}}</ref> Ko da a farkon kwanakin ''Glee'', Lynch ya ci gaba da bin wasu ayyukan. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin Asabar Night Live a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2010; Labarin karbar bakuncin ta ya karya mata da gangan daga shugabanta na ''Glee'', Ryan Murphy, ta hanyar saƙon rubutu. Lynch ya kuma yi baƙo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Nickelodeon]] ''iCarly'' a matsayin Pam Puckett, mahaifiyar Sam Puckett. Lynch kuma ta bayyana babban mai suna Miss Power daga jerin PBS Kids WordGirl a cikin fim din kawai The Rise of Miss Power a cikin 2012. Da farko a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2013, Lynch ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo na NBC ''Hollywood Game Night.'' . Nunin yana da ƙungiyoyi biyu waɗanda suka haɗa da membobin jama'a (fararen hula) da kuma shahararrun da ke fafatawa a wasannin jam'iyya daban-daban, tare da damar fararen hula su kai gida har zuwa $ 25,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hollywood Game Night |url=http://www.nbc.com/hollywood-game-night/ |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=NBC}}</ref> Lynch ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin NBC na musamman ''[[Carson Daly]]">Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly'' a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2013, tare da Carson Saly, mai karɓar Bakuncin ''Muryar.'' Kwarewar farko ta Lynch ta karɓi bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo ta kasance a cikin 2010 lokacin da ta karɓi kyautar VH1 DoSomething Awards ta 2010. An sanar da cewa za ta dauki bakuncin 2011 VH1 DoSomething Awards, wanda aka watsa a kan VH1 a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin lambar yabo ta Emmy ta 63 a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2011, mace ta uku ne kawai a tarihin Emmy don karbar bakuncin lambar bakuncin solo. [[Fayil:GLEE_JANE_LYNCH_LAURA_EMBRY_(wife).jpg|right|thumb| (l-r) Don Norte, Dokta Lara Embry, Jane Lynch, da mijin Norte, mai fafutukar gay Kevin Norte, a Autum P-FLAG 2010's Charitable Event a Otal din London, West Hollywood]] Wani tarihin kansa da Lynch ya rubuta, mai taken Happy Accidents, an buga shi a cikin fall of 2011 ta hanyar Hyperion Voice. Lynch ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don rubuta littafin bayan ta yi tunani game da nasarorin da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata kuma tana fatan za ta iya gaya mata ta ƙara damuwa, ƙarami da kada ta damu sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2011 |title=Previews of Happy Accidents |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425045633/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents/ |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |access-date=June 2, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> Littafin ya hada da cikakkun bayanai game da shekarunta a matsayin mai shaye-shaye da nasarar da ta samu wajen yaki da wannan jaraba. Lynch a bayyane take 'yar luwaɗi kuma ta auri Lara Embry a shekara ta 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Freeman |first=Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=December 24, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Mai son dabba, Lynch yana da karnuka masu ceto guda huɗu. Ta yi rikodin PSA don PETA da ke ƙarfafa karɓar dabbobi masu mafaka, kuma tana tallafawa taron karɓar shekara-shekara a Rose Bowl a Pasadena. Ta kasance mai magana da yawun farko a ajin Kwalejin Smith na 2012 inda ta sami digiri na girmamawa a Fine Arts . == Rayuwa Gida == Lynch ta auri Lara Embry a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2010, a Sunderland, Massachusetts. Sun sake aure a watan Janairun shekara ta 2014. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mcgur8i79m6ugwzd9fqe1elwhw2l9wo 883377 883376 2026-07-15T10:21:11Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jane Marie Lynch''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1960) <ref>{{Cite web |last=UPI Staff |title=Famous birthdays for July 14: Jane Lynch, Taboo |url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2021/07/14/Famous-birthdays-for-July-14-Jane-Lynch-Taboo/1271626210459/ |access-date=October 29, 2021 |website=United Press International}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, 'yar wasan kwaikwayon, kuma mawaƙa. An san ta da taka rawa da kuma rawar da ta taka a talabijin mai ban dariya, lambobin yabo sun hada da Golden Globe guda ɗaya, Emmys na farko guda shida da kuma Screen Actors Guild Awards guda biyu. A Shekara ta 2013, Lynch ya sami tauraro a kan Hollywood Walk of Fame . Bayan ta bayyana a cikin sitcom Two and a Half Men (2004-2014) da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo The L Word (2005-2009), Lynch ta sami nasarar taka rawar gani a matsayin Sue Sylvester a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na ''Glee'' (2009-2015). Daga nan sai ta taka rawar gani a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2017-2023), jerin wasan kwaikwayo The Good Fight (2017-2022), da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo masu ban mamaki Only Murders in the Building (2021-2025). Baya ga yin wasan kwaikwayo a [[talabijin]], ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon ''Hollywood Game Night'' (2013-2020) kuma, tun daga 2020, tana aiki a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin da kuma babban furodusa na wasan kwaikwayon The Weakest Link (American version). Lynch ta sami karbuwa saboda haɗin gwiwar da ta yi da Christopher Guest, ta bayyana a cikin fina-finai na mockumentary Best in Show (2000), A Mighty Wind (2003), da For Your Consideration (2006).<ref name="wired">{{Cite web |last=Freeman, Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=October 22, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="NPR">{{Cite web |last=Holmes, Linda |date=September 16, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: A Life Of 'Happy Accidents' |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/monkeysee/2011/09/16/140502205/jane-lynch-a-life-of-happy-accidents |access-date=November 21, 2011 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Ta taka rawa a fina-finai masu ban dariya da yawa, kamar The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005), Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), Role Models (2008), Paul (2011), da ''The Three Stooges'' (2012). Ta ba da muryarta ga fina-finai masu yawa, ciki har da Space Chimps (2008), ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'' (2009), Shrek Forever After (2010), ''Rio'' (2011), Wreck-It Ralph fim din (2012-2018), Escape from Planet Earth (2013), da UglyDolls (2019). Lynch kuma an san ta da aikinta na mataki ciki har da rawar da ta taka a wasan kwaikwayo na Nora Ephron na Broadway Love, Loss, da What I Wore a cikin 2009. Ta fara fitowa a Broadway a matsayin Miss Hannigan a farfadowar ''Annie'' a shekara ta 2013. Ta koma Broadway a matsayin Mrs. Brice a wani farfadowa, Funny Girl, a shekaara ta 2022. == Rayuwar radiyo == An haifi Jane Marie Lynch a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1960, a Evergreen Park, [[Illinois]], kuma ta girma a Dolton, Illinois, 'yar mahaifin banki, Frank Joseph Lynch, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Francis J. Lynch Obituary (2003) Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/chicagotribune/name/francis-lynch-obituary?id=2361800 |website=[[Legacy.com]]}}</ref> da mahaifiyar mai kula da gida, Eileen Lynch (née Carney). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Andrew |date=January 24, 2011 |title=See Jane Run |url=http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130154943/http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |archive-date=January 30, 2011 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Elle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Accidents by Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705004404/https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |archive-date=July 5, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Mahaifinta dan asalin Irish ne, iyayensa sun fito ne daga Sonnagh, kusa da Charlestown da Culduff, Killasser, kusa da Swinford duka biyu a County Mayo bi da bi, kuma mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga asalin Irish da Swedish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Grandparents |date=October 3, 2013 |title=Jane Lynch on adults behaving like kids in A.C.O.D. |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/irishvoice/jane-lynch-on-adults-behaving-like-kids-in-acod-video-226322221-237793771 |access-date=October 3, 2013 |publisher=Irish Central}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowles |first=Hamish |date=July 14, 2011 |title=Queen Jane Lynch |url=http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110133629/http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |archive-date=January 10, 2012 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Vogue}}</ref> Ta girma ne a cikin iyalin Katolika kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Thornridge . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tecum |first=Dykeus |date=November 7, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://goodcatholicdykes.wordpress.com/tag/jane-lynch/ |access-date=June 29, 2014 |publisher=Good Catholic Dykes}}</ref><ref name="guardian10" /> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Jihar Illinois a 1982 tare da digiri na wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ta sami digiri na biyu na zane-zane daga Jami'an Cornell a 1984. == Ayyuka == === Ayyuka na farko === Lynch ta yi shekaru 15 a Birnin Chicago, tana aiki a Kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Steppenwolf kuma, a lokacin da ta saurare, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu da aka zaba don shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Birni na Biyu. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da inganta ƙwarewarta ta ban dariya da kuma ingantawa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Annoyance, tana wasa da Carol Brady a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo The Real Live Brady Bunch . Andy Richter ya buga Mike Brady a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na New York. Shi da Lynch sun zama abokai masu kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2010 |title=Jane Lynch at Outfest |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504163006/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video/ |archive-date=May 4, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> === Ayyukan fim === Lynch ta fara fitowa a fina-finai a shekarar 1988, tana taka karamin rawa a fim din Vice Versa . A shekara ta 1993, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa, a matsayin likita Kathy Wahlund, tare da Harrison Ford a cikin The Fugitive . Ta kuma bayyana, a wannan shekarar, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a cikin Fatal Instinct . A cikin shekarun 1990s, ta yi Tallace-tallace na talabijin da yawa, ciki har da daya don Frosted Flakes don masu sauraro, wanda Christopher Guest ya jagoranta. Bayan 'yan shekaru, Guest zai tuna Lynch yayin da ya zaɓi' yan wasan kwaikwayo don wasan kwaikwayo na 2000 mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo. Lynch ya buga Christy Cummings, mai kula da kare na butch ga matarsa Sheri Ann Cabot (Jennifer Coolidge). Daga can, ta zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin masu ba da kyauta, ta bayyana a cikin darektan A Mighty Wind (2003) a matsayin 'yar wasan batsa mai suna Laurie Bohner kuma a cikin For Your Consideration (2006) a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na nishaɗi. Masu sauraro da masu sukar sun lura da Lynch don lokacin da ta yi a Judd Apatow's The 40-Year-Old Virgin . Ta gaya wa Fresh Air's Terry Gross cewa an fara yin rawar ne ga mutum amma kuma cewa, bisa ga shawarar matar Steve Carell Nancy Walls, an miƙa ta ga Lynch a maimakon haka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2009 |title=The many roles of 'Glee' meanie Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=120086244 |access-date=November 29, 2010 |website=npr.org |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Daga can, ta ɗauki matsayi na tallafi a cikin jerin fina-finai ciki har da Role Models, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, Space Chimps, The ''Rocker'', The Hammer, Another Cinderella Story, ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'', Wreck-It, da Spring Breakdown. A cikin ''Julie da Julia'', ta nuna Dorothy McWilliams, 'yar'uwar Julia Child. Entertainment Weekly ta sadaukar da wata kasida a shafin yanar gizon ta game da yiwuwar aikinta na karɓar Kyautar Kwalejin.<ref name="Variety">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Byron |date=March 5, 2008 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224191659/https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |archive-date=February 24, 2020 |access-date=February 24, 2020 |website=Variety}}</ref> Koyaya, ba a zabi ta ba. Ta ba da muryar Bobbi St. Simone a cikin The Venture Bros: Radiant Is the Blood of the Baboon Heart a cikin 2023. === Ayyukan talabijin === Lynch ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da ''Ciyawa'', ciki har da The ''X-Files,'' LA Law, Judging Amy, The West Wing, 7th Heaven, ''Glee,'' Desperate Housewives, Friends, NewsRadio, Married With Children, 3rd Rock From The Sun, Dawson's Creek, Felicity, Arrested Development, ''Lovespring International'', ''Maza Biyu da rabi'', ''Veronica Mars'', Weeds, Boston Legal, L Word, Criminal Minds, Taimaka Ni, Gilmore Girls, Sabon Labarin Tsohon Christine, King, Monk Psych, Theus, Mary, Mary, The Frus. Ta kuma fito tare da John Hannah da William Fichtner a cikin ''MDs'' na 2002 kuma ta bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka Criminal Minds a matsayin mahaifiyar Spencer Reid mai cutar [[Hauka|schizophrenic]]. A shekara ta 2008 ta ba da labari Out & Proud a Chicago, wani shirin da ke ba da labari game da rayuwar [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] a Chicago daga Yaƙin basasa zuwa 2008 ta hanyar labarun 20 na yau da kullun, daga shekaru 30 zuwa shekaru 80. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame |url=http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227201056/http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |archive-date=December 27, 2014 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}</ref> [[Fayil:Jane_Lynch_at_the_69th_Annual_Peabody_Awards.jpg|right|thumb|Jane Lynch a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Peabody karo na 69 ga ''Glee'']] Da farko a shekara ta 2009, Lynch ya bayyana a matsayin memba na yau da kullun na jerin Fox ''''Glee.'''' . Matsayinta ya sake maimaita bayyanar baƙi na baya a cikin The ''X-Files'' da ''Veronica Mars,'' kasancewar ta a karo na uku a matsayin malamin makarantar sakandare mai tsanani. Ta sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai horar da masu gaisuwa, Sue Sylvester . Mary McNamara na ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta rubuta, "Lynch shi kaɗai ya sa Glee ya cancanci kallo. " Kafin aikinta tare da ''Glee,'' ta kasance jerin shirye-shirye na yau da kullun a kan Starz comedy Party Down . Kodayake an sabunta jerin don kakar wasa ta biyu, Lynch ba ta dawo ba saboda aikinta a ''Glee.''<ref name="partydown">{{Cite web |last=Godwin |first=Jennifer |date=July 7, 2009 |title=Who Could Replace Jane Lynch on Party Down? |url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/watch_with_kristin/b133021_who_could_replace_jane_lynch_on_party.html |access-date=July 8, 2009 |publisher=[[E! Online]]}}</ref> Ko da a farkon kwanakin ''Glee'', Lynch ya ci gaba da bin wasu ayyukan. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin Asabar Night Live a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2010; Labarin karbar bakuncin ta ya karya mata da gangan daga shugabanta na ''Glee'', Ryan Murphy, ta hanyar saƙon rubutu. Lynch ya kuma yi baƙo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Nickelodeon]] ''iCarly'' a matsayin Pam Puckett, mahaifiyar Sam Puckett. Lynch kuma ta bayyana babban mai suna Miss Power daga jerin PBS Kids WordGirl a cikin fim din kawai The Rise of Miss Power a cikin 2012. Da farko a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2013, Lynch ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo na NBC ''Hollywood Game Night.'' . Nunin yana da ƙungiyoyi biyu waɗanda suka haɗa da membobin jama'a (fararen hula) da kuma shahararrun da ke fafatawa a wasannin jam'iyya daban-daban, tare da damar fararen hula su kai gida har zuwa $ 25,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hollywood Game Night |url=http://www.nbc.com/hollywood-game-night/ |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=NBC}}</ref> Lynch ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin NBC na musamman ''[[Carson Daly]]">Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly'' a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2013, tare da Carson Saly, mai karɓar Bakuncin ''Muryar.'' Kwarewar farko ta Lynch ta karɓi bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo ta kasance a cikin 2010 lokacin da ta karɓi kyautar VH1 DoSomething Awards ta 2010. An sanar da cewa za ta dauki bakuncin 2011 VH1 DoSomething Awards, wanda aka watsa a kan VH1 a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin lambar yabo ta Emmy ta 63 a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2011, mace ta uku ne kawai a tarihin Emmy don karbar bakuncin lambar bakuncin solo. [[Fayil:GLEE_JANE_LYNCH_LAURA_EMBRY_(wife).jpg|right|thumb| (l-r) Don Norte, Dokta Lara Embry, Jane Lynch, da mijin Norte, mai fafutukar gay Kevin Norte, a Autum P-FLAG 2010's Charitable Event a Otal din London, West Hollywood]] Wani tarihin kansa da Lynch ya rubuta, mai taken Happy Accidents, an buga shi a cikin fall of 2011 ta hanyar Hyperion Voice. Lynch ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don rubuta littafin bayan ta yi tunani game da nasarorin da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata kuma tana fatan za ta iya gaya mata ta ƙara damuwa, ƙarami da kada ta damu sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2011 |title=Previews of Happy Accidents |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425045633/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents/ |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |access-date=June 2, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> Littafin ya hada da cikakkun bayanai game da shekarunta a matsayin mai shaye-shaye da nasarar da ta samu wajen yaki da wannan jaraba. Lynch a bayyane take 'yar luwaɗi kuma ta auri Lara Embry a shekara ta 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Freeman |first=Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=December 24, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Mai son dabba, Lynch yana da karnuka masu ceto guda huɗu. Ta yi rikodin PSA don PETA da ke ƙarfafa karɓar dabbobi masu mafaka, kuma tana tallafawa taron karɓar shekara-shekara a Rose Bowl a Pasadena. Ta kasance mai magana da yawun farko a ajin Kwalejin Smith na 2012 inda ta sami digiri na girmamawa a Fine Arts . == Rayuwa Gida == Lynch ta auri Lara Embry a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2010, a Sunderland, Massachusetts. Sun sake aure a watan Janairun shekara ta 2014. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gynn2mq0zs5m5koyenmaa43ou1dmkcn 883378 883377 2026-07-15T10:22:20Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jane Marie Lynch''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1960) <ref>{{Cite web |last=UPI Staff |title=Famous birthdays for July 14: Jane Lynch, Taboo |url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2021/07/14/Famous-birthdays-for-July-14-Jane-Lynch-Taboo/1271626210459/ |access-date=October 29, 2021 |website=United Press International}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, 'yar wasan kwaikwayon, kuma mawaƙa. An san ta da taka rawa da kuma rawar da ta taka a talabijin mai ban dariya, lambobin yabo sun hada da Golden Globe guda ɗaya, Emmys na farko guda shida da kuma Screen Actors Guild Awards guda biyu. A Shekara ta 2013, Lynch ya sami tauraro a kan Hollywood Walk of Fame . Bayan ta bayyana a cikin sitcom Two and a Half Men (2004-2014) da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo The L Word (2005-2009), Lynch ta sami nasarar taka rawar gani a matsayin Sue Sylvester a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na ''Glee'' (2009-2015). Daga nan sai ta taka rawar gani a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2017-2023), jerin wasan kwaikwayo The Good Fight (2017-2022), da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo masu ban mamaki Only Murders in the Building (2021-2025). Baya ga yin wasan kwaikwayo a [[talabijin]], ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon ''Hollywood Game Night'' (2013-2020) kuma, tun daga 2020, tana aiki a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin da kuma babban furodusa na wasan kwaikwayon The Weakest Link (American version). Lynch ta sami karbuwa saboda haɗin gwiwar da ta yi da Christopher Guest, ta bayyana a cikin fina-finai na mockumentary Best in Show (2000), A Mighty Wind (2003), da For Your Consideration (2006).<ref name="wired">{{Cite web |last=Freeman, Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=October 22, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="NPR">{{Cite web |last=Holmes, Linda |date=September 16, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: A Life Of 'Happy Accidents' |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/monkeysee/2011/09/16/140502205/jane-lynch-a-life-of-happy-accidents |access-date=November 21, 2011 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Ta taka rawa a fina-finai masu ban dariya da yawa, kamar The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005), Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), Role Models (2008), Paul (2011), da ''The Three Stooges'' (2012). Ta ba da muryarta ga fina-finai masu yawa, ciki har da Space Chimps (2008), ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'' (2009), Shrek Forever After (2010), ''Rio'' (2011), Wreck-It Ralph fim din (2012-2018), Escape from Planet Earth (2013), da UglyDolls (2019). Lynch kuma an san ta da aikinta na mataki ciki har da rawar da ta taka a wasan kwaikwayo na Nora Ephron na Broadway Love, Loss, da What I Wore a cikin 2009. Ta fara fitowa a Broadway a matsayin Miss Hannigan a farfadowar ''Annie'' a shekara ta 2013. Ta koma Broadway a matsayin Mrs. Brice a wani farfadowa, Funny Girl, a shekaara ta 2022. == Rayuwar radiyo == An haifi Jane Marie Lynch a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1960, a Evergreen Park, [[Illinois]], kuma ta girma a Dolton, Illinois, 'yar mahaifin banki, Frank Joseph Lynch, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Francis J. Lynch Obituary (2003) Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/chicagotribune/name/francis-lynch-obituary?id=2361800 |website=[[Legacy.com]]}}</ref> da mahaifiyar mai kula da gida, Eileen Lynch (née Carney). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Andrew |date=January 24, 2011 |title=See Jane Run |url=http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130154943/http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |archive-date=January 30, 2011 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Elle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Accidents by Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705004404/https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |archive-date=July 5, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Mahaifinta dan asalin Irish ne, iyayensa sun fito ne daga Sonnagh, kusa da Charlestown da Culduff, Killasser, kusa da Swinford duka biyu a County Mayo bi da bi, kuma mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga asalin Irish da Swedish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Grandparents |date=October 3, 2013 |title=Jane Lynch on adults behaving like kids in A.C.O.D. |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/irishvoice/jane-lynch-on-adults-behaving-like-kids-in-acod-video-226322221-237793771 |access-date=October 3, 2013 |publisher=Irish Central}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowles |first=Hamish |date=July 14, 2011 |title=Queen Jane Lynch |url=http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110133629/http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |archive-date=January 10, 2012 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Vogue}}</ref> Ta girma ne a cikin iyalin Katolika kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Thornridge . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tecum |first=Dykeus |date=November 7, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://goodcatholicdykes.wordpress.com/tag/jane-lynch/ |access-date=June 29, 2014 |publisher=Good Catholic Dykes}}</ref><ref name="guardian10" /> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Jihar Illinois a 1982 tare da digiri na wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ta sami digiri na biyu na zane-zane daga Jami'an Cornell a 1984. == Ayyuka == === Ayyuka na farko === Lynch ta yi shekaru 15 a Birnin Chikago, tana aiki a Kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Steppenwolf kuma, a lokacin da ta saurare, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu da aka zaba don shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Birni na Biyu. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da inganta ƙwarewarta ta ban dariya da kuma ingantawa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Annoyance, tana wasa da Carol Brady a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo The Real Live Brady Bunch . Andy Richter ya buga Mike Brady a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na New York. Shi da Lynch sun zama abokai masu kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2010 |title=Jane Lynch at Outfest |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504163006/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video/ |archive-date=May 4, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> === Ayyukan fim === Lynch ta fara fitowa a fina-finai a shekarar 1988, tana taka karamin rawa a fim din Vice Versa . A shekara ta 1993, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa, a matsayin likita Kathy Wahlund, tare da Harrison Ford a cikin The Fugitive . Ta kuma bayyana, a wannan shekarar, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a cikin Fatal Instinct . A cikin shekarun 1990s, ta yi Tallace-tallace na talabijin da yawa, ciki har da daya don Frosted Flakes don masu sauraro, wanda Christopher Guest ya jagoranta. Bayan 'yan shekaru, Guest zai tuna Lynch yayin da ya zaɓi' yan wasan kwaikwayo don wasan kwaikwayo na 2000 mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo. Lynch ya buga Christy Cummings, mai kula da kare na butch ga matarsa Sheri Ann Cabot (Jennifer Coolidge). Daga can, ta zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin masu ba da kyauta, ta bayyana a cikin darektan A Mighty Wind (2003) a matsayin 'yar wasan batsa mai suna Laurie Bohner kuma a cikin For Your Consideration (2006) a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na nishaɗi. Masu sauraro da masu sukar sun lura da Lynch don lokacin da ta yi a Judd Apatow's The 40-Year-Old Virgin . Ta gaya wa Fresh Air's Terry Gross cewa an fara yin rawar ne ga mutum amma kuma cewa, bisa ga shawarar matar Steve Carell Nancy Walls, an miƙa ta ga Lynch a maimakon haka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2009 |title=The many roles of 'Glee' meanie Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=120086244 |access-date=November 29, 2010 |website=npr.org |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Daga can, ta ɗauki matsayi na tallafi a cikin jerin fina-finai ciki har da Role Models, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, Space Chimps, The ''Rocker'', The Hammer, Another Cinderella Story, ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'', Wreck-It, da Spring Breakdown. A cikin ''Julie da Julia'', ta nuna Dorothy McWilliams, 'yar'uwar Julia Child. Entertainment Weekly ta sadaukar da wata kasida a shafin yanar gizon ta game da yiwuwar aikinta na karɓar Kyautar Kwalejin.<ref name="Variety">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Byron |date=March 5, 2008 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224191659/https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |archive-date=February 24, 2020 |access-date=February 24, 2020 |website=Variety}}</ref> Koyaya, ba a zabi ta ba. Ta ba da muryar Bobbi St. Simone a cikin The Venture Bros: Radiant Is the Blood of the Baboon Heart a cikin 2023. === Ayyukan talabijin === Lynch ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da ''Ciyawa'', ciki har da The ''X-Files,'' LA Law, Judging Amy, The West Wing, 7th Heaven, ''Glee,'' Desperate Housewives, Friends, NewsRadio, Married With Children, 3rd Rock From The Sun, Dawson's Creek, Felicity, Arrested Development, ''Lovespring International'', ''Maza Biyu da rabi'', ''Veronica Mars'', Weeds, Boston Legal, L Word, Criminal Minds, Taimaka Ni, Gilmore Girls, Sabon Labarin Tsohon Christine, King, Monk Psych, Theus, Mary, Mary, The Frus. Ta kuma fito tare da John Hannah da William Fichtner a cikin ''MDs'' na 2002 kuma ta bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka Criminal Minds a matsayin mahaifiyar Spencer Reid mai cutar [[Hauka|schizophrenic]]. A shekara ta 2008 ta ba da labari Out & Proud a Chicago, wani shirin da ke ba da labari game da rayuwar [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] a Chicago daga Yaƙin basasa zuwa 2008 ta hanyar labarun 20 na yau da kullun, daga shekaru 30 zuwa shekaru 80. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame |url=http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227201056/http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |archive-date=December 27, 2014 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}</ref> [[Fayil:Jane_Lynch_at_the_69th_Annual_Peabody_Awards.jpg|right|thumb|Jane Lynch a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Peabody karo na 69 ga ''Glee'']] Da farko a shekara ta 2009, Lynch ya bayyana a matsayin memba na yau da kullun na jerin Fox ''''Glee.'''' . Matsayinta ya sake maimaita bayyanar baƙi na baya a cikin The ''X-Files'' da ''Veronica Mars,'' kasancewar ta a karo na uku a matsayin malamin makarantar sakandare mai tsanani. Ta sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai horar da masu gaisuwa, Sue Sylvester . Mary McNamara na ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta rubuta, "Lynch shi kaɗai ya sa Glee ya cancanci kallo. " Kafin aikinta tare da ''Glee,'' ta kasance jerin shirye-shirye na yau da kullun a kan Starz comedy Party Down . Kodayake an sabunta jerin don kakar wasa ta biyu, Lynch ba ta dawo ba saboda aikinta a ''Glee.''<ref name="partydown">{{Cite web |last=Godwin |first=Jennifer |date=July 7, 2009 |title=Who Could Replace Jane Lynch on Party Down? |url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/watch_with_kristin/b133021_who_could_replace_jane_lynch_on_party.html |access-date=July 8, 2009 |publisher=[[E! Online]]}}</ref> Ko da a farkon kwanakin ''Glee'', Lynch ya ci gaba da bin wasu ayyukan. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin Asabar Night Live a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2010; Labarin karbar bakuncin ta ya karya mata da gangan daga shugabanta na ''Glee'', Ryan Murphy, ta hanyar saƙon rubutu. Lynch ya kuma yi baƙo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Nickelodeon]] ''iCarly'' a matsayin Pam Puckett, mahaifiyar Sam Puckett. Lynch kuma ta bayyana babban mai suna Miss Power daga jerin PBS Kids WordGirl a cikin fim din kawai The Rise of Miss Power a cikin 2012. Da farko a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2013, Lynch ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo na NBC ''Hollywood Game Night.'' . Nunin yana da ƙungiyoyi biyu waɗanda suka haɗa da membobin jama'a (fararen hula) da kuma shahararrun da ke fafatawa a wasannin jam'iyya daban-daban, tare da damar fararen hula su kai gida har zuwa $ 25,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hollywood Game Night |url=http://www.nbc.com/hollywood-game-night/ |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=NBC}}</ref> Lynch ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin NBC na musamman ''[[Carson Daly]]">Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly'' a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2013, tare da Carson Saly, mai karɓar Bakuncin ''Muryar.'' Kwarewar farko ta Lynch ta karɓi bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo ta kasance a cikin 2010 lokacin da ta karɓi kyautar VH1 DoSomething Awards ta 2010. An sanar da cewa za ta dauki bakuncin 2011 VH1 DoSomething Awards, wanda aka watsa a kan VH1 a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin lambar yabo ta Emmy ta 63 a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2011, mace ta uku ne kawai a tarihin Emmy don karbar bakuncin lambar bakuncin solo. [[Fayil:GLEE_JANE_LYNCH_LAURA_EMBRY_(wife).jpg|right|thumb| (l-r) Don Norte, Dokta Lara Embry, Jane Lynch, da mijin Norte, mai fafutukar gay Kevin Norte, a Autum P-FLAG 2010's Charitable Event a Otal din London, West Hollywood]] Wani tarihin kansa da Lynch ya rubuta, mai taken Happy Accidents, an buga shi a cikin fall of 2011 ta hanyar Hyperion Voice. Lynch ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don rubuta littafin bayan ta yi tunani game da nasarorin da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata kuma tana fatan za ta iya gaya mata ta ƙara damuwa, ƙarami da kada ta damu sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2011 |title=Previews of Happy Accidents |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425045633/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents/ |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |access-date=June 2, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> Littafin ya hada da cikakkun bayanai game da shekarunta a matsayin mai shaye-shaye da nasarar da ta samu wajen yaki da wannan jaraba. Lynch a bayyane take 'yar luwaɗi kuma ta auri Lara Embry a shekara ta 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Freeman |first=Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=December 24, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Mai son dabba, Lynch yana da karnuka masu ceto guda huɗu. Ta yi rikodin PSA don PETA da ke ƙarfafa karɓar dabbobi masu mafaka, kuma tana tallafawa taron karɓar shekara-shekara a Rose Bowl a Pasadena. Ta kasance mai magana da yawun farko a ajin Kwalejin Smith na 2012 inda ta sami digiri na girmamawa a Fine Arts . == Rayuwa Gida == Lynch ta auri Lara Embry a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2010, a Sunderland, Massachusetts. Sun sake aure a watan Janairun shekara ta 2014. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fdhs5bar5jy2s77szg6i658k188t8sk 883379 883378 2026-07-15T10:23:20Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jane Marie Lynch''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1960) <ref>{{Cite web |last=UPI Staff |title=Famous birthdays for July 14: Jane Lynch, Taboo |url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2021/07/14/Famous-birthdays-for-July-14-Jane-Lynch-Taboo/1271626210459/ |access-date=October 29, 2021 |website=United Press International}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, 'yar wasan kwaikwayon, kuma mawaƙa. An san ta da taka rawa da kuma rawar da ta taka a talabijin mai ban dariya, lambobin yabo sun hada da Golden Globe guda ɗaya, Emmys na farko guda shida da kuma Screen Actors Guild Awards guda biyu. A Shekara ta 2013, Lynch ya sami tauraro a kan Hollywood Walk of Fame . Bayan ta bayyana a cikin sitcom Two and a Half Men (2004-2014) da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo The L Word (2005-2009), Lynch ta sami nasarar taka rawar gani a matsayin Sue Sylvester a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na ''Glee'' (2009-2015). Daga nan sai ta taka rawar gani a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2017-2023), jerin wasan kwaikwayo The Good Fight (2017-2022), da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo masu ban mamaki Only Murders in the Building (2021-2025). Baya ga yin wasan kwaikwayo a [[talabijin]], ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon ''Hollywood Game Night'' (2013-2020) kuma, tun daga 2020, tana aiki a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin da kuma babban furodusa na wasan kwaikwayon The Weakest Link (American version). Lynch ta sami karbuwa saboda haɗin gwiwar da ta yi da Christopher Guest, ta bayyana a cikin fina-finai na mockumentary Best in Show (2000), A Mighty Wind (2003), da For Your Consideration (2006).<ref name="wired">{{Cite web |last=Freeman, Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=October 22, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="NPR">{{Cite web |last=Holmes, Linda |date=September 16, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: A Life Of 'Happy Accidents' |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/monkeysee/2011/09/16/140502205/jane-lynch-a-life-of-happy-accidents |access-date=November 21, 2011 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Ta taka rawa a fina-finai masu ban dariya da yawa, kamar The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005), Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), Role Models (2008), Paul (2011), da ''The Three Stooges'' (2012). Ta ba da muryarta ga fina-finai masu yawa, ciki har da Space Chimps (2008), ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'' (2009), Shrek Forever After (2010), ''Rio'' (2011), Wreck-It Ralph fim din (2012-2018), Escape from Planet Earth (2013), da UglyDolls (2019). Lynch kuma an san ta da aikinta na mataki ciki har da rawar da ta taka a wasan kwaikwayo na Nora Ephron na Broadway Love, Loss, da What I Wore a cikin 2009. Ta fara fitowa a Broadway a matsayin Miss Hannigan a farfadowar ''Annie'' a shekara ta 2013. Ta koma Broadway a matsayin Mrs. Brice a wani farfadowa, Funny Girl, a shekaara ta 2022. == Rayuwar radiyo == An haifi Jane Marie Lynch a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1960, a Evergreen Park, [[Illinois]], kuma ta girma a Dolton, Illinois, 'yar mahaifin banki, Frank Joseph Lynch, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Francis J. Lynch Obituary (2003) Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/chicagotribune/name/francis-lynch-obituary?id=2361800 |website=[[Legacy.com]]}}</ref> da mahaifiyar mai kula da gida, Eileen Lynch (née Carney). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Andrew |date=January 24, 2011 |title=See Jane Run |url=http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130154943/http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |archive-date=January 30, 2011 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Elle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Accidents by Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705004404/https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |archive-date=July 5, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Mahaifinta dan asalin Irish ne, iyayensa sun fito ne daga Sonnagh, kusa da Charlestown da Culduff, Killasser, kusa da Swinford duka biyu a County Mayo bi da bi, kuma mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga asalin Irish da Swedish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Grandparents |date=October 3, 2013 |title=Jane Lynch on adults behaving like kids in A.C.O.D. |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/irishvoice/jane-lynch-on-adults-behaving-like-kids-in-acod-video-226322221-237793771 |access-date=October 3, 2013 |publisher=Irish Central}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowles |first=Hamish |date=July 14, 2011 |title=Queen Jane Lynch |url=http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110133629/http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |archive-date=January 10, 2012 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Vogue}}</ref> Ta girma ne a cikin iyalin Katolika kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Thornridge . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tecum |first=Dykeus |date=November 7, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://goodcatholicdykes.wordpress.com/tag/jane-lynch/ |access-date=June 29, 2014 |publisher=Good Catholic Dykes}}</ref><ref name="guardian10" /> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Jihar Illinois a 1982 tare da digiri na wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ta sami digiri na biyu na zane-zane daga Jami'an Cornell a 1984. == Ayyuka == === Ayyuka na farko === Lynch ta yi shekaru 15 a Birnin Chikago, tana aiki a Kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Steppenwolf kuma, a lokacin da ta saurare, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu da aka zaba don shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Birni na Biyu. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da inganta ƙwarewarta ta ban dariya da kuma ingantawa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Annoyance, tana wasa da Carol Brady a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo The Real Live Brady Bunch . Andy Richter ya buga Mike Brady a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na New York. Shi da Lynch sun zama abokai masu kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2010 |title=Jane Lynch at Outfest |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504163006/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video/ |archive-date=May 4, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> === Ayyukan fim === Lynch ta fara fitowa a fina-finai a shekarar 1988, tana taka karamin rawa a fim din Vice Versa . A shekara ta 1993, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa, a matsayin likita Kathy Wahlund, tare da Harrison Ford a cikin The Fugitive . Ta kuma bayyana, a wannan shekarar, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a cikin Fatal Instinct . A shekara ta 1990s, ta yi Tallace-tallace na talabijin da yawa, ciki har da daya don Frosted Flakes don masu sauraro, wanda Christopher Guest ya jagoranta. Bayan 'yan shekaru, Guest zai tuna Lynch yayin da ya zaɓi' yan wasan kwaikwayo don wasan kwaikwayo na 2000 mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo. Lynch ya buga Christy Cummings, mai kula da kare na butch ga matarsa Sheri Ann Cabot (Jennifer Coolidge). Daga can, ta zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin masu ba da kyauta, ta bayyana a cikin darektan A Mighty Wind (2003) a matsayin 'yar wasan batsa mai suna Laurie Bohner kuma a cikin For Your Consideration (2006) a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na nishaɗi. Masu sauraro da masu sukar sun lura da Lynch don lokacin da ta yi a Judd Apatow's The 40-Year-Old Virgin . Ta gaya wa Fresh Air's Terry Gross cewa an fara yin rawar ne ga mutum amma kuma cewa, bisa ga shawarar matar Steve Carell Nancy Walls, an miƙa ta ga Lynch a maimakon haka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2009 |title=The many roles of 'Glee' meanie Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=120086244 |access-date=November 29, 2010 |website=npr.org |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Daga can, ta ɗauki matsayi na tallafi a cikin jerin fina-finai ciki har da Role Models, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, Space Chimps, The ''Rocker'', The Hammer, Another Cinderella Story, ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'', Wreck-It, da Spring Breakdown. A cikin ''Julie da Julia'', ta nuna Dorothy McWilliams, 'yar'uwar Julia Child. Entertainment Weekly ta sadaukar da wata kasida a shafin yanar gizon ta game da yiwuwar aikinta na karɓar Kyautar Kwalejin.<ref name="Variety">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Byron |date=March 5, 2008 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224191659/https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |archive-date=February 24, 2020 |access-date=February 24, 2020 |website=Variety}}</ref> Koyaya, ba a zabi ta ba. Ta ba da muryar Bobbi St. Simone a cikin The Venture Bros: Radiant Is the Blood of the Baboon Heart a cikin 2023. === Ayyukan talabijin === Lynch ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da ''Ciyawa'', ciki har da The ''X-Files,'' LA Law, Judging Amy, The West Wing, 7th Heaven, ''Glee,'' Desperate Housewives, Friends, NewsRadio, Married With Children, 3rd Rock From The Sun, Dawson's Creek, Felicity, Arrested Development, ''Lovespring International'', ''Maza Biyu da rabi'', ''Veronica Mars'', Weeds, Boston Legal, L Word, Criminal Minds, Taimaka Ni, Gilmore Girls, Sabon Labarin Tsohon Christine, King, Monk Psych, Theus, Mary, Mary, The Frus. Ta kuma fito tare da John Hannah da William Fichtner a cikin ''MDs'' na 2002 kuma ta bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka Criminal Minds a matsayin mahaifiyar Spencer Reid mai cutar [[Hauka|schizophrenic]]. A shekara ta 2008 ta ba da labari Out & Proud a Chicago, wani shirin da ke ba da labari game da rayuwar [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] a Chicago daga Yaƙin basasa zuwa 2008 ta hanyar labarun 20 na yau da kullun, daga shekaru 30 zuwa shekaru 80. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame |url=http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227201056/http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |archive-date=December 27, 2014 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}</ref> [[Fayil:Jane_Lynch_at_the_69th_Annual_Peabody_Awards.jpg|right|thumb|Jane Lynch a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Peabody karo na 69 ga ''Glee'']] Da farko a shekara ta 2009, Lynch ya bayyana a matsayin memba na yau da kullun na jerin Fox ''''Glee.'''' . Matsayinta ya sake maimaita bayyanar baƙi na baya a cikin The ''X-Files'' da ''Veronica Mars,'' kasancewar ta a karo na uku a matsayin malamin makarantar sakandare mai tsanani. Ta sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai horar da masu gaisuwa, Sue Sylvester . Mary McNamara na ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta rubuta, "Lynch shi kaɗai ya sa Glee ya cancanci kallo. " Kafin aikinta tare da ''Glee,'' ta kasance jerin shirye-shirye na yau da kullun a kan Starz comedy Party Down . Kodayake an sabunta jerin don kakar wasa ta biyu, Lynch ba ta dawo ba saboda aikinta a ''Glee.''<ref name="partydown">{{Cite web |last=Godwin |first=Jennifer |date=July 7, 2009 |title=Who Could Replace Jane Lynch on Party Down? |url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/watch_with_kristin/b133021_who_could_replace_jane_lynch_on_party.html |access-date=July 8, 2009 |publisher=[[E! Online]]}}</ref> Ko da a farkon kwanakin ''Glee'', Lynch ya ci gaba da bin wasu ayyukan. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin Asabar Night Live a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2010; Labarin karbar bakuncin ta ya karya mata da gangan daga shugabanta na ''Glee'', Ryan Murphy, ta hanyar saƙon rubutu. Lynch ya kuma yi baƙo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Nickelodeon]] ''iCarly'' a matsayin Pam Puckett, mahaifiyar Sam Puckett. Lynch kuma ta bayyana babban mai suna Miss Power daga jerin PBS Kids WordGirl a cikin fim din kawai The Rise of Miss Power a cikin 2012. Da farko a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2013, Lynch ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo na NBC ''Hollywood Game Night.'' . Nunin yana da ƙungiyoyi biyu waɗanda suka haɗa da membobin jama'a (fararen hula) da kuma shahararrun da ke fafatawa a wasannin jam'iyya daban-daban, tare da damar fararen hula su kai gida har zuwa $ 25,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hollywood Game Night |url=http://www.nbc.com/hollywood-game-night/ |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=NBC}}</ref> Lynch ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin NBC na musamman ''[[Carson Daly]]">Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly'' a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2013, tare da Carson Saly, mai karɓar Bakuncin ''Muryar.'' Kwarewar farko ta Lynch ta karɓi bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo ta kasance a cikin 2010 lokacin da ta karɓi kyautar VH1 DoSomething Awards ta 2010. An sanar da cewa za ta dauki bakuncin 2011 VH1 DoSomething Awards, wanda aka watsa a kan VH1 a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin lambar yabo ta Emmy ta 63 a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2011, mace ta uku ne kawai a tarihin Emmy don karbar bakuncin lambar bakuncin solo. [[Fayil:GLEE_JANE_LYNCH_LAURA_EMBRY_(wife).jpg|right|thumb| (l-r) Don Norte, Dokta Lara Embry, Jane Lynch, da mijin Norte, mai fafutukar gay Kevin Norte, a Autum P-FLAG 2010's Charitable Event a Otal din London, West Hollywood]] Wani tarihin kansa da Lynch ya rubuta, mai taken Happy Accidents, an buga shi a cikin fall of 2011 ta hanyar Hyperion Voice. Lynch ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don rubuta littafin bayan ta yi tunani game da nasarorin da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata kuma tana fatan za ta iya gaya mata ta ƙara damuwa, ƙarami da kada ta damu sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2011 |title=Previews of Happy Accidents |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425045633/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents/ |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |access-date=June 2, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> Littafin ya hada da cikakkun bayanai game da shekarunta a matsayin mai shaye-shaye da nasarar da ta samu wajen yaki da wannan jaraba. Lynch a bayyane take 'yar luwaɗi kuma ta auri Lara Embry a shekara ta 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Freeman |first=Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=December 24, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Mai son dabba, Lynch yana da karnuka masu ceto guda huɗu. Ta yi rikodin PSA don PETA da ke ƙarfafa karɓar dabbobi masu mafaka, kuma tana tallafawa taron karɓar shekara-shekara a Rose Bowl a Pasadena. Ta kasance mai magana da yawun farko a ajin Kwalejin Smith na 2012 inda ta sami digiri na girmamawa a Fine Arts . == Rayuwa Gida == Lynch ta auri Lara Embry a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2010, a Sunderland, Massachusetts. Sun sake aure a watan Janairun shekara ta 2014. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gl4iyzwoku5s73up30zmvdh7znls5ef 883380 883379 2026-07-15T10:25:15Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jane Marie Lynch''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1960) <ref>{{Cite web |last=UPI Staff |title=Famous birthdays for July 14: Jane Lynch, Taboo |url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2021/07/14/Famous-birthdays-for-July-14-Jane-Lynch-Taboo/1271626210459/ |access-date=October 29, 2021 |website=United Press International}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, 'yar wasan kwaikwayon, kuma mawaƙa. An san ta da taka rawa da kuma rawar da ta taka a talabijin mai ban dariya, lambobin yabo sun hada da Golden Globe guda ɗaya, Emmys na farko guda shida da kuma Screen Actors Guild Awards guda biyu. A Shekara ta 2013, Lynch ya sami tauraro a kan Hollywood Walk of Fame . Bayan ta bayyana a cikin sitcom Two and a Half Men (2004-2014) da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo The L Word (2005-2009), Lynch ta sami nasarar taka rawar gani a matsayin Sue Sylvester a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na ''Glee'' (2009-2015). Daga nan sai ta taka rawar gani a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2017-2023), jerin wasan kwaikwayo The Good Fight (2017-2022), da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo masu ban mamaki Only Murders in the Building (2021-2025). Baya ga yin wasan kwaikwayo a [[talabijin]], ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon ''Hollywood Game Night'' (2013-2020) kuma, tun daga 2020, tana aiki a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin da kuma babban furodusa na wasan kwaikwayon The Weakest Link (American version). Lynch ta sami karbuwa saboda haɗin gwiwar da ta yi da Christopher Guest, ta bayyana a cikin fina-finai na mockumentary Best in Show (2000), A Mighty Wind (2003), da For Your Consideration (2006).<ref name="wired">{{Cite web |last=Freeman, Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=October 22, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="NPR">{{Cite web |last=Holmes, Linda |date=September 16, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: A Life Of 'Happy Accidents' |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/monkeysee/2011/09/16/140502205/jane-lynch-a-life-of-happy-accidents |access-date=November 21, 2011 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Ta taka rawa a fina-finai masu ban dariya da yawa, kamar The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005), Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), Role Models (2008), Paul (2011), da ''The Three Stooges'' (2012). Ta ba da muryarta ga fina-finai masu yawa, ciki har da Space Chimps (2008), ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'' (2009), Shrek Forever After (2010), ''Rio'' (2011), Wreck-It Ralph fim din (2012-2018), Escape from Planet Earth (2013), da UglyDolls (2019). Lynch kuma an san ta da aikinta na mataki ciki har da rawar da ta taka a wasan kwaikwayo na Nora Ephron na Broadway Love, Loss, da What I Wore a cikin 2009. Ta fara fitowa a Broadway a matsayin Miss Hannigan a farfadowar ''Annie'' a shekara ta 2013. Ta koma Broadway a matsayin Mrs. Brice a wani farfadowa, Funny Girl, a shekaara ta 2022. == Rayuwar radiyo == An haifi Jane Marie Lynch a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1960, a Evergreen Park, [[Illinois]], kuma ta girma a Dolton, Illinois, 'yar mahaifin banki, Frank Joseph Lynch, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Francis J. Lynch Obituary (2003) Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/chicagotribune/name/francis-lynch-obituary?id=2361800 |website=[[Legacy.com]]}}</ref> da mahaifiyar mai kula da gida, Eileen Lynch (née Carney). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Andrew |date=January 24, 2011 |title=See Jane Run |url=http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130154943/http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |archive-date=January 30, 2011 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Elle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Accidents by Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705004404/https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |archive-date=July 5, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Mahaifinta dan asalin Irish ne, iyayensa sun fito ne daga Sonnagh, kusa da Charlestown da Culduff, Killasser, kusa da Swinford duka biyu a County Mayo bi da bi, kuma mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga asalin Irish da Swedish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Grandparents |date=October 3, 2013 |title=Jane Lynch on adults behaving like kids in A.C.O.D. |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/irishvoice/jane-lynch-on-adults-behaving-like-kids-in-acod-video-226322221-237793771 |access-date=October 3, 2013 |publisher=Irish Central}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowles |first=Hamish |date=July 14, 2011 |title=Queen Jane Lynch |url=http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110133629/http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |archive-date=January 10, 2012 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Vogue}}</ref> Ta girma ne a cikin iyalin Katolika kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Thornridge . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tecum |first=Dykeus |date=November 7, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://goodcatholicdykes.wordpress.com/tag/jane-lynch/ |access-date=June 29, 2014 |publisher=Good Catholic Dykes}}</ref><ref name="guardian10" /> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Jihar Illinois a 1982 tare da digiri na wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ta sami digiri na biyu na zane-zane daga Jami'an Cornell a 1984. == Ayyuka == === Ayyuka na farko === Lynch ta yi shekaru 15 a Birnin Chikago, tana aiki a Kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Steppenwolf kuma, a lokacin da ta saurare, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu da aka zaba don shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Birni na Biyu. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da inganta ƙwarewarta ta ban dariya da kuma ingantawa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Annoyance, tana wasa da Carol Brady a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo The Real Live Brady Bunch . Andy Richter ya buga Mike Brady a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na New York. Shi da Lynch sun zama abokai masu kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2010 |title=Jane Lynch at Outfest |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504163006/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video/ |archive-date=May 4, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> === Ayyukan fim === Lynch ta fara fitowa a fina-finai a shekarar 1988, tana taka karamin rawa a fim din Vice Versa . A shekara ta 1993, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa, a matsayin likita Kathy Wahlund, tare da Harrison Ford a cikin The Fugitive . Ta kuma bayyana, a wannan shekarar, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a cikin Fatal Instinct . A shekara ta 1990s, ta yi Tallace-tallace na talabijin da yawa, ciki har da daya don Frosted Flakes don masu sauraro, wanda Christopher Guest ya jagoranta. Bayan 'yan shekaru, Guest zai tuna Lynch yayin da ya zaɓi' yan wasan kwaikwayo don wasan kwaikwayo na 2000 mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo. Lynch ya buga Christy Cummings, mai kula da kare na butch ga matarsa Sheri Ann Cabot (Jennifer Coolidge). Daga can, ta zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin masu ba da kyauta, ta bayyana a cikin darektan A Mighty Wind (2003) a matsayin 'yar wasan batsa mai suna Laurie Bohner kuma a cikin For Your Consideration (2006) a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na nishaɗi. Masu sauraro da masu sukar sun lura da Lynch don lokacin da ta yi a Judd Apatow's The 40-Year-Old Virgin . Ta gaya wa Fresh Air's Terry Gross cewa an fara yin rawar ne ga mutum amma kuma cewa, bisa ga shawarar matar Steve Carell Nancy Walls, an miƙa ta ga Lynch a maimakon haka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2009 |title=The many roles of 'Glee' meanie Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=120086244 |access-date=November 29, 2010 |website=npr.org |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Daga can, ta ɗauki matsayi na tallafi a cikin jerin fina-finai ciki har da Role Models, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, Space Chimps, The ''Rocker'', The Hammer, Another Cinderella Story, ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'', Wreck-It, da Spring Breakdown. A cikin ''Julie da Julia'', ta nuna Dorothy McWilliams, 'yar'uwar Julia Child. Entertainment Weekly ta sadaukar da wata kasida a shafin yanar gizon ta game da yiwuwar aikinta na karɓar Kyautar Kwalejin.<ref name="Variety">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Byron |date=March 5, 2008 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224191659/https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |archive-date=February 24, 2020 |access-date=February 24, 2020 |website=Variety}}</ref> Koyaya, ba a zabi ta ba. Ta ba da muryar Bobbi St. Simone a cikin The Venture Bros: Radiant Is the Blood of the Baboon Heart a cikin 2023. === Ayyukan talabijin === Lynch ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da ''Ciyawa'', ciki har da The ''X-Files,'' LA Law, Judging Amy, The West Wing, 7th Heaven, ''Glee,'' Desperate Housewives, Friends, NewsRadio, Married With Children, 3rd Rock From The Sun, Dawson's Creek, Felicity, Arrested Development, ''Lovespring International'', ''Maza Biyu da rabi'', ''Veronica Mars'', Weeds, Boston Legal, L Word, Criminal Minds, Taimaka Ni, Gilmore Girls, Sabon Labarin Tsohon Christine, King, Monk Psych, Theus, Mary, Mary, The Frus. Ta kuma fito tare da John Hannah da William Fichtner a cikin ''MDs'' na 2002 kuma ta bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka Criminal Minds a matsayin mahaifiyar Spencer Reid mai cutar [[Hauka|schizophrenic]]. A shekara ta 2008 ta ba da labari Out & Proud a Chicago, wani shirin da ke ba da labari game da rayuwar [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] a Chicago daga Yaƙin basasa zuwa 2008 ta hanyar labarun 20 na yau da kullun, daga shekaru 30 zuwa shekaru 80. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame |url=http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227201056/http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |archive-date=December 27, 2014 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}</ref> [[Fayil:Jane_Lynch_at_the_69th_Annual_Peabody_Awards.jpg|right|thumb|Jane Lynch a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Peabody karo na 69 ga ''Glee'']] Da farko a shekara ta 2009, Lynch ya bayyana a matsayin memba na yau da kullun na jerin Fox ''''Glee.'''' . Matsayinta ya sake maimaita bayyanar baƙi na baya a cikin The ''X-Files'' da ''Veronica Mars,'' kasancewar ta a karo na uku a matsayin malamin makarantar sakandare mai tsanani. Ta sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai horar da masu gaisuwa, Sue Sylvester . Mary McNamara na ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta rubuta, "Lynch shi kaɗai ya sa Glee ya cancanci kallo. " Kafin aikinta tare da ''Glee,'' ta kasance jerin shirye-shirye na yau da kullun a kan Starz comedy Party Down . Kodayake an sabunta jerin don kakar wasa ta biyu, Lynch ba ta dawo ba saboda aikinta a ''Glee.''<ref name="partydown">{{Cite web |last=Godwin |first=Jennifer |date=July 7, 2009 |title=Who Could Replace Jane Lynch on Party Down? |url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/watch_with_kristin/b133021_who_could_replace_jane_lynch_on_party.html |access-date=July 8, 2009 |publisher=[[E! Online]]}}</ref> Ko da a farkon kwanakin ''Glee'', Lynch ya ci gaba da bin wasu ayyukan. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin Asabar Night Live a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2010; Labarin karbar bakuncin ta ya karya mata da gangan daga shugabanta na ''Glee'', Ryan Murphy, ta hanyar saƙon rubutu. Lynch ya kuma yi baƙo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Nickelodeon]] ''iCarly'' a matsayin Pam Puckett, mahaifiyar Sam Puckett. Lynch kuma ta bayyana babban mai suna Miss Power daga jerin PBS Kids WordGirl a cikin fim din kawai The Rise of Miss Power a cikin 2012. Da farko a ranar 11 ga Yuli, A Shekarar 2013, Lynch ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo na NBC ''Hollywood Game Night.'' . Nunin yana da ƙungiyoyi biyu waɗanda suka haɗa da membobin jama'a (fararen hula) da kuma shahararrun da ke fafatawa a wasannin jam'iyya daban-daban, tare da damar fararen hula su kai gida har zuwa $ 25,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hollywood Game Night |url=http://www.nbc.com/hollywood-game-night/ |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=NBC}}</ref> Lynch ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin NBC na musamman ''[[Carson Daly]]">Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly'' a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2013, tare da Carson Saly, mai karɓar Bakuncin ''Muryar.'' Kwarewar farko ta Lynch ta karɓi bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo ta kasance a cikin 2010 lokacin da ta karɓi kyautar VH1 DoSomething Awards ta 2010. An sanar da cewa za ta dauki bakuncin 2011 VH1 DoSomething Awards, wanda aka watsa a kan VH1 a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin lambar yabo ta Emmy ta 63 a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2011, mace ta uku ne kawai a tarihin Emmy don karbar bakuncin lambar bakuncin solo. [[Fayil:GLEE_JANE_LYNCH_LAURA_EMBRY_(wife).jpg|right|thumb| (l-r) Don Norte, Dokta Lara Embry, Jane Lynch, da mijin Norte, mai fafutukar gay Kevin Norte, a Autum P-FLAG 2010's Charitable Event a Otal din London, West Hollywood]] Wani tarihin kansa da Lynch ya rubuta, mai taken Happy Accidents, an buga shi a cikin fall of 2011 ta hanyar Hyperion Voice. Lynch ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don rubuta littafin bayan ta yi tunani game da nasarorin da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata kuma tana fatan za ta iya gaya mata ta ƙara damuwa, ƙarami da kada ta damu sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2011 |title=Previews of Happy Accidents |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425045633/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents/ |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |access-date=June 2, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> Littafin ya hada da cikakkun bayanai game da shekarunta a matsayin mai shaye-shaye da nasarar da ta samu wajen yaki da wannan jaraba. Lynch a bayyane take 'yar luwaɗi kuma ta auri Lara Embry a shekara ta 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Freeman |first=Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=December 24, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Mai son dabba, Lynch yana da karnuka masu ceto guda huɗu. Ta yi rikodin PSA don PETA da ke ƙarfafa karɓar dabbobi masu mafaka, kuma tana tallafawa taron karɓar shekara-shekara a Rose Bowl a Pasadena. Ta kasance mai magana da yawun farko a ajin Kwalejin Smith na 2012 inda ta sami digiri na girmamawa a Fine Arts . == Rayuwa Gida == Lynch ta auri Lara Embry a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2010, a Sunderland, Massachusetts. Sun sake aure a watan Janairun shekara ta 2014. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 62jeygmhrha7ifcwn5rk8vmegoicvkv 883381 883380 2026-07-15T10:26:22Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 883381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jane Marie Lynch''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1960) <ref>{{Cite web |last=UPI Staff |title=Famous birthdays for July 14: Jane Lynch, Taboo |url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2021/07/14/Famous-birthdays-for-July-14-Jane-Lynch-Taboo/1271626210459/ |access-date=October 29, 2021 |website=United Press International}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, 'yar wasan kwaikwayon, kuma mawaƙa. An san ta da taka rawa da kuma rawar da ta taka a talabijin mai ban dariya, lambobin yabo sun hada da Golden Globe guda ɗaya, Emmys na farko guda shida da kuma Screen Actors Guild Awards guda biyu. A Shekara ta 2013, Lynch ya sami tauraro a kan Hollywood Walk of Fame . Bayan ta bayyana a cikin sitcom Two and a Half Men (2004-2014) da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo The L Word (2005-2009), Lynch ta sami nasarar taka rawar gani a matsayin Sue Sylvester a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na ''Glee'' (2009-2015). Daga nan sai ta taka rawar gani a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2017-2023), jerin wasan kwaikwayo The Good Fight (2017-2022), da kuma jerin wasan kwaikwayo masu ban mamaki Only Murders in the Building (2021-2025). Baya ga yin wasan kwaikwayo a [[talabijin]], ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon ''Hollywood Game Night'' (2013-2020) kuma, tun daga 2020, tana aiki a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin da kuma babban furodusa na wasan kwaikwayon The Weakest Link (American version). Lynch ta sami karbuwa saboda haɗin gwiwar da ta yi da Christopher Guest, ta bayyana a cikin fina-finai na mockumentary Best in Show (2000), A Mighty Wind (2003), da For Your Consideration (2006).<ref name="wired">{{Cite web |last=Freeman, Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=October 22, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="NPR">{{Cite web |last=Holmes, Linda |date=September 16, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: A Life Of 'Happy Accidents' |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/monkeysee/2011/09/16/140502205/jane-lynch-a-life-of-happy-accidents |access-date=November 21, 2011 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Ta taka rawa a fina-finai masu ban dariya da yawa, kamar The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005), Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), Role Models (2008), Paul (2011), da ''The Three Stooges'' (2012). Ta ba da muryarta ga fina-finai masu yawa, ciki har da Space Chimps (2008), ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'' (2009), Shrek Forever After (2010), ''Rio'' (2011), Wreck-It Ralph fim din (2012-2018), Escape from Planet Earth (2013), da UglyDolls (2019). Lynch kuma an san ta da aikinta na mataki ciki har da rawar da ta taka a wasan kwaikwayo na Nora Ephron na Broadway Love, Loss, da What I Wore a cikin 2009. Ta fara fitowa a Broadway a matsayin Miss Hannigan a farfadowar ''Annie'' a shekara ta 2013. Ta koma Broadway a matsayin Mrs. Brice a wani farfadowa, Funny Girl, a shekaara ta 2022. == Rayuwar radiyo == An haifi Jane Marie Lynch a ranar 14 ga Yuli, Shekara ta 1960, a Evergreen Park, [[Illinois]], kuma ta girma a Dolton, Illinois, 'yar mahaifin banki, Frank Joseph Lynch, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Francis J. Lynch Obituary (2003) Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/chicagotribune/name/francis-lynch-obituary?id=2361800 |website=[[Legacy.com]]}}</ref> da mahaifiyar mai kula da gida, Eileen Lynch (née Carney). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Andrew |date=January 24, 2011 |title=See Jane Run |url=http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130154943/http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Celebrity-Spotlight/Jane-Lynch/See-Jane-Run |archive-date=January 30, 2011 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Elle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Accidents by Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705004404/https://www.npr.org/books/titles/140503583/happy-accidents#excerpt |archive-date=July 5, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Mahaifinta dan asalin Irish ne, iyayensa sun fito ne daga Sonnagh, kusa da Charlestown da Culduff, Killasser, kusa da Swinford duka biyu a County Mayo bi da bi, kuma mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga asalin Irish da Swedish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Grandparents |date=October 3, 2013 |title=Jane Lynch on adults behaving like kids in A.C.O.D. |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/irishvoice/jane-lynch-on-adults-behaving-like-kids-in-acod-video-226322221-237793771 |access-date=October 3, 2013 |publisher=Irish Central}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowles |first=Hamish |date=July 14, 2011 |title=Queen Jane Lynch |url=http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110133629/http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/queen-jane-lynch/ |archive-date=January 10, 2012 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |publisher=Vogue}}</ref> Ta girma ne a cikin iyalin Katolika kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Thornridge . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tecum |first=Dykeus |date=November 7, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://goodcatholicdykes.wordpress.com/tag/jane-lynch/ |access-date=June 29, 2014 |publisher=Good Catholic Dykes}}</ref><ref name="guardian10" /> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Jihar Illinois a 1982 tare da digiri na wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ta sami digiri na biyu na zane-zane daga Jami'an Cornell a 1984. == Ayyuka == === Ayyuka na farko === Lynch ta yi shekaru 15 a Birnin Chikago, tana aiki a Kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Steppenwolf kuma, a lokacin da ta saurare, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu da aka zaba don shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Birni na Biyu. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da inganta ƙwarewarta ta ban dariya da kuma ingantawa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Annoyance, tana wasa da Carol Brady a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo The Real Live Brady Bunch . Andy Richter ya buga Mike Brady a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na New York. Shi da Lynch sun zama abokai masu kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2010 |title=Jane Lynch at Outfest |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504163006/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2010/07/12/jane-lynchs-panel-at-outfest-now-with-video/ |archive-date=May 4, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> === Ayyukan fim === Lynch ta fara fitowa a fina-finai a shekarar 1988, tana taka karamin rawa a fim din Vice Versa . A shekara ta 1993, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa, a matsayin likita Kathy Wahlund, tare da Harrison Ford a cikin The Fugitive . Ta kuma bayyana, a wannan shekarar, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a cikin Fatal Instinct . A shekara ta 1990s, ta yi Tallace-tallace na talabijin da yawa, ciki har da daya don Frosted Flakes don masu sauraro, wanda Christopher Guest ya jagoranta. Bayan 'yan shekaru, Guest zai tuna Lynch yayin da ya zaɓi' yan wasan kwaikwayo don wasan kwaikwayo na 2000 mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo. Lynch ya buga Christy Cummings, mai kula da kare na butch ga matarsa Sheri Ann Cabot (Jennifer Coolidge). Daga can, ta zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin masu ba da kyauta, ta bayyana a cikin darektan A Mighty Wind (2003) a matsayin 'yar wasan batsa mai suna Laurie Bohner kuma a cikin For Your Consideration (2006) a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na nishaɗi. Masu sauraro da masu sukar sun lura da Lynch don lokacin da ta yi a Judd Apatow's The 40-Year-Old Virgin . Ta gaya wa Fresh Air's Terry Gross cewa an fara yin rawar ne ga mutum amma kuma cewa, bisa ga shawarar matar Steve Carell Nancy Walls, an miƙa ta ga Lynch a maimakon haka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2009 |title=The many roles of 'Glee' meanie Jane Lynch |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=120086244 |access-date=November 29, 2010 |website=npr.org |publisher=NPR}}</ref> Daga can, ta ɗauki matsayi na tallafi a cikin jerin fina-finai ciki har da Role Models, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, Space Chimps, The ''Rocker'', The Hammer, Another Cinderella Story, ''Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs'', Wreck-It, da Spring Breakdown. A cikin ''Julie da Julia'', ta nuna Dorothy McWilliams, 'yar'uwar Julia Child. Entertainment Weekly ta sadaukar da wata kasida a shafin yanar gizon ta game da yiwuwar aikinta na karɓar Kyautar Kwalejin.<ref name="Variety">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Byron |date=March 5, 2008 |title=Jane Lynch |url=https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224191659/https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/jane-lynch-2-1117981898/ |archive-date=February 24, 2020 |access-date=February 24, 2020 |website=Variety}}</ref> Koyaya, ba a zabi ta ba. Ta ba da muryar Bobbi St. Simone a cikin The Venture Bros: Radiant Is the Blood of the Baboon Heart a cikin 2023. === Ayyukan talabijin === Lynch ya bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da ''Ciyawa'', ciki har da The ''X-Files,'' LA Law, Judging Amy, The West Wing, 7th Heaven, ''Glee,'' Desperate Housewives, Friends, NewsRadio, Married With Children, 3rd Rock From The Sun, Dawson's Creek, Felicity, Arrested Development, ''Lovespring International'', ''Maza Biyu da rabi'', ''Veronica Mars'', Weeds, Boston Legal, L Word, Criminal Minds, Taimaka Ni, Gilmore Girls, Sabon Labarin Tsohon Christine, King, Monk Psych, Theus, Mary, Mary, The Frus. Ta kuma fito tare da John Hannah da William Fichtner a cikin ''MDs'' na 2002 kuma ta bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka Criminal Minds a matsayin mahaifiyar Spencer Reid mai cutar [[Hauka|schizophrenic]]. A shekara ta 2008 ta ba da labari Out & Proud a Chicago, wani shirin da ke ba da labari game da rayuwar [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] a Chicago daga Yaƙin basasa zuwa 2008 ta hanyar labarun 20 na yau da kullun, daga shekaru 30 zuwa shekaru 80. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame |url=http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227201056/http://www.glhalloffame.org/index.pl?item=426&todo=view_item |archive-date=December 27, 2014 |access-date=December 27, 2014}}</ref> [[Fayil:Jane_Lynch_at_the_69th_Annual_Peabody_Awards.jpg|right|thumb|Jane Lynch a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Peabody karo na 69 ga ''Glee'']] Da farko a shekara ta 2009, Lynch ya bayyana a matsayin memba na yau da kullun na jerin Fox ''''Glee.'''' . Matsayinta ya sake maimaita bayyanar baƙi na baya a cikin The ''X-Files'' da ''Veronica Mars,'' kasancewar ta a karo na uku a matsayin malamin makarantar sakandare mai tsanani. Ta sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai horar da masu gaisuwa, Sue Sylvester . Mary McNamara na ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ta rubuta, "Lynch shi kaɗai ya sa Glee ya cancanci kallo. " Kafin aikinta tare da ''Glee,'' ta kasance jerin shirye-shirye na yau da kullun a kan Starz comedy Party Down . Kodayake an sabunta jerin don kakar wasa ta biyu, Lynch ba ta dawo ba saboda aikinta a ''Glee.''<ref name="partydown">{{Cite web |last=Godwin |first=Jennifer |date=July 7, 2009 |title=Who Could Replace Jane Lynch on Party Down? |url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/watch_with_kristin/b133021_who_could_replace_jane_lynch_on_party.html |access-date=July 8, 2009 |publisher=[[E! Online]]}}</ref> Ko da a farkon kwanakin ''Glee'', Lynch ya ci gaba da bin wasu ayyukan. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin Asabar Night Live a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2010; Labarin karbar bakuncin ta ya karya mata da gangan daga shugabanta na ''Glee'', Ryan Murphy, ta hanyar saƙon rubutu. Lynch ya kuma yi baƙo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Nickelodeon]] ''iCarly'' a matsayin Pam Puckett, mahaifiyar Sam Puckett. Lynch kuma ta bayyana babban mai suna Miss Power daga jerin PBS Kids WordGirl a cikin fim din kawai The Rise of Miss Power a cikin 2012. Da farko a ranar 11 ga Yuli, A Shekarar 2013, Lynch ta dauki bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo na NBC ''Hollywood Game Night.'' . Nunin yana da ƙungiyoyi biyu waɗanda suka haɗa da membobin jama'a (fararen hula) da kuma shahararrun da ke fafatawa a wasannin jam'iyya daban-daban, tare da damar fararen hula su kai gida har zuwa $ 25,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hollywood Game Night |url=http://www.nbc.com/hollywood-game-night/ |access-date=December 5, 2013 |website=NBC}}</ref> Lynch ta kasance mai karɓar bakuncin NBC na musamman ''[[Carson Daly]]">Sabuwar Shekara tare da Carson Daly'' a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2013, tare da Carson Saly, mai karɓar Bakuncin ''Muryar.'' Kwarewar farko ta Lynch ta karɓi bakuncin wasan kwaikwayo ta kasance a cikin 2010 lokacin da ta karɓi kyautar VH1 DoSomething Awards ta 2010. An sanar da cewa za ta dauki bakuncin 2011 VH1 DoSomething Awards, wanda aka watsa a kan VH1 a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta. Lynch ta dauki bakuncin lambar yabo ta Emmy ta 63 a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2011, mace ta uku ne kawai a tarihin Emmy don karbar bakuncin lambar bakuncin solo. [[Fayil:GLEE_JANE_LYNCH_LAURA_EMBRY_(wife).jpg|right|thumb| (l-r) Don Norte, Dokta Lara Embry, Jane Lynch, da mijin Norte, mai fafutukar gay Kevin Norte, a Autum P-FLAG 2010's Charitable Event a Otal din London, West Hollywood]] Wani tarihin kansa da Lynch ya rubuta, mai taken Happy Accidents, an buga shi a cikin fall of 2011 ta hanyar Hyperion Voice. Lynch ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don rubuta littafin bayan ta yi tunani game da nasarorin da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata kuma tana fatan za ta iya gaya mata ta ƙara damuwa, ƙarami da kada ta damu sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2011 |title=Previews of Happy Accidents |url=http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425045633/http://www.hernameisjanelynch.com/2011/05/26/previews-of-happy-accidents/ |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |access-date=June 2, 2011 |website=Her Name is Jane Lynch}}</ref> Littafin ya hada da cikakkun bayanai game da shekarunta a matsayin mai shaye-shaye da nasarar da ta samu wajen yaki da wannan jaraba. Lynch a bayyane take 'yar luwaɗi kuma ta auri Lara Embry a shekara ta 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Freeman |first=Hadley |date=September 19, 2011 |title=Jane Lynch: 'I came wired with extra angst' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/sep/19/jane-lynch-emmy-awards-glee |access-date=December 24, 2011 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Mai son dabba, Lynch yana da karnuka masu ceto guda huɗu. Ta yi rikodin PSA don PETA da ke ƙarfafa karɓar dabbobi masu mafaka, kuma tana tallafawa taron karɓar shekara-shekara a Rose Bowl a Pasadena. Ta kasance mai magana da yawun farko a ajin Kwalejin Smith na 2012 inda ta sami digiri na girmamawa a Fine Arts . == Rayuwa Gida == Lynch ta auri Lara Embry a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2010, a Sunderland, Massachusetts. Sun sake aure a watan Janairun shekara ta 2014. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d83zhliww8gbts1a3quvabq5jdkq4ff 0 160879 883102 877260 2026-07-14T22:31:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Ayyoub Bouaddi'''[lower-alpha 1] (born 2 October 2007) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Ligue 1 club Lille. Born in France, he plays for the Morocco national team.[1] == Ayyukan kulob din == === Ayyukan matasa === Bayan ya fara kwallon kafa tun yana yaro a Creil, Bouaddi ya shiga makarantar Lille a shekarar 2021. A ranar 21 ga watan Agustan 2023, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arsa ta farko tare da kulob din har zuwa watan Yunin 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2023 |title=AYYOUB BOUADDI SIGNE PROFESSIONNEL |url=https://www.losc.fr/actualites/2023-08-21/ayyoub-bouaddi-signe-professionnel |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> === Babban aiki === ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2023, Bouaddi ya fara buga wa Lille wasa na farko a gasar [[UEFA Europa Conference League]] da kulob din Faroese KÍ wan[[Klaksvíkar Ítróttarfelag|Ka yi]] ƙare a matsayin zane ba tare da kwallo ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2023 |title=Klaksvik - Lille : le milieu du LOSC Ayyoub Bouaddi bat deux records de précocité |url=https://www.lavoixdunord.fr/1381612/article/2023-10-05/klaksvik-lille-ayyoub-bouaddi-records-de-precocite |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> A lokacin da yake da shekaru 16 da kwanaki 3, wannan ya sanya shi dan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da ya taɓa taka leda a wasan gasa na kulob din Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2023 |title=Lille : Ayyoub Bouaddi devient le plus jeune joueur de l'histoire des Coupes d'Europe |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Lille-ayyoub-bouaddi-devient-le-plus-jeune-joueur-de-l-histoire-des-coupes-d-europe/1423660 |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> Ya kuma zama dan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da ya bayyana a wasan hukuma na Lille, rikodin da [[Joël Henry (footballer)|Joël Henry]] ya taɓa riƙewa tun 1978.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2023 |title=Ayyoub Bouaddi, plus jeune joueur de l'histoire à porter les couleurs du LOSC |url=https://lepetitlillois.com/2023/10/05/ayyoub-bouaddi-plus-jeune-joueur-de-lhistoire-a-porter-les-couleurs-du-losc/ |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Oktoba, yana da shekaru 16 da kwanaki 20, ya zama dan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta a [[Ligue 1|Lig 1]] tun lokacin da Joël Fréchet a 1981 Bayan shekara guda, a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2024, Bouaddi ya zama daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Lille mafi ƙanƙanta da suka fara a wasan UEFA Champions League, suna wasa a ranar haihuwarsa ta 17 a cikin nasarar 1-0 a gida da Real Madrid a matakin league na 2024-25.[1] Ya fara ne tare da kyaftin din Benjamin André bayan haɗuwa da raunin, dakatarwa da batutuwan cancanta sun bar Lille ba tare da 'yan wasan tsakiya ba.[1] Da yake yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa mafi kyau a filin wasa, kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban sun yaba da aikinsa.[2][3][4] Bayan busa ta ƙarshe, Lille Ultras ta raira Joyeux Anniversaire (Faransanci don "Happy Birthday to You") tare da 'yan wasan Bouaddi yayin bikin nasara.[5] A ranar 5 ga Disamba 2025, Bouaddi ya sanya hannu kan karin kwangila tare da Lille har zuwa Yuni 2029. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2025 |title=Le milieu de terrain du LOSC Ayyoub Bouaddi prolonge jusqu'en 2029 |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Le-milieu-de-terrain-du-losc-ayyoub-bouaddi-prolonge-jusqu-en-2029/1614818 |access-date=14 June 2026 |language=fr}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2026, ya zama dan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da ya buga wasanni 50 na Ligue 1 a Lille, ya karya rikodin da Eden Hazard ke da shi a baya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2026 |title=Ayyoub Bouaddi, plus jeune Dogue à atteindre les 50 apparitions en L1 |url=https://www.losc.fr/actualites/2026-01-30/ayyoub-bouaddi-plus-jeune-dogue-atteindre-les-50-apparitions-en-l1 |access-date=14 June 2026 |language=fr}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == === Ayyukan matasa === Bouaddi ya kasance wani ɓangare na matasa na Faransa a matakai daban-daban, gami da ƙungiyar 'yan kasa da shekara 21, wanda ya zama kyaftin din.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2023 |title=Mondial de Montaigu - Ayyoub Bouaddi buteur avec l'équipe de France U16 |url=https://madeindogues.ouest-france.fr/infos/article-mondial-de-montaigu-ayyoub-bouaddi-buteur-avec-l-equipe-de-france-u16-409734.html |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2026 |title=Ayyoub Bouaddi, le choix fort |url=https://www.football.fr/equipe-de-france/ayyoub-bouaddi-le-choix-fort-806967.html |access-date=26 May 2026}}</ref> === Maroko === A ranar 15 ga Mayu 2026, Royal Moroccan Football Federation ta ba da sanarwar cewa [[FIFA]] ta amince da bukatarsu ta sauya goyon bayan Bouaddi na kasa da kasa ga Morocco. A ranar 26 ga watan Mayu, an ambaci sunansa a cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 26 na Morocco don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2026 |title=Pour la première fois dans la liste du Maroc, Ayyoub Bouaddi ira bien à la Coupe du monde, Achraf Hakimi sélectionné lui aussi |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Pour-la-premiere-fois-dans-la-liste-du-maroc-ayyoub-bouaddi-ira-bien-a-la-coupe-du-monde-achraf-hakimi-selectionne-lui-aussi/1679130 |access-date=26 May 2026 |language=fr}}</ref> Ya fara gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a wasan farko da ya yi da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa ta Brazil|Brazil]], wanda ya ƙare a 1-1 draw.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2026 |title=Brazil struggle in World Cup draw with Morocco: Will teams fear the five-time champions? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7357447/2026/06/13/brazil-vs-morocco-world-cup-2026-results-vinicius-bouaddi/ |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> Ayyukan Bouaddi a gasar cin kofin duniya sun ja hankalin manyan kungiyoyin Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2026 |title=Ayyoub Bouaddi: Why Man City and Europe's biggest teams want to sign Moroccan |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/c802jp3lz13o |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haife shi a Faransa, Bouaddi ya fito ne daga Maroko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2023 |title=Ayyoub Bouaddi, plus jeune joueur de l'histoire des Coupes UEFA |url=https://www.maghress.com/fr/lionsdelatlas/13384086 |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023144047/https://www.maghress.com/fr/lionsdelatlas/13384086 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Yunin 2023, a Fadar Elysée, ya lashe gasar Magana ta huɗu ga makarantun kwallon kafa na Faransa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2024 |title=D'un concours d'éloquence à l'Élysée aux pelouses de Ligue 1 : Ayyoub Bouaddi, le phénomène de précocité du Losc |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/sports/football/ligue-1/dun-concours-deloquence-a-lelysee-aux-pelouses-de-ligue-1-ayyoub-bouaddi-le-phenomene-de-precocite-du-losc-17-03-2024-V4NLFZQR2JFU7LXBN756OEWAXI.php |access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|match played 17 May 2026}}<ref name=soccerway/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa ! colspan="2" |Turai ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Lille B |2023–24 |Gasar Cin Kofin Kasa ta 3 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Lille |2023–24 |[[Ligue 1|Lig 1]] |9 |0 |3 |0 |6{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Conference League]]}} |0 |18 |0 |- |2024–25 |Lig 1 |24 |0 |3 |0 |9{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |0 |36 |0 |- |2025–26 |Lig 1 |30 |0 |2 |0 |10{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |0 |42 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !63 !0 !8 !0 !25 !0 !96 !0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !66 !0 !8 !0 !25 !0 !99 !0 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] <references /> iui0to4r6ktorrqqislitsqqz42axht 0 160929 883052 877720 2026-07-14T19:02:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 883052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arthur Rene Abdel Aziz Zagré''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2001) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na hagu]] . An haife shi a Faransa, yana buga wa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Burkina Faso|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Burkina Faso wasa]] . <ref name="soccerway">{{Soccerway|arthur-zagre/506166}}</ref> <ref name="FFF">{{Cite web |title=FFF Profile |url=https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/2545109818-arthur-zagre |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922204320/https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/2545109818-arthur-zagre |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Paris Saint-Germain === Zagré, wanda ya kammala karatunsa na kwaleji a [[Paris Saint-Germain]], ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na ƙwararru a watan Satumba na 2018, wanda hakan ya sa shi ya koma ƙungiyar har zuwa watan Yuni na 2021. <ref name="PSG">{{Cite web |date=20 September 2018 |title=First professional contract |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/first-team/content/arthur-zagre-signs-first-professional-contract |access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref> A watan Fabrairu na 2019, ya lashe kyautar Titi d'Or, kyautar shekara-shekara da ake bai wa ƙwararrun 'yan wasa mafi hazaka a Kwalejin Matasa ta Paris Saint-Germain . Zagré ya fara buga wasa a karon farko a gasar [[Ligue 1]] da suka doke Toulouse da ci 4-0 a ranar 25 ga Agusta 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PSG vs. Toulouse - 25 August 2019 - Soccerway |url=https://ca.soccerway.com/matches/2019/08/25/france/ligue-1/paris-saint-germain-fc/toulouse-fc/3030567/ |website=ca.soccerway.com}}</ref> === Monaco === A ranar 29 ga Agusta 2019, Zagré ya koma Monaco kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku. <ref name="monaco">{{Cite web |title=Arthur Zagre à l'AS Monaco |url=https://www.asmonaco.com/arthur-zagre-a-las-monaco/ |access-date=29 August 2019 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008194638/https://www.asmonaco.com/arthur-zagre-a-las-monaco/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rahotanni sun ce kudin canja wurin ya kai Yuro miliyan 10. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2019 |title=Arthur Zagré to AS Monaco in an unexpected transfer |url=https://www.monaco-tribune.com/en/2019/08/arthur-zagre-to-as-monaco-in-an-unexpected-transfer/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=Monaco Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Aron zuwa Dijon ==== A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2020, Dijon ya sanar da sayen Zagré a kan yarjejeniyar aro ta kakar wasa tare da zaɓin tsawaita kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ARTHUR ZAGRÉ EN PRÊT AU DFCO ! |url=https://www.dfco.fr/articles/39E42CE4-CB15-4CCB-8EB5-C9AB7CAC0DD6 |access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a karon farko a wasan da Marseille ta sha kashi a hannun 2-0 a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olympique Marseille vs. Dijon - 4 April 2021 - Soccerway |url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2021/04/04/france/ligue-1/olympique-de-marseille/dijon-football-cote-dor/3287699/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=us.soccerway.com}}</ref> ==== Lamuni zuwa Utrecht ==== A ranar 25 ga Yuni 2021, kulob din Utrecht na Holland ya sanar da daukar aron Zagré na tsawon kakar wasa biyu tare da zabin siyan sa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2021 |title=FC Utrecht huurt 'man van tien miljoen' Arthur Zagre |url=https://www.telegraaf.nl/sport/60281024/fc-utrecht-huurt-man-van-tien-miljoen-arthur-zagre |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref> === Excelsior === A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2023, Zagré ya koma sabon aro zuwa Excelsior, wanda shi ma yake a Eredivisie . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=LINKSBACK ARTHUR ZAGRE WORDT GEHUURD VAN AS MONACO |url=https://excelsiorrotterdam.nl/2023/01/linksback-arthur-zagre-wordt-gehuurd-van-as-monaco/ |access-date=3 February 2023 |publisher=Excelsior |language=nl}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Yunin 2023, Excelsior ya sanya canja wurin na dindindin kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da Zagré. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2023 |title=EXCELSIOR WEET ARTHUR ZAGRE TE BEHOUDEN VOOR KOMENDE 3 JAAR |url=https://excelsiorrotterdam.nl/2023/06/excelsior-weet-arthur-zagre-te-behouden-voor-komende-3-jaar/ |publisher=Excelsior Rotterdam |language=nl}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An haife shi a Faransa, Zagré ɗan asalin Burkinabe ne. Ya wakilci Faransa a matakin matasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SPORTDROME - Arthur Zagre n'oublie pas les Étalons |url=http://sportdrome.com/voir-toute-l-actualit%C3%A9/item/1123-arthur-zagre-n-oublie-pas-les-%C3%A9talons.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814162513/http://sportdrome.com/voir-toute-l-actualit%C3%A9/item/1123-arthur-zagre-n-oublie-pas-les-%C3%A9talons.html |archive-date=14 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2019 |website=sportdrome.com}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2026, Zagré ya sami kiran farko zuwa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Burkina Faso|tawagar kasar Burkina Faso]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2026 |title=June FIFA window: Amir Abdou calls up 25 players |url=https://foot-africa.com/en/news/june-fifa-window-amir-abdou-calls-up-25-players-1211396/ |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 4 April 2021}}<ref name=goal>{{cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/player/arthur-zagre/5wwqe546ohp130rvi8x8pt0tm |title=STATS OVERVIEW |website=Goal |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofin Ƙasa ! colspan="2" | Kofin League ! colspan="2" | Turai ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="3" | Paris Saint-Germain B | 2017–18 | Ƙasa ta 2 | 2 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 2 | 0 |- | 2018–19 | Ƙasa ta 2 | 25 | 1 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 25 | 1 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 27 ! 1 ! colspan="2" | — ! colspan="2" | — ! colspan="2" | — ! 27 ! 1 |- | [[Paris Saint-Germain]] | 2019–20 | [[Ligue 1|Gasar Lig 1]] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |- | rowspan="3" | Monaco B | 2019–20 | Ƙasa ta 2 | 3 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 3 | 0 |- | 2020–21 | Ƙasa ta 2 | 2 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 2 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 5 ! 0 ! colspan="2" | — ! colspan="2" | — ! colspan="2" | — ! 5 ! 0 |- | Monaco | 2019–20 | Gasar Lig 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |- | Dijon (aron) | 2020–21 | Gasar Lig 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 34 ! 1 ! 2 ! 0 ! 1 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 37 ! 1 |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 9 June 2026}}<ref name=soccerway/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="1" | [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]] | 2026 | 2 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 2 ! 0 |} == Daraja == '''Paris Saint-Germain''' * [[Ligue 1|Gasar Ligue 1]] : 2019–20 <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2020 |title=PSG named French champs as Ligue 1 called off |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/paris-saint-germain/story/4090528/psg-crowned-champions-as-ligue-1-cancelled-marseille-and-rennes-in-champions-league |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> * Trophée des Champions : 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2019 |title=Mbappé and Di Maria Earn PSG First 2019-20 Trophy |url=https://www.ligue1.com/tropheeChampions/article/mbappe-and-di-maria-earn-psg-first-2019-20-trophy.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803150004/https://www.ligue1.com/tropheeChampions/article/mbappe-and-di-maria-earn-psg-first-2019-20-trophy.htm |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=3 August 2019 |website=www.ligue1.com}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Arthur Zagré at the French Football Federation (in French) {{Titi d'Or winners}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} eew4y8zjvl9dm76slihzk4kql9fqhp6 0 160941 882901 877767 2026-07-14T13:18:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andy Ariel Najar Rodríguez''' ( / nə ˈhɑːr / nə- nə- ; ; an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Maris 1993) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Honduras wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na dama]] a ƙungiyar MLS Nashville SC . == Rayuwar farko == Najar ya ƙaura da iyalinsa daga Honduras zuwa Amurka yana da shekaru goma sha uku, inda ya zauna a yankin birnin [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] . Najar ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Thomas A. Edison da ke Alexandria, Virginia kuma ya shiga makarantar matasa ta DC United a shekarar 2008. A lokacin da yake tare da shirin makarantar, Najar ya sami kyaututtuka da girmamawa da yawa saboda rawar da ya taka a baya, inda aka sanya shi cikin ƙungiyar USSF Development Academy Starting XI a shekarar 2009. Shi ne kuma babban ɗan wasan da ya zira kwallaye a gasar ƙarshe ta US Developmental Academy a shekarar 2009 a Los Angeles. == Aikin kulob == === DC United === Najar ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar Generation Adidas tare da DC United a ranar 22 ga Maris 2010. Da zarar ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar MLS, ƙungiyar da ƙungiyarsa sun zama masu alhakin karatunsa. Ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu da ya kammala karatunsa kai tsaye daga Kwalejin United zuwa ƙungiyar farko, bayan mai tsaron gida Bill Hamid, wanda ya sanya hannu a watan Satumba na 2009. [[Fayil:Andy-najar.jpg|right|thumb|Najar yana shirin buga kwallo a lokacin wasan kakar wasa ta yau da kullun a filin wasa na Columbus Crew a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2011, wanda ya ƙare da rashin nasara 2-1 a hannun United.]] Najar ya fara buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasa a ranar 27 ga Maris 2010, a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta MLS ta DC a kakar wasa ta 2010 da Kansas City Wizards . Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan ƙwararru a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2010 a wasan US Open Cup da FC Dallas . Kwarewar da ya nuna a kakar wasa ta 2010 ta sa ya zama ɗan wasa na farko a gasar MLS, a gaban Tim Ream da Danny Mwanga . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Simon Borg |date=3 November 2010 |title=Teen phenom Najar takes MLS Rookie of the Year |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/teen-phenom-najar-takes-mls-rookie-year |publisher=Major League Soccer}}</ref> Masana kamar Paul Gardner na Soccer America sun dauki Najar a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan DC United yana da shekaru 17. Ya samu sha'awar buga wasa daga kungiyoyin Turai, a cewar wakilinsa, kuma ana sa ran zai koma can daga baya a aikinsa, watakila a karshen kakar wasa ta 2010. Duk da haka, an sanar a watan Disamba na 2010 cewa Najar ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru da yawa da DC United . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Travis Clark |date=21 December 2010 |title=DC sign top rookie Najar to multi-year deal |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/dc-sign-top-rookie-najar-multi-year-deal |publisher=Major League Soccer}}</ref> Najar shi ne ɗan wasa ɗaya tilo daga Kwalejin DC United da aka gayyata don halartar gasar Olympics ta 2012. <ref name="Salazar">{{Cite web |last=Salazar |first=Sebastian |title=Najar's call-up a source of pride around club |url=http://www.dcunited.com/news/2012/06/najars-call-up-a-source-of-pride-around-club |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626141947/http://www.dcunited.com/news/2012/06/najars-call-up-a-source-of-pride-around-club |archive-date=26 June 2012 |access-date=26 June 2012 |publisher=DC United |quote="I can only thank God for this," Najar said in a Spanish language interview Thursday. "I'll be representing not only my country, but my family as well. The Olympics are a dream for every player and I get the chance to live it."}}</ref> === Anderlecht === A ranar 7 ga Janairun 2013, Najar ya koma zakarun gasar Belgian Pro League Anderlecht a kan aro na wata ɗaya. A ranar 30 ga Janairun 2013, Anderlecht ta kammala cinikin Najar gaba ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2013 |title=United's Andy Najar transferred to Belgian side R.S.C. Anderlecht |url=http://www.dcunited.com/post/2013/01/30/united's-andy-najar-transferred-belgian-side-rsc-anderlecht |access-date=11 December 2015 |publisher=[[D.C. United]] }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An ruwaito cewa kuɗin canja wurin ya kai dala miliyan 3. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko da Cercle Brugge a ranar 2 ga Agustan 2013 a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 79. A ranar 22 ga Oktoban 2014, Najar ya fara zura kwallo a ragar Anderlecht a rabin na biyu na wasansu na gasar zakarun Turai da [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] amma kwallaye biyu da aka ci wa ƙungiyar Ingila a ƙarshen lokaci sun haifar da rashin nasara 2-1 ga zakarun Belgium. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2014 |title=Arsene Wenger celebrated his 65th birthday with a vital Champions League win as Arsenal scored twice in the final two minutes to beat Anderlecht. |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/29362790 |access-date=23 October 2014 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Bayan raunin da ya samu a lokacin bazara na 2019, Najar bai buga wa Anderlecht wasa ba fiye da shekara guda. === Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Los Angeles FC === A watan Fabrairun 2020, Najar ya yi atisaye da LAFC a lokacin shirye-shiryen fara kakar wasa ta bana. A ranar 17 ga Yunin 2020, Najar ya koma Major League Soccer, inda ya sanya hannu da Los Angeles FC, wacce a farkon shekarar ta sayar da dala $350,000 a matsayin kudin da aka ware wa Nashville SC a matsayin madadin wurin da za a fara zaba a jadawalin rabon kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2020 |title=Najar Joins LAFC With Right Blend Of Talent & Experience |url=https://www.lafc.com/post/2020/06/16/najar-joins-lafc-right-blend-talent-experience |access-date=17 June 2020 |website=LAFC.com}}</ref> Bayan kakar wasa ta 2020, LAFC ta ki amincewa da zabin kwantiragin da za ta yi da Najar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LAFC Announces Roster Moves for 2021 Season &#124; Los Angeles Football Club |url=https://www.lafc.com/post/2020/12/01/lafc-announces-roster-moves-2021-season}}</ref> === Komawa zuwa DC United === Bayan da LAFC ta sallame shi, Najar ya koma tsohuwar kungiyarsa ta DC United na tsawon makonni shida na gwaji. Dan wasan Black-and-Ja ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara daya tare da zabin karin shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2021 |title=D.C. United Sign Former Black-and-Red Standout Andy Najar |url=https://www.dcunited.com/post/2021/04/16/dc-united-sign-former-black-and-red-standout-andy-najar |access-date=16 April 2021 |website=D.C. United}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2021, Najar ya shigo wasa a minti na 88 a wasan da suka doke New York City FC da ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jason |date=17 April 2021 |title=D.C. United open 2021 by fighting their way past NYCFC in 2-1 win |url=https://www.blackandredunited.com/2021/4/17/22389614/dc-united-nycfc-mls-2021-recap-final-score-highlights |access-date=19 April 2021 |website=Black and Red United}}</ref> Najar ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a MLS tun bayan dawowarsa a ranar 8 ga Agusta a wasan da suka doke [[CF Montreal|CF Montréal]] da ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Razo |first=Eduardo |date=8 August 2021 |title=See it: DC United's Najar scores first MLS goal since 2011 |url=https://www.nbcsports.com/washington/dc-united/see-it-dc-uniteds-andy-najar-scores-first-mls-goal-ten-years?cid=Yahoo&partner=ya4nbcs&chrcontext=WRC |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=NBC Sports}}</ref> [[Fayil:Andy_Najar_Revolution_Nashville_6.25.25-143.jpg|thumb|Andy Najar tare da Nashville SC a shekarar 2025]] Kungiyar ta yi amfani da zabin Najar don haka ta ci gaba da kasancewa a kungiyar na tsawon shekaru 2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2021 |title=D.C. United Sign Andy Najar to Multi-Year Contract Extension through 2023 |url=https://www.dcunited.com/news/d-c-united-sign-andy-najar-to-multi-year-contract-extension-through-2023 |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=D.C. United}}</ref> Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin kocin kungiyar Hernan Losada da kuma tsaron Wayne Rooney, wani lokacin yana taka rawa a matsayin dan wasan baya na dama, wani lokacin kuma a matsayin dan wasan baya na tsakiya tare da Fred Brilliant, Steve Birnbaum, Hines-Ike da Donovan Pines. Kwarewarsa ta dribbling da kuma kwarewarsa sau da yawa sun bude damar cin kwallaye ga United. Magoya bayan United da yawa sun yarda da shawarar sakinsa saboda raunuka da kuma bukatar sake ginawa, amma za a ci gaba da tunawa da shi a matsayin gwarzon dan wasa na baki da ja a RFK da Buzzard Point. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Umaña |first=José |date=2 December 2023 |title=DC United releases Northern Va. product Andy Najar, 8 other players to start rebuild |url=https://wtop.com/dc-united/2023/12/dc-united-releases-northern-va-product-andy-najar-8-other-players-to-start-rebuild/ |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=wtop news}}</ref> === Olympia === A cikin Janairu 2024, Najar ya koma kulob din Liga Nacional de Honduras Olimpia kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2024 |title=¡ANDY ES DEL LEÓN! |trans-title=ANDY IS FROM THE LION! |url=http://clubolimpia.com/2024/01/23/andy-es-del-leon/ |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=clubolimpia.com |language=Spanish}}</ref> === Nashville SC === A ranar 16 ga Janairu 2025, Najar ya koma Major League Soccer, inda ya koma Nashville SC kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=SC |first=Nashville |title=Nashville Soccer Club Signs Honduran Defender Andy Najar |url=https://www.nashvillesc.com/news/nashville-sc-signs-honduran-defender-andy-najar |website=Nashville SC}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == [[Fayil:Andy_Najar.jpg|thumb|Najar da Honduras a shekarar 2015]] A ranar 6 ga Afrilun 2011, Najar ya sanar da cewa zai buga wa tawagar ƙasar Honduras wasa, inda ya zaɓi ƙasar da aka haife shi maimakon ƙasar Amurka, wadda har yanzu bai sami takardar zama ɗan ƙasa ba. Ya fara buga wa Honduras wasa a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2011 da Colombia, inda ya shiga cikin minti na 67. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2011 |title=D.C. United International Round-Up: Andy Najar Debuts For Honduras |url=http://www.blackandredunited.com/2011/9/3/2401781/dc-united-international-round-up-andy-najar-debuts-honduras-bill-hamid-chris-pontius-usmnt |access-date=4 September 2011 |publisher=Black and Red United }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An kira Najar zuwa tawagar 'yan wasan ƙasa ta Honduras 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23 a gasar Olympics ta 2012 . A ranar 21 ga Yulin 2013, Najar ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar kasa da kasa ga Honduras a matakin knockout na gasar cin kofin zinare ta CONCACAF ta 2013 da Costa Rica a wasan da suka tashi 1-0 wanda ya kai Honduras ga wasan kusa da na karshe. <ref name="Gold Cup: Andy Najar nets first int'l goal as Honduras top Costa Rica to book semi with USMNT">{{Cite web |title=Gold Cup: Andy Najar nets first int'l goal as Honduras top Costa Rica to book semi with USMNT |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/goldcup/news/article/2013/07/21/gold-cup-andy-najar-nets-first-intl-goal-honduras-top-costa-rica-book-semi-u |access-date=22 July 2013 |publisher=Major League Soccer}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2025, Najar ya sanar da cewa zai yi ritaya daga tawagar kasar bayan kammala wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026, ko kuma bayan [[2026 FIFA World Cup|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026.]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=cronologia/-/meta/mario-figueroa |title=Andy Nájar le pone fecha a su retiro con la Selección de Honduras y pone en duda su participación en Copa Oro |url=https://www.diez.hn/laseleccion/andy-najar-fecha-a-su-retiro-con-la-seleccion-de-honduras-y-pone-en-duda-su-participacion-en-copa-oro-CG25988831 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=www.diez.hn |language=es-HN}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2025, kwana guda bayan da Honduras ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA, Najar ya yi ritaya daga tawagar kasar bayan da Honduras ta tashi kunnen doki babu ci a wasanta da Costa Rica . <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2025 |title=Honduras con nuevo técnico y adiós a varios futbolistas: Ellos no volverán a jugar una eliminatoria |trans-title=Honduras with a new coach and farewell to several players: They won’t play in another qualifying round |url=https://www.laprensa.hn/fotogalerias/deportes/honduras-seleccion-reinaldo-rueda-mundial-2026-eliminatoria-salida-copa-mundo-DN28255732 |access-date=22 May 2026 |website=[[La Prensa (Honduras)|La Prensa]] |language=es}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|17 April 2025}}<ref>{{Soccerway|andy-najar/123948}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Cup ! colspan="2" |Continental{{Efn|Includes appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]], [[UEFA Europa League]] and [[CONCACAF Central American Cup]].}} ! colspan="2" |Other{{Efn|Appearances in league playoffs}} ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |D.C. United |2010 | rowspan="3" |MLS |26 |5 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |28 |5 |- |2011 |31 |5 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |31 |5 |- |2012 |25 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |28 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !82 !10 !4 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 !87 !10 |- | rowspan="8" |Anderlecht |{{Nowrap|[[2013–14 R.S.C. Anderlecht season|2013–14]]}} | rowspan="7" |Belgian Pro League |15 |2 |1 |0 |1 |0 |10 |1 |27 |3 |- |2014–15 |26 |2 |6 |1 |7 |1 |9 |4 |48 |8 |- |2015–16 |24 |2 |2 |0 |9 |1 |3 |0 |38 |3 |- |2016–17 |9 |0 |1 |0 |5 |0 | colspan="2" |— |15 |0 |- |2017–18 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |4 |0 |6 |0 |- |2018–19 |18 |0 |1 |0 |4 |0 |0 |0 |23 |0 |- |2019–20 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !93 !6 !11 !1 !27 !2 !26 !5 !157 !14 |- |Los Angeles FC |2020 | rowspan="4" |MLS |8 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |8 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |D.C. United |2021 |26 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |26 |1 |- |2022 |23 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |23 |0 |- |2023 |21 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |22 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !70 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !71 !1 |- | rowspan="3" |Olimpia |2023–24 | rowspan="2" |Honduran Liga Nacional |18 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |18 |1 |- |2024–25 |17 |1 | colspan="2" |— |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— |21 |1 |- ! ! !35 !2 !0 !0 !4 !0 !0 !0 !39 !2 |- |Nashville |2025 |MLS |7 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |7 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !308 !19 !16 !1 !31 !2 !27 !5 !382 !27 |} {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 16 June 2024}}<ref name="NFTPLAYER">{{NFT player|44931|access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta yi da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallo |- | rowspan="13" | Honduras | 2011 | 2 | 0 |- | 2012 | 1 | 0 |- | 2013 | 12 | 1 |- | 2014 | 7 | 0 |- | 2015 | 9 | 3 |- | 2016 | 2 | 0 |- | 2017 | 2 | 0 |- | 2019 | 1 | 0 |- | 2021 | 5 | 0 |- | 2022 | 1 | 0 |- | 2023 | 4 | 0 |- | 2024 | 5 | 1 |- | 2025 | 2 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 53 ! 5 |} : ''Sakamakon maki da sakamako sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen da Honduras ta ci, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo ta Najar.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin kwallayen da Andy Najar ya zura a gasar cin kofin duniya ! scope="col" | A'a. ! scope="col" | Kwanan wata ! scope="col" | Wuri ! scope="col" | Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" | Ci ! scope="col" | Sakamako ! scope="col" | Gasar ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | style="text-align:center" | 1 | 21 July 2013 | Filin Wasan M&amp;amp;T Bank, Baltimore, Amurka |{{Fb|Costa Rica}} | style="text-align:center" | 1–0 | style="text-align:center" | 1–0 | Kofin Zinare na CONCACAF na 2013 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Honduras vs. Costa Rica |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/8465/Honduras_Costa_Rica.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | 2 | rowspan="2" | 29 March 2015 | rowspan="2" | Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano, San Pedro Sula, Honduras | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|French Guiana}} | style="text-align:center" | 1–0 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 3–0 | rowspan="2" | Gasar cin Kofin Zinare ta CONCACAF ta 2015 | rowspan="2" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Honduras vs. French Guiana |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/12816/Honduras_French_Guiana.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | 3 | style="text-align:center" | 2–0 |- | style="text-align:center" | 4 | 10 July 2015 | Filin wasa na Gillette, Foxborough, Amurka |{{Fb|Panama}} | style="text-align:center" | 1–1 | style="text-align:center" | 1–1 | Kofin Zinare na CONCACAF na 2015 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Honduras vs. Panama |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/13383/Honduras_Panama.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | 5 | 9 June 2024 | Filin Wasan Kasa na Bermuda, Devonshire Parish, Bermuda |{{Fb|Bermuda}} | style="text-align:center" | 5–1 | style="text-align:center" | 6–1 | Gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bermuda vs. Honduras |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/39112/Bermuda_Honduras.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=National Football Teams}}</ref> |} == Daraja == '''Anderlecht''' <ref>{{Soccerway|andy-najar/123948}}</ref> * Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru ta Belgium : 2012–13, 2013–14, 2016–17 * Kofin Super Cup na Belgium : 2013, 2014 '''Nashville SC''' * Kofin Buɗewa na Amurka : 2025 '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Gwarzon Shekara na MLS : 2010 * Ɗan wasan RSC Anderlecht na kakar wasa: 2015–16, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anderlecht Online - Andy Najar verkozen tot speler van het seizoen (01 jun 16) |url=https://www.anderlecht-online.be/nl/article/142866 |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=www.anderlecht-online.be}}</ref> 2016–17 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anderlecht Online - Wie werd verkozen tot MVP? (08 jun 17) |url=https://anderlecht-online.be/nl/article/156225 |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=anderlecht-online.be}}</ref> * Tauraron MLS : 2025 == Bayanan kula == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Notelist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} ngpbk1awiw0xa0zfr9ha3h728sz0thn 0 161088 882896 878943 2026-07-14T12:18:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anas Zniti''' ( Arabic ; an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1988) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Morocco wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] ga [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Morocco]] . Ya taɓa bugawa [[Maghreb de Fès|Maghreb Fez]] da AS FAR wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anas Zniti, MAS goalkeeper |url=http://www.affairemaroc.com/article-%5BInterview%5D-Anas-Zniti-,-Gardien-de-buts-du-MAS-1256.html |publisher=Affaire Maroc |language=French |access-date=2026-07-08 |archive-date=2012-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429110452/http://www.affairemaroc.com/article-&#91;Interview&#93;-Anas-Zniti-,-Gardien-de-buts-du-MAS-1256.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Maris na 2006, an kira Zniti don yin atisaye a tawagar 'yan wasan Olympics [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco|ta Morocco]], ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tawagar a shekara mai zuwa don ci gaba da wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar Olympics. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Anas Zniti a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1988, ɗan Makarantar Maghreb Fez, wanda aka ɗaga shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko tun 2008. <ref name="أنس الزنيتي">{{Cite web |title=أنس الزنيتي |url=https://areq.net/m/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A.html |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=areq.net}}</ref> Iyalan Anas sun daɗe suna goyon bayansa kuma suna ƙarfafa shi ya buga wasanni, kuma wannan ba abin mamaki ba ne domin yana cikin iyali da ke damuwa da ƙwallon ƙafa sosai, mahaifiyarsa mai tsaron gida ce kuma mahaifinsa yana buga ƙwallon rugby a cikin ƙungiyar Fez Sports Federation <ref name="HAITAMI">{{Cite web |last=HAITAMI |first=PDG : Mohammed |title=واجهت زاناكو مع المغرب الفاسي وأعد جماهيرنا بالتأهل إلى دور المجموعات |url=https://sports.lematin.ma/ar/web/2018/2171.html |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=Le Matin Sports}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Maghreb fez === Zniti ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru yana buga wa Fez wasa. Ya shafe jimillar shekaru 8 yana wasa a Maghreb Fez. Ya lashe gasar cin kofin Throne a shekarar 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco 2010/11 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/maro2011.html |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> baya ga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Club Competitions 2011 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/afcup2011.html |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> a wannan shekarar a wasan ƙarshe da suka fafata da Tunisian Sfaxien, inda ya fara kuma ya ceci bugun fenariti guda biyu, sannan ya sami nasarar zura ƙwallon ƙarshe wadda ta bai wa Al-fas kofin. Ya kuma jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa ga cimma gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2012, <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Club Competitions 2011 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/afcup2011.html |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> daga ƙarshe kwangilarsa ta ƙare da Maghreb Fez a watan Yunin 2013. <ref name="أنس الزنيتي"/> === FAR Rabat === Bayan ƙarewar kwangilarsa da Maghreb Fez, ya sami tayi biyu daga ƙungiyoyi biyu na Turai, amma fahimtar juna tsakanin su da manajansa ba ta faru ba, don haka babu buƙatar tattauna tayin, wanda ya samu, musamman tunda yana da sha'awar ɗaukar sabuwar ƙwarewa a fagen ƙwallon ƙafa. Daga nan ya sanya hannu da ƙungiyar Royal Army. Ya shafe jimillar shekaru 3 tare da ƙungiyar amma bai sami nasara ba tare da sun cimma komai ba. <ref name="HAITAMI"/> === Raja, CA === A ranar 26 ga Mayu 2015, Zniti ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da Raja CA. Ya yi babban nasara inda ƙungiyar ta lashe kofuna sama da 7. Ya lashe kofinsa na farko tare da Raja bayan kunnen doki da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Libya Al-Hilal SC (Benghazi) don lashe kofin ƙungiyar UNAF Club Cup na 2015. A shekarar 2017 ya lashe kofinsa na biyu bayan ya doke Difaâ Hassani El Jadidi don lashe kofin gasar Moroko Throne Cup na 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco 2016/17 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/maro2017.html |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2018 ya fara ɗaukaka Raja a Afirka. Ya lashe kofin gasar CAF Confederation Cup na 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Club Competitions 2018 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/afcup2018.html |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> tare da ƙungiyar bayan ya doke AS Vita Club a wasan ƙarshe wanda ya ba su damar shiga gasar CAF Super Cup ta 2019, daga ƙarshe shi da ƙungiyarsa suka lashe kofin bayan sun yi nasara 2-1 a kan Esperance Sportive de Tunis a filin wasa na Thani bin Jassim da ke Qatar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Club Competitions 2018 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/afcup2018.html |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, ya lashe gasar a karon farko. Kuma ya lashe gasar zakarun Larabawa ta 2020 bayan ya doke Al-Ittihad da ci 4-3 a bugun fenariti bayan ya ceci [[Fahad Al-Muwallad]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arab Club Championship 2019–21 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/arabchamp2020.html |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, ya lashe gasar cin kofin CAF Confederation Cup ta 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Club Competitions 2020/21 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/afcup2021.html |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> bayan ya doke JS Kabylie da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe. Raja ya sha kashi a gasar CAF Super Cup ta 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Club Competitions 2020/21 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/afcup2021.html |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> a hannun Al Ahly SC a bugun fenariti. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == [[Fayil:Équipe_du_Maroc_03-09-2014.jpg|alt=|right|thumb|200x200px|Zniti tana shirin shiga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Morocco a shekarar 2014]] A matakin ƙasa, Zniti yana bugawa ƙungiyar A' ta Morocco. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai tsaron gida na biyu kuma magajin Nadir Lamyaghri a ƙungiyar farko. A ranar 12 ga Disamba 2012, ya buga wasansa na farko da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Morocco ga 'yan wasan gida a wasan sada zumunci da Nijar. Ya kuma buga wasansa na farko da ƙungiyar farko da Zambia a wasan ƙwallo. Don gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 2013 a ranar 8 ga Janairu 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=أنس الزنيتي |url=https://www.unafonline.org/ar/player/%d8%a3%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%aa%d9%8a/ |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=UNAF: Union Nord Africaine de Football |language=ar}}</ref> Anas Zniti ya wakilci Morocco a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2018, inda ya taimaka musu wajen cimma nasarar lashe gasar CHAN ta farko. Ya kuma buga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2020. Morocco ta sake yin nasara kuma ta zama kungiya ta farko kuma tilo da ta lashe gasar CHAN a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Football |first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du |title=Morocco win second CHAN title after defeating Mali in final |url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-african-nations-championship/news/morocco-win-second-chan-title-after-defeating-mali-in-final |access-date=24 November 2021 |website=CAFOnline.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Disamba 2021, Zniti ya karya hannunsa bayan an gayyace shi don shiga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2021 |title=Football: A broken hand deprives Anas Zniti of CAN |url=https://moroccolatestnews.com/football-a-broken-hand-deprives-anas-zniti-of-can/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105171747/https://moroccolatestnews.com/football-a-broken-hand-deprives-anas-zniti-of-can/ |archive-date=5 January 2022 |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=Morocco Latest News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Mas Fès''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Palmarès Maghreb Fès |url=https://www.footmercato.net/club/maghreb-as-de-fes/palmares |website=footmercato.net}}</ref> * Kofin Kurzawa na Morocco : 2011 * Kofin Confederation na CAF : 2011 * [[CAF Super Cup]] : 2012 '''Raja CA''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Palmarès Raja |url=https://www.footmercato.net/club/raja-club-athletic-de-casablanca/palmares |website=footmercato.net}}</ref> * Botola Pro : 2019-20, 2023–24 * Kofin Kurzawa na Morocco : 2017, 2023 * Kofin Ƙungiyoyi na UNAF : 2015 * Kofin Zakarun Kulob na Larabawa : 2019–20 * Kofin Confederation na CAF : 2018, 2020–21 * [[CAF Super Cup]] : 2019 '''Maroko A'''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka : 2018, 2020 '''Mutum ɗaya''' * [[Maghreb de Fès|Mas Fès]] Ɗan Wasan Kakar: 2010–11, 2011–12 * Mafi Golan Botola Pro : 2011, 2017, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2024 * Ƙungiyar Botola ta Ƙwararru ta Kakar Wasanni: 2020–21, 2023–24 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CSpKHHDsG69/?igshid=NzZhOTFlYzFmZQ== |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=instagram.com}}</ref> * Mafi kyawun Mai Tsaron Gida a Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka : 2020 * Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Football |first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du |title=El Kaabi named Total man of the tournament |url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-african-nations-championship/news/el-kaabi-named-total-man-of-the-tournament |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=CAFOnline.com |language=en}}</ref> * Mafi kyawun Mai Tsaron Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Turai ta CAF : 2020 * Ɗan Wasan Raja CA na Kakar Wasanni: 2020–21 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 74459wmaxvzvdxd6ikvy74i446d8wpv 0 161195 883152 880391 2026-07-15T04:44:26Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883152 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:TxSen2022District8.svg|thumb|8th district of 88th Texas Senate]]  Gundumar 8 ta Majalisar Dattawan Texas yanki ne na 'yan majalisar dattawa wanda a halin yanzu yake kula da dukkan gundumomin Rains da Hunt da kuma wasu sassan [[:en:Collin_County,_Texas|Gundumar Collin]] da ke jihar Texas ta Amurka.ref>{{cite web |title=State Senate Districts PLANS2168 |url=https://wtaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/XGRmapSenateCourtesyTrentAshby.pdf |website=WTAW |access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref> '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ <u>VoteTexas.gov</u>]''' t5um7tntpjm8dlqqb4s07uahtgkoszx 883154 883152 2026-07-15T04:45:41Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883154 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:TxSen2022District8.svg|thumb|8th district of 88th Texas Senate]]'''<u>District 8</u>''' Gundumar 8 ta Majalisar Dattawan Texas yanki ne na 'yan majalisar dattawa wanda a halin yanzu yake kula da dukkan gundumomin Rains da Hunt da kuma wasu sassan [[:en:Collin_County,_Texas|Gundumar Collin]] da ke jihar Texas ta Amurka. '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ <u>VoteTexas.gov</u>]''' 4q4x4ijvix53ov1kp9xyqcpb87cxqql 883155 883154 2026-07-15T04:47:02Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883155 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:TxSen2022District8.svg|thumb|8th district of 88th Texas Senate]]'''<u>District 8</u>''' Gundumar 8 ta Majalisar Dattawan Texas yanki ne na 'yan majalisar dattawa wanda a halin yanzu ke kula da dukkan gundumomin Rains County da Hunt County da kuma wasu sassan Gundumar Collin County da ke jihar Texas ta Amurka.[1] Sanatan da ke wakiltar Gundumar 8 a yanzu ita ce Angela Paxton. '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ <u>VoteTexas.gov</u>]''' q9a7bsk3oebf4o6bi3usc5c1yrlhk07 883156 883155 2026-07-15T04:47:16Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883156 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:TxSen2022District8.svg|thumb|8th district of 88th Texas Senate]]'''<u>District 8</u>''' Gundumar 8 ta Majalisar Dattawan Texas yanki ne na 'yan majalisar dattawa wanda a halin yanzu ke kula da dukkan gundumomin Rains County da Hunt County da kuma wasu sassan Gundumar Collin County da ke jihar Texas ta Amurka. Sanatan da ke wakiltar Gundumar 8 a yanzu ita ce Angela Paxton. '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ <u>VoteTexas.gov</u>]''' lhx46gwh8f67jiuwb6y111tutdw5v4h 883157 883156 2026-07-15T04:48:07Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883157 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:TxSen2022District8.svg|thumb|8th district of 88th Texas Senate]]'''<u>District 8</u>''' Gundumar 8 ta Majalisar Dattawan Texas yanki ne na 'yan majalisar dattawa wanda a halin yanzu ke kula da dukkan gundumomin Rains County da Hunt County da kuma wasu sassan Gundumar Collin County da ke jihar Texas ta Amurka. Sanatan da ke wakiltar Gundumar 8 a yanzu ita ce Angela Paxton.{{Election box begin|title=[[2024 Texas elections|Texas elections, 2024]]: Senate District 8<ref>{{cite web |title=County by County Canvass Report 2024 NOVEMBER 5TH GENERAL ELECTION November 05, 2024 |url=https://results.texas-election.com/static/data/Reports/49664/CountybyCountyCanvassReport.pdf?v=1733942864317 |website=Texas Secretary of State |access-date=11 December 2024}}</ref>}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=[[Angela Paxton]]|votes=269,743|percentage=59.36|change=+1.67}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Rachel Mello|votes=184,642|percentage=40.64|change=+1.19}} {{Election box majority|votes=85,101|percentage=18.72|change=+0.48}} {{Election box turnout|votes=454,385|percentage=|change=}} {{Election box hold with party link|winner=Republican Party (US)|swing=}} {{Election box end}} '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ <u>VoteTexas.gov</u>]''' 5p3vvon5x38asi609ljbg71acb7a923 883158 883157 2026-07-15T04:48:40Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883158 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:TxSen2022District8.svg|thumb|8th district of 88th Texas Senate]]'''<u>District 8</u>''' Gundumar 8 ta Majalisar Dattawan Texas yanki ne na 'yan majalisar dattawa wanda a halin yanzu ke kula da dukkan gundumomin Rains County da Hunt County da kuma wasu sassan Gundumar Collin County da ke jihar Texas ta Amurka. Sanatan da ke wakiltar Gundumar 8 a yanzu ita ce Angela Paxton.{ {Election box begin|title=[[2024 Texas elections|Texas elections, 2024]]: Senate District 8<ref>{{cite web |title=County by County Canvass Report 2024 NOVEMBER 5TH GENERAL ELECTION November 05, 2024 |url=https://results.texas-election.com/static/data/Reports/49664/CountybyCountyCanvassReport.pdf?v=1733942864317 |website=Texas Secretary of State |access-date=11 December 2024}}</ref>}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=[[Angela Paxton]]|votes=269,743|percentage=59.36|change=+1.67}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Rachel Mello|votes=184,642|percentage=40.64|change=+1.19}} {{Election box majority|votes=85,101|percentage=18.72|change=+0.48}} {{Election box turnout|votes=454,385|percentage=|change=}} {{Election box hold with party link|winner=Republican Party (US)|swing=}} {{Election box end}} '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ <u>VoteTexas.gov</u>]''' 6ogfozeftpaensh2srwwmqylvk5do8k 883159 883158 2026-07-15T04:48:59Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883159 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:TxSen2022District8.svg|thumb|8th district of 88th Texas Senate]]'''<u>District 8</u>''' Gundumar 8 ta Majalisar Dattawan Texas yanki ne na 'yan majalisar dattawa wanda a halin yanzu ke kula da dukkan gundumomin Rains County da Hunt County da kuma wasu sassan Gundumar Collin County da ke jihar Texas ta Amurka. Sanatan da ke wakiltar Gundumar 8 a yanzu ita ce Angela Paxton.{ {{Election box begin|title=[[2024 Texas elections|Texas elections, 2024]]: Senate District 8<ref>{{cite web |title=County by County Canvass Report 2024 NOVEMBER 5TH GENERAL ELECTION November 05, 2024 |url=https://results.texas-election.com/static/data/Reports/49664/CountybyCountyCanvassReport.pdf?v=1733942864317 |website=Texas Secretary of State |access-date=11 December 2024}}</ref>}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=[[Angela Paxton]]|votes=269,743|percentage=59.36|change=+1.67}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Rachel Mello|votes=184,642|percentage=40.64|change=+1.19}} {{Election box majority|votes=85,101|percentage=18.72|change=+0.48}} {{Election box turnout|votes=454,385|percentage=|change=}} {{Election box hold with party link|winner=Republican Party (US)|swing=}} {{Election box end}} '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ <u>VoteTexas.gov</u>]''' 1okv3ozfi4mljiaw1b1r5xp5uies4ys 883160 883159 2026-07-15T04:49:36Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883160 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:TxSen2022District8.svg|thumb|8th district of 88th Texas Senate]]'''<u>District 8</u>''' Gundumar 8 ta Majalisar Dattawan Texas yanki ne na 'yan majalisar dattawa wanda a halin yanzu ke kula da dukkan gundumomin Rains County da Hunt County da kuma wasu sassan Gundumar Collin County da ke jihar Texas ta Amurka. Sanatan da ke wakiltar Gundumar 8 a yanzu ita ce Angela Paxton.{ {{Election box begin|title=[[2024 Texas elections|Texas elections, 2024]]: Senate District 8<ref>{{cite web |title=County by County Canvass Report 2024 NOVEMBER 5TH GENERAL ELECTION November 05, 2024 |url=https://results.texas-election.com/static/data/Reports/49664/CountybyCountyCanvassReport.pdf?v=1733942864317 |website=Texas Secretary of State |access-date=11 December 2024}}</ref>}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=[[Angela Paxton]]|votes=269,743|percentage=59.36|change=+1.67}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Rachel Mello|votes=184,642|percentage=40.64|change=+1.19}} {{Election box majority|votes=85,101|percentage=18.72|change=+0.48}} {{Election box turnout|votes=454,385|percentage=|change=}} {{Election box hold with party link|winner=Republican Party (US)|swing=}} {{Election box end}} fxlugs7m0tthm44fy96xui4i5x1g3n5 883161 883160 2026-07-15T04:50:02Z Armadillo Jack 46856 883161 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:TxSen2022District8.svg|thumb|8th district of 88th Texas Senate]]'''<u>District 8</u>''' Gundumar 8 ta Majalisar Dattawan Texas yanki ne na 'yan majalisar dattawa wanda a halin yanzu ke kula da dukkan gundumomin Rains County da Hunt County da kuma wasu sassan Gundumar Collin County da ke jihar Texas ta Amurka. Sanatan da ke wakiltar Gundumar 8 a yanzu ita ce Angela Paxton. {{Election box begin|title=[[2024 Texas elections|Texas elections, 2024]]: Senate District 8<ref>{{cite web |title=County by County Canvass Report 2024 NOVEMBER 5TH GENERAL ELECTION November 05, 2024 |url=https://results.texas-election.com/static/data/Reports/49664/CountybyCountyCanvassReport.pdf?v=1733942864317 |website=Texas Secretary of State |access-date=11 December 2024}}</ref>}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=[[Angela Paxton]]|votes=269,743|percentage=59.36|change=+1.67}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Rachel Mello|votes=184,642|percentage=40.64|change=+1.19}} {{Election box majority|votes=85,101|percentage=18.72|change=+0.48}} {{Election box turnout|votes=454,385|percentage=|change=}} {{Election box hold with party link|winner=Republican Party (US)|swing=}} {{Election box end}} 98215cttpsqnh24lk5jvsln5yqxc85l 0 161313 882943 880853 2026-07-14T15:38:07Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 882943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amiruddin Bagas Kaffa Arrizqi''' (an haife shi 16 Janairu 2002) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar [[Indonesiya]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] a ƙungiyar La Liga 2 Barito Putera . == Aikin kulob == === Barito Putera === Tun yana ƙarami, ya riga ya sami damar bugawa PS Barito Putera wasa. Bagas Kaffa ya amince da kwangila da Barito Putera a shekarar 2019. Har ma an tsawaita kwangilarsa har zuwa 2023. Ya ƙuduri aniyar samun matsayi a matsayin ɗan wasa na yau da kullun a ''Laskar Antasari'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bagas Kaffa dan Sebuah Cerita Menarik dari Masa Kecil |url=https://m.bola.net/tim_nasional/bagas-kaffa-dan-sebuah-cerita-menarik-dari-masa-kecil-69017c.html |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=bola.net}}</ref> Bagas Kaffa ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko a ranar 6 ga Maris 2020 a matsayin fara wasa a wasan da suka yi da Bali United inda ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a matsayin ɗan baya na dama. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bagas Kaffa Ungkap Kesannya Setelah Debut Bersama Barito Putera di Liga 1 |url=https://www.indosport.com/sepakbola/20200307/bagas-kaffa-ungkap-kesannya-usai-debut-bersama-barito-putera-di-liga-1 |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=Indosport}}</ref> An dakatar da wannan kakar wasa a ranar 27 ga Maris 2020 saboda [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]] . An yi watsi da kakar wasa kuma an ayyana ta a matsayin ba ta da amfani a ranar 20 ga Janairu 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barito Putera vs. Bali United - 6 March 2020 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2020/03/06/indonesia/super-liga/barito-putra/persisam-putra-samarinda/3238845/ |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=int.soccerway.com}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2021, Bagas Kaffa ya taimaka wa Aleksandar Rakić a wasan da suka doke PSM Makassar da ci 0-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Hasil Liga 1: PSM Makassar vs Barito Putera 0-2 |url=https://bola.tempo.co/read/1510953/hasil-liga-1-psm-makassar-vs-barito-putera-0-2 |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=tempo.co |language=id}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, Bagas Kaffa ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar ga Barito Putera a wasan da suka doke Persiraj Banda Aceh da ci 4-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2021 |title=Bagas Kaffa Cetak Gol Perdana di Liga 1, Bagus Kahfi Tak Dipercaya Jong FC Utrecht Lagi |url=https://bolanas.bolasport.com/read/493004049/bagas-kaffa-cetak-gol-perdana-di-liga-1-bagus-kahfi-tak-dipercaya-jong-fc-utrecht-lagi?page=all |access-date=20 November 2021 |website=bolasport.com |language=id}}</ref> Kwarewar da Bagas Kaffa ya nuna ya sa ya shiga cikin 'yan wasa mafi kyau na 2021-22 a gasar La Liga 1. A duk tsawon kakar wasa, ya buga wasanni 32, ya zura kwallo 1 da kuma taimakawa wajen zura kwallo 4. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2022 |title=Ikrar Setia Bagas Kaffa bersama Barito Putera di Tengah Godaan Tim Lain |url=https://bola.kompas.com/read/2022/04/11/20400058/ikrar-setia-bagas-kaffa-bersama-barito-putera-di-tengah-godaan-tim-lain?page=all |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=kompas.com |language=id}}</ref> Kafin kakar wasa ta 2022-23, an yi ta rade-radin cewa Bagas Kaffa zai koma Persija Jakarta, amma daga baya ya ci gaba da zama a kungiyar. Duk da haka, ya zama dan wasan da ya fara bugawa a kungiyar Barito Putera a karkashin Rahmad Darmawan, kuma ya ga ci gaba a wasansa na kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2022 |title=Bagas Kaffa Pilih Bertahan Di Barito Putra |url=https://m.mediaindonesia.com/sepak-bola/485360/bagas-kaffa-pilih-bertahan-di-barito-putra |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=Media Indonesia |language=id}}</ref> Bagas Kaffa ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana ga ''Laskar Antasari'' a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2022, wani kokari na mintuna na karshe a wasan da suka yi da Persik Kediri don daidaita wasan da ci 2-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2022 |title=Momen Gol Dramatis Bagas Kaffa Lawan Persik Kediri |url=https://www.libero.id/detail/20026/momen-gol-dramatis-bagas-kaffa-lawan-persik-kediri.html |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=www.libero.id |language=id}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Disamba, Bagas Kaffa ya taimaka wa dan kasarsa Rafael Silva a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 0-3 da Persita Tangerang a filin wasa na Maguwoharjo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2022 |title=Hasil Liga 1: Persita vs Barito Putera, Rafael Silva Bikin Laskar Antasari Berpesta |url=https://www.indosport.com/sepakbola/20221224/hasil-liga-1-persita-vs-barito-putera-rafael-silva-bikin-laskar-antasari-berpesta/jalannya-babak-kedua |access-date=24 December 2022 |website=www.indosport.com |language=id}}</ref> Bagas Kaffa ya samu rauni a cikin 'yan wasa goma sha daya a kakar wasa, inda ya buga kusan adadin wasanni tsakanin dan wasan baya na dama da dan wasan tsakiya na dama. Kwarewarsa mai kyau ya sa aka kira shi zuwa kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 ta Indonesia wadda za ta shirya buga wasa a wasannin kudu maso gabashin Asiya na 2023 mai zuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2023 |title=Bagas Kaffa Kembali Dipanggil Isi Slot Timnas Indonesia |url=https://dutatv.com/bagas-kaffa-kembali-dipanggil-isi-slot-timnas-indonesia/ |access-date=3 April 2023 |website=dutatv.com |language=id}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Bagas Kaffa ya fara wakiltar Indonesia tun yana ɗan shekara 15 lokacin da ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15 ta Indonesia wasa da 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15 ta Myanmar a gasar matasa ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15 ta AFF ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2017 |title=Gol Injury Time Selamatkan Indonesia dari Kekalahan Lawan Myanmar |url=https://sport.detik.com/sepakbola/liga-indonesia/d-3553624/gol-injury-time-selamatkan-indonesia-dari-kekalahan-lawan-myanmar |access-date=9 July 2017 |website=detik.com |language=id}}</ref> Bagas Kaffa shi ma yana cikin ƙungiyar ' yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Indonesia wadda ta lashe gasar matasa ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 ta AFF ta 2018, bayan da ya buga wasan ƙarshe da Thailand U17, inda ya lashe bugun fenariti . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2018 |title=Sejarah, Timnas Indonesia Juara Piala AFF U-16 2018 |url=https://www.liputan6.com/bola/read/3616534/sejarah-timnas-indonesia-juara-piala-aff-u-16-2018 |website=www.liputan6.com |language=id}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Satumba, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa ga ''Garuda Muda'', inda ya yi sauri ya doke 'yan wasa huɗu da ke fafatawa da [[Iran]] U17 a gasar cin kofin AFC U-16 ta 2018. Wasan ya ƙare da nasara 2-0 ga Indonesia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2018 |title=Pecundangi 4 Pemain Iran, Bagas Kaffa Cetak Gol Kelas Dunia untuk Timnas Indonesia U-16 |url=https://www.indosport.com/sepakbola/20180921/pecundangi-4-pemain-iran-bagas-kaffa-cetak-gol-kelas-dunia |access-date=21 September 2018 |website=www.indosport.com |language=id}}</ref> An ba shi kyautar ɗan wasan da ya zura ƙwallon da ta fi kyau a gasar cin kofin AFC U-16 ta 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2018 |title=Gol Bagas Kaffa ke Gawang Iran Jadi yang Terbaik di Piala Asia U-16 2018 |url=https://bola.okezone.com/read/2018/10/12/51/1962980/gol-bagas-kaffa-ke-gawang-iran-jadi-yang-terbaik-di-piala-asia-u-16-2018 |access-date=12 October 2018 |website=Okezone |language=id}}</ref> Bagas Kaffa yana cikin ƙungiyar ' yan ƙasa da shekaru 19 ta Indonesia wadda ta zo ta uku a gasar matasa ta 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 19 ta AFF ta 2019 . A watan Afrilun 2023, an kira Bagas Kaffa zuwa cibiyar horar da 'yan kasa da shekaru 22 ta Indonesia domin shiryawa gasar wasannin SEA ta 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2023 |title=Kembali Dipanggil, Bagas Kaffa Siap Berikan Segalanya di Laga Uji Coba Timnas Indonesia U22 |url=https://bali.tribunnews.com/2023/04/11/kembali-dipanggil-bagas-kaffa-siap-berikan-segalanya-di-laga-uji-coba-timnas-indonesia-u22 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Tribunnews |language=id}}</ref> Bagas Kaffa ya fara buga wa 'yan kasa da shekaru 22 wasa a ranar 14 ga Afrilun 2023 a wasan sada zumunta da 'yan kasa da shekaru 22 na Lebanon a filin wasa na Gelora Bung Karno, [[Jakarta]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2023 |title=Hasil Timnas U22 Indonesia Vs Lebanon, Garuda Muda Takluk 1-2 |url=https://bola.kompas.com/read/2023/04/14/22385638/hasil-timnas-u22-indonesia-vs-lebanon-garuda-muda-takluk-1-2?page=all#page2 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=kompas.com |language=id}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|25 April 2026}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/bagas-kaffa/654364/|title=Indonesia - B. Kaffa - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|website=int.soccerway.com|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" |Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofi ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Wani ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="6" | Barito Putera | 2020 | rowspan="1" valign="center" | Gasar La Liga ta 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | – | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |- | 2021–22 | rowspan="1" valign="center" | Gasar La Liga ta 1 | 32 | 1 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | – | 4 {{Efn|Appearances in [[2021 Menpora Cup|Menpora Cup]]}} | 0 | 36 | 1 |- | 2022–23 | rowspan="1" valign="center" | Gasar La Liga ta 1 | 30 | 1 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | – | 5 {{Efn|Appearances in [[Indonesia President's Cup]]}} | 0 | 35 | 1 |- | 2023–24 | Gasar La Liga ta 1 | 21 | 2 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | – | 0 | 0 | 21 | 2 |- | 2024–25 | Gasar La Liga ta 1 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | – | 0 | 0 | 23 | 0 |- | 2025–26 | Gasar Zakarun Turai | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | – | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 121 ! 4 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 9 ! 0 ! 130 ! 4 |} ; Bayanan kula  == Rayuwa ta sirri == Shi ɗan'uwan ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne Bagus Kahfi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Putting it briefly: RI twins score in victory over Iran |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/09/22/putting-it-briefly-ri-twins-score-victory-over-iran.html |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}</ref> == Daraja == ; 'Yan ƙasa da shekara 16 a Indonesiya * Tien Phong Plastic Cup: 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Timnas Indonesia U-16 Juara Tien Phong Plastic Cup 2017 {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/id/berita/timnas-indonesia-u-16-juara-tien-phong-plastic-cup-2017/l0a4h6nmg5kd1d4djbvsbpu58 |access-date=2019-08-15 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref> * Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 ta JENESYS ta [[Japan]] da ASEAN : 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Timnas Indonesia U-16 Juara Turnamen Jenesys 2018 {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/id/berita/timnas-indonesia-u-16-juara-turnamen-jenesys-2018/1m0uxc1t4c23b1uj9wlsn4u2m3 |access-date=2019-08-15 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref> * Gasar Matasa ta 'Yan Kasa da Shekaru 16 ta AFF : 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harley Ikhsan |date=11 August 2018 |title=Sejarah, Timnas Indonesia Juara Piala AFF U-16 2018 |trans-title=History, Indonesian National Team Champion of 2018 AFF U-16 Cup |url=https://www.liputan6.com/bola/read/3616534/sejarah-timnas-indonesia-juara-piala-aff-u-16-2018 |access-date=12 August 2018 |publisher=Liputan6 |language=Indonesian}}</ref> ; Indonesiya 'Yan ƙasa da shekara 19 * Gasar Matasa ta AFF U-19 ta zo ta uku: 2019 ; 'Yan ƙasa da shekara 23 a Indonesiya * Lambobin zinare na Wasannin SEA : 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Kompas Cyber |date=2023-05-16 |title=Hasil Indonesia Vs Thailand: Menang 5-2, Garuda Sabet Emas SEA Games 2023! |url=https://bola.kompas.com/read/2023/05/16/22220618/hasil-indonesia-vs-thailand-menang-5-2-garuda-sabet-emas-sea-games-2023 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=KOMPAS.com |language=id}}</ref> * Wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar AFF U-23 : 2023 '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Matashin ɗan wasan wata na Liga 1 : Satumba 2021, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inilah Pemenang Individual Award September 2021 |url=https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/press/detail/inilah-pemenang-individual-award-september-2021 |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=Ligaindonesiabaru.com}}</ref> Nuwamba 2021, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baru |first=PT Liga Indonesia |title=Adam Alis, Pemain Terbaik November 2021 |url=https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/press/detail/adam-alis--pemain-terbaik-november-2021 |access-date=5 December 2021 |website=ligaindonesiabaru.com |language=en}}</ref> Fabrairu 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baru |first=PT Liga Indonesia |title=Samsul Arif Terpilih Sebagai Pemain Terbaik Edisi Februari |url=https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/press/detail/samsul-arif-terpilih-sebagai-pemain-terbaik-edisi-februari-363 |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=ligaindonesiabaru.com |language=en}}</ref> * Ƙungiyar Gasar La Liga ta 1 : 2021–22 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://stats.the-afc.com/player/118029 Bagas Kaffa] a gasar AFC * Bagas Kaffa {{PS Barito Putera squad}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} gzr4valuporq4u61ayjey46l8cj7brb 0 161331 883023 880963 2026-07-14T18:23:06Z Usman saadu 46863 883023 wikitext text/x-wiki   Leo ita ce kalmar Latin don [[zaki]]. Sau da yawa yana nufin: * Leo (constellation), tarin taurari a sararin samaniya * Leo (astrology) , alamar taurari na zodiac * Leo (sunan da aka ba shi) , sunan da aka ba da shi a cikin harsuna da yawa, yawanci namiji Kalmomin '''Leo''' ko Léo na iya nufin: == Sunayen farko == * Girman epitaxial na gefe - fasahar substrate na semiconductor * Jami'in tilasta bin doka * Kungiyar tilasta bin doka * Louisville Eccentric Observer, jaridar mako-mako kyauta a Louisville, Kentucky * Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Tattalin Arziki ta Michigan * Mai ba da izini na shari'a, sau da yawa an taƙaita shi zuwa LEO ko LeO a Burtaniya. == Fasaha da nishaɗi == === Waƙoƙi === * L.E.O. (ƙungiya) , ƙungiyar mawaƙa Bleu da abokan aiki * Leo (soundtrack), kundin sauti na Anirudh Ravichander don fim din Indiya na shekarar 2023 === Fim din === * Leo (fim na 2000) , fim din Mutanen Espanya * Leo (fim na 2002) , fim din Burtaniya da Amurka * Leo, fim din Sweden na 2007 na Josef Fares * [[Leo (fim, 2012)|Leo (fim na 2012)]] , fim din Kenya * Leo (fim na Amurka na 2023) fim ne mai ban dariya na Amurka * Leo (fim na Indiya na 2023) wani fim mai ban tsoro na harshen Tamil * Leo the Lion (MGM) , mascot na gidan fina-finai na Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer da aka gani a farkon fina-fukkunan MGM === Talabijin === * Leo Awards, lambar yabo ta talabijin ta British Columbian * "Leo", wani labari na Being Ericalabarin <nowiki><i id="mwRg">Kasancewa Erica</i></nowiki> * Léo, zaki na almara a cikin wasan kwaikwayo Animal Crackers''Masu Tsinkaye na Dabbobi'' * Léo, 2018 jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Quebec wanda Fabien Cloutier ya kirkiraMai Fushi da Ƙarƙashin * Ultraman Leo, 1974 shirin talabijin na Japan wanda Tsuburaya Productions ya samar == Kamfanoni == == Mutane da halayen almara == * Léo, jerin mutanen da aka ba su suna * Leo (sunan mahaifi) , jerin mutane * Paparoma Leo (disambiguation) , shafin disambiguation ga Paparoma mai suna Leo * Daular Leonid, wanda aka fi sani da Gidan Leo, daular Byzantine * Arakel Babakhanian (1860-1932), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa Leo, masanin tarihin Armenia * Leo (mai raira waƙa) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1990), mawaƙin pop na Koriya ta Kudu * Léo (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1975) , cikakken suna Leonardo Lourenço Bastos, ƙwallon ƙwallon Brazil na hagu * Leo (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi Nuwamba 1989) , cikakken suna Leonardo Passos Alves, ɗan wasan ƙwallafen Brazil * Leo (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1989), cikakken suna Leandro Mariano da Silva, ɗan wasan ƙwallafen Brazil * Léo (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) , cikakken suna Leonardo da Silva Vieira, mai tsaron ƙwallon ƙwallon Brazil * Léo (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1992) , cikakken suna Leonardo José Peres, ɗan wasan ƙwallafen Brazil * Leo (mai kokawa) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), ƙwararren mai kokawa na Mexico * Luiz Eduardo de Oliveira ko Léo (an haife shi a shekara ta 1944), marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Brazil g3ncp8j0rrq86cqgg4vw400nuuiah9v 0 161371 883091 881843 2026-07-14T21:35:46Z A09 23573 A09 moved page [[Wp/ha/Fhade]] to [[Fhade]] without leaving a redirect: probably meant to be in mainspace in a non-Incubator format 881843 wikitext text/x-wiki Fhade wani abune Wanda wasu mutane ke aikatawa ta hanyar ammata ko yara ankana,na kuma mafi yawon masu aikata wannan laifin suna amfanida miya gonkwayoyi dumin tunanunsu ya gushe. kuma hakan nahaifar masu da matsaloli lamarin haryakai inzasuy aure suna samin matsala ko,koma abun yakuma kanyaran da xasuhaifa lamarin haryakai adinga tsangwamar yaran acikin al,umma sabida haka muna masu rokon gomnati da tatai maka wajen yaki da miyagon kwayoyi sabida hakan zaitaimaka wajen baiwa mata kariya acikin al, umma 093ncks7ovxhd3lpjpx7rf54j4h570s 0 161490 883090 882267 2026-07-14T21:35:38Z A09 23573 A09 moved page [[Wp/ha/staro]] to [[Staro]] without leaving a redirect: probably meant to be in mainspace in a non-Incubator format 882267 wikitext text/x-wiki Menene? staro wani abune wanda akefamadashi ton lokacin kakanni tahanyar wasudaga cikin al,umma masu tada kayar baya misali: anfashi mutane ne kefitowa daga cikin al,umma domin sudinga tare hanya suna karfamma jama,a kudi domin su sunaganin wannan shine hanyar samin kudinsu misali anbindiga dadi an bindiga dadi wasu mutane ne dakefitowa daga Cikin al,umma Amman mafiyawancinsu fulanine sabida sunashigowa cikin gari daddare domin suygarkuwa damutane domin suy amfanida hakan sukarfi kudin jama,a muna rukun gomnati data taimaka ma al, umma tahanyar yima kauyaku makarantu da masana,antu da asibitoci domin mutane susami aikinyi domin rashin aikin yine kejefa matasa cikin wannan hali Muna masurukun gomnati da babbar murya da atemaki talakawa da matasa harma da masu kudi domin su akefaradauka shi talaka ko an aukeshi insukaji bakudi to wlh kasheshi sukeyi danhaka Dan allah gomnati kitemaki al,ummar ki sako daga matasan Nigeria 7yi563o7g72rwhbx04fxet52oti7b9s 0 161512 883089 882440 2026-07-14T21:35:27Z A09 23573 A09 moved page [[Wp/ha/sana,a]] to [[Sana,a]] without leaving a redirect: probably meant to be in mainspace in a non-Incubator format 882440 wikitext text/x-wiki Sana,a? sana,a wata abuce Wanda kowa da kowa keyi domin temakon Kansa kamar wajen dogaro dakai kuma dawan da keda sana,a dawanda baida ita akwai banbanci sosai da sosai kamar wajen aure wasu daga cikin al,umma suna amfani darashin sana,oi suna hana matasa auren yaransu kuma inkuka duba gaskiya suka fada domin Wanda baida sana,a bai iyarike kansama ballantana har aymai aure aytinanin yari keta. sana,a abuce maikhau Wanda jama,a da,damakeyi domin anfanar kansu kuma dukkan Wanda baisana,a wlh sai anganemai kuma rashin sana,a shikesa matasa nayin dauke-dauke ko fashi da makami ko zaman banza gaskiya dai yakamata matasa atashi anemi sana,a 18jm1op489gvar1puazcv45ob8x7m11 0 161536 883189 882577 2026-07-15T08:16:56Z Pharouqenr 25549 883189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nell Mescal''' (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2003) mawaƙiya ce kuma marubuciya ta Irish. == Rayuwa ta farko == Mescal ya fito ne daga [[Maynooth]], County Kildare . <ref name="Times2">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Paul Mescal]] . Sun yi wasu waƙoƙi a matsayin duet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corcoran |first=Mark |date=31 July 2020 |title=Normal People star Paul Mescal and sister Nell show off amazing talent in incredible duet |url=https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/paul-mescal-sister-nell-sing-22370985 |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Suna kuma da ɗan'uwa na tsakiya, Donnacha . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2020 |title=Introducing... singer Nell Mescal on musical genes and famous relatives |url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/introducing-singer-nell-mescal-on-musical-genes-and-famous-relatives-39571986.html |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> An zalunci Mescal a makaranta.<ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> Lokacin da take da shekaru 14, an gano ta da scoliosis kuma dole ne a yi mata tiyata a baya. A lokacin da ta warke daga makaranta ne ta inganta kwarewarta ta kiɗa.<ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHodgkinson2023">Hodgkinson, Will (26 January 2023). </cite></ref> A shekara 17, ta yi watanni uku a Brighton inda ta fara aikinta.<ref name="Times" /> Ta bar makaranta a farkon watan Oktoba 2021 zuwa London don bin kiɗa na cikakken lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kemp |first=Ella |date=2 August 2022 |title=Nell Mescal: candid and tender indie folk that tugs at the heartstrings |url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/nell-mescal-interview-graduating-phoebe-bridgers-radar-3279861 |access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Mescal ta fitar da wakar ta farko "Crash" a cikin 2020, tana aiki tare da furodusa John Leader . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Burne |first=Louise |date=22 May 2020 |title=Watch: Paul Mescal’s talented musician sister Nell has released two singles & they’re incredible |url=https://extra.ie/2020/05/22/entertainment/celebrity/paul-mescal-sister-nell |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roantree |first=Megan |date=9 September 2020 |title="Since I Was A Baby I Was Always Singing And Humming," Meet Nell Mescal |url=https://www.kiss.ie/women-in-music-meet-nell-mescal/ |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan "Deja Vu", "Swingsets", da "Missing You". <ref>{{Cite web |last=O Neill |first=Bronwyn |date=13 November 2020 |title=Rising music star Nell Mescal says brother Paul still owes her a red carpet date |url=https://evoke.ie/2020/11/13/showbiz/nell-mescal-interview |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Finnan |first=Sarah |date=29 October 2020 |title=Original Nell Mescal song chosen to feature in Brown Thomas Christmas window display |url=https://lovindublin.com/dublin/original-nell-mescal-song-chosen-to-feature-in-brown-thomas-christmas-window-display |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Ta sami kulawa ta hanyar waƙoƙin da ta wallafa a kafofin sada zumunta, tana kama idanun jama'a kamar Jennifer Garner da James Bay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahey |first=Olivia |date=10 September 2020 |title=Nell Mescal has an A-list fan to her brother Paul's delight |url=https://evoke.ie/2020/09/10/showbiz/nell-mescal-has-an-a-list-fan-to-her-brother-pauls-delight |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Ta yi sana'a a karo na farko a Shoreditch House a 2021, tana tallafawa Phoebe Bridgers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maclean |first=Craig |date=19 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'I'm really proud of Paul, but I'm in my own lane' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/nell-mescal-paul-sister-interview-b1054149.html |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Mescal ta fitar da wakar "Graduating", wacce ta rubuta game da shawarar da ta yanke na barin kammala makaranta don neman kiɗa, kuma ta buɗe yawon shakatawa biyu, gami da ɓangaren Burtaniya na Phoebe Green.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Nick |date=2023-01-20 |title=Nell Mescal: 'I've been singing for my entire life' |url=https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/features/nell-mescal-ive-been-singing-for-my-entire-life-25961/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Rolling Stone UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> Nunin farko da ta yi ya faru ne a Social a Fitzrovia a wannan watan Satumba, kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na Victoria Park's All Points East line-up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2022 |title=Nell Mescal Announces Headline London Show & All Points East Festival – Debut Single ‘Graduating’ Out Now |url=https://essentiallypop.com/epop/2022/07/nell-mescal-announces-headline-london-show-all-points-east-festival-debut-single-graduating-out-now/ |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=Essentially Pop}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan wani "Homesick", wanda Mescal ya yi tare da ƙungiyarsa a kan RTÉ One's The Late ''Late Show'' a watan Janairun 2023, yana nuna bayyanarta ta farko a talabijin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Neill |first=Claire |date=19 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal drops new single 'Homesick' ahead of The Late Late Show performance |url=https://www.hotpress.com/film-tv/nell-mescal-drops-new-single-homesick-ahead-of-the-late-late-show-performance-22947087 |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> Tare da sakin "Punchline", Mescal ya ba da sanarwar yawon shakatawa na Burtaniya da Ireland, wanda ya fara a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duran |first=Anagricel |date=7 July 2023 |title=Nell Mescal shares new single 'Punchline', announces UK and Ireland tour |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/nell-mescal-shares-new-single-punchline-radar-3466351 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=NME}}</ref> Ta taka leda a bukukuwa da yawa, ciki har da The Great Escape Festival, BST Hyde Park, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Sam |date=5 May 2023 |title=Nell Mescal and Sam Ryder are amongst the new names for P!nk's BST Hyde Park shows |url=https://readdork.com/news/pink-bst-hyde-park23-supports/ |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> Dot to Dot Festival, Latitude Festival, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Damara Kelly |first=Tyler |date=13 April 2023 |title=Oscar Lang, Nell Mescal, Etta Marcus and Mae Stephens among new names for Latitude 2023 |url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/oscar-lang-nell-mescal-etta-marcus-and-mae-stephens-among-new-names-for-latitude-2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=The Line of Best Fit}}</ref> Boardmasters Festival, Electric Picnic, Kendal Calling, da Live at Leeds. Ta kuma goyi bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Birdy na Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Lauren |date=24 March 2023 |title=Nell Mescal on "In My Head", Overnight Fame, and Taylor Swift |url=https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/nell-mescal-in-my-head-music-tour |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2024, tare da sakin "Killing Time", Mescal ta sanar da EP dinta na farko Can I Miss it for a Minute? , an shirya buga shi a watan Mayu 2024 ta hanyar LAB Records. Mescal ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ma'anar EP da aka rubuta game da girma, motsawa, rushewar abota, da ƙoƙarin kewayawa tsakanin motsin zuciyar yanzu da tunanin da ba daidai ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jamieson |first=Sarah |date=19 January 2024 |title=Nell Mescal announces debut EP 'Can I Miss it for a Minute?' |url=https://diymag.com/news/nell-mescal-debut-ep-can-i-miss-it-for-a-minute |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=DIY}}</ref> Mescal ya sanya hannu tare da Atlantic Records a cikin 2025 kuma ya saki waƙar demo "Thin".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Nick |date=24 April 2025 |title=Nell Mescal shares 'Thin' live demo and announces signing to Atlantic Records |url=https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/news/nell-mescal-shares-thin-live-demo-and-announces-signing-to-atlantic-records-49701/ |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Rolling Stone}}</ref> A cikin 2026, Mescal ya fitar da waƙoƙin, "Kissing the Ground" da "Settles". == Ayyuka na zane-zane == Mescal grew up listening to Mary Chapin Carpenter and Fleetwood Mac through her parents. She said she has sung her whole life and began writing music when she was 13. She has named artists such as Birdy, Lennon Stella, Jensen McRae, Orla Gartland, [[Taylor Swift]], Bon Iver, the 1975, and Finneas O'Connell as inspirations of hers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2020 |title=Singer and songwriter Nell Mescal chats about her love of words, music and creativity |url=https://talent-in-borders.com/interviews/singer-and-songwriter-nell-mescal-chats-about-her-love-of-words-music-and-creativity/ |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=Talent in Borders}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2022 |title=Behind the music - Nell Mescal |url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2022/0723/1311661-behind-the-music-nell-mescal/ |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=RTÉ}}</ref> ''NME'' compared Mescal's music to early [[Tate McRae]] and Lucy Dacus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2023 |title=The NME 100: essential emerging artists for 2023 |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/the-nme-100-essential-emerging-artists-for-2023-radar-3372061 |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 9gk6bmrp7my0p0wokufbkuraa7smoo4 883191 883189 2026-07-15T08:17:09Z Pharouqenr 25549 883191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nell Mescal''' (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2003) mawaƙiya ce kuma marubuciya ta Irish. == Rayuwa ta farko == Mescal ya fito ne daga Maynooth, County Kildare . <ref name="Times2">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Paul Mescal]] . Sun yi wasu waƙoƙi a matsayin duet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corcoran |first=Mark |date=31 July 2020 |title=Normal People star Paul Mescal and sister Nell show off amazing talent in incredible duet |url=https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/paul-mescal-sister-nell-sing-22370985 |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Suna kuma da ɗan'uwa na tsakiya, Donnacha . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2020 |title=Introducing... singer Nell Mescal on musical genes and famous relatives |url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/introducing-singer-nell-mescal-on-musical-genes-and-famous-relatives-39571986.html |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> An zalunci Mescal a makaranta.<ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> Lokacin da take da shekaru 14, an gano ta da scoliosis kuma dole ne a yi mata tiyata a baya. A lokacin da ta warke daga makaranta ne ta inganta kwarewarta ta kiɗa.<ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHodgkinson2023">Hodgkinson, Will (26 January 2023). </cite></ref> A shekara 17, ta yi watanni uku a Brighton inda ta fara aikinta.<ref name="Times" /> Ta bar makaranta a farkon watan Oktoba 2021 zuwa London don bin kiɗa na cikakken lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kemp |first=Ella |date=2 August 2022 |title=Nell Mescal: candid and tender indie folk that tugs at the heartstrings |url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/nell-mescal-interview-graduating-phoebe-bridgers-radar-3279861 |access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Mescal ta fitar da wakar ta farko "Crash" a cikin 2020, tana aiki tare da furodusa John Leader . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Burne |first=Louise |date=22 May 2020 |title=Watch: Paul Mescal’s talented musician sister Nell has released two singles & they’re incredible |url=https://extra.ie/2020/05/22/entertainment/celebrity/paul-mescal-sister-nell |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roantree |first=Megan |date=9 September 2020 |title="Since I Was A Baby I Was Always Singing And Humming," Meet Nell Mescal |url=https://www.kiss.ie/women-in-music-meet-nell-mescal/ |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan "Deja Vu", "Swingsets", da "Missing You". <ref>{{Cite web |last=O Neill |first=Bronwyn |date=13 November 2020 |title=Rising music star Nell Mescal says brother Paul still owes her a red carpet date |url=https://evoke.ie/2020/11/13/showbiz/nell-mescal-interview |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Finnan |first=Sarah |date=29 October 2020 |title=Original Nell Mescal song chosen to feature in Brown Thomas Christmas window display |url=https://lovindublin.com/dublin/original-nell-mescal-song-chosen-to-feature-in-brown-thomas-christmas-window-display |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Ta sami kulawa ta hanyar waƙoƙin da ta wallafa a kafofin sada zumunta, tana kama idanun jama'a kamar Jennifer Garner da James Bay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahey |first=Olivia |date=10 September 2020 |title=Nell Mescal has an A-list fan to her brother Paul's delight |url=https://evoke.ie/2020/09/10/showbiz/nell-mescal-has-an-a-list-fan-to-her-brother-pauls-delight |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Ta yi sana'a a karo na farko a Shoreditch House a 2021, tana tallafawa Phoebe Bridgers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maclean |first=Craig |date=19 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'I'm really proud of Paul, but I'm in my own lane' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/nell-mescal-paul-sister-interview-b1054149.html |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Mescal ta fitar da wakar "Graduating", wacce ta rubuta game da shawarar da ta yanke na barin kammala makaranta don neman kiɗa, kuma ta buɗe yawon shakatawa biyu, gami da ɓangaren Burtaniya na Phoebe Green.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Nick |date=2023-01-20 |title=Nell Mescal: 'I've been singing for my entire life' |url=https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/features/nell-mescal-ive-been-singing-for-my-entire-life-25961/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Rolling Stone UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> Nunin farko da ta yi ya faru ne a Social a Fitzrovia a wannan watan Satumba, kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na Victoria Park's All Points East line-up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2022 |title=Nell Mescal Announces Headline London Show & All Points East Festival – Debut Single ‘Graduating’ Out Now |url=https://essentiallypop.com/epop/2022/07/nell-mescal-announces-headline-london-show-all-points-east-festival-debut-single-graduating-out-now/ |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=Essentially Pop}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan wani "Homesick", wanda Mescal ya yi tare da ƙungiyarsa a kan RTÉ One's The Late ''Late Show'' a watan Janairun 2023, yana nuna bayyanarta ta farko a talabijin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Neill |first=Claire |date=19 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal drops new single 'Homesick' ahead of The Late Late Show performance |url=https://www.hotpress.com/film-tv/nell-mescal-drops-new-single-homesick-ahead-of-the-late-late-show-performance-22947087 |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> Tare da sakin "Punchline", Mescal ya ba da sanarwar yawon shakatawa na Burtaniya da Ireland, wanda ya fara a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duran |first=Anagricel |date=7 July 2023 |title=Nell Mescal shares new single 'Punchline', announces UK and Ireland tour |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/nell-mescal-shares-new-single-punchline-radar-3466351 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=NME}}</ref> Ta taka leda a bukukuwa da yawa, ciki har da The Great Escape Festival, BST Hyde Park, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Sam |date=5 May 2023 |title=Nell Mescal and Sam Ryder are amongst the new names for P!nk's BST Hyde Park shows |url=https://readdork.com/news/pink-bst-hyde-park23-supports/ |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> Dot to Dot Festival, Latitude Festival, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Damara Kelly |first=Tyler |date=13 April 2023 |title=Oscar Lang, Nell Mescal, Etta Marcus and Mae Stephens among new names for Latitude 2023 |url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/oscar-lang-nell-mescal-etta-marcus-and-mae-stephens-among-new-names-for-latitude-2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=The Line of Best Fit}}</ref> Boardmasters Festival, Electric Picnic, Kendal Calling, da Live at Leeds. Ta kuma goyi bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Birdy na Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Lauren |date=24 March 2023 |title=Nell Mescal on "In My Head", Overnight Fame, and Taylor Swift |url=https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/nell-mescal-in-my-head-music-tour |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2024, tare da sakin "Killing Time", Mescal ta sanar da EP dinta na farko Can I Miss it for a Minute? , an shirya buga shi a watan Mayu 2024 ta hanyar LAB Records. Mescal ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ma'anar EP da aka rubuta game da girma, motsawa, rushewar abota, da ƙoƙarin kewayawa tsakanin motsin zuciyar yanzu da tunanin da ba daidai ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jamieson |first=Sarah |date=19 January 2024 |title=Nell Mescal announces debut EP 'Can I Miss it for a Minute?' |url=https://diymag.com/news/nell-mescal-debut-ep-can-i-miss-it-for-a-minute |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=DIY}}</ref> Mescal ya sanya hannu tare da Atlantic Records a cikin 2025 kuma ya saki waƙar demo "Thin".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Nick |date=24 April 2025 |title=Nell Mescal shares 'Thin' live demo and announces signing to Atlantic Records |url=https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/news/nell-mescal-shares-thin-live-demo-and-announces-signing-to-atlantic-records-49701/ |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Rolling Stone}}</ref> A cikin 2026, Mescal ya fitar da waƙoƙin, "Kissing the Ground" da "Settles". == Ayyuka na zane-zane == Mescal grew up listening to Mary Chapin Carpenter and Fleetwood Mac through her parents. She said she has sung her whole life and began writing music when she was 13. She has named artists such as Birdy, Lennon Stella, Jensen McRae, Orla Gartland, [[Taylor Swift]], Bon Iver, the 1975, and Finneas O'Connell as inspirations of hers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2020 |title=Singer and songwriter Nell Mescal chats about her love of words, music and creativity |url=https://talent-in-borders.com/interviews/singer-and-songwriter-nell-mescal-chats-about-her-love-of-words-music-and-creativity/ |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=Talent in Borders}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2022 |title=Behind the music - Nell Mescal |url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2022/0723/1311661-behind-the-music-nell-mescal/ |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=RTÉ}}</ref> ''NME'' compared Mescal's music to early [[Tate McRae]] and Lucy Dacus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2023 |title=The NME 100: essential emerging artists for 2023 |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/the-nme-100-essential-emerging-artists-for-2023-radar-3372061 |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 9vzdio62qpb6xa3m34hqh0tfyalqqem 883192 883191 2026-07-15T08:17:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 883192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nell Mescal''' (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2003) mawaƙiya ce kuma marubuciya ta Irish. == Rayuwa ta farko == Mescal ya fito ne daga Maynooth, County Kildare . <ref name="Times2">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Paul Mescal . Sun yi wasu waƙoƙi a matsayin duet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corcoran |first=Mark |date=31 July 2020 |title=Normal People star Paul Mescal and sister Nell show off amazing talent in incredible duet |url=https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/paul-mescal-sister-nell-sing-22370985 |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Suna kuma da ɗan'uwa na tsakiya, Donnacha . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2020 |title=Introducing... singer Nell Mescal on musical genes and famous relatives |url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/introducing-singer-nell-mescal-on-musical-genes-and-famous-relatives-39571986.html |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> An zalunci Mescal a makaranta.<ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> Lokacin da take da shekaru 14, an gano ta da scoliosis kuma dole ne a yi mata tiyata a baya. A lokacin da ta warke daga makaranta ne ta inganta kwarewarta ta kiɗa.<ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHodgkinson2023">Hodgkinson, Will (26 January 2023). </cite></ref> A shekara 17, ta yi watanni uku a Brighton inda ta fara aikinta.<ref name="Times" /> Ta bar makaranta a farkon watan Oktoba 2021 zuwa London don bin kiɗa na cikakken lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kemp |first=Ella |date=2 August 2022 |title=Nell Mescal: candid and tender indie folk that tugs at the heartstrings |url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/nell-mescal-interview-graduating-phoebe-bridgers-radar-3279861 |access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Mescal ta fitar da wakar ta farko "Crash" a cikin 2020, tana aiki tare da furodusa John Leader . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Burne |first=Louise |date=22 May 2020 |title=Watch: Paul Mescal’s talented musician sister Nell has released two singles & they’re incredible |url=https://extra.ie/2020/05/22/entertainment/celebrity/paul-mescal-sister-nell |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roantree |first=Megan |date=9 September 2020 |title="Since I Was A Baby I Was Always Singing And Humming," Meet Nell Mescal |url=https://www.kiss.ie/women-in-music-meet-nell-mescal/ |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan "Deja Vu", "Swingsets", da "Missing You". <ref>{{Cite web |last=O Neill |first=Bronwyn |date=13 November 2020 |title=Rising music star Nell Mescal says brother Paul still owes her a red carpet date |url=https://evoke.ie/2020/11/13/showbiz/nell-mescal-interview |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Finnan |first=Sarah |date=29 October 2020 |title=Original Nell Mescal song chosen to feature in Brown Thomas Christmas window display |url=https://lovindublin.com/dublin/original-nell-mescal-song-chosen-to-feature-in-brown-thomas-christmas-window-display |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Ta sami kulawa ta hanyar waƙoƙin da ta wallafa a kafofin sada zumunta, tana kama idanun jama'a kamar Jennifer Garner da James Bay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahey |first=Olivia |date=10 September 2020 |title=Nell Mescal has an A-list fan to her brother Paul's delight |url=https://evoke.ie/2020/09/10/showbiz/nell-mescal-has-an-a-list-fan-to-her-brother-pauls-delight |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Ta yi sana'a a karo na farko a Shoreditch House a 2021, tana tallafawa Phoebe Bridgers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maclean |first=Craig |date=19 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'I'm really proud of Paul, but I'm in my own lane' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/nell-mescal-paul-sister-interview-b1054149.html |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Mescal ta fitar da wakar "Graduating", wacce ta rubuta game da shawarar da ta yanke na barin kammala makaranta don neman kiɗa, kuma ta buɗe yawon shakatawa biyu, gami da ɓangaren Burtaniya na Phoebe Green.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Nick |date=2023-01-20 |title=Nell Mescal: 'I've been singing for my entire life' |url=https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/features/nell-mescal-ive-been-singing-for-my-entire-life-25961/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Rolling Stone UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> Nunin farko da ta yi ya faru ne a Social a Fitzrovia a wannan watan Satumba, kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na Victoria Park's All Points East line-up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2022 |title=Nell Mescal Announces Headline London Show & All Points East Festival – Debut Single ‘Graduating’ Out Now |url=https://essentiallypop.com/epop/2022/07/nell-mescal-announces-headline-london-show-all-points-east-festival-debut-single-graduating-out-now/ |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=Essentially Pop}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan wani "Homesick", wanda Mescal ya yi tare da ƙungiyarsa a kan RTÉ One's The Late ''Late Show'' a watan Janairun 2023, yana nuna bayyanarta ta farko a talabijin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Neill |first=Claire |date=19 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal drops new single 'Homesick' ahead of The Late Late Show performance |url=https://www.hotpress.com/film-tv/nell-mescal-drops-new-single-homesick-ahead-of-the-late-late-show-performance-22947087 |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> Tare da sakin "Punchline", Mescal ya ba da sanarwar yawon shakatawa na Burtaniya da Ireland, wanda ya fara a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duran |first=Anagricel |date=7 July 2023 |title=Nell Mescal shares new single 'Punchline', announces UK and Ireland tour |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/nell-mescal-shares-new-single-punchline-radar-3466351 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=NME}}</ref> Ta taka leda a bukukuwa da yawa, ciki har da The Great Escape Festival, BST Hyde Park, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Sam |date=5 May 2023 |title=Nell Mescal and Sam Ryder are amongst the new names for P!nk's BST Hyde Park shows |url=https://readdork.com/news/pink-bst-hyde-park23-supports/ |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> Dot to Dot Festival, Latitude Festival, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Damara Kelly |first=Tyler |date=13 April 2023 |title=Oscar Lang, Nell Mescal, Etta Marcus and Mae Stephens among new names for Latitude 2023 |url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/oscar-lang-nell-mescal-etta-marcus-and-mae-stephens-among-new-names-for-latitude-2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=The Line of Best Fit}}</ref> Boardmasters Festival, Electric Picnic, Kendal Calling, da Live at Leeds. Ta kuma goyi bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Birdy na Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Lauren |date=24 March 2023 |title=Nell Mescal on "In My Head", Overnight Fame, and Taylor Swift |url=https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/nell-mescal-in-my-head-music-tour |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2024, tare da sakin "Killing Time", Mescal ta sanar da EP dinta na farko Can I Miss it for a Minute? , an shirya buga shi a watan Mayu 2024 ta hanyar LAB Records. Mescal ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ma'anar EP da aka rubuta game da girma, motsawa, rushewar abota, da ƙoƙarin kewayawa tsakanin motsin zuciyar yanzu da tunanin da ba daidai ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jamieson |first=Sarah |date=19 January 2024 |title=Nell Mescal announces debut EP 'Can I Miss it for a Minute?' |url=https://diymag.com/news/nell-mescal-debut-ep-can-i-miss-it-for-a-minute |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=DIY}}</ref> Mescal ya sanya hannu tare da Atlantic Records a cikin 2025 kuma ya saki waƙar demo "Thin".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Nick |date=24 April 2025 |title=Nell Mescal shares 'Thin' live demo and announces signing to Atlantic Records |url=https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/news/nell-mescal-shares-thin-live-demo-and-announces-signing-to-atlantic-records-49701/ |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Rolling Stone}}</ref> A cikin 2026, Mescal ya fitar da waƙoƙin, "Kissing the Ground" da "Settles". == Ayyuka na zane-zane == Mescal grew up listening to Mary Chapin Carpenter and Fleetwood Mac through her parents. She said she has sung her whole life and began writing music when she was 13. She has named artists such as Birdy, Lennon Stella, Jensen McRae, Orla Gartland, [[Taylor Swift]], Bon Iver, the 1975, and Finneas O'Connell as inspirations of hers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2020 |title=Singer and songwriter Nell Mescal chats about her love of words, music and creativity |url=https://talent-in-borders.com/interviews/singer-and-songwriter-nell-mescal-chats-about-her-love-of-words-music-and-creativity/ |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=Talent in Borders}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2022 |title=Behind the music - Nell Mescal |url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2022/0723/1311661-behind-the-music-nell-mescal/ |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=RTÉ}}</ref> ''NME'' compared Mescal's music to early [[Tate McRae]] and Lucy Dacus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2023 |title=The NME 100: essential emerging artists for 2023 |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/the-nme-100-essential-emerging-artists-for-2023-radar-3372061 |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4q3f6p06but99cfu83fb8szn8uheiot 883194 883192 2026-07-15T08:17:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 883194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nell Mescal''' (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2003) mawaƙiya ce kuma marubuciya ta Irish. == Rayuwa ta farko == Mescal ya fito ne daga Maynooth, County Kildare . <ref name="Times2">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Paul Mescal . Sun yi wasu waƙoƙi a matsayin duet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corcoran |first=Mark |date=31 July 2020 |title=Normal People star Paul Mescal and sister Nell show off amazing talent in incredible duet |url=https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/paul-mescal-sister-nell-sing-22370985 |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Suna kuma da ɗan'uwa na tsakiya, Donnacha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2020 |title=Introducing... singer Nell Mescal on musical genes and famous relatives |url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/introducing-singer-nell-mescal-on-musical-genes-and-famous-relatives-39571986.html |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> An zalunci Mescal a makaranta.<ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> Lokacin da take da shekaru 14, an gano ta da scoliosis kuma dole ne a yi mata tiyata a baya. A lokacin da ta warke daga makaranta ne ta inganta kwarewarta ta kiɗa.<ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHodgkinson2023">Hodgkinson, Will (26 January 2023). </cite></ref> A shekara 17, ta yi watanni uku a Brighton inda ta fara aikinta.<ref name="Times" /> Ta bar makaranta a farkon watan Oktoba 2021 zuwa London don bin kiɗa na cikakken lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kemp |first=Ella |date=2 August 2022 |title=Nell Mescal: candid and tender indie folk that tugs at the heartstrings |url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/nell-mescal-interview-graduating-phoebe-bridgers-radar-3279861 |access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Mescal ta fitar da wakar ta farko "Crash" a cikin 2020, tana aiki tare da furodusa John Leader . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Burne |first=Louise |date=22 May 2020 |title=Watch: Paul Mescal’s talented musician sister Nell has released two singles & they’re incredible |url=https://extra.ie/2020/05/22/entertainment/celebrity/paul-mescal-sister-nell |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roantree |first=Megan |date=9 September 2020 |title="Since I Was A Baby I Was Always Singing And Humming," Meet Nell Mescal |url=https://www.kiss.ie/women-in-music-meet-nell-mescal/ |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan "Deja Vu", "Swingsets", da "Missing You". <ref>{{Cite web |last=O Neill |first=Bronwyn |date=13 November 2020 |title=Rising music star Nell Mescal says brother Paul still owes her a red carpet date |url=https://evoke.ie/2020/11/13/showbiz/nell-mescal-interview |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Finnan |first=Sarah |date=29 October 2020 |title=Original Nell Mescal song chosen to feature in Brown Thomas Christmas window display |url=https://lovindublin.com/dublin/original-nell-mescal-song-chosen-to-feature-in-brown-thomas-christmas-window-display |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Ta sami kulawa ta hanyar waƙoƙin da ta wallafa a kafofin sada zumunta, tana kama idanun jama'a kamar Jennifer Garner da James Bay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahey |first=Olivia |date=10 September 2020 |title=Nell Mescal has an A-list fan to her brother Paul's delight |url=https://evoke.ie/2020/09/10/showbiz/nell-mescal-has-an-a-list-fan-to-her-brother-pauls-delight |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Ta yi sana'a a karo na farko a Shoreditch House a 2021, tana tallafawa Phoebe Bridgers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maclean |first=Craig |date=19 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'I'm really proud of Paul, but I'm in my own lane' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/nell-mescal-paul-sister-interview-b1054149.html |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Mescal ta fitar da wakar "Graduating", wacce ta rubuta game da shawarar da ta yanke na barin kammala makaranta don neman kiɗa, kuma ta buɗe yawon shakatawa biyu, gami da ɓangaren Burtaniya na Phoebe Green.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Nick |date=2023-01-20 |title=Nell Mescal: 'I've been singing for my entire life' |url=https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/features/nell-mescal-ive-been-singing-for-my-entire-life-25961/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Rolling Stone UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> Nunin farko da ta yi ya faru ne a Social a Fitzrovia a wannan watan Satumba, kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na Victoria Park's All Points East line-up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2022 |title=Nell Mescal Announces Headline London Show & All Points East Festival – Debut Single ‘Graduating’ Out Now |url=https://essentiallypop.com/epop/2022/07/nell-mescal-announces-headline-london-show-all-points-east-festival-debut-single-graduating-out-now/ |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=Essentially Pop}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan wani "Homesick", wanda Mescal ya yi tare da ƙungiyarsa a kan RTÉ One's The Late ''Late Show'' a watan Janairun 2023, yana nuna bayyanarta ta farko a talabijin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Neill |first=Claire |date=19 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal drops new single 'Homesick' ahead of The Late Late Show performance |url=https://www.hotpress.com/film-tv/nell-mescal-drops-new-single-homesick-ahead-of-the-late-late-show-performance-22947087 |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> Tare da sakin "Punchline", Mescal ya ba da sanarwar yawon shakatawa na Burtaniya da Ireland, wanda ya fara a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duran |first=Anagricel |date=7 July 2023 |title=Nell Mescal shares new single 'Punchline', announces UK and Ireland tour |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/nell-mescal-shares-new-single-punchline-radar-3466351 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=NME}}</ref> Ta taka leda a bukukuwa da yawa, ciki har da The Great Escape Festival, BST Hyde Park, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Sam |date=5 May 2023 |title=Nell Mescal and Sam Ryder are amongst the new names for P!nk's BST Hyde Park shows |url=https://readdork.com/news/pink-bst-hyde-park23-supports/ |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> Dot to Dot Festival, Latitude Festival, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Damara Kelly |first=Tyler |date=13 April 2023 |title=Oscar Lang, Nell Mescal, Etta Marcus and Mae Stephens among new names for Latitude 2023 |url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/oscar-lang-nell-mescal-etta-marcus-and-mae-stephens-among-new-names-for-latitude-2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=The Line of Best Fit}}</ref> Boardmasters Festival, Electric Picnic, Kendal Calling, da Live at Leeds. Ta kuma goyi bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Birdy na Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Lauren |date=24 March 2023 |title=Nell Mescal on "In My Head", Overnight Fame, and Taylor Swift |url=https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/nell-mescal-in-my-head-music-tour |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2024, tare da sakin "Killing Time", Mescal ta sanar da EP dinta na farko Can I Miss it for a Minute? , an shirya buga shi a watan Mayu 2024 ta hanyar LAB Records. Mescal ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ma'anar EP da aka rubuta game da girma, motsawa, rushewar abota, da ƙoƙarin kewayawa tsakanin motsin zuciyar yanzu da tunanin da ba daidai ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jamieson |first=Sarah |date=19 January 2024 |title=Nell Mescal announces debut EP 'Can I Miss it for a Minute?' |url=https://diymag.com/news/nell-mescal-debut-ep-can-i-miss-it-for-a-minute |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=DIY}}</ref> Mescal ya sanya hannu tare da Atlantic Records a cikin 2025 kuma ya saki waƙar demo "Thin".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Nick |date=24 April 2025 |title=Nell Mescal shares 'Thin' live demo and announces signing to Atlantic Records |url=https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/news/nell-mescal-shares-thin-live-demo-and-announces-signing-to-atlantic-records-49701/ |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Rolling Stone}}</ref> A cikin 2026, Mescal ya fitar da waƙoƙin, "Kissing the Ground" da "Settles". == Ayyuka na zane-zane == Mescal grew up listening to Mary Chapin Carpenter and Fleetwood Mac through her parents. She said she has sung her whole life and began writing music when she was 13. She has named artists such as Birdy, Lennon Stella, Jensen McRae, Orla Gartland, [[Taylor Swift]], Bon Iver, the 1975, and Finneas O'Connell as inspirations of hers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2020 |title=Singer and songwriter Nell Mescal chats about her love of words, music and creativity |url=https://talent-in-borders.com/interviews/singer-and-songwriter-nell-mescal-chats-about-her-love-of-words-music-and-creativity/ |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=Talent in Borders}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2022 |title=Behind the music - Nell Mescal |url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2022/0723/1311661-behind-the-music-nell-mescal/ |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=RTÉ}}</ref> ''NME'' compared Mescal's music to early [[Tate McRae]] and Lucy Dacus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2023 |title=The NME 100: essential emerging artists for 2023 |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/the-nme-100-essential-emerging-artists-for-2023-radar-3372061 |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0yqol6j83q4d9va6qtm9g9pblkiqmf8 883195 883194 2026-07-15T08:17:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 883195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nell Mescal''' (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2003) mawaƙiya ce kuma marubuciya ta Irish. == Rayuwa ta farko == Mescal ya fito ne daga Maynooth, County Kildare.<ref name="Times2">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Paul Mescal . Sun yi wasu waƙoƙi a matsayin duet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corcoran |first=Mark |date=31 July 2020 |title=Normal People star Paul Mescal and sister Nell show off amazing talent in incredible duet |url=https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/paul-mescal-sister-nell-sing-22370985 |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Suna kuma da ɗan'uwa na tsakiya, Donnacha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2020 |title=Introducing... singer Nell Mescal on musical genes and famous relatives |url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/introducing-singer-nell-mescal-on-musical-genes-and-famous-relatives-39571986.html |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> An zalunci Mescal a makaranta.<ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> Lokacin da take da shekaru 14, an gano ta da scoliosis kuma dole ne a yi mata tiyata a baya. A lokacin da ta warke daga makaranta ne ta inganta kwarewarta ta kiɗa.<ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHodgkinson2023">Hodgkinson, Will (26 January 2023). </cite></ref> A shekara 17, ta yi watanni uku a Brighton inda ta fara aikinta.<ref name="Times" /> Ta bar makaranta a farkon watan Oktoba 2021 zuwa London don bin kiɗa na cikakken lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kemp |first=Ella |date=2 August 2022 |title=Nell Mescal: candid and tender indie folk that tugs at the heartstrings |url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/nell-mescal-interview-graduating-phoebe-bridgers-radar-3279861 |access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Mescal ta fitar da wakar ta farko "Crash" a cikin 2020, tana aiki tare da furodusa John Leader . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Burne |first=Louise |date=22 May 2020 |title=Watch: Paul Mescal’s talented musician sister Nell has released two singles & they’re incredible |url=https://extra.ie/2020/05/22/entertainment/celebrity/paul-mescal-sister-nell |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roantree |first=Megan |date=9 September 2020 |title="Since I Was A Baby I Was Always Singing And Humming," Meet Nell Mescal |url=https://www.kiss.ie/women-in-music-meet-nell-mescal/ |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan "Deja Vu", "Swingsets", da "Missing You". <ref>{{Cite web |last=O Neill |first=Bronwyn |date=13 November 2020 |title=Rising music star Nell Mescal says brother Paul still owes her a red carpet date |url=https://evoke.ie/2020/11/13/showbiz/nell-mescal-interview |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Finnan |first=Sarah |date=29 October 2020 |title=Original Nell Mescal song chosen to feature in Brown Thomas Christmas window display |url=https://lovindublin.com/dublin/original-nell-mescal-song-chosen-to-feature-in-brown-thomas-christmas-window-display |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Ta sami kulawa ta hanyar waƙoƙin da ta wallafa a kafofin sada zumunta, tana kama idanun jama'a kamar Jennifer Garner da James Bay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahey |first=Olivia |date=10 September 2020 |title=Nell Mescal has an A-list fan to her brother Paul's delight |url=https://evoke.ie/2020/09/10/showbiz/nell-mescal-has-an-a-list-fan-to-her-brother-pauls-delight |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Ta yi sana'a a karo na farko a Shoreditch House a 2021, tana tallafawa Phoebe Bridgers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maclean |first=Craig |date=19 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'I'm really proud of Paul, but I'm in my own lane' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/nell-mescal-paul-sister-interview-b1054149.html |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Mescal ta fitar da wakar "Graduating", wacce ta rubuta game da shawarar da ta yanke na barin kammala makaranta don neman kiɗa, kuma ta buɗe yawon shakatawa biyu, gami da ɓangaren Burtaniya na Phoebe Green.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Nick |date=2023-01-20 |title=Nell Mescal: 'I've been singing for my entire life' |url=https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/features/nell-mescal-ive-been-singing-for-my-entire-life-25961/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Rolling Stone UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> Nunin farko da ta yi ya faru ne a Social a Fitzrovia a wannan watan Satumba, kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na Victoria Park's All Points East line-up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2022 |title=Nell Mescal Announces Headline London Show & All Points East Festival – Debut Single ‘Graduating’ Out Now |url=https://essentiallypop.com/epop/2022/07/nell-mescal-announces-headline-london-show-all-points-east-festival-debut-single-graduating-out-now/ |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=Essentially Pop}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan wani "Homesick", wanda Mescal ya yi tare da ƙungiyarsa a kan RTÉ One's The Late ''Late Show'' a watan Janairun 2023, yana nuna bayyanarta ta farko a talabijin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Neill |first=Claire |date=19 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal drops new single 'Homesick' ahead of The Late Late Show performance |url=https://www.hotpress.com/film-tv/nell-mescal-drops-new-single-homesick-ahead-of-the-late-late-show-performance-22947087 |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> Tare da sakin "Punchline", Mescal ya ba da sanarwar yawon shakatawa na Burtaniya da Ireland, wanda ya fara a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duran |first=Anagricel |date=7 July 2023 |title=Nell Mescal shares new single 'Punchline', announces UK and Ireland tour |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/nell-mescal-shares-new-single-punchline-radar-3466351 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=NME}}</ref> Ta taka leda a bukukuwa da yawa, ciki har da The Great Escape Festival, BST Hyde Park, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Sam |date=5 May 2023 |title=Nell Mescal and Sam Ryder are amongst the new names for P!nk's BST Hyde Park shows |url=https://readdork.com/news/pink-bst-hyde-park23-supports/ |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> Dot to Dot Festival, Latitude Festival, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Damara Kelly |first=Tyler |date=13 April 2023 |title=Oscar Lang, Nell Mescal, Etta Marcus and Mae Stephens among new names for Latitude 2023 |url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/oscar-lang-nell-mescal-etta-marcus-and-mae-stephens-among-new-names-for-latitude-2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=The Line of Best Fit}}</ref> Boardmasters Festival, Electric Picnic, Kendal Calling, da Live at Leeds. Ta kuma goyi bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Birdy na Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Lauren |date=24 March 2023 |title=Nell Mescal on "In My Head", Overnight Fame, and Taylor Swift |url=https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/nell-mescal-in-my-head-music-tour |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2024, tare da sakin "Killing Time", Mescal ta sanar da EP dinta na farko Can I Miss it for a Minute? , an shirya buga shi a watan Mayu 2024 ta hanyar LAB Records. Mescal ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ma'anar EP da aka rubuta game da girma, motsawa, rushewar abota, da ƙoƙarin kewayawa tsakanin motsin zuciyar yanzu da tunanin da ba daidai ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jamieson |first=Sarah |date=19 January 2024 |title=Nell Mescal announces debut EP 'Can I Miss it for a Minute?' |url=https://diymag.com/news/nell-mescal-debut-ep-can-i-miss-it-for-a-minute |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=DIY}}</ref> Mescal ya sanya hannu tare da Atlantic Records a cikin 2025 kuma ya saki waƙar demo "Thin".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Nick |date=24 April 2025 |title=Nell Mescal shares 'Thin' live demo and announces signing to Atlantic Records |url=https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/news/nell-mescal-shares-thin-live-demo-and-announces-signing-to-atlantic-records-49701/ |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Rolling Stone}}</ref> A cikin 2026, Mescal ya fitar da waƙoƙin, "Kissing the Ground" da "Settles". == Ayyuka na zane-zane == Mescal grew up listening to Mary Chapin Carpenter and Fleetwood Mac through her parents. She said she has sung her whole life and began writing music when she was 13. She has named artists such as Birdy, Lennon Stella, Jensen McRae, Orla Gartland, [[Taylor Swift]], Bon Iver, the 1975, and Finneas O'Connell as inspirations of hers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2020 |title=Singer and songwriter Nell Mescal chats about her love of words, music and creativity |url=https://talent-in-borders.com/interviews/singer-and-songwriter-nell-mescal-chats-about-her-love-of-words-music-and-creativity/ |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=Talent in Borders}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2022 |title=Behind the music - Nell Mescal |url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2022/0723/1311661-behind-the-music-nell-mescal/ |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=RTÉ}}</ref> ''NME'' compared Mescal's music to early [[Tate McRae]] and Lucy Dacus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2023 |title=The NME 100: essential emerging artists for 2023 |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/the-nme-100-essential-emerging-artists-for-2023-radar-3372061 |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3jjr3ifozsu7vit9fexdixcfz1nii19 883196 883195 2026-07-15T08:18:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 883196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nell Mescal''' (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2003) mawaƙiya ce kuma marubuciya ta Irish. == Rayuwa ta farko == Mescal ya fito ne daga Maynooth, County Kildare.<ref name="Times2">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Paul Mescal . Sun yi wasu waƙoƙi a matsayin duet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corcoran |first=Mark |date=31 July 2020 |title=Normal People star Paul Mescal and sister Nell show off amazing talent in incredible duet |url=https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/paul-mescal-sister-nell-sing-22370985 |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Suna kuma da ɗan'uwa na tsakiya, Donnacha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2020 |title=Introducing... singer Nell Mescal on musical genes and famous relatives |url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/introducing-singer-nell-mescal-on-musical-genes-and-famous-relatives-39571986.html |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> An zalunci Mescal a makaranta.<ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> Lokacin da take da shekaru 14, an gano ta da scoliosis kuma dole ne a yi mata tiyata a baya. A lokacin da ta warke daga makaranta ne ta inganta kwarewarta ta kiɗa.<ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHodgkinson2023">Hodgkinson, Will (26 January 2023). </cite></ref> A shekara 17, ta yi watanni uku a Brighton inda ta fara aikinta.<ref name="Times" /> Ta bar makaranta a farkon watan Oktoba 2021 zuwa London don bin kiɗa na cikakken lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kemp |first=Ella |date=2 August 2022 |title=Nell Mescal: candid and tender indie folk that tugs at the heartstrings |url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/nell-mescal-interview-graduating-phoebe-bridgers-radar-3279861 |access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Mescal ta fitar da wakar ta farko "Crash" a cikin 2020, tana aiki tare da furodusa John Leader.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burne |first=Louise |date=22 May 2020 |title=Watch: Paul Mescal’s talented musician sister Nell has released two singles & they’re incredible |url=https://extra.ie/2020/05/22/entertainment/celebrity/paul-mescal-sister-nell |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roantree |first=Megan |date=9 September 2020 |title="Since I Was A Baby I Was Always Singing And Humming," Meet Nell Mescal |url=https://www.kiss.ie/women-in-music-meet-nell-mescal/ |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan "Deja Vu", "Swingsets", da "Missing You". <ref>{{Cite web |last=O Neill |first=Bronwyn |date=13 November 2020 |title=Rising music star Nell Mescal says brother Paul still owes her a red carpet date |url=https://evoke.ie/2020/11/13/showbiz/nell-mescal-interview |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Finnan |first=Sarah |date=29 October 2020 |title=Original Nell Mescal song chosen to feature in Brown Thomas Christmas window display |url=https://lovindublin.com/dublin/original-nell-mescal-song-chosen-to-feature-in-brown-thomas-christmas-window-display |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Ta sami kulawa ta hanyar waƙoƙin da ta wallafa a kafofin sada zumunta, tana kama idanun jama'a kamar Jennifer Garner da James Bay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahey |first=Olivia |date=10 September 2020 |title=Nell Mescal has an A-list fan to her brother Paul's delight |url=https://evoke.ie/2020/09/10/showbiz/nell-mescal-has-an-a-list-fan-to-her-brother-pauls-delight |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Ta yi sana'a a karo na farko a Shoreditch House a 2021, tana tallafawa Phoebe Bridgers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maclean |first=Craig |date=19 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'I'm really proud of Paul, but I'm in my own lane' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/nell-mescal-paul-sister-interview-b1054149.html |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Mescal ta fitar da wakar "Graduating", wacce ta rubuta game da shawarar da ta yanke na barin kammala makaranta don neman kiɗa, kuma ta buɗe yawon shakatawa biyu, gami da ɓangaren Burtaniya na Phoebe Green.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Nick |date=2023-01-20 |title=Nell Mescal: 'I've been singing for my entire life' |url=https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/features/nell-mescal-ive-been-singing-for-my-entire-life-25961/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Rolling Stone UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> Nunin farko da ta yi ya faru ne a Social a Fitzrovia a wannan watan Satumba, kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na Victoria Park's All Points East line-up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2022 |title=Nell Mescal Announces Headline London Show & All Points East Festival – Debut Single ‘Graduating’ Out Now |url=https://essentiallypop.com/epop/2022/07/nell-mescal-announces-headline-london-show-all-points-east-festival-debut-single-graduating-out-now/ |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=Essentially Pop}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan wani "Homesick", wanda Mescal ya yi tare da ƙungiyarsa a kan RTÉ One's The Late ''Late Show'' a watan Janairun 2023, yana nuna bayyanarta ta farko a talabijin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Neill |first=Claire |date=19 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal drops new single 'Homesick' ahead of The Late Late Show performance |url=https://www.hotpress.com/film-tv/nell-mescal-drops-new-single-homesick-ahead-of-the-late-late-show-performance-22947087 |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> Tare da sakin "Punchline", Mescal ya ba da sanarwar yawon shakatawa na Burtaniya da Ireland, wanda ya fara a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duran |first=Anagricel |date=7 July 2023 |title=Nell Mescal shares new single 'Punchline', announces UK and Ireland tour |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/nell-mescal-shares-new-single-punchline-radar-3466351 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=NME}}</ref> Ta taka leda a bukukuwa da yawa, ciki har da The Great Escape Festival, BST Hyde Park, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Sam |date=5 May 2023 |title=Nell Mescal and Sam Ryder are amongst the new names for P!nk's BST Hyde Park shows |url=https://readdork.com/news/pink-bst-hyde-park23-supports/ |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> Dot to Dot Festival, Latitude Festival, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Damara Kelly |first=Tyler |date=13 April 2023 |title=Oscar Lang, Nell Mescal, Etta Marcus and Mae Stephens among new names for Latitude 2023 |url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/oscar-lang-nell-mescal-etta-marcus-and-mae-stephens-among-new-names-for-latitude-2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=The Line of Best Fit}}</ref> Boardmasters Festival, Electric Picnic, Kendal Calling, da Live at Leeds. Ta kuma goyi bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Birdy na Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Lauren |date=24 March 2023 |title=Nell Mescal on "In My Head", Overnight Fame, and Taylor Swift |url=https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/nell-mescal-in-my-head-music-tour |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2024, tare da sakin "Killing Time", Mescal ta sanar da EP dinta na farko Can I Miss it for a Minute? , an shirya buga shi a watan Mayu 2024 ta hanyar LAB Records. Mescal ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ma'anar EP da aka rubuta game da girma, motsawa, rushewar abota, da ƙoƙarin kewayawa tsakanin motsin zuciyar yanzu da tunanin da ba daidai ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jamieson |first=Sarah |date=19 January 2024 |title=Nell Mescal announces debut EP 'Can I Miss it for a Minute?' |url=https://diymag.com/news/nell-mescal-debut-ep-can-i-miss-it-for-a-minute |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=DIY}}</ref> Mescal ya sanya hannu tare da Atlantic Records a cikin 2025 kuma ya saki waƙar demo "Thin".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Nick |date=24 April 2025 |title=Nell Mescal shares 'Thin' live demo and announces signing to Atlantic Records |url=https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/news/nell-mescal-shares-thin-live-demo-and-announces-signing-to-atlantic-records-49701/ |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Rolling Stone}}</ref> A cikin 2026, Mescal ya fitar da waƙoƙin, "Kissing the Ground" da "Settles". == Ayyuka na zane-zane == Mescal grew up listening to Mary Chapin Carpenter and Fleetwood Mac through her parents. She said she has sung her whole life and began writing music when she was 13. She has named artists such as Birdy, Lennon Stella, Jensen McRae, Orla Gartland, [[Taylor Swift]], Bon Iver, the 1975, and Finneas O'Connell as inspirations of hers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2020 |title=Singer and songwriter Nell Mescal chats about her love of words, music and creativity |url=https://talent-in-borders.com/interviews/singer-and-songwriter-nell-mescal-chats-about-her-love-of-words-music-and-creativity/ |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=Talent in Borders}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2022 |title=Behind the music - Nell Mescal |url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2022/0723/1311661-behind-the-music-nell-mescal/ |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=RTÉ}}</ref> ''NME'' compared Mescal's music to early [[Tate McRae]] and Lucy Dacus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2023 |title=The NME 100: essential emerging artists for 2023 |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/the-nme-100-essential-emerging-artists-for-2023-radar-3372061 |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] cgfztzho06oamudu0yhdgu8o5uiibma 883198 883196 2026-07-15T08:18:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 883198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nell Mescal''' (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2003) mawaƙiya ce kuma marubuciya ta Irish. == Rayuwa ta farko == Mescal ya fito ne daga Maynooth, County Kildare.<ref name="Times2">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Paul Mescal . Sun yi wasu waƙoƙi a matsayin duet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corcoran |first=Mark |date=31 July 2020 |title=Normal People star Paul Mescal and sister Nell show off amazing talent in incredible duet |url=https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/paul-mescal-sister-nell-sing-22370985 |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Suna kuma da ɗan'uwa na tsakiya, Donnacha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2020 |title=Introducing... singer Nell Mescal on musical genes and famous relatives |url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/introducing-singer-nell-mescal-on-musical-genes-and-famous-relatives-39571986.html |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> An zalunci Mescal a makaranta.<ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> Lokacin da take da shekaru 14, an gano ta da scoliosis kuma dole ne a yi mata tiyata a baya. A lokacin da ta warke daga makaranta ne ta inganta kwarewarta ta kiɗa.<ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHodgkinson2023">Hodgkinson, Will (26 January 2023). </cite></ref> A shekara 17, ta yi watanni uku a Brighton inda ta fara aikinta.<ref name="Times" /> Ta bar makaranta a farkon watan Oktoba 2021 zuwa London don bin kiɗa na cikakken lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kemp |first=Ella |date=2 August 2022 |title=Nell Mescal: candid and tender indie folk that tugs at the heartstrings |url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/nell-mescal-interview-graduating-phoebe-bridgers-radar-3279861 |access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Mescal ta fitar da wakar ta farko "Crash" a cikin 2020, tana aiki tare da furodusa John Leader.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burne |first=Louise |date=22 May 2020 |title=Watch: Paul Mescal’s talented musician sister Nell has released two singles & they’re incredible |url=https://extra.ie/2020/05/22/entertainment/celebrity/paul-mescal-sister-nell |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roantree |first=Megan |date=9 September 2020 |title="Since I Was A Baby I Was Always Singing And Humming," Meet Nell Mescal |url=https://www.kiss.ie/women-in-music-meet-nell-mescal/ |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan "Deja Vu", "Swingsets", da "Missing You". <ref>{{Cite web |last=O Neill |first=Bronwyn |date=13 November 2020 |title=Rising music star Nell Mescal says brother Paul still owes her a red carpet date |url=https://evoke.ie/2020/11/13/showbiz/nell-mescal-interview |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Finnan |first=Sarah |date=29 October 2020 |title=Original Nell Mescal song chosen to feature in Brown Thomas Christmas window display |url=https://lovindublin.com/dublin/original-nell-mescal-song-chosen-to-feature-in-brown-thomas-christmas-window-display |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Ta sami kulawa ta hanyar waƙoƙin da ta wallafa a kafofin sada zumunta, tana kama idanun jama'a kamar Jennifer Garner da James Bay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahey |first=Olivia |date=10 September 2020 |title=Nell Mescal has an A-list fan to her brother Paul's delight |url=https://evoke.ie/2020/09/10/showbiz/nell-mescal-has-an-a-list-fan-to-her-brother-pauls-delight |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Ta yi sana'a a karo na farko a Shoreditch House a 2021, tana tallafawa Phoebe Bridgers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maclean |first=Craig |date=19 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'I'm really proud of Paul, but I'm in my own lane' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/nell-mescal-paul-sister-interview-b1054149.html |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Mescal ta fitar da wakar "Graduating", wacce ta rubuta game da shawarar da ta yanke na barin kammala makaranta don neman kiɗa, kuma ta buɗe yawon shakatawa biyu, gami da ɓangaren Burtaniya na Phoebe Green.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Nick |date=2023-01-20 |title=Nell Mescal: 'I've been singing for my entire life' |url=https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/features/nell-mescal-ive-been-singing-for-my-entire-life-25961/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Rolling Stone UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> Nunin farko da ta yi ya faru ne a Social a Fitzrovia a wannan watan Satumba, kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na Victoria Park's All Points East line-up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2022 |title=Nell Mescal Announces Headline London Show & All Points East Festival – Debut Single ‘Graduating’ Out Now |url=https://essentiallypop.com/epop/2022/07/nell-mescal-announces-headline-london-show-all-points-east-festival-debut-single-graduating-out-now/ |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=Essentially Pop}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan wani "Homesick", wanda Mescal ya yi tare da ƙungiyarsa a kan RTÉ One's The Late ''Late Show'' a watan Janairun 2023, yana nuna bayyanarta ta farko a talabijin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Neill |first=Claire |date=19 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal drops new single 'Homesick' ahead of The Late Late Show performance |url=https://www.hotpress.com/film-tv/nell-mescal-drops-new-single-homesick-ahead-of-the-late-late-show-performance-22947087 |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> Tare da sakin "Punchline", Mescal ya ba da sanarwar yawon shakatawa na Burtaniya da Ireland, wanda ya fara a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duran |first=Anagricel |date=7 July 2023 |title=Nell Mescal shares new single 'Punchline', announces UK and Ireland tour |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/nell-mescal-shares-new-single-punchline-radar-3466351 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=NME}}</ref> Ta taka leda a bukukuwa da yawa, ciki har da The Great Escape Festival, BST Hyde Park,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Sam |date=5 May 2023 |title=Nell Mescal and Sam Ryder are amongst the new names for P!nk's BST Hyde Park shows |url=https://readdork.com/news/pink-bst-hyde-park23-supports/ |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> Dot to Dot Festival, Latitude Festival, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Damara Kelly |first=Tyler |date=13 April 2023 |title=Oscar Lang, Nell Mescal, Etta Marcus and Mae Stephens among new names for Latitude 2023 |url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/oscar-lang-nell-mescal-etta-marcus-and-mae-stephens-among-new-names-for-latitude-2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=The Line of Best Fit}}</ref> Boardmasters Festival, Electric Picnic, Kendal Calling, da Live at Leeds. Ta kuma goyi bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Birdy na Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Lauren |date=24 March 2023 |title=Nell Mescal on "In My Head", Overnight Fame, and Taylor Swift |url=https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/nell-mescal-in-my-head-music-tour |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2024, tare da sakin "Killing Time", Mescal ta sanar da EP dinta na farko Can I Miss it for a Minute? , an shirya buga shi a watan Mayu 2024 ta hanyar LAB Records. Mescal ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ma'anar EP da aka rubuta game da girma, motsawa, rushewar abota, da ƙoƙarin kewayawa tsakanin motsin zuciyar yanzu da tunanin da ba daidai ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jamieson |first=Sarah |date=19 January 2024 |title=Nell Mescal announces debut EP 'Can I Miss it for a Minute?' |url=https://diymag.com/news/nell-mescal-debut-ep-can-i-miss-it-for-a-minute |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=DIY}}</ref> Mescal ya sanya hannu tare da Atlantic Records a cikin 2025 kuma ya saki waƙar demo "Thin".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Nick |date=24 April 2025 |title=Nell Mescal shares 'Thin' live demo and announces signing to Atlantic Records |url=https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/news/nell-mescal-shares-thin-live-demo-and-announces-signing-to-atlantic-records-49701/ |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Rolling Stone}}</ref> A cikin 2026, Mescal ya fitar da waƙoƙin, "Kissing the Ground" da "Settles". == Ayyuka na zane-zane == Mescal grew up listening to Mary Chapin Carpenter and Fleetwood Mac through her parents. She said she has sung her whole life and began writing music when she was 13. She has named artists such as Birdy, Lennon Stella, Jensen McRae, Orla Gartland, [[Taylor Swift]], Bon Iver, the 1975, and Finneas O'Connell as inspirations of hers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2020 |title=Singer and songwriter Nell Mescal chats about her love of words, music and creativity |url=https://talent-in-borders.com/interviews/singer-and-songwriter-nell-mescal-chats-about-her-love-of-words-music-and-creativity/ |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=Talent in Borders}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2022 |title=Behind the music - Nell Mescal |url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2022/0723/1311661-behind-the-music-nell-mescal/ |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=RTÉ}}</ref> ''NME'' compared Mescal's music to early [[Tate McRae]] and Lucy Dacus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2023 |title=The NME 100: essential emerging artists for 2023 |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/the-nme-100-essential-emerging-artists-for-2023-radar-3372061 |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] rb8hu7d2p8vcsxcd2dcedzby562k4ab 883207 883198 2026-07-15T08:21:10Z Hafsah3639 35826 Gyara 883207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nell Mescal''' (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga Afrilu shekarar 2003) mawaƙiya ce kuma marubuciya ta Irish. == Rayuwa ta farko == Mescal ya fito ne daga Maynooth, County Kildare.<ref name="Times2">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar'uwar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Paul Mescal . Sun yi wasu waƙoƙi a matsayin duet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corcoran |first=Mark |date=31 July 2020 |title=Normal People star Paul Mescal and sister Nell show off amazing talent in incredible duet |url=https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/paul-mescal-sister-nell-sing-22370985 |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Suna kuma da ɗan'uwa na tsakiya, Donnacha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2020 |title=Introducing... singer Nell Mescal on musical genes and famous relatives |url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/introducing-singer-nell-mescal-on-musical-genes-and-famous-relatives-39571986.html |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> An zalunci Mescal a makaranta.<ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> Lokacin da take da shekaru 14, an gano ta da scoliosis kuma dole ne a yi mata tiyata a baya. A lokacin da ta warke daga makaranta ne ta inganta kwarewarta ta kiɗa.<ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Hodgkinson |first=Will |date=26 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'A therapist told me that people were jealous of me because of Paul' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/music/article/nell-mescal-paul-interview-cancer-arts-music-ntssz8z3v |access-date=29 January 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHodgkinson2023">Hodgkinson, Will (26 January 2023). </cite></ref> A shekara 17, ta yi watanni uku a Brighton inda ta fara aikinta.<ref name="Times" /> Ta bar makaranta a farkon watan Oktoba 2021 zuwa London don bin kiɗa na cikakken lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kemp |first=Ella |date=2 August 2022 |title=Nell Mescal: candid and tender indie folk that tugs at the heartstrings |url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/nell-mescal-interview-graduating-phoebe-bridgers-radar-3279861 |access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Mescal ta fitar da wakar ta farko "Crash" a cikin shekarar 2020, tana aiki tare da furodusa John Leader.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burne |first=Louise |date=22 May 2020 |title=Watch: Paul Mescal’s talented musician sister Nell has released two singles & they’re incredible |url=https://extra.ie/2020/05/22/entertainment/celebrity/paul-mescal-sister-nell |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roantree |first=Megan |date=9 September 2020 |title="Since I Was A Baby I Was Always Singing And Humming," Meet Nell Mescal |url=https://www.kiss.ie/women-in-music-meet-nell-mescal/ |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan "Deja Vu", "Swingsets", da "Missing You". <ref>{{Cite web |last=O Neill |first=Bronwyn |date=13 November 2020 |title=Rising music star Nell Mescal says brother Paul still owes her a red carpet date |url=https://evoke.ie/2020/11/13/showbiz/nell-mescal-interview |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Finnan |first=Sarah |date=29 October 2020 |title=Original Nell Mescal song chosen to feature in Brown Thomas Christmas window display |url=https://lovindublin.com/dublin/original-nell-mescal-song-chosen-to-feature-in-brown-thomas-christmas-window-display |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Ta sami kulawa ta hanyar waƙoƙin da ta wallafa a kafofin sada zumunta, tana kama idanun jama'a kamar Jennifer Garner da James Bay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahey |first=Olivia |date=10 September 2020 |title=Nell Mescal has an A-list fan to her brother Paul's delight |url=https://evoke.ie/2020/09/10/showbiz/nell-mescal-has-an-a-list-fan-to-her-brother-pauls-delight |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Ta yi sana'a a karo na farko a Shoreditch House a 2021, tana tallafawa Phoebe Bridgers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maclean |first=Craig |date=19 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal: 'I'm really proud of Paul, but I'm in my own lane' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/nell-mescal-paul-sister-interview-b1054149.html |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2022, Mescal ta fitar da wakar "Graduating", wacce ta rubuta game da shawarar da ta yanke na barin kammala makaranta don neman kiɗa, kuma ta buɗe yawon shakatawa biyu, gami da ɓangaren Burtaniya na Phoebe Green.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Nick |date=2023-01-20 |title=Nell Mescal: 'I've been singing for my entire life' |url=https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/features/nell-mescal-ive-been-singing-for-my-entire-life-25961/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Rolling Stone UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> Nunin farko da ta yi ya faru ne a Social a Fitzrovia a wannan watan Satumba, kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na Victoria Park's All Points East line-up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2022 |title=Nell Mescal Announces Headline London Show & All Points East Festival – Debut Single ‘Graduating’ Out Now |url=https://essentiallypop.com/epop/2022/07/nell-mescal-announces-headline-london-show-all-points-east-festival-debut-single-graduating-out-now/ |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=Essentially Pop}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan wani "Homesick", wanda Mescal ya yi tare da ƙungiyarsa a kan RTÉ One's The Late ''Late Show'' a watan Janairun 2023, yana nuna bayyanarta ta farko a talabijin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Neill |first=Claire |date=19 January 2023 |title=Nell Mescal drops new single 'Homesick' ahead of The Late Late Show performance |url=https://www.hotpress.com/film-tv/nell-mescal-drops-new-single-homesick-ahead-of-the-late-late-show-performance-22947087 |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> Tare da sakin "Punchline", Mescal ya ba da sanarwar yawon shakatawa na Burtaniya da Ireland, wanda ya fara a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duran |first=Anagricel |date=7 July 2023 |title=Nell Mescal shares new single 'Punchline', announces UK and Ireland tour |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/nell-mescal-shares-new-single-punchline-radar-3466351 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=NME}}</ref> Ta taka leda a bukukuwa da yawa, ciki har da The Great Escape Festival, BST Hyde Park,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Sam |date=5 May 2023 |title=Nell Mescal and Sam Ryder are amongst the new names for P!nk's BST Hyde Park shows |url=https://readdork.com/news/pink-bst-hyde-park23-supports/ |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> Dot to Dot Festival, Latitude Festival, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Damara Kelly |first=Tyler |date=13 April 2023 |title=Oscar Lang, Nell Mescal, Etta Marcus and Mae Stephens among new names for Latitude 2023 |url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/oscar-lang-nell-mescal-etta-marcus-and-mae-stephens-among-new-names-for-latitude-2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=The Line of Best Fit}}</ref> Boardmasters Festival, Electric Picnic, Kendal Calling, da Live at Leeds. Ta kuma goyi bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Birdy na Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Lauren |date=24 March 2023 |title=Nell Mescal on "In My Head", Overnight Fame, and Taylor Swift |url=https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/nell-mescal-in-my-head-music-tour |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> A watan Janairun shekarar 2024, tare da sakin "Killing Time", Mescal ta sanar da EP dinta na farko Can I Miss it for a Minute? , an shirya buga shi a watan Mayu 2024 ta hanyar LAB Records. Mescal ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ma'anar EP da aka rubuta game da girma, motsawa, rushewar abota, da ƙoƙarin kewayawa tsakanin motsin zuciyar yanzu da tunanin da ba daidai ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jamieson |first=Sarah |date=19 January 2024 |title=Nell Mescal announces debut EP 'Can I Miss it for a Minute?' |url=https://diymag.com/news/nell-mescal-debut-ep-can-i-miss-it-for-a-minute |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=DIY}}</ref> Mescal ya sanya hannu tare da Atlantic Records a cikin 2025 kuma ya saki waƙar demo "Thin".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Nick |date=24 April 2025 |title=Nell Mescal shares 'Thin' live demo and announces signing to Atlantic Records |url=https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/music/news/nell-mescal-shares-thin-live-demo-and-announces-signing-to-atlantic-records-49701/ |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Rolling Stone}}</ref> A cikin 2026, Mescal ya fitar da waƙoƙin, "Kissing the Ground" da "Settles". == Ayyuka na zane-zane == Mescal grew up listening to Mary Chapin Carpenter and Fleetwood Mac through her parents. She said she has sung her whole life and began writing music when she was 13. She has named artists such as Birdy, Lennon Stella, Jensen McRae, Orla Gartland, [[Taylor Swift]], Bon Iver, the 1975, and Finneas O'Connell as inspirations of hers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2020 |title=Singer and songwriter Nell Mescal chats about her love of words, music and creativity |url=https://talent-in-borders.com/interviews/singer-and-songwriter-nell-mescal-chats-about-her-love-of-words-music-and-creativity/ |access-date=8 March 2021 |website=Talent in Borders}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2022 |title=Behind the music - Nell Mescal |url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2022/0723/1311661-behind-the-music-nell-mescal/ |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=RTÉ}}</ref> ''NME'' compared Mescal's music to early [[Tate McRae]] and Lucy Dacus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2023 |title=The NME 100: essential emerging artists for 2023 |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/the-nme-100-essential-emerging-artists-for-2023-radar-3372061 |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] eo7s6lu6eprjgrhelqdobrz1vkp084a 0 161570 882890 2026-07-14T12:03:22Z Featherdiamond 46529 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360470146|2025 Russian drone incursion into Poland]]" 882890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event|image=Kutsawar jirage marasa matuƙa na Rasha cikin Poland a 9-10 September 2025 .jpg}} A ranar 9 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2025 da misalin ƙarfe 11:30 na dare [[:en:Central_European_Summer_Time|CEST]], aƙalla [[:en:Unmanned_aerial_vehicle|jiragen yaƙimarasa matuƙa]] guda 19 zuwa 23<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fornusek |first=Martin |date=2025-09-10 |title=7 drones, projectile fragment of unknown origin found in Poland after Russian incursion |url=https://kyivindependent.com/7-drones-fragment-found-in-poland-after-russian-incursion-warsaw-says/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910234722/https://kyivindependent.com/7-drones-fragment-found-in-poland-after-russian-incursion-warsaw-says/ |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=The Kyiv Independent |language=en}}</ref> waɗanda ake zargin an harbo su ne daga [[Rasha|Russia]] suka shiga [[:en:Airspace|sararin samaniya]] [[Poland]]. Wannan kutse dai ya haddasa ɗaukar [[:en:Quick_Reaction_Alert|matakan gaggawa]]: domin [[:en:Polish_Air_Force|sojin saman Poland]] da sauran sojin ƙungiyar ƙawancen [[NATO]] suka samar da jirgen da suka [[:en:Scrambling_(military)|kakkabo]] su. Aƙalla jirage marasa matuƙa huɗu ne aka tabbatar da kakkaɓo su, [[:en:Dutch_Air_Force|sojin saman Dutch]] wato Netherland sune suka fi yin wannan aiki. Firaministan Poland [[Donald Tusk]] yace kutsen jirage marasa matuƙa “na tabbatar da barazana ta kai tsaye.”  A lokacin da jirage marasa matuƙan na Rasha ke sararin samaniyar Poland an rufe sararin samaniyar filin tashi da saukar jiragen sama na ƙasa da ƙasa dake Warsaw, [[:en:Warsaw_International_Airport|filin tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Warsaw Modlin,]] [[:en:Rzeszów–Jasionka_Airport|filin tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Rzeszów–Jasionka,]] da kuma [[:en:Lublin_Airport|filin tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Lublin.]] Jim kaɗan da wannan abu, gwamnatin Poland ta buƙaci a sanya [[:en:North_Atlantic_Treaty#Article_4|Mataki na 4]] na yarjejeniyar NATO. Mataimakin Firaministan Poland [[:en:Radosław_Sikorski|Radosław Sikorski]] ya ce, "Muna fama da wani lamari da ba a taɓa gani ba,  domin wannan hari ba kawai a iyakar Poland ba ne a iyakokin NATO da EU ne".<ref>{{Cite web |title=@radek-sikorski.bsky.social on Bluesky |url=https://bsky.app/profile/did:plc:xk7z54i6fqpp66xl43fig7pq |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917052521/https://bsky.app/profile/did:plc:xk7z54i6fqpp66xl43fig7pq |archive-date=17 September 2025 |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> Bayan faruwar wannan lamarin, Rasha da [[Belarus]] ssun gudanar da Atisayen soji na hadin gwiwa,  wanda ya kasance mafi girma tun farkon mamayar Rasha a Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodman |first=Benjamin |date=2025-09-12 |title=NATO on edge as Russia follows up drone incursion with Belarus military drills |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20250912-nato-on-edge-russia-follows-up-poland-drone-incursion-with-belarus-military-drills |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250912101039/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20250912-nato-on-edge-russia-follows-up-poland-drone-incursion-with-belarus-military-drills |archive-date=12 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> A ƙoƙarin mayar da martani ga kutsawar da jiragen Rasha marasa matuƙa suka yi, NATO ta kaddamar da shirin Operation Eastern Sentry a ranar 12 ga Satumba. == Kutse da tsaro == Jaridar Poland [[:en:Rzeczpospolita_(newspaper)|''Rzeczpospolita'']] ta yi iƙirarin cewa yawan jiragen Rasha marasa matuƙa da sukai kutse sun kai 23; sun shiga Poland ta sararin samaniyar Belarus. Belarus ta gargaɗi Poland da [[Lithuania]] kafin kutsen cewa akwai jirage marasa matuƙa da yawa da [[:en:Electronic_warfare|Yaƙin sauya akalar injunan su]] ya shafa a Ukraine sun biyo ta sararin samaniyar Belarus.<ref name="Reuters-2">{{Cite web |date=10 September 2025 |title=Belarus says it shot down some drones that went astray during Russia-Ukraine strikes |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/belarus-says-it-shot-down-some-drones-that-went-astray-during-russia-ukraine-2025-09-10/ |access-date=11 September 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pavliuk |first=Oleh |last2=Petrenko |first2=Roman |date=10 September 2025 |title=Belarus shared drone movement data with Poland overnight, Warsaw calls it "useful" |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2025/09/10/7530282/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250911072624/https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2025/09/10/7530282/ |archive-date=11 September 2025 |access-date=11 September 2025 |website=Ukrainska Pravda}}</ref> Kasashe [[NATO]] da dama sun shiga cikin ƙoƙarin kakkaɓo da jirage marasa matuƙan da sukai kutse, inda suka  taimakawa jirgin [[:en:General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon|F-16s]] na Poland. Cikin waɗanda suka bada taimakon sun haɗa da Dutch [[F-35 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning IILightning II|F-35 Lightning II]], jirgin yaƙin ƙasar Italiya dake iya gano jirgin sama, jirgin ruwa da kuma gano idan an harbo makami domin bada gargadi da kuma sarrafa jirgin sama, da kuma Belgium A[[:en:Airbus_A330_MRTT|irbus A330 MRTT]] [[:en:Aerial_refueling|aerial tanker]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clapson |first=Colin |date=11 September 2025 |title="Belgium helped to down Russian drones" |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/en/2025/09/11/_belgium-helped-to-down-russian-drones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913074146/https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/en/2025/09/11/_belgium-helped-to-down-russian-drones/ |archive-date=13 September 2025 |access-date=11 September 2025 |website=[[VRT NWS]] |language=en}}</ref> Sai kuma jiragen yaƙin Jamus na [[:en:MIM-104_Patriot|MIM-104]] Patriot da [[:en:Surface-to-air_missile|surface-to-air]]  wanda dukkan su an sanya a kan tsarin kota kwana. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2025 |title=NATO Fighters Shoot Down Russian Drones Over Poland |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/nato-fighters-shoot-down-russian-drones-over-poland/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910141658/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/nato-fighters-shoot-down-russian-drones-over-poland/ |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=10 September 2025 |website=Air & Space Forces Magazine}}</ref> Sannan sun kuma bi diddigin hanyar da jirage marasa matuƙan suka biyo. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-09-10 |title=Patriot systems from Germany also worked on detecting Russian drones in Poland |url=https://unn.ua/en/news/german-patriots-detected-russian-drones-over-poland |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922175753/https://unn.ua/en/news/german-patriots-detected-russian-drones-over-poland |archive-date=22 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Ukrainian National News (UNN) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fix |first=Liana |last2=Dumbacher |first2=Erin D. |date=2025-09-10 |title=Russia Tests NATO With Poland Drone Breach |url=https://www.cfr.org/article/russia-tests-nato-poland-drone-breach |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910215246/https://www.cfr.org/article/russia-tests-nato-poland-drone-breach |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=11 September 2025 |website= |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref> Daga cikin jiragen marasa matuƙa da aka kakkaɓo, yawanci jirgin saman F-35 na Dutch ne ya kakkaɓo su. Wanda aka kakkaɓo na ƙarshe ya faru ne da misalin ƙarfe 06:45 [[:en:Central_European_Summer_Time|CEST]]. Firaministan Poland [[:en:Donald_Tusk|Donald Tusk]], da wasu majiyoyin, sun bada rahoton cewa sojojin haɗin gwiwa sun kakkaɓo jirage marasa matuƙa huɗu, hakan ba yana nufin babu yiwuwar cewa an kakkaɓo sama da hakan ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-10 |title="Operacja trwała całą noc". Wojsko podało liczby |url=https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2025-09-10/operacja-trwala-cala-noc-szczegolowe-informacje-od-wojska/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917072951/https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2025-09-10/operacja-trwala-cala-noc-szczegolowe-informacje-od-wojska/ |archive-date=17 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=PolsatNews.pl |language=pl}}</ref> Waɗannan ayyukan sun nuna cewa karo na farko kenan da Poland, ko wata ƙasa ta NATO, ta kakkaɓo wani abu na Rasha a sararin samaniya tun farkon mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine a cikin 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Shaun |last2=Sabbagh |first2=Dan |last3=Krupa |first3=Jakub |last4=Sauer |first4=Pjotr |date=10 September 2025 |title=Poland 'closer to military conflict than at any time since WW2' as Nato allies weigh response to Russian drones |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/sep/10/poland-shoots-down-drones-over-its-territory-amid-russian-attack-on-ukraine-says-military |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Wuraren da ɓaraguzan jirage marasa matuƙan da aka harbo sun kasance a wasu gurare da yawa kusa da iyakar gabashin Poland ([[:en:Bychawka_Trzecia|Bychawka Trzecia]], [[:en:Cześniki|Cześniki]], [[:en:Czosnówka|Czosnówka]], [[:en:Krzywowierzba-Kolonia|Krzywowierzba-Kolonia]], [[:en:Wielki_Łan|Wielki Łan]], [[:en:Wohyń|Wohyń]], [[:en:Wyhalew|Wyhalew]], [[:en:Wyryki-Wola|Wyryki-Wola]], [[:en:Zabłocie-Kolonia|Zabłocie-Kolonia]] da kusa da [[:en:Rabiany|Rabiany]]), da yawa a kudu maso gabashin Poland (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czy%C5%BC%C3%B3w,_Busko_County" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Czyżów, Busko County" class="cx-link" data-linkid="291">Czyżów</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyk%C3%B3w,_Gmina_Rak%C3%B3w" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Smyków, Gmina Raków" class="cx-link" data-linkid="292">Smyków</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sob%C3%B3tka,_Opat%C3%B3w_County" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Sobótka, Opatów County" class="cx-link" data-linkid="293">Sobótka</a>), da kuma kusa da [[:en:Mniszków,_Łódź_Voivodeship|Mniszków]]<nowiki/>da garin Nowe nad Piliśno a arewacin Poland da tsakiyar Poland, Wani makami mai linzami na <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-120_AMRAAM" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="AIM-120 AMRAAM" class="cx-link" data-linkid="298">AIM-120 AMRAAM</a> dda jirgin F-16 na Poland ya harba don kakkaɓo jirgi yaƙi maras matuƙi ya rikice tare da faɗawa wani gida da mutane ke zama a Wyryki-Wola, [[:en:Lublin_Voivodeship|Lublin Voivodeship]],ya lalata rufin gidan, amma bai fashe ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Porokhnia |first=Yana |date=2025-09-16 |title=Rzeczpospolita: A house in Poland was damaged not by a drone, but by a missile from an F-16 fighter jet |url=https://news.liga.net/en/politics/news/rzeczpospolita-a-house-in-poland-could-have-been-damaged-not-by-a-drone-but-by-a-missile-from-a-polish-f-16-aircraft |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=LIGA.net |language=en}}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton lalacewar dukiyar farar hula a Czosnówka, yayin da wani jirgin maras matuƙin ya fa ɗa kan wani sansanin soja da ba a bayyana ba. <ref name="un-20250912">{{Cite web |last=Dicarlo |first=Rosemary A. |date=12 September 2025 |title=At Security Council, USG DiCarlo tells drone incursions into Poland underscore risk of wider escalation from war in Ukraine |url=https://dppa.un.org/en/mtg-sc-9995-usg-dicarlo-12-sep-2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250912203959/https://dppa.un.org/en/mtg-sc-9995-usg-dicarlo-12-sep-2025 |archive-date=12 September 2025 |access-date=15 September 2025 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bashchenko |first=Oleksandra |date=12 September 2025 |title=At least 21 Russian drones entered Poland, president's aide says |url=https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/at-least-21-russian-drones-entered-poland-1757676961.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920003147/https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/at-least-21-russian-drones-entered-poland-1757676961.html |archive-date=20 September 2025 |access-date=12 September 2025 |website=RBC-Ukraine}}</ref> An gano tarkace daga makami mai linzami mako guda bayan aikin kakkaɓo da jirage marasa matuƙan a Choiny, kimanin kilomita 70 daga iyakar Ukraine; kusan a lokaci guda da hukumomin [[Laitfiya|Latvian]] suka gano baraguzan jirgi maras matuƙi na Rasha a kan rairayin gaɓar teku kusa da ƙauyen yammacin Varve, [[:en:Ventspils_district|Gundumar Ventspils]], ana zaton yana cikin jirgin maras matuƙi da aka kakkaɓo a Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blackburn |first=Gavin |date=19 September 2025 |title=Missile debris found in Poland week after Russia's mass airspace violations, officials say |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/09/19/missile-debris-found-in-poland-week-after-russias-mass-airspace-violations-officials-say |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919120606/https://www.euronews.com/2025/09/19/missile-debris-found-in-poland-week-after-russias-mass-airspace-violations-officials-say |archive-date=19 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=www.euronews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Denisova |first=Kateryna |date=2025-09-19 |title=New missile parts found in Poland, drone debris in Latvia after Russian drone incursion |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/missile-parts-found-poland-drone-091033924.html |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Satumba wani manomi ya gano wani jirgin maras matuƙi da aka yi da <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrofoam" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Styrofoam" class="cx-link" data-linkid="306">styrofoam</a> a a [[:en:Korsze|Korsze]], [[:en:Kętrzyn_County|gundumar Kętrzyn]], Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, akwai yiwuwar shine jirgin maras matuƙi na ƙarshe cikin waɗanda su kayi kutse suka shiga ƙasar a cikin daren 9 da 10 ga watan Satumba. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=S.A |first=Telewizja Polska |title=Another Russian drone found in Poland |url=https://tvpworld.com/89036935/russian-drone-found-in-polands-northern-town-of-korsze-possibly-the-last |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920203342/https://tvpworld.com/89036935/russian-drone-found-in-polands-northern-town-of-korsze-possibly-the-last |archive-date=20 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=tvpworld.com |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Babaiev |first=Bohdan |date=20 September 2025 |title=Poland finds likely last Russian drone from September 10 incursion |url=https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/poland-finds-likely-last-russian-drone-from-1758390897.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921091145/https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/poland-finds-likely-last-russian-drone-from-1758390897.html |archive-date=21 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=RBC-Ukraine |language=en}}</ref> Irin jirgin sama maras matuƙi ya yi daidai da wanda aka samu a Oleśno.<ref name=":1" /> An gano wani jirgin sama na [[:en:Gerbera_(drone)|Gerbera]] a 12 ga watan Maris ɗin shekarar 2026 a cikin wasu ma'adinai na <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignite" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Lignite" class="cx-link" data-linkid="312">lignite</a> kusa da <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galczyce" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Galczyce" class="cx-link" data-linkid="313">Galczyce</a>, [[:en:Greater_Poland_Voivodeship|Greater Poland Voivodeship]], kimanin kilomita 170 yammacin Warsaw. Washe gari, an gano wasu sassan jirage marasa matuƙa daga wurare daban-daban; a cikin [[Masovian Voivodeship]], wasu manoma masu tsinkar mushroom sun sami sassan a ƙauyen <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodynie" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Wodynie" class="cx-link" data-linkid="317">Wodynia</a>, dake gundumar [[:en:Siedlce_County|Siedlce]], an sami makamancin irin waɗannan ɓaraguzan kusan a lokaci guda a cikin gandun daji kusa da ƙauyen [[:en:Biała_Góra,_Masovian_Voivodeship|Biała Góra]], a gundumar Białobrzegi. An ƙara samun wani jirgi maras matuki a cikin gandun daji a [[:en:Sulmice|Sulmice]] Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship. <ref>{{Cite web |last=S.A |first=Telewizja Polska |title=Foragers find suspected drone debris in Polish forest |url=https://tvpworld.com/89044835/-suspected-drone-debris-found-by-mushroom-pickers-in-poland |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=tvpworld.com |language=pl}}</ref> An kuma gano wani sashen makami mai linzami da dakarun NATO suka yi amfani da shi don kakkaɓo jirage marasa matuƙa a ƙarshen watan Afrilu 2026 a ƙauyen <a href="./Jarosławiec,_Hrubieszów_County" rel="mw:WikiLink"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaros%C5%82awiec,_Hrubiesz%C3%B3w_County" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Jarosławiec, Hrubieszów County" class="cx-link" data-linkid="325">Jarosławiec</a></a>, Lublin Voivodeship . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2026-04-10 |title=Rocket fragment found in a garden in Poland |url=https://unn.ua/en/news/rocket-fragment-found-in-a-garden-in-poland |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=Polsat News via Ukrainian National News (UNN) |language=en}}</ref>A ƙarshen watan Satumba, wani F-35A daga Squadron na 313 na sojin Royal Dutch Air Force ya sami alamar kisa wato [[:en:Victory_marking|kill mark]] don nuna nasarar da aka samu a kan jirage yaki marasa matuƙa na Rasha a Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=West |first=Lisa |date=2025-10-01 |title=Dutch F-35 shoots down Russian drone, displays kill marking |url=https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/dutch-f-35-shoots-down-russian-drone-displays-kill-marking/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Wasu hare-hare da ayyuka masu alaƙa === Irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka shafi jirage marasa matuƙa da ke da alaƙa da mamayar Rasha a Ukraine sun ci gaba da faruwa a ƙasashe mambobin NATO maƙwabta. A watan Mayu na shekarar 2026, jirage marasa matuƙa guda uku na Ukraine da ke fuskantar Rasha sun shiga sararin samaniyar ƙasar [[Laitfiya|Latvian]] bayan da aka ruwaito cewa sun sami matsalar toshewar na’urar tura ko karɓar bayanai wato signal, hakan ya haddasa rikicin siyasa wanda ya haifar da murabus ɗin Firaministan  Latvia [[Evika Siliņa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-14 |title=Latvian PM Evika Silina resigns over response to drone incursions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy21k5917jo |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Fayil:Russian_drone_Gerbera,_downed_in_Ukraine_(2025-01-05).jpg|thumb|'''Daya daga cikin irin jirage marasa matuƙi [<nowiki/>[[:en:Gerbera_(drone)|Gerbera-type drone]]] na Rasha da aka yi amfani da shi wajen kutsawa  zuwa''' [[:en:Air_space|sararin samaniya]] na Poland]] kk29ht6ywvv644tvale4qw4g320nlnj 882893 882890 2026-07-14T12:11:24Z Featherdiamond 46529 882893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event|image=Kutsawar jirage marasa matuƙa na Rasha cikin Poland a 9-10 September 2025 .jpg}} A ranar 9 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2025 da misalin ƙarfe 11:30 na dare [[:en:Central_European_Summer_Time|CEST]], aƙalla [[:en:Unmanned_aerial_vehicle|jiragen yaƙimarasa matuƙa]] guda 19 zuwa 23<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fornusek |first=Martin |date=2025-09-10 |title=7 drones, projectile fragment of unknown origin found in Poland after Russian incursion |url=https://kyivindependent.com/7-drones-fragment-found-in-poland-after-russian-incursion-warsaw-says/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910234722/https://kyivindependent.com/7-drones-fragment-found-in-poland-after-russian-incursion-warsaw-says/ |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=The Kyiv Independent |language=en}}</ref> waɗanda ake zargin an harbo su ne daga [[Rasha|Russia]] suka shiga [[:en:Airspace|sararin samaniya]] [[Poland]]. Wannan kutse dai ya haddasa ɗaukar [[:en:Quick_Reaction_Alert|matakan gaggawa]]: domin [[:en:Polish_Air_Force|sojin saman Poland]] da sauran sojin ƙungiyar ƙawancen [[NATO]] suka samar da jirgen da suka [[:en:Scrambling_(military)|kakkabo]] su. Aƙalla jirage marasa matuƙa huɗu ne aka tabbatar da kakkaɓo su, [[:en:Dutch_Air_Force|sojin saman Dutch]] wato Netherland sune suka fi yin wannan aiki. Firaministan Poland [[Donald Tusk]] yace kutsen jirage marasa matuƙa “na tabbatar da barazana ta kai tsaye.”  A lokacin da jirage marasa matuƙan na Rasha ke sararin samaniyar Poland an rufe sararin samaniyar filin tashi da saukar jiragen sama na ƙasa da ƙasa dake Warsaw, [[:en:Warsaw_International_Airport|filin tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Warsaw Modlin,]] [[:en:Rzeszów–Jasionka_Airport|filin tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Rzeszów–Jasionka,]] da kuma [[:en:Lublin_Airport|filin tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Lublin.]] Jim kaɗan da wannan abu, gwamnatin Poland ta buƙaci a sanya [[:en:North_Atlantic_Treaty#Article_4|Mataki na 4]] na yarjejeniyar NATO. Mataimakin Firaministan Poland [[:en:Radosław_Sikorski|Radosław Sikorski]] ya ce, "Muna fama da wani lamari da ba a taɓa gani ba,  domin wannan hari ba kawai a iyakar Poland ba ne a iyakokin NATO da EU ne".<ref>{{Cite web |title=@radek-sikorski.bsky.social on Bluesky |url=https://bsky.app/profile/did:plc:xk7z54i6fqpp66xl43fig7pq |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917052521/https://bsky.app/profile/did:plc:xk7z54i6fqpp66xl43fig7pq |archive-date=17 September 2025 |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> Bayan faruwar wannan lamarin, Rasha da [[Belarus]] ssun gudanar da Atisayen soji na hadin gwiwa,  wanda ya kasance mafi girma tun farkon mamayar Rasha a Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodman |first=Benjamin |date=2025-09-12 |title=NATO on edge as Russia follows up drone incursion with Belarus military drills |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20250912-nato-on-edge-russia-follows-up-poland-drone-incursion-with-belarus-military-drills |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250912101039/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20250912-nato-on-edge-russia-follows-up-poland-drone-incursion-with-belarus-military-drills |archive-date=12 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> A ƙoƙarin mayar da martani ga kutsawar da jiragen Rasha marasa matuƙa suka yi, NATO ta kaddamar da shirin Operation Eastern Sentry a ranar 12 ga Satumba. == Kutse da tsaro == Jaridar Poland [[:en:Rzeczpospolita_(newspaper)|''Rzeczpospolita'']] ta yi iƙirarin cewa yawan jiragen Rasha marasa matuƙa da sukai kutse sun kai 23; sun shiga Poland ta sararin samaniyar Belarus. Belarus ta gargaɗi Poland da [[Lithuania]] kafin kutsen cewa akwai jirage marasa matuƙa da yawa da [[:en:Electronic_warfare|Yaƙin sauya akalar injunan su]] ya shafa a Ukraine sun biyo ta sararin samaniyar Belarus.<ref name="Reuters-2">{{Cite web |date=10 September 2025 |title=Belarus says it shot down some drones that went astray during Russia-Ukraine strikes |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/belarus-says-it-shot-down-some-drones-that-went-astray-during-russia-ukraine-2025-09-10/ |access-date=11 September 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pavliuk |first=Oleh |last2=Petrenko |first2=Roman |date=10 September 2025 |title=Belarus shared drone movement data with Poland overnight, Warsaw calls it "useful" |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2025/09/10/7530282/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250911072624/https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2025/09/10/7530282/ |archive-date=11 September 2025 |access-date=11 September 2025 |website=Ukrainska Pravda}}</ref> Kasashe [[NATO]] da dama sun shiga cikin ƙoƙarin kakkaɓo da jirage marasa matuƙan da sukai kutse, inda suka  taimakawa jirgin [[:en:General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon|F-16s]] na Poland. Cikin waɗanda suka bada taimakon sun haɗa da Dutch [[:en:Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II|F-35 Lightning II,]] jirgin yaƙin ƙasar Italiya dake iya gano jirgin sama, jirgin ruwa da kuma gano idan an harbo makami domin bada gargadi da kuma sarrafa jirgin sama, da kuma Belgium A[[:en:Airbus_A330_MRTT|irbus A330 MRTT]] [[:en:Aerial_refueling|aerial tanker]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clapson |first=Colin |date=11 September 2025 |title="Belgium helped to down Russian drones" |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/en/2025/09/11/_belgium-helped-to-down-russian-drones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913074146/https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/en/2025/09/11/_belgium-helped-to-down-russian-drones/ |archive-date=13 September 2025 |access-date=11 September 2025 |website=[[VRT NWS]] |language=en}}</ref> Sai kuma jiragen yaƙin Jamus na [[:en:MIM-104_Patriot|MIM-104]] Patriot da [[:en:Surface-to-air_missile|surface-to-air]]  wanda dukkan su an sanya a kan tsarin kota kwana. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2025 |title=NATO Fighters Shoot Down Russian Drones Over Poland |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/nato-fighters-shoot-down-russian-drones-over-poland/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910141658/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/nato-fighters-shoot-down-russian-drones-over-poland/ |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=10 September 2025 |website=Air & Space Forces Magazine}}</ref> Sannan sun kuma bi diddigin hanyar da jirage marasa matuƙan suka biyo. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-09-10 |title=Patriot systems from Germany also worked on detecting Russian drones in Poland |url=https://unn.ua/en/news/german-patriots-detected-russian-drones-over-poland |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922175753/https://unn.ua/en/news/german-patriots-detected-russian-drones-over-poland |archive-date=22 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Ukrainian National News (UNN) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fix |first=Liana |last2=Dumbacher |first2=Erin D. |date=2025-09-10 |title=Russia Tests NATO With Poland Drone Breach |url=https://www.cfr.org/article/russia-tests-nato-poland-drone-breach |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910215246/https://www.cfr.org/article/russia-tests-nato-poland-drone-breach |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=11 September 2025 |website= |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref> Daga cikin jiragen marasa matuƙa da aka kakkaɓo, yawanci jirgin saman F-35 na Dutch ne ya kakkaɓo su. Wanda aka kakkaɓo na ƙarshe ya faru ne da misalin ƙarfe 06:45 [[:en:Central_European_Summer_Time|CEST]]. Firaministan Poland [[:en:Donald_Tusk|Donald Tusk]], da wasu majiyoyin, sun bada rahoton cewa sojojin haɗin gwiwa sun kakkaɓo jirage marasa matuƙa huɗu, hakan ba yana nufin babu yiwuwar cewa an kakkaɓo sama da hakan ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-10 |title="Operacja trwała całą noc". Wojsko podało liczby |url=https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2025-09-10/operacja-trwala-cala-noc-szczegolowe-informacje-od-wojska/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917072951/https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2025-09-10/operacja-trwala-cala-noc-szczegolowe-informacje-od-wojska/ |archive-date=17 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=PolsatNews.pl |language=pl}}</ref> Waɗannan ayyukan sun nuna cewa karo na farko kenan da Poland, ko wata ƙasa ta NATO, ta kakkaɓo wani abu na Rasha a sararin samaniya tun farkon mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine a cikin 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Shaun |last2=Sabbagh |first2=Dan |last3=Krupa |first3=Jakub |last4=Sauer |first4=Pjotr |date=10 September 2025 |title=Poland 'closer to military conflict than at any time since WW2' as Nato allies weigh response to Russian drones |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/sep/10/poland-shoots-down-drones-over-its-territory-amid-russian-attack-on-ukraine-says-military |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Wuraren da ɓaraguzan jirage marasa matuƙan da aka harbo sun kasance a wasu gurare da yawa kusa da iyakar gabashin Poland ([[:en:Bychawka_Trzecia|Bychawka Trzecia]], [[:en:Cześniki|Cześniki]], [[:en:Czosnówka|Czosnówka]], [[:en:Krzywowierzba-Kolonia|Krzywowierzba-Kolonia]], [[:en:Wielki_Łan|Wielki Łan]], [[:en:Wohyń|Wohyń]], [[:en:Wyhalew|Wyhalew]], [[:en:Wyryki-Wola|Wyryki-Wola]], [[:en:Zabłocie-Kolonia|Zabłocie-Kolonia]] da kusa da [[:en:Rabiany|Rabiany]]), da yawa a kudu maso gabashin Poland, da kuma kusa da [[:en:Mniszków,_Łódź_Voivodeship|Mniszków]]<nowiki/>da garin Nowe nad Piliśno a arewacin Poland da tsakiyar Poland, Wani makami mai linzami na jirgin F-16 na Poland ya harba don kakkaɓo jirgi yaƙi maras matuƙi ya rikice tare da faɗawa wani gida da mutane ke zama a Wyryki-Wola, [[:en:Lublin_Voivodeship|Lublin Voivodeship]],ya lalata rufin gidan, amma bai fashe ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Porokhnia |first=Yana |date=2025-09-16 |title=Rzeczpospolita: A house in Poland was damaged not by a drone, but by a missile from an F-16 fighter jet |url=https://news.liga.net/en/politics/news/rzeczpospolita-a-house-in-poland-could-have-been-damaged-not-by-a-drone-but-by-a-missile-from-a-polish-f-16-aircraft |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=LIGA.net |language=en}}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton lalacewar dukiyar farar hula a Czosnówka, yayin da wani jirgin maras matuƙin ya fa ɗa kan wani sansanin soja da ba a bayyana ba. <ref name="un-20250912">{{Cite web |last=Dicarlo |first=Rosemary A. |date=12 September 2025 |title=At Security Council, USG DiCarlo tells drone incursions into Poland underscore risk of wider escalation from war in Ukraine |url=https://dppa.un.org/en/mtg-sc-9995-usg-dicarlo-12-sep-2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250912203959/https://dppa.un.org/en/mtg-sc-9995-usg-dicarlo-12-sep-2025 |archive-date=12 September 2025 |access-date=15 September 2025 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bashchenko |first=Oleksandra |date=12 September 2025 |title=At least 21 Russian drones entered Poland, president's aide says |url=https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/at-least-21-russian-drones-entered-poland-1757676961.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920003147/https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/at-least-21-russian-drones-entered-poland-1757676961.html |archive-date=20 September 2025 |access-date=12 September 2025 |website=RBC-Ukraine}}</ref> An gano tarkace daga makami mai linzami mako guda bayan aikin kakkaɓo da jirage marasa matuƙan a Choiny, kimanin kilomita 70 daga iyakar Ukraine; kusan a lokaci guda da hukumomin [[Laitfiya|Latvian]] suka gano baraguzan jirgi maras matuƙi na Rasha a kan rairayin gaɓar teku kusa da ƙauyen yammacin Varve, [[:en:Ventspils_district|Gundumar Ventspils]], ana zaton yana cikin jirgin maras matuƙi da aka kakkaɓo a Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blackburn |first=Gavin |date=19 September 2025 |title=Missile debris found in Poland week after Russia's mass airspace violations, officials say |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/09/19/missile-debris-found-in-poland-week-after-russias-mass-airspace-violations-officials-say |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919120606/https://www.euronews.com/2025/09/19/missile-debris-found-in-poland-week-after-russias-mass-airspace-violations-officials-say |archive-date=19 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=www.euronews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Denisova |first=Kateryna |date=2025-09-19 |title=New missile parts found in Poland, drone debris in Latvia after Russian drone incursion |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/missile-parts-found-poland-drone-091033924.html |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Satumba wani manomi ya gano wani jirgin maras matuƙi da aka yi da [[:en:Styrofoam|Styrofoam]] a [[:en:Korsze|Korsze]], [[:en:Kętrzyn_County|gundumar Kętrzyn]], Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, akwai yiwuwar shine jirgin maras matuƙi na ƙarshe cikin waɗanda su kayi kutse suka shiga ƙasar a cikin daren 9 da 10 ga watan Satumba. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=S.A |first=Telewizja Polska |title=Another Russian drone found in Poland |url=https://tvpworld.com/89036935/russian-drone-found-in-polands-northern-town-of-korsze-possibly-the-last |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920203342/https://tvpworld.com/89036935/russian-drone-found-in-polands-northern-town-of-korsze-possibly-the-last |archive-date=20 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=tvpworld.com |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Babaiev |first=Bohdan |date=20 September 2025 |title=Poland finds likely last Russian drone from September 10 incursion |url=https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/poland-finds-likely-last-russian-drone-from-1758390897.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921091145/https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/poland-finds-likely-last-russian-drone-from-1758390897.html |archive-date=21 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=RBC-Ukraine |language=en}}</ref> Irin jirgin sama maras matuƙi ya yi daidai da wanda aka samu a Oleśno.<ref name=":1" /> An gano wani jirgin sama na [[:en:Gerbera_(drone)|Gerbera]] a 12 ga watan Maris ɗin shekarar 2026 a cikin wasu ma'adinai na [[:en:Lignite|Lignite]], [[:en:Greater_Poland_Voivodeship|Greater Poland Voivodeship]], kimanin kilomita 170 yammacin Warsaw. Washe gari, an gano wasu sassan jirage marasa matuƙa daga wurare daban-daban; a cikin [[Masovian Voivodeship]], wasu manoma masu tsinkar mushroom sun sami sassan a ƙauyen Wodynie dake gundumar [[:en:Siedlce_County|Siedlce]], an sami makamancin irin waɗannan ɓaraguzan kusan a lokaci guda a cikin gandun daji kusa da ƙauyen [[:en:Biała_Góra,_Masovian_Voivodeship|Biała Góra]], a gundumar Białobrzegi. An ƙara samun wani jirgi maras matuki a cikin gandun daji a [[:en:Sulmice|Sulmice]] Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship. <ref>{{Cite web |last=S.A |first=Telewizja Polska |title=Foragers find suspected drone debris in Polish forest |url=https://tvpworld.com/89044835/-suspected-drone-debris-found-by-mushroom-pickers-in-poland |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=tvpworld.com |language=pl}}</ref> An kuma gano wani sashen makami mai linzami da dakarun NATO suka yi amfani da shi don kakkaɓo jirage marasa matuƙa a ƙarshen watan Afrilu 2026 a ƙauyen [[:en:Jarosławiec,_Hrubieszów_County|Jarosławiec]], Lublin Voivodeship . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2026-04-10 |title=Rocket fragment found in a garden in Poland |url=https://unn.ua/en/news/rocket-fragment-found-in-a-garden-in-poland |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=Polsat News via Ukrainian National News (UNN) |language=en}}</ref>A ƙarshen watan Satumba, wani F-35A daga Squadron na 313 na sojin Royal Dutch Air Force ya sami alamar kisa wato [[:en:Victory_marking|kill mark]] don nuna nasarar da aka samu a kan jirage yaki marasa matuƙa na Rasha a Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=West |first=Lisa |date=2025-10-01 |title=Dutch F-35 shoots down Russian drone, displays kill marking |url=https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/dutch-f-35-shoots-down-russian-drone-displays-kill-marking/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Wasu hare-hare da ayyuka masu alaƙa === Irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka shafi jirage marasa matuƙa da ke da alaƙa da mamayar Rasha a Ukraine sun ci gaba da faruwa a ƙasashe mambobin NATO maƙwabta. A watan Mayu na shekarar 2026, jirage marasa matuƙa guda uku na Ukraine da ke fuskantar Rasha sun shiga sararin samaniyar ƙasar [[Laitfiya|Latvian]] bayan da aka ruwaito cewa sun sami matsalar toshewar na’urar tura ko karɓar bayanai wato signal, hakan ya haddasa rikicin siyasa wanda ya haifar da murabus ɗin Firaministan  Latvia [[Evika Siliņa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-14 |title=Latvian PM Evika Silina resigns over response to drone incursions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy21k5917jo |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Fayil:Russian_drone_Gerbera,_downed_in_Ukraine_(2025-01-05).jpg|thumb|'''Daya daga cikin irin jirage marasa matuƙi [<nowiki/>[[:en:Gerbera_(drone)|Gerbera-type drone]]] na Rasha da aka yi amfani da shi wajen kutsawa  zuwa''' [[:en:Air_space|sararin samaniya]] na Poland]] lv8r0lu4fm1xrk5pgb4k0urwtsife9h 882894 882893 2026-07-14T12:13:44Z Featherdiamond 46529 882894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event|image=Kutsawar jirage marasa matuƙa na Rasha cikin Poland a 9-10 September 2025 .jpg}} A ranar 9 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2025 da misalin ƙarfe 11:30 na dare [[:en:Central_European_Summer_Time|CEST]], aƙalla [[:en:Unmanned_aerial_vehicle|jiragen yaƙimarasa matuƙa]] guda 19 zuwa 23<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fornusek |first=Martin |date=2025-09-10 |title=7 drones, projectile fragment of unknown origin found in Poland after Russian incursion |url=https://kyivindependent.com/7-drones-fragment-found-in-poland-after-russian-incursion-warsaw-says/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910234722/https://kyivindependent.com/7-drones-fragment-found-in-poland-after-russian-incursion-warsaw-says/ |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=The Kyiv Independent |language=en}}</ref> waɗanda ake zargin an harbo su ne daga [[Rasha|Russia]] suka shiga [[:en:Airspace|sararin samaniya]] [[Poland]]. Wannan kutse dai ya haddasa ɗaukar [[:en:Quick_Reaction_Alert|matakan gaggawa]]: domin [[:en:Polish_Air_Force|sojin saman Poland]] da sauran sojin ƙungiyar ƙawancen [[NATO]] suka samar da jirgen da suka [[:en:Scrambling_(military)|kakkabo]] su. Aƙalla jirage marasa matuƙa huɗu ne aka tabbatar da kakkaɓo su, [[:en:Dutch_Air_Force|sojin saman Dutch]] wato Netherland sune suka fi yin wannan aiki. Firaministan Poland [[:en:Donald_Tusk|Donald Tusk]] yace kutsen jirage marasa matuƙa “na tabbatar da barazana ta kai tsaye.”  A lokacin da jirage marasa matuƙan na Rasha ke sararin samaniyar Poland an rufe sararin samaniyar filin tashi da saukar jiragen sama na ƙasa da ƙasa dake Warsaw, [[:en:Warsaw_International_Airport|filin tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Warsaw Modlin,]] [[:en:Rzeszów–Jasionka_Airport|filin tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Rzeszów–Jasionka,]] da kuma [[:en:Lublin_Airport|filin tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Lublin.]] Jim kaɗan da wannan abu, gwamnatin Poland ta buƙaci a sanya [[:en:North_Atlantic_Treaty#Article_4|Mataki na 4]] na yarjejeniyar NATO. Mataimakin Firaministan Poland [[:en:Radosław_Sikorski|Radosław Sikorski]] ya ce, "Muna fama da wani lamari da ba a taɓa gani ba,  domin wannan hari ba kawai a iyakar Poland ba ne a iyakokin NATO da EU ne".<ref>{{Cite web |title=@radek-sikorski.bsky.social on Bluesky |url=https://bsky.app/profile/did:plc:xk7z54i6fqpp66xl43fig7pq |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917052521/https://bsky.app/profile/did:plc:xk7z54i6fqpp66xl43fig7pq |archive-date=17 September 2025 |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> Bayan faruwar wannan lamarin, Rasha da [[Belarus]] ssun gudanar da Atisayen soji na hadin gwiwa,  wanda ya kasance mafi girma tun farkon mamayar Rasha a Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodman |first=Benjamin |date=2025-09-12 |title=NATO on edge as Russia follows up drone incursion with Belarus military drills |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20250912-nato-on-edge-russia-follows-up-poland-drone-incursion-with-belarus-military-drills |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250912101039/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20250912-nato-on-edge-russia-follows-up-poland-drone-incursion-with-belarus-military-drills |archive-date=12 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> A ƙoƙarin mayar da martani ga kutsawar da jiragen Rasha marasa matuƙa suka yi, NATO ta kaddamar da shirin Operation Eastern Sentry a ranar 12 ga Satumba. == Kutse da tsaro == Jaridar Poland [[:en:Rzeczpospolita_(newspaper)|''Rzeczpospolita'']] ta yi iƙirarin cewa yawan jiragen Rasha marasa matuƙa da sukai kutse sun kai 23; sun shiga Poland ta sararin samaniyar Belarus. Belarus ta gargaɗi Poland da [[Lithuania]] kafin kutsen cewa akwai jirage marasa matuƙa da yawa da [[:en:Electronic_warfare|Yaƙin sauya akalar injunan su]] ya shafa a Ukraine sun biyo ta sararin samaniyar Belarus.<ref name="Reuters-2">{{Cite web |date=10 September 2025 |title=Belarus says it shot down some drones that went astray during Russia-Ukraine strikes |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/belarus-says-it-shot-down-some-drones-that-went-astray-during-russia-ukraine-2025-09-10/ |access-date=11 September 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pavliuk |first=Oleh |last2=Petrenko |first2=Roman |date=10 September 2025 |title=Belarus shared drone movement data with Poland overnight, Warsaw calls it "useful" |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2025/09/10/7530282/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250911072624/https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2025/09/10/7530282/ |archive-date=11 September 2025 |access-date=11 September 2025 |website=Ukrainska Pravda}}</ref> Kasashe [[NATO]] da dama sun shiga cikin ƙoƙarin kakkaɓo da jirage marasa matuƙan da sukai kutse, inda suka  taimakawa jirgin [[:en:General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon|F-16s]] na Poland. Cikin waɗanda suka bada taimakon sun haɗa da Dutch [[:en:Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II|F-35 Lightning II,]] jirgin yaƙin ƙasar Italiya dake iya gano jirgin sama, jirgin ruwa da kuma gano idan an harbo makami domin bada gargadi da kuma sarrafa jirgin sama, da kuma Belgium A[[:en:Airbus_A330_MRTT|irbus A330 MRTT]] [[:en:Aerial_refueling|aerial tanker]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clapson |first=Colin |date=11 September 2025 |title="Belgium helped to down Russian drones" |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/en/2025/09/11/_belgium-helped-to-down-russian-drones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913074146/https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/en/2025/09/11/_belgium-helped-to-down-russian-drones/ |archive-date=13 September 2025 |access-date=11 September 2025 |website=[[VRT NWS]] |language=en}}</ref> Sai kuma jiragen yaƙin Jamus na [[:en:MIM-104_Patriot|MIM-104]] Patriot da [[:en:Surface-to-air_missile|surface-to-air]]  wanda dukkan su an sanya a kan tsarin kota kwana. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2025 |title=NATO Fighters Shoot Down Russian Drones Over Poland |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/nato-fighters-shoot-down-russian-drones-over-poland/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910141658/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/nato-fighters-shoot-down-russian-drones-over-poland/ |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=10 September 2025 |website=Air & Space Forces Magazine}}</ref> Sannan sun kuma bi diddigin hanyar da jirage marasa matuƙan suka biyo. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-09-10 |title=Patriot systems from Germany also worked on detecting Russian drones in Poland |url=https://unn.ua/en/news/german-patriots-detected-russian-drones-over-poland |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922175753/https://unn.ua/en/news/german-patriots-detected-russian-drones-over-poland |archive-date=22 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Ukrainian National News (UNN) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fix |first=Liana |last2=Dumbacher |first2=Erin D. |date=2025-09-10 |title=Russia Tests NATO With Poland Drone Breach |url=https://www.cfr.org/article/russia-tests-nato-poland-drone-breach |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910215246/https://www.cfr.org/article/russia-tests-nato-poland-drone-breach |archive-date=10 September 2025 |access-date=11 September 2025 |website= |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref> Daga cikin jiragen marasa matuƙa da aka kakkaɓo, yawanci jirgin saman F-35 na Dutch ne ya kakkaɓo su. Wanda aka kakkaɓo na ƙarshe ya faru ne da misalin ƙarfe 06:45 [[:en:Central_European_Summer_Time|CEST]]. Firaministan Poland [[:en:Donald_Tusk|Donald Tusk]], da wasu majiyoyin, sun bada rahoton cewa sojojin haɗin gwiwa sun kakkaɓo jirage marasa matuƙa huɗu, hakan ba yana nufin babu yiwuwar cewa an kakkaɓo sama da hakan ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-10 |title="Operacja trwała całą noc". Wojsko podało liczby |url=https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2025-09-10/operacja-trwala-cala-noc-szczegolowe-informacje-od-wojska/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917072951/https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2025-09-10/operacja-trwala-cala-noc-szczegolowe-informacje-od-wojska/ |archive-date=17 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=PolsatNews.pl |language=pl}}</ref> Waɗannan ayyukan sun nuna cewa karo na farko kenan da Poland, ko wata ƙasa ta NATO, ta kakkaɓo wani abu na Rasha a sararin samaniya tun farkon mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine a cikin 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Shaun |last2=Sabbagh |first2=Dan |last3=Krupa |first3=Jakub |last4=Sauer |first4=Pjotr |date=10 September 2025 |title=Poland 'closer to military conflict than at any time since WW2' as Nato allies weigh response to Russian drones |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/sep/10/poland-shoots-down-drones-over-its-territory-amid-russian-attack-on-ukraine-says-military |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Wuraren da ɓaraguzan jirage marasa matuƙan da aka harbo sun kasance a wasu gurare da yawa kusa da iyakar gabashin Poland ([[:en:Bychawka_Trzecia|Bychawka Trzecia]], [[:en:Cześniki|Cześniki]], [[:en:Czosnówka|Czosnówka]], [[:en:Krzywowierzba-Kolonia|Krzywowierzba-Kolonia]], [[:en:Wielki_Łan|Wielki Łan]], [[:en:Wohyń|Wohyń]], [[:en:Wyhalew|Wyhalew]], [[:en:Wyryki-Wola|Wyryki-Wola]], [[:en:Zabłocie-Kolonia|Zabłocie-Kolonia]] da kusa da [[:en:Rabiany|Rabiany]]), da yawa a kudu maso gabashin Poland, da kuma kusa da [[:en:Mniszków,_Łódź_Voivodeship|Mniszków]]<nowiki/>da garin Nowe nad Piliśno a arewacin Poland da tsakiyar Poland, Wani makami mai linzami na jirgin F-16 na Poland ya harba don kakkaɓo jirgi yaƙi maras matuƙi ya rikice tare da faɗawa wani gida da mutane ke zama a Wyryki-Wola, [[:en:Lublin_Voivodeship|Lublin Voivodeship]],ya lalata rufin gidan, amma bai fashe ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Porokhnia |first=Yana |date=2025-09-16 |title=Rzeczpospolita: A house in Poland was damaged not by a drone, but by a missile from an F-16 fighter jet |url=https://news.liga.net/en/politics/news/rzeczpospolita-a-house-in-poland-could-have-been-damaged-not-by-a-drone-but-by-a-missile-from-a-polish-f-16-aircraft |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=LIGA.net |language=en}}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton lalacewar dukiyar farar hula a Czosnówka, yayin da wani jirgin maras matuƙin ya fa ɗa kan wani sansanin soja da ba a bayyana ba. <ref name="un-20250912">{{Cite web |last=Dicarlo |first=Rosemary A. |date=12 September 2025 |title=At Security Council, USG DiCarlo tells drone incursions into Poland underscore risk of wider escalation from war in Ukraine |url=https://dppa.un.org/en/mtg-sc-9995-usg-dicarlo-12-sep-2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250912203959/https://dppa.un.org/en/mtg-sc-9995-usg-dicarlo-12-sep-2025 |archive-date=12 September 2025 |access-date=15 September 2025 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bashchenko |first=Oleksandra |date=12 September 2025 |title=At least 21 Russian drones entered Poland, president's aide says |url=https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/at-least-21-russian-drones-entered-poland-1757676961.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920003147/https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/at-least-21-russian-drones-entered-poland-1757676961.html |archive-date=20 September 2025 |access-date=12 September 2025 |website=RBC-Ukraine}}</ref> An gano tarkace daga makami mai linzami mako guda bayan aikin kakkaɓo da jirage marasa matuƙan a Choiny, kimanin kilomita 70 daga iyakar Ukraine; kusan a lokaci guda da hukumomin [[Laitfiya|Latvian]] suka gano baraguzan jirgi maras matuƙi na Rasha a kan rairayin gaɓar teku kusa da ƙauyen yammacin Varve, [[:en:Ventspils_district|Gundumar Ventspils]], ana zaton yana cikin jirgin maras matuƙi da aka kakkaɓo a Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blackburn |first=Gavin |date=19 September 2025 |title=Missile debris found in Poland week after Russia's mass airspace violations, officials say |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/09/19/missile-debris-found-in-poland-week-after-russias-mass-airspace-violations-officials-say |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919120606/https://www.euronews.com/2025/09/19/missile-debris-found-in-poland-week-after-russias-mass-airspace-violations-officials-say |archive-date=19 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=www.euronews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Denisova |first=Kateryna |date=2025-09-19 |title=New missile parts found in Poland, drone debris in Latvia after Russian drone incursion |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/missile-parts-found-poland-drone-091033924.html |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Satumba wani manomi ya gano wani jirgin maras matuƙi da aka yi da [[:en:Styrofoam|Styrofoam]] a [[:en:Korsze|Korsze]], [[:en:Kętrzyn_County|gundumar Kętrzyn]], Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, akwai yiwuwar shine jirgin maras matuƙi na ƙarshe cikin waɗanda su kayi kutse suka shiga ƙasar a cikin daren 9 da 10 ga watan Satumba. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=S.A |first=Telewizja Polska |title=Another Russian drone found in Poland |url=https://tvpworld.com/89036935/russian-drone-found-in-polands-northern-town-of-korsze-possibly-the-last |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920203342/https://tvpworld.com/89036935/russian-drone-found-in-polands-northern-town-of-korsze-possibly-the-last |archive-date=20 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=tvpworld.com |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Babaiev |first=Bohdan |date=20 September 2025 |title=Poland finds likely last Russian drone from September 10 incursion |url=https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/poland-finds-likely-last-russian-drone-from-1758390897.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921091145/https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/poland-finds-likely-last-russian-drone-from-1758390897.html |archive-date=21 September 2025 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=RBC-Ukraine |language=en}}</ref> Irin jirgin sama maras matuƙi ya yi daidai da wanda aka samu a Oleśno.<ref name=":1" /> An gano wani jirgin sama na [[:en:Gerbera_(drone)|Gerbera]] a 12 ga watan Maris ɗin shekarar 2026 a cikin wasu ma'adinai na [[:en:Lignite|Lignite]], [[:en:Greater_Poland_Voivodeship|Greater Poland Voivodeship]], kimanin kilomita 170 yammacin Warsaw. Washe gari, an gano wasu sassan jirage marasa matuƙa daga wurare daban-daban; a cikin [[Masovian Voivodeship]], wasu manoma masu tsinkar mushroom sun sami sassan a ƙauyen Wodynie dake gundumar [[:en:Siedlce_County|Siedlce]], an sami makamancin irin waɗannan ɓaraguzan kusan a lokaci guda a cikin gandun daji kusa da ƙauyen [[:en:Biała_Góra,_Masovian_Voivodeship|Biała Góra]], a gundumar Białobrzegi. An ƙara samun wani jirgi maras matuki a cikin gandun daji a [[:en:Sulmice|Sulmice]] Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship. <ref>{{Cite web |last=S.A |first=Telewizja Polska |title=Foragers find suspected drone debris in Polish forest |url=https://tvpworld.com/89044835/-suspected-drone-debris-found-by-mushroom-pickers-in-poland |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=tvpworld.com |language=pl}}</ref> An kuma gano wani sashen makami mai linzami da dakarun NATO suka yi amfani da shi don kakkaɓo jirage marasa matuƙa a ƙarshen watan Afrilu 2026 a ƙauyen [[:en:Jarosławiec,_Hrubieszów_County|Jarosławiec]], Lublin Voivodeship . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2026-04-10 |title=Rocket fragment found in a garden in Poland |url=https://unn.ua/en/news/rocket-fragment-found-in-a-garden-in-poland |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=Polsat News via Ukrainian National News (UNN) |language=en}}</ref>A ƙarshen watan Satumba, wani F-35A daga Squadron na 313 na sojin Royal Dutch Air Force ya sami alamar kisa wato [[:en:Victory_marking|kill mark]] don nuna nasarar da aka samu a kan jirage yaki marasa matuƙa na Rasha a Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=West |first=Lisa |date=2025-10-01 |title=Dutch F-35 shoots down Russian drone, displays kill marking |url=https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/dutch-f-35-shoots-down-russian-drone-displays-kill-marking/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Wasu hare-hare da ayyuka masu alaƙa === Irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka shafi jirage marasa matuƙa da ke da alaƙa da mamayar Rasha a Ukraine sun ci gaba da faruwa a ƙasashe mambobin NATO maƙwabta. A watan Mayu na shekarar 2026, jirage marasa matuƙa guda uku na Ukraine da ke fuskantar Rasha sun shiga sararin samaniyar ƙasar [[Laitfiya|Latvian]] bayan da aka ruwaito cewa sun sami matsalar toshewar na’urar tura ko karɓar bayanai wato signal, hakan ya haddasa rikicin siyasa wanda ya haifar da murabus ɗin Firaministan  Latvia [[Evika Siliņa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-14 |title=Latvian PM Evika Silina resigns over response to drone incursions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy21k5917jo |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Fayil:Russian_drone_Gerbera,_downed_in_Ukraine_(2025-01-05).jpg|thumb|'''Daya daga cikin irin jirage marasa matuƙi [<nowiki/>[[:en:Gerbera_(drone)|Gerbera-type drone]]] na Rasha da aka yi amfani da shi wajen kutsawa  zuwa''' [[:en:Air_space|sararin samaniya]] na Poland]] dqo3u2d0b3iq8tw2ksrisnqhfm13p0z 0 161571 882903 2026-07-14T13:49:41Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363508778|2023 Abia State House of Assembly election]]" 882903 wikitext text/x-wiki   The '''2023 Abia State House of Assembly election''' was take place on 18 March 2023, to elect members of the [[Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Abia|Abia State House of Assembly]]. The election was held concurrent with the state [[Zaben gwamna na Jihar Abia na 2023|gubernatorial election]] as well as twenty-seven other [[Zaben gwamnonin Najeriya 2023|gubernatorial elections]] and elections to all other state houses of assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyekanmi |first=Rotimi |date=26 February 2022 |title=It's Official: 2023 Presidential, National Assembly Elections to Hold Feb 25 |url=https://inecnews.com/its-official-2023-presidential-national-assembly-elections-to-hold-feb-25-%EF%BF%BC/ |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=[[Independent National Electoral Commission (Nigeria)|INEC]] News}}</ref> It was held three weeks after the [[Zaben Shugabancin Najeriya 2023|presidential election]] and National Assembly elections. == Electoral system == The members of state Houses of Assembly are elected using first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies. == Background == In the previous House of Assembly elections, the PDP won a sizeable majority that elected [[Chinedum Orji|Chinedum Enyinnaya Orji]] (PDP-Umuahia Central) as Speaker. In other Abia elections, incumbent PDP Governor [[Okezie Ikpeazu]] [[Zaben gwamna na jihar Abia na 2019|won]] in a landslide but federal elections were closer as the PDP lost ground by only winning [[Zaben 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya na 2019 a jihar Abia|seven House of Representatives seats]] and [[Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 2019 a Jihar Abia|two Senate seats]] compared to all nine House seats and all three Senate seats in 2015. For the presidency, Abia was easily won by PDP nominee [[Atiku Abubakar]] with about 68% but still swung towards the APC and had strikingly low turnout. During the term, a number of defections shifting the main opposition position from APGA to the APC with [[Chijioke Chukwu]] (APC-Bende North) becoming Minority Leader in June 2021. Other key events included corruption investigations into Orji and his brief arrest by the EFCC, the formal reprimand of Chukwu for his criticism of Ikpeazu, a court judgement barring MHA [[Obinna Ichita]] (APGA-Aba South) from "defamatory statements", an aborted attempt to impeach the Deputy Speaker and Majority Leader, and the resignation of Majority Chief Whip [[Munachim Alozie]] (Ugwunagbo) to join the [[Nigeria Labour Party|Labour Party]]. == Overview == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- style="vertical-align:bottom;" ! rowspan="3" |Affiliation ! colspan="5" |Party ! rowspan="3" |Total |- | style="background-color:{{party color|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|All Progressives Congress}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Labour Party (Nigeria)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Vacant}}" | |- ![[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] ![[All Progressives Congress|APC]] ![[All Progressives Grand Alliance|APGA]] ![[Nigeria Labour Party|LP]] !YPP |- !Previous Election |19 |2 |1{{Refn|The 2019 elections in the APGA-held constituencies of Arochukwu and Aba South were partially voided and supplementary elections called. Although APGA retained the seats in the supplementary elections, the elections were held in early 2020 so the party's 2019 total is 1 seat.|group=note}} |0 |0 !24 |- !Before Election |18 |3 |1 |2 |0 !24 |- !After Election |11 |1 |0 |10 |2 !24 |- |} == Summary == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- valign="bottom" ! rowspan="2" |Constituency ! colspan="2" |Incumbent ! colspan="2" |Results |- valign="bottom" !Incumbent !Party !Status !Candidates |- !Aba Central |{{Sortname|Abraham|Oba|Abraham Oba}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP{{refn|group=note|This House member was elected as a member of APGA but switched to the PDP during their term.|name=fnAPGAtoPDP}} |Incumbent nominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Jane Ogbauta]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list">{{cite web |title=FINAL LIST OF CANDIDATES FOR STATE ELECTIONS - Governorship & Houses of Assembly |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Final-List-of-Candidates-for-National-Elections_SHA-14.pdf |website=[[Independent National Electoral Commission (Nigeria)|Independent National Electoral Commission]] |access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Matthew Uchechukwu Okorie]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Abraham Oba]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Labour Party (Nigeria)}} '''{{Aye}}[[Uchenna Stephen Akachukwu]]'''}} |- !Aba North |{{Sortname|Aaron|Uzodike|Aaron Uzodike}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent renominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Sampson Uba Omenazu]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Charles Chukwundiegwu Atata]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Aaron Uzodike]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Aba South |{{Sortname|Obinna|Ichita|Obinna Ichita}} | {{party shading/All Progressives Grand Alliance}} |APGA |Incumbent retiring | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Nnabugwu Chimezie Ujoumunna]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Ugbor Chukwunonye]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Prince Nwigwe]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Arochukwu |{{Sortname|Onyekwere Mike|Ukoha|Onyekwere Mike Ukoha}} | {{party shading/All Progressives Congress}} |APC{{refn|group=note|This House member was elected as a member of APGA but switched to the APC during their term.|name=fnAPGAtoAPC}} |Incumbent nominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Onyekwere Mike Ukoha]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Okorafor Ikenna Okorafor]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Austine Emeka Bonny]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Labour Party (Nigeria)}}'''{{Aye}} [[Uchenna Okoro]]''' (LP)}} |- !Bende North |{{Sortname|Chijioke|Chukwu|Chijioke Chukwu}} | {{party shading/All Progressives Congress}} |APC |Incumbent renominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Chijioke Chukwu]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Eme Ogbuma Ogbumba]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Nnamdi Ibekwe]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Bende South |{{Sortname|Emmanuel|Ndubuisi|Emmanuel Ndubuisi}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent renominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Chinedu Kingsley Owa]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Elizabeth Ndidiamaka Obioma]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Emmanuel Ndubuisi]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Ikwuano |{{Sortname|Stanley|Nwabuisi|Stanley Nwabuisi}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent renominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Paul Anthony Alaribe]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Nduka Izuchukwu Davidson]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Stanley Nwabuisi]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Isiala Ngwa North |{{Sortname|Ginger Obinna|Onwusibe|Ginger Obinna Onwusibe}} | {{party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}} |LP{{refn|group=note|This House member was elected as a member of PDP but switched to the LP during their term.|name=fnPDPtoLP}} |Incumbent retiring | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Alex Chidiebere Chibuikem]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Mighty Iyieri Enweremadu]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Ugochukwu Collins Iheonunekwu]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Isiala Ngwa South |{{Sortname|Chikwendu|Kalu|Chikwendu Kalu}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent retiring | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Blessing Uwaoma Nwokonneya]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Christian Ikechukwu Okeri]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Dennis Rowland Chinwendu]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Isuikwuato |{{Sortname|Emeka|Okoroafor|Emeka Okoroafor}} | {{party shading/All Progressives Congress}} |APC |Incumbent renominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Emeka Okoroafor]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Emmanuel Akaeme]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Lucky Udoka Nweke-Johnson]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Obingwa East |{{Sortname|Solomon|Akpulonu|Solomon Akpulonu}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent renominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Valentine Chidire Etonyeaku]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Ngozi Daniel Mbonu]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Solomon Akpulonu]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Obingwa West |{{Sortname|A.C. Thomas|Nkoro|A.C. Thomas Nkoro}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> |Status unknown | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Prince Onyemereze Adighikachaya]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Chibuike Knowledge Nwosu]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Erondu Uchenna Erondu Jnr]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Ohafia North |{{Sortname|Egwuronu|Obasi|Egwuronu Obasi}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent renominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Otuwe Kalu Oji]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Uchenna Onuoha Okocha]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Egwuronu Obasi]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Ohafia South |{{Sortname|Ifeanyi|Uchendu|Ifeanyi Uchendu}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent retiring | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Dike Okoro Uche]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Dike Chidozie Okwara]] (APGA)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kcee's Manager, Dike Chidozie Wins Ohafia South House Of Assembly Primary |url=https://www.newtelegraphng.com/kcees-manager-dike-chidozie-wins-ohafia-south-house-of-assembly-primary/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[New Telegraph]] |date=29 May 2022 |access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Ekea Ulu Udensi]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Osisioma North |{{Sortname|Kennedy|Njoku|Kennedy Njoku}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent renominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Obioma Ogbonna]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Chikezie Prince Ekpemo]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Kennedy Njoku]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Osisioma South |{{Sortname|Nnamdi Allen|Nwachukwu|Nnamdi Allen Nwachukwu}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent renominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Uwoma Charles Akomas]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Sunday Chinagorom Anyanwu]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Nnamdi Allen Nwachukwu]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Ugwunagbo |{{Sortname|Munachim|Alozie|Munachim Alozie}} | {{party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}} |LP{{refn|group=note|name=fnPDPtoLP}} |Incumbent retiring | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Chidiadi Ogechi Onyeobia]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Nna Henry Ngenyechike]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Chijioke Uruakpa]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Ukwa East |{{Sortname|Paul|Taribo|Paul Taribo}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Status unknown | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Darlington Ogboda Iwor]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Saviour Adiele]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Lewis Chinemerem Obianyi]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Ukwa West |{{Sortname|Godwin|Adiele|Godwin Adiele}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent renominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Ahuruonye Noble Izuchukwu]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Ikechukwu Kelechi Nwankwo]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Godwin Adiele]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Umuahia Central |{{Sortname|Chinedum Enyinnaya|Orji|Chinedum Enyinnaya Orji}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent retiring | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Kenneth Maduakolam Adighibe]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Chinedu Freeman Obilor]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Ugochukwu Uchegbu]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Umuahia East |{{Sortname|Chukwudi|Apugo|Chukwudi Apugo}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent retiring | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Ugochukwu Rowland Ndubuka]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Okezie Obasi]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Kelechi Johnson Nwakodo]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Umuahia North |{{Sortname|Kelechi|Onuzuruike|Kelechi Onuzuruike}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent retiring | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Onyediako Chikezie Okwulehie]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Ugochukwu Fidelis Ikpo]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Ugochukwu Ezeocha]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Umuahia South |{{Sortname|Jeremiah Ogonnaya|Uzosike|Jeremiah Ogonnaya Uzosike}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent renominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Paul Uchechi Uzuegbu]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Emmanuel Uwadinachi Egwu]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Jeremiah Ogonnaya Uzosike]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Umunneochi |{{Sortname|Okey|Igwe|Okey Igwe}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent retiring | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Ejike Chukwu]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Ebere Nwankwo]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Fabian Joseph Nwankwo]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |} {{Reflist|group=note}} == Manazarta == 4dxa9nv0mri6f93tyzd3w98upuv5gdq 882904 882903 2026-07-14T13:51:05Z D son203 45710 882904 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} The '''2023 Abia State House of Assembly election''' was take place on 18 March 2023, to elect members of the [[Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Abia|Abia State House of Assembly]]. The election was held concurrent with the state [[Zaben gwamna na Jihar Abia na 2023|gubernatorial election]] as well as twenty-seven other [[Zaben gwamnonin Najeriya 2023|gubernatorial elections]] and elections to all other state houses of assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyekanmi |first=Rotimi |date=26 February 2022 |title=It's Official: 2023 Presidential, National Assembly Elections to Hold Feb 25 |url=https://inecnews.com/its-official-2023-presidential-national-assembly-elections-to-hold-feb-25-%EF%BF%BC/ |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=[[Independent National Electoral Commission (Nigeria)|INEC]] News}}</ref> It was held three weeks after the [[Zaben Shugabancin Najeriya 2023|presidential election]] and National Assembly elections. == Electoral system == The members of state Houses of Assembly are elected using first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies. == Background == In the previous House of Assembly elections, the PDP won a sizeable majority that elected [[Chinedum Orji|Chinedum Enyinnaya Orji]] (PDP-Umuahia Central) as Speaker. In other Abia elections, incumbent PDP Governor [[Okezie Ikpeazu]] [[Zaben gwamna na jihar Abia na 2019|won]] in a landslide but federal elections were closer as the PDP lost ground by only winning [[Zaben 'yan majalisar wakilan Najeriya na 2019 a jihar Abia|seven House of Representatives seats]] and [[Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 2019 a Jihar Abia|two Senate seats]] compared to all nine House seats and all three Senate seats in 2015. For the presidency, Abia was easily won by PDP nominee [[Atiku Abubakar]] with about 68% but still swung towards the APC and had strikingly low turnout. During the term, a number of defections shifting the main opposition position from APGA to the APC with [[Chijioke Chukwu]] (APC-Bende North) becoming Minority Leader in June 2021. Other key events included corruption investigations into Orji and his brief arrest by the EFCC, the formal reprimand of Chukwu for his criticism of Ikpeazu, a court judgement barring MHA [[Obinna Ichita]] (APGA-Aba South) from "defamatory statements", an aborted attempt to impeach the Deputy Speaker and Majority Leader, and the resignation of Majority Chief Whip [[Munachim Alozie]] (Ugwunagbo) to join the [[Nigeria Labour Party|Labour Party]]. == Overview == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- style="vertical-align:bottom;" ! rowspan="3" |Affiliation ! colspan="5" |Party ! rowspan="3" |Total |- | style="background-color:{{party color|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|All Progressives Congress}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Labour Party (Nigeria)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Vacant}}" | |- ![[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]] ![[All Progressives Congress|APC]] ![[All Progressives Grand Alliance|APGA]] ![[Nigeria Labour Party|LP]] !YPP |- !Previous Election |19 |2 |1{{Refn|The 2019 elections in the APGA-held constituencies of Arochukwu and Aba South were partially voided and supplementary elections called. Although APGA retained the seats in the supplementary elections, the elections were held in early 2020 so the party's 2019 total is 1 seat.|group=note}} |0 |0 !24 |- !Before Election |18 |3 |1 |2 |0 !24 |- !After Election |11 |1 |0 |10 |2 !24 |- |} == Summary == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- valign="bottom" ! rowspan="2" |Constituency ! colspan="2" |Incumbent ! colspan="2" |Results |- valign="bottom" !Incumbent !Party !Status !Candidates |- !Aba Central |{{Sortname|Abraham|Oba|Abraham Oba}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP{{refn|group=note|This House member was elected as a member of APGA but switched to the PDP during their term.|name=fnAPGAtoPDP}} |Incumbent nominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Jane Ogbauta]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list">{{cite web |title=FINAL LIST OF CANDIDATES FOR STATE ELECTIONS - Governorship & Houses of Assembly |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Final-List-of-Candidates-for-National-Elections_SHA-14.pdf |website=[[Independent National Electoral Commission (Nigeria)|Independent National Electoral Commission]] |access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Matthew Uchechukwu Okorie]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Abraham Oba]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Labour Party (Nigeria)}} '''{{Aye}}[[Uchenna Stephen Akachukwu]]'''}} |- !Aba North |{{Sortname|Aaron|Uzodike|Aaron Uzodike}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent renominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Sampson Uba Omenazu]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Charles Chukwundiegwu Atata]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Aaron Uzodike]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Aba South |{{Sortname|Obinna|Ichita|Obinna Ichita}} | {{party shading/All Progressives Grand Alliance}} |APGA |Incumbent retiring | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Nnabugwu Chimezie Ujoumunna]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Ugbor Chukwunonye]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Prince Nwigwe]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Arochukwu |{{Sortname|Onyekwere Mike|Ukoha|Onyekwere Mike Ukoha}} | {{party shading/All Progressives Congress}} |APC{{refn|group=note|This House member was elected as a member of APGA but switched to the APC during their term.|name=fnAPGAtoAPC}} |Incumbent nominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Onyekwere Mike Ukoha]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Okorafor Ikenna Okorafor]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Austine Emeka Bonny]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Labour Party (Nigeria)}}'''{{Aye}} [[Uchenna Okoro]]''' (LP)}} |- !Bende North |{{Sortname|Chijioke|Chukwu|Chijioke Chukwu}} | {{party shading/All Progressives Congress}} |APC |Incumbent renominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Chijioke Chukwu]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Eme Ogbuma Ogbumba]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Nnamdi Ibekwe]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Bende South |{{Sortname|Emmanuel|Ndubuisi|Emmanuel Ndubuisi}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent renominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Chinedu Kingsley Owa]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Elizabeth Ndidiamaka Obioma]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Emmanuel Ndubuisi]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Ikwuano |{{Sortname|Stanley|Nwabuisi|Stanley Nwabuisi}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent renominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Paul Anthony Alaribe]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Nduka Izuchukwu Davidson]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Stanley Nwabuisi]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Isiala Ngwa North |{{Sortname|Ginger Obinna|Onwusibe|Ginger Obinna Onwusibe}} | {{party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}} |LP{{refn|group=note|This House member was elected as a member of PDP but switched to the LP during their term.|name=fnPDPtoLP}} |Incumbent retiring | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Alex Chidiebere Chibuikem]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Mighty Iyieri Enweremadu]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Ugochukwu Collins Iheonunekwu]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Isiala Ngwa South |{{Sortname|Chikwendu|Kalu|Chikwendu Kalu}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent retiring | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Blessing Uwaoma Nwokonneya]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Christian Ikechukwu Okeri]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Dennis Rowland Chinwendu]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Isuikwuato |{{Sortname|Emeka|Okoroafor|Emeka Okoroafor}} | {{party shading/All Progressives Congress}} |APC |Incumbent renominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Emeka Okoroafor]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Emmanuel Akaeme]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Lucky Udoka Nweke-Johnson]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Obingwa East |{{Sortname|Solomon|Akpulonu|Solomon Akpulonu}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent renominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Valentine Chidire Etonyeaku]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Ngozi Daniel Mbonu]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Solomon Akpulonu]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Obingwa West |{{Sortname|A.C. Thomas|Nkoro|A.C. Thomas Nkoro}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> |Status unknown | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Prince Onyemereze Adighikachaya]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Chibuike Knowledge Nwosu]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Erondu Uchenna Erondu Jnr]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Ohafia North |{{Sortname|Egwuronu|Obasi|Egwuronu Obasi}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent renominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Otuwe Kalu Oji]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Uchenna Onuoha Okocha]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Egwuronu Obasi]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Ohafia South |{{Sortname|Ifeanyi|Uchendu|Ifeanyi Uchendu}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent retiring | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Dike Okoro Uche]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Dike Chidozie Okwara]] (APGA)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kcee's Manager, Dike Chidozie Wins Ohafia South House Of Assembly Primary |url=https://www.newtelegraphng.com/kcees-manager-dike-chidozie-wins-ohafia-south-house-of-assembly-primary/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[New Telegraph]] |date=29 May 2022 |access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Ekea Ulu Udensi]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Osisioma North |{{Sortname|Kennedy|Njoku|Kennedy Njoku}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent renominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Obioma Ogbonna]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Chikezie Prince Ekpemo]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Kennedy Njoku]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Osisioma South |{{Sortname|Nnamdi Allen|Nwachukwu|Nnamdi Allen Nwachukwu}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent renominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Uwoma Charles Akomas]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Sunday Chinagorom Anyanwu]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Nnamdi Allen Nwachukwu]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Ugwunagbo |{{Sortname|Munachim|Alozie|Munachim Alozie}} | {{party shading/Labour Party (Nigeria)}} |LP{{refn|group=note|name=fnPDPtoLP}} |Incumbent retiring | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Chidiadi Ogechi Onyeobia]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Nna Henry Ngenyechike]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Chijioke Uruakpa]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Ukwa East |{{Sortname|Paul|Taribo|Paul Taribo}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Status unknown | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Darlington Ogboda Iwor]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Saviour Adiele]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Lewis Chinemerem Obianyi]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Ukwa West |{{Sortname|Godwin|Adiele|Godwin Adiele}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent renominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Ahuruonye Noble Izuchukwu]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Ikechukwu Kelechi Nwankwo]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Godwin Adiele]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Umuahia Central |{{Sortname|Chinedum Enyinnaya|Orji|Chinedum Enyinnaya Orji}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent retiring | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Kenneth Maduakolam Adighibe]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Chinedu Freeman Obilor]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Ugochukwu Uchegbu]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Umuahia East |{{Sortname|Chukwudi|Apugo|Chukwudi Apugo}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent retiring | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Ugochukwu Rowland Ndubuka]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Okezie Obasi]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Kelechi Johnson Nwakodo]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Umuahia North |{{Sortname|Kelechi|Onuzuruike|Kelechi Onuzuruike}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent retiring | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Onyediako Chikezie Okwulehie]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Ugochukwu Fidelis Ikpo]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Ugochukwu Ezeocha]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Umuahia South |{{Sortname|Jeremiah Ogonnaya|Uzosike|Jeremiah Ogonnaya Uzosike}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent renominated | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Paul Uchechi Uzuegbu]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Emmanuel Uwadinachi Egwu]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Jeremiah Ogonnaya Uzosike]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |- !Umunneochi |{{Sortname|Okey|Igwe|Okey Igwe}} | {{party shading/Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}} |PDP |Incumbent retiring | nowrap="" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*{{Party stripe|All Progressives Congress}}[[Ejike Chukwu]] (APC)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|All Progressives Grand Alliance}}[[Ebere Nwankwo]] (APGA)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" /> *{{Party stripe|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}[[Fabian Joseph Nwankwo]] (PDP)<ref name="INEC Oct. final nominee list" />}} |} {{Reflist|group=note}} == Manazarta == swaacjfh30ylouy7neknxr71a8isf7d 0 161572 882905 2026-07-14T13:52:16Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1302856320|Matthew Meyerson]]" 882905 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matthew Langer Meyerson''' (born June 4, 1963) is an American pathologist and the Charles A. Dana Chair in Human Cancer Genetics at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Endowed Chairs - Dana-Farber Cancer Institute {{!}} Boston, MA |url=https://www.dana-farber.org/how-you-can-help/ways-to-give/naming-and-funding-opportunities/people-and-programs/endowed-chairs/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=www.dana-farber.org}}</ref> He is also director of the Center for Cancer Genomics at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Center for Cancer Genomics Team - Dana-Farber Cancer Institute {{!}} Boston, MA |url=https://www.dana-farber.org/research/departments-centers-and-labs/integrative-research-centers/center-for-cancer-genomics/our-team/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=www.dana-farber.org}}</ref> and the Director of Cancer Genomics at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-29 |title=Matthew Meyerson |url=https://www.broadinstitute.org/bios/matthew-meyerson |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Broad Institute |language=en}}</ref> == Early life and education == Meyerson was born on June 4, 1963, in Boston, Massachusetts<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meyerson, Matthew L., 1963- |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2019156871.html |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> to parents Martin Meyerson and Margy Meyerson. His father became the first Jewish president of a major university upon accepting an appointment at the University of Pennsylvania.<ref name="Krenkel">{{Cite web |last=Krenkel |first=Karen A. |date=2006 |title=Oral history interview with Matthew L. Meyerson |url=https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/kel0h0n |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Science History Institute}}</ref> Meyerson and his siblings were subsequently raised in Philadelphia where his older sister was diagnosed with Crohn's disease and mental illness. This played a major role in Meyerson pursuing a career in medicine.<ref name="Printz">{{Cite journal |last=Printz |first=Carrie |date=April 9, 2021 |title=First person profile: Matthew L. Meyerson, MD, PhD |url=https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.33520 |journal=[[Cancer (journal)|Cancer]] |volume=127 |issue=7 |pages=991–993 |doi=10.1002/cncr.33520 |pmid=33836106 |s2cid=233194918 |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 2, 2022}}</ref> Following high school, Meyerson completed his Bachelor's degree at [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard University]]. During college, he conducted research on quinones in Leslie Dutton's laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania and on enzyme evolution in Steven Benner's laboratory at Harvard. Upon completing his undergraduate degree in 1985, Meyerson spent a year in Japan at the University of Kyoto before beginning began medical school.<ref name="Krenkel">{{Cite web |last=Krenkel |first=Karen A. |date=2006 |title=Oral history interview with Matthew L. Meyerson |url=https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/kel0h0n |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Science History Institute}}</ref> During his third year at Harvard Medical School, while doing a rotation at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), he became interested in molecular biology revolution and cancer research.<ref name="Bridger">{{Cite web |last=Bridger |first=Haley |date=January 18, 2011 |title=Five Questions for Matthew Meyerson |url=https://www.broadinstitute.org/blog/five-questions-matthew-meyerson |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Broad Institute}}</ref> He then completed a residency in clinical pathology at MGH and a research fellowship with Robert Weinberg at the Whitehead Institute.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Matthew L. Meyerson, MD, PhD |url=https://www.dana-farber.org/find-a-doctor/matthew-l-meyerson/ |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Dana–Farber Cancer Institute}}</ref> Based on Weinberg's work, Meyerson and Christopher M. Counter identified the telomerase catalytic subunit gene in 1997.<ref name="Fallik">{{Cite web |last=Fallik |first=Dawn |date=November 21, 2021 |title=Cracking the Cancer Code Requires Both Quiet and Chaos |url=https://www.onclive.com/view/cracking-the-cancer-code-requires-both-quiet-and-chaos |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Onclive}}</ref> == Career == Meyerson joined the faculty at the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) in 1998 where he continued to focus on using genomic approaches to understand the biology and genetics of human lung carcinomas.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Matthew L. Meyerson, MD, PhD |url=https://www.dana-farber.org/find-a-doctor/matthew-l-meyerson/ |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Dana–Farber Cancer Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dana-farber.org/find-a-doctor/matthew-l-meyerson/ "Matthew L. Meyerson, MD, PhD"]. Dana–Farber Cancer Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> As an assistant professor, Meyerson co-developed a new mathematical tool that uses the process of elimination to discover microbes in human tissue. Through studies, it was determined that the tool successfully detected a specific type of human papillomavirus in cervical cells. Following this development, Meyerson collaborated with fellow Harvard researchers to identify mutations in lung cancer that could be targeted therapeutically.<ref name="Fallik">{{Cite web |last=Fallik |first=Dawn |date=November 21, 2021 |title=Cracking the Cancer Code Requires Both Quiet and Chaos |url=https://www.onclive.com/view/cracking-the-cancer-code-requires-both-quiet-and-chaos |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Onclive}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFallik2021">Fallik, Dawn (November 21, 2021). [https://www.onclive.com/view/cracking-the-cancer-code-requires-both-quiet-and-chaos "Cracking the Cancer Code Requires Both Quiet and Chaos"]. Onclive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> This led to a collaborative study between DFCI and Japan to research patients with lung cancer. The scientists found that patients whose lung cancers harbor a malfunctioning version of EGFR protein responded well to the drug gefitinib. This was the first successful study to support an approach that seeks a systematic route to the development of new cancer therapies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2004 |title=Study identifies which patients can benefit from targeted lung cancer drug –– and why |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/652560 |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Eurekalert}}</ref> In 2007, Meyerson and Levi Garraway published a paper detailing a method for large-panel testing of 238 DNA mutations. This subsequently led to the establishment of Foundation Medicine. In 2009, he received the Paul Marks Prize for Cancer Research for the discovery of mutations in lung cancer cells.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Research Impact: 2009 Prize Winners {{!}} Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center |url=https://www.mskcc.org/research-advantage/impact/paul-marks-prize-research/2009-prize-winners |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=www.mskcc.org |language=en}}</ref> In 2011, Meyerson's made another discovery that advanced the study of cancer: colorectal cancer tissue contains high levels of several types of bacteria, most notably Fusobacterium nucleatum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2011 |title=Two new studies link bacteria to colon cancer |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/two-new-studies-link-bacteria-to-colon-cancer-1.712841 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102234910/https://www.ctvnews.ca/two-new-studies-link-bacteria-to-colon-cancer-1.712841 |archive-date=January 2, 2022 |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=CTV News}}</ref> His laboratory also led to the development of the first targeted therapy lung cancer drug. As a result of these discoveries, Meyerson was recognized by Breathe Deep Boston as a Walk Honoree in 2014. Two years later, Meyerson was the recipient of the 2016 Han-Mo Koo Memorial Award for his contributions to the understanding of cancer genomics and targeted therapies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2016 |title=One of world's leading scientists, Dr. Matthew L. Meyerson, to receive Han-Mo Koo Memorial Award |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/692204 |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Eurekalert}}</ref> In 2018, Meyerson was elected to the National Academy of Medicine for the "discovery of EGFR mutations in lung cancer and their ability to predict responsiveness to EGFR inhibitors, thereby helping to establish the current paradigm of precision cancer therapy."<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 16, 2018 |title=8 HMS Faculty Elected to National Academy of Medicine |url=https://hms.harvard.edu/news/8-hms-faculty-elected-national-academy-medicine |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref> During the [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|COVID-19 pandemic]], Meyerson co-authored ''Pervasive generation of non-canonical subgenomic RNAs by SARS-CoV-2'' with Jason Nomburg and James A. DeCaprio.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nomburg |first=Jason |last2=Meyerson |first2=Matthew |last3=DeCaprio |first3=James A. |date=December 1, 2020 |title=Pervasive generation of non-canonical subgenomic RNAs by SARS-CoV-2 |journal=[[Genome Medicine]] |volume=12 |issue=108 |page=108 |doi=10.1186/s13073-020-00802-w |pmc=7704119 |pmid=33256807 |doi-access=free}}</ref> He was also elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science as someone who has scientifically or socially distinguished efforts to advance science or its applications.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 24, 2020 |title=Two Dana-Farber faculty members elected as Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science |url=https://www.dana-farber.org/newsroom/news-releases/2020/two-dana-farber-faculty-members-elected-as-fellows-of-the-american-association-for-the-advancement-of-science/ |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Dana–Farber Cancer Institute}}</ref> In 2021, Meyerson was recognized as a Giant of Cancer in Prevention/Genetics by Onclive.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 16, 2021 |title=Giants of Cancer Care® Announces Ninth Annual Class of Inductees |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/giants-of-cancer-care-announces-ninth-annual-class-of-inductees-301377718.html?tc=eml_cleartime |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=PR Newswire}}</ref> Meyerson married his wife, fellow Harvard student Sandra Hoenig, in a Jewish ceremony in 1988. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] o8qlkyowmwaf4qexnjzb2yqzeixn2pf 882906 882905 2026-07-14T13:52:36Z D son203 45710 882906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Matthew Langer Meyerson''' (born June 4, 1963) is an American pathologist and the Charles A. Dana Chair in Human Cancer Genetics at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Endowed Chairs - Dana-Farber Cancer Institute {{!}} Boston, MA |url=https://www.dana-farber.org/how-you-can-help/ways-to-give/naming-and-funding-opportunities/people-and-programs/endowed-chairs/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=www.dana-farber.org}}</ref> He is also director of the Center for Cancer Genomics at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Center for Cancer Genomics Team - Dana-Farber Cancer Institute {{!}} Boston, MA |url=https://www.dana-farber.org/research/departments-centers-and-labs/integrative-research-centers/center-for-cancer-genomics/our-team/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=www.dana-farber.org}}</ref> and the Director of Cancer Genomics at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-29 |title=Matthew Meyerson |url=https://www.broadinstitute.org/bios/matthew-meyerson |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Broad Institute |language=en}}</ref> == Early life and education == Meyerson was born on June 4, 1963, in Boston, Massachusetts<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meyerson, Matthew L., 1963- |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2019156871.html |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> to parents Martin Meyerson and Margy Meyerson. His father became the first Jewish president of a major university upon accepting an appointment at the University of Pennsylvania.<ref name="Krenkel">{{Cite web |last=Krenkel |first=Karen A. |date=2006 |title=Oral history interview with Matthew L. Meyerson |url=https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/kel0h0n |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Science History Institute}}</ref> Meyerson and his siblings were subsequently raised in Philadelphia where his older sister was diagnosed with Crohn's disease and mental illness. This played a major role in Meyerson pursuing a career in medicine.<ref name="Printz">{{Cite journal |last=Printz |first=Carrie |date=April 9, 2021 |title=First person profile: Matthew L. Meyerson, MD, PhD |url=https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.33520 |journal=[[Cancer (journal)|Cancer]] |volume=127 |issue=7 |pages=991–993 |doi=10.1002/cncr.33520 |pmid=33836106 |s2cid=233194918 |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 2, 2022}}</ref> Following high school, Meyerson completed his Bachelor's degree at [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard University]]. During college, he conducted research on quinones in Leslie Dutton's laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania and on enzyme evolution in Steven Benner's laboratory at Harvard. Upon completing his undergraduate degree in 1985, Meyerson spent a year in Japan at the University of Kyoto before beginning began medical school.<ref name="Krenkel">{{Cite web |last=Krenkel |first=Karen A. |date=2006 |title=Oral history interview with Matthew L. Meyerson |url=https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/kel0h0n |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Science History Institute}}</ref> During his third year at Harvard Medical School, while doing a rotation at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), he became interested in molecular biology revolution and cancer research.<ref name="Bridger">{{Cite web |last=Bridger |first=Haley |date=January 18, 2011 |title=Five Questions for Matthew Meyerson |url=https://www.broadinstitute.org/blog/five-questions-matthew-meyerson |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Broad Institute}}</ref> He then completed a residency in clinical pathology at MGH and a research fellowship with Robert Weinberg at the Whitehead Institute.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Matthew L. Meyerson, MD, PhD |url=https://www.dana-farber.org/find-a-doctor/matthew-l-meyerson/ |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Dana–Farber Cancer Institute}}</ref> Based on Weinberg's work, Meyerson and Christopher M. Counter identified the telomerase catalytic subunit gene in 1997.<ref name="Fallik">{{Cite web |last=Fallik |first=Dawn |date=November 21, 2021 |title=Cracking the Cancer Code Requires Both Quiet and Chaos |url=https://www.onclive.com/view/cracking-the-cancer-code-requires-both-quiet-and-chaos |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Onclive}}</ref> == Career == Meyerson joined the faculty at the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) in 1998 where he continued to focus on using genomic approaches to understand the biology and genetics of human lung carcinomas.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Matthew L. Meyerson, MD, PhD |url=https://www.dana-farber.org/find-a-doctor/matthew-l-meyerson/ |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Dana–Farber Cancer Institute}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.dana-farber.org/find-a-doctor/matthew-l-meyerson/ "Matthew L. Meyerson, MD, PhD"]. Dana–Farber Cancer Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> As an assistant professor, Meyerson co-developed a new mathematical tool that uses the process of elimination to discover microbes in human tissue. Through studies, it was determined that the tool successfully detected a specific type of human papillomavirus in cervical cells. Following this development, Meyerson collaborated with fellow Harvard researchers to identify mutations in lung cancer that could be targeted therapeutically.<ref name="Fallik">{{Cite web |last=Fallik |first=Dawn |date=November 21, 2021 |title=Cracking the Cancer Code Requires Both Quiet and Chaos |url=https://www.onclive.com/view/cracking-the-cancer-code-requires-both-quiet-and-chaos |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Onclive}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFallik2021">Fallik, Dawn (November 21, 2021). [https://www.onclive.com/view/cracking-the-cancer-code-requires-both-quiet-and-chaos "Cracking the Cancer Code Requires Both Quiet and Chaos"]. Onclive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> This led to a collaborative study between DFCI and Japan to research patients with lung cancer. The scientists found that patients whose lung cancers harbor a malfunctioning version of EGFR protein responded well to the drug gefitinib. This was the first successful study to support an approach that seeks a systematic route to the development of new cancer therapies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2004 |title=Study identifies which patients can benefit from targeted lung cancer drug –– and why |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/652560 |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Eurekalert}}</ref> In 2007, Meyerson and Levi Garraway published a paper detailing a method for large-panel testing of 238 DNA mutations. This subsequently led to the establishment of Foundation Medicine. In 2009, he received the Paul Marks Prize for Cancer Research for the discovery of mutations in lung cancer cells.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Research Impact: 2009 Prize Winners {{!}} Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center |url=https://www.mskcc.org/research-advantage/impact/paul-marks-prize-research/2009-prize-winners |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=www.mskcc.org |language=en}}</ref> In 2011, Meyerson's made another discovery that advanced the study of cancer: colorectal cancer tissue contains high levels of several types of bacteria, most notably Fusobacterium nucleatum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2011 |title=Two new studies link bacteria to colon cancer |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/two-new-studies-link-bacteria-to-colon-cancer-1.712841 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102234910/https://www.ctvnews.ca/two-new-studies-link-bacteria-to-colon-cancer-1.712841 |archive-date=January 2, 2022 |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=CTV News}}</ref> His laboratory also led to the development of the first targeted therapy lung cancer drug. As a result of these discoveries, Meyerson was recognized by Breathe Deep Boston as a Walk Honoree in 2014. Two years later, Meyerson was the recipient of the 2016 Han-Mo Koo Memorial Award for his contributions to the understanding of cancer genomics and targeted therapies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2016 |title=One of world's leading scientists, Dr. Matthew L. Meyerson, to receive Han-Mo Koo Memorial Award |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/692204 |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Eurekalert}}</ref> In 2018, Meyerson was elected to the National Academy of Medicine for the "discovery of EGFR mutations in lung cancer and their ability to predict responsiveness to EGFR inhibitors, thereby helping to establish the current paradigm of precision cancer therapy."<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 16, 2018 |title=8 HMS Faculty Elected to National Academy of Medicine |url=https://hms.harvard.edu/news/8-hms-faculty-elected-national-academy-medicine |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref> During the [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|COVID-19 pandemic]], Meyerson co-authored ''Pervasive generation of non-canonical subgenomic RNAs by SARS-CoV-2'' with Jason Nomburg and James A. DeCaprio.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nomburg |first=Jason |last2=Meyerson |first2=Matthew |last3=DeCaprio |first3=James A. |date=December 1, 2020 |title=Pervasive generation of non-canonical subgenomic RNAs by SARS-CoV-2 |journal=[[Genome Medicine]] |volume=12 |issue=108 |page=108 |doi=10.1186/s13073-020-00802-w |pmc=7704119 |pmid=33256807 |doi-access=free}}</ref> He was also elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science as someone who has scientifically or socially distinguished efforts to advance science or its applications.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 24, 2020 |title=Two Dana-Farber faculty members elected as Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science |url=https://www.dana-farber.org/newsroom/news-releases/2020/two-dana-farber-faculty-members-elected-as-fellows-of-the-american-association-for-the-advancement-of-science/ |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=Dana–Farber Cancer Institute}}</ref> In 2021, Meyerson was recognized as a Giant of Cancer in Prevention/Genetics by Onclive.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 16, 2021 |title=Giants of Cancer Care® Announces Ninth Annual Class of Inductees |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/giants-of-cancer-care-announces-ninth-annual-class-of-inductees-301377718.html?tc=eml_cleartime |access-date=January 2, 2022 |publisher=PR Newswire}}</ref> Meyerson married his wife, fellow Harvard student Sandra Hoenig, in a Jewish ceremony in 1988. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 35oa0tnqyqw33695kkw0k4heeygddea 0 161573 882907 2026-07-14T13:53:58Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342588291|Go Fund Yourself]]" 882907 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-tv-episode vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" |"'''Go Fund Yourself'''" |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nowrap" |''[[South Park]]'' episode |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Episode <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;number</nowiki&gt;">no.</abbr> | class="infobox-data" |Season&nbsp;18<br /><br />Episode 1 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Directed by | class="infobox-data plainlist" |[[Trey Parker]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Written by | class="infobox-data plainlist" |Trey Parker |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Production code | class="infobox-data plainlist" |1801 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Original air date | class="infobox-data plainlist" |September&nbsp;24,&nbsp;2014<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2014-09-24</span>)</span> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header summary" |<span class="nowrap">Guest appearance</span> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data ib-tv-episode-guests" | * [[Roger Goodell]] (archive sound) as himself |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header noprint summary" |Episode chronology |- class="noprint" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" | {| style="width: 100%; display: inline-table;" | style="width: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0.1em 0.2em 0; text-align: center;" |←&nbsp;'''Previous'''<br /><br />"[[The Hobbit (South Park)|The Hobbit]]" | style="width: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0 0.2em 0.1em; text-align: center;" |'''Next'''&nbsp;→<br /><br />"[[Gluten Free Ebola]]" |} |- class="noprint" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[South Park season 18|''South Park'' season 18]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" |[[List of South Park episodes|List of episodes]] |} "'''Go Fund Yourself'''" is the first episode in the eighteenth season of the American animated television series ''South Park''. The 248th episode of the series overall, it was written and directed by series co-creator Trey Parker. The episode premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on September 24, 2014. In the episode, Stan, Kyle, Cartman, Kenny, and Butters decide to create a startup company funded through Kickstarter so that they never have to work again. While choosing a name, they realize that the Washington Redskins [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|American football]] team has lost its trademark on "Redskins" because it is racially disparaging to Native Americans, so they decide to use that name for their company. The new company receives enough money for the boys to live luxuriously without doing any work, until the football team destroys Kickstarter's servers during a raid, preventing the boys from accessing their startup company page and receiving their money. The episode received positive reviews from critics. National Football League (NFL) commissioner Roger Goodell appears as himself via archive sound. == Plot == Stan, Kyle, Cartman, Kenny, and Butters decide to leave school and get rich quick by creating a start-up company through crowdfunding website Kickstarter, but have a hard time getting a name that is not already taken. When Cartman finds out that the Washington Redskins [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|football]] team has lost the trademark to their team name, he suggests using it for their company. This angers Washington team owner Daniel Snyder, who tries to blackball Cartman. With [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|ISIS]] supporting them, Kyle and Stan leave to form their own startup company, which Stan eventually also quits. Snyder, increasingly frustrated, asks other NFL owners to use their connections to have Cartman change his company's logo. Cartman responds by adding hand-drawn [[Nono|breasts]], testicles and a penis to the Redskins logo. This leads Snyder and his team to break into the Kickstarter headquarters and burn it to the ground. Cartman, Kyle, and Stan lose the money from their Kickstarter projects, but reconcile and refurbish their company into a replacement for Kickstarter to make money off their clients. Everything goes well for the boys until the Redskins' game against the Dallas Cowboys when Snyder himself is forced to play in place of his disillusioned team and is severely wounded. Taking pity on the team owner, the townspeople form a mob against the boys' company (including ISIS), threatening to boycott them unless the boys change the name and go back to school. == Production == [[Fayil:Daniel_Snyder.jpg|alt=Snyder smiling|left|thumb|Washington Redskins owner Daniel Snyder is mocked in the episode for his stance on maintaining his franchise's team name]] Trey Parker and Matt Stone wanted to spoof the Washington Redskins name controversy, thinking that the controversy would be "the big issue" in the National Football League that season. Several scenes were complete and it was decided that this would be the first episode of the season. However, around a week before air, the [[Ray Rice|Ray Rice domestic violence incident]] happened. Parker and Stone felt that this complicated matters; they felt the Redskins controversy wasn't the big story anymore and if they aired the episode as is, people would wonder why they didn't spoof Ray Rice in an episode about the NFL. As a result, much of the episode was modified trying to find a way to fit this story in. Eventually, Parker and Stone settled on referencing the Rice incident rather than making it a major theme, and finishing the episode how they originally intended, focusing on the Redskins and Kickstarter. The episode was originally titled "Piling On", alluding to the fact that "everyone was talking about" the NFL and a ''South Park'' episode about it would be "piling it on". Its eventual title references the website GoFundMe and is a pun of the phrase "Go fuck yourself". Parker originally drew a [[Al'aurar Namiji|penis]] and [[Nono|breasts]] on a Redskins logo on a whiteboard in the writers room for fun. Everybody thought it was genius and it provided inspiration to finish the episode. The scene in which Dan Snyder sheds a tear while looking towards the camera is a parody of the famous 1970s commercial "Keep America Beautiful", which features "The Crying Indian". To make the owner's head turn towards the camera in a way that mimics the ad campaign, the animators needed to build a series of special head poses. == Promotion == To promote the episode, Comedy Central purchased commercial time on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] owned-and-operated station WTTG in [[Washington, D.C.]] while it aired the Redskins' game against the Philadelphia Eagles on September 21, 2014. The teaser features Snyder, head coach Jay Gruden and quarterback Robert Griffin III confronting Cartman about using the Washington Redskins name. However, it was Kirk Cousins who appeared in the actual episode to reflect the fact he had replaced Griffin on the field while the latter recovered from an ankle injury.<ref name="cousins">{{Cite web |date=September 25, 2014 |title=''South Park'' 'Benches' RG3 for Kirk Cousins, Takes Down NFL in Season Debut (Video) |url=http://nesn.com/2014/09/south-park-benches-rg3-for-kirk-cousins-takes-down-nfl-in-season-debut-video/ |publisher=[[New England Sports Network]]}}</ref> == Reception == The episode received a B− rating from ''The A.V. Club''{{'}}s Eric Thurm. Thurm praised the episode's parody of recent controversy in the NFL, but also criticized its startup satire for "happening at the basest level possible".<ref name="avclub">{{Cite web |last=Thurm |first=Eric |date=September 24, 2014 |title=''South Park'': "Go Fund Yourself" |url=https://www.avclub.com/south-park-go-fund-yourself-1798181397 |access-date=March 20, 2022 |publisher=[[The A.V. Club]]}}</ref> ''IGN''{{'}}s Max Nicholson gave the episode a score of 8 out of 10 and called it "an enjoyable half-hour of TV", particularly commending the prevalent cultural references.<ref name="ign">{{Cite web |last=Nicholson |first=Max |date=September 24, 2014 |title=''South Park'': "Go Fund Yourself" Review |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/09/25/south-park-go-fund-yourself-review |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == r926pt55rodq2tpiixl1ek3if1ajb1f 882908 882907 2026-07-14T13:54:51Z D son203 45710 882908 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-tv-episode vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" |"'''Go Fund Yourself'''" |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nowrap" |''[[South Park]]'' episode |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Episode <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;number</nowiki&gt;">no.</abbr> | class="infobox-data" |Season&nbsp;18<br /><br />Episode 1 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Directed by | class="infobox-data plainlist" |[[Trey Parker]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Written by | class="infobox-data plainlist" |Trey Parker |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Production code | class="infobox-data plainlist" |1801 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Original air date | class="infobox-data plainlist" |September&nbsp;24,&nbsp;2014<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2014-09-24</span>)</span> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header summary" |<span class="nowrap">Guest appearance</span> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data ib-tv-episode-guests" | * [[Roger Goodell]] (archive sound) as himself |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header noprint summary" |Episode chronology |- class="noprint" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" | {| style="width: 100%; display: inline-table;" | style="width: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0.1em 0.2em 0; text-align: center;" |←&nbsp;'''Previous'''<br /><br />"[[The Hobbit (South Park)|The Hobbit]]" | style="width: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0 0.2em 0.1em; text-align: center;" |'''Next'''&nbsp;→<br /><br />"[[Gluten Free Ebola]]" |} |- class="noprint" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[South Park season 18|''South Park'' season 18]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" |[[List of South Park episodes|List of episodes]] |} {{Databox}} "'''Go Fund Yourself'''" is the first episode in the eighteenth season of the American animated television series ''South Park''. The 248th episode of the series overall, it was written and directed by series co-creator Trey Parker. The episode premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on September 24, 2014. In the episode, Stan, Kyle, Cartman, Kenny, and Butters decide to create a startup company funded through Kickstarter so that they never have to work again. While choosing a name, they realize that the Washington Redskins [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|American football]] team has lost its trademark on "Redskins" because it is racially disparaging to Native Americans, so they decide to use that name for their company. The new company receives enough money for the boys to live luxuriously without doing any work, until the football team destroys Kickstarter's servers during a raid, preventing the boys from accessing their startup company page and receiving their money. The episode received positive reviews from critics. National Football League (NFL) commissioner Roger Goodell appears as himself via archive sound. == Plot == Stan, Kyle, Cartman, Kenny, and Butters decide to leave school and get rich quick by creating a start-up company through crowdfunding website Kickstarter, but have a hard time getting a name that is not already taken. When Cartman finds out that the Washington Redskins [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|football]] team has lost the trademark to their team name, he suggests using it for their company. This angers Washington team owner Daniel Snyder, who tries to blackball Cartman. With [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|ISIS]] supporting them, Kyle and Stan leave to form their own startup company, which Stan eventually also quits. Snyder, increasingly frustrated, asks other NFL owners to use their connections to have Cartman change his company's logo. Cartman responds by adding hand-drawn [[Nono|breasts]], testicles and a penis to the Redskins logo. This leads Snyder and his team to break into the Kickstarter headquarters and burn it to the ground. Cartman, Kyle, and Stan lose the money from their Kickstarter projects, but reconcile and refurbish their company into a replacement for Kickstarter to make money off their clients. Everything goes well for the boys until the Redskins' game against the Dallas Cowboys when Snyder himself is forced to play in place of his disillusioned team and is severely wounded. Taking pity on the team owner, the townspeople form a mob against the boys' company (including ISIS), threatening to boycott them unless the boys change the name and go back to school. == Production == [[Fayil:Daniel_Snyder.jpg|alt=Snyder smiling|left|thumb|Washington Redskins owner Daniel Snyder is mocked in the episode for his stance on maintaining his franchise's team name]] Trey Parker and Matt Stone wanted to spoof the Washington Redskins name controversy, thinking that the controversy would be "the big issue" in the National Football League that season. Several scenes were complete and it was decided that this would be the first episode of the season. However, around a week before air, the [[Ray Rice|Ray Rice domestic violence incident]] happened. Parker and Stone felt that this complicated matters; they felt the Redskins controversy wasn't the big story anymore and if they aired the episode as is, people would wonder why they didn't spoof Ray Rice in an episode about the NFL. As a result, much of the episode was modified trying to find a way to fit this story in. Eventually, Parker and Stone settled on referencing the Rice incident rather than making it a major theme, and finishing the episode how they originally intended, focusing on the Redskins and Kickstarter. The episode was originally titled "Piling On", alluding to the fact that "everyone was talking about" the NFL and a ''South Park'' episode about it would be "piling it on". Its eventual title references the website GoFundMe and is a pun of the phrase "Go fuck yourself". Parker originally drew a [[Al'aurar Namiji|penis]] and [[Nono|breasts]] on a Redskins logo on a whiteboard in the writers room for fun. Everybody thought it was genius and it provided inspiration to finish the episode. The scene in which Dan Snyder sheds a tear while looking towards the camera is a parody of the famous 1970s commercial "Keep America Beautiful", which features "The Crying Indian". To make the owner's head turn towards the camera in a way that mimics the ad campaign, the animators needed to build a series of special head poses. == Promotion == To promote the episode, Comedy Central purchased commercial time on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] owned-and-operated station WTTG in [[Washington, D.C.]] while it aired the Redskins' game against the Philadelphia Eagles on September 21, 2014. The teaser features Snyder, head coach Jay Gruden and quarterback Robert Griffin III confronting Cartman about using the Washington Redskins name. However, it was Kirk Cousins who appeared in the actual episode to reflect the fact he had replaced Griffin on the field while the latter recovered from an ankle injury.<ref name="cousins">{{Cite web |date=September 25, 2014 |title=''South Park'' 'Benches' RG3 for Kirk Cousins, Takes Down NFL in Season Debut (Video) |url=http://nesn.com/2014/09/south-park-benches-rg3-for-kirk-cousins-takes-down-nfl-in-season-debut-video/ |publisher=[[New England Sports Network]]}}</ref> == Reception == The episode received a B− rating from ''The A.V. Club''{{'}}s Eric Thurm. Thurm praised the episode's parody of recent controversy in the NFL, but also criticized its startup satire for "happening at the basest level possible".<ref name="avclub">{{Cite web |last=Thurm |first=Eric |date=September 24, 2014 |title=''South Park'': "Go Fund Yourself" |url=https://www.avclub.com/south-park-go-fund-yourself-1798181397 |access-date=March 20, 2022 |publisher=[[The A.V. Club]]}}</ref> ''IGN''{{'}}s Max Nicholson gave the episode a score of 8 out of 10 and called it "an enjoyable half-hour of TV", particularly commending the prevalent cultural references.<ref name="ign">{{Cite web |last=Nicholson |first=Max |date=September 24, 2014 |title=''South Park'': "Go Fund Yourself" Review |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/09/25/south-park-go-fund-yourself-review |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == aqb7tm9a3dc5p108bs8ic39tab7pryj 0 161574 882909 2026-07-14T13:55:50Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330638849|VU-0152100]]" 882909 wikitext text/x-wiki '''VU-0152100''' is a positive modulator of the M4 receptor,<ref>{{Cite web |title=VU0152100 |url=https://cdn.caymanchem.com/cdn/insert/32968.pdf}}</ref> one of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. == Treatment of stimulant addiction == In mice, VU-0152100 is able to decrease self-administration of cocaine, this is thought to come from the M4 receptor's action on D1 containing dopaminergic neurons.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dencker |first=Ditte |last2=Weikop |first2=Pia |last3=Sørensen |first3=Gunnar |last4=Woldbye |first4=David P. D. |last5=Wörtwein |first5=Gitta |last6=Wess |first6=Jürgen |last7=Fink-Jensen |first7=Anders |date=November 2012 |title=An allosteric enhancer of M₄ muscarinic acetylcholine receptor function inhibits behavioral and neurochemical effects of cocaine |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=224 |issue=2 |pages=277–287 |doi=10.1007/s00213-012-2751-8 |issn=1432-2072 |pmc=3914671 |pmid=22648127}}</ref> It is also able to almost completely inhibit the hyperactivity caused by cocaine.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dall |first=Camilla |last2=Weikop |first2=Pia |last3=Dencker |first3=Ditte |last4=Molander |first4=Anna C. |last5=Wörtwein |first5=Gitta |last6=Conn |first6=P. Jeffrey |last7=Fink-Jensen |first7=Anders |last8=Thomsen |first8=Morgane |date=2017-07-01 |title=Muscarinic receptor M4 positive allosteric modulators attenuate central effects of cocaine |journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence |volume=176 |pages=154–161 |doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.014 |issn=1879-0046 |pmc=6423356 |pmid=28544993}}</ref> Another study has shown that this drug is able to reverse hyperlocomotion induced by amphetamine, in an anti-psychotic-like manner.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brady |first=Ashley E. |last2=Jones |first2=Carrie K. |last3=Bridges |first3=Thomas M. |last4=Kennedy |first4=J. Phillip |last5=Thompson |first5=Analisa D. |last6=Heiman |first6=Justin U. |last7=Breininger |first7=Micah L. |last8=Gentry |first8=Patrick R. |last9=Yin |first9=Huiyong |last10=Jadhav |first10=Satyawan B. |last11=Shirey |first11=Jana K. |last12=Conn |first12=P. Jeffrey |last13=Lindsley |first13=Craig W. |date=December 2008 |title=Centrally active allosteric potentiators of the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor reverse amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotor activity in rats |journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=327 |issue=3 |pages=941–953 |doi=10.1124/jpet.108.140350 |issn=1521-0103 |pmc=2745822 |pmid=18772318}}</ref> This data suggests that it could potentially be developed as a treatment for stimulant abuse. == Manazarta == 4sz9nshiyjdtysywthpi5rip250qrv5 882910 882909 2026-07-14T13:56:49Z D son203 45710 882910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''VU-0152100''' is a positive modulator of the M4 receptor,<ref>{{Cite web |title=VU0152100 |url=https://cdn.caymanchem.com/cdn/insert/32968.pdf}}</ref> one of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. == Treatment of stimulant addiction == In mice, VU-0152100 is able to decrease self-administration of cocaine, this is thought to come from the M4 receptor's action on D1 containing dopaminergic neurons.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dencker |first=Ditte |last2=Weikop |first2=Pia |last3=Sørensen |first3=Gunnar |last4=Woldbye |first4=David P. D. |last5=Wörtwein |first5=Gitta |last6=Wess |first6=Jürgen |last7=Fink-Jensen |first7=Anders |date=November 2012 |title=An allosteric enhancer of M₄ muscarinic acetylcholine receptor function inhibits behavioral and neurochemical effects of cocaine |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=224 |issue=2 |pages=277–287 |doi=10.1007/s00213-012-2751-8 |issn=1432-2072 |pmc=3914671 |pmid=22648127}}</ref> It is also able to almost completely inhibit the hyperactivity caused by cocaine.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dall |first=Camilla |last2=Weikop |first2=Pia |last3=Dencker |first3=Ditte |last4=Molander |first4=Anna C. |last5=Wörtwein |first5=Gitta |last6=Conn |first6=P. Jeffrey |last7=Fink-Jensen |first7=Anders |last8=Thomsen |first8=Morgane |date=2017-07-01 |title=Muscarinic receptor M4 positive allosteric modulators attenuate central effects of cocaine |journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence |volume=176 |pages=154–161 |doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.014 |issn=1879-0046 |pmc=6423356 |pmid=28544993}}</ref> Another study has shown that this drug is able to reverse hyperlocomotion induced by amphetamine, in an anti-psychotic-like manner.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brady |first=Ashley E. |last2=Jones |first2=Carrie K. |last3=Bridges |first3=Thomas M. |last4=Kennedy |first4=J. Phillip |last5=Thompson |first5=Analisa D. |last6=Heiman |first6=Justin U. |last7=Breininger |first7=Micah L. |last8=Gentry |first8=Patrick R. |last9=Yin |first9=Huiyong |last10=Jadhav |first10=Satyawan B. |last11=Shirey |first11=Jana K. |last12=Conn |first12=P. Jeffrey |last13=Lindsley |first13=Craig W. |date=December 2008 |title=Centrally active allosteric potentiators of the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor reverse amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotor activity in rats |journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=327 |issue=3 |pages=941–953 |doi=10.1124/jpet.108.140350 |issn=1521-0103 |pmc=2745822 |pmid=18772318}}</ref> This data suggests that it could potentially be developed as a treatment for stimulant abuse. == Manazarta == 4o9yu3h4l1jh9y3bw7vwa192cvvttqz 0 161575 882912 2026-07-14T14:14:40Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362272855|Lincoln Detox]]" 882912 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lincoln Detox''' was a drug detoxification clinic in Lincoln Hospital in the South Bronx. It was founded in 1970 by members and affiliates of the Black Panther Party, the [[Jamhuriyar Sabuwar Afrika|Republic of New Afrika]], the Young Lords, and Students for a Democratic Society. The clinic offered holistic drug rehabilitation, employing acupuncture, political education classes informed, among other ideologies, by Marxism, and community service. It became known as "The People's Program." == History == === Background and Conditions at Lincoln Hospital === According to ''[[New York Times]]'' coverage published the following day, "the demonstrators demanded no cutback in services or jobs, the quick completion of the new Lincoln Hospital, door‐to door preventative care emphasizing tests for [[Guba na gubar|lead poisoning]], anemia and tuberculosis and drug addiction, and a day care center for patients who have to bring their children to the hospital." This was not the first time that these demands had been presented. Weeks before on June 27, 1970, a rally had been held at St. Mary's Park in response to budget cuts, and the fatal mistreatment of 31-year-old Lincoln patient Carmen Rodríguez, wherein what should have been a routine [[Zubar da ciki|abortion]] procedure became an avoidable death. Doctors failed to read her medical chart and note a cardiovascular condition of Rodríguez's, and administered a saline solution that triggered an [[Allergy|allergic reaction]] sending her into a four-day coma, and eventually killing her days later, on July 20.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gansberg |first=Martin |date=21 July 1970 |title=Abortion Death Reported by City |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/07/21/archives/abortion-death-reported-by-city-victim-is-first-here-since-state.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2018 |title=How the Young Lords Took Lincoln Hospital, Left a Health Activism Legacy |url=https://filtermag.org/how-the-young-lords-took-lincoln-hospital-and-left-a-health-activism-legacy/}}</ref> In an interview at the rally, Young Lord member Felipe Luciano would explain: "What we want this rally for is to express our desire to have community-worker control of Lincoln Hospital, a hospital that for some time has been condemned...paint is chipping from the Emergency Room, our uncles, our grandmothers, our mothers, have died in that hospital, and nobody has pushed malpractice suits--not the politicians who we've elected, nor the officials that's supposed to speak for the Puerto Rican people."<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2021 |title=How We Occupied a Hospital and Changed Public Health Care &#124; Takeover &#124; Op-Docs |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aK_ALMA1NMk |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> === July 1970 Occupation === At 5:15am on July 14, 1970, a group of 150 persons led by members of the Young Lords occupied the Lincoln Hospital School of Nursing at 141st Street and Bruckner Boulevard for twelve hours and presented a list of demands that the hospital's administrator at the time, Dr. Antero Lecot, called "valid." At an earlier news conference, Young Lords member Pablo Yoruba Guzman had declared, "We are here with nothing but love for our people...we will leave this hospital only when it starts serving the people." Young Lords member and health lieutenant Gloria Cruz said that "The hospital had been taken to release its potential for the benefits of both patients and hospital staff. Lincoln Hospital is only butcher shop that kills patients and frustrates workers from serving these patients. This is because Lincoln exists under a capitalist system that only looks for profit. But even this system made an effort at scrapping this butcher shop by condemning this building 25 years ago."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narvaez |first=Alfonso A. |date=15 July 1970 |title=Young Lords Seize Lincoln Hospital Building |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/07/15/archives/young-lords-seize-lincoln-hospital-building-offices-are-held-for-12.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> === List of Demands === The full and exact list of demands read as follows:<blockquote> # NO CUTBACKS IN JOBS OR SERVICES IN THE EMERGENCY ROOM OR SECTION K. # IMMEDIATE FUNDS TO COMPLETE THE BUILDING OF AND FULLY STAFF THE NEW LINCOLN HOSPITAL # DOOR TO DOOR PREVENTIVE CARE PROGRAM EMPHASIZING NUTRITION DRUG ADDICTION, CHILD AND SENIOR CITIZEN CARE. # WE WANT A PERMANENT 24 HOUR COMPLAINT TABLE. # WE WANT $140 A WEEK MINIMUM WAGE FOR ALL WORKERS. # WE WANT A DAYCARE CENTER FOR THE CHILDREN OF PATIENTS, WORKERS, AND VISITORS AT LINCOLN HOSPITAL. # WE WANT TOTAL DETERMINATION OF ALL HEALTH SERVICES THROUGH A COMMUNITY-WORKER BOARD TO OPERATE LINCOLN HOSPITAL. THIS BOARD MUST HAVE SHOWN ITS COMMITMENT TO SERVE THE PEOPLE."<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2018 |title=How the Young Lords Took Lincoln Hospital, Left a Health Activism Legacy |url=https://filtermag.org/how-the-young-lords-took-lincoln-hospital-and-left-a-health-activism-legacy/}}</ref> </blockquote> === Patient Rights and Policy Influence === As recounted in several documented occasions by community and labor organizer, and one of the founding members of Lincoln Detox, Cleo Silvers, these demands emerged from thousands of complaints gathered at a complaint table set up in the Emergency Room of Lincoln Hospital by herself and several peers, and would inform what would eventually become known as the Patient's Bill of Rights, which she describes in a 2016 interview as "the result of a collaboration between members of the Young Lords and the Black Panther Party, with the assistance of the doctors, and written by me. Although it is considerably watered down now, you still find that Patient's Bill of Rights on the wall of every hospital. It's not as radical as the original . . . but still includes some of the issues we highlighted, such as the ability to have access to your medical records."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=[[Alondra Nelson|Nelson, Alondra]] |date=October 2016 |title='Genuine Struggle and Care': An Interview With Cleo Silvers |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=106 |issue=10 |pages=1744–1748 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2016.303407 |pmc=5024401 |pmid=27626340}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Narvaez |first=Alfonso A. |date=15 July 1970 |title=Young Lords Seize Lincoln Hospital Building |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/07/15/archives/young-lords-seize-lincoln-hospital-building-offices-are-held-for-12.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> In the documentary film ''Dope is Death'' (2020, dir. Mia Donovan) Silvers insists: "Don't let anybody tell you that there was one minute of disruption of the delivery of health care at Lincoln Hospital when the Young Lords took it over. Never. We had our first conference where we said the hospital had been taken over and we were willing to negotiate, but these were the demands."<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2021 |title=Dope is Death &#124; the Short List |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ua-m7AANkQ4&t=1s |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> These demands were not met right away, however, and this would not be the last occupation of the Lincoln Hospital. === Negotiations and Aftermath of July Occupation === Dr. Lacot, along with assistant to Mayor John Lindsay, Sid Davidoff, and other representatives of the city's new Health and Hospital Corporation, which had just taken control of the city's hospitals on July 1, met for over four hours with members of the Young Lords, a patient-worker committee of the hospital known as the Think Lincoln Committee, and members of Health Revolutionary Unity Movement, a citywide committee of hospital workers. Davidoff claimed to prefer that the police not become involved in a more direct capacity, but emphasized that this was contingent on the building of a new hospital not being announced, though he promised the negotiators that this key demand of theirs would ultimately be met, a promise that was taken with a large grain of salt. Around 4:30pm, Dr. Lacot and the other negotiators emerged from a third‐floor library room and announced that an agreement had been reached. According to a ''New York Times'' article, "while it was being typed, the Young Lords learned that a police officer, in civilian clothes, had attempted to enter the building. They charged that he had tried to seize one of their members who was checking credentials at the entrance and called the negotiations off. The agreement included an end to the hospital takeover, but the Young Lords were given permission to run certain community programs within the hospital, with the aid of hospital staff and administration."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narvaez |first=Alfonso A. |date=15 July 1970 |title=Young Lords Seize Lincoln Hospital Building |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/07/15/archives/young-lords-seize-lincoln-hospital-building-offices-are-held-for-12.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> As the [[NYPD]] began to mobilize to raid the hospital, someone made the suggestion that the Lords and other demonstrators leave under the guise of medical attire through the only exit that had not been covered by the police. In the words of Juan Gonzalez, with the police poised to take action, the demonstrators had to make a choice between staying and "[forcing] the mayor's hand and [having] the police [enter], or...figure out a way to declare a victory and leave."<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2021 |title=How We Occupied a Hospital and Changed Public Health Care &#124; Takeover &#124; Op-Docs |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aK_ALMA1NMk |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Silvers recalled, "The adrenaline is pumping because we all know we're gonna go do something really big. We could all be killed. We could all be shot up. Beaten up."<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2021 |title=How We Occupied a Hospital and Changed Public Health Care &#124; Takeover &#124; Op-Docs |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aK_ALMA1NMk |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> === November 1970 Takeover and Creation of the Program === Four months later on November 10, 1970, as the hospital hesitated over the funding of the drug detoxification program that had been proposed, activists took over Lincoln Hospital yet another time. Funds had been anticipated from the city's Addiction Services Program (ASA), but Lincoln's track record overshadowed its promises. Having established overnight control of the sixth floor, the activists sought to "implement a drug program that would serve the community effectively and be run by the community."<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2010 |title=The Young Lords: A Reader, "Health and Hospitals" |url=https://caringlabor.wordpress.com/2010/12/04/the-young-lords-reader-health-and-hospitals/}}</ref> At noon on November 11, "35 addicts along with workers from the hospital and community people" established what they called "The People's Program". Later that day, cops in riot gear broke through the barricade, arresting 15 people. Eventually, organizers arrived at an agreement with the hospital, and were granted use of Lincoln's anticipated ASA funds; the use of the old Nurse's Auditorium in the Administration Building for the Detox Program; and a little office space in the Psychiatry Department. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2018 |title=How the Young Lords Took Lincoln Hospital, Left a Health Activism Legacy |url=https://filtermag.org/how-the-young-lords-took-lincoln-hospital-and-left-a-health-activism-legacy/}}</ref> == Program Structure and Activities == In the program, participants learned about their addiction within a political context, exploring how their addiction harmed themselves, their family, and their community. The program also explored the role of governmental institutions such as the [[C.I.A|CIA]] and the [[NYPD]] in drug trafficking and profiteering as well as how drug addiction has worked against progressive and revolutionary change. Activities at the program included ones by the People's Program court collective, which recruited and assisted lawyers to help some of the thousands of poor people who were being railroaded through courthouses into prisons. They helped organized rent strikes, building takeovers, women's health work, and organizations of construction workers. This, and much more information was written in a pamphlet published by White Lightning, "a revolutionary organization founded by ex-addicts."<ref name="peoplesDoctor_richardTaft">{{Cite web |title=People's Doctor Murdered! ...an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the Lincoln Detox drug program |url=http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212457/http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-24}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212457/http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf "People's Doctor Murdered! ...an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the Lincoln Detox drug program"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-02-24.</cite></ref> They wrote: "The people at Lincoln Detox see that all these struggles and many more are necessary before the roots of drug addiction can be ripped out of our land." == Staffing and Organization == The clinic was staffed largely by former patients who had detoxified through the program. In the first five years of its existence, it detoxified 35,000 users of heroin and methadone.<ref name="peoplesDoctor_richardTaft">{{Cite web |title=People's Doctor Murdered! ...an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the Lincoln Detox drug program |url=http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212457/http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-24}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212457/http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf "People's Doctor Murdered! ...an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the Lincoln Detox drug program"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-02-24.</cite></ref> [[Mutulu Shakur]] shares: "Every department was a collective, so the administration was a collective, the counselors were the counselor collective, the nurses aid, the medical department, so there was no leadership, there was no one person in charge, it was a collective, a collective effort...there was no one single leader. We tried to imitate the socialist methods around the world, you know, from Russia, to China, to Cuba, and so that's what we were trying to do–that's why I call it socialized medicine, because it had never been done in America before." == Methadone: Background and Critique == Methadone, a synthetic narcotic first synthesized by German scientists during [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|World War II]] because of a shortage of morphine, was introduced into the U.S. in 1947 as an analgesic under the generic name Dolophine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Methadone |url=https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methadone-2020_0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020003026/https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methadone-2020_0.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-20}}</ref> Its use as a narcotics maintenance treatment modality for heroin dependence emerged in the 1960s, as a result of the work of physician-scientist of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research and chair of the committee on major medical problems for the Health Research Council of the City of New York, Vincent P. Dole, who, in 1964, began clinical tests with methadone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albert Lasker Award |url=https://www.rockefeller.edu/our-scientists/vincent-p-dole/2265-albert-lasker-award/}}</ref> By the early 1970s, methadone maintenance programs were being established in clinics across the country. At the time of the White Lightning pamphlet's publishing (in or c. 1974), "over 100,000 people [were] on methadone maintenance programs...almost totally financed by federal grants and medicaid payments", and methadone had become "virtually the only drug treatment offered by the Veteran's Administration for the thousands of vets who come home with serious drug problems." Per The Rockefeller University's website, "[methadone] is not a curative and must be administered to patients indefinitely."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albert Lasker Award |url=https://www.rockefeller.edu/our-scientists/vincent-p-dole/2265-albert-lasker-award/}}</ref><ref name="peoplesDoctor_richardTaft">{{Cite web |title=People's Doctor Murdered! ...an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the Lincoln Detox drug program |url=http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212457/http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-24}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212457/http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf "People's Doctor Murdered! ...an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the Lincoln Detox drug program"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-02-24.</cite></ref> === Criticism === White Lightning members wrote further on the subject:<blockquote> Many people who are not addicted at the time, are forced onto methadone maintenance by judges, parole boards, and the welfare department. For drug victims, it's much easier to get on welfare, if they are on methadone maintenance programs. Many are tricked into believing methadone is a cure, and then realize that they have been cruelly betrayed. Maintenance programs won't let you detoxify, even if you are pregnant, unless they feel you are 'psychologically ready'. Everyone who is in a maintenance program is registered on computer tapes with a city drug agency, and also the private "Community Treatment Foundation" at the Rockefeller Institute. The computer system makes it very easy to locate and control victims of methadone maintenance. Almost routinely, victims are offered methadone maintenance as an alternative to serving their prison sentences. We have received many letters from prisoners who chose to remain in jail, rather than be on methadone maintenance. [Richard] Nixon's special office for drug abuse received $1.7 billion for their budget in 1972. 95% of this money supported methadone maintenance rather than drug-free programs. Most of this money was channeled thru the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA), which also funds lobotomies, psycho-surgery, and behavioral modification programs in prisons. LEAA supplies tanks and sophisticated weapons to local police departments....<ref name="peoplesDoctor_richardTaft">{{Cite web |title=People's Doctor Murdered! ...an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the Lincoln Detox drug program |url=http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212457/http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-24}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212457/http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf "People's Doctor Murdered! ...an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the Lincoln Detox drug program"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-02-24.</cite></ref> </blockquote>In the third of a series of online Zoom meetings hosted by the National Acupuncture Detoxification Association (NADA) in 2021, with the purpose of exploring the history of the revolutionary use of acupuncture in the U.S., former Lincoln Detox member and acupuncturist Walter Bosque elaborated on the harmful implementation of methadone as a pharmaceutical "treatment":<blockquote> Methadone was the first synthetic opioid that people got addicted to, and here we now [had] an opium epidemic...It started back then, in the 60s, when the Rockefeller program created the first methadone programs in Lexington, Kentucky...when people got in trouble, they were sent to Lexington, Kentucky, they were put on methadone, and then they stayed on methadone for the rest of their lives. So we didn't want that. We didn't want our communities addicted to heroin or methadone, because methadone became a problem.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2021 |title=NADA Full Circle Part 3 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ms2OLJBhgQI&t=19s |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> </blockquote> === Patient Experiences === Half of the Lincoln Detox's patients arrived "with methadone habits", having acquired methadone either from maintenance programs, or illegally on the streets. Detoxification from methadone usually took two to three months, and it was reported that many were never able to withdraw from it due to the extremely severe withdrawal symptoms of insomnia, [[Gudawa/Zawo|diarrhea]], depression, and bone pain, with simultaneous addiction to [[Shaye-shaye|alcohol]] and barbiturates having been common among those dependent on methadone. According to a Drug Enforcement Administration figure from the time, methadone overdose deaths in [[New York (birni)|New York City]] outnumbered heroin overdose deaths "by five to one."<ref name="peoplesDoctor_richardTaft">{{Cite web |title=People's Doctor Murdered! ...an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the Lincoln Detox drug program |url=http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212457/http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-24}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212457/http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf "People's Doctor Murdered! ...an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the Lincoln Detox drug program"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-02-24.</cite></ref> Lincoln Detox was the only place in New York where methadone victims could be detoxified whenever they wanted. == Development of Acupuncture Treatment == === Origins (1971) === On the implementation of acupuncture as a treatment for drug detoxification, Walter Bosque recounted in the second of the ''NADA History Series'' panels held in May 2021 that "In 1971, when we started looking for an alternative to methadone, we read an article that states that this Bangkok acupuncturist is treating his client for some of his sinuses or whatever he had, and when... he finished his first session, the client confessed to the acupuncturist that he had been smoking opium...since he was thirteen years old, and now he was in his 20s, and [after acupuncture] he had no desire to smoke opium anymore." "There was six of us there, and we would each read a paragraph, and when we read that article, everyone's sort of light was turned on, and we said, 'wait, why don't we do this?'"<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2021 |title=Dope is Death &#124; the Short List |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ua-m7AANkQ4&t=1s |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2021 |title=History Series Event #2 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UANxKJ8FciE |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><blockquote> ...continuing with our studies and things of that nature, we were very much into Chinese politics at the time, and one thing that came out, the whole issue around health, and looking at China's health programs….China had a really huge opium problem after the revolution and the late 40s, so we got very much interested in this alternative, you know, as opposed to using methadone, which really is a fascist drug because it was developed in Germany, because during the war, Germany couldn't get into Africa to get poppy seeds for morphine, so they used methadone for their field morphine, and actually, the generic name for methadone, is named after Adolf Hitler; it's called Dolophine. And so, we understood the necessity of using [acupuncture], and diminishing doses [of methadone].... </blockquote>Shakur would later be involved, along with several others, in the armed robbery of Brinks truck in 1981, becoming an FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitive and going underground before being captured and sentenced to sixty years in prison. In an interview, he would recall: "They charged me with six armored truck robberies, the liberation of Assatta Shakur, using illegally gained funds to finance camp for Black children in Mississippi, and to put a acupuncture clinic in Harlem, were part of the so-called enterprise I was accused of financing with illegally gained funds."<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2021 |title=Dope is Death &#124; the Short List |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ua-m7AANkQ4&t=1s |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> The clinic was violently shut down by Ed Koch, the [[NYPD]], and Lincoln Hospital on November 27, 1978.<blockquote> Corporate doctors at that time saw everything that we were doing as a threat. Because we were saying–and the other thing that is so important–is that we were calling for free quality healthcare for all. That was the bottom line for all of this, that we demanded free quality healthcare for all. That was the first call, for free healthcare, which is now what everybody is talking about. It's a big deal, but that was the first time in the 1960s and 70s, and it came from the same group of people.<ref name="peoplesDoctor_richardTaft">{{Cite web |title=People's Doctor Murdered! ...an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the Lincoln Detox drug program |url=http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212457/http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-24}}</ref> </blockquote> == Sources == * Churchill, Ward Vander Wall. ''The COINTELPRO Papers: documents from the FBI's secret wars against dissent. '' 2002. p.&nbsp;309. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2bdtssvtec3if93js25e2rufwqb2pht 882913 882912 2026-07-14T14:15:28Z D son203 45710 882913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lincoln Detox''' was a drug detoxification clinic in Lincoln Hospital in the South Bronx. It was founded in 1970 by members and affiliates of the Black Panther Party, the [[Jamhuriyar Sabuwar Afrika|Republic of New Afrika]], the Young Lords, and Students for a Democratic Society. The clinic offered holistic drug rehabilitation, employing acupuncture, political education classes informed, among other ideologies, by Marxism, and community service. It became known as "The People's Program." == History == === Background and Conditions at Lincoln Hospital === According to ''[[New York Times]]'' coverage published the following day, "the demonstrators demanded no cutback in services or jobs, the quick completion of the new Lincoln Hospital, door‐to door preventative care emphasizing tests for [[Guba na gubar|lead poisoning]], anemia and tuberculosis and drug addiction, and a day care center for patients who have to bring their children to the hospital." This was not the first time that these demands had been presented. Weeks before on June 27, 1970, a rally had been held at St. Mary's Park in response to budget cuts, and the fatal mistreatment of 31-year-old Lincoln patient Carmen Rodríguez, wherein what should have been a routine [[Zubar da ciki|abortion]] procedure became an avoidable death. Doctors failed to read her medical chart and note a cardiovascular condition of Rodríguez's, and administered a saline solution that triggered an [[Allergy|allergic reaction]] sending her into a four-day coma, and eventually killing her days later, on July 20.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gansberg |first=Martin |date=21 July 1970 |title=Abortion Death Reported by City |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/07/21/archives/abortion-death-reported-by-city-victim-is-first-here-since-state.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2018 |title=How the Young Lords Took Lincoln Hospital, Left a Health Activism Legacy |url=https://filtermag.org/how-the-young-lords-took-lincoln-hospital-and-left-a-health-activism-legacy/}}</ref> In an interview at the rally, Young Lord member Felipe Luciano would explain: "What we want this rally for is to express our desire to have community-worker control of Lincoln Hospital, a hospital that for some time has been condemned...paint is chipping from the Emergency Room, our uncles, our grandmothers, our mothers, have died in that hospital, and nobody has pushed malpractice suits--not the politicians who we've elected, nor the officials that's supposed to speak for the Puerto Rican people."<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2021 |title=How We Occupied a Hospital and Changed Public Health Care &#124; Takeover &#124; Op-Docs |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aK_ALMA1NMk |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> === July 1970 Occupation === At 5:15am on July 14, 1970, a group of 150 persons led by members of the Young Lords occupied the Lincoln Hospital School of Nursing at 141st Street and Bruckner Boulevard for twelve hours and presented a list of demands that the hospital's administrator at the time, Dr. Antero Lecot, called "valid." At an earlier news conference, Young Lords member Pablo Yoruba Guzman had declared, "We are here with nothing but love for our people...we will leave this hospital only when it starts serving the people." Young Lords member and health lieutenant Gloria Cruz said that "The hospital had been taken to release its potential for the benefits of both patients and hospital staff. Lincoln Hospital is only butcher shop that kills patients and frustrates workers from serving these patients. This is because Lincoln exists under a capitalist system that only looks for profit. But even this system made an effort at scrapping this butcher shop by condemning this building 25 years ago."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narvaez |first=Alfonso A. |date=15 July 1970 |title=Young Lords Seize Lincoln Hospital Building |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/07/15/archives/young-lords-seize-lincoln-hospital-building-offices-are-held-for-12.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> === List of Demands === The full and exact list of demands read as follows:<blockquote> # NO CUTBACKS IN JOBS OR SERVICES IN THE EMERGENCY ROOM OR SECTION K. # IMMEDIATE FUNDS TO COMPLETE THE BUILDING OF AND FULLY STAFF THE NEW LINCOLN HOSPITAL # DOOR TO DOOR PREVENTIVE CARE PROGRAM EMPHASIZING NUTRITION DRUG ADDICTION, CHILD AND SENIOR CITIZEN CARE. # WE WANT A PERMANENT 24 HOUR COMPLAINT TABLE. # WE WANT $140 A WEEK MINIMUM WAGE FOR ALL WORKERS. # WE WANT A DAYCARE CENTER FOR THE CHILDREN OF PATIENTS, WORKERS, AND VISITORS AT LINCOLN HOSPITAL. # WE WANT TOTAL DETERMINATION OF ALL HEALTH SERVICES THROUGH A COMMUNITY-WORKER BOARD TO OPERATE LINCOLN HOSPITAL. THIS BOARD MUST HAVE SHOWN ITS COMMITMENT TO SERVE THE PEOPLE."<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2018 |title=How the Young Lords Took Lincoln Hospital, Left a Health Activism Legacy |url=https://filtermag.org/how-the-young-lords-took-lincoln-hospital-and-left-a-health-activism-legacy/}}</ref> </blockquote> === Patient Rights and Policy Influence === As recounted in several documented occasions by community and labor organizer, and one of the founding members of Lincoln Detox, Cleo Silvers, these demands emerged from thousands of complaints gathered at a complaint table set up in the Emergency Room of Lincoln Hospital by herself and several peers, and would inform what would eventually become known as the Patient's Bill of Rights, which she describes in a 2016 interview as "the result of a collaboration between members of the Young Lords and the Black Panther Party, with the assistance of the doctors, and written by me. Although it is considerably watered down now, you still find that Patient's Bill of Rights on the wall of every hospital. It's not as radical as the original . . . but still includes some of the issues we highlighted, such as the ability to have access to your medical records."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=[[Alondra Nelson|Nelson, Alondra]] |date=October 2016 |title='Genuine Struggle and Care': An Interview With Cleo Silvers |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=106 |issue=10 |pages=1744–1748 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2016.303407 |pmc=5024401 |pmid=27626340}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Narvaez |first=Alfonso A. |date=15 July 1970 |title=Young Lords Seize Lincoln Hospital Building |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/07/15/archives/young-lords-seize-lincoln-hospital-building-offices-are-held-for-12.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> In the documentary film ''Dope is Death'' (2020, dir. Mia Donovan) Silvers insists: "Don't let anybody tell you that there was one minute of disruption of the delivery of health care at Lincoln Hospital when the Young Lords took it over. Never. We had our first conference where we said the hospital had been taken over and we were willing to negotiate, but these were the demands."<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2021 |title=Dope is Death &#124; the Short List |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ua-m7AANkQ4&t=1s |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> These demands were not met right away, however, and this would not be the last occupation of the Lincoln Hospital. === Negotiations and Aftermath of July Occupation === Dr. Lacot, along with assistant to Mayor John Lindsay, Sid Davidoff, and other representatives of the city's new Health and Hospital Corporation, which had just taken control of the city's hospitals on July 1, met for over four hours with members of the Young Lords, a patient-worker committee of the hospital known as the Think Lincoln Committee, and members of Health Revolutionary Unity Movement, a citywide committee of hospital workers. Davidoff claimed to prefer that the police not become involved in a more direct capacity, but emphasized that this was contingent on the building of a new hospital not being announced, though he promised the negotiators that this key demand of theirs would ultimately be met, a promise that was taken with a large grain of salt. Around 4:30pm, Dr. Lacot and the other negotiators emerged from a third‐floor library room and announced that an agreement had been reached. According to a ''New York Times'' article, "while it was being typed, the Young Lords learned that a police officer, in civilian clothes, had attempted to enter the building. They charged that he had tried to seize one of their members who was checking credentials at the entrance and called the negotiations off. The agreement included an end to the hospital takeover, but the Young Lords were given permission to run certain community programs within the hospital, with the aid of hospital staff and administration."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narvaez |first=Alfonso A. |date=15 July 1970 |title=Young Lords Seize Lincoln Hospital Building |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/07/15/archives/young-lords-seize-lincoln-hospital-building-offices-are-held-for-12.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> As the [[NYPD]] began to mobilize to raid the hospital, someone made the suggestion that the Lords and other demonstrators leave under the guise of medical attire through the only exit that had not been covered by the police. In the words of Juan Gonzalez, with the police poised to take action, the demonstrators had to make a choice between staying and "[forcing] the mayor's hand and [having] the police [enter], or...figure out a way to declare a victory and leave."<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2021 |title=How We Occupied a Hospital and Changed Public Health Care &#124; Takeover &#124; Op-Docs |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aK_ALMA1NMk |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Silvers recalled, "The adrenaline is pumping because we all know we're gonna go do something really big. We could all be killed. We could all be shot up. Beaten up."<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2021 |title=How We Occupied a Hospital and Changed Public Health Care &#124; Takeover &#124; Op-Docs |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aK_ALMA1NMk |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> === November 1970 Takeover and Creation of the Program === Four months later on November 10, 1970, as the hospital hesitated over the funding of the drug detoxification program that had been proposed, activists took over Lincoln Hospital yet another time. Funds had been anticipated from the city's Addiction Services Program (ASA), but Lincoln's track record overshadowed its promises. Having established overnight control of the sixth floor, the activists sought to "implement a drug program that would serve the community effectively and be run by the community."<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2010 |title=The Young Lords: A Reader, "Health and Hospitals" |url=https://caringlabor.wordpress.com/2010/12/04/the-young-lords-reader-health-and-hospitals/}}</ref> At noon on November 11, "35 addicts along with workers from the hospital and community people" established what they called "The People's Program". Later that day, cops in riot gear broke through the barricade, arresting 15 people. Eventually, organizers arrived at an agreement with the hospital, and were granted use of Lincoln's anticipated ASA funds; the use of the old Nurse's Auditorium in the Administration Building for the Detox Program; and a little office space in the Psychiatry Department. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2018 |title=How the Young Lords Took Lincoln Hospital, Left a Health Activism Legacy |url=https://filtermag.org/how-the-young-lords-took-lincoln-hospital-and-left-a-health-activism-legacy/}}</ref> == Program Structure and Activities == In the program, participants learned about their addiction within a political context, exploring how their addiction harmed themselves, their family, and their community. The program also explored the role of governmental institutions such as the [[C.I.A|CIA]] and the [[NYPD]] in drug trafficking and profiteering as well as how drug addiction has worked against progressive and revolutionary change. Activities at the program included ones by the People's Program court collective, which recruited and assisted lawyers to help some of the thousands of poor people who were being railroaded through courthouses into prisons. They helped organized rent strikes, building takeovers, women's health work, and organizations of construction workers. This, and much more information was written in a pamphlet published by White Lightning, "a revolutionary organization founded by ex-addicts."<ref name="peoplesDoctor_richardTaft">{{Cite web |title=People's Doctor Murdered! ...an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the Lincoln Detox drug program |url=http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212457/http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-24}}</ref> They wrote: "The people at Lincoln Detox see that all these struggles and many more are necessary before the roots of drug addiction can be ripped out of our land." == Staffing and Organization == The clinic was staffed largely by former patients who had detoxified through the program. In the first five years of its existence, it detoxified 35,000 users of heroin and methadone.<ref name="peoplesDoctor_richardTaft">{{Cite web |title=People's Doctor Murdered! ...an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the Lincoln Detox drug program |url=http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212457/http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-24}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212457/http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf "People's Doctor Murdered! ...an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the Lincoln Detox drug program"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-02-24.</cite></ref> [[Mutulu Shakur]] shares: "Every department was a collective, so the administration was a collective, the counselors were the counselor collective, the nurses aid, the medical department, so there was no leadership, there was no one person in charge, it was a collective, a collective effort...there was no one single leader. We tried to imitate the socialist methods around the world, you know, from Russia, to China, to Cuba, and so that's what we were trying to do–that's why I call it socialized medicine, because it had never been done in America before." == Methadone: Background and Critique == Methadone, a synthetic narcotic first synthesized by German scientists during [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|World War II]] because of a shortage of morphine, was introduced into the U.S. in 1947 as an analgesic under the generic name Dolophine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Methadone |url=https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methadone-2020_0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020003026/https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Methadone-2020_0.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-20}}</ref> Its use as a narcotics maintenance treatment modality for heroin dependence emerged in the 1960s, as a result of the work of physician-scientist of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research and chair of the committee on major medical problems for the Health Research Council of the City of New York, Vincent P. Dole, who, in 1964, began clinical tests with methadone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albert Lasker Award |url=https://www.rockefeller.edu/our-scientists/vincent-p-dole/2265-albert-lasker-award/}}</ref> By the early 1970s, methadone maintenance programs were being established in clinics across the country. At the time of the White Lightning pamphlet's publishing (in or c. 1974), "over 100,000 people [were] on methadone maintenance programs...almost totally financed by federal grants and medicaid payments", and methadone had become "virtually the only drug treatment offered by the Veteran's Administration for the thousands of vets who come home with serious drug problems." Per The Rockefeller University's website, "[methadone] is not a curative and must be administered to patients indefinitely."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albert Lasker Award |url=https://www.rockefeller.edu/our-scientists/vincent-p-dole/2265-albert-lasker-award/}}</ref><ref name="peoplesDoctor_richardTaft">{{Cite web |title=People's Doctor Murdered! ...an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the Lincoln Detox drug program |url=http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212457/http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-24}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212457/http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf "People's Doctor Murdered! ...an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the Lincoln Detox drug program"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-02-24.</cite></ref> === Criticism === White Lightning members wrote further on the subject:<blockquote> Many people who are not addicted at the time, are forced onto methadone maintenance by judges, parole boards, and the welfare department. For drug victims, it's much easier to get on welfare, if they are on methadone maintenance programs. Many are tricked into believing methadone is a cure, and then realize that they have been cruelly betrayed. Maintenance programs won't let you detoxify, even if you are pregnant, unless they feel you are 'psychologically ready'. Everyone who is in a maintenance program is registered on computer tapes with a city drug agency, and also the private "Community Treatment Foundation" at the Rockefeller Institute. The computer system makes it very easy to locate and control victims of methadone maintenance. Almost routinely, victims are offered methadone maintenance as an alternative to serving their prison sentences. We have received many letters from prisoners who chose to remain in jail, rather than be on methadone maintenance. [Richard] Nixon's special office for drug abuse received $1.7 billion for their budget in 1972. 95% of this money supported methadone maintenance rather than drug-free programs. Most of this money was channeled thru the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA), which also funds lobotomies, psycho-surgery, and behavioral modification programs in prisons. LEAA supplies tanks and sophisticated weapons to local police departments....<ref name="peoplesDoctor_richardTaft">{{Cite web |title=People's Doctor Murdered! ...an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the Lincoln Detox drug program |url=http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212457/http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-24}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212457/http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf "People's Doctor Murdered! ...an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the Lincoln Detox drug program"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-02-24.</cite></ref> </blockquote>In the third of a series of online Zoom meetings hosted by the National Acupuncture Detoxification Association (NADA) in 2021, with the purpose of exploring the history of the revolutionary use of acupuncture in the U.S., former Lincoln Detox member and acupuncturist Walter Bosque elaborated on the harmful implementation of methadone as a pharmaceutical "treatment":<blockquote> Methadone was the first synthetic opioid that people got addicted to, and here we now [had] an opium epidemic...It started back then, in the 60s, when the Rockefeller program created the first methadone programs in Lexington, Kentucky...when people got in trouble, they were sent to Lexington, Kentucky, they were put on methadone, and then they stayed on methadone for the rest of their lives. So we didn't want that. We didn't want our communities addicted to heroin or methadone, because methadone became a problem.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2021 |title=NADA Full Circle Part 3 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ms2OLJBhgQI&t=19s |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> </blockquote> === Patient Experiences === Half of the Lincoln Detox's patients arrived "with methadone habits", having acquired methadone either from maintenance programs, or illegally on the streets. Detoxification from methadone usually took two to three months, and it was reported that many were never able to withdraw from it due to the extremely severe withdrawal symptoms of insomnia, [[Gudawa/Zawo|diarrhea]], depression, and bone pain, with simultaneous addiction to [[Shaye-shaye|alcohol]] and barbiturates having been common among those dependent on methadone. According to a Drug Enforcement Administration figure from the time, methadone overdose deaths in [[New York (birni)|New York City]] outnumbered heroin overdose deaths "by five to one."<ref name="peoplesDoctor_richardTaft">{{Cite web |title=People's Doctor Murdered! ...an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the Lincoln Detox drug program |url=http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212457/http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-24}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212457/http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf "People's Doctor Murdered! ...an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the Lincoln Detox drug program"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-02-24.</cite></ref> Lincoln Detox was the only place in New York where methadone victims could be detoxified whenever they wanted. == Development of Acupuncture Treatment == === Origins (1971) === On the implementation of acupuncture as a treatment for drug detoxification, Walter Bosque recounted in the second of the ''NADA History Series'' panels held in May 2021 that "In 1971, when we started looking for an alternative to methadone, we read an article that states that this Bangkok acupuncturist is treating his client for some of his sinuses or whatever he had, and when... he finished his first session, the client confessed to the acupuncturist that he had been smoking opium...since he was thirteen years old, and now he was in his 20s, and [after acupuncture] he had no desire to smoke opium anymore." "There was six of us there, and we would each read a paragraph, and when we read that article, everyone's sort of light was turned on, and we said, 'wait, why don't we do this?'"<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2021 |title=Dope is Death &#124; the Short List |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ua-m7AANkQ4&t=1s |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2021 |title=History Series Event #2 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UANxKJ8FciE |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><blockquote> ...continuing with our studies and things of that nature, we were very much into Chinese politics at the time, and one thing that came out, the whole issue around health, and looking at China's health programs….China had a really huge opium problem after the revolution and the late 40s, so we got very much interested in this alternative, you know, as opposed to using methadone, which really is a fascist drug because it was developed in Germany, because during the war, Germany couldn't get into Africa to get poppy seeds for morphine, so they used methadone for their field morphine, and actually, the generic name for methadone, is named after Adolf Hitler; it's called Dolophine. And so, we understood the necessity of using [acupuncture], and diminishing doses [of methadone].... </blockquote>Shakur would later be involved, along with several others, in the armed robbery of Brinks truck in 1981, becoming an FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitive and going underground before being captured and sentenced to sixty years in prison. In an interview, he would recall: "They charged me with six armored truck robberies, the liberation of Assatta Shakur, using illegally gained funds to finance camp for Black children in Mississippi, and to put a acupuncture clinic in Harlem, were part of the so-called enterprise I was accused of financing with illegally gained funds."<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2021 |title=Dope is Death &#124; the Short List |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ua-m7AANkQ4&t=1s |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> The clinic was violently shut down by Ed Koch, the [[NYPD]], and Lincoln Hospital on November 27, 1978.<blockquote> Corporate doctors at that time saw everything that we were doing as a threat. Because we were saying–and the other thing that is so important–is that we were calling for free quality healthcare for all. That was the bottom line for all of this, that we demanded free quality healthcare for all. That was the first call, for free healthcare, which is now what everybody is talking about. It's a big deal, but that was the first time in the 1960s and 70s, and it came from the same group of people.<ref name="peoplesDoctor_richardTaft">{{Cite web |title=People's Doctor Murdered! ...an unsuccessful attempt to destroy the Lincoln Detox drug program |url=http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212457/http://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-24}}</ref> </blockquote> == Sources == * Churchill, Ward Vander Wall. ''The COINTELPRO Papers: documents from the FBI's secret wars against dissent. '' 2002. p.&nbsp;309. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] chbldwo6dbsdmei6i17tszvlm8igvx3 0 161576 882916 2026-07-14T14:19:42Z Featherdiamond 46529 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360086708|Child abductions in the Russo-Ukrainian war]]" 882916 wikitext text/x-wiki    A yayin [[Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]], <ref name="Glinka">{{Cite web |last=Sumlenny |first=Sergej |date=27 March 2023 |title=How the West Tolerated Russia's Kidnapping of Ukrainian Children |url=https://european-resilience.org/analytics/how-west-tolerated-russias-kidnapping-ukrainian-children |access-date=2 August 2023 |publisher=[[European Resilience Initiative Center]]}}</ref> Rasha ta ƙwace tare da tilasta tura kusan yara 20,000 yan Ukraine zuwa yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ikonta, ta ba su katin zama 'yan ƙasar Rasha, ta canza tare da  tilasta musu karɓar sabbin iyalai wadanda yan Rasha ne, kuma ta haifar da cikas na ganin sun sake komawa cikin mahaifan su da ma ƙasarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title="Они могут начать противодействовать» Российские власти боятся детей, насильно вывезенных из Украины. Их пытаются "перевоспитать" и поставить под жесткий цифровой контроль. Расследование «Медузы" |url=https://meduza.io/feature/2024/03/11/oni-mogut-nachat-protivodeystvovat |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Meduza |language=ru |quote=Точное число украинских детей, насильно вывезенных за время войны в Россию, неизвестно — по данным Киева, речь идет почти о 20 тысячах.}}</ref> Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya (ICC) ta ba da takardar shaidar kama shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] (wanda ya goyi bayan garkuwa tare da tilasta, gami da kafa doka don sauƙaƙe hakan) da Kwamishiniyar 'Yancin Yara [[:en:Maria_Lvova-Belova|Maria Lvova-Belova]] saboda zargin su da hannu. Da [[:en:International_law|Dokar ƙasa da ƙasa]], gami da [[Yarjejeniyar Kisan kiyashi|Yarjejeniyar]] [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan ƙare dangi]] ta 1948, irin waɗannan ayyukan suna iya zama kisan kare dangi idan an yi su da niyyar hallaka, gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangare na al'umma ko ƙabila. {{Efn|Article II. In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: ... <br>(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.}} Gwamnatin Rasha ta sace yaran Ukraine bayan da hukumomin Rasha suka kama iyayensu ko kuma sun kashe su a lokacin mamayar, <ref name="foreignpolicy20230417">{{Cite web |last=Cookman |first=Liz |date=17 April 2023 |title=The Kids Aren't Alright |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/04/17/russia-ukraine-children-kidnapping-war-crimes-icc/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref>ko kuma bayan sun rabu da iyayensu a wuraren da ake gwabza yaƙi. An kuma sace yara daga cibiyoyin gwamnatin Ukraine a yankunan da aka mamaye, ta hanyar "sansanonin hutun bazara" na yara a yankin da  Rasha ta mamaye.<ref name="2023-03-17 Guardian: Koshiw" /> Yaran da aka sace sun kasance [[:en:Russification|ƙarƙashin Rusha]]; yaran da aka kama lokacin yaƙi a wata ƙasa daban domin canza musu al’ada da yare na iya zama aikin kisan ƙare dangi idan an yi niyyar share asalin su.<ref name="2022-10-22 NYT" /><ref name="2022-10-13 AP" /> Hukumomin Ukraine sun tabbatar da tantance asalin yara sama da 19,000 da aka sace, suna cigaba da tattara da kuma sabunta bayanai a matsayin wani ɓangare na dandalin yanar gizo dake ɗauke da bayanan: "Yara a Yaƙi".<ref name="dw20230325">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Ukraine's abducted children: 'List of suspects will grow' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraines-abducted-children-the-list-of-suspects-will-grow-longer/a-65117416 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref> Hukumomin Rasha sun yi iƙirarin cewa an dawo da yara sama da 700,000 na Ukraine a tsakiyar 2023, <ref name="dw20230325" /> kuma mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin yara na Ukraine ya yi imanin cewa ainihin adadin yaran da aka sace na iya kaiwa ɗaruruwan dubbai. Kungiyar agaji, [[:en:Save_Ukraine|Save Ukraine]], tana ƙoƙarin  dawo tare da sake haɗa yaran  da aka akai garkuwa da su da iyalin su. <ref name="foreignpolicy20230417">{{Cite web |last=Cookman |first=Liz |date=17 April 2023 |title=The Kids Aren't Alright |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/04/17/russia-ukraine-children-kidnapping-war-crimes-icc/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2025, hukumomin Rasha a Ukraine sun ƙirƙiro kundin yanar gizo inda 'yan Rasha za su iya zaɓar yara na Ukraine bisa ga hotuna da kwatanci kamar "mai biyayya" ko "kwanciyar hankali", da kuma tacewa ta hanyar shekaru, launi na ido da launin gashi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulakova |first=Maryna |date=2025-08-07 |title=Russia Launches Online Catalog Listing Ukrainian Children for Adoption, Featuring Traits Like 'Obedient' |url=https://united24media.com/latest-news/russia-launches-online-catalog-listing-ukrainian-children-for-adoption-featuring-traits-like-obedient-10547 |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=United 24 Media}}</ref> Binciken [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya gano sojojin Rasha da laifin [[:en:War_crimes_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022–present)|Laifukan yaki]] da [[:en:Crimes_against_humanity|Laifukan da aka yi wa bil'adama]], wanda ya kunshi c[[:en:Deportation|anja wurin tilas]], korar da kuma [[:en:Enforced_disappearance|tilasta bacewar]]. == Tarihi == === Shekaru 2010 === Rasha ta fara canja wurin yara daga yankunan Ukraine a cikin 2014, shekarar farko ta [[:en:Russo-Ukrainian_war|Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]]. SShirin farko na irin wannan babban tsari ya fara ne daga shahararriyar mai bada jinƙai ta Rasha [[:en:Elizaveta_Glinka|Elizaveta Glinka]] . <ref name="Glinka">{{Cite web |last=Sumlenny |first=Sergej |date=27 March 2023 |title=How the West Tolerated Russia's Kidnapping of Ukrainian Children |url=https://european-resilience.org/analytics/how-west-tolerated-russias-kidnapping-ukrainian-children |access-date=2 August 2023 |publisher=[[European Resilience Initiative Center]]}}</ref> A farkon watan Fabrairun 2022, Rasha ta "kashe" marayu 500 daga yankin Donetsk zuwa yankin Rasha.<ref name="2023-02-14 Conflict Observatory">{{Citation|ref=etal}}</ref> === 2022 === Rahotanni na farko na tilasta kwashe yara zuwa Rasha a matsayin wani ɓangare na mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine ya zo a tsakiyar watan Maris na shekarar 2022, yayin fadan Mariupol. A wannan watan, kwamishiniyar kare haƙƙin yara ta Rasha [[:en:Maria_Lvova-Belova|Maria Lvova-Belova]] ta bayyana cewa wani rukuni na yaran Ukraine da aka maida zuwa Rasha daga Mariupol da farko sun tabbatar da asalin su na Ukraine, amma tun daga lokacin ya canza zuwa ƙauna ga Rasha, tana mai cewa ta karɓi ɗaya daga cikin yaran da kanta. [[Fayil:2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_27-03-2022.svg|thumb|Taswirar mamayar Rasha ta Fabrairu 2022 a Ukraine]] === 2023 === Tun daga farkon 28 ga Afrilun shekarar 2023 satar yaran Ukraine da Rasha keyi ya kasance batun da ya ja hankali  a kwamitin tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wato [[:en:UNSC|UNSC]]. A cewar wani rahoto na Reuters na watan Agusta, Alexei Petrov, mataimaki a ofishin kwamishinan kare haƙƙin yara na ofishin shugaban ƙasar Rasha, ya yi amfani da maganganun [[:en:Neo-Nazi|Neo-Nazi]] dda alamomi a cikin ayyukansa a yanar gizo, kuma ya haɗa kansa da neo-Nazi, tare da masu tsattsauran ra’ayi kan nuna fifikon fararen fata, da ƙungiyoyin masu tsattsuaran ra’ayi a Rasha. === 2024 === A ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2024 kungiyar haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa don dawo da yaran Ukraine ta ƙaddamar da kanta tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙasashe 37. Ukraine da Kanada ne suka jagoranci ƙaddamarwar. === 2025 === A watan Oktoban shekarar 2025 Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka [[Melania Trump]] ta sanar da cewa saboda tattaunawar da ke gudana da Putin ta taimaka wajen dawo da yara takwas da aka "ɗaiɗaita". A cewar Trump, uku daga cikin yara takwas an raba su da iyalansu kuma "an kuma maida su" zuwa Rasha saboda yaƙi a wasu wurare, yayin da sauran suka rabu da dangin su musamman a iyakokin da suka zama fagen fama. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Superville |first=Darlene |date=2025-10-10 |title=Melania Trump says 8 kids displaced by Russia-Ukraine war reunite with families after Putin talks |url=https://apnews.com/article/melania-trump-russia-ukraine-children-fe324a08a9a957f05995dac0d95a66c3 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Garkuwa da yara == Yawancin yaran da aka sace an sace su daga [[:en:Southern_Ukraine|kudani]] da [[:en:Eastern_Ukraine|gaabashin Ukraine]] ([[:en:Kherson_Oblast|Kherson]], [[:en:Kharkiv_Oblast|Kharkiv]], [[:en:Zaporizhzhia_Oblast|Zaporizhzhia]], [[:en:Donetsk_Oblast|Donetsk]], [[:en:Luhansk_Oblast|Luhansk]] ds [[:en:Mykolaiv_Oblast|Mykolaiv).]] A cewar mai ba da shawara kan 'yancin yara na Ukraine, Rasha tana gudanar da sace-sacen tare da burin kara yawan jama'arta, kuma Rasha tana gudanar da gwaje-gwajen kiwon lafiya a kan yara don haɗa yara masu lafiya na Ukraine kawai cikin al'ummar Rasha.<ref name="dw20230325">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Ukraine's abducted children: 'List of suspects will grow' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraines-abducted-children-the-list-of-suspects-will-grow-longer/a-65117416 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref> == Hukunce-hukunce == [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Tarayyar Turai]], Burtaniya, [[Kanada]] da [[Asturaliya]], sun sanya wa kwamishiniyar kula da haƙƙin yara ta Rasha [[:en:Maria_Lvova-Belova|Maria Lvova-Belova]] takunkumi. == Takaddun shaida na kamawa == [[Fayil:International_Criminal_Court_building_(2016)_in_The_Hague.png|thumb|Ginin Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka na kasa da kasa a Hague]] A ranar 17 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta ba da takardar shaidar kama Putin da Lvova-Belova, bisa zargin aikata laifukan korar jama'a ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da kuma canja yawan jama'a (yara) daga yankunan da aka mamaye na Ukraine zuwa Rasha.<ref name="Khan_statement_Putin_LvovaBelova_17March2023" /> Wannan na ƙunshe a sashi na [[wikisource:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court#Article_8:_War_crimes|articles 8(2)(a)(vii) and article 8(2)(b)(viii) na kudin Roma Statute]],kuma Rasha ta yi niyyar hakan a matsayin na din-din-din. Tuhumar na iya ɗaukar hukuncin rai da rai.<ref name="03-17-2023 WSJ" /> Wannan shi ne karo na farko da kotun ta ba da izinin kama shugaban [[:en:Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council|memba na din-din-din]] na Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref name="17-03-2023 AP" /> ai gabatar da ƙara na ICC [[:en:Karim_Ahmad_Khan|Karim Khan]] ya ce, "Dole ne mu tabbatar da cewa waɗanda ke da alhakin laifuka da ake zargi amsa tuhuma, kuma an mayar da yara ga iyalansu da al'ummominsu. Ba za mu bari ko sanya ido a maida yara kamar ganimar yaƙi ba".<ref name="03-17-2023 WSJ" /> qhtfeak3qyj01qbiftvs77eliomvgrs 882919 882916 2026-07-14T14:25:58Z Featherdiamond 46529 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360086708|Child abductions in the Russo-Ukrainian war]]" 882919 wikitext text/x-wiki    A yayin [[Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]], <ref name="Glinka">{{Cite web |last=Sumlenny |first=Sergej |date=27 March 2023 |title=How the West Tolerated Russia's Kidnapping of Ukrainian Children |url=https://european-resilience.org/analytics/how-west-tolerated-russias-kidnapping-ukrainian-children |access-date=2 August 2023 |publisher=[[European Resilience Initiative Center]]}}</ref> Rasha ta ƙwace tare da tilasta tura kusan yara 20,000 yan Ukraine zuwa yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ikonta, ta ba su katin zama 'yan ƙasar Rasha, ta canza tare da  tilasta musu karɓar sabbin iyalai wadanda yan Rasha ne, kuma ta haifar da cikas na ganin sun sake komawa cikin mahaifan su da ma ƙasarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title="Они могут начать противодействовать» Российские власти боятся детей, насильно вывезенных из Украины. Их пытаются "перевоспитать" и поставить под жесткий цифровой контроль. Расследование «Медузы" |url=https://meduza.io/feature/2024/03/11/oni-mogut-nachat-protivodeystvovat |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Meduza |language=ru |quote=Точное число украинских детей, насильно вывезенных за время войны в Россию, неизвестно — по данным Киева, речь идет почти о 20 тысячах.}}</ref> Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya (ICC) ta ba da takardar shaidar kama shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] (wanda ya goyi bayan garkuwa tare da tilasta, gami da kafa doka don sauƙaƙe hakan) da Kwamishiniyar 'Yancin Yara [[:en:Maria_Lvova-Belova|Maria Lvova-Belova]] saboda zargin su da hannu.<ref name="2022-10-13 AP">{{cite news |last1=El Deeb |first1=Sarah |last2=Shvets |first2=Anastasiia |last3=Tilna |first3=Elizaveta |date=2022-10-13 |title=How Moscow grabs Ukrainian kids and makes them Russians |url=https://apnews.com/article/ukrainian-children-russia-7493cb22c9086c6293c1ac7986d85ef6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320055118/https://apnews.com/article/ukrainian-children-russia-7493cb22c9086c6293c1ac7986d85ef6 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |access-date=2023-03-20 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |author-link1=Julian Borger |last2=Sauer |first2=Pjotr |date=2023-03-17 |title=ICC judges issue arrest warrant for Vladimir Putin over alleged war crimes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-arrest-warrant-ukraine-war-crimes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320193804/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-arrest-warrant-ukraine-war-crimes |archive-date=2023-03-20 |access-date=2023-03-21 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |quote=Arrest warrants issued for Russian leader and his children's rights commissioner for 'unlawful deportation' of Ukrainian children |location=[[Washington, D.C.]]}}</ref> Da [[:en:International_law|Dokar ƙasa da ƙasa]], gami da [[Yarjejeniyar Kisan kiyashi|Yarjejeniyar]] [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan ƙare dangi]] ta 1948, irin waɗannan ayyukan suna iya zama kisan kare dangi idan an yi su da niyyar hallaka, gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangare na al'umma ko ƙabila. Gwamnatin Rasha ta sace yaran Ukraine bayan da hukumomin Rasha suka kama iyayensu ko kuma sun kashe su a lokacin mamayar, <ref name="foreignpolicy20230417">{{Cite web |last=Cookman |first=Liz |date=17 April 2023 |title=The Kids Aren't Alright |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/04/17/russia-ukraine-children-kidnapping-war-crimes-icc/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref>ko kuma bayan sun rabu da iyayensu a wuraren da ake gwabza yaƙi. An kuma sace yara daga cibiyoyin gwamnatin Ukraine a yankunan da aka mamaye, ta hanyar "sansanonin hutun bazara" na yara a yankin da  Rasha ta mamaye.<ref name="2023-03-17 Guardian: Koshiw" /> Yaran da aka sace sun kasance [[:en:Russification|ƙarƙashin Rusha]]; yaran da aka kama lokacin yaƙi a wata ƙasa daban domin canza musu al’ada da yare na iya zama aikin kisan ƙare dangi idan an yi niyyar share asalin su.<ref name="2022-10-22 NYT" /><ref name="2022-10-13 AP" /> Hukumomin Ukraine sun tabbatar da tantance asalin yara sama da 19,000 da aka sace, suna cigaba da tattara da kuma sabunta bayanai a matsayin wani ɓangare na dandalin yanar gizo dake ɗauke da bayanan: "Yara a Yaƙi".<ref name="dw20230325">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Ukraine's abducted children: 'List of suspects will grow' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraines-abducted-children-the-list-of-suspects-will-grow-longer/a-65117416 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref> Hukumomin Rasha sun yi iƙirarin cewa an dawo da yara sama da 700,000 na Ukraine a tsakiyar 2023, <ref name="dw20230325" /> kuma mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin yara na Ukraine ya yi imanin cewa ainihin adadin yaran da aka sace na iya kaiwa ɗaruruwan dubbai. Kungiyar agaji, [[:en:Save_Ukraine|Save Ukraine]], tana ƙoƙarin  dawo tare da sake haɗa yaran  da aka akai garkuwa da su da iyalin su. <ref name="foreignpolicy20230417">{{Cite web |last=Cookman |first=Liz |date=17 April 2023 |title=The Kids Aren't Alright |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/04/17/russia-ukraine-children-kidnapping-war-crimes-icc/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2025, hukumomin Rasha a Ukraine sun ƙirƙiro kundin yanar gizo inda 'yan Rasha za su iya zaɓar yara na Ukraine bisa ga hotuna da kwatanci kamar "mai biyayya" ko "kwanciyar hankali", da kuma tacewa ta hanyar shekaru, launi na ido da launin gashi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulakova |first=Maryna |date=2025-08-07 |title=Russia Launches Online Catalog Listing Ukrainian Children for Adoption, Featuring Traits Like 'Obedient' |url=https://united24media.com/latest-news/russia-launches-online-catalog-listing-ukrainian-children-for-adoption-featuring-traits-like-obedient-10547 |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=United 24 Media}}</ref> Binciken [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya gano sojojin Rasha da laifin [[:en:War_crimes_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022–present)|Laifukan yaki]] da [[:en:Crimes_against_humanity|Laifukan da aka yi wa bil'adama]], wanda ya kunshi c[[:en:Deportation|anja wurin tilas]], korar da kuma [[:en:Enforced_disappearance|tilasta bacewar]]. == Tarihi == === Shekaru 2010 === Rasha ta fara canja wurin yara daga yankunan Ukraine a cikin 2014, shekarar farko ta [[:en:Russo-Ukrainian_war|Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]]. SShirin farko na irin wannan babban tsari ya fara ne daga shahararriyar mai bada jinƙai ta Rasha [[:en:Elizaveta_Glinka|Elizaveta Glinka]] . <ref name="Glinka">{{Cite web |last=Sumlenny |first=Sergej |date=27 March 2023 |title=How the West Tolerated Russia's Kidnapping of Ukrainian Children |url=https://european-resilience.org/analytics/how-west-tolerated-russias-kidnapping-ukrainian-children |access-date=2 August 2023 |publisher=[[European Resilience Initiative Center]]}}</ref> A farkon watan Fabrairun 2022, Rasha ta "kashe" marayu 500 daga yankin Donetsk zuwa yankin Rasha.<ref name="2023-02-14 Conflict Observatory">{{Citation|ref=etal}}</ref> === 2022 === Rahotanni na farko na tilasta kwashe yara zuwa Rasha a matsayin wani ɓangare na mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine ya zo a tsakiyar watan Maris na shekarar 2022, yayin fadan Mariupol. A wannan watan, kwamishiniyar kare haƙƙin yara ta Rasha [[:en:Maria_Lvova-Belova|Maria Lvova-Belova]] ta bayyana cewa wani rukuni na yaran Ukraine da aka maida zuwa Rasha daga Mariupol da farko sun tabbatar da asalin su na Ukraine, amma tun daga lokacin ya canza zuwa ƙauna ga Rasha, tana mai cewa ta karɓi ɗaya daga cikin yaran da kanta. [[Fayil:2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_27-03-2022.svg|thumb|Taswirar mamayar Rasha ta Fabrairu 2022 a Ukraine]] === 2023 === Tun daga farkon 28 ga Afrilun shekarar 2023 satar yaran Ukraine da Rasha keyi ya kasance batun da ya ja hankali  a kwamitin tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wato [[:en:UNSC|UNSC]]. A cewar wani rahoto na Reuters na watan Agusta, Alexei Petrov, mataimaki a ofishin kwamishinan kare haƙƙin yara na ofishin shugaban ƙasar Rasha, ya yi amfani da maganganun [[:en:Neo-Nazi|Neo-Nazi]] dda alamomi a cikin ayyukansa a yanar gizo, kuma ya haɗa kansa da neo-Nazi, tare da masu tsattsauran ra’ayi kan nuna fifikon fararen fata, da ƙungiyoyin masu tsattsuaran ra’ayi a Rasha. === 2024 === A ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2024 kungiyar haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa don dawo da yaran Ukraine ta ƙaddamar da kanta tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙasashe 37. Ukraine da Kanada ne suka jagoranci ƙaddamarwar. === 2025 === A watan Oktoban shekarar 2025 Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka [[Melania Trump]] ta sanar da cewa saboda tattaunawar da ke gudana da Putin ta taimaka wajen dawo da yara takwas da aka "ɗaiɗaita". A cewar Trump, uku daga cikin yara takwas an raba su da iyalansu kuma "an kuma maida su" zuwa Rasha saboda yaƙi a wasu wurare, yayin da sauran suka rabu da dangin su musamman a iyakokin da suka zama fagen fama. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Superville |first=Darlene |date=2025-10-10 |title=Melania Trump says 8 kids displaced by Russia-Ukraine war reunite with families after Putin talks |url=https://apnews.com/article/melania-trump-russia-ukraine-children-fe324a08a9a957f05995dac0d95a66c3 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Garkuwa da yara == Yawancin yaran da aka sace an sace su daga [[:en:Southern_Ukraine|kudani]] da [[:en:Eastern_Ukraine|gaabashin Ukraine]] ([[:en:Kherson_Oblast|Kherson]], [[:en:Kharkiv_Oblast|Kharkiv]], [[:en:Zaporizhzhia_Oblast|Zaporizhzhia]], [[:en:Donetsk_Oblast|Donetsk]], [[:en:Luhansk_Oblast|Luhansk]] ds [[:en:Mykolaiv_Oblast|Mykolaiv).]] A cewar mai ba da shawara kan 'yancin yara na Ukraine, Rasha tana gudanar da sace-sacen tare da burin kara yawan jama'arta, kuma Rasha tana gudanar da gwaje-gwajen kiwon lafiya a kan yara don haɗa yara masu lafiya na Ukraine kawai cikin al'ummar Rasha.<ref name="dw20230325">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Ukraine's abducted children: 'List of suspects will grow' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraines-abducted-children-the-list-of-suspects-will-grow-longer/a-65117416 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref> == Hukunce-hukunce == [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Tarayyar Turai]], Burtaniya, [[Kanada]] da [[Asturaliya]], sun sanya wa kwamishiniyar kula da haƙƙin yara ta Rasha [[:en:Maria_Lvova-Belova|Maria Lvova-Belova]] takunkumi. == Takaddun shaida na kamawa == [[Fayil:International_Criminal_Court_building_(2016)_in_The_Hague.png|thumb|Ginin Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka na kasa da kasa a Hague]] A ranar 17 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta ba da takardar shaidar kama Putin da Lvova-Belova, bisa zargin aikata laifukan korar jama'a ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da kuma canja yawan jama'a (yara) daga yankunan da aka mamaye na Ukraine zuwa Rasha.<ref name="Khan_statement_Putin_LvovaBelova_17March2023" /> Wannan na ƙunshe a sashi na [[wikisource:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court#Article_8:_War_crimes|articles 8(2)(a)(vii) and article 8(2)(b)(viii) na kudin Roma Statute]],kuma Rasha ta yi niyyar hakan a matsayin na din-din-din. Tuhumar na iya ɗaukar hukuncin rai da rai.<ref name="03-17-2023 WSJ" /> Wannan shi ne karo na farko da kotun ta ba da izinin kama shugaban [[:en:Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council|memba na din-din-din]] na Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref name="17-03-2023 AP" /> ai gabatar da ƙara na ICC [[:en:Karim_Ahmad_Khan|Karim Khan]] ya ce, "Dole ne mu tabbatar da cewa waɗanda ke da alhakin laifuka da ake zargi amsa tuhuma, kuma an mayar da yara ga iyalansu da al'ummominsu. Ba za mu bari ko sanya ido a maida yara kamar ganimar yaƙi ba".<ref name="03-17-2023 WSJ" /> tv4n0mqflx66and10hqi97g0tuz7xh8 882929 882919 2026-07-14T14:54:03Z Featherdiamond 46529 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360086708|Child abductions in the Russo-Ukrainian war]]" 882929 wikitext text/x-wiki    A yayin [[Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]], <ref name="Glinka">{{Cite web |last=Sumlenny |first=Sergej |date=27 March 2023 |title=How the West Tolerated Russia's Kidnapping of Ukrainian Children |url=https://european-resilience.org/analytics/how-west-tolerated-russias-kidnapping-ukrainian-children |access-date=2 August 2023 |publisher=[[European Resilience Initiative Center]]}}</ref> Rasha ta ƙwace tare da tilasta tura kusan yara 20,000 yan Ukraine zuwa yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ikonta, ta ba su katin zama 'yan ƙasar Rasha, ta canza tare da  tilasta musu karɓar sabbin iyalai wadanda yan Rasha ne, kuma ta haifar da cikas na ganin sun sake komawa cikin mahaifan su da ma ƙasarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title="Они могут начать противодействовать» Российские власти боятся детей, насильно вывезенных из Украины. Их пытаются "перевоспитать" и поставить под жесткий цифровой контроль. Расследование «Медузы" |url=https://meduza.io/feature/2024/03/11/oni-mogut-nachat-protivodeystvovat |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Meduza |language=ru |quote=Точное число украинских детей, насильно вывезенных за время войны в Россию, неизвестно — по данным Киева, речь идет почти о 20 тысячах.}}</ref> Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya (ICC) ta ba da takardar shaidar kama shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] (wanda ya goyi bayan garkuwa tare da tilasta, gami da kafa doka don sauƙaƙe hakan)<ref name="2022-10-13 AP2">{{cite news |last1=El Deeb |first1=Sarah |last2=Shvets |first2=Anastasiia |last3=Tilna |first3=Elizaveta |date=2022-10-13 |title=How Moscow grabs Ukrainian kids and makes them Russians |url=https://apnews.com/article/ukrainian-children-russia-7493cb22c9086c6293c1ac7986d85ef6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320055118/https://apnews.com/article/ukrainian-children-russia-7493cb22c9086c6293c1ac7986d85ef6 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |access-date=2023-03-20 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref> da Kwamishiniyar 'Yancin Yara [[:en:Maria_Lvova-Belova|Maria Lvova-Belova]] saboda zargin su da hannu.<ref name="2022-10-13 AP">{{cite news |last1=El Deeb |first1=Sarah |last2=Shvets |first2=Anastasiia |last3=Tilna |first3=Elizaveta |date=2022-10-13 |title=How Moscow grabs Ukrainian kids and makes them Russians |url=https://apnews.com/article/ukrainian-children-russia-7493cb22c9086c6293c1ac7986d85ef6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320055118/https://apnews.com/article/ukrainian-children-russia-7493cb22c9086c6293c1ac7986d85ef6 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |access-date=2023-03-20 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |author-link1=Julian Borger |last2=Sauer |first2=Pjotr |date=2023-03-17 |title=ICC judges issue arrest warrant for Vladimir Putin over alleged war crimes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-arrest-warrant-ukraine-war-crimes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320193804/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-arrest-warrant-ukraine-war-crimes |archive-date=2023-03-20 |access-date=2023-03-21 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |quote=Arrest warrants issued for Russian leader and his children's rights commissioner for 'unlawful deportation' of Ukrainian children |location=[[Washington, D.C.]]}}</ref> Da [[:en:International_law|Dokar ƙasa da ƙasa]], gami da [[Yarjejeniyar Kisan kiyashi|Yarjejeniyar]] [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan ƙare dangi]] ta 1948, irin waɗannan ayyukan suna iya zama kisan kare dangi idan an yi su da niyyar hallaka, gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangare na al'umma ko ƙabila.<ref name="2022-05-27 Guardian">{{cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |author-link1=Julian Borger |date=2022-05-27 |title=Russia is guilty of inciting genocide in Ukraine, expert report concludes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/27/russia-guilty-inciting-genocide-ukraine-expert-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601005202/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/27/russia-guilty-inciting-genocide-ukraine-expert-report |archive-date=2022-06-01 |access-date=2023-03-21 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |quote=Report by 30 internationally recognised scholars finds 'reasonable grounds to conclude' Moscow in breach of Geneva Convention |location=[[Washington, D.C.]]}}{{cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |author-link1=Julian Borger |date=2022-05-27 |title=Russia is guilty of inciting genocide in Ukraine, expert report concludes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/27/russia-guilty-inciting-genocide-ukraine-expert-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601005202/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/27/russia-guilty-inciting-genocide-ukraine-expert-report |archive-date=2022-06-01 |access-date=2023-03-21 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |quote=Report by 30 internationally recognised scholars finds 'reasonable grounds to conclude' Moscow in breach of Geneva Convention |location=[[Washington, D.C.]]}}</ref> Gwamnatin Rasha ta sace yaran Ukraine bayan da hukumomin Rasha suka kama iyayensu ko kuma sun kashe su a lokacin mamayar, <ref name="2023-03-17 Guardian: Koshiw">{{cite news |last1=Koshiw |first1=Isobel |date=2023-03-17 |title=Putin's alleged war crimes: who are the Ukrainian children being taken by Russia? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-war-crimes-icc-arrest-warrant-ukraine-children |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319070632/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-war-crimes-icc-arrest-warrant-ukraine-children |archive-date=2023-03-19 |access-date=2023-03-20 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |quote=What we know about the children behind the indictment of Vladimir Putin and his children’s commissioner for abduction |location=[[Kyiv]]}}{{cite news |last1=Koshiw |first1=Isobel |date=2023-03-17 |title=Putin's alleged war crimes: who are the Ukrainian children being taken by Russia? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-war-crimes-icc-arrest-warrant-ukraine-children |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319070632/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-war-crimes-icc-arrest-warrant-ukraine-children |archive-date=2023-03-19 |access-date=2023-03-20 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |quote=What we know about the children behind the indictment of Vladimir Putin and his children’s commissioner for abduction |location=[[Kyiv]]}}</ref> <ref name="foreignpolicy20230417">{{Cite web |last=Cookman |first=Liz |date=17 April 2023 |title=The Kids Aren't Alright |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/04/17/russia-ukraine-children-kidnapping-war-crimes-icc/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref>ko kuma bayan sun rabu da iyayensu a wuraren da ake gwabza yaƙi.<ref name="2022-10-22 NYT">{{cite news |last1=Bubola |first1=Emma |date=2022-10-22 |title=Using Adoptions, Russia Turns Ukrainian Children Into Spoils of War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/22/world/europe/ukraine-children-russia-adoptions.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318140623/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/22/world/europe/ukraine-children-russia-adoptions.html |archive-date=2023-03-18 |access-date=2023-03-20 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en |issn=1553-8095 |oclc=1645522 |quote=Thousands of Ukrainian children have been transferred to Russia. 'I didn't want to go,' one girl told The New York Times from a foster home near Moscow.}}{{cite news |last1=Bubola |first1=Emma |date=2022-10-22 |title=Using Adoptions, Russia Turns Ukrainian Children Into Spoils of War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/22/world/europe/ukraine-children-russia-adoptions.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318140623/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/22/world/europe/ukraine-children-russia-adoptions.html |archive-date=2023-03-18 |access-date=2023-03-20 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en |issn=1553-8095 |oclc=1645522 |quote=Thousands of Ukrainian children have been transferred to Russia. 'I didn't want to go,' one girl told The New York Times from a foster home near Moscow.}}</ref> An kuma sace yara daga cibiyoyin gwamnatin Ukraine a yankunan da aka mamaye, ta hanyar "sansanonin hutun bazara" na yara a yankin da  Rasha ta mamaye.<ref name="2023-03-17 Guardian: Koshiw" /> Yaran da aka sace sun kasance [[:en:Russification|ƙarƙashin Rusha]]; yaran da aka kama lokacin yaƙi a wata ƙasa daban domin canza musu al’ada da yare na iya zama aikin kisan ƙare dangi idan an yi niyyar share asalin su.<ref name="2022-10-22 NYT" /><ref name="2022-10-13 AP" /> Hukumomin Ukraine sun tabbatar da tantance asalin<ref name="dw202303252">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Ukraine's abducted children: 'List of suspects will grow' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraines-abducted-children-the-list-of-suspects-will-grow-longer/a-65117416 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref> yara sama da 19,000 da aka sace,<ref name="dw20230325">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Ukraine's abducted children: 'List of suspects will grow' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraines-abducted-children-the-list-of-suspects-will-grow-longer/a-65117416 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref> suna cigaba da tattara da kuma sabunta bayanai a matsayin wani ɓangare na dandalin yanar gizo dake ɗauke da bayanan: "Yara a Yaƙi". Hukumomin Rasha sun yi iƙirarin cewa an dawo da yara sama da 700,000 na Ukraine a tsakiyar 2023, <ref name="dw20230325" /> kuma mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin yara na Ukraine ya yi imanin cewa ainihin adadin yaran da aka sace na iya kaiwa ɗaruruwan dubbai.<ref name="dw202303253">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Ukraine's abducted children: 'List of suspects will grow' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraines-abducted-children-the-list-of-suspects-will-grow-longer/a-65117416 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar agaji, [[:en:Save_Ukraine|Save Ukraine]], tana ƙoƙarin  dawo tare da sake haɗa yaran  da aka akai garkuwa da su da iyalin su. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Julian E. |date=2023-04-25 |title=The Group That Searches for Missing Ukrainian Children |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/25/us/politics/ukraine-missing-children.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Julian E. |date=2023-04-25 |title=The Group That Searches for Missing Ukrainian Children |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/25/us/politics/ukraine-missing-children.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="foreignpolicy20230417">{{Cite web |last=Cookman |first=Liz |date=17 April 2023 |title=The Kids Aren't Alright |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/04/17/russia-ukraine-children-kidnapping-war-crimes-icc/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2025, hukumomin Rasha a Ukraine sun ƙirƙiro kundin yanar gizo inda 'yan Rasha za su iya zaɓar yara na Ukraine bisa ga hotuna da kwatanci kamar "mai biyayya" ko "kwanciyar hankali", da kuma tacewa ta hanyar shekaru, launi na ido da launin gashi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulakova |first=Maryna |date=2025-08-07 |title=Russia Launches Online Catalog Listing Ukrainian Children for Adoption, Featuring Traits Like 'Obedient' |url=https://united24media.com/latest-news/russia-launches-online-catalog-listing-ukrainian-children-for-adoption-featuring-traits-like-obedient-10547 |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=United 24 Media}}</ref> Binciken [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya gano sojojin Rasha da laifin [[:en:War_crimes_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022–present)|Laifukan yaki]] da [[:en:Crimes_against_humanity|Laifukan da aka yi wa bil'adama]], wanda ya kunshi c[[:en:Deportation|anja wurin tilas]], korar da kuma [[:en:Enforced_disappearance|tilasta bacewar]].<ref name="bbc10032026">{{cite news |author=Laura Gozzi |date=10 March 2026 |title=Russia's deportation of Ukrainian children amounts to crime against humanity, UN says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz7g5xnvl2eo |work=BBC News}}{{cite news |author=Laura Gozzi |date=10 March 2026 |title=Russia's deportation of Ukrainian children amounts to crime against humanity, UN says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz7g5xnvl2eo |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="france2410032026">{{cite news |date=10 March 2026 |title=Russia's deportation of Ukrainian children a 'crime against humanity', says UN inquiry |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20260310-russia-deportation-ukrainian-children-a-crime-against-humanity-says-un-inquiry |work=[[France 24|France24]]}}{{cite news |date=10 March 2026 |title=Russia's deportation of Ukrainian children a 'crime against humanity', says UN inquiry |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20260310-russia-deportation-ukrainian-children-a-crime-against-humanity-says-un-inquiry |work=[[France 24|France24]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Shekaru 2010 === Rasha ta fara canja wurin yara daga yankunan Ukraine a cikin 2014, shekarar farko ta [[:en:Russo-Ukrainian_war|Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]]. SShirin farko na irin wannan babban tsari ya fara ne daga shahararriyar mai bada jinƙai ta Rasha [[:en:Elizaveta_Glinka|Elizaveta Glinka]] . <ref name="Glinka">{{Cite web |last=Sumlenny |first=Sergej |date=27 March 2023 |title=How the West Tolerated Russia's Kidnapping of Ukrainian Children |url=https://european-resilience.org/analytics/how-west-tolerated-russias-kidnapping-ukrainian-children |access-date=2 August 2023 |publisher=[[European Resilience Initiative Center]]}}</ref> A farkon watan Fabrairun 2022, Rasha ta "kashe" marayu 500 daga yankin Donetsk zuwa yankin Rasha.<ref name="2023-02-14 Conflict Observatory">{{Citation|ref=etal}}</ref> === 2022 === Rahotanni na farko na tilasta kwashe yara zuwa Rasha a matsayin wani ɓangare na mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine ya zo a tsakiyar watan Maris na shekarar 2022, yayin fadan Mariupol. A wannan watan, kwamishiniyar kare haƙƙin yara ta Rasha [[:en:Maria_Lvova-Belova|Maria Lvova-Belova]] ta bayyana cewa wani rukuni na yaran Ukraine da aka maida zuwa Rasha daga Mariupol da farko sun tabbatar da asalin su na Ukraine, amma tun daga lokacin ya canza zuwa ƙauna ga Rasha, tana mai cewa ta karɓi ɗaya daga cikin yaran da kanta. [[Fayil:2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_27-03-2022.svg|thumb|Taswirar mamayar Rasha ta Fabrairu 2022 a Ukraine]] === 2023 === Tun daga farkon 28 ga Afrilun shekarar 2023 satar yaran Ukraine da Rasha keyi ya kasance batun da ya ja hankali  a kwamitin tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wato [[:en:UNSC|UNSC]]. A cewar wani rahoto na Reuters na watan Agusta, Alexei Petrov, mataimaki a ofishin kwamishinan kare haƙƙin yara na ofishin shugaban ƙasar Rasha, ya yi amfani da maganganun [[:en:Neo-Nazi|Neo-Nazi]] dda alamomi a cikin ayyukansa a yanar gizo, kuma ya haɗa kansa da neo-Nazi, tare da masu tsattsauran ra’ayi kan nuna fifikon fararen fata, da ƙungiyoyin masu tsattsuaran ra’ayi a Rasha. === 2024 === A ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2024 kungiyar haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa don dawo da yaran Ukraine ta ƙaddamar da kanta tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙasashe 37. Ukraine da Kanada ne suka jagoranci ƙaddamarwar. === 2025 === A watan Oktoban shekarar 2025 Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka [[Melania Trump]] ta sanar da cewa saboda tattaunawar da ke gudana da Putin ta taimaka wajen dawo da yara takwas da aka "ɗaiɗaita". A cewar Trump, uku daga cikin yara takwas an raba su da iyalansu kuma "an kuma maida su" zuwa Rasha saboda yaƙi a wasu wurare, yayin da sauran suka rabu da dangin su musamman a iyakokin da suka zama fagen fama. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Superville |first=Darlene |date=2025-10-10 |title=Melania Trump says 8 kids displaced by Russia-Ukraine war reunite with families after Putin talks |url=https://apnews.com/article/melania-trump-russia-ukraine-children-fe324a08a9a957f05995dac0d95a66c3 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Garkuwa da yara == Yawancin yaran da aka sace an sace su daga [[:en:Southern_Ukraine|kudani]] da [[:en:Eastern_Ukraine|gaabashin Ukraine]] ([[:en:Kherson_Oblast|Kherson]], [[:en:Kharkiv_Oblast|Kharkiv]], [[:en:Zaporizhzhia_Oblast|Zaporizhzhia]], [[:en:Donetsk_Oblast|Donetsk]], [[:en:Luhansk_Oblast|Luhansk]] ds [[:en:Mykolaiv_Oblast|Mykolaiv).]] A cewar mai ba da shawara kan 'yancin yara na Ukraine, Rasha tana gudanar da sace-sacen tare da burin kara yawan jama'arta, kuma Rasha tana gudanar da gwaje-gwajen kiwon lafiya a kan yara don haɗa yara masu lafiya na Ukraine kawai cikin al'ummar Rasha.<ref name="dw20230325">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Ukraine's abducted children: 'List of suspects will grow' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraines-abducted-children-the-list-of-suspects-will-grow-longer/a-65117416 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref> == Hukunce-hukunce == [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Tarayyar Turai]], Burtaniya, [[Kanada]] da [[Asturaliya]], sun sanya wa kwamishiniyar kula da haƙƙin yara ta Rasha [[:en:Maria_Lvova-Belova|Maria Lvova-Belova]] takunkumi. == Takaddun shaida na kamawa == [[Fayil:International_Criminal_Court_building_(2016)_in_The_Hague.png|thumb|Ginin Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka na kasa da kasa a Hague]] A ranar 17 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta ba da takardar shaidar kama Putin da Lvova-Belova, bisa zargin aikata laifukan korar jama'a ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da kuma canja yawan jama'a (yara) daga yankunan da aka mamaye na Ukraine zuwa Rasha.<ref name="Khan_statement_Putin_LvovaBelova_17March2023" /> Wannan na ƙunshe a sashi na [[wikisource:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court#Article_8:_War_crimes|articles 8(2)(a)(vii) and article 8(2)(b)(viii) na kudin Roma Statute]],kuma Rasha ta yi niyyar hakan a matsayin na din-din-din. Tuhumar na iya ɗaukar hukuncin rai da rai.<ref name="03-17-2023 WSJ" /> Wannan shi ne karo na farko da kotun ta ba da izinin kama shugaban [[:en:Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council|memba na din-din-din]] na Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref name="17-03-2023 AP" /> ai gabatar da ƙara na ICC [[:en:Karim_Ahmad_Khan|Karim Khan]] ya ce, "Dole ne mu tabbatar da cewa waɗanda ke da alhakin laifuka da ake zargi amsa tuhuma, kuma an mayar da yara ga iyalansu da al'ummominsu. Ba za mu bari ko sanya ido a maida yara kamar ganimar yaƙi ba".<ref name="03-17-2023 WSJ" /> c0fzjhtaht2kgmicmkmf9roahgaeqad 882931 882929 2026-07-14T15:06:22Z Featherdiamond 46529 882931 wikitext text/x-wiki    A yayin [[Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]], <ref name="Glinka">{{Cite web |last=Sumlenny |first=Sergej |date=27 March 2023 |title=How the West Tolerated Russia's Kidnapping of Ukrainian Children |url=https://european-resilience.org/analytics/how-west-tolerated-russias-kidnapping-ukrainian-children |access-date=2 August 2023 |publisher=[[European Resilience Initiative Center]]}}</ref> Rasha ta ƙwace tare da tilasta tura kusan yara 20,000 yan Ukraine zuwa yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ikonta, ta ba su katin zama 'yan ƙasar Rasha, ta canza tare da  tilasta musu karɓar sabbin iyalai wadanda yan Rasha ne, kuma ta haifar da cikas na ganin sun sake komawa cikin mahaifan su da ma ƙasarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title="Они могут начать противодействовать» Российские власти боятся детей, насильно вывезенных из Украины. Их пытаются "перевоспитать" и поставить под жесткий цифровой контроль. Расследование «Медузы" |url=https://meduza.io/feature/2024/03/11/oni-mogut-nachat-protivodeystvovat |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Meduza |language=ru |quote=Точное число украинских детей, насильно вывезенных за время войны в Россию, неизвестно — по данным Киева, речь идет почти о 20 тысячах.}}</ref> Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya (ICC) ta ba da takardar shaidar kama shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] (wanda ya goyi bayan garkuwa tare da tilasta, gami da kafa doka don sauƙaƙe hakan)<ref name="2022-10-13 AP2">{{cite news |last1=El Deeb |first1=Sarah |last2=Shvets |first2=Anastasiia |last3=Tilna |first3=Elizaveta |date=2022-10-13 |title=How Moscow grabs Ukrainian kids and makes them Russians |url=https://apnews.com/article/ukrainian-children-russia-7493cb22c9086c6293c1ac7986d85ef6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320055118/https://apnews.com/article/ukrainian-children-russia-7493cb22c9086c6293c1ac7986d85ef6 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |access-date=2023-03-20 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref> da Kwamishiniyar 'Yancin Yara [[:en:Maria_Lvova-Belova|Maria Lvova-Belova]] saboda zargin su da hannu.<ref name="2022-10-13 AP">{{cite news |last1=El Deeb |first1=Sarah |last2=Shvets |first2=Anastasiia |last3=Tilna |first3=Elizaveta |date=2022-10-13 |title=How Moscow grabs Ukrainian kids and makes them Russians |url=https://apnews.com/article/ukrainian-children-russia-7493cb22c9086c6293c1ac7986d85ef6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320055118/https://apnews.com/article/ukrainian-children-russia-7493cb22c9086c6293c1ac7986d85ef6 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |access-date=2023-03-20 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |author-link1=Julian Borger |last2=Sauer |first2=Pjotr |date=2023-03-17 |title=ICC judges issue arrest warrant for Vladimir Putin over alleged war crimes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-arrest-warrant-ukraine-war-crimes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320193804/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-arrest-warrant-ukraine-war-crimes |archive-date=2023-03-20 |access-date=2023-03-21 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |quote=Arrest warrants issued for Russian leader and his children's rights commissioner for 'unlawful deportation' of Ukrainian children |location=[[Washington, D.C.]]}}</ref> Da [[:en:International_law|Dokar ƙasa da ƙasa]], gami da [[Yarjejeniyar Kisan kiyashi|Yarjejeniyar]] [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan ƙare dangi]] ta 1948, irin waɗannan ayyukan suna iya zama kisan kare dangi idan an yi su da niyyar hallaka, gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangare na al'umma ko ƙabila.<ref name="2022-05-27 Guardian">{{cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |author-link1=Julian Borger |date=2022-05-27 |title=Russia is guilty of inciting genocide in Ukraine, expert report concludes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/27/russia-guilty-inciting-genocide-ukraine-expert-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601005202/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/27/russia-guilty-inciting-genocide-ukraine-expert-report |archive-date=2022-06-01 |access-date=2023-03-21 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |quote=Report by 30 internationally recognised scholars finds 'reasonable grounds to conclude' Moscow in breach of Geneva Convention |location=[[Washington, D.C.]]}}{{cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |author-link1=Julian Borger |date=2022-05-27 |title=Russia is guilty of inciting genocide in Ukraine, expert report concludes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/27/russia-guilty-inciting-genocide-ukraine-expert-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601005202/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/27/russia-guilty-inciting-genocide-ukraine-expert-report |archive-date=2022-06-01 |access-date=2023-03-21 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |quote=Report by 30 internationally recognised scholars finds 'reasonable grounds to conclude' Moscow in breach of Geneva Convention |location=[[Washington, D.C.]]}}</ref> Gwamnatin Rasha ta sace yaran Ukraine bayan da hukumomin Rasha suka kama iyayensu ko kuma sun kashe su a lokacin mamayar, <ref name="2023-03-17 Guardian: Koshiw">{{cite news |last1=Koshiw |first1=Isobel |date=2023-03-17 |title=Putin's alleged war crimes: who are the Ukrainian children being taken by Russia? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-war-crimes-icc-arrest-warrant-ukraine-children |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319070632/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-war-crimes-icc-arrest-warrant-ukraine-children |archive-date=2023-03-19 |access-date=2023-03-20 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |quote=What we know about the children behind the indictment of Vladimir Putin and his children’s commissioner for abduction |location=[[Kyiv]]}}{{cite news |last1=Koshiw |first1=Isobel |date=2023-03-17 |title=Putin's alleged war crimes: who are the Ukrainian children being taken by Russia? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-war-crimes-icc-arrest-warrant-ukraine-children |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319070632/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-war-crimes-icc-arrest-warrant-ukraine-children |archive-date=2023-03-19 |access-date=2023-03-20 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |quote=What we know about the children behind the indictment of Vladimir Putin and his children’s commissioner for abduction |location=[[Kyiv]]}}</ref> <ref name="foreignpolicy20230417">{{Cite web |last=Cookman |first=Liz |date=17 April 2023 |title=The Kids Aren't Alright |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/04/17/russia-ukraine-children-kidnapping-war-crimes-icc/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref>ko kuma bayan sun rabu da iyayensu a wuraren da ake gwabza yaƙi.<ref name="2022-10-22 NYT">{{cite news |last1=Bubola |first1=Emma |date=2022-10-22 |title=Using Adoptions, Russia Turns Ukrainian Children Into Spoils of War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/22/world/europe/ukraine-children-russia-adoptions.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318140623/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/22/world/europe/ukraine-children-russia-adoptions.html |archive-date=2023-03-18 |access-date=2023-03-20 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en |issn=1553-8095 |oclc=1645522 |quote=Thousands of Ukrainian children have been transferred to Russia. 'I didn't want to go,' one girl told The New York Times from a foster home near Moscow.}}{{cite news |last1=Bubola |first1=Emma |date=2022-10-22 |title=Using Adoptions, Russia Turns Ukrainian Children Into Spoils of War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/22/world/europe/ukraine-children-russia-adoptions.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318140623/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/22/world/europe/ukraine-children-russia-adoptions.html |archive-date=2023-03-18 |access-date=2023-03-20 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en |issn=1553-8095 |oclc=1645522 |quote=Thousands of Ukrainian children have been transferred to Russia. 'I didn't want to go,' one girl told The New York Times from a foster home near Moscow.}}</ref> An kuma sace yara daga cibiyoyin gwamnatin Ukraine a yankunan da aka mamaye, ta hanyar "sansanonin hutun bazara" na yara a yankin da  Rasha ta mamaye.<ref name="2023-03-17 Guardian: Koshiw" /> Yaran da aka sace sun kasance [[:en:Russification|ƙarƙashin Rusha]]; yaran da aka kama lokacin yaƙi a wata ƙasa daban domin canza musu al’ada da yare na iya zama aikin kisan ƙare dangi idan an yi niyyar share asalin su.<ref name="2022-10-22 NYT" /><ref name="2022-10-13 AP" /> Hukumomin Ukraine sun tabbatar da tantance asalin<ref name="dw202303252">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Ukraine's abducted children: 'List of suspects will grow' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraines-abducted-children-the-list-of-suspects-will-grow-longer/a-65117416 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref> yara sama da 19,000 da aka sace,<ref name="dw20230325">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Ukraine's abducted children: 'List of suspects will grow' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraines-abducted-children-the-list-of-suspects-will-grow-longer/a-65117416 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref> suna cigaba da tattara da kuma sabunta bayanai a matsayin wani ɓangare na dandalin yanar gizo dake ɗauke da bayanan: "Yara a Yaƙi". Hukumomin Rasha sun yi iƙirarin cewa an dawo da yara sama da 700,000 na Ukraine a tsakiyar 2023, <ref name="dw20230325" /> kuma mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin yara na Ukraine ya yi imanin cewa ainihin adadin yaran da aka sace na iya kaiwa ɗaruruwan dubbai.<ref name="dw202303253">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Ukraine's abducted children: 'List of suspects will grow' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraines-abducted-children-the-list-of-suspects-will-grow-longer/a-65117416 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar agaji, [[:en:Save_Ukraine|Save Ukraine]], tana ƙoƙarin  dawo tare da sake haɗa yaran  da aka akai garkuwa da su da iyalin su. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Julian E. |date=2023-04-25 |title=The Group That Searches for Missing Ukrainian Children |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/25/us/politics/ukraine-missing-children.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Julian E. |date=2023-04-25 |title=The Group That Searches for Missing Ukrainian Children |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/25/us/politics/ukraine-missing-children.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="foreignpolicy20230417">{{Cite web |last=Cookman |first=Liz |date=17 April 2023 |title=The Kids Aren't Alright |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/04/17/russia-ukraine-children-kidnapping-war-crimes-icc/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2025, hukumomin Rasha a Ukraine sun ƙirƙiro kundin yanar gizo inda 'yan Rasha za su iya zaɓar yara na Ukraine bisa ga hotuna da kwatanci kamar "mai biyayya" ko "kwanciyar hankali", da kuma tacewa ta hanyar shekaru, launi na ido da launin gashi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulakova |first=Maryna |date=2025-08-07 |title=Russia Launches Online Catalog Listing Ukrainian Children for Adoption, Featuring Traits Like 'Obedient' |url=https://united24media.com/latest-news/russia-launches-online-catalog-listing-ukrainian-children-for-adoption-featuring-traits-like-obedient-10547 |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=United 24 Media}}</ref> Binciken [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya gano sojojin Rasha da laifin [[:en:War_crimes_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022–present)|Laifukan yaki]] da [[:en:Crimes_against_humanity|Laifukan da aka yi wa bil'adama]], wanda ya kunshi c[[:en:Deportation|anja wurin tilas]], korar da kuma [[:en:Enforced_disappearance|tilasta bacewar]].<ref name="bbc10032026">{{cite news |author=Laura Gozzi |date=10 March 2026 |title=Russia's deportation of Ukrainian children amounts to crime against humanity, UN says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz7g5xnvl2eo |work=BBC News}}{{cite news |author=Laura Gozzi |date=10 March 2026 |title=Russia's deportation of Ukrainian children amounts to crime against humanity, UN says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz7g5xnvl2eo |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="france2410032026">{{cite news |date=10 March 2026 |title=Russia's deportation of Ukrainian children a 'crime against humanity', says UN inquiry |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20260310-russia-deportation-ukrainian-children-a-crime-against-humanity-says-un-inquiry |work=[[France 24|France24]]}}{{cite news |date=10 March 2026 |title=Russia's deportation of Ukrainian children a 'crime against humanity', says UN inquiry |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20260310-russia-deportation-ukrainian-children-a-crime-against-humanity-says-un-inquiry |work=[[France 24|France24]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Shekaru 2010 === Rasha ta fara canja wurin yara daga yankunan Ukraine a cikin 2014, shekarar farko ta [[:en:Russo-Ukrainian_war|Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]]. SShirin farko na irin wannan babban tsari ya fara ne daga shahararriyar mai bada jinƙai ta Rasha [[:en:Elizaveta_Glinka|Elizaveta Glinka]] . <ref name="Glinka">{{Cite web |last=Sumlenny |first=Sergej |date=27 March 2023 |title=How the West Tolerated Russia's Kidnapping of Ukrainian Children |url=https://european-resilience.org/analytics/how-west-tolerated-russias-kidnapping-ukrainian-children |access-date=2 August 2023 |publisher=[[European Resilience Initiative Center]]}}</ref> A farkon watan Fabrairun 2022, Rasha ta "kashe" marayu 500 daga yankin Donetsk zuwa yankin Rasha.<ref name="2023-02-14 Conflict Observatory">{{citation|last1=Khoshnood|first1=Kaveh|title=Russia's Systematic Program for the Re-education & Adoption of Ukraine's Children|date=2023-02-14|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ukraine/humanitarian-research-lab-yale-school-public-health-russias-systematic-program-re-education-adoption-ukraines-children-enruuk|access-date=2026-06-18|location=[[New Haven, Connecticut]]|publisher=[[Yale School of Public Health]]|language=en|via=ReliefWeb|last2=Raymond|first2=Nathaniel A.|last3=Howarth|first3=Caitlin N.|author2-link=Nathaniel Raymond|display-authors=etal|department=[[Conflict Observatory]]}}</ref> === 2022 === Rahotanni na farko na tilasta kwashe yara zuwa Rasha a matsayin wani ɓangare na mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine ya zo a tsakiyar watan Maris na shekarar 2022, yayin fadan Mariupol. A wannan watan, kwamishiniyar kare haƙƙin yara ta Rasha [[:en:Maria_Lvova-Belova|Maria Lvova-Belova]] ta bayyana cewa wani rukuni na yaran Ukraine da aka maida zuwa Rasha daga Mariupol da farko sun tabbatar da asalin su na Ukraine, amma tun daga lokacin ya canza zuwa ƙauna ga Rasha, tana mai cewa ta karɓi ɗaya daga cikin yaran da kanta. [[Fayil:2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_27-03-2022.svg|thumb|Taswirar mamayar Rasha ta Fabrairu 2022 a Ukraine]] === 2023 === Tun daga farkon 28 ga Afrilun shekarar 2023 satar yaran Ukraine da Rasha keyi ya kasance batun da ya ja hankali  a kwamitin tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wato [[:en:UNSC|UNSC]]. A cewar wani rahoto na Reuters na watan Agusta, Alexei Petrov, mataimaki a ofishin kwamishinan kare haƙƙin yara na ofishin shugaban ƙasar Rasha, ya yi amfani da maganganun [[:en:Neo-Nazi|Neo-Nazi]] dda alamomi a cikin ayyukansa a yanar gizo, kuma ya haɗa kansa da neo-Nazi, tare da masu tsattsauran ra’ayi kan nuna fifikon fararen fata, da ƙungiyoyin masu tsattsuaran ra’ayi a Rasha. === 2024 === A ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2024 kungiyar haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa don dawo da yaran Ukraine ta ƙaddamar da kanta tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙasashe 37. Ukraine da Kanada ne suka jagoranci ƙaddamarwar. === 2025 === A watan Oktoban shekarar 2025 Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka [[Melania Trump]] ta sanar da cewa saboda tattaunawar da ke gudana da Putin ta taimaka wajen dawo da yara takwas da aka "ɗaiɗaita". A cewar Trump, uku daga cikin yara takwas an raba su da iyalansu kuma "an kuma maida su" zuwa Rasha saboda yaƙi a wasu wurare, yayin da sauran suka rabu da dangin su musamman a iyakokin da suka zama fagen fama. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Superville |first=Darlene |date=2025-10-10 |title=Melania Trump says 8 kids displaced by Russia-Ukraine war reunite with families after Putin talks |url=https://apnews.com/article/melania-trump-russia-ukraine-children-fe324a08a9a957f05995dac0d95a66c3 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Garkuwa da yara == Yawancin yaran da aka sace an sace su daga [[:en:Southern_Ukraine|kudani]] da [[:en:Eastern_Ukraine|gaabashin Ukraine]] ([[:en:Kherson_Oblast|Kherson]], [[:en:Kharkiv_Oblast|Kharkiv]], [[:en:Zaporizhzhia_Oblast|Zaporizhzhia]], [[:en:Donetsk_Oblast|Donetsk]], [[:en:Luhansk_Oblast|Luhansk]] ds [[:en:Mykolaiv_Oblast|Mykolaiv).]] A cewar mai ba da shawara kan 'yancin yara na Ukraine, Rasha tana gudanar da sace-sacen tare da burin kara yawan jama'arta, kuma Rasha tana gudanar da gwaje-gwajen kiwon lafiya a kan yara don haɗa yara masu lafiya na Ukraine kawai cikin al'ummar Rasha.<ref name="dw20230325">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Ukraine's abducted children: 'List of suspects will grow' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraines-abducted-children-the-list-of-suspects-will-grow-longer/a-65117416 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref> == Hukunce-hukunce == [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Tarayyar Turai]], Burtaniya, [[Kanada]] da [[Asturaliya]], sun sanya wa kwamishiniyar kula da haƙƙin yara ta Rasha [[:en:Maria_Lvova-Belova|Maria Lvova-Belova]] takunkumi. == Takaddun shaida na kamawa == [[Fayil:International_Criminal_Court_building_(2016)_in_The_Hague.png|thumb|Ginin Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka na kasa da kasa a Hague]] A ranar 17 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta ba da takardar shaidar kama Putin da Lvova-Belova, bisa zargin aikata laifukan korar jama'a ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da kuma canja yawan jama'a (yara) daga yankunan da aka mamaye na Ukraine zuwa Rasha.<ref name="Khan_statement_Putin_LvovaBelova_17March2023" /> Wannan na ƙunshe a sashi na [[wikisource:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court#Article_8:_War_crimes|articles 8(2)(a)(vii) and article 8(2)(b)(viii) na kudin Roma Statute]],kuma Rasha ta yi niyyar hakan a matsayin na din-din-din. Tuhumar na iya ɗaukar hukuncin rai da rai.<ref name="03-17-2023 WSJ" /> Wannan shi ne karo na farko da kotun ta ba da izinin kama shugaban [[:en:Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council|memba na din-din-din]] na Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref name="17-03-2023 AP" /> ai gabatar da ƙara na ICC [[:en:Karim_Ahmad_Khan|Karim Khan]] ya ce, "Dole ne mu tabbatar da cewa waɗanda ke da alhakin laifuka da ake zargi amsa tuhuma, kuma an mayar da yara ga iyalansu da al'ummominsu. Ba za mu bari ko sanya ido a maida yara kamar ganimar yaƙi ba".<ref name="03-17-2023 WSJ" /> 058jm38r560xymtig16ig893epv4dmw 882932 882931 2026-07-14T15:10:47Z Featherdiamond 46529 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360086708|Child abductions in the Russo-Ukrainian war]]" 882932 wikitext text/x-wiki    A yayin [[Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]], <ref name="Glinka">{{Cite web |last=Sumlenny |first=Sergej |date=27 March 2023 |title=How the West Tolerated Russia's Kidnapping of Ukrainian Children |url=https://european-resilience.org/analytics/how-west-tolerated-russias-kidnapping-ukrainian-children |access-date=2 August 2023 |publisher=[[European Resilience Initiative Center]]}}</ref> Rasha ta ƙwace tare da tilasta tura kusan yara 20,000 yan Ukraine zuwa yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ikonta, ta ba su katin zama 'yan ƙasar Rasha, ta canza tare da  tilasta musu karɓar sabbin iyalai wadanda yan Rasha ne, kuma ta haifar da cikas na ganin sun sake komawa cikin mahaifan su da ma ƙasarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title="Они могут начать противодействовать» Российские власти боятся детей, насильно вывезенных из Украины. Их пытаются "перевоспитать" и поставить под жесткий цифровой контроль. Расследование «Медузы" |url=https://meduza.io/feature/2024/03/11/oni-mogut-nachat-protivodeystvovat |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Meduza |language=ru |quote=Точное число украинских детей, насильно вывезенных за время войны в Россию, неизвестно — по данным Киева, речь идет почти о 20 тысячах.}}</ref> Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya (ICC) ta ba da takardar shaidar kama shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] (wanda ya goyi bayan garkuwa tare da tilasta, gami da kafa doka don sauƙaƙe hakan)<ref name="2022-10-13 AP2">{{cite news |last1=El Deeb |first1=Sarah |last2=Shvets |first2=Anastasiia |last3=Tilna |first3=Elizaveta |date=2022-10-13 |title=How Moscow grabs Ukrainian kids and makes them Russians |url=https://apnews.com/article/ukrainian-children-russia-7493cb22c9086c6293c1ac7986d85ef6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320055118/https://apnews.com/article/ukrainian-children-russia-7493cb22c9086c6293c1ac7986d85ef6 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |access-date=2023-03-20 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref> da Kwamishiniyar 'Yancin Yara [[:en:Maria_Lvova-Belova|Maria Lvova-Belova]] saboda zargin su da hannu.<ref name="2022-10-13 AP">{{cite news |last1=El Deeb |first1=Sarah |last2=Shvets |first2=Anastasiia |last3=Tilna |first3=Elizaveta |date=2022-10-13 |title=How Moscow grabs Ukrainian kids and makes them Russians |url=https://apnews.com/article/ukrainian-children-russia-7493cb22c9086c6293c1ac7986d85ef6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320055118/https://apnews.com/article/ukrainian-children-russia-7493cb22c9086c6293c1ac7986d85ef6 |archive-date=2023-03-20 |access-date=2023-03-20 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |author-link1=Julian Borger |last2=Sauer |first2=Pjotr |date=2023-03-17 |title=ICC judges issue arrest warrant for Vladimir Putin over alleged war crimes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-arrest-warrant-ukraine-war-crimes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320193804/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-arrest-warrant-ukraine-war-crimes |archive-date=2023-03-20 |access-date=2023-03-21 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |quote=Arrest warrants issued for Russian leader and his children's rights commissioner for 'unlawful deportation' of Ukrainian children |location=[[Washington, D.C.]]}}</ref> Da [[:en:International_law|Dokar ƙasa da ƙasa]], gami da [[Yarjejeniyar Kisan kiyashi|Yarjejeniyar]] [[Kisan kiyashi|kisan ƙare dangi]] ta 1948, irin waɗannan ayyukan suna iya zama kisan kare dangi idan an yi su da niyyar hallaka, gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangare na al'umma ko ƙabila.<ref name="2022-05-27 Guardian">{{cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |author-link1=Julian Borger |date=2022-05-27 |title=Russia is guilty of inciting genocide in Ukraine, expert report concludes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/27/russia-guilty-inciting-genocide-ukraine-expert-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601005202/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/27/russia-guilty-inciting-genocide-ukraine-expert-report |archive-date=2022-06-01 |access-date=2023-03-21 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |quote=Report by 30 internationally recognised scholars finds 'reasonable grounds to conclude' Moscow in breach of Geneva Convention |location=[[Washington, D.C.]]}}{{cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |author-link1=Julian Borger |date=2022-05-27 |title=Russia is guilty of inciting genocide in Ukraine, expert report concludes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/27/russia-guilty-inciting-genocide-ukraine-expert-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601005202/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/27/russia-guilty-inciting-genocide-ukraine-expert-report |archive-date=2022-06-01 |access-date=2023-03-21 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |quote=Report by 30 internationally recognised scholars finds 'reasonable grounds to conclude' Moscow in breach of Geneva Convention |location=[[Washington, D.C.]]}}</ref> Gwamnatin Rasha ta sace yaran Ukraine bayan da hukumomin Rasha suka kama iyayensu ko kuma sun kashe su a lokacin mamayar, <ref name="2023-03-17 Guardian: Koshiw">{{cite news |last1=Koshiw |first1=Isobel |date=2023-03-17 |title=Putin's alleged war crimes: who are the Ukrainian children being taken by Russia? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-war-crimes-icc-arrest-warrant-ukraine-children |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319070632/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-war-crimes-icc-arrest-warrant-ukraine-children |archive-date=2023-03-19 |access-date=2023-03-20 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |quote=What we know about the children behind the indictment of Vladimir Putin and his children’s commissioner for abduction |location=[[Kyiv]]}}{{cite news |last1=Koshiw |first1=Isobel |date=2023-03-17 |title=Putin's alleged war crimes: who are the Ukrainian children being taken by Russia? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-war-crimes-icc-arrest-warrant-ukraine-children |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319070632/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/17/vladimir-putin-war-crimes-icc-arrest-warrant-ukraine-children |archive-date=2023-03-19 |access-date=2023-03-20 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |quote=What we know about the children behind the indictment of Vladimir Putin and his children’s commissioner for abduction |location=[[Kyiv]]}}</ref> <ref name="foreignpolicy20230417">{{Cite web |last=Cookman |first=Liz |date=17 April 2023 |title=The Kids Aren't Alright |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/04/17/russia-ukraine-children-kidnapping-war-crimes-icc/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref>ko kuma bayan sun rabu da iyayensu a wuraren da ake gwabza yaƙi.<ref name="2022-10-22 NYT">{{cite news |last1=Bubola |first1=Emma |date=2022-10-22 |title=Using Adoptions, Russia Turns Ukrainian Children Into Spoils of War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/22/world/europe/ukraine-children-russia-adoptions.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318140623/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/22/world/europe/ukraine-children-russia-adoptions.html |archive-date=2023-03-18 |access-date=2023-03-20 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en |issn=1553-8095 |oclc=1645522 |quote=Thousands of Ukrainian children have been transferred to Russia. 'I didn't want to go,' one girl told The New York Times from a foster home near Moscow.}}{{cite news |last1=Bubola |first1=Emma |date=2022-10-22 |title=Using Adoptions, Russia Turns Ukrainian Children Into Spoils of War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/22/world/europe/ukraine-children-russia-adoptions.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318140623/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/22/world/europe/ukraine-children-russia-adoptions.html |archive-date=2023-03-18 |access-date=2023-03-20 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en |issn=1553-8095 |oclc=1645522 |quote=Thousands of Ukrainian children have been transferred to Russia. 'I didn't want to go,' one girl told The New York Times from a foster home near Moscow.}}</ref> An kuma sace yara daga cibiyoyin gwamnatin Ukraine a yankunan da aka mamaye, ta hanyar "sansanonin hutun bazara" na yara a yankin da  Rasha ta mamaye.<ref name="2023-03-17 Guardian: Koshiw" /> Yaran da aka sace sun kasance [[:en:Russification|ƙarƙashin Rusha]]; yaran da aka kama lokacin yaƙi a wata ƙasa daban domin canza musu al’ada da yare na iya zama aikin kisan ƙare dangi idan an yi niyyar share asalin su.<ref name="2022-10-22 NYT" /><ref name="2022-10-13 AP" /> Hukumomin Ukraine sun tabbatar da tantance asalin<ref name="dw202303252">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Ukraine's abducted children: 'List of suspects will grow' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraines-abducted-children-the-list-of-suspects-will-grow-longer/a-65117416 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref> yara sama da 19,000 da aka sace,<ref name="dw20230325">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Ukraine's abducted children: 'List of suspects will grow' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraines-abducted-children-the-list-of-suspects-will-grow-longer/a-65117416 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref> suna cigaba da tattara da kuma sabunta bayanai a matsayin wani ɓangare na dandalin yanar gizo dake ɗauke da bayanan: "Yara a Yaƙi". Hukumomin Rasha sun yi iƙirarin cewa an dawo da yara sama da 700,000 na Ukraine a tsakiyar 2023, <ref name="dw20230325" /> kuma mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin yara na Ukraine ya yi imanin cewa ainihin adadin yaran da aka sace na iya kaiwa ɗaruruwan dubbai.<ref name="dw202303253">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Ukraine's abducted children: 'List of suspects will grow' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraines-abducted-children-the-list-of-suspects-will-grow-longer/a-65117416 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar agaji, [[:en:Save_Ukraine|Save Ukraine]], tana ƙoƙarin  dawo tare da sake haɗa yaran  da aka akai garkuwa da su da iyalin su. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Julian E. |date=2023-04-25 |title=The Group That Searches for Missing Ukrainian Children |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/25/us/politics/ukraine-missing-children.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Julian E. |date=2023-04-25 |title=The Group That Searches for Missing Ukrainian Children |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/25/us/politics/ukraine-missing-children.html |access-date=2023-05-02 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="foreignpolicy20230417">{{Cite web |last=Cookman |first=Liz |date=17 April 2023 |title=The Kids Aren't Alright |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/04/17/russia-ukraine-children-kidnapping-war-crimes-icc/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2025, hukumomin Rasha a Ukraine sun ƙirƙiro kundin yanar gizo inda 'yan Rasha za su iya zaɓar yara na Ukraine bisa ga hotuna da kwatanci kamar "mai biyayya" ko "kwanciyar hankali", da kuma tacewa ta hanyar shekaru, launi na ido da launin gashi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulakova |first=Maryna |date=2025-08-07 |title=Russia Launches Online Catalog Listing Ukrainian Children for Adoption, Featuring Traits Like 'Obedient' |url=https://united24media.com/latest-news/russia-launches-online-catalog-listing-ukrainian-children-for-adoption-featuring-traits-like-obedient-10547 |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=United 24 Media}}</ref> Binciken [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya gano sojojin Rasha da laifin [[:en:War_crimes_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022–present)|Laifukan yaki]] da [[:en:Crimes_against_humanity|Laifukan da aka yi wa bil'adama]], wanda ya kunshi c[[:en:Deportation|anja wurin tilas]], korar da kuma [[:en:Enforced_disappearance|tilasta bacewar]].<ref name="bbc10032026">{{cite news |author=Laura Gozzi |date=10 March 2026 |title=Russia's deportation of Ukrainian children amounts to crime against humanity, UN says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz7g5xnvl2eo |work=BBC News}}{{cite news |author=Laura Gozzi |date=10 March 2026 |title=Russia's deportation of Ukrainian children amounts to crime against humanity, UN says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz7g5xnvl2eo |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="france2410032026">{{cite news |date=10 March 2026 |title=Russia's deportation of Ukrainian children a 'crime against humanity', says UN inquiry |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20260310-russia-deportation-ukrainian-children-a-crime-against-humanity-says-un-inquiry |work=[[France 24|France24]]}}{{cite news |date=10 March 2026 |title=Russia's deportation of Ukrainian children a 'crime against humanity', says UN inquiry |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20260310-russia-deportation-ukrainian-children-a-crime-against-humanity-says-un-inquiry |work=[[France 24|France24]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Shekaru 2010 === Rasha ta fara canja wurin yara daga yankunan Ukraine a cikin 2014, shekarar farko ta [[:en:Russo-Ukrainian_war|Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]]. SShirin farko na irin wannan babban tsari ya fara ne daga shahararriyar mai bada jinƙai ta Rasha [[:en:Elizaveta_Glinka|Elizaveta Glinka]] . <ref name="Glinka">{{Cite web |last=Sumlenny |first=Sergej |date=27 March 2023 |title=How the West Tolerated Russia's Kidnapping of Ukrainian Children |url=https://european-resilience.org/analytics/how-west-tolerated-russias-kidnapping-ukrainian-children |access-date=2 August 2023 |publisher=[[European Resilience Initiative Center]]}}</ref> A farkon watan Fabrairun 2022, Rasha ta "kashe" marayu 500 daga yankin Donetsk zuwa yankin Rasha.<ref name="2023-02-14 Conflict Observatory">{{citation|last1=Khoshnood|first1=Kaveh|title=Russia's Systematic Program for the Re-education & Adoption of Ukraine's Children|date=2023-02-14|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ukraine/humanitarian-research-lab-yale-school-public-health-russias-systematic-program-re-education-adoption-ukraines-children-enruuk|access-date=2026-06-18|location=[[New Haven, Connecticut]]|publisher=[[Yale School of Public Health]]|language=en|via=ReliefWeb|last2=Raymond|first2=Nathaniel A.|last3=Howarth|first3=Caitlin N.|author2-link=Nathaniel Raymond|display-authors=etal|department=[[Conflict Observatory]]}}</ref> === 2022 === Rahotanni na farko na tilasta kwashe yara zuwa Rasha a matsayin wani ɓangare na mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine ya zo a tsakiyar watan Maris na shekarar 2022, yayin fadan Mariupol. <ref name="2022-03-19 Business Insider">{{cite news |last1=Mark |first1=Michelle |date=2022-03-19 |title=Thousands of residents in a besieged Ukrainian city were 'forcibly' taken to Russia, Mariupol city officials say |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/thousands-of-mariupol-residents-forcibly-taken-to-russia-city-says-2022-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218014216/https://www.businessinsider.com/thousands-of-mariupol-residents-forcibly-taken-to-russia-city-says-2022-3 |archive-date=2022-12-18 |access-date=2023-03-29 |work=[[Business Insider]] |language=en |oclc=1076392313}}{{cite news |last1=Mark |first1=Michelle |date=2022-03-19 |title=Thousands of residents in a besieged Ukrainian city were 'forcibly' taken to Russia, Mariupol city officials say |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/thousands-of-mariupol-residents-forcibly-taken-to-russia-city-says-2022-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218014216/https://www.businessinsider.com/thousands-of-mariupol-residents-forcibly-taken-to-russia-city-says-2022-3 |archive-date=2022-12-18 |access-date=2023-03-29 |work=[[Business Insider]] |language=en |oclc=1076392313}}</ref> A wannan watan, kwamishiniyar kare haƙƙin yara ta Rasha [[:en:Maria_Lvova-Belova|Maria Lvova-Belova]] ta bayyana cewa wani rukuni na yaran Ukraine da aka maida zuwa Rasha daga Mariupol da farko sun tabbatar da asalin su na Ukraine, amma tun daga lokacin ya canza zuwa ƙauna ga Rasha, tana mai cewa ta karɓi ɗaya daga cikin yaran da kanta. [[Fayil:2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_27-03-2022.svg|thumb|Taswirar mamayar Rasha ta Fabrairu 2022 a Ukraine]] === 2023 === Tun daga farkon 28 ga Afrilun shekarar 2023 satar yaran Ukraine da Rasha keyi ya kasance batun da ya ja hankali  a kwamitin tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wato [[:en:UNSC|UNSC]].<ref name="pgu1">{{cite news |date=28 April 2023 |title=Daria Herasymchuk speaks about abduction of Ukrainian children by Russia at UN Security Council's special meeting |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/darya-gerasimchuk-na-specialnij-zustrichi-radi-bezpeki-oon-r-82553}}{{cite news |date=28 April 2023 |title=Daria Herasymchuk speaks about abduction of Ukrainian children by Russia at UN Security Council's special meeting |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/darya-gerasimchuk-na-specialnij-zustrichi-radi-bezpeki-oon-r-82553}}</ref> A cewar wani rahoto na Reuters na watan Agusta, Alexei Petrov, mataimaki a ofishin kwamishinan kare haƙƙin yara na ofishin shugaban ƙasar Rasha, ya yi amfani da maganganun [[:en:Neo-Nazi|Neo-Nazi]] dda alamomi a cikin ayyukansa a yanar gizo, kuma ya haɗa kansa da neo-Nazi, tare da masu tsattsauran ra’ayi kan nuna fifikon fararen fata, da ƙungiyoyin masu tsattsuaran ra’ayi a Rasha.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zverev |first=Anton |date=2023-08-09 |title=Exclusive: Kremlin aide who brings Ukrainian children to Russia associated online with neo-Nazism |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/kremlin-aide-who-brings-ukrainian-children-russia-associated-online-with-neo-2023-08-09/ |access-date=2023-08-13 |work=Reuters |language=en}}{{Cite news |last=Zverev |first=Anton |date=2023-08-09 |title=Exclusive: Kremlin aide who brings Ukrainian children to Russia associated online with neo-Nazism |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/kremlin-aide-who-brings-ukrainian-children-russia-associated-online-with-neo-2023-08-09/ |access-date=2023-08-13 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> === 2024 === A ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2024 kungiyar haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa don dawo da yaran Ukraine ta ƙaddamar da kanta tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙasashe 37. Ukraine da Kanada ne suka jagoranci ƙaddamarwar. === 2025 === A watan Oktoban shekarar 2025 Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka [[Melania Trump]] ta sanar da cewa saboda tattaunawar da ke gudana da Putin ta taimaka wajen dawo da yara takwas da aka "ɗaiɗaita". A cewar Trump, uku daga cikin yara takwas an raba su da iyalansu kuma "an kuma maida su" zuwa Rasha saboda yaƙi a wasu wurare, yayin da sauran suka rabu da dangin su musamman a iyakokin da suka zama fagen fama. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Superville |first=Darlene |date=2025-10-10 |title=Melania Trump says 8 kids displaced by Russia-Ukraine war reunite with families after Putin talks |url=https://apnews.com/article/melania-trump-russia-ukraine-children-fe324a08a9a957f05995dac0d95a66c3 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Garkuwa da yara == Yawancin yaran da aka sace an sace su daga [[:en:Southern_Ukraine|kudani]] da [[:en:Eastern_Ukraine|gaabashin Ukraine]] ([[:en:Kherson_Oblast|Kherson]], [[:en:Kharkiv_Oblast|Kharkiv]], [[:en:Zaporizhzhia_Oblast|Zaporizhzhia]], [[:en:Donetsk_Oblast|Donetsk]], [[:en:Luhansk_Oblast|Luhansk]] ds [[:en:Mykolaiv_Oblast|Mykolaiv).]] A cewar mai ba da shawara kan 'yancin yara na Ukraine, Rasha tana gudanar da sace-sacen tare da burin kara yawan jama'arta, kuma Rasha tana gudanar da gwaje-gwajen kiwon lafiya a kan yara don haɗa yara masu lafiya na Ukraine kawai cikin al'ummar Rasha.<ref name="dw20230325">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-25 |title=Ukraine's abducted children: 'List of suspects will grow' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ukraines-abducted-children-the-list-of-suspects-will-grow-longer/a-65117416 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=DW |language=en}}</ref> == Hukunce-hukunce == [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Tarayyar Turai]], Burtaniya, [[Kanada]] da [[Asturaliya]], sun sanya wa kwamishiniyar kula da haƙƙin yara ta Rasha [[:en:Maria_Lvova-Belova|Maria Lvova-Belova]] takunkumi. == Takaddun shaida na kamawa == [[Fayil:International_Criminal_Court_building_(2016)_in_The_Hague.png|thumb|Ginin Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka na kasa da kasa a Hague]] A ranar 17 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta ba da takardar shaidar kama Putin da Lvova-Belova, bisa zargin aikata laifukan korar jama'a ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da kuma canja yawan jama'a (yara) daga yankunan da aka mamaye na Ukraine zuwa Rasha.<ref name="Khan_statement_Putin_LvovaBelova_17March2023" /> Wannan na ƙunshe a sashi na [[wikisource:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court#Article_8:_War_crimes|articles 8(2)(a)(vii) and article 8(2)(b)(viii) na kudin Roma Statute]],kuma Rasha ta yi niyyar hakan a matsayin na din-din-din. Tuhumar na iya ɗaukar hukuncin rai da rai.<ref name="03-17-2023 WSJ" /> Wannan shi ne karo na farko da kotun ta ba da izinin kama shugaban [[:en:Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council|memba na din-din-din]] na Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref name="17-03-2023 AP" /> ai gabatar da ƙara na ICC [[:en:Karim_Ahmad_Khan|Karim Khan]] ya ce, "Dole ne mu tabbatar da cewa waɗanda ke da alhakin laifuka da ake zargi amsa tuhuma, kuma an mayar da yara ga iyalansu da al'ummominsu. Ba za mu bari ko sanya ido a maida yara kamar ganimar yaƙi ba".<ref name="03-17-2023 WSJ" /> or11zmoe2rx8wgdy14w2vf8hkfmwveg 0 161577 882917 2026-07-14T14:23:48Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355523738|Erwin Panndorf]]" 882917 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Erwin Panndorf''' (7 January 1904 in Gera, 10 December 1942 in Sachsenhausen concentration camp) was a German communist, trade unionist and anti-fascist resistance fighter<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panndorf, Erwin |url=https://stolpersteine-gera.de/biographien/detail/?tx_stolpersteine_stolpersteine%5Bstolperstein%5D=19&tx_stolpersteine_stolpersteine%5Baction%5D=show&tx_stolpersteine_stolpersteine%5Bcontroller%5D=Stolperstein&cHash=44f311eef2c7cea6e7afbd4c01229885 |access-date=16 July 2022 |website=Stolpersteine Gera |language=de}}</ref> who became a Soviet GRU intelligence agent. In Gera, he was an active member of the Young Communist League of Germany (KJVD) and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). As a trained locksmith, he moved to the Soviet Union in 1930 to find work. From 1937 to 1939, he fought as an Interbrigadist during the Spanish Civil War. When he returned Panndorf was recruited by the 5th Department of Red Army intelligence and trained as a spy. In May 1942, Panndorf along with Willi Börner parachuted into East Prussia in a veritable suicide mission, to conduct spying operations{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} In July 1942, he was arrested by the Gestapo and on 10 December 1942 he was shot in Sachsenhausen concentration camp. == Life == Erwin Panndorf was one of five children born to a working-class family.{{Sfn|Buchmann|1984}} He grew up in the working-class suburb of Zwötzen.{{Sfn|Buchmann|1984}} From 1910 to 1918, Panndorf attended the eight-form primary school. Starting in 1918, he completed an apprenticeship as a machine fitter at the Sonntag company, a medium-sized mechanical engineering firm in Gera. During his apprenticeship, he joined the German Metal Workers' Union.{{Sfn|Buchmann|1984}} After completing his apprenticeship in 1921, Panndorf worked as a locksmith in various mechanical engineering companies. In 1924, he started working as a machine fitter at the Rudolf Jahr company in Gera, which was important for him. There he was in direct contact with members of the KPD;Soviet workers and communists who dealt with export orders that the Jahr company was sending to the Soviet Union.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} As a result of the world economic crisis in autumn 1929, which led to deindustrialisation in Gera, Panndorf became unemployed.{{Sfn|Buchmann|1984}} == Career == [[Fayil:Stolperstein_für_Erwin_Panndorf_(Gera).jpg|right|thumb|A Stolperstein to honour Panndorf, located in 4 Pfarrstraße in Gera]] Due to the proletarian environment in Zwötzen, the Gera labour movement significantly influenced and played an important role for Panndorf from an early age.{{Sfn|Buchmann|1984}} As a young person who was politically active, he took part in anti-war demonstrations during the [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|World War I]] and in the food riots that also broke out in Gera.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1975}} On 15 March 1920, Panndorf was involved in the suppression of the Kapp Putsch in Gera.{{Sfn|Buchmann|1984}} In 1920, Panndorf joined the Communist Youth League (KJD, from 1925 renamed KJVD) and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1975}} The Youth League became Panndorf's main political field of activity in the early 1920s. He was involved in the association's internal educational work, political agitation in the countryside, the supervision of workers' children's groups (within the framework of the "{{Interlanguage link|Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft der Kinderfreunde|de}}") and in the hiking and sports movement. He was also involved in recruiting members and taking part in spectacular actions of the youth association,{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} such as the preparations for the annual May Day celebrations. In April 1924, for example, Panndorf and his comrades hoisted red flags on a 20-metre-high electric high-voltage pylons in the immediate vicinity of the police station, and on the night before 1 May 1924, a group of the KJD under his leadership painted over the Kaiser Wilhelm equestrian monument in Gera with red varnish, which was meant to represent a protest against militarism and the state authorities.{{Sfn|Goldammer|Scheffel|1980}} According to contemporary witnesses, these actions became known beyond Thuringia.{{Sfn|Bock|1984}} In September 1922, Panndorf emigrated to southern Germany in order to get in touch with other working-class youth groups. In Munich, as an amateur player, he was part of an agitation group that supported the work of the KPD. Several performances by the group were banned by the police. At the end of 1922, Panndorf returned to Gera and resumed political work there. He took an active part in the general strike to overthrow the Cuno government and mobilized apprentices from the advanced training school in Gera.{{Sfn|Scheffel|1984}} After the KPD and all of its affiliated organizations were banned on 23 November 1923, the local KJD group in Zwötzen, led by Panndorf, continued its work illegally until the ban was lifted on 1 March 1924.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} In 1924, Panndorf joined the Red Young Storm and later the Red Front Fighters' League (RFB).{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} As a member of the latter, he took over the protection of communist events and he took part in RFB demonstrations.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} In addition, Panndorf became active in the workers' sports and hiking movement in the mid-1920s.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} As a workers' athlete who focused on athletics, handball and gymnastics, he led the way as a flag bearer at the 1926 sports festival of the Arbeiter-Turn- und Sportbund (ATSB), which he joined in 1928, in Elsterberg. In the course of time, Panndorf also devoted himself increasingly to party work. He increasingly appeared as a speaker at KPD and KJVD meetings throughout Thuringia.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} He also regularly took part in Reich youth meetings of the KJVD, for example in Hamburg in 1927 and in Leipzig in 1930.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} In Gera, he also became a member of the unemployed council.{{Sfn|Kaiser|2007}} Panndorf had extensive political experience by the end of the 1920s and he was quite well known in the Gera workers' movement.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} == Working in the Soviet Union == The further course of Panndorf's life, who had been unemployed since the beginning of 1930, changed decisively in the first half of 1930. The decisive factors were his personal contacts with Soviet workers and the developments in the [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet Union]] at the time, which had been striving for an enormous industrialisation push since 1929 within the framework of the First five-year plan. Qualified specialists like Panndorf were needed in the construction of the 1,500 new large-scale enterprises to be built in the Soviet Union.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} The KPD called for skilled workers, engineers and technicians to be delegated to the Soviet Union.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} After discussions with a Soviet acceptance engineer in Gera and thanks to the mediation of the Soviet trade representation in Berlin, Panndorf received a two-year work contract as a locksmith at the Second State Clock Factory in Moscow. Together with 40 other German specialists, he started work as a mechanic in August 1930.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} A publicity photo in the globally circulated Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung newspaper showed him and {{Interlanguage link|Walter Vosseler|de}}, a German comrade and colleague of Panndorf's in Moscow, working on a lathe.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} According to Vossler, Panndorf quickly made contact with the Soviet workers in the factory and was held in high esteem because of his technical knowledge and social activities. This led to him being elected by the workers at the factory in January 1931 as a deputy to the Soviet of the Moscow district of Presnensky District, in which the factory was located.{{Sfn|Vosseler|1984}} In August 1931, Panndorf finally moved to the First Moscow State Clock Factory, where he worked as a machinist and fitter. At the factory he met Maria Ivanovna, then a consomlol, whom he eventually married and with whom he had their daughter Ilsa. At the beginning of 1935, Panndorf's career took him to the then largest machine tool factory in Moscow, the "Ordzhonikidze", where he worked as a foreman in a machine shop department.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} He received awards and benefits for his work at the factory. On 31 December 1931, for example, he was awarded the honorary title of "Activist of the 3rd Year of the Five-Year Plan as a Builder of Socialism". In addition to his work at the factory, Panndorf continued to be politically active. Thus he was an elected deputy in the City District Soviet in Moscow. In the spring of 1934, he served as an instructor on the Moscow regional radio committee.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} He also attended the Communist University of the National Minorities of the West for two years. He was then admitted to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1934.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} == Interbrigadist in Spain == After the outbreak of the civil war in Spain on 17 July 1936, Panndorf answered the call for solidarity from the executive committee of the Communist International (Comintern) and joined the International Brigades. He completed eight weeks of military training at a special school of the military academy in Ryazan with about 140 other German volunteers. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant after his training. He also held the rank of lieutenant in Spain. On 30 May 1937 he arrived at the main Interbrigadist base in Albacete.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} He was assigned as commander to an eight-man tank repair platoon in the Interbrigade's tank unit. In addition to normal repairs, the tank repair platoon had to cannibalise broken-down tanks to obtain spare parts and rebuild captured tanks.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} Panndorf experienced his first military confrontation at the Battle of Brunete in July 1937. He was also deployed with his mobile repair platoon at the Battle of Belchite, which was heavily contested, at the Battle of Teruel and on the Aragon Front. By 1938, Panndorf had spent eight months in wartime action at the front.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} With the withdrawal of the Interbrigades to France in October 1938, Panndorf was sent to a demobilisation camp, where he remained until January 1939. When the first newly formed international battalions went to the front in Barcelona at the end of January 1939, Panndorf volunteered again. He went to the front with the first squad, where he was incorporated into the 1st Battalion of the 11th Brigade as a rifle commander. After the final defeat of the Spanish Republic in spring 1939, he left Spain for France. There, Panndorf was imprisoned until the end of March 1939.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} Due to his Soviet citizenship, he was spared extradition to Germany and was able to return to his family in Moscow on 1 April 1939.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} == Soviet spy == When he returned home to the Soviet Union, Panndorf resumed working as a master craftsman at the "Ordschonikidse" factory.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} Immediately after Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, Panndorf was recruited by the 5th Department of Red Army intelligence.{{Sfn|Goldammer|Scheffel|1980}} During the war, selected German émigrés had the opportunity to be deployed as paratroopers, partisans or members of certain special formations in the enemy's rear.{{Sfn|Erler|2000}} Panndorf was one of about 50 German émigrés who trained to become intelligence agents.{{Sfn|German Society of Friendship}} During training by the Comintern, the German participants were prepared militarily, politically and in terms of intelligence for their deployment.{{Sfn|Erler|2000}} Above all, Spanish fighters who had military experience such as Panndorf received two months of training in Petrovsk from August 1941. Here the participants were prepared for their future missions as a Soviet GRU agent that conducted military reconnaissance (known as a ''Scout'' in Soviet parlance).{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1986}} They received military training, which included making explosives and false identity papers, as well as photography, ciphering techniques and wireless telegraphy, parachuting, armed self-defence and driving.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} After the basic training was completed, Panndorf attended the International Lenin School, a Comintern school.{{Sfn|Kaiser|2007}} While there, Panndorf received political, physical and moral training. He learned how to distribute leaflets and write pamphlets on basic military training. They also dealt with the theoretical foundations of the communist movement, the ideology of Nazism and current war events.{{Sfn|Erler|2001}} Almost all of the graduates of these first training courses were deployed as Soviet military reconnaissance agents. The largest operation took place in May 1942, when several participants – including Panndorf – parachuted individually or in groups over German territory.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} Their scouting mission took place at a time when the German resistance around Schulze-Boysen/Harnack in Berlin was in the process of transmitting information about German attack plans and equipment to Soviet agencies by radio contact. In addition, important resistance groups existed around the KPD in Saxony and Thuringia. The German émigrés sent were to support these groups and build up further networks.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} Espionage and sabotage in military and armaments objects as well as reconnaissance of the domestic political situation in the German Reich were also tasks of the scouts.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} == Mission == On the night of 16–17 May 1942, Panndorf whose code name was "Stepanow", along with Willi Börner and Erna Eifler and Wilhelm Fellendorf, began the mission as part of the first group jump.{{Sfn|Erler|2000}} Panndorf and Börner formed one operational group and parachuted over a patch of forest close to the city of Allenstein in East Prussia. Their equipment included appropriate funds and identification papers, rations for ten days, and a revolver and hand grenades.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} For Panndorf, this was the first time in almost a decade since he was in his homeland.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} However, the parachute jump ended with a tree landing, resulting in arm and leg injuries. For this reason, Panndorf and Börner decided to leave some of the equipment and the heavy radio behind and bury it. This was a decisive disadvantage for the connection to Moscow. Nevertheless, both of them, whose assigned area of operations was in Saxony and Thuringia, were able to make their way to their provisional destination in Meerane.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} After a short stay in Meerane, they tried and failed to establish contact with Moscow. On 24 May, they sought refuge with Börner's family in Crimmitschau. From here, Panndorf tried to contact resistance groups in Thuringia around Magnus Poser and Theodor Neubauer through his sister Elly Oertel. This failed, however, because Panndorf's sister filed a complaint with the Gestapo. As a result, a manhunt was launched with a reward of 10,000 Reichsmarks. In addition, on 28 May 1942, the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) ordered a targeted search for parachutists.{{Sfn|Sassning|2009}} Since Panndorf and Börner no longer felt safe in Crimmitschau, they separated and agreed to meet in Innsbruck. However, no further contact was made there, whereupon Panndorf decided on 5 June 1942 to make his way to Berlin in order to receive support from a contact there. On 10 June, Panndorf arrived in Berlin at the home of {{Interlanguage link|Rudolf Scheffel|de}}, whom he knew from their joint party and youth work in Gera.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} At that time Scheffel ran a dairy shop in Schönow, which served as an illegal meeting place for a group of friends around {{Interlanguage link|Felix Tucholla|de}} and {{Interlanguage link|Käthe Tucholla|de}}. The Tuchollas helped Panndorf find accommodation in Berlin, including with KPD members {{Interlanguage link|Kurt Bietzke|de}} and Richard Hinkelmann.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} From Hinkelmann, Panndorf received confidential information from the Propaganda Ministry and other important materials. He received passports, money and ration cards from Bietzke. Panndorf informed the Tuchollas and Scheffel about his mission and they provided information about the domestic political situation as well as the resistance in Germany and their own resistance group, which was being formed.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} == Arrest == Panndorf continued to re-establish contact with Börner with Käthe Tucholla acting as his proxy in Meerane during the search. However, in the process, she was arrested by the Gestapo on 25 July 1942. Unknown to Panndorf, Börner had already been arrested.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} The arrest of Käthe Tucholla led to the uncovering of her network in Berlin.{{Sfn|Sassning|2009}} A wave of arrests followed by the Gestapo, during which Panndorf and Felix Tucholla and a further seven contacts were imprisoned on 27 July 1942. The last member of the group to be arrested was Rudolf Scheffel on 2 August 1942. Panndorf was transferred to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. He made no statements about his intelligence activities. Even before the trial against him could begin, Panndorf was executed in the camp on 10 December 1942. Investigations into his death were to be omitted on the instructions of the Gestapo headquarters in Berlin.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} Panndorf's family were only informed of his fate in 1969.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} At the invitation of Gera Lord Mayor Horst Pohl, his daughter Ilsa Nesterenko visited the town in 1969 and 1975.{{Sfn|German Society of Friendship}} == Historical research == The deployment of German communists like Panndorf, who took up the anti-fascist resistance struggle in the interest of the Soviet Union, was evaluated very differently in the two German states in the post-war period. At first, the deployment was largely kept quiet until the end of the 1960s. Only then were the actors around Panndorf honoured in East Germany (GDR) as role models and heroic fighters against fascism and often portrayed as standing in the tradition of the GDR.{{Sfn|Erler|2000}} Panndorf was first mentioned in a newspaper article in the Gera newspaper ''Volkswacht''. In the article it stated: :: "Erwin Panndorf loved life because he believed in the socialist future of our fatherland. He hated the enemies of the German nation, German imperialism and militarism. That is why he was always ready to give his life for the cause of the German and international workers' movement, for the happiness of his people and the peace of the world."{{Sfn|Bezirkskommission|Gera}} In 1970, a biographical work by the Gera district leadership of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) was published, reprinted in 1984, in which Panndorf was portrayed in an equally heroic manner. Panndorf was also mentioned in other publications on anti-fascist resistance and the history of German-Soviet friendship and presented as an "outstanding example of German-Soviet friendship and the resistance struggle against fascism".{{Sfn|German Society of Friendship}} In [[Yammacin Jamus|West Germany]], the paratroopers and scouts were for a long time devalued as so-called "mercenaries of the [[NKVD]]" and "agents of Moscow" or their deployment was kept quiet altogether.{{Sfn|Erler|2000}} There was no more detailed publication on Panndorf and his deployment. In an article in ''Der Spiegel'' of 24 June 1968, however, he was named as part of "infiltrated Soviet spies" who succeeded in driving some members of the group around Schulze-Boysen/Harnack "into the maelstrom of Russian espionage".{{Sfn|Höhne|1968}} In the literature after 1990, the paratroopers are often referred to as "Himmelfahrtskommandos" (suicide squad). According to this, they were sacrificed and at the same time jointly responsible for the deaths of other resistance fighters. In addition, they had hardly done their tasks, if at all, and therefore the results of their work had been insignificant.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} In contrast, there are also more recent publications on Panndorf in the output of the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation, which also bring to light other findings (including Panndorf's Spain Report). Here, the historian {{Interlanguage link|Ronald Sassning|de}} in his assessment states that although Panndorf's commando enterprise was extremely risky, Panndorf succeeded in "building up the core of a small intelligence group of communists, which also found selfless material support on the part of some non-party people."{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} == Awards and honours == [[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H0423-0211-001,_Gera,_Erwin-Panndorf-Sporthalle.jpg|right|thumb|The old Erwin-Panndorf sports hall in Gera on 23 April 1969]] From 1967 onwards, numerous tributes were paid to Panndorf. A commemorative plaque was unveiled on his birthplace in 1967 with the inscription: :: "Erwin Panndorf was born in this house on 7 Jan. 1904. Commissioner of the CC of the KPD. Organiser and resistance fighter against fascism. Murdered in Sachsenhausen concentration camp on 10 Dec. 1942."{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1975}} Panndorf's name is also listed on a plaque of honour for the fallen resistance fighters against fascism in the Socialist Memorial in Berlin-Friedrichsfelde, on the right inner side of the circular wall.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} In addition, several institutions in Gera – schools, sports facilities, units of the National People's Army (NVA) and work collectives – were given Panndorf's name. For example, the Sports and Congress Hall, which was newly built on 2 June 1968.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} He was also honoured in the Soviet Union. At the Moscow machine-building plant "Ordzhonikidze", a display case in the company museum commemorated Panndorf.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1904]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9mur9yc5x3fa4h4gomxcgervu92vw27 882918 882917 2026-07-14T14:24:23Z D son203 45710 882918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Erwin Panndorf''' (7 January 1904 in Gera, 10 December 1942 in Sachsenhausen concentration camp) was a German communist, trade unionist and anti-fascist resistance fighter<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panndorf, Erwin |url=https://stolpersteine-gera.de/biographien/detail/?tx_stolpersteine_stolpersteine%5Bstolperstein%5D=19&tx_stolpersteine_stolpersteine%5Baction%5D=show&tx_stolpersteine_stolpersteine%5Bcontroller%5D=Stolperstein&cHash=44f311eef2c7cea6e7afbd4c01229885 |access-date=16 July 2022 |website=Stolpersteine Gera |language=de}}</ref> who became a Soviet GRU intelligence agent. In Gera, he was an active member of the Young Communist League of Germany (KJVD) and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). As a trained locksmith, he moved to the Soviet Union in 1930 to find work. From 1937 to 1939, he fought as an Interbrigadist during the Spanish Civil War. When he returned Panndorf was recruited by the 5th Department of Red Army intelligence and trained as a spy. In May 1942, Panndorf along with Willi Börner parachuted into East Prussia in a veritable suicide mission, to conduct spying operations{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} In July 1942, he was arrested by the Gestapo and on 10 December 1942 he was shot in Sachsenhausen concentration camp. == Life == Erwin Panndorf was one of five children born to a working-class family.{{Sfn|Buchmann|1984}} He grew up in the working-class suburb of Zwötzen.{{Sfn|Buchmann|1984}} From 1910 to 1918, Panndorf attended the eight-form primary school. Starting in 1918, he completed an apprenticeship as a machine fitter at the Sonntag company, a medium-sized mechanical engineering firm in Gera. During his apprenticeship, he joined the German Metal Workers' Union.{{Sfn|Buchmann|1984}} After completing his apprenticeship in 1921, Panndorf worked as a locksmith in various mechanical engineering companies. In 1924, he started working as a machine fitter at the Rudolf Jahr company in Gera, which was important for him. There he was in direct contact with members of the KPD;Soviet workers and communists who dealt with export orders that the Jahr company was sending to the Soviet Union.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} As a result of the world economic crisis in autumn 1929, which led to deindustrialisation in Gera, Panndorf became unemployed.{{Sfn|Buchmann|1984}} == Career == [[Fayil:Stolperstein_für_Erwin_Panndorf_(Gera).jpg|right|thumb|A Stolperstein to honour Panndorf, located in 4 Pfarrstraße in Gera]] Due to the proletarian environment in Zwötzen, the Gera labour movement significantly influenced and played an important role for Panndorf from an early age.{{Sfn|Buchmann|1984}} As a young person who was politically active, he took part in anti-war demonstrations during the [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|World War I]] and in the food riots that also broke out in Gera.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1975}} On 15 March 1920, Panndorf was involved in the suppression of the Kapp Putsch in Gera.{{Sfn|Buchmann|1984}} In 1920, Panndorf joined the Communist Youth League (KJD, from 1925 renamed KJVD) and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1975}} The Youth League became Panndorf's main political field of activity in the early 1920s. He was involved in the association's internal educational work, political agitation in the countryside, the supervision of workers' children's groups (within the framework of the "{{Interlanguage link|Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft der Kinderfreunde|de}}") and in the hiking and sports movement. He was also involved in recruiting members and taking part in spectacular actions of the youth association,{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} such as the preparations for the annual May Day celebrations. In April 1924, for example, Panndorf and his comrades hoisted red flags on a 20-metre-high electric high-voltage pylons in the immediate vicinity of the police station, and on the night before 1 May 1924, a group of the KJD under his leadership painted over the Kaiser Wilhelm equestrian monument in Gera with red varnish, which was meant to represent a protest against militarism and the state authorities.{{Sfn|Goldammer|Scheffel|1980}} According to contemporary witnesses, these actions became known beyond Thuringia.{{Sfn|Bock|1984}} In September 1922, Panndorf emigrated to southern Germany in order to get in touch with other working-class youth groups. In Munich, as an amateur player, he was part of an agitation group that supported the work of the KPD. Several performances by the group were banned by the police. At the end of 1922, Panndorf returned to Gera and resumed political work there. He took an active part in the general strike to overthrow the Cuno government and mobilized apprentices from the advanced training school in Gera.{{Sfn|Scheffel|1984}} After the KPD and all of its affiliated organizations were banned on 23 November 1923, the local KJD group in Zwötzen, led by Panndorf, continued its work illegally until the ban was lifted on 1 March 1924.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} In 1924, Panndorf joined the Red Young Storm and later the Red Front Fighters' League (RFB).{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} As a member of the latter, he took over the protection of communist events and he took part in RFB demonstrations.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} In addition, Panndorf became active in the workers' sports and hiking movement in the mid-1920s.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} As a workers' athlete who focused on athletics, handball and gymnastics, he led the way as a flag bearer at the 1926 sports festival of the Arbeiter-Turn- und Sportbund (ATSB), which he joined in 1928, in Elsterberg. In the course of time, Panndorf also devoted himself increasingly to party work. He increasingly appeared as a speaker at KPD and KJVD meetings throughout Thuringia.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} He also regularly took part in Reich youth meetings of the KJVD, for example in Hamburg in 1927 and in Leipzig in 1930.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} In Gera, he also became a member of the unemployed council.{{Sfn|Kaiser|2007}} Panndorf had extensive political experience by the end of the 1920s and he was quite well known in the Gera workers' movement.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} == Working in the Soviet Union == The further course of Panndorf's life, who had been unemployed since the beginning of 1930, changed decisively in the first half of 1930. The decisive factors were his personal contacts with Soviet workers and the developments in the [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet Union]] at the time, which had been striving for an enormous industrialisation push since 1929 within the framework of the First five-year plan. Qualified specialists like Panndorf were needed in the construction of the 1,500 new large-scale enterprises to be built in the Soviet Union.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} The KPD called for skilled workers, engineers and technicians to be delegated to the Soviet Union.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} After discussions with a Soviet acceptance engineer in Gera and thanks to the mediation of the Soviet trade representation in Berlin, Panndorf received a two-year work contract as a locksmith at the Second State Clock Factory in Moscow. Together with 40 other German specialists, he started work as a mechanic in August 1930.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} A publicity photo in the globally circulated Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung newspaper showed him and {{Interlanguage link|Walter Vosseler|de}}, a German comrade and colleague of Panndorf's in Moscow, working on a lathe.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} According to Vossler, Panndorf quickly made contact with the Soviet workers in the factory and was held in high esteem because of his technical knowledge and social activities. This led to him being elected by the workers at the factory in January 1931 as a deputy to the Soviet of the Moscow district of Presnensky District, in which the factory was located.{{Sfn|Vosseler|1984}} In August 1931, Panndorf finally moved to the First Moscow State Clock Factory, where he worked as a machinist and fitter. At the factory he met Maria Ivanovna, then a consomlol, whom he eventually married and with whom he had their daughter Ilsa. At the beginning of 1935, Panndorf's career took him to the then largest machine tool factory in Moscow, the "Ordzhonikidze", where he worked as a foreman in a machine shop department.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} He received awards and benefits for his work at the factory. On 31 December 1931, for example, he was awarded the honorary title of "Activist of the 3rd Year of the Five-Year Plan as a Builder of Socialism". In addition to his work at the factory, Panndorf continued to be politically active. Thus he was an elected deputy in the City District Soviet in Moscow. In the spring of 1934, he served as an instructor on the Moscow regional radio committee.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} He also attended the Communist University of the National Minorities of the West for two years. He was then admitted to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1934.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} == Interbrigadist in Spain == After the outbreak of the civil war in Spain on 17 July 1936, Panndorf answered the call for solidarity from the executive committee of the Communist International (Comintern) and joined the International Brigades. He completed eight weeks of military training at a special school of the military academy in Ryazan with about 140 other German volunteers. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant after his training. He also held the rank of lieutenant in Spain. On 30 May 1937 he arrived at the main Interbrigadist base in Albacete.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} He was assigned as commander to an eight-man tank repair platoon in the Interbrigade's tank unit. In addition to normal repairs, the tank repair platoon had to cannibalise broken-down tanks to obtain spare parts and rebuild captured tanks.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} Panndorf experienced his first military confrontation at the Battle of Brunete in July 1937. He was also deployed with his mobile repair platoon at the Battle of Belchite, which was heavily contested, at the Battle of Teruel and on the Aragon Front. By 1938, Panndorf had spent eight months in wartime action at the front.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} With the withdrawal of the Interbrigades to France in October 1938, Panndorf was sent to a demobilisation camp, where he remained until January 1939. When the first newly formed international battalions went to the front in Barcelona at the end of January 1939, Panndorf volunteered again. He went to the front with the first squad, where he was incorporated into the 1st Battalion of the 11th Brigade as a rifle commander. After the final defeat of the Spanish Republic in spring 1939, he left Spain for France. There, Panndorf was imprisoned until the end of March 1939.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} Due to his Soviet citizenship, he was spared extradition to Germany and was able to return to his family in Moscow on 1 April 1939.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} == Soviet spy == When he returned home to the Soviet Union, Panndorf resumed working as a master craftsman at the "Ordschonikidse" factory.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} Immediately after Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, Panndorf was recruited by the 5th Department of Red Army intelligence.{{Sfn|Goldammer|Scheffel|1980}} During the war, selected German émigrés had the opportunity to be deployed as paratroopers, partisans or members of certain special formations in the enemy's rear.{{Sfn|Erler|2000}} Panndorf was one of about 50 German émigrés who trained to become intelligence agents.{{Sfn|German Society of Friendship}} During training by the Comintern, the German participants were prepared militarily, politically and in terms of intelligence for their deployment.{{Sfn|Erler|2000}} Above all, Spanish fighters who had military experience such as Panndorf received two months of training in Petrovsk from August 1941. Here the participants were prepared for their future missions as a Soviet GRU agent that conducted military reconnaissance (known as a ''Scout'' in Soviet parlance).{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1986}} They received military training, which included making explosives and false identity papers, as well as photography, ciphering techniques and wireless telegraphy, parachuting, armed self-defence and driving.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} After the basic training was completed, Panndorf attended the International Lenin School, a Comintern school.{{Sfn|Kaiser|2007}} While there, Panndorf received political, physical and moral training. He learned how to distribute leaflets and write pamphlets on basic military training. They also dealt with the theoretical foundations of the communist movement, the ideology of Nazism and current war events.{{Sfn|Erler|2001}} Almost all of the graduates of these first training courses were deployed as Soviet military reconnaissance agents. The largest operation took place in May 1942, when several participants – including Panndorf – parachuted individually or in groups over German territory.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} Their scouting mission took place at a time when the German resistance around Schulze-Boysen/Harnack in Berlin was in the process of transmitting information about German attack plans and equipment to Soviet agencies by radio contact. In addition, important resistance groups existed around the KPD in Saxony and Thuringia. The German émigrés sent were to support these groups and build up further networks.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} Espionage and sabotage in military and armaments objects as well as reconnaissance of the domestic political situation in the German Reich were also tasks of the scouts.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} == Mission == On the night of 16–17 May 1942, Panndorf whose code name was "Stepanow", along with Willi Börner and Erna Eifler and Wilhelm Fellendorf, began the mission as part of the first group jump.{{Sfn|Erler|2000}} Panndorf and Börner formed one operational group and parachuted over a patch of forest close to the city of Allenstein in East Prussia. Their equipment included appropriate funds and identification papers, rations for ten days, and a revolver and hand grenades.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} For Panndorf, this was the first time in almost a decade since he was in his homeland.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} However, the parachute jump ended with a tree landing, resulting in arm and leg injuries. For this reason, Panndorf and Börner decided to leave some of the equipment and the heavy radio behind and bury it. This was a decisive disadvantage for the connection to Moscow. Nevertheless, both of them, whose assigned area of operations was in Saxony and Thuringia, were able to make their way to their provisional destination in Meerane.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} After a short stay in Meerane, they tried and failed to establish contact with Moscow. On 24 May, they sought refuge with Börner's family in Crimmitschau. From here, Panndorf tried to contact resistance groups in Thuringia around Magnus Poser and Theodor Neubauer through his sister Elly Oertel. This failed, however, because Panndorf's sister filed a complaint with the Gestapo. As a result, a manhunt was launched with a reward of 10,000 Reichsmarks. In addition, on 28 May 1942, the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) ordered a targeted search for parachutists.{{Sfn|Sassning|2009}} Since Panndorf and Börner no longer felt safe in Crimmitschau, they separated and agreed to meet in Innsbruck. However, no further contact was made there, whereupon Panndorf decided on 5 June 1942 to make his way to Berlin in order to receive support from a contact there. On 10 June, Panndorf arrived in Berlin at the home of {{Interlanguage link|Rudolf Scheffel|de}}, whom he knew from their joint party and youth work in Gera.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} At that time Scheffel ran a dairy shop in Schönow, which served as an illegal meeting place for a group of friends around {{Interlanguage link|Felix Tucholla|de}} and {{Interlanguage link|Käthe Tucholla|de}}. The Tuchollas helped Panndorf find accommodation in Berlin, including with KPD members {{Interlanguage link|Kurt Bietzke|de}} and Richard Hinkelmann.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} From Hinkelmann, Panndorf received confidential information from the Propaganda Ministry and other important materials. He received passports, money and ration cards from Bietzke. Panndorf informed the Tuchollas and Scheffel about his mission and they provided information about the domestic political situation as well as the resistance in Germany and their own resistance group, which was being formed.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} == Arrest == Panndorf continued to re-establish contact with Börner with Käthe Tucholla acting as his proxy in Meerane during the search. However, in the process, she was arrested by the Gestapo on 25 July 1942. Unknown to Panndorf, Börner had already been arrested.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} The arrest of Käthe Tucholla led to the uncovering of her network in Berlin.{{Sfn|Sassning|2009}} A wave of arrests followed by the Gestapo, during which Panndorf and Felix Tucholla and a further seven contacts were imprisoned on 27 July 1942. The last member of the group to be arrested was Rudolf Scheffel on 2 August 1942. Panndorf was transferred to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. He made no statements about his intelligence activities. Even before the trial against him could begin, Panndorf was executed in the camp on 10 December 1942. Investigations into his death were to be omitted on the instructions of the Gestapo headquarters in Berlin.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} Panndorf's family were only informed of his fate in 1969.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} At the invitation of Gera Lord Mayor Horst Pohl, his daughter Ilsa Nesterenko visited the town in 1969 and 1975.{{Sfn|German Society of Friendship}} == Historical research == The deployment of German communists like Panndorf, who took up the anti-fascist resistance struggle in the interest of the Soviet Union, was evaluated very differently in the two German states in the post-war period. At first, the deployment was largely kept quiet until the end of the 1960s. Only then were the actors around Panndorf honoured in East Germany (GDR) as role models and heroic fighters against fascism and often portrayed as standing in the tradition of the GDR.{{Sfn|Erler|2000}} Panndorf was first mentioned in a newspaper article in the Gera newspaper ''Volkswacht''. In the article it stated: :: "Erwin Panndorf loved life because he believed in the socialist future of our fatherland. He hated the enemies of the German nation, German imperialism and militarism. That is why he was always ready to give his life for the cause of the German and international workers' movement, for the happiness of his people and the peace of the world."{{Sfn|Bezirkskommission|Gera}} In 1970, a biographical work by the Gera district leadership of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) was published, reprinted in 1984, in which Panndorf was portrayed in an equally heroic manner. Panndorf was also mentioned in other publications on anti-fascist resistance and the history of German-Soviet friendship and presented as an "outstanding example of German-Soviet friendship and the resistance struggle against fascism".{{Sfn|German Society of Friendship}} In [[Yammacin Jamus|West Germany]], the paratroopers and scouts were for a long time devalued as so-called "mercenaries of the [[NKVD]]" and "agents of Moscow" or their deployment was kept quiet altogether.{{Sfn|Erler|2000}} There was no more detailed publication on Panndorf and his deployment. In an article in ''Der Spiegel'' of 24 June 1968, however, he was named as part of "infiltrated Soviet spies" who succeeded in driving some members of the group around Schulze-Boysen/Harnack "into the maelstrom of Russian espionage".{{Sfn|Höhne|1968}} In the literature after 1990, the paratroopers are often referred to as "Himmelfahrtskommandos" (suicide squad). According to this, they were sacrificed and at the same time jointly responsible for the deaths of other resistance fighters. In addition, they had hardly done their tasks, if at all, and therefore the results of their work had been insignificant.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} In contrast, there are also more recent publications on Panndorf in the output of the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation, which also bring to light other findings (including Panndorf's Spain Report). Here, the historian {{Interlanguage link|Ronald Sassning|de}} in his assessment states that although Panndorf's commando enterprise was extremely risky, Panndorf succeeded in "building up the core of a small intelligence group of communists, which also found selfless material support on the part of some non-party people."{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} == Awards and honours == [[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H0423-0211-001,_Gera,_Erwin-Panndorf-Sporthalle.jpg|right|thumb|The old Erwin-Panndorf sports hall in Gera on 23 April 1969]] From 1967 onwards, numerous tributes were paid to Panndorf. A commemorative plaque was unveiled on his birthplace in 1967 with the inscription: :: "Erwin Panndorf was born in this house on 7 Jan. 1904. Commissioner of the CC of the KPD. Organiser and resistance fighter against fascism. Murdered in Sachsenhausen concentration camp on 10 Dec. 1942."{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1975}} Panndorf's name is also listed on a plaque of honour for the fallen resistance fighters against fascism in the Socialist Memorial in Berlin-Friedrichsfelde, on the right inner side of the circular wall.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} In addition, several institutions in Gera – schools, sports facilities, units of the National People's Army (NVA) and work collectives – were given Panndorf's name. For example, the Sports and Congress Hall, which was newly built on 2 June 1968.{{Sfn|Sassning|2008}} He was also honoured in the Soviet Union. At the Moscow machine-building plant "Ordzhonikidze", a display case in the company museum commemorated Panndorf.{{Sfn|Kommission & Museum|1984}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1904]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b2rnpk55vn5hehhpgtih00z3f49jqhw 0 161578 882920 2026-07-14T14:29:32Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331822807|Deep Throats]]" 882920 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-tv-episode vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" |"'''Deep Throats'''" |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nowrap" |''[[Family Guy]]'' episode |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Episode <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;number</nowiki&gt;">no.</abbr> | class="infobox-data" |Season&nbsp;4<br /><br />Episode 23 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Directed by | class="infobox-data plainlist" |Greg Colton |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Written by | class="infobox-data plainlist" |[[Alex Borstein]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Production code | class="infobox-data plainlist" |4ACX26 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Original air date | class="infobox-data plainlist" |April&nbsp;9,&nbsp;2006<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006-04-09</span>)</span> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header summary" |<span class="nowrap">Guest appearances</span> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data ib-tv-episode-guests" | * [[H. Jon Benjamin]] as Carl * [[Frank Welker]] as [[Kermit the Frog]] and Fred Jones in the DVD version * [[Kate Jackson]] as Mrs. King |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header noprint summary" |Episode chronology |- class="noprint" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" | {| style="width: 100%; display: inline-table;" | style="width: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0.1em 0.2em 0; text-align: center;" |←&nbsp;'''Previous'''<br /><br />"[[Sibling Rivalry (Family Guy)|Sibling Rivalry]]" | style="width: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0 0.2em 0.1em; text-align: center;" |'''Next'''&nbsp;→<br /><br />"[[Peterotica]]" |} |- class="noprint" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[Family Guy season 4|''Family Guy'' season 4]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" |[[List of Family Guy episodes|List of episodes]] |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />"'''Deep Throats'''" is the 23rd episode of season four of the television series ''Family Guy''. The episode aired on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] on April 9, 2006. It was written by Alex Borstein and directed by Greg Colton. Appalled at parking charges introduced by Mayor West, Brian decides to expose the corruption of the Mayor, despite the prospect of potentially destroying Meg's new career as the Mayor's intern. Meanwhile, Peter and Lois decide to participate in the Quahog community talent show with a folk singing act, as they did in the 1980s, but the couple becomes largely reliant on marijuana for inspiration and eventually fail the competition for their poor performance, despite their belief that they were singing well when under the influence of the drugs.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |title=Deep Throats |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0074gbk |access-date=2008-04-12 |publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> == Plot == Meg is employed as an intern for Mayor West after doing an interview with him. The family is impressed by this news, and Brian feels pressured that he is becoming the "new Meg" due to him not having a job. Brian decides to become a taxicab driver, but soon becomes intent on exposing the corruption of Mayor West after receiving a $400 parking ticket for parking his taxi in a handicapped zone. When discussing his corruption beliefs with Meg, she argues that Mayor West is a nice person and that Brian should drop it. Stewie, after learning of Brian's intentions, decides to help. After meeting in a parking lot with a whistleblower, Kermit the Frog, Brian discovers where Mayor West will be that night, and follows him to a motel with Stewie. Spying on West through the motel wall, they discover he is in a romantic relationship with Meg. Seeing this as an ideal opportunity to take West down, Brian photographs the two together in romantic scenes and threatens to reveal them to the press. After Meg finds out, she confronts West, who decides to break up with her due to the negative press, adding that even though he is used to it, he does not want Meg's life to be ruined, stating how much he really cares about her. Brian, having secretly heard this, realizes he has made a mistake, destroys the photos, and apologizes to Meg for losing sight of what was really important. His taxicab, however, is destroyed by Cleveland, believing Brian refused to give him a ride. Meanwhile, Peter and Lois decide to participate in a community talent show with a folk-singing act they did in the 1980s. They have a hard time, however, writing new songs and start to smoke marijuana for inspiration, annoying the family. At one point, Peter rips out a piece of his guitar with his teeth and eats it, and him and Lois lie on the sofa naked in front of Brian and Stewie. Smoking before the show, they initially appear to wow the entire crowd with their performance, but, later, they realize that they lost. Chris, having watched the show, reveals that they were completely high and too disoriented to actually sing their song. He then preaches the dangers of marijuana to Lois and Peter. == Production == [[Fayil:Alex_Borstein_by_Gage_Skidmore_4_(retouched).jpg|alt=A woman with black hair laughs, as she is speaking into a microphone.|right|thumb|Alex Borstein wrote the episode.]] The episode marks the first time in the series that Stewie has expressed an attraction for Brian. The name of Peter and Lois' band was originally intended to be "Mouthful of Peter," but broadcasting standards insisted that the show producers change the name to "Handful of Peter."<ref name="MacFarlane" /> In response to this, MacFarlane comments that "a handjob is more acceptable than a blowjob."<ref name="MacFarlane" /> When performing for the Quahog Talent Competition, one of the lyrics to Peter and Lois' song was scheduled to be "God would do her from behind, even do it a second time," but it was never used.<ref name="Colton" /><ref name="MacFarlane" /> Sound mixer Patrick Clark organized the format of the credits, which were different from the regular set.<ref name="MacFarlane" /> Peter singing [https://web.archive.org/web/20161017162718/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFQyib5ZQZY "Ding Fries are Done"] was shortened for the televised version of the episode, with an extended version on the DVD. Cleveland sticking his middle finger up to Brian after he fails to stop in his taxi was allowed on the televised version of the episode. This was permitted because MacFarlane rang the show's broadcasting standards and asked for their explicit permission, explaining that it was very distant, and they allowed it.<ref name="MacFarlane" /> After smoking marijuana, Peter and Lois are shown lying on top of each other on the sofa; in the television version, they are wearing underwear, but are completely naked on the DVD, Adult Swim, and TBS versions.<ref name="MacFarlane" /> Similarly, Lois' comment during the scene, "Brian, he's knocking on the back door, what should I do? Should I let him in?" was censored from [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] airings, as it is a reference to anal sex,<ref name="MacFarlane" /> but remains intact on ''Adult Swim'' and ''TBS'' airings. In addition to the regular cast, voice actors H. Jon Benjamin and Frank Welker, and actress Kate Jackson guest starred in the episode. Recurring voice actors Lori Alan, Ralph Garman, and Mike Henry, writers Chris Sheridan, Danny Smith, and John Viener, and actor Adam West, who portrays an exaggerated version of himself, also made minor appearances. The episode takes its title from a scene when an anonymous informant (later revealed to be Kermit the Frog) secretly meets Brian in an underground parking lot. Brian calls the informant "Deep Throat," in a reference to the anonymous informant Deep Throat. The meeting itself is a reference to either the meeting with Deep Throat or to the 1976 film ''All the President's Men''. The part-time job Peter had wherein he sings a song "Ding Fries are Done," was based on a song that was popularized by Doctor Demento in the 1990s concerning [[Burger King]], and is a parody of the popular Christmas song "Carol of the Bells".<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2011 |title="Ding! Fries Are Done" : Funny Christmas Song Countdown #18 |url=https://www.al.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2011/12/ding_fries_are_done_funny_chri.html}}</ref> The Noid attempting to ruin Mayor West's pizza is a reference to the Noid from former Domino's Pizza television advertisements. The scene where Cleveland runs off as a black panther when he notices Meg and Brian looking at him as he destroys Brian's cab with a crowbar is a reference to [[Michael Jackson]]'s "Black or White" second ending known as the Panther Dance. Stewie references his cousin, [[Tom Cruise|Stewie Cruise]], showing him jumping up and down on Oprah's couch while shouting "I'm in love with Katie Holmes! I'm not gay!" When Lois mentions to Peter that it would be fun to be in the community talent show, Stewie says "You know what else is fun? Watching ''Mr. Belvedere'' without people talking so loudly!". He then proceeds to sing the theme song loudly. When Peter is being driven around by Brian, he refers to him as Bitterman, a reference to the chauffeur in the 1981 film ''Arthur''. The song Mayor West and Meg are listening to in the hotel together is the theme song to ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' from the 1987 series. In the DVD version of the episode, Stewie and Brian bump into Scooby-Doo and the gang from ''Scooby-Doo, Where Are You?''. Fred Jones and Stewie argue about who got to City Hall first, but then Stewie sends them off by humming a familiar tune. == Manazarta == tuwqgcrxvwxd7ofczulxhwqnn45un66 882922 882920 2026-07-14T14:30:19Z D son203 45710 882922 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-tv-episode vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" |"'''Deep Throats'''" |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nowrap" |''[[Family Guy]]'' episode |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Episode <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;number</nowiki&gt;">no.</abbr> | class="infobox-data" |Season&nbsp;4<br /><br />Episode 23 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Directed by | class="infobox-data plainlist" |Greg Colton |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Written by | class="infobox-data plainlist" |[[Alex Borstein]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Production code | class="infobox-data plainlist" |4ACX26 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Original air date | class="infobox-data plainlist" |April&nbsp;9,&nbsp;2006<span style="display: none;">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006-04-09</span>)</span> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header summary" |<span class="nowrap">Guest appearances</span> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data ib-tv-episode-guests" | * [[H. Jon Benjamin]] as Carl * [[Frank Welker]] as [[Kermit the Frog]] and Fred Jones in the DVD version * [[Kate Jackson]] as Mrs. King |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header noprint summary" |Episode chronology |- class="noprint" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" | {| style="width: 100%; display: inline-table;" | style="width: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0.1em 0.2em 0; text-align: center;" |←&nbsp;'''Previous'''<br /><br />"[[Sibling Rivalry (Family Guy)|Sibling Rivalry]]" | style="width: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0 0.2em 0.1em; text-align: center;" |'''Next'''&nbsp;→<br /><br />"[[Peterotica]]" |} |- class="noprint" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[Family Guy season 4|''Family Guy'' season 4]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" |[[List of Family Guy episodes|List of episodes]] |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Databox}} "'''Deep Throats'''" is the 23rd episode of season four of the television series ''Family Guy''. The episode aired on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] on April 9, 2006. It was written by Alex Borstein and directed by Greg Colton. Appalled at parking charges introduced by Mayor West, Brian decides to expose the corruption of the Mayor, despite the prospect of potentially destroying Meg's new career as the Mayor's intern. Meanwhile, Peter and Lois decide to participate in the Quahog community talent show with a folk singing act, as they did in the 1980s, but the couple becomes largely reliant on marijuana for inspiration and eventually fail the competition for their poor performance, despite their belief that they were singing well when under the influence of the drugs.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |title=Deep Throats |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0074gbk |access-date=2008-04-12 |publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> == Plot == Meg is employed as an intern for Mayor West after doing an interview with him. The family is impressed by this news, and Brian feels pressured that he is becoming the "new Meg" due to him not having a job. Brian decides to become a taxicab driver, but soon becomes intent on exposing the corruption of Mayor West after receiving a $400 parking ticket for parking his taxi in a handicapped zone. When discussing his corruption beliefs with Meg, she argues that Mayor West is a nice person and that Brian should drop it. Stewie, after learning of Brian's intentions, decides to help. After meeting in a parking lot with a whistleblower, Kermit the Frog, Brian discovers where Mayor West will be that night, and follows him to a motel with Stewie. Spying on West through the motel wall, they discover he is in a romantic relationship with Meg. Seeing this as an ideal opportunity to take West down, Brian photographs the two together in romantic scenes and threatens to reveal them to the press. After Meg finds out, she confronts West, who decides to break up with her due to the negative press, adding that even though he is used to it, he does not want Meg's life to be ruined, stating how much he really cares about her. Brian, having secretly heard this, realizes he has made a mistake, destroys the photos, and apologizes to Meg for losing sight of what was really important. His taxicab, however, is destroyed by Cleveland, believing Brian refused to give him a ride. Meanwhile, Peter and Lois decide to participate in a community talent show with a folk-singing act they did in the 1980s. They have a hard time, however, writing new songs and start to smoke marijuana for inspiration, annoying the family. At one point, Peter rips out a piece of his guitar with his teeth and eats it, and him and Lois lie on the sofa naked in front of Brian and Stewie. Smoking before the show, they initially appear to wow the entire crowd with their performance, but, later, they realize that they lost. Chris, having watched the show, reveals that they were completely high and too disoriented to actually sing their song. He then preaches the dangers of marijuana to Lois and Peter. == Production == [[Fayil:Alex_Borstein_by_Gage_Skidmore_4_(retouched).jpg|alt=A woman with black hair laughs, as she is speaking into a microphone.|right|thumb|Alex Borstein wrote the episode.]] The episode marks the first time in the series that Stewie has expressed an attraction for Brian. The name of Peter and Lois' band was originally intended to be "Mouthful of Peter," but broadcasting standards insisted that the show producers change the name to "Handful of Peter."<ref name="MacFarlane" /> In response to this, MacFarlane comments that "a handjob is more acceptable than a blowjob."<ref name="MacFarlane" /> When performing for the Quahog Talent Competition, one of the lyrics to Peter and Lois' song was scheduled to be "God would do her from behind, even do it a second time," but it was never used.<ref name="Colton" /><ref name="MacFarlane" /> Sound mixer Patrick Clark organized the format of the credits, which were different from the regular set.<ref name="MacFarlane" /> Peter singing [https://web.archive.org/web/20161017162718/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFQyib5ZQZY "Ding Fries are Done"] was shortened for the televised version of the episode, with an extended version on the DVD. Cleveland sticking his middle finger up to Brian after he fails to stop in his taxi was allowed on the televised version of the episode. This was permitted because MacFarlane rang the show's broadcasting standards and asked for their explicit permission, explaining that it was very distant, and they allowed it.<ref name="MacFarlane" /> After smoking marijuana, Peter and Lois are shown lying on top of each other on the sofa; in the television version, they are wearing underwear, but are completely naked on the DVD, Adult Swim, and TBS versions.<ref name="MacFarlane" /> Similarly, Lois' comment during the scene, "Brian, he's knocking on the back door, what should I do? Should I let him in?" was censored from [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] airings, as it is a reference to anal sex,<ref name="MacFarlane" /> but remains intact on ''Adult Swim'' and ''TBS'' airings. In addition to the regular cast, voice actors H. Jon Benjamin and Frank Welker, and actress Kate Jackson guest starred in the episode. Recurring voice actors Lori Alan, Ralph Garman, and Mike Henry, writers Chris Sheridan, Danny Smith, and John Viener, and actor Adam West, who portrays an exaggerated version of himself, also made minor appearances. The episode takes its title from a scene when an anonymous informant (later revealed to be Kermit the Frog) secretly meets Brian in an underground parking lot. Brian calls the informant "Deep Throat," in a reference to the anonymous informant Deep Throat. The meeting itself is a reference to either the meeting with Deep Throat or to the 1976 film ''All the President's Men''. The part-time job Peter had wherein he sings a song "Ding Fries are Done," was based on a song that was popularized by Doctor Demento in the 1990s concerning [[Burger King]], and is a parody of the popular Christmas song "Carol of the Bells".<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2011 |title="Ding! Fries Are Done" : Funny Christmas Song Countdown #18 |url=https://www.al.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2011/12/ding_fries_are_done_funny_chri.html}}</ref> The Noid attempting to ruin Mayor West's pizza is a reference to the Noid from former Domino's Pizza television advertisements. The scene where Cleveland runs off as a black panther when he notices Meg and Brian looking at him as he destroys Brian's cab with a crowbar is a reference to [[Michael Jackson]]'s "Black or White" second ending known as the Panther Dance. Stewie references his cousin, [[Tom Cruise|Stewie Cruise]], showing him jumping up and down on Oprah's couch while shouting "I'm in love with Katie Holmes! I'm not gay!" When Lois mentions to Peter that it would be fun to be in the community talent show, Stewie says "You know what else is fun? Watching ''Mr. Belvedere'' without people talking so loudly!". He then proceeds to sing the theme song loudly. When Peter is being driven around by Brian, he refers to him as Bitterman, a reference to the chauffeur in the 1981 film ''Arthur''. The song Mayor West and Meg are listening to in the hotel together is the theme song to ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' from the 1987 series. In the DVD version of the episode, Stewie and Brian bump into Scooby-Doo and the gang from ''Scooby-Doo, Where Are You?''. Fred Jones and Stewie argue about who got to City Hall first, but then Stewie sends them off by humming a familiar tune. == Manazarta == oql8o7t0c61e2vxd8a5c2b21k2uzmow 0 161579 882924 2026-07-14T14:36:02Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363204293|Liberty Theatre]]" 882924 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Liberty Theatre''' is a former Broadway theater at 234 West 42nd Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in [[New York (birni)|New York City]], New York, US. Opened in 1904, the theater was designed by Herts &amp;amp; Tallant and built for Klaw and Erlanger, the partnership of theatrical producers Marc Klaw and A. L. Erlanger. The theater has been used as an event venue since 2011 and is part of an entertainment and retail complex developed by Forest City Ratner. The theater is owned by the city and state governments of New York and leased to New 42nd Street. Brookfield Asset Management, which acquired Forest City in 2018, subleases the venue from New 42nd Street. The Liberty Theatre consists of an auditorium facing 41st Street and a lobby facing 42nd Street. The facade on 42nd Street is largely hidden but was designed in the neoclassical style, similar to the neighboring New Amsterdam Theatre, designed by the same architects. The lobby from 42nd Street led to the auditorium in the rear, as well as men's and women's lounges in the basement. The auditorium, designed in the Art Nouveau style, contains two balconies cantilevered above ground-level orchestra seating. The theater has a steel frame and was designed with advanced mechanical systems for its time. The original design included depictions of the Liberty Bell and bald eagles, which have since been removed. The Liberty opened on October 10, 1904, and in its early years hosted several hit productions, which largely consisted of comedies, dramas, or musicals. D. W. Griffith briefly screened movies at the theater in the 1910s. After Klaw and Erlanger ended their partnership in 1919, Erlanger continued to operate the theater until 1931; the Liberty was leased the next year to Max Rudnick, who presented movies and vaudeville. The Liberty hosted its last legitimate show in 1933, and the Brandt family took over the venue, operating it as a movie theater until the 1980s. The city and state governments of New York acquired the theater as part of the 42nd Street Redevelopment Project in 1990. Forest City Ratner developed an entertainment and retail complex on the site in the 1990s, but the Liberty Theatre remained largely abandoned until the early 21st century, when it became a restaurant space and event venue. == Site == The Liberty Theatre is at 234 West 42nd Street, on the south side between Seventh Avenue and Eighth Avenue near the southern end of Times Square, in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in [[New York (birni)|New York City]], New York, US. The theater is part of an entertainment and retail complex at 234 West 42nd Street, which includes the Madame Tussauds New York museum and the AMC Empire 25 movie theater.<ref name="ZoLa">{{Cite web |title=234 West 42 Street, 10036 |url=https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1013/12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928131211/https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1013/12 |archive-date=September 28, 2022 |access-date=March 25, 2021 |publisher=[[New York City Department of City Planning]]}}</ref> The complex's land lot covers {{Cvt|54,060|ft2}} and extends {{Cvt|200|ft}} between its two frontages on 41st and 42nd Streets,<ref name="ZoLa" /> with a frontage of {{Cvt|270|ft}} on 41st Street and {{Cvt|350|ft}} on 42nd Street.<ref name="new42map">{{Cite web |title=Site Map |url=http://www.new42.org/Images/sitemap.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707140308/http://www.new42.org/Images/sitemap.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2011 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |publisher=[[New 42nd Street]]}}</ref> Originally, the theater occupied its own land lot; the main frontage on 42nd Street measured only {{Cvt|20|ft}} wide, while the 41st Street frontage measured {{Cvt|100|ft}} wide. This is because the developers, Abraham L. Erlanger and Marcus Klaw, wanted the more prominent 42nd Street frontage as the main entrance.<ref name="HG p. 110">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> The city block includes the Candler Building, New Amsterdam Theatre, and 5 Times Square to the east, as well as Eleven Times Square to the west.<ref name="ZoLa">{{Cite web |title=234 West 42 Street, 10036 |url=https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1013/12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928131211/https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1013/12 |archive-date=September 28, 2022 |access-date=March 25, 2021 |publisher=[[New York City Department of City Planning]]}}</ref> The [[E-Walk]] entertainment complex is directly across 42nd Street to the northwest. The Todd Haimes Theatre and Times Square Theater are to the north, while the Lyric Theatre, New Victory Theater, and 3 Times Square are to the northeast. In addition, the Port Authority Bus Terminal is to the west, the New York Times Building is to the southwest, and the Nederlander Theatre is to the south.<ref name="ZoLa" /><ref name="aia5" /> The surrounding area is part of Manhattan's Theater District and contains many Broadway theaters. In the first two decades of the 20th century, eleven venues for legitimate theater were built within one block of West 42nd Street between Seventh and Eighth Avenues.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 675">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Stern|Fishman|Tilove|2006}}</ref> The New Amsterdam, Harris, Liberty, Eltinge (now Empire), and Lew Fields theaters occupied the south side of the street. The original Lyric and Apollo theaters (combined into the current Lyric Theatre), as well as the Times Square, Victory, Selwyn (now Todd Haimes), and Victoria theaters, occupied the north side.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 675" /> These venues were mostly converted to movie theaters by the 1930s, and many of them had been relegated to showing pornography by the 1970s.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 675" /> == Design == The Liberty Theatre was designed by architects Herts &amp;amp; Tallant and developed for Klaw and Erlanger in 1904.<ref name="HG pp. 110-111">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> It was built by the Murphy Construction Company.<ref name="r-7031148_033_00001230" /> Herts and Tallant designed the theater in the Art Nouveau style, similar to their earlier projects in New York City (namely the New Amsterdam, Lyceum, and German theaters), although the Liberty's architectural detail was smaller in scale than in the other theaters.<ref name="NYCL p. 11">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1987}}</ref> === Exterior === The Liberty Theatre originally had a three-story-tall neoclassical facade on 42nd Street, similar to the neighboring New Amsterdam Theatre (also designed by Herts and Tallant). The entrance was through an arch, which was flanked by sign boards and topped by an electric sign.<ref name="HG p. 111">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> On either side of the main entrance were caryatids representing comedy and song. The second and third floors, which contained the theater's offices, were spanned by a large archway. Above the arch was a stone shield, with a relief of the Liberty Bell carved into it. The facade was capped by a statue of a bald eagle with spread wings.<ref name="HG p. 111" /> There was an ornamental cornice above the top story.<ref name="r-7031148_034_00000767" /> By the 1990s, most of the facade had been obscured or heavily modified, and the third story had been completely stripped of ornamentation. The 42nd Street facade is no longer visible above the first floor.<ref name="Untapped New York">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Michelle |date=May 29, 2018 |title=Remnants of the Lost Liberty Theater in Times Square Hidden in Plain Sight |url=https://untappedcities.com/2018/05/29/remnants-of-the-lost-liberty-theater-in-times-square-hidden-in-plain-sight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824014738/https://untappedcities.com/2018/05/29/remnants-of-the-lost-liberty-theater-in-times-square-hidden-in-plain-sight/ |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2022 |website=Untapped New York}}</ref> The rear facade on 41st Street remains intact,<ref name="Untapped New York">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Michelle |date=May 29, 2018 |title=Remnants of the Lost Liberty Theater in Times Square Hidden in Plain Sight |url=https://untappedcities.com/2018/05/29/remnants-of-the-lost-liberty-theater-in-times-square-hidden-in-plain-sight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824014738/https://untappedcities.com/2018/05/29/remnants-of-the-lost-liberty-theater-in-times-square-hidden-in-plain-sight/ |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2022 |website=Untapped New York}}</ref> and ''The New York Times'' described it in 1996 as being in "good condition". Images indicate that the 41st Street facade is made of plain brick and has no windows. Projecting brick piers divide the facade into five bays. There are loading docks within three of the bays, as well as globe-shaped lanterns affixed to the piers. The facade does not have any other decoration.<ref name="Untapped New York" /> === Interior === [[Fayil:Liberty_Theatre_1.jpg|alt=The interior of the Liberty Theatre in 2021. There is a set of multicolored columns along the right side of the image, which support a loggia.|thumb|Interior of the theater in 2021, after it had been converted into an event space]] The theater was mechanically advanced for its time, with heating, cooling, ventilation, and fire-suppression systems. The structural frame was made of skeletal steel, while the floors were made of concrete and tile. The theater's sprinkler system was supplied by a {{Cvt|15000|gal|L}} water tank on the roof. All of the air in the theater could be changed within five minutes.<ref name="nyt-1904-09-25" /> In addition, there were 21 emergency exits within the theater building, excluding the fire escapes outside the dressing rooms, which allegedly allowed the theater to be cleared within two minutes.<ref name="HG p. 111">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref><ref name="p571482776" /> These emergency exits led to courtyards on either side of the theater, running between 41st and 42nd Streets.<ref name="p571482776" /> The structural frame and emergency exits may have been added in response to the Iroquois Theatre fire in 1903, where hundreds of people died in a Chicago theater that was allegedly fireproof.<ref name="HG p. 111" /> The auditorium is at the south end of the building and originally measured {{Cvt|72|ft}} wide, with a depth of {{Cvt|60|ft}} between the stage and the rear wall.<ref name="HG p. 110">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> The auditorium's seats were spread across the orchestra level and two balconies.<ref name="HG p. 110" /> The theater had 1,055 seats.<ref name="ibdb-liberty">{{Cite web |last=The Broadway League |date=October 10, 1904 |title=Liberty Theatre – New York, NY |url=https://www.ibdb.com/theatre/liberty-theatre-1235 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326022955/https://www.ibdb.com/theatre/liberty-theatre-1235 |archive-date=March 26, 2020 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |website=IBDB}}</ref><ref name="Playbill Liberty">{{Cite web |date=March 16, 2016 |title=Liberty Theatre (1904) New York, NY |url=https://www.playbill.com/venue/liberty-theatre-1904-new-york-ny |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001173519/https://playbill.com/venue/liberty-theatre-1904-new-york-ny |archive-date=October 1, 2022 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |website=Playbill}}</ref>{{Efn|{{harvnb|Henderson|Greene|2008|p=110}}, states that the theater had 1,200 seats.}} Unusually for theaters of the time,<ref name="Bloom p. 187">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bloom|2007}}</ref> the balconies are cantilevered from the structural framework, which eliminated the need for columns that blocked sightlines. The orchestra level had 546 seats,<ref name="nyt-1904-09-25" /> arranged in 15 rows.<ref name="HG p. 110" /> The balcony levels were smaller; the upper balcony only had 264 seats.<ref name="p571482776" /> At the rear of the auditorium, a wide staircase led from the lobby to the two balcony levels, while promenades ran behind the seating areas on all three levels.<ref name="p571482776" /><ref name="nyt-1904-09-25" /> The promenades were decorated in amber, white, and gold, a color scheme that was also used on the auditorium's seats, carpets, and other fabrics.<ref name="p571482776" /> The original design included eight boxes, four on either side of the stage.<ref name="HG p. 110">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> The boxes were painted in ivory and gold. Above each set of boxes was a motif of a bald eagle, which in turn flanked a depiction of the Liberty Bell.<ref name="HG p. 111">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> The proscenium opening is {{Cvt|36|ft}} wide and {{Cvt|32|ft}} high. Unlike in other theaters, the proscenium arch was not topped by a sounding board; as a result, audiences at the rear of the auditorium did not receive amplified sound from the stage.<ref name="HG p. 111" /> By the 21st century, the rear walls of both balcony levels had been shifted forward significantly.<ref name="Untapped New York">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Michelle |date=May 29, 2018 |title=Remnants of the Lost Liberty Theater in Times Square Hidden in Plain Sight |url=https://untappedcities.com/2018/05/29/remnants-of-the-lost-liberty-theater-in-times-square-hidden-in-plain-sight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824014738/https://untappedcities.com/2018/05/29/remnants-of-the-lost-liberty-theater-in-times-square-hidden-in-plain-sight/ |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2022 |website=Untapped New York}}</ref> The stage was designed to accommodate comedies and large musicals, measuring about {{Cvt|35|ft}} deep and {{Cvt|72|ft}} wide. The top of the fly loft was {{Cvt|70|ft}} above the stage.<ref name="HG p. 111">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> The Liberty's stage curtain was made of asbestos, as at many other theaters at the time, and contained a mural of ''Half Moon'', the ship belonging to Dutch explorer Henry Hudson.<ref name="HG p. 111" /> The curtain, measuring {{Cvt|35|by|25|ft}}, was probably designed by F. Richards Anderson and was decorated in blue, green, and brown hues. With the deterioration of the theater in the late 20th century, parts of the asbestos curtain began to flake off.<ref name="nyt-1993-07-11" /> ==== Other spaces ==== The theater's lobby led from 42nd Street. It consisted of a vestibule with aluminum and gold decorations, as well as an ivory-and-white hallway that acted as a foyer. The vestibule had a domed ceiling measuring {{Cvt|30|ft}} across, and the foyer was {{Cvt|50|ft}} long. The two spaces were separated by doors covered in leather.<ref name="p571482776" /> The original lobby has been heavily modified.<ref name="Untapped New York">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Michelle |date=May 29, 2018 |title=Remnants of the Lost Liberty Theater in Times Square Hidden in Plain Sight |url=https://untappedcities.com/2018/05/29/remnants-of-the-lost-liberty-theater-in-times-square-hidden-in-plain-sight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824014738/https://untappedcities.com/2018/05/29/remnants-of-the-lost-liberty-theater-in-times-square-hidden-in-plain-sight/ |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2022 |website=Untapped New York}}</ref> At the rear of the orchestra-level promenade were stairs, which led to men's and women's lounges in the basement.<ref name="HG p. 111">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> The men's lounging and smoking room was decorated in the English style, with weathered-oak paneling as well as furniture covered with Spanish leather. The women's lounge was painted green, gold, and ivory.<ref name="HG p. 111" /><ref name="p571482776" /> == History == Times Square became the epicenter for large-scale theater productions between 1900 and the [[Great Depression]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swift |first=Christopher |date=2018 |title=The City Performs: An Architectural History of NYC Theater |url=https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=dbe468bfd33343dc96c23db1da55f803 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325233910/https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html%3Fappid%3Ddbe468bfd33343dc96c23db1da55f803 |archive-date=March 25, 2020 |access-date=March 25, 2020 |publisher=[[New York City College of Technology]], [[City University of New York]]}}</ref> Manhattan's theater district had begun to shift from Union Square and Madison Square during the first decade of the 20th century.<ref name="NYPAP">{{Cite web |title=Theater District – |url=https://www.nypap.org/preservation-history/theater-district |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019151144/https://www.nypap.org/preservation-history/theater-district/ |archive-date=October 19, 2021 |access-date=October 12, 2021 |website=New York Preservation Archive Project}}</ref> At the beginning of that century, Klaw and Erlanger operated the predominant theatrical booking agency in the United States. They decided to relocate to 42nd Street after observing that the Metropolitan Opera House, the Victoria Theatre, and the Theatre Republic (now New Victory Theater) had been developed around that area.<ref name="HG p. 96">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> Klaw and Erlanger hired Herts and Tallant to design the New Amsterdam Theatre at 214 West 42nd Street, which opened on October 26, 1903.<ref name="HG p. 962">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> Klaw and Erlanger then decided to build a second theater on the block, also designed by Herts and Tallant,<ref name="HG p. 110">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> which would host musicals by the Rogers Brothers. By early 1904, the Murphy Construction Company was constructing the theater's steel frame. === Legitimate use === The Liberty Theatre opened on October 10, 1904, with the revue ''The Rogers Brothers in Paris''.<ref name="HG p. 112">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> This was followed the next month by ''Little Johnny Jones'', the first large musical written by George M. Cohan.<ref name="HG p. 112" /> The Liberty hosted several hit productions in its early years,<ref name="Bloom p. 145">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bloom|2007}}</ref> largely consisting of comedies, dramas, or musicals.<ref name="HG p. 112" /> The Liberty's second season included ''The Rogers Brothers in Ireland'' in late 1905,<ref name="HG p. 112" /><ref name="Bloom p. 145" /> as well as the comedy-drama ''The Clansman'',<ref name="HG p. 112" /> the Christmas musical ''The Gingerbread Man'', and the musical ''Lincoln'' in early 1906. During the 1906–1907 season, Eleanor Robson produced several plays at the Liberty,<ref name="HG p. 117">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> and the theater also hosted ''The Follies of 1907'', the first edition of the annual ''Ziegfeld Follies'' revue. The Rogers Brothers presented ''The Rogers Brothers in Panama'' in 1907, but, amid decreasing popularity, the brothers never performed at the Liberty again.<ref name="HG p. 114">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> Margaret Mayo's play ''Polly of the Circus'' opened in December 1907 and was a hit, running for 160 performances.<ref name="HG p. 112" /> Other shows in the Liberty Theatre's early years included ''The Redskins'' in 1906 with Tyrone Power Sr., as well as ''Wildfire'' in 1908 with Lillian Russell.<ref name="HG p. 117" /> The musical ''The Arcadians'' opened at the Liberty in 1910, followed at the end of the same year by the operetta ''The Spring Maid'', which stayed for six months.<ref name="HG p. 116">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref><ref name="The Broadway League 1910">{{Cite web |last=The Broadway League |date=December 26, 1910 |title=The Spring Maid – Broadway Musical – Original |url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/the-spring-maid-7260 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701080136/https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/the-spring-maid-7260 |archive-date=July 1, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2022 |website=IBDB |postscript=none}}; {{Cite web |date=December 14, 2015 |title=The Spring Maid (Broadway, Liberty Theatre, 1910) |url=https://playbill.com/production/the-spring-maid-liberty-theatre-vault-0000006638 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001173459/https://playbill.com/production/the-spring-maid-liberty-theatre-vault-0000006638 |archive-date=October 1, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2022 |website=Playbill}}</ref> The theater's other productions in the early 1910s included the play ''The Fascinating Widow'' in 1911, the play ''Milestones'' in 1912, and the operetta ''Rob Roy'' and the musical ''Sweethearts'' in 1913. Around the same time, Klaw and Erlanger had become involved in the film industry; in 1913, they signed an agreement with the Biograph Company that allowed Biograph to produce two features weekly at the syndicate's theaters.<ref name="HG p. 112">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> Klaw and Erlanger leased the Liberty to movie-theater operator D. W. Griffith in February 1915, on the condition that movie tickets be sold at $2, the same price as tickets for plays. The next month, Griffith presented ''The Birth of a Nation'', the first film to be screened at the theater. Griffith screened ''The Birth of a Nation'' over 750 times during the next nine months.<ref name="p1031492559">{{Cite magazine|url-status=3, 55}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> The Liberty again hosted live shows in early 1916, when it presented a week of variety performances by [[The Blue Pierrots]] troupe, as well as the musical ''Sybil''.<ref name="The Broadway League 1916">{{Cite web |last=The Broadway League |date=January 10, 1916 |title=Sybil – Broadway Musical – Original |url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/sybil-8256 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223130253/https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/sybil-8256 |archive-date=February 23, 2023 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |website=IBDB |postscript=none}}; {{Cite web |date=December 14, 2015 |title=Sybil (Broadway, Liberty Theatre, 1916) |url=https://playbill.com/production/sybil-liberty-theatre-vault-0000006618 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001174034/https://playbill.com/production/sybil-liberty-theatre-vault-0000006618 |archive-date=October 1, 2022 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |website=Playbill}}</ref> In August of that year, Griffith leased the Liberty Theatre again, this time for his film <nowiki><i id="mwArk">Intolerance</i></nowiki>. The Jerome Kern musical ''[[Have A Heart (musical)|Have A Heart]]'' opened at the Liberty in January 1917,<ref name="Bloom p. 146">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bloom|2007}}</ref> followed the same year by the revue ''Hitchy-Koo of 1917'' and the play ''The Wooing of Eve'' with Laurette Taylor and Lynn Fontanne.<ref name="HG p. 117">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> At the end of the year, George M. Cohan and Sam H. Harris's musical <nowiki><i id="mwAuU">Going Up</i></nowiki> opened at the Liberty, running for 351 performances.<ref name="HG p. 116">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> Following the success of the ''Ziegfeld Follies'' at the nearby New Amsterdam, Klaw and Erlanger presented two revues at the Liberty in 1919:<ref name="HG p. 117" /><ref name="Bloom p. 146" /> ''George White's Scandals of 1919'' and ''Hitchy-Koo of 1919''. By then, Klaw and Erlanger's Theatrical Syndicate no longer had a monopoly on theatrical shows, and they had dissolved their partnership. A. L. Erlanger continued to produce shows at the Liberty Theatre, while Marcus Klaw developed his own venue on 45th Street, the Klaw Theatre.<ref name="HG p. 117" /> [[Fayil:Adelaide_Hall_1921.jpg|alt=Adelaide Hall performing at the Liberty Theatre in Blackbirds of 1928|thumb|Adelaide Hall in ''Blackbirds of 1928'']] The Kern musical ''The Night Boat'' opened at the Liberty in February 1920 and ran for several months.<ref name="HG p. 117">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> It was followed by ''George White's Scandals of 1921'' and the Otto Harbach musical ''The O'Brien Girl''.<ref name="HG p. 117" /> During 1922, the Liberty Theatre hosted the comedy ''To the Ladies'' with Helen Hayes, as well as Cohan's musical ''Little Nellie Kelly''. The theater's shows the next year included the play ''Magnolia'' with Leo Carrillo and ''The Magic Ring'' with Jeanette MacDonald.<ref name="HG p. 117" /> The firm of Mandelbaum & Lewine, along with Max N. Natanson, bought the Liberty and Eltinge theaters in November 1923 and immediately resold the theaters to Maximilian Zipkes. The Liberty hosted another Cohan musical at the end of that year, ''The Rise of Rosie O'Reilly'',<ref name="The Broadway League 1923">{{Cite web |last=The Broadway League |date=December 25, 1923 |title=The Rise of Rosie O'Reilly – Broadway Musical – Original |url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/the-rise-of-rosie-oreilly-9348 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107205107/https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/the-rise-of-rosie-oreilly-9348 |archive-date=November 7, 2021 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |website=IBDB |postscript=none}}; {{Cite web |date=December 14, 2015 |title=The Rise of Rosie O'Reilly (Broadway, Liberty Theatre, 1923) |url=https://playbill.com/production/the-rise-of-rosie-oreilly-liberty-theatre-vault-0000006593 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001174053/https://playbill.com/production/the-rise-of-rosie-oreilly-liberty-theatre-vault-0000006593 |archive-date=October 1, 2022 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |website=Playbill}}</ref> although Cohan's musicals had begun to decline in popularity by then.<ref name="Bloom p. 146">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bloom|2007}}</ref> George and Ira Gershwin's musical ''Lady, Be Good!'' opened at the theater in December 1924 and lasted 330 performances.<ref name="HG pp. 117-120">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> This was followed in December 1925 by another Gershwin musical, ''Tip-Toes'', which lasted for 194 performances.<ref name="HG p. 120">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> Erlanger announced in April 1926 that the Liberty Theatre would be completely renovated after ''Tip-Toes'' ended that June, and the theater reopened that September. Lew Fields's revue ''Blackbirds of 1928'', featuring an all-Black cast, premiered in May 1928<ref name="HG p. 120">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> and had 518 total performances over two theaters. It was one of several revues with Black casts to be presented at the Liberty Theatre in the late 1920s and early 1930s.<ref name="Bloom p. 146">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bloom|2007}}</ref><ref name="HG p. 120" /> ''Blackbirds'' relocated to the Eltinge Theatre in October 1928<ref name="HG p. 121">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> to make way for the comedy ''Mr. Moneypenny'',<ref name="The Broadway League 1928">{{Cite web |last=The Broadway League |date=October 17, 1928 |title=Mr. Moneypenny – Broadway Play – Original |url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/mr-moneypenny-10749 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223130245/https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/mr-moneypenny-10749 |archive-date=February 23, 2023 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |website=IBDB |postscript=none}}; {{Cite web |date=December 14, 2015 |title=Mr. Moneypenny (Broadway, Liberty Theatre, 1928) |url=https://playbill.com/production/mr-moneypenny-liberty-theatre-vault-0000006578 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001174041/https://playbill.com/production/mr-moneypenny-liberty-theatre-vault-0000006578 |archive-date=October 1, 2022 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |website=Playbill}}</ref> which lasted 61 performances.<ref name="HG p. 121" /><ref name="The Broadway League 1928" /> The Liberty then hosted ''Subway Express'', which premiered in October 1929 and ran for 270 performances.<ref name="HG p. 121" /> By then, increasing competition between producers had resulted in many flops.<ref name="HG p. 120" /> Furthermore, with the onset of the [[Great Depression]], many Broadway theaters were impacted by declining attendance.<ref name="Bloom p. 189">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bloom|2007}}</ref><ref name="HG p. 71">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rnq3gz2iqn9rut3seddd7yaxzgv89a7 882925 882924 2026-07-14T14:36:33Z D son203 45710 882925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The '''Liberty Theatre''' is a former Broadway theater at 234 West 42nd Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in [[New York (birni)|New York City]], New York, US. Opened in 1904, the theater was designed by Herts &amp;amp; Tallant and built for Klaw and Erlanger, the partnership of theatrical producers Marc Klaw and A. L. Erlanger. The theater has been used as an event venue since 2011 and is part of an entertainment and retail complex developed by Forest City Ratner. The theater is owned by the city and state governments of New York and leased to New 42nd Street. Brookfield Asset Management, which acquired Forest City in 2018, subleases the venue from New 42nd Street. The Liberty Theatre consists of an auditorium facing 41st Street and a lobby facing 42nd Street. The facade on 42nd Street is largely hidden but was designed in the neoclassical style, similar to the neighboring New Amsterdam Theatre, designed by the same architects. The lobby from 42nd Street led to the auditorium in the rear, as well as men's and women's lounges in the basement. The auditorium, designed in the Art Nouveau style, contains two balconies cantilevered above ground-level orchestra seating. The theater has a steel frame and was designed with advanced mechanical systems for its time. The original design included depictions of the Liberty Bell and bald eagles, which have since been removed. The Liberty opened on October 10, 1904, and in its early years hosted several hit productions, which largely consisted of comedies, dramas, or musicals. D. W. Griffith briefly screened movies at the theater in the 1910s. After Klaw and Erlanger ended their partnership in 1919, Erlanger continued to operate the theater until 1931; the Liberty was leased the next year to Max Rudnick, who presented movies and vaudeville. The Liberty hosted its last legitimate show in 1933, and the Brandt family took over the venue, operating it as a movie theater until the 1980s. The city and state governments of New York acquired the theater as part of the 42nd Street Redevelopment Project in 1990. Forest City Ratner developed an entertainment and retail complex on the site in the 1990s, but the Liberty Theatre remained largely abandoned until the early 21st century, when it became a restaurant space and event venue. == Site == The Liberty Theatre is at 234 West 42nd Street, on the south side between Seventh Avenue and Eighth Avenue near the southern end of Times Square, in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in [[New York (birni)|New York City]], New York, US. The theater is part of an entertainment and retail complex at 234 West 42nd Street, which includes the Madame Tussauds New York museum and the AMC Empire 25 movie theater.<ref name="ZoLa">{{Cite web |title=234 West 42 Street, 10036 |url=https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1013/12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928131211/https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1013/12 |archive-date=September 28, 2022 |access-date=March 25, 2021 |publisher=[[New York City Department of City Planning]]}}</ref> The complex's land lot covers {{Cvt|54,060|ft2}} and extends {{Cvt|200|ft}} between its two frontages on 41st and 42nd Streets,<ref name="ZoLa" /> with a frontage of {{Cvt|270|ft}} on 41st Street and {{Cvt|350|ft}} on 42nd Street.<ref name="new42map">{{Cite web |title=Site Map |url=http://www.new42.org/Images/sitemap.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707140308/http://www.new42.org/Images/sitemap.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2011 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |publisher=[[New 42nd Street]]}}</ref> Originally, the theater occupied its own land lot; the main frontage on 42nd Street measured only {{Cvt|20|ft}} wide, while the 41st Street frontage measured {{Cvt|100|ft}} wide. This is because the developers, Abraham L. Erlanger and Marcus Klaw, wanted the more prominent 42nd Street frontage as the main entrance.<ref name="HG p. 110">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> The city block includes the Candler Building, New Amsterdam Theatre, and 5 Times Square to the east, as well as Eleven Times Square to the west.<ref name="ZoLa">{{Cite web |title=234 West 42 Street, 10036 |url=https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1013/12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928131211/https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1013/12 |archive-date=September 28, 2022 |access-date=March 25, 2021 |publisher=[[New York City Department of City Planning]]}}</ref> The [[E-Walk]] entertainment complex is directly across 42nd Street to the northwest. The Todd Haimes Theatre and Times Square Theater are to the north, while the Lyric Theatre, New Victory Theater, and 3 Times Square are to the northeast. In addition, the Port Authority Bus Terminal is to the west, the New York Times Building is to the southwest, and the Nederlander Theatre is to the south.<ref name="ZoLa" /><ref name="aia5" /> The surrounding area is part of Manhattan's Theater District and contains many Broadway theaters. In the first two decades of the 20th century, eleven venues for legitimate theater were built within one block of West 42nd Street between Seventh and Eighth Avenues.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 675">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Stern|Fishman|Tilove|2006}}</ref> The New Amsterdam, Harris, Liberty, Eltinge (now Empire), and Lew Fields theaters occupied the south side of the street. The original Lyric and Apollo theaters (combined into the current Lyric Theatre), as well as the Times Square, Victory, Selwyn (now Todd Haimes), and Victoria theaters, occupied the north side.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 675" /> These venues were mostly converted to movie theaters by the 1930s, and many of them had been relegated to showing pornography by the 1970s.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 675" /> == Design == The Liberty Theatre was designed by architects Herts &amp;amp; Tallant and developed for Klaw and Erlanger in 1904.<ref name="HG pp. 110-111">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> It was built by the Murphy Construction Company.<ref name="r-7031148_033_00001230" /> Herts and Tallant designed the theater in the Art Nouveau style, similar to their earlier projects in New York City (namely the New Amsterdam, Lyceum, and German theaters), although the Liberty's architectural detail was smaller in scale than in the other theaters.<ref name="NYCL p. 11">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1987}}</ref> === Exterior === The Liberty Theatre originally had a three-story-tall neoclassical facade on 42nd Street, similar to the neighboring New Amsterdam Theatre (also designed by Herts and Tallant). The entrance was through an arch, which was flanked by sign boards and topped by an electric sign.<ref name="HG p. 111">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> On either side of the main entrance were caryatids representing comedy and song. The second and third floors, which contained the theater's offices, were spanned by a large archway. Above the arch was a stone shield, with a relief of the Liberty Bell carved into it. The facade was capped by a statue of a bald eagle with spread wings.<ref name="HG p. 111" /> There was an ornamental cornice above the top story.<ref name="r-7031148_034_00000767" /> By the 1990s, most of the facade had been obscured or heavily modified, and the third story had been completely stripped of ornamentation. The 42nd Street facade is no longer visible above the first floor.<ref name="Untapped New York">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Michelle |date=May 29, 2018 |title=Remnants of the Lost Liberty Theater in Times Square Hidden in Plain Sight |url=https://untappedcities.com/2018/05/29/remnants-of-the-lost-liberty-theater-in-times-square-hidden-in-plain-sight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824014738/https://untappedcities.com/2018/05/29/remnants-of-the-lost-liberty-theater-in-times-square-hidden-in-plain-sight/ |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2022 |website=Untapped New York}}</ref> The rear facade on 41st Street remains intact,<ref name="Untapped New York">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Michelle |date=May 29, 2018 |title=Remnants of the Lost Liberty Theater in Times Square Hidden in Plain Sight |url=https://untappedcities.com/2018/05/29/remnants-of-the-lost-liberty-theater-in-times-square-hidden-in-plain-sight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824014738/https://untappedcities.com/2018/05/29/remnants-of-the-lost-liberty-theater-in-times-square-hidden-in-plain-sight/ |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2022 |website=Untapped New York}}</ref> and ''The New York Times'' described it in 1996 as being in "good condition". Images indicate that the 41st Street facade is made of plain brick and has no windows. Projecting brick piers divide the facade into five bays. There are loading docks within three of the bays, as well as globe-shaped lanterns affixed to the piers. The facade does not have any other decoration.<ref name="Untapped New York" /> === Interior === [[Fayil:Liberty_Theatre_1.jpg|alt=The interior of the Liberty Theatre in 2021. There is a set of multicolored columns along the right side of the image, which support a loggia.|thumb|Interior of the theater in 2021, after it had been converted into an event space]] The theater was mechanically advanced for its time, with heating, cooling, ventilation, and fire-suppression systems. The structural frame was made of skeletal steel, while the floors were made of concrete and tile. The theater's sprinkler system was supplied by a {{Cvt|15000|gal|L}} water tank on the roof. All of the air in the theater could be changed within five minutes.<ref name="nyt-1904-09-25" /> In addition, there were 21 emergency exits within the theater building, excluding the fire escapes outside the dressing rooms, which allegedly allowed the theater to be cleared within two minutes.<ref name="HG p. 111">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref><ref name="p571482776" /> These emergency exits led to courtyards on either side of the theater, running between 41st and 42nd Streets.<ref name="p571482776" /> The structural frame and emergency exits may have been added in response to the Iroquois Theatre fire in 1903, where hundreds of people died in a Chicago theater that was allegedly fireproof.<ref name="HG p. 111" /> The auditorium is at the south end of the building and originally measured {{Cvt|72|ft}} wide, with a depth of {{Cvt|60|ft}} between the stage and the rear wall.<ref name="HG p. 110">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> The auditorium's seats were spread across the orchestra level and two balconies.<ref name="HG p. 110" /> The theater had 1,055 seats.<ref name="ibdb-liberty">{{Cite web |last=The Broadway League |date=October 10, 1904 |title=Liberty Theatre – New York, NY |url=https://www.ibdb.com/theatre/liberty-theatre-1235 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326022955/https://www.ibdb.com/theatre/liberty-theatre-1235 |archive-date=March 26, 2020 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |website=IBDB}}</ref><ref name="Playbill Liberty">{{Cite web |date=March 16, 2016 |title=Liberty Theatre (1904) New York, NY |url=https://www.playbill.com/venue/liberty-theatre-1904-new-york-ny |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001173519/https://playbill.com/venue/liberty-theatre-1904-new-york-ny |archive-date=October 1, 2022 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |website=Playbill}}</ref>{{Efn|{{harvnb|Henderson|Greene|2008|p=110}}, states that the theater had 1,200 seats.}} Unusually for theaters of the time,<ref name="Bloom p. 187">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bloom|2007}}</ref> the balconies are cantilevered from the structural framework, which eliminated the need for columns that blocked sightlines. The orchestra level had 546 seats,<ref name="nyt-1904-09-25" /> arranged in 15 rows.<ref name="HG p. 110" /> The balcony levels were smaller; the upper balcony only had 264 seats.<ref name="p571482776" /> At the rear of the auditorium, a wide staircase led from the lobby to the two balcony levels, while promenades ran behind the seating areas on all three levels.<ref name="p571482776" /><ref name="nyt-1904-09-25" /> The promenades were decorated in amber, white, and gold, a color scheme that was also used on the auditorium's seats, carpets, and other fabrics.<ref name="p571482776" /> The original design included eight boxes, four on either side of the stage.<ref name="HG p. 110">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> The boxes were painted in ivory and gold. Above each set of boxes was a motif of a bald eagle, which in turn flanked a depiction of the Liberty Bell.<ref name="HG p. 111">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> The proscenium opening is {{Cvt|36|ft}} wide and {{Cvt|32|ft}} high. Unlike in other theaters, the proscenium arch was not topped by a sounding board; as a result, audiences at the rear of the auditorium did not receive amplified sound from the stage.<ref name="HG p. 111" /> By the 21st century, the rear walls of both balcony levels had been shifted forward significantly.<ref name="Untapped New York">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Michelle |date=May 29, 2018 |title=Remnants of the Lost Liberty Theater in Times Square Hidden in Plain Sight |url=https://untappedcities.com/2018/05/29/remnants-of-the-lost-liberty-theater-in-times-square-hidden-in-plain-sight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824014738/https://untappedcities.com/2018/05/29/remnants-of-the-lost-liberty-theater-in-times-square-hidden-in-plain-sight/ |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2022 |website=Untapped New York}}</ref> The stage was designed to accommodate comedies and large musicals, measuring about {{Cvt|35|ft}} deep and {{Cvt|72|ft}} wide. The top of the fly loft was {{Cvt|70|ft}} above the stage.<ref name="HG p. 111">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> The Liberty's stage curtain was made of asbestos, as at many other theaters at the time, and contained a mural of ''Half Moon'', the ship belonging to Dutch explorer Henry Hudson.<ref name="HG p. 111" /> The curtain, measuring {{Cvt|35|by|25|ft}}, was probably designed by F. Richards Anderson and was decorated in blue, green, and brown hues. With the deterioration of the theater in the late 20th century, parts of the asbestos curtain began to flake off.<ref name="nyt-1993-07-11" /> ==== Other spaces ==== The theater's lobby led from 42nd Street. It consisted of a vestibule with aluminum and gold decorations, as well as an ivory-and-white hallway that acted as a foyer. The vestibule had a domed ceiling measuring {{Cvt|30|ft}} across, and the foyer was {{Cvt|50|ft}} long. The two spaces were separated by doors covered in leather.<ref name="p571482776" /> The original lobby has been heavily modified.<ref name="Untapped New York">{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Michelle |date=May 29, 2018 |title=Remnants of the Lost Liberty Theater in Times Square Hidden in Plain Sight |url=https://untappedcities.com/2018/05/29/remnants-of-the-lost-liberty-theater-in-times-square-hidden-in-plain-sight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824014738/https://untappedcities.com/2018/05/29/remnants-of-the-lost-liberty-theater-in-times-square-hidden-in-plain-sight/ |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2022 |website=Untapped New York}}</ref> At the rear of the orchestra-level promenade were stairs, which led to men's and women's lounges in the basement.<ref name="HG p. 111">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> The men's lounging and smoking room was decorated in the English style, with weathered-oak paneling as well as furniture covered with Spanish leather. The women's lounge was painted green, gold, and ivory.<ref name="HG p. 111" /><ref name="p571482776" /> == History == Times Square became the epicenter for large-scale theater productions between 1900 and the [[Great Depression]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swift |first=Christopher |date=2018 |title=The City Performs: An Architectural History of NYC Theater |url=https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=dbe468bfd33343dc96c23db1da55f803 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325233910/https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html%3Fappid%3Ddbe468bfd33343dc96c23db1da55f803 |archive-date=March 25, 2020 |access-date=March 25, 2020 |publisher=[[New York City College of Technology]], [[City University of New York]]}}</ref> Manhattan's theater district had begun to shift from Union Square and Madison Square during the first decade of the 20th century.<ref name="NYPAP">{{Cite web |title=Theater District – |url=https://www.nypap.org/preservation-history/theater-district |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019151144/https://www.nypap.org/preservation-history/theater-district/ |archive-date=October 19, 2021 |access-date=October 12, 2021 |website=New York Preservation Archive Project}}</ref> At the beginning of that century, Klaw and Erlanger operated the predominant theatrical booking agency in the United States. They decided to relocate to 42nd Street after observing that the Metropolitan Opera House, the Victoria Theatre, and the Theatre Republic (now New Victory Theater) had been developed around that area.<ref name="HG p. 96">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> Klaw and Erlanger hired Herts and Tallant to design the New Amsterdam Theatre at 214 West 42nd Street, which opened on October 26, 1903.<ref name="HG p. 962">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> Klaw and Erlanger then decided to build a second theater on the block, also designed by Herts and Tallant,<ref name="HG p. 110">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> which would host musicals by the Rogers Brothers. By early 1904, the Murphy Construction Company was constructing the theater's steel frame. === Legitimate use === The Liberty Theatre opened on October 10, 1904, with the revue ''The Rogers Brothers in Paris''.<ref name="HG p. 112">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> This was followed the next month by ''Little Johnny Jones'', the first large musical written by George M. Cohan.<ref name="HG p. 112" /> The Liberty hosted several hit productions in its early years,<ref name="Bloom p. 145">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bloom|2007}}</ref> largely consisting of comedies, dramas, or musicals.<ref name="HG p. 112" /> The Liberty's second season included ''The Rogers Brothers in Ireland'' in late 1905,<ref name="HG p. 112" /><ref name="Bloom p. 145" /> as well as the comedy-drama ''The Clansman'',<ref name="HG p. 112" /> the Christmas musical ''The Gingerbread Man'', and the musical ''Lincoln'' in early 1906. During the 1906–1907 season, Eleanor Robson produced several plays at the Liberty,<ref name="HG p. 117">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> and the theater also hosted ''The Follies of 1907'', the first edition of the annual ''Ziegfeld Follies'' revue. The Rogers Brothers presented ''The Rogers Brothers in Panama'' in 1907, but, amid decreasing popularity, the brothers never performed at the Liberty again.<ref name="HG p. 114">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> Margaret Mayo's play ''Polly of the Circus'' opened in December 1907 and was a hit, running for 160 performances.<ref name="HG p. 112" /> Other shows in the Liberty Theatre's early years included ''The Redskins'' in 1906 with Tyrone Power Sr., as well as ''Wildfire'' in 1908 with Lillian Russell.<ref name="HG p. 117" /> The musical ''The Arcadians'' opened at the Liberty in 1910, followed at the end of the same year by the operetta ''The Spring Maid'', which stayed for six months.<ref name="HG p. 116">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref><ref name="The Broadway League 1910">{{Cite web |last=The Broadway League |date=December 26, 1910 |title=The Spring Maid – Broadway Musical – Original |url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/the-spring-maid-7260 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701080136/https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/the-spring-maid-7260 |archive-date=July 1, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2022 |website=IBDB |postscript=none}}; {{Cite web |date=December 14, 2015 |title=The Spring Maid (Broadway, Liberty Theatre, 1910) |url=https://playbill.com/production/the-spring-maid-liberty-theatre-vault-0000006638 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001173459/https://playbill.com/production/the-spring-maid-liberty-theatre-vault-0000006638 |archive-date=October 1, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2022 |website=Playbill}}</ref> The theater's other productions in the early 1910s included the play ''The Fascinating Widow'' in 1911, the play ''Milestones'' in 1912, and the operetta ''Rob Roy'' and the musical ''Sweethearts'' in 1913. Around the same time, Klaw and Erlanger had become involved in the film industry; in 1913, they signed an agreement with the Biograph Company that allowed Biograph to produce two features weekly at the syndicate's theaters.<ref name="HG p. 112">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> Klaw and Erlanger leased the Liberty to movie-theater operator D. W. Griffith in February 1915, on the condition that movie tickets be sold at $2, the same price as tickets for plays. The next month, Griffith presented ''The Birth of a Nation'', the first film to be screened at the theater. Griffith screened ''The Birth of a Nation'' over 750 times during the next nine months.<ref name="p1031492559">{{Cite magazine|url-status=3, 55}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> The Liberty again hosted live shows in early 1916, when it presented a week of variety performances by [[The Blue Pierrots]] troupe, as well as the musical ''Sybil''.<ref name="The Broadway League 1916">{{Cite web |last=The Broadway League |date=January 10, 1916 |title=Sybil – Broadway Musical – Original |url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/sybil-8256 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223130253/https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/sybil-8256 |archive-date=February 23, 2023 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |website=IBDB |postscript=none}}; {{Cite web |date=December 14, 2015 |title=Sybil (Broadway, Liberty Theatre, 1916) |url=https://playbill.com/production/sybil-liberty-theatre-vault-0000006618 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001174034/https://playbill.com/production/sybil-liberty-theatre-vault-0000006618 |archive-date=October 1, 2022 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |website=Playbill}}</ref> In August of that year, Griffith leased the Liberty Theatre again, this time for his film <nowiki><i id="mwArk">Intolerance</i></nowiki>. The Jerome Kern musical ''[[Have A Heart (musical)|Have A Heart]]'' opened at the Liberty in January 1917,<ref name="Bloom p. 146">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bloom|2007}}</ref> followed the same year by the revue ''Hitchy-Koo of 1917'' and the play ''The Wooing of Eve'' with Laurette Taylor and Lynn Fontanne.<ref name="HG p. 117">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> At the end of the year, George M. Cohan and Sam H. Harris's musical <nowiki><i id="mwAuU">Going Up</i></nowiki> opened at the Liberty, running for 351 performances.<ref name="HG p. 116">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> Following the success of the ''Ziegfeld Follies'' at the nearby New Amsterdam, Klaw and Erlanger presented two revues at the Liberty in 1919:<ref name="HG p. 117" /><ref name="Bloom p. 146" /> ''George White's Scandals of 1919'' and ''Hitchy-Koo of 1919''. By then, Klaw and Erlanger's Theatrical Syndicate no longer had a monopoly on theatrical shows, and they had dissolved their partnership. A. L. Erlanger continued to produce shows at the Liberty Theatre, while Marcus Klaw developed his own venue on 45th Street, the Klaw Theatre.<ref name="HG p. 117" /> [[Fayil:Adelaide_Hall_1921.jpg|alt=Adelaide Hall performing at the Liberty Theatre in Blackbirds of 1928|thumb|Adelaide Hall in ''Blackbirds of 1928'']] The Kern musical ''The Night Boat'' opened at the Liberty in February 1920 and ran for several months.<ref name="HG p. 117">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> It was followed by ''George White's Scandals of 1921'' and the Otto Harbach musical ''The O'Brien Girl''.<ref name="HG p. 117" /> During 1922, the Liberty Theatre hosted the comedy ''To the Ladies'' with Helen Hayes, as well as Cohan's musical ''Little Nellie Kelly''. The theater's shows the next year included the play ''Magnolia'' with Leo Carrillo and ''The Magic Ring'' with Jeanette MacDonald.<ref name="HG p. 117" /> The firm of Mandelbaum & Lewine, along with Max N. Natanson, bought the Liberty and Eltinge theaters in November 1923 and immediately resold the theaters to Maximilian Zipkes. The Liberty hosted another Cohan musical at the end of that year, ''The Rise of Rosie O'Reilly'',<ref name="The Broadway League 1923">{{Cite web |last=The Broadway League |date=December 25, 1923 |title=The Rise of Rosie O'Reilly – Broadway Musical – Original |url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/the-rise-of-rosie-oreilly-9348 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107205107/https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/the-rise-of-rosie-oreilly-9348 |archive-date=November 7, 2021 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |website=IBDB |postscript=none}}; {{Cite web |date=December 14, 2015 |title=The Rise of Rosie O'Reilly (Broadway, Liberty Theatre, 1923) |url=https://playbill.com/production/the-rise-of-rosie-oreilly-liberty-theatre-vault-0000006593 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001174053/https://playbill.com/production/the-rise-of-rosie-oreilly-liberty-theatre-vault-0000006593 |archive-date=October 1, 2022 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |website=Playbill}}</ref> although Cohan's musicals had begun to decline in popularity by then.<ref name="Bloom p. 146">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bloom|2007}}</ref> George and Ira Gershwin's musical ''Lady, Be Good!'' opened at the theater in December 1924 and lasted 330 performances.<ref name="HG pp. 117-120">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> This was followed in December 1925 by another Gershwin musical, ''Tip-Toes'', which lasted for 194 performances.<ref name="HG p. 120">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> Erlanger announced in April 1926 that the Liberty Theatre would be completely renovated after ''Tip-Toes'' ended that June, and the theater reopened that September. Lew Fields's revue ''Blackbirds of 1928'', featuring an all-Black cast, premiered in May 1928<ref name="HG p. 120">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> and had 518 total performances over two theaters. It was one of several revues with Black casts to be presented at the Liberty Theatre in the late 1920s and early 1930s.<ref name="Bloom p. 146">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bloom|2007}}</ref><ref name="HG p. 120" /> ''Blackbirds'' relocated to the Eltinge Theatre in October 1928<ref name="HG p. 121">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> to make way for the comedy ''Mr. Moneypenny'',<ref name="The Broadway League 1928">{{Cite web |last=The Broadway League |date=October 17, 1928 |title=Mr. Moneypenny – Broadway Play – Original |url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/mr-moneypenny-10749 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223130245/https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/mr-moneypenny-10749 |archive-date=February 23, 2023 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |website=IBDB |postscript=none}}; {{Cite web |date=December 14, 2015 |title=Mr. Moneypenny (Broadway, Liberty Theatre, 1928) |url=https://playbill.com/production/mr-moneypenny-liberty-theatre-vault-0000006578 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001174041/https://playbill.com/production/mr-moneypenny-liberty-theatre-vault-0000006578 |archive-date=October 1, 2022 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |website=Playbill}}</ref> which lasted 61 performances.<ref name="HG p. 121" /><ref name="The Broadway League 1928" /> The Liberty then hosted ''Subway Express'', which premiered in October 1929 and ran for 270 performances.<ref name="HG p. 121" /> By then, increasing competition between producers had resulted in many flops.<ref name="HG p. 120" /> Furthermore, with the onset of the [[Great Depression]], many Broadway theaters were impacted by declining attendance.<ref name="Bloom p. 189">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bloom|2007}}</ref><ref name="HG p. 71">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Henderson|Greene|2008}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 649obqupgwz5w5k95tvaa71qwqrj1am 0 161580 882926 2026-07-14T14:47:34Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347711029|It Happened in March]]" 882926 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''It Happened in March''''' (Hungarian: '''''Márciusi mese''''') is a 1934 Hungarian musical comedy film directed by Emil Martonffi and starring Ida Turay, Imre Ráday and Lili Berky. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in [[Budapest]]. The film's sets were designed by the art director Márton Vincze. == Cast == * Ida Turay as Matyika * [[Irén Demkó]] as Lili * Lili Berky as Widow Mrs. Balogh Péter * Jenö Törzs as Dr. Balla Tamás Managing Director * Imre Ráday as Balla Győző Engineer * Gyula Kabos as Kende Bank Manager * Gyula Gózon as Gida Sándor Colonel * Gusztáv Vándory as Kéri Manager * Ödön Bárdi as Confirmed bachelor * [[István Dózsa]] as Dr. Steinkopf Szilárd Bachelor * [[Ferenc Pataki (actor)|Ferenc Pataki]] as Confirmed bachelor * Sándor Peti as Clerk * [[Elvira Horváthy]] as Florist * [[Lajos Gárday]] as Smallholder * Elemér Baló as Waiter * [[József Kishonti]] as the Italian singer == References == nh8zdus61a0c9at6su27wsmx1dzgh1k 882927 882926 2026-07-14T14:48:19Z D son203 45710 882927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''It Happened in March''''' (Hungarian: '''''Márciusi mese''''') is a 1934 Hungarian musical comedy film directed by Emil Martonffi and starring Ida Turay, Imre Ráday and Lili Berky. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in [[Budapest]]. The film's sets were designed by the art director Márton Vincze. == Cast == * Ida Turay as Matyika * [[Irén Demkó]] as Lili * Lili Berky as Widow Mrs. Balogh Péter * Jenö Törzs as Dr. Balla Tamás Managing Director * Imre Ráday as Balla Győző Engineer * Gyula Kabos as Kende Bank Manager * Gyula Gózon as Gida Sándor Colonel * Gusztáv Vándory as Kéri Manager * Ödön Bárdi as Confirmed bachelor * [[István Dózsa]] as Dr. Steinkopf Szilárd Bachelor * [[Ferenc Pataki (actor)|Ferenc Pataki]] as Confirmed bachelor * Sándor Peti as Clerk * [[Elvira Horváthy]] as Florist * [[Lajos Gárday]] as Smallholder * Elemér Baló as Waiter * [[József Kishonti]] as the Italian singer == References == ltqjzn5bfke05iw1ayguvraipefrrga 882928 882927 2026-07-14T14:49:18Z D son203 45710 882928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}} '''''It Happened in March''''' (Hungarian: '''''Márciusi mese''''') is a 1934 Hungarian musical comedy film directed by Emil Martonffi and starring Ida Turay, Imre Ráday and Lili Berky. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in [[Budapest]]. The film's sets were designed by the art director Márton Vincze. == Cast == * Ida Turay as Matyika * [[Irén Demkó]] as Lili * Lili Berky as Widow Mrs. Balogh Péter * Jenö Törzs as Dr. Balla Tamás Managing Director * Imre Ráday as Balla Győző Engineer * Gyula Kabos as Kende Bank Manager * Gyula Gózon as Gida Sándor Colonel * Gusztáv Vándory as Kéri Manager * Ödön Bárdi as Confirmed bachelor * [[István Dózsa]] as Dr. Steinkopf Szilárd Bachelor * [[Ferenc Pataki (actor)|Ferenc Pataki]] as Confirmed bachelor * Sándor Peti as Clerk * [[Elvira Horváthy]] as Florist * [[Lajos Gárday]] as Smallholder * Elemér Baló as Waiter * [[József Kishonti]] as the Italian singer == References == 6pu0xkessvpr88haz97wvzag6nf4abp 0 161581 883041 2026-07-14T18:45:46Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358776157|List of awards and nominations received by PinkPantheress]]" 883041 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''[[PinkPantheress]]''' mawaƙiya ce ta Burtaniya kuma mai shirya rikodin. Ta fito da mixtapes guda biyu, To Hell with It (2021) da Fancy That (2025), da kuma kundi daya, Heaven Knows (2023). PinkPantheress ta sami kyaututtuka 5 daga gabatarwa 42. Ta lashe zaben [[BBC]] na Sound of 2022 kuma an ba ta suna mai samar da shekara ta Billboard Women in Music a 2024. Ta lashe Kyautar Brit don Mai samar da Shekara na Burtaniya a shekarar 2026, ta zama ƙarama kuma mace ta farko a tarihi da aka ba ta lambar yabo. An kuma zaba ta don lambar yabo ta kiɗa ta Amurka sau uku da Grammy Awards guda biyu. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == g8y61q7u2hw84ad4lvrba2w6dq6001b 0 161582 883048 2026-07-14T18:57:58Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362703713|Katherine Priddy]]" 883048 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Katherine Priddy''' mawaƙiya ce kuma marubuciya daga [[Birmingham|Birmingham, Ingila]] . <ref name="AM2">{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Liam |title=Katherine Priddy Biography by Liam Martin |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/katherine-priddy-mn0003880023#biography |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2021 |title=FEATURE: Spotlight: Katherine Priddy |url=https://www.musicmusingsandsuch.com/musicmusingsandsuch/2021/12/5/feature-spotlight-katherine-priddy |access-date=13 March 2024 |website=Music Musings & Such |language=en-US}}</ref> A halin yanzu ta sanya hannu a Cooking Vinyl . <ref name="MW2">{{Cite web |last=Paine |first=Andre |date=11 October 2023 |title=Cooking Vinyl signs singer-songwriter Katherine Priddy |url=https://www.musicweek.com/labels/read/cooking-vinyl-signs-singer-songwriter-katherine-priddy/088638 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=[[Music Week]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Priddy a Birmingham, Ingila, a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1994. Ta girma a [[Alvechurch]], kuma ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Kudu Bromsgrove . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Priddy |first=Katherine |date=4 May 2021 |title=REFLECTIONS: INDIGO |url=https://www.katherinepriddy.co.uk/reflections-indigo/ |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=Katherine Priddy |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=x.com |url=https://x.com/SBHSmusic/status/1400759536516993025?lang=ar-x-fm |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da sha'awar kiɗa tun tana ƙarama, tare da sha'awa ga adabi. Wannan sha'awar ta biyu ta kai ta ga neman digiri a fannin adabi a Jami'ar Sussex, inda ta kara inganta kwarewarta a cikin labarun da kuma gina labari. Wadannan abubuwa daga baya za su zama tsakiya ga tsarin rubuce-rubucen waƙoƙinta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katherine Priddy at Alvechurch & Tanworth in Arden |url=https://www.folkonfoot.com/episodes/katherine-priddy-at-alvechurch-&-tanworth-in-arden |access-date=13 March 2024 |website=Folk on Foot |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AM">{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Liam |title=Katherine Priddy Biography by Liam Martin |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/katherine-priddy-mn0003880023#biography |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ayyukan kiɗa na Priddy sun fara samun ƙarfi tare da sakin kundin ta The Eternal Rocks Beneath a cikin 2021. Kundin ya sami nasarar kasuwanci, ya kai lamba daya a kan Official UK Folk Albums Chart <ref name="MW">{{Cite web |last=Paine |first=Andre |date=11 October 2023 |title=Cooking Vinyl signs singer-songwriter Katherine Priddy |url=https://www.musicweek.com/labels/read/cooking-vinyl-signs-singer-songwriter-katherine-priddy/088638 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=[[Music Week]]}}</ref> a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta 2021. Wannan nasarar farko ta kafa ta a matsayin kasancewar da aka sani a cikin al'ummar Burtaniya. ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya bayyana ta a matsayin "mai ban mamaki". Ta bayyana a cikin Jerin UK Independent Album Breakers Chart lambobin daya na 2020s. A lokacin kullewar cutar, Priddy ya yi rikodin bidiyo da yawa tare da wasu mawaƙa daga yankin Burtaniya, ciki har da David Delarre, Ciaran Algar da George Boomsma. Musamman, ta rubuta waƙoƙi uku da Nick Drake ya yi tare da ɗan'uwan Midlands Jon Wilks, Jon Nice da Lukas Drinkwater, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weir |first=David |date=15 June 2021 |title=Katherine Priddy: Folk Radio Interview |url=https://klofmag.com/2021/06/artist-of-the-month-interview-katherine-priddy/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=KLOF Mag |language=en-GB}}</ref> inda suka kafa ɗan gajeren ƙungiyar Slow Jane . Daga baya ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin kundin tarawa na Endless Coloured Ways wanda ke nuna masu zane-zane da ke rufe Nick Drake.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Geraghty |first=Hollie |date=2 March 2023 |title=Listen to Fontaines D.C. cover Nick Drake's 'Cello Song' |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/listen-to-fontaines-dc-cover-nick-drakes-cello-song-3407050 |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Nme.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta kuma rubuta muryoyin waƙar gargajiya "Mary Ashford's Tragedy" tare da Jon Wilks .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jon |date=27 September 2020 |title=Mary Ashford: A Broadside Ballad |url=https://jonwilks.online/mary-ashford-a-broadside-ballad |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=Jonwilks.online |language=en-US}}</ref> Priddy ya kuma yi aiki tare da mawaƙa-marubucin John Smith, ya saki "Talk to Me of Mendocino" tare a cikin 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2023 |title=John Smith and Katherine Priddy – Talk to Me of Mendocino Review |url=https://cultfollowing.co.uk/2023/01/02/john-smith-and-katherine-priddy-talk-to-me-of-mendocino-review/ |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=Cultfollowing.co.uk |language=en-US}}</ref> Ayyukanta na kai tsaye sun haɗa da sanannun bayyanar kamar BBC Proms da Glastonbury Festival Acoustic Stage, da kuma a kan BBC ta kai tsaye game da bikin. Richard Thompson a cikin mujallar ''Mojo'' ya bayyana Priddy a matsayin "abin da ya fi kyau da na ji a duk shekara".<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2023 |title=KATHERINE PRIDDY ANNOUNCES NEW ALBUM ''THE PENDULUM SWING'' FOR FEB 2024 |url=https://spiralearth.co.uk/katherine-priddy-announces-new-album-the-pendulum-swing-for-feb-2024/ |access-date=13 March 2024 |website=Spiralearth.co.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023, Priddy ta sanar da kundi na biyu na studio, inda ta gabatar da "First House on the Left" a matsayin jagora. An saki kundin, mai taken The Pendulum Swing, a watan Fabrairun 2024. Simon Weaver ne ya samar da shi kuma an sake shi a karkashin Cooking Vinyl, an sadu da karɓar karɓa mai kyau daga wallafe-wallafen kamar ''The Guardian'' da The Irish Times. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, Priddy ya bayyana a ''Daga baya...'' ''tare da Jools Holland'' tare da Paul Weller, Mark Knopfler, Nadine Shah, Bob Vylan da Rachel Chinouriri . Ta yi waƙarta "A Boat on the River" daga sabon kundin ta, The Pendulum Swing . A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, Priddy ya ba da sanarwar hadin gwiwar waƙoƙi guda biyu tare da Poet Laureate Simon Armitage, wanda ke nuna waƙoƙoƙi biyu na musamman na hunturu waɗanda Priddy ta saita waƙoƙa. Na farko, "Close Season", an sake shi a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, wanda Rob Ellis ya samar kuma ya rubuta shi a Wool Hall.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hargreaves |first=Keith |date=29 November 2024 |title=Katherine Priddy and Simon Armitage – Poetry in motion! |url=https://americana-uk.com/katherine-priddy-and-simon-armitage-poetry-in-motion |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=Americana UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> A cikin 2025, ta goyi bayan Suzanne Vega a kan yawon shakatawa na Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cumming |first=Tim |date=6 November 2025 |title=Suzanne Vega and Katherine Priddy, Royal Albert Hall review - superlative songwriters |url=https://theartsdesk.com/new-music/suzanne-vega-and-katherine-priddy-royal-albert-hall-review-superlative-songwriters |access-date=6 May 2026 |website=theartsdesk.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Priddy was born in Birmingham. She studied literature at the University of Sussex.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gallacher |first=Alex |date=26 October 2023 |title=Katherine Priddy announces 'The Pendulum Swing' and shares her first single 'First House on the Left' |url=https://klofmag.com/2023/10/katherine-priddy-the-pendulum-swing-first-house-on-the-left/ |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=Klofmag.com}}</ref>{{When|date=June 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2026)">when?</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Bayanan da aka yi == Priddy ya yi aikin sauti don Uncanny na BBC da Unchosen na Netflix . <ref>{{Cite web |last=team |first=The Nerve |title=The Recommender: Danny Robins |url=https://www.thenerve.news/p/the-recommender-danny-robins-uncanny-paranormal-paddington-katherine-priddy |access-date=2026-07-05 |website=The Nerve |language=en}}</ref> === Albums da EPs === [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f8ixraghqdi2c8svt1boom508j41ggj 0 161583 883056 2026-07-14T19:25:05Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357100032|The Breaking Point (1950 film)]]" 883056 wikitext text/x-wiki The Breaking Point wani fim ne na fim na Amurka na 1950 wanda Michael Curtiz ya jagoranta da kuma fim na biyu na littafin Ernest Hemingway na 1937 To Have and Have Not, na farko da ya nuna Humphrey Bogart da Lauren Bacall . Tauraron fim din Patricia Neal da John Garfield a cikin rawar fim dinsa na karshe. == Makirci == Harry Morgan kyaftin din jirgin ruwa ne na wasanni wanda kasuwancinsa ke kan tsalle-tsalle kuma danginsa suna jin matsalar tattalin arziki. Ya fara aiki tare da lauya mai inuwa Duncan, wanda ya shawo kansa ya shigo da maza takwas na kasar Sin daga [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] zuwa [[California]] a cikin jirginsa, ''Sarauniyar Tekun''. Harry ya kuma sadu da Leona Charles. Lokacin da shirinsa tare da Duncan ya yi kuskure, Harry ya zo har ma a ƙarƙashin tasirin lauyan, wanda ya tilasta masa ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar 'yan fashi, waɗanda suka jawo fashi, ta hanyar amfani da jirgin kamun kifi don fitar da su daga hukumomi. Harry ya shawo kan kansa cewa ayyukansa na haramtacciya za su taimaka wa iyalinsa ta kudi. Matarsa Lucy ta yi zargin cewa Harry yana karya doka kuma ya bukaci shi ya daina saboda iyalin, amma Harry ya ki. Yayin da Harry ke jiran Duncan da 'yan fashi a cikin jirginsa, abokin Harry Wesley Park ya zo. Ba ya son Wesley a kusa lokacin da 'yan fashi suka isa, Harry ya yi ƙoƙari ya aiko shi zuwa wani aiki. 'Yan fashi sun isa kafin Wesley ya tafi ya kashe shi. Harry ya firgita, amma an tilasta shi a kan bindiga don jigilar 'yan fashi zuwa bude teku ba tare da jawo hankalin masu tsaron bakin teku ba. Harry ya kuma fahimci cewa an kashe Duncan yayin tserewa daga fashi. An zubar da jikin Wesley a cikin jirgin. Harry ya yi amfani da wata dabara don samun damar samun bindigogi biyu da ya ɓoye kafin tafiya kuma ya kashe dukkan 'yan fashi a cikin mummunan harbi, amma Harry ya ji mummunan rauni. Hukumomi sun sami jirgin washegari kuma sun ja shi zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa. Lucy ta gaggauta zuwa gefen Harry kuma ta yi ƙoƙari ta shawo kansa ya ba da izinin yanke hannunsa don ceton ransa. Da yake magana da wahala, Harry ya sake tabbatar da ƙaunarsa ga Lucy sannan ya rufe idanunsa. Likitocin asibiti sun isa kuma sun ɗauki jikin Harry a cikin motar asibiti. Yayin da suke tafiya daga tashar jiragen ruwa, Lucy ta roki jami'in tsaron bakin teku don tabbatar da cewa Harry zai rayu, amma jami'in bai ce komai ba. Ɗan Wesley yana tsaye shi kaɗai a tashar jiragen ruwa yana neman mahaifinsa. == Masu ba da labari ==   == Fitarwa == Masu shirya fim din sun ɗauki wasu haɗari tare da jefa John Garfield a matsayin jagora, yayin da masu baje kolin wasan kwaikwayo a duk faɗin ƙasar suka fuskanci wahalar jawo masu sauraro ga fina-finai na baya. Hazel Brooks ta gwada don rawar jagora wanda daga ƙarshe aka ba Patricia Neal, wanda Warner Bros. Pictures ta dakatar da shi na makonni da yawa bayan ya ki bayyana a ''Sugarfoot''. An fara yin fim ne a ranar 27 ga Maris, 1950, tare da harbi na wurin da ke faruwa a Newport Beach, California. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Film Night: The Breaking Point – Laguna Art Museum |url=https://lagunaartmuseum.org/events/film-the-breaking-point/}}</ref> == Karɓar baƙi == A cikin bita na zamani na The New York Times, mai sukar Bosley Crowther ya bayyana fim din a matsayin "mai ban sha'awa da kuma ainihin hoto" kuma ya rubuta: "Warner Brothers, wanda ya riga ya ɗauki wani rauni mai rauni da yankewa a labarin Ernest Hemingway mai ban sha'a game da wani mutum mai wuya, 'To Have and Have Not,' a ƙarshe ya riƙe wannan labari kuma ya shafa shi don wani tushe huɗu da aka buga a cikin fim ɗin da ake kira 'The Breaking Point' ... Mai sukar John L. Scott na ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ya kira fim din "mai tsananin gaske, mai tsananin motsa jiki" kuma ya rubuta: "'The Breaking Point' babba ne, ba ya yin kuskure game da hakan. Babu labarin Cinderella, tare da fashi, kisan kai, safarar baƙi da mace mai ɗabi'a mai tuhuma (tare da zuciyar zinariya). Amma nishaɗin fim ne mai ban sha'awa, yana motsawa tare da 'yan takardu masu taushi ko lokutan jan hankali. " == Rediyo == An daidaita fim din don rediyo na Australiya a shekarar 1955. An nuna shi a cikin fina-finai na Turner Classic da ke nuna Noir Alley tare da Eddie Muller . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5tuwtwi2zy8dcqm583wbgp3c5b5pn7k 883057 883056 2026-07-14T19:30:21Z D son203 45710 883057 wikitext text/x-wiki The Breaking Point wani fim ne na fim na Amurka na 1950 wanda Michael Curtiz ya jagoranta da kuma fim na biyu na littafin Ernest Hemingway na 1937 To Have and Have Not, na farko da ya nuna Humphrey Bogart da Lauren Bacall . Tauraron fim din Patricia Neal da John Garfield a cikin rawar fim dinsa na karshe. {{Databox}} == Makirci == Harry Morgan kyaftin din jirgin ruwa ne na wasanni wanda kasuwancinsa ke kan tsalle-tsalle kuma danginsa suna jin matsalar tattalin arziki. Ya fara aiki tare da lauya mai inuwa Duncan, wanda ya shawo kansa ya shigo da maza takwas na kasar Sin daga [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] zuwa [[California]] a cikin jirginsa, ''Sarauniyar Tekun''. Harry ya kuma sadu da Leona Charles. Lokacin da shirinsa tare da Duncan ya yi kuskure, Harry ya zo har ma a ƙarƙashin tasirin lauyan, wanda ya tilasta masa ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar 'yan fashi, waɗanda suka jawo fashi, ta hanyar amfani da jirgin kamun kifi don fitar da su daga hukumomi. Harry ya shawo kan kansa cewa ayyukansa na haramtacciya za su taimaka wa iyalinsa ta kudi. Matarsa Lucy ta yi zargin cewa Harry yana karya doka kuma ya bukaci shi ya daina saboda iyalin, amma Harry ya ki. Yayin da Harry ke jiran Duncan da 'yan fashi a cikin jirginsa, abokin Harry Wesley Park ya zo. Ba ya son Wesley a kusa lokacin da 'yan fashi suka isa, Harry ya yi ƙoƙari ya aiko shi zuwa wani aiki. 'Yan fashi sun isa kafin Wesley ya tafi ya kashe shi. Harry ya firgita, amma an tilasta shi a kan bindiga don jigilar 'yan fashi zuwa bude teku ba tare da jawo hankalin masu tsaron bakin teku ba. Harry ya kuma fahimci cewa an kashe Duncan yayin tserewa daga fashi. An zubar da jikin Wesley a cikin jirgin. Harry ya yi amfani da wata dabara don samun damar samun bindigogi biyu da ya ɓoye kafin tafiya kuma ya kashe dukkan 'yan fashi a cikin mummunan harbi, amma Harry ya ji mummunan rauni. Hukumomi sun sami jirgin washegari kuma sun ja shi zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa. Lucy ta gaggauta zuwa gefen Harry kuma ta yi ƙoƙari ta shawo kansa ya ba da izinin yanke hannunsa don ceton ransa. Da yake magana da wahala, Harry ya sake tabbatar da ƙaunarsa ga Lucy sannan ya rufe idanunsa. Likitocin asibiti sun isa kuma sun ɗauki jikin Harry a cikin motar asibiti. Yayin da suke tafiya daga tashar jiragen ruwa, Lucy ta roki jami'in tsaron bakin teku don tabbatar da cewa Harry zai rayu, amma jami'in bai ce komai ba. Ɗan Wesley yana tsaye shi kaɗai a tashar jiragen ruwa yana neman mahaifinsa. == Masu ba da labari ==   == Fitarwa == Masu shirya fim din sun ɗauki wasu haɗari tare da jefa John Garfield a matsayin jagora, yayin da masu baje kolin wasan kwaikwayo a duk faɗin ƙasar suka fuskanci wahalar jawo masu sauraro ga fina-finai na baya. Hazel Brooks ta gwada don rawar jagora wanda daga ƙarshe aka ba Patricia Neal, wanda Warner Bros. Pictures ta dakatar da shi na makonni da yawa bayan ya ki bayyana a ''Sugarfoot''. An fara yin fim ne a ranar 27 ga Maris, 1950, tare da harbi na wurin da ke faruwa a Newport Beach, California. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Film Night: The Breaking Point – Laguna Art Museum |url=https://lagunaartmuseum.org/events/film-the-breaking-point/}}</ref> == Karɓar baƙi == A cikin bita na zamani na The New York Times, mai sukar Bosley Crowther ya bayyana fim din a matsayin "mai ban sha'awa da kuma ainihin hoto" kuma ya rubuta: "Warner Brothers, wanda ya riga ya ɗauki wani rauni mai rauni da yankewa a labarin Ernest Hemingway mai ban sha'a game da wani mutum mai wuya, 'To Have and Have Not,' a ƙarshe ya riƙe wannan labari kuma ya shafa shi don wani tushe huɗu da aka buga a cikin fim ɗin da ake kira 'The Breaking Point' ... Mai sukar John L. Scott na ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ya kira fim din "mai tsananin gaske, mai tsananin motsa jiki" kuma ya rubuta: "'The Breaking Point' babba ne, ba ya yin kuskure game da hakan. Babu labarin Cinderella, tare da fashi, kisan kai, safarar baƙi da mace mai ɗabi'a mai tuhuma (tare da zuciyar zinariya). Amma nishaɗin fim ne mai ban sha'awa, yana motsawa tare da 'yan takardu masu taushi ko lokutan jan hankali. " == Rediyo == An daidaita fim din don rediyo na Australiya a shekarar 1955. An nuna shi a cikin fina-finai na Turner Classic da ke nuna Noir Alley tare da Eddie Muller . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4lqrxddbn06gv9yh493x3g5kwi5uyou 0 161584 883065 2026-07-14T20:25:18Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362184286|Jean Agélou]]" 883065 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jean Agélou''' (16 ga Oktoba 1878 - 2 ga Agusta 1921 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jean Agélou (1878-1921) |url=https://data.bnf.fr/15114659/jean_agelou/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128203041/https://data.bnf.fr/15114659/jean_agelou/ |archive-date=28 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=data.bnf.fr |language=en}}</ref>) ya kasance mai daukar hoto na Faransa na shekarun 1910 da 1920, wanda aka fi sani da hotunan lalata da tsirara da aka yi a farkon karni na 20. An haifi Agélou a Alexandria, [[Misra|Misira]], a watan Oktoba 1878. <ref name=":0" /> Christian Bourdon da [[Jean-Pierre Bourgeron]], manyan masu tara katunan, sun yi ƙoƙari su tattara cikakkiyar tarin aikinsa kamar yadda za su iya. == Tarihin rayuwa == [[Fayil:Miss_Fernande.jpg|thumb|Hoton Fernande wanda Agélou ya ɗauka (1910s) ]] Ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da rayuwar sirri ta Agélou ba, sai dai bayan 1908 Fernande ya kasance masoyinsa kuma abin koyi. Ta kasance karuwa wacce aka yi imanin cewa cikakken sunanta [[Fernande Barrey]] (1893-1960). <ref>Louis La Volpe, ''Miss Fernande – First Lady of Erotica'', Motion Publishing, New York, 2005. {{ISBN|978-1411653245}}.</ref> Za ta kuma zama samfurin ga masu zane [[Amedeo Modigliani]] da [[Chaïm Soutine|Chaim Soutine]], kuma za ta zama mai zane da kanta. Shekaru na 1900 sun nuna zamanin zinariya na daukar hoto na lalata, amma masu daukar hoto har yanzu suna da hankali kuma ya sanya hannu kan ayyukansa "JA". Ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin sunan gaskiya na "JA" ya zama sananne. Ya fara buga aikinsa a cikin mujallar L'Étude académique, wanda aka yi niyya ne ga masu fasaha, amma hakan yana da masu biyan kuɗi 20,000, kuma daga baya ya buga nasa katunan. Shekarar samfuransa sun kasance daga shekaru 20 zuwa 24, kuma ɗayan yana da shekaru 14 kawai, wanda ya kasance doka a ƙarƙashin dokar 16 ga Maris 1899. Baya ga katunan waya, Agélou ya kuma samar da hotuna na stereoscopic, kodayake waɗannan sun fi wuya. Ya ɗauki hoto tare da kyamara ta yau da kullun da kyamarar sitiriyo yayin zaman tare da samfurin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruiter |first=André |date=2024 |title=Jean Agélou stereoviews |url=https://stereoscopyhistory.net/jean-agelou-stereoviews/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204092004/https://stereoscopyhistory.net/jean-agelou-stereoviews/ |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Stereoscopy History}}</ref> An dakatar da tsirara a cikin hotuna a Faransa a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 1908. Nudity ya ɓace daga dukkan mujallu kuma an sake fasalin hotunan kaya, an kara mayafi ko ƙananan wando kuma an cire gashin gashi. Hotuna marasa sutura sun fara zagayawa a ɓoye kuma masu samarwa dole ne suyi aiki da hankali. Hotunan jima'i na Fernande sun kasance masu daraja ga sojoji a bangarorin biyu na [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dazzledent: Fernande Barrey; tumblr |url=http://dazzledent.tumblr.com/post/9537692783/her-name-was-fernande-barrey-but-she-was-known |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005000322/http://dazzledent.tumblr.com/post/9537692783/her-name-was-fernande-barrey-but-she-was-known |archive-date=5 October 2013 |access-date=1 October 2013}}</ref> Dole ne a sayar da katunan jima'i da mujallu ko aika su a cikin ambulaf ɗin da aka rufe. Hotunan tsirara na asali na Agélou sun sake samuwa a farkon shekarun 1970, sai dai a Japan inda har yanzu an hana su. Jean Agélou ya mutu a 1921 a hatsarin mota tare da ɗan'uwansa George, yana da shekaru 42. George ya kula da al'amuran kasuwanci kuma Jean ya sami samfuran kuma ya yi daukar hoto. An yi hotunan ne a cikin ɗakin karatu da hasken halitta, masu zane-zane ne suka yi bayan fage waɗanda suka zana kayan ado. == Dubi kuma == * Hotunan jima'i == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] akab3kdljxk2p47y667aqkb4j8ljqnf 883066 883065 2026-07-14T20:27:15Z D son203 45710 883066 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jean Agélou''' (16 ga Oktoba 1878 - 2 ga Agusta 1921 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jean Agélou (1878-1921) |url=https://data.bnf.fr/15114659/jean_agelou/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128203041/https://data.bnf.fr/15114659/jean_agelou/ |archive-date=28 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=data.bnf.fr |language=en}}</ref>) ya kasance mai daukar hoto na Faransa na shekarun 1910 da 1920, wanda aka fi sani da hotunan lalata da tsirara da aka yi a farkon karni na 20. An haifi Agélou a Alexandria, [[Misra|Misira]], a watan Oktoba 1878. <ref name=":0" /> Christian Bourdon da [[Jean-Pierre Bourgeron]], manyan masu tara katunan, sun yi ƙoƙari su tattara cikakkiyar tarin aikinsa kamar yadda za su iya. {{Databox}} == Tarihin rayuwa == [[Fayil:Miss_Fernande.jpg|thumb|Hoton Fernande wanda Agélou ya ɗauka (1910s) ]] Ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da rayuwar sirri ta Agélou ba, sai dai bayan 1908 Fernande ya kasance masoyinsa kuma abin koyi. Ta kasance karuwa wacce aka yi imanin cewa cikakken sunanta [[Fernande Barrey]] (1893-1960). <ref>Louis La Volpe, ''Miss Fernande – First Lady of Erotica'', Motion Publishing, New York, 2005. {{ISBN|978-1411653245}}.</ref> Za ta kuma zama samfurin ga masu zane [[Amedeo Modigliani]] da [[Chaïm Soutine|Chaim Soutine]], kuma za ta zama mai zane da kanta. Shekaru na 1900 sun nuna zamanin zinariya na daukar hoto na lalata, amma masu daukar hoto har yanzu suna da hankali kuma ya sanya hannu kan ayyukansa "JA". Ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin sunan gaskiya na "JA" ya zama sananne. Ya fara buga aikinsa a cikin mujallar L'Étude académique, wanda aka yi niyya ne ga masu fasaha, amma hakan yana da masu biyan kuɗi 20,000, kuma daga baya ya buga nasa katunan. Shekarar samfuransa sun kasance daga shekaru 20 zuwa 24, kuma ɗayan yana da shekaru 14 kawai, wanda ya kasance doka a ƙarƙashin dokar 16 ga Maris 1899. Baya ga katunan waya, Agélou ya kuma samar da hotuna na stereoscopic, kodayake waɗannan sun fi wuya. Ya ɗauki hoto tare da kyamara ta yau da kullun da kyamarar sitiriyo yayin zaman tare da samfurin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruiter |first=André |date=2024 |title=Jean Agélou stereoviews |url=https://stereoscopyhistory.net/jean-agelou-stereoviews/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204092004/https://stereoscopyhistory.net/jean-agelou-stereoviews/ |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Stereoscopy History}}</ref> An dakatar da tsirara a cikin hotuna a Faransa a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 1908. Nudity ya ɓace daga dukkan mujallu kuma an sake fasalin hotunan kaya, an kara mayafi ko ƙananan wando kuma an cire gashin gashi. Hotuna marasa sutura sun fara zagayawa a ɓoye kuma masu samarwa dole ne suyi aiki da hankali. Hotunan jima'i na Fernande sun kasance masu daraja ga sojoji a bangarorin biyu na [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dazzledent: Fernande Barrey; tumblr |url=http://dazzledent.tumblr.com/post/9537692783/her-name-was-fernande-barrey-but-she-was-known |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005000322/http://dazzledent.tumblr.com/post/9537692783/her-name-was-fernande-barrey-but-she-was-known |archive-date=5 October 2013 |access-date=1 October 2013}}</ref> Dole ne a sayar da katunan jima'i da mujallu ko aika su a cikin ambulaf ɗin da aka rufe. Hotunan tsirara na asali na Agélou sun sake samuwa a farkon shekarun 1970, sai dai a Japan inda har yanzu an hana su. Jean Agélou ya mutu a 1921 a hatsarin mota tare da ɗan'uwansa George, yana da shekaru 42. George ya kula da al'amuran kasuwanci kuma Jean ya sami samfuran kuma ya yi daukar hoto. An yi hotunan ne a cikin ɗakin karatu da hasken halitta, masu zane-zane ne suka yi bayan fage waɗanda suka zana kayan ado. == Dubi kuma == * Hotunan jima'i == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] co5y5te31qcp24qw6cqal9ow2kv4b6n 883067 883066 2026-07-14T20:27:54Z D son203 45710 883067 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jean Agélou''' (16 ga Oktoba 1878 - 2 ga Agusta 1921 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jean Agélou (1878-1921) |url=https://data.bnf.fr/15114659/jean_agelou/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128203041/https://data.bnf.fr/15114659/jean_agelou/ |archive-date=28 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=data.bnf.fr |language=en}}</ref>) ya kasance mai daukar hoto na Faransa na shekarun 1910 da 1920, wanda aka fi sani da hotunan lalata da tsirara da aka yi a farkon karni na 20. An haifi Agélou a Alexandria, [[Misra|Misira]], a watan Oktoba 1878. <ref name=":0" /> Christian Bourdon da [[Jean-Pierre Bourgeron]], manyan masu tara katunan, sun yi ƙoƙari su tattara cikakkiyar tarin aikinsa kamar yadda za su iya. {{Databox}} == Tarihin rayuwa == [[Fayil:Miss_Fernande.jpg|thumb|Hoton Fernande wanda Agélou ya ɗauka (1910s) ]]{{Databox}} Ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da rayuwar sirri ta Agélou ba, sai dai bayan 1908 Fernande ya kasance masoyinsa kuma abin koyi. Ta kasance karuwa wacce aka yi imanin cewa cikakken sunanta [[Fernande Barrey]] (1893-1960). <ref>Louis La Volpe, ''Miss Fernande – First Lady of Erotica'', Motion Publishing, New York, 2005. {{ISBN|978-1411653245}}.</ref> Za ta kuma zama samfurin ga masu zane [[Amedeo Modigliani]] da [[Chaïm Soutine|Chaim Soutine]], kuma za ta zama mai zane da kanta. Shekaru na 1900 sun nuna zamanin zinariya na daukar hoto na lalata, amma masu daukar hoto har yanzu suna da hankali kuma ya sanya hannu kan ayyukansa "JA". Ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin sunan gaskiya na "JA" ya zama sananne. Ya fara buga aikinsa a cikin mujallar L'Étude académique, wanda aka yi niyya ne ga masu fasaha, amma hakan yana da masu biyan kuɗi 20,000, kuma daga baya ya buga nasa katunan. Shekarar samfuransa sun kasance daga shekaru 20 zuwa 24, kuma ɗayan yana da shekaru 14 kawai, wanda ya kasance doka a ƙarƙashin dokar 16 ga Maris 1899. Baya ga katunan waya, Agélou ya kuma samar da hotuna na stereoscopic, kodayake waɗannan sun fi wuya. Ya ɗauki hoto tare da kyamara ta yau da kullun da kyamarar sitiriyo yayin zaman tare da samfurin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruiter |first=André |date=2024 |title=Jean Agélou stereoviews |url=https://stereoscopyhistory.net/jean-agelou-stereoviews/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204092004/https://stereoscopyhistory.net/jean-agelou-stereoviews/ |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Stereoscopy History}}</ref> An dakatar da tsirara a cikin hotuna a Faransa a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 1908. Nudity ya ɓace daga dukkan mujallu kuma an sake fasalin hotunan kaya, an kara mayafi ko ƙananan wando kuma an cire gashin gashi. Hotuna marasa sutura sun fara zagayawa a ɓoye kuma masu samarwa dole ne suyi aiki da hankali. Hotunan jima'i na Fernande sun kasance masu daraja ga sojoji a bangarorin biyu na [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dazzledent: Fernande Barrey; tumblr |url=http://dazzledent.tumblr.com/post/9537692783/her-name-was-fernande-barrey-but-she-was-known |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005000322/http://dazzledent.tumblr.com/post/9537692783/her-name-was-fernande-barrey-but-she-was-known |archive-date=5 October 2013 |access-date=1 October 2013}}</ref> Dole ne a sayar da katunan jima'i da mujallu ko aika su a cikin ambulaf ɗin da aka rufe. Hotunan tsirara na asali na Agélou sun sake samuwa a farkon shekarun 1970, sai dai a Japan inda har yanzu an hana su. Jean Agélou ya mutu a 1921 a hatsarin mota tare da ɗan'uwansa George, yana da shekaru 42. George ya kula da al'amuran kasuwanci kuma Jean ya sami samfuran kuma ya yi daukar hoto. An yi hotunan ne a cikin ɗakin karatu da hasken halitta, masu zane-zane ne suka yi bayan fage waɗanda suka zana kayan ado. == Dubi kuma == * Hotunan jima'i == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hmz410sdtbke34fz7q1y4jkqo4sjmn1 0 161585 883068 2026-07-14T21:13:25Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355060814|Orpheum Theater (St. Louis)]]" 883068 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:1px;" |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: var(--color-base); background:#A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: var(--color-base); background:#A8EDEF;">US National Register of Historic Places</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-base);background:#aaccff"><span>St. Louis Landmark</span></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[Fayil:Roberts_Orpheum_Theater_-_2012.JPG|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<div class="switcher-container"><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Location_map_USA_St._Louis.png|class=notpageimage noviewer|264x264px|Orpheum Theater (St. Louis) is located in St. Louis]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:52.711%;left:83.771%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|7x7px|Orpheum Theater (St. Louis)]]</div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Nuna taswirar St. Louis</span></div></div></div><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:USA_Missouri_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Orpheum Theater (St. Louis) is located in Missouri]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:43.4%;left:81.792%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|7x7px|Orpheum Theater (St. Louis)]]</div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Taswirar Missouri</span></div></div></div><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Orpheum Theater (St. Louis) is located in the United States]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:49.055%;left:59.781%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|7x7px|Orpheum Theater (St. Louis)]]</div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Taswirar nunawa ta Amurka</span></div></div></div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |416 N. 9th St., [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |Ma'auni | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Orpheum_Theater_(St._Louis)&params=38_37_48_N_90_11_34_W_type:landmark_region:US-MO <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°37′48′′N</span> <span class="longitude">90°11′34′′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.63000°N 90.19278°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.63000; -90.19278</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:11}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Orpheum_Theater_(St._Louis)&params=38_37_48_N_90_11_34_W_type:landmark_region:US-MO <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°37′48″N</span> <span class="longitude">90°11′34″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.63000°N 90.19278°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">38.63000; -90.19278</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |An gina shi | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |1917 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |Mai tsara gine-gine | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |[Hasiya] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |Tsarin gine-gine&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |Kyakkyawan Ayyuka |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |NRHP bayanin <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;number</nowiki&gt;">No.</abbr>&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |[https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/85000617 85000617] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |An kara shi zuwa NRHP | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |Maris 18, 1985 |} [[Fayil:Orpheum_St._Louis.jpg|right|thumb|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Orpheum a cikin 1917]] '''Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Orpheum''' a [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]], gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Beaux Arts wanda aka gina a 1917. Louis A. Cella ne ya gina shi kuma masanin gine-gine Albert Lansburgh ne ya tsara shi.<ref name="article.wn.com">{{Cite web |title=The Roberts Orpheum Theater_ a landmark to St. Louis vaudeville past |url=http://article.wn.com/view/2011/05/19/The_Roberts_Orpheum_Theater_a_landmark_to_St_Louis_vaudevill/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521041509/http://article.wn.com/view/2011/05/19/The_Roberts_Orpheum_Theater_a_landmark_to_St_Louis_vaudevill/ |archive-date=May 21, 2014 |access-date=May 20, 2014}}</ref> An buɗe gidan wasan kwaikwayo na $ 500,000 a ranar aiki ta 1917 a matsayin gidan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="article.wn.com" /> Kamar yadda vaudeville ya ƙi, an sayar da shi ga Warner Brothers a 1930, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin gidan wasan kwaikwayo har sai an rufe shi a cikin shekarun 1960.<ref name="article.wn.com" /> A cikin shekarun 1970s, an mayar da gidan wasan kwaikwayon kuma an sake masa suna zuwa '''Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka''' <ref name="article.wn.com2">{{Cite web |title=The Roberts Orpheum Theater_ a landmark to St. Louis vaudeville past |url=http://article.wn.com/view/2011/05/19/The_Roberts_Orpheum_Theater_a_landmark_to_St_Louis_vaudevill/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521041509/http://article.wn.com/view/2011/05/19/The_Roberts_Orpheum_Theater_a_landmark_to_St_Louis_vaudevill/ |archive-date=May 21, 2014 |access-date=May 20, 2014}}</ref> kuma an jera shi a ƙarƙashin wannan sunan a cikin National Register of Historic Places a cikin 1985. A shekara ta 1993, ƙungiyar rock din [[Phish]] ta buga kide-kide biyu a wurin - ɗaya a watan Afrilu ɗayan kuma a watan Agusta - dukansu biyu an sake su gaba ɗaya a cikin kundin live na ''[[St. Louis '93]]'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2017 |title=Phish to Release 6-Disc _St. Louis '93_ Live Album - Jambands |url=https://jambands.com/news/2017/02/07/phish-to-release-6-disc-st-louis-93-live-album/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007111444/https://jambands.com/news/2017/02/07/phish-to-release-6-disc-st-louis-93-live-album/ |archive-date=October 7, 2018 |access-date=7 October 2018 |website=Jambands}}</ref> Daga baya aka sayar da gidan wasan kwaikwayon ga 'yan kasuwa na gida Michael da Steve Roberts, waɗanda suka sake masa suna Roberts Orpheum Theater . 'Yan uwan Roberts sun sayar da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 2012, kuma an rufe shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New owners to take the stage at Orpheum Theater - St. Louis Business Journal |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/print-edition/2012/11/23/new-owners-to-take-the-stage-at.html?page=all |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521041643/http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/print-edition/2012/11/23/new-owners-to-take-the-stage-at.html?page=all |archive-date=2014-05-21}}</ref> Mai haɓaka Chicago, UrbanStreet Group, yana shirin dawo da gidan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago developer hopes to transform vacant Roberts properties |url=http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/chicago-developer-hopes-to-transform-vacant-roberts-properties/article_23c8f5c7-4479-5935-97d6-dbd1792902b9.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212172610/http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/chicago-developer-hopes-to-transform-vacant-roberts-properties/article_23c8f5c7-4479-5935-97d6-dbd1792902b9.html |archive-date=December 12, 2017 |access-date=May 20, 2014}}</ref> == Tarihi == An rufe gidan wasan kwaikwayon a shekarar 2012. Koyaya, sabbin masu mallakar, Jubilee Group, sun sayi ginin a cikin 2017. == Haɗin waje == {{Commons category-inline|Roberts Orpheum Theater, St. Louis}} * http://www.orpheum-theater.com/orpheum_theater_st_louis.php [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8iwozk9wcy4z1dk1lid53pjlgmjqi9m 883069 883068 2026-07-14T21:14:08Z D son203 45710 883069 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:1px;" |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: var(--color-base); background:#A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: var(--color-base); background:#A8EDEF;">US National Register of Historic Places</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-base);background:#aaccff"><span>St. Louis Landmark</span></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[Fayil:Roberts_Orpheum_Theater_-_2012.JPG|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<div class="switcher-container"><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Location_map_USA_St._Louis.png|class=notpageimage noviewer|264x264px|Orpheum Theater (St. Louis) is located in St. Louis]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:52.711%;left:83.771%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|7x7px|Orpheum Theater (St. Louis)]]</div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Nuna taswirar St. Louis</span></div></div></div><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:USA_Missouri_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Orpheum Theater (St. Louis) is located in Missouri]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:43.4%;left:81.792%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|7x7px|Orpheum Theater (St. Louis)]]</div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Taswirar Missouri</span></div></div></div><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Fayil:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Orpheum Theater (St. Louis) is located in the United States]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:49.055%;left:59.781%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Fayil:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|7x7px|Orpheum Theater (St. Louis)]]</div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Taswirar nunawa ta Amurka</span></div></div></div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |416 N. 9th St., [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |Ma'auni | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Orpheum_Theater_(St._Louis)&params=38_37_48_N_90_11_34_W_type:landmark_region:US-MO <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°37′48′′N</span> <span class="longitude">90°11′34′′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.63000°N 90.19278°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.63000; -90.19278</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:11}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Orpheum_Theater_(St._Louis)&params=38_37_48_N_90_11_34_W_type:landmark_region:US-MO <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°37′48″N</span> <span class="longitude">90°11′34″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.63000°N 90.19278°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">38.63000; -90.19278</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |An gina shi | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |1917 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |Mai tsara gine-gine | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |[Hasiya] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |Tsarin gine-gine&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |Kyakkyawan Ayyuka |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |NRHP bayanin <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;number</nowiki&gt;">No.</abbr>&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |[https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/85000617 85000617] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |An kara shi zuwa NRHP | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |Maris 18, 1985 |} [[Fayil:Orpheum_St._Louis.jpg|right|thumb|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Orpheum a cikin 1917]]{{Databox}} '''Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Orpheum''' a [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]], gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Beaux Arts wanda aka gina a 1917. Louis A. Cella ne ya gina shi kuma masanin gine-gine Albert Lansburgh ne ya tsara shi.<ref name="article.wn.com">{{Cite web |title=The Roberts Orpheum Theater_ a landmark to St. Louis vaudeville past |url=http://article.wn.com/view/2011/05/19/The_Roberts_Orpheum_Theater_a_landmark_to_St_Louis_vaudevill/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521041509/http://article.wn.com/view/2011/05/19/The_Roberts_Orpheum_Theater_a_landmark_to_St_Louis_vaudevill/ |archive-date=May 21, 2014 |access-date=May 20, 2014}}</ref> An buɗe gidan wasan kwaikwayo na $ 500,000 a ranar aiki ta 1917 a matsayin gidan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="article.wn.com" /> Kamar yadda vaudeville ya ƙi, an sayar da shi ga Warner Brothers a 1930, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin gidan wasan kwaikwayo har sai an rufe shi a cikin shekarun 1960.<ref name="article.wn.com" /> A cikin shekarun 1970s, an mayar da gidan wasan kwaikwayon kuma an sake masa suna zuwa '''Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka''' <ref name="article.wn.com2">{{Cite web |title=The Roberts Orpheum Theater_ a landmark to St. Louis vaudeville past |url=http://article.wn.com/view/2011/05/19/The_Roberts_Orpheum_Theater_a_landmark_to_St_Louis_vaudevill/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521041509/http://article.wn.com/view/2011/05/19/The_Roberts_Orpheum_Theater_a_landmark_to_St_Louis_vaudevill/ |archive-date=May 21, 2014 |access-date=May 20, 2014}}</ref> kuma an jera shi a ƙarƙashin wannan sunan a cikin National Register of Historic Places a cikin 1985. A shekara ta 1993, ƙungiyar rock din [[Phish]] ta buga kide-kide biyu a wurin - ɗaya a watan Afrilu ɗayan kuma a watan Agusta - dukansu biyu an sake su gaba ɗaya a cikin kundin live na ''[[St. Louis '93]]'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2017 |title=Phish to Release 6-Disc _St. Louis '93_ Live Album - Jambands |url=https://jambands.com/news/2017/02/07/phish-to-release-6-disc-st-louis-93-live-album/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007111444/https://jambands.com/news/2017/02/07/phish-to-release-6-disc-st-louis-93-live-album/ |archive-date=October 7, 2018 |access-date=7 October 2018 |website=Jambands}}</ref> Daga baya aka sayar da gidan wasan kwaikwayon ga 'yan kasuwa na gida Michael da Steve Roberts, waɗanda suka sake masa suna Roberts Orpheum Theater . 'Yan uwan Roberts sun sayar da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 2012, kuma an rufe shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New owners to take the stage at Orpheum Theater - St. Louis Business Journal |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/print-edition/2012/11/23/new-owners-to-take-the-stage-at.html?page=all |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521041643/http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/print-edition/2012/11/23/new-owners-to-take-the-stage-at.html?page=all |archive-date=2014-05-21}}</ref> Mai haɓaka Chicago, UrbanStreet Group, yana shirin dawo da gidan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago developer hopes to transform vacant Roberts properties |url=http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/chicago-developer-hopes-to-transform-vacant-roberts-properties/article_23c8f5c7-4479-5935-97d6-dbd1792902b9.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212172610/http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/chicago-developer-hopes-to-transform-vacant-roberts-properties/article_23c8f5c7-4479-5935-97d6-dbd1792902b9.html |archive-date=December 12, 2017 |access-date=May 20, 2014}}</ref> == Tarihi == An rufe gidan wasan kwaikwayon a shekarar 2012. Koyaya, sabbin masu mallakar, Jubilee Group, sun sayi ginin a cikin 2017. == Haɗin waje == {{Commons category-inline|Roberts Orpheum Theater, St. Louis}} * http://www.orpheum-theater.com/orpheum_theater_st_louis.php [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5et42k4np9un4cjyra1ab3u6hfaf0fu 883093 883069 2026-07-14T21:40:49Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355060814|Orpheum Theater (St. Louis)]]" 883093 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 3 161586 883072 2026-07-14T21:23:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883072 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Galessandroni! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Galessandroni|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. 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[[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) ezke7hwq9xgvuq7snpdvgo8ykqc813p 3 161587 883073 2026-07-14T21:23:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883073 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Forever30! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Forever30|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. 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[[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) fh5uw4rd57oswvxog2rq63xu9drgd8k 3 161590 883076 2026-07-14T21:23:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883076 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Svehlovka! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Svehlovka|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) a3rrxbrf6bukdiwanlipn31eacx13z8 3 161591 883077 2026-07-14T21:24:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883077 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Omegatrash49! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Omegatrash49|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) kvdhp9py4dtigbn13aquzc1sp2ei009 3 161592 883078 2026-07-14T21:24:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883078 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Signocrafts! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Signocrafts|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) k7e3ngfmjbmcaod6t1nr4b8pws3he3u 3 161593 883079 2026-07-14T21:24:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883079 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Grueslayer! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Grueslayer|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 9m7hc5h37yp0cpepv5pcd10o615t4n2 3 161594 883080 2026-07-14T21:24:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883080 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, JGBlue1509! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/JGBlue1509|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) fwuol9cfg4vqpnrvhrmhlasvss0mucy 3 161595 883081 2026-07-14T21:24:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883081 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, MOFLWIKI! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/MOFLWIKI|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 66lsv0re1tc3hfp6wseu7adv8oclviv 3 161596 883082 2026-07-14T21:24:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883082 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, DrBayya! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/DrBayya|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) hc27i62ab2pbl3b2gnsio81mt3zqdik 3 161597 883083 2026-07-14T21:25:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883083 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, HRShami! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/HRShami|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 4qqf9urgy8p54idn9l3kqc2eietjikr 3 161598 883084 2026-07-14T21:25:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883084 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, DingTheFoxBoi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/DingTheFoxBoi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) dykni2a7ceaejuqyf7zv1gstt9ygz8t 3 161599 883085 2026-07-14T21:25:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883085 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nuance007! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nuance007|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 3vr6shx9kbbghlkejftxvmb0cun8ki3 3 161600 883086 2026-07-14T21:25:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883086 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, DFW Cultured kid! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/DFW Cultured kid|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) li0vx7hxbiie19udf1klvs447kquj8h 3 161601 883087 2026-07-14T21:25:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 883087 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Tonitesthenite! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Tonitesthenite|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) bot0baxu5pud2459o7bftrb90o7jt1d 0 161602 883104 2026-07-14T22:46:05Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364161659|Kung Fu Soccer (film)]]" 883104 wikitext text/x-wiki   Kung Fu Soccer (Sinanci: 功夫女足, lit. 'Kungfu Women's Football') fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasanni na 2026 wanda Stephen Chow ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. Fim din ya biyo bayan tafiyar wata kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta kasar Sin da ake kira "Emei" yayin da suke fafatawa a gasar kwallon kafa ta karshe. Tauraron fim din Zhang Xiaofei, Dilraba Dilmurat, da Lay Zhang a cikin manyan matsayi, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brzeski |first=Patrick |date=22 June 2026 |title=Stephen Chow’s ''Shaolin Soccer'' Spinoff ''Kung Fu Soccer'' Lands Worldwide Distribution Rights Deal |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/stephen-chows-shaolin-soccer-spin-off-kung-fu-soccer-1236628114/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 June 2026 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref> tare da memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta kasar Sin [[Zhao Lina]] ta shiga cikin simintin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2024 |title=相中“翻版王祖贤”和“真女足” 周星驰率先公布新片2人选 |url=https://vibes.8world.com/e-news/stephen-chow-new-female-soccer-movie-2391911 |access-date=22 June 2026 |website=vibes by 8world |language=en}}</ref> == Makirci == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> == Masu ba da labari == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Fitarwa == A watan Yunin 2023, Stephen Chow ya shiga kafofin sada zumunta don sanar da kammala rubutun don sabon aikin fim dinsa, mai taken Shaolin Women's Soccer . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-22 |title=Hong Kong Superstar Stephen Chow Unveils Exciting International Production: 'Shaolin Women's Soccer' |url=https://theaseandaily.com/hong-kong-superstar-stephen-chow-unveils-exciting-international-production-shaolin-womens-soccer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116143905/https://theaseandaily.com/hong-kong-superstar-stephen-chow-unveils-exciting-international-production-shaolin-womens-soccer/ |archive-date=16 November 2023 |access-date=2026-07-14 |website=The ASEAN Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> Babban daukar hoto a kan fim din ya fara ne a [[Shenzhen]], China a watan Maris na shekara ta 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2025 |title=周星驰执导《女足》深圳拍摄，迪丽热巴戏份杀青 |url=https://culture.southcn.com/node_eb897e1557/87969d8c5b.shtml |access-date=22 June 2026 |website=南方网}}</ref> Lokacin harbi ya dauki watanni uku, tare da wasu al'amuran da aka harbe a Cibiyar Wasanni ta Daya Bay a Huizhou. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2025 |title=周星驰导演电影《女足》杀青 |url=https://m.gmw.cn/2025-06/03/content_1304050587.htm |access-date=22 June 2026 |website=光明网}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chan |first=Ho-yin |author-mask=Chan Ho-yin (陳浩賢) |date=18 March 2025 |title=周星馳《少林女足》開機拍攝曝光 大量吊威也飛天場面竟然冇波 |url=https://www.hk01.com/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82%E5%A8%9B%E6%A8%82/60220961/%E5%91%A8%E6%98%9F%E9%A6%B3-%E5%B0%91%E6%9E%97%E5%A5%B3%E8%B6%B3-%E9%96%8B%E6%A9%9F%E6%8B%8D%E6%94%9D%E6%9B%9D%E5%85%89-%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8F%E5%90%8A%E5%A8%81%E4%B9%9F%E9%A3%9B%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%B4%E9%9D%A2%E7%AB%9F%E7%84%B6%E5%86%87%E6%B3%A2 |access-date=25 June 2026 |website=[[HK01]]}}</ref> == Saki == A ranar 22 ga Yuni 2026, Chow ya sanar a kafofin sada zumunta cewa an shirya za a saki Kung Fu Soccer a watan Yulin 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |last=薯條 |date=22 June 2026 |title=周星馳《功夫女足》預告7月上映 迎戰《奧德賽》與《多啦A夢》 |url=https://www.hk01.com/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1/60362647/%E5%91%A8%E6%98%9F%E9%A6%B3-%E5%8A%9F%E5%A4%AB%E5%A5%B3%E8%B6%B3-%E9%A0%90%E5%91%8A7%E6%9C%88%E4%B8%8A%E6%98%A0-%E8%BF%8E%E6%88%B0-%E5%A5%A7%E5%BE%B7%E8%B3%BD-%E8%88%87-%E5%A4%9A%E5%95%A6a%E5%A4%A2 |access-date=22 June 2026 |website=香港01 |language=zh-HK}}</ref> An saki trailer na fim din a ranar 6 ga Yuli, tare da ranar da aka shirya fitarwa a kasar Sin da aka shirya don 11 ga Yuli 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schimkowitz |first=Matt |date=6 July 2026 |title=Director Stephen Chow Takes the Field Again in the Trailer for ''Kung Fu Soccer'' |url=https://www.avclub.com/stephen-chow-kung-fu-soccer-trailer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260708053221/https://www.avclub.com/stephen-chow-kung-fu-soccer-trailer |archive-date=8 July 2026 |access-date=8 July 2026 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Silvia |date=6 July 2026 |title=Stephen Chow's ''Kung Fu Soccer'' Sets Mainland China Release, 25 Years After ''Shaolin Soccer'' |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/stephen-chows-kung-fu-soccer-sets-mainland-china-release-25-years-after-shaolin-soccer/5218357.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260708051151/https://www.screendaily.com/news/stephen-chows-kung-fu-soccer-sets-mainland-china-release-25-years-after-shaolin-soccer/5218357.article |archive-date=8 July 2026 |access-date=8 July 2026 |website=[[Screen International|Screen Daily]]}}</ref> An shirya fim din don fitowa a wasan kwaikwayo a Hong Kong a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |last=亞瑟 |date=13 July 2026 |title=功夫女足丨香港定檔8月13日上映　內地狂吸5億票房躋身年度前十 |url=https://www.hk01.com/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1/60369463/%E5%8A%9F%E5%A4%AB%E5%A5%B3%E8%B6%B3-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%AE%9A%E6%AA%948%E6%9C%8813%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%8A%E6%98%A0-%E5%85%A7%E5%9C%B0%E7%8B%82%E5%90%B85%E5%84%84%E7%A5%A8%E6%88%BF%E8%BA%8B%E8%BA%AB%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E5%89%8D%E5%8D%81 |access-date=13 July 2026 |website=[[HK01]] |language=zh}}</ref> == Karɓar baƙi == === Ofishin akwatin === Fim din ya buɗe a lamba ɗaya a kasar Sin a ranar 11 ga Yulin 2026, inda ya sami CN¥ 260.6 miliyan (US $ 38.3 miliyan) a ranar da aka saki kuma CN¥ 500.3 miliyan (US$ 73.6 miliyan) a karshen mako na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brzeski |first=Patrick |date=13 July 2026 |title=Stephen Chow’s 'Kung Fu Soccer' Kicks Off With Mighty $74 Million Two-Day Debut at China Box Office |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/stephen-chow-kung-fu-soccer-china-box-office-1236646255/ |access-date=13 July 2026 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> === Masu mahimmanci === Edmund Lee na Kudancin China Morning Post ya ba fim din taurari biyu daga cikin biyar, yana samun fim din yana da ban dariya amma ya sami cikas ta hanyar labarin rikice-rikice da jerin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Edmund |date=13 July 2026 |title=Kung Fu Soccer movie review: Stephen Chow’s stale, gender-swapped Shaolin Soccer spin-off |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/entertainment/article/3360365/kung-fu-soccer-movie-review-stephen-chows-stale-gender-swapped-shaolin-soccer-spin |access-date=14 July 2026 |website=South China Morning Post}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g1ixju8egb2cl3fhyyqzl54iwzry0ff 883105 883104 2026-07-14T22:46:38Z D son203 45710 883105 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Kung Fu Soccer (Sinanci: 功夫女足, lit. 'Kungfu Women's Football') fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasanni na 2026 wanda Stephen Chow ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. Fim din ya biyo bayan tafiyar wata kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta kasar Sin da ake kira "Emei" yayin da suke fafatawa a gasar kwallon kafa ta karshe. Tauraron fim din Zhang Xiaofei, Dilraba Dilmurat, da Lay Zhang a cikin manyan matsayi, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brzeski |first=Patrick |date=22 June 2026 |title=Stephen Chow’s ''Shaolin Soccer'' Spinoff ''Kung Fu Soccer'' Lands Worldwide Distribution Rights Deal |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/stephen-chows-shaolin-soccer-spin-off-kung-fu-soccer-1236628114/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 June 2026 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref> tare da memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta kasar Sin [[Zhao Lina]] ta shiga cikin simintin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2024 |title=相中“翻版王祖贤”和“真女足” 周星驰率先公布新片2人选 |url=https://vibes.8world.com/e-news/stephen-chow-new-female-soccer-movie-2391911 |access-date=22 June 2026 |website=vibes by 8world |language=en}}</ref> == Makirci == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> == Masu ba da labari == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Fitarwa == A watan Yunin 2023, Stephen Chow ya shiga kafofin sada zumunta don sanar da kammala rubutun don sabon aikin fim dinsa, mai taken Shaolin Women's Soccer . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-22 |title=Hong Kong Superstar Stephen Chow Unveils Exciting International Production: 'Shaolin Women's Soccer' |url=https://theaseandaily.com/hong-kong-superstar-stephen-chow-unveils-exciting-international-production-shaolin-womens-soccer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116143905/https://theaseandaily.com/hong-kong-superstar-stephen-chow-unveils-exciting-international-production-shaolin-womens-soccer/ |archive-date=16 November 2023 |access-date=2026-07-14 |website=The ASEAN Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> Babban daukar hoto a kan fim din ya fara ne a [[Shenzhen]], China a watan Maris na shekara ta 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2025 |title=周星驰执导《女足》深圳拍摄，迪丽热巴戏份杀青 |url=https://culture.southcn.com/node_eb897e1557/87969d8c5b.shtml |access-date=22 June 2026 |website=南方网}}</ref> Lokacin harbi ya dauki watanni uku, tare da wasu al'amuran da aka harbe a Cibiyar Wasanni ta Daya Bay a Huizhou. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2025 |title=周星驰导演电影《女足》杀青 |url=https://m.gmw.cn/2025-06/03/content_1304050587.htm |access-date=22 June 2026 |website=光明网}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chan |first=Ho-yin |author-mask=Chan Ho-yin (陳浩賢) |date=18 March 2025 |title=周星馳《少林女足》開機拍攝曝光 大量吊威也飛天場面竟然冇波 |url=https://www.hk01.com/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82%E5%A8%9B%E6%A8%82/60220961/%E5%91%A8%E6%98%9F%E9%A6%B3-%E5%B0%91%E6%9E%97%E5%A5%B3%E8%B6%B3-%E9%96%8B%E6%A9%9F%E6%8B%8D%E6%94%9D%E6%9B%9D%E5%85%89-%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8F%E5%90%8A%E5%A8%81%E4%B9%9F%E9%A3%9B%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%B4%E9%9D%A2%E7%AB%9F%E7%84%B6%E5%86%87%E6%B3%A2 |access-date=25 June 2026 |website=[[HK01]]}}</ref> == Saki == A ranar 22 ga Yuni 2026, Chow ya sanar a kafofin sada zumunta cewa an shirya za a saki Kung Fu Soccer a watan Yulin 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |last=薯條 |date=22 June 2026 |title=周星馳《功夫女足》預告7月上映 迎戰《奧德賽》與《多啦A夢》 |url=https://www.hk01.com/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1/60362647/%E5%91%A8%E6%98%9F%E9%A6%B3-%E5%8A%9F%E5%A4%AB%E5%A5%B3%E8%B6%B3-%E9%A0%90%E5%91%8A7%E6%9C%88%E4%B8%8A%E6%98%A0-%E8%BF%8E%E6%88%B0-%E5%A5%A7%E5%BE%B7%E8%B3%BD-%E8%88%87-%E5%A4%9A%E5%95%A6a%E5%A4%A2 |access-date=22 June 2026 |website=香港01 |language=zh-HK}}</ref> An saki trailer na fim din a ranar 6 ga Yuli, tare da ranar da aka shirya fitarwa a kasar Sin da aka shirya don 11 ga Yuli 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schimkowitz |first=Matt |date=6 July 2026 |title=Director Stephen Chow Takes the Field Again in the Trailer for ''Kung Fu Soccer'' |url=https://www.avclub.com/stephen-chow-kung-fu-soccer-trailer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260708053221/https://www.avclub.com/stephen-chow-kung-fu-soccer-trailer |archive-date=8 July 2026 |access-date=8 July 2026 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Silvia |date=6 July 2026 |title=Stephen Chow's ''Kung Fu Soccer'' Sets Mainland China Release, 25 Years After ''Shaolin Soccer'' |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/stephen-chows-kung-fu-soccer-sets-mainland-china-release-25-years-after-shaolin-soccer/5218357.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260708051151/https://www.screendaily.com/news/stephen-chows-kung-fu-soccer-sets-mainland-china-release-25-years-after-shaolin-soccer/5218357.article |archive-date=8 July 2026 |access-date=8 July 2026 |website=[[Screen International|Screen Daily]]}}</ref> An shirya fim din don fitowa a wasan kwaikwayo a Hong Kong a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |last=亞瑟 |date=13 July 2026 |title=功夫女足丨香港定檔8月13日上映　內地狂吸5億票房躋身年度前十 |url=https://www.hk01.com/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1/60369463/%E5%8A%9F%E5%A4%AB%E5%A5%B3%E8%B6%B3-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%AE%9A%E6%AA%948%E6%9C%8813%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%8A%E6%98%A0-%E5%85%A7%E5%9C%B0%E7%8B%82%E5%90%B85%E5%84%84%E7%A5%A8%E6%88%BF%E8%BA%8B%E8%BA%AB%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E5%89%8D%E5%8D%81 |access-date=13 July 2026 |website=[[HK01]] |language=zh}}</ref> == Karɓar baƙi == === Ofishin akwatin === Fim din ya buɗe a lamba ɗaya a kasar Sin a ranar 11 ga Yulin 2026, inda ya sami CN¥ 260.6 miliyan (US $ 38.3 miliyan) a ranar da aka saki kuma CN¥ 500.3 miliyan (US$ 73.6 miliyan) a karshen mako na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brzeski |first=Patrick |date=13 July 2026 |title=Stephen Chow’s 'Kung Fu Soccer' Kicks Off With Mighty $74 Million Two-Day Debut at China Box Office |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/stephen-chow-kung-fu-soccer-china-box-office-1236646255/ |access-date=13 July 2026 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> === Masu mahimmanci === Edmund Lee na Kudancin China Morning Post ya ba fim din taurari biyu daga cikin biyar, yana samun fim din yana da ban dariya amma ya sami cikas ta hanyar labarin rikice-rikice da jerin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Edmund |date=13 July 2026 |title=Kung Fu Soccer movie review: Stephen Chow’s stale, gender-swapped Shaolin Soccer spin-off |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/entertainment/article/3360365/kung-fu-soccer-movie-review-stephen-chows-stale-gender-swapped-shaolin-soccer-spin |access-date=14 July 2026 |website=South China Morning Post}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] la90n0lgzst06bt0jdw2to7a4z9agzy 0 161603 883119 2026-07-14T23:27:09Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349431241|Culture of Bangladesh]]" 883119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Image frame|content={{multiple image |border = infobox | total_width = 300 | perrow = 1/2/3/2/2/2 |image1 = Sholakia Eidgah Maidan 03.jpg |image2 = Zia Museum 001.JPG |image3 = 2.জাতীয় সংসদ ভবন.jpg |image4 = Weaving jamdani at BSCIC Jamdani palli, Narayanganj 114.jpg |image5 = Boli Khela, Pohela Boishakh (2014) (19204236770).jpg |image6 = Ilish Bhaat.jpg |image7 = Bank of Padma river.jpg |image8 = A Soul Unchained.jpg |image9 = Chirkut Concert 2023, TSC, University of Dhaka.jpg |image10 = Chimui.jpg |image11 = Pohela Boishakh Placard, Faculty of Fine Arts , University Of Dhaka 1.jpg |image12 = MOMO9590.jpg }}|width=300|align=right|caption='''From top, left to right''': [[Eid prayers]] at [[Sholakia Eidgah]], Indigenous [[Bungalow]] (Bangla) style architecture , [[Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban]], [[Jamdani]] weaving, [[Boli Khela]], [[Rice]] & [[Fish]], [[Padma River]], [[Baul]], [[Bangladeshi rock]], [[Marma people|Marma Dance]], [[Art of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi art]], and [[Nouka Baich]].|mode=}}<templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles> 1lbrwliirssiodctvzkjbsa3sg2llim 3 161604 883123 2026-07-14T23:53:35Z Mfield 41477 Mfield moved page [[Tattaunawar user:LesIie]] to [[Tattaunawar user:White Rivers]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/LesIie|LesIie]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/White Rivers|White Rivers]]" 883123 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:White Rivers]] 31h00btk4ztiartm0rs7ppo3xp338s7 2 161605 883133 2026-07-15T00:56:41Z Muzari ahemd 46968 Sabon shafi: {{User info | full name = Muzari ahemd }} 883133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User info | full name = Muzari ahemd }} g1tn72wi9myn856077szdci46hbsm3y 0 161606 883134 2026-07-15T00:57:16Z Muzari ahemd 46968 Sabon shafi: {{Databox}} 883134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} lzrsolkoxvicusc39gz7uudamev552z 883136 883134 2026-07-15T00:59:23Z Muzari ahemd 46968 883136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''TraceX Labs''' kamfani ce mai zaman kanta ta tsaron yanar gizo (cybersecurity) da aka kafa a shekarar 2025.<ref>https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/tracex-labs-raises-concerns-over-indias-proposed-sim-binding-mandate-for-messaging-apps</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-03 |title=India vrea să lege WhatsApp și Telegram de cartela SIM. Ce înseamnă asta pentru utilizatori - Financiarul |url=https://financiarul.ro/tehnologie/india-vrea-sa-lege-whatsapp-si-telegram-de-cartela-sim-ce-inseamna-asta-pentru-utilizatori/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=financiarul.ro |language=ro-RO}}</ref> Kamfanin yana samar da manhajoji da ayyuka don binciken hare-haren yanar gizo, kariya daga manhajojin cutarwa (malware), da kuma nazarin haɗurran tsaron fasahar sadarwa (IT).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fake 'Cockroach Janta Party' Android app flagged as critical malware threat, report warns |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/fake-cockroach-janta-party-android-app-flagged-as-critical-malware-threat-report-warns-1779954616682 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=desk |first=India Today Technology |date=2025-12-02 |title=Sanchar Saathi new Pegasus spyware? Centre's order on app raises storm |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sanchar-saathi-pegasus-spyware-centre-order-app-privacy-surveillance-concerns-2829174-2025-12-02 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Giri |first=Sushil |date=2026-03-15 |title=TraceX Labs Warns Sanchar Saathi Mandate Could Create Pegasus-Style Surveillance Architecture {{!}} TraceX Labs raises privacy and security concerns over forced installation of the government telecom |url=https://english.newstrack.com/india-news/tracex-labs-warns-sanchar-saathi-surveillance-concerns-585273 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=english.newstrack.com |language=en}}</ref> == Kayayyaki == * '''TraceX Guard''' manhajar tsaron wayar hannu ce da ke amfani da basirar wucin gadi (AI).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-04 |title=The Best Antivirus Software for Mobile Security in 2026 |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/technology/best-mobile-antivirus-apps-2026-android-ios/cid18034730.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104153119/https://udaipurtimes.com/technology/best-mobile-antivirus-apps-2026-android-ios/cid18034730.htm |archive-date=2026-01-04 |access-date=2026-05-25 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-22 |title=Beware! Traffic challan message on WhatsApp could be a malware: Scam spreading rapidly across districts, say officials |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/beware-traffic-challan-msg-onwhatsapp-it-could-be-a-malware/articleshow/123438227.cms |access-date=2026-05-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Federal |first=The |date=2026-04-22 |title=India's First AI Security App Strengthening National Cyber Safety Against Malicious Apps, QR Fraud, and Phishing Attacks |url=https://thefederal.com/category/science/indias-first-ai-security-app-protecting-users-from-malicious-apps-qr-fraud-and-phishing-attacks-242286 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ವಾರ್ತಾಭಾರತಿ |date=2026-02-18 |title=ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ ಭದ್ರತೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊಸ ಯುಗ: TraceX Guard AI ಮೊಬೈಲ್ ಸುರಕ್ಷತಾ ಪರಿಹಾರ |url=https://www.varthabharati.in/technology/tracex-guard-ai-mobile-security-digital-safety-india-2115258 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Vartha Bharati |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lađarević |first=Ana |date=2025-12-18 |title=Ove aplikacije za Android otkrivaju da li neko špijunira vaš mobilni telefon |url=https://www.blic.rs/it/ove-aplikacije-za-android-otkrivaju-da-li-neko-spijunira-vas-mobilni-telefon/slvzv6z |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Blic |language=sr}}</ref> * '''GEOX AI''' dandamali ne na bayanan yanayi (geospatial intelligence) wanda ke amfani da basirar wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Federal |first=The |date=2026-05-17 |title=India's GEOX AI Can Identify Locations From Photos Without GPS Metadata |url=https://thefederal.com/category/science/indias-geox-ai-can-identify-locations-from-photos-without-gps-metadata-243634 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GEOX AI: AI જિયોલોકેશનથી સૈન્ય ઇન્ટેલિજન્સમાં બદલાવ |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/national/geox-ai-explained-ai-geolocation-20752028494.html |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Gujarat Samachar |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=राजस्थान के भाइयों का अनूठा इनोवेशन: फोटो-वीडियो देखकर AI बता रहा सटीक लोकेशन, फ्री में कर सकते हैं यूज {{!}} Free Ai Tool To Trace Location From Photo Video Trace X Innovation By Jalore Brothers |url=https://www.patrika.com/udaipur-news/free-ai-tool-to-trace-location-from-photo-video-trace-x-innovation-by-jalore-brothers-20532216 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Rajasthan Patrika |language=hi}}</ref> * '''URL X''' dandamali ne na tsaron URL ga kamfanoni wanda ya mayar da hankali kan gano hare-haren phishing da nazarin hanyoyin yanar gizo masu cutarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muddhala |first=Prabhu |date=2026-03-01 |title=URL X: TraceX Labs రూపొందించిన AI ఆధారిత భద్రతా వేదిక ఫిషింగ్ దాడులకు రియల్-టైమ్‌లో అడ్డుకట్ట {{!}} URL X by TraceX Labs: AI-Powered Platform Transforming Real-Time Phishing and Malware Protection |url=https://www.tv5news.in/national/url-x-tracex-labs-ai-powered-phishing-and-malware-protection-981035 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=TV5 (India) |language=te}}</ref><ref>https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/enterprise-url-security-platform-designed-to-monitor-and-control-url-based-risks</ref> 50l4x1hkwexj0xkhp2j831cbbmenxu7 883137 883136 2026-07-15T00:59:58Z Muzari ahemd 46968 883137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''TraceX Labs''' kamfani ce mai zaman kanta ta tsaron yanar gizo (cybersecurity) da aka kafa a shekarar 2025.<ref>https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/tracex-labs-raises-concerns-over-indias-proposed-sim-binding-mandate-for-messaging-apps</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-03 |title=India vrea să lege WhatsApp și Telegram de cartela SIM. Ce înseamnă asta pentru utilizatori - Financiarul |url=https://financiarul.ro/tehnologie/india-vrea-sa-lege-whatsapp-si-telegram-de-cartela-sim-ce-inseamna-asta-pentru-utilizatori/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=financiarul.ro |language=ro-RO}}</ref> Kamfanin yana samar da manhajoji da ayyuka don binciken hare-haren yanar gizo, kariya daga manhajojin cutarwa (malware), da kuma nazarin haɗurran tsaron fasahar sadarwa (IT).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fake 'Cockroach Janta Party' Android app flagged as critical malware threat, report warns |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/fake-cockroach-janta-party-android-app-flagged-as-critical-malware-threat-report-warns-1779954616682 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=desk |first=India Today Technology |date=2025-12-02 |title=Sanchar Saathi new Pegasus spyware? Centre's order on app raises storm |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sanchar-saathi-pegasus-spyware-centre-order-app-privacy-surveillance-concerns-2829174-2025-12-02 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Giri |first=Sushil |date=2026-03-15 |title=TraceX Labs Warns Sanchar Saathi Mandate Could Create Pegasus-Style Surveillance Architecture {{!}} TraceX Labs raises privacy and security concerns over forced installation of the government telecom |url=https://english.newstrack.com/india-news/tracex-labs-warns-sanchar-saathi-surveillance-concerns-585273 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=english.newstrack.com |language=en}}</ref> == Kayayyaki == * '''TraceX Guard''' manhajar tsaron wayar hannu ce da ke amfani da basirar wucin gadi (AI).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-04 |title=The Best Antivirus Software for Mobile Security in 2026 |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/technology/best-mobile-antivirus-apps-2026-android-ios/cid18034730.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104153119/https://udaipurtimes.com/technology/best-mobile-antivirus-apps-2026-android-ios/cid18034730.htm |archive-date=2026-01-04 |access-date=2026-05-25 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-22 |title=Beware! Traffic challan message on WhatsApp could be a malware: Scam spreading rapidly across districts, say officials |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/beware-traffic-challan-msg-onwhatsapp-it-could-be-a-malware/articleshow/123438227.cms |access-date=2026-05-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Federal |first=The |date=2026-04-22 |title=India's First AI Security App Strengthening National Cyber Safety Against Malicious Apps, QR Fraud, and Phishing Attacks |url=https://thefederal.com/category/science/indias-first-ai-security-app-protecting-users-from-malicious-apps-qr-fraud-and-phishing-attacks-242286 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ವಾರ್ತಾಭಾರತಿ |date=2026-02-18 |title=ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ ಭದ್ರತೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊಸ ಯುಗ: TraceX Guard AI ಮೊಬೈಲ್ ಸುರಕ್ಷತಾ ಪರಿಹಾರ |url=https://www.varthabharati.in/technology/tracex-guard-ai-mobile-security-digital-safety-india-2115258 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Vartha Bharati |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lađarević |first=Ana |date=2025-12-18 |title=Ove aplikacije za Android otkrivaju da li neko špijunira vaš mobilni telefon |url=https://www.blic.rs/it/ove-aplikacije-za-android-otkrivaju-da-li-neko-spijunira-vas-mobilni-telefon/slvzv6z |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Blic |language=sr}}</ref> * '''GEOX AI''' dandamali ne na bayanan yanayi (geospatial intelligence) wanda ke amfani da basirar wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Federal |first=The |date=2026-05-17 |title=India's GEOX AI Can Identify Locations From Photos Without GPS Metadata |url=https://thefederal.com/category/science/indias-geox-ai-can-identify-locations-from-photos-without-gps-metadata-243634 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GEOX AI: AI જિયોલોકેશનથી સૈન્ય ઇન્ટેલિજન્સમાં બદલાવ |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/national/geox-ai-explained-ai-geolocation-20752028494.html |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Gujarat Samachar |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=राजस्थान के भाइयों का अनूठा इनोवेशन: फोटो-वीडियो देखकर AI बता रहा सटीक लोकेशन, फ्री में कर सकते हैं यूज {{!}} Free Ai Tool To Trace Location From Photo Video Trace X Innovation By Jalore Brothers |url=https://www.patrika.com/udaipur-news/free-ai-tool-to-trace-location-from-photo-video-trace-x-innovation-by-jalore-brothers-20532216 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Rajasthan Patrika |language=hi}}</ref> * '''URL X''' dandamali ne na tsaron URL ga kamfanoni wanda ya mayar da hankali kan gano hare-haren phishing da nazarin hanyoyin yanar gizo masu cutarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muddhala |first=Prabhu |date=2026-03-01 |title=URL X: TraceX Labs రూపొందించిన AI ఆధారిత భద్రతా వేదిక ఫిషింగ్ దాడులకు రియల్-టైమ్‌లో అడ్డుకట్ట {{!}} URL X by TraceX Labs: AI-Powered Platform Transforming Real-Time Phishing and Malware Protection |url=https://www.tv5news.in/national/url-x-tracex-labs-ai-powered-phishing-and-malware-protection-981035 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=TV5 (India) |language=te}}</ref><ref>https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/enterprise-url-security-platform-designed-to-monitor-and-control-url-based-risks</ref> == Bincike == '''Malware na Android ''Cockroach Janta Party''''' A shekarar 2026, bisa rahoton WION, TraceX Labs ta bayyana cewa manhajar bogi mai suna ''Cockroach Janta Party.apk'' tana aiki a matsayin Android RAT da spyware wanda aka rarraba ta WhatsApp da Telegram domin satar bayanan masu amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fake 'Cockroach Janta Party' Android app flagged as critical malware threat, report warns |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/fake-cockroach-janta-party-android-app-flagged-as-critical-malware-threat-report-warns-1779954616682 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref> TraceX Labs ta wallafa cikakken bincike kan wannan manhaja mai cutarwa.<ref>https://tracexlabs.com/reports/cockroach-janta-party-malware-threat-report-2026.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-25 |title=Fake 'Cockroach Janta Party' APK Malware Campaign Raises Serious Cybersecurity Concerns in India |url=https://countercurrents.org/2026/05/fake-cockroach-janta-party-apk-malware-campaign-raises-serious-cybersecurity-concerns-in-india/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Countercurrents.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-24 |title=Fake 'Cockroach Janta Party' Android app flagged as critical malware threat |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2026/05/fake-cockroach-janta-party-android-app-flagged-as-critical-malware-threat/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=thenewsmill.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Rahoton ya ce an yada manhajar ta WhatsApp da Telegram kuma tana aiki a matsayin spyware da remote access trojan (RAT).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cockroach Janta Party APK થી Android યુઝર્સને ખતરો: TraceX Labs |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/national/cockroach-janta-party-malware-apk-targeting-android-users-warns-tracex-labs-30174054246.html |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=www.gujaratsamachar.com |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Tech |date=2026-05-22 |title=Cockroach Janta Party Malware APK Targets Android Users Through WhatsApp and Telegram |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/technology/fake-cockroach-janta-party-android-app-malware-warning/cid18722038.htm |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=udaipurtimes.com |language=en}}</ref> Binciken ya nuna cewa malware ɗin ya yi amfani da tsarin Telegram command-and-control tare da cin zarafin Android Accessibility Services da izinin aiki a bango domin satar saƙonnin SMS, lambobin OTP, bayanan tuntuɓa, tarihin kira, fayilolin media da sauran bayanan na'ura.<ref name=":02" /> 1er38xyi0m5n6u3s29wfarxolvez9fn 883138 883137 2026-07-15T01:01:47Z Muzari ahemd 46968 883138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''TraceX Labs''' kamfani ce mai zaman kanta ta tsaron yanar gizo (cybersecurity) da aka kafa a shekarar 2025.<ref>https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/tracex-labs-raises-concerns-over-indias-proposed-sim-binding-mandate-for-messaging-apps</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-03 |title=India vrea să lege WhatsApp și Telegram de cartela SIM. Ce înseamnă asta pentru utilizatori - Financiarul |url=https://financiarul.ro/tehnologie/india-vrea-sa-lege-whatsapp-si-telegram-de-cartela-sim-ce-inseamna-asta-pentru-utilizatori/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=financiarul.ro |language=ro-RO}}</ref> Kamfanin yana samar da manhajoji da ayyuka don binciken hare-haren yanar gizo, kariya daga manhajojin cutarwa (malware), da kuma nazarin haɗurran tsaron fasahar sadarwa (IT).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fake 'Cockroach Janta Party' Android app flagged as critical malware threat, report warns |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/fake-cockroach-janta-party-android-app-flagged-as-critical-malware-threat-report-warns-1779954616682 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=desk |first=India Today Technology |date=2025-12-02 |title=Sanchar Saathi new Pegasus spyware? Centre's order on app raises storm |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sanchar-saathi-pegasus-spyware-centre-order-app-privacy-surveillance-concerns-2829174-2025-12-02 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Giri |first=Sushil |date=2026-03-15 |title=TraceX Labs Warns Sanchar Saathi Mandate Could Create Pegasus-Style Surveillance Architecture {{!}} TraceX Labs raises privacy and security concerns over forced installation of the government telecom |url=https://english.newstrack.com/india-news/tracex-labs-warns-sanchar-saathi-surveillance-concerns-585273 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=english.newstrack.com |language=en}}</ref> == Kayayyaki == * '''TraceX Guard''' manhajar tsaron wayar hannu ce da ke amfani da basirar wucin gadi (AI).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-04 |title=The Best Antivirus Software for Mobile Security in 2026 |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/technology/best-mobile-antivirus-apps-2026-android-ios/cid18034730.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104153119/https://udaipurtimes.com/technology/best-mobile-antivirus-apps-2026-android-ios/cid18034730.htm |archive-date=2026-01-04 |access-date=2026-05-25 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-22 |title=Beware! Traffic challan message on WhatsApp could be a malware: Scam spreading rapidly across districts, say officials |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/beware-traffic-challan-msg-onwhatsapp-it-could-be-a-malware/articleshow/123438227.cms |access-date=2026-05-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Federal |first=The |date=2026-04-22 |title=India's First AI Security App Strengthening National Cyber Safety Against Malicious Apps, QR Fraud, and Phishing Attacks |url=https://thefederal.com/category/science/indias-first-ai-security-app-protecting-users-from-malicious-apps-qr-fraud-and-phishing-attacks-242286 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ವಾರ್ತಾಭಾರತಿ |date=2026-02-18 |title=ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ ಭದ್ರತೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊಸ ಯುಗ: TraceX Guard AI ಮೊಬೈಲ್ ಸುರಕ್ಷತಾ ಪರಿಹಾರ |url=https://www.varthabharati.in/technology/tracex-guard-ai-mobile-security-digital-safety-india-2115258 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Vartha Bharati |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lađarević |first=Ana |date=2025-12-18 |title=Ove aplikacije za Android otkrivaju da li neko špijunira vaš mobilni telefon |url=https://www.blic.rs/it/ove-aplikacije-za-android-otkrivaju-da-li-neko-spijunira-vas-mobilni-telefon/slvzv6z |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Blic |language=sr}}</ref> * '''GEOX AI''' dandamali ne na bayanan yanayi (geospatial intelligence) wanda ke amfani da basirar wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Federal |first=The |date=2026-05-17 |title=India's GEOX AI Can Identify Locations From Photos Without GPS Metadata |url=https://thefederal.com/category/science/indias-geox-ai-can-identify-locations-from-photos-without-gps-metadata-243634 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GEOX AI: AI જિયોલોકેશનથી સૈન્ય ઇન્ટેલિજન્સમાં બદલાવ |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/national/geox-ai-explained-ai-geolocation-20752028494.html |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Gujarat Samachar |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=राजस्थान के भाइयों का अनूठा इनोवेशन: फोटो-वीडियो देखकर AI बता रहा सटीक लोकेशन, फ्री में कर सकते हैं यूज {{!}} Free Ai Tool To Trace Location From Photo Video Trace X Innovation By Jalore Brothers |url=https://www.patrika.com/udaipur-news/free-ai-tool-to-trace-location-from-photo-video-trace-x-innovation-by-jalore-brothers-20532216 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Rajasthan Patrika |language=hi}}</ref> * '''URL X''' dandamali ne na tsaron URL ga kamfanoni wanda ya mayar da hankali kan gano hare-haren phishing da nazarin hanyoyin yanar gizo masu cutarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muddhala |first=Prabhu |date=2026-03-01 |title=URL X: TraceX Labs రూపొందించిన AI ఆధారిత భద్రతా వేదిక ఫిషింగ్ దాడులకు రియల్-టైమ్‌లో అడ్డుకట్ట {{!}} URL X by TraceX Labs: AI-Powered Platform Transforming Real-Time Phishing and Malware Protection |url=https://www.tv5news.in/national/url-x-tracex-labs-ai-powered-phishing-and-malware-protection-981035 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=TV5 (India) |language=te}}</ref><ref>https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/enterprise-url-security-platform-designed-to-monitor-and-control-url-based-risks</ref> == Bincike == ==== Malware na Android ''Cockroach Janta Party'' ==== A shekarar 2026, bisa rahoton WION, TraceX Labs ta bayyana cewa manhajar bogi mai suna ''Cockroach Janta Party.apk'' tana aiki a matsayin Android RAT da spyware wanda aka rarraba ta WhatsApp da Telegram domin satar bayanan masu amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fake 'Cockroach Janta Party' Android app flagged as critical malware threat, report warns |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/fake-cockroach-janta-party-android-app-flagged-as-critical-malware-threat-report-warns-1779954616682 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref> TraceX Labs ta wallafa cikakken bincike kan wannan manhaja mai cutarwa.<ref>https://tracexlabs.com/reports/cockroach-janta-party-malware-threat-report-2026.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-25 |title=Fake 'Cockroach Janta Party' APK Malware Campaign Raises Serious Cybersecurity Concerns in India |url=https://countercurrents.org/2026/05/fake-cockroach-janta-party-apk-malware-campaign-raises-serious-cybersecurity-concerns-in-india/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Countercurrents.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-24 |title=Fake 'Cockroach Janta Party' Android app flagged as critical malware threat |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2026/05/fake-cockroach-janta-party-android-app-flagged-as-critical-malware-threat/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=thenewsmill.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Rahoton ya ce an yada manhajar ta WhatsApp da Telegram kuma tana aiki a matsayin spyware da remote access trojan (RAT).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cockroach Janta Party APK થી Android યુઝર્સને ખતરો: TraceX Labs |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/national/cockroach-janta-party-malware-apk-targeting-android-users-warns-tracex-labs-30174054246.html |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=www.gujaratsamachar.com |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Tech |date=2026-05-22 |title=Cockroach Janta Party Malware APK Targets Android Users Through WhatsApp and Telegram |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/technology/fake-cockroach-janta-party-android-app-malware-warning/cid18722038.htm |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=udaipurtimes.com |language=en}}</ref> Binciken ya nuna cewa malware ɗin ya yi amfani da tsarin Telegram command-and-control tare da cin zarafin Android Accessibility Services da izinin aiki a bango domin satar saƙonnin SMS, lambobin OTP, bayanan tuntuɓa, tarihin kira, fayilolin media da sauran bayanan na'ura.<ref name=":02" /> == Ce-ce-ku-ce == ==== Damuwa kan sa ido ta ''Sanchar Saathi'' ==== A shekarar 2026, TraceX Labs ta wallafa wani bincike inda ta bayyana damuwa kan sirri da yiwuwar sa ido game da shirin tilasta shigar da manhajar ''Sanchar Saathi'' ta Ma'aikatar Sadarwa ta Indiya.<ref>https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/tracex-labs-raises-concerns-over-indias-proposed-sim-binding-mandate-for-messaging-apps</ref> Rahoton ya yi gargadin cewa tilasta amfani da manhajar da ke da damar samun bayanan na'ura, wurin mai amfani da metadata na sadarwa ba tare da cikakken tsarin sa ido da bayyana gaskiya ba na iya haifar da tsarin sa ido mai kama da spyware a wayoyin hannu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-03 |title=India vrea să lege WhatsApp și Telegram de cartela SIM. Ce înseamnă asta pentru utilizatori - Financiarul |url=https://financiarul.ro/tehnologie/india-vrea-sa-lege-whatsapp-si-telegram-de-cartela-sim-ce-inseamna-asta-pour-utilizatori/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=financiarul.ro |language=ro-RO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=desk |first=India Today Technology |date=2025-12-02 |title=Sanchar Saathi new Pegasus spyware? Centre's order on app raises storm |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sanchar-saathi-pegasus-spyware-centre-order-app-privacy-surveillance-concerns-2829174-2025-12-02 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> 52wmq3a04rgtgzv2vdm97cy19ejabbi 883139 883138 2026-07-15T01:02:19Z Muzari ahemd 46968 883139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''TraceX Labs''' kamfani ce mai zaman kanta ta tsaron yanar gizo (cybersecurity) da aka kafa a shekarar 2025.<ref>https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/tracex-labs-raises-concerns-over-indias-proposed-sim-binding-mandate-for-messaging-apps</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-03 |title=India vrea să lege WhatsApp și Telegram de cartela SIM. Ce înseamnă asta pentru utilizatori - Financiarul |url=https://financiarul.ro/tehnologie/india-vrea-sa-lege-whatsapp-si-telegram-de-cartela-sim-ce-inseamna-asta-pentru-utilizatori/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=financiarul.ro |language=ro-RO}}</ref> Kamfanin yana samar da manhajoji da ayyuka don binciken hare-haren yanar gizo, kariya daga manhajojin cutarwa (malware), da kuma nazarin haɗurran tsaron fasahar sadarwa (IT).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fake 'Cockroach Janta Party' Android app flagged as critical malware threat, report warns |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/fake-cockroach-janta-party-android-app-flagged-as-critical-malware-threat-report-warns-1779954616682 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=desk |first=India Today Technology |date=2025-12-02 |title=Sanchar Saathi new Pegasus spyware? Centre's order on app raises storm |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sanchar-saathi-pegasus-spyware-centre-order-app-privacy-surveillance-concerns-2829174-2025-12-02 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Giri |first=Sushil |date=2026-03-15 |title=TraceX Labs Warns Sanchar Saathi Mandate Could Create Pegasus-Style Surveillance Architecture {{!}} TraceX Labs raises privacy and security concerns over forced installation of the government telecom |url=https://english.newstrack.com/india-news/tracex-labs-warns-sanchar-saathi-surveillance-concerns-585273 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=english.newstrack.com |language=en}}</ref> == Kayayyaki == * '''TraceX Guard''' manhajar tsaron wayar hannu ce da ke amfani da basirar wucin gadi (AI).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-04 |title=The Best Antivirus Software for Mobile Security in 2026 |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/technology/best-mobile-antivirus-apps-2026-android-ios/cid18034730.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104153119/https://udaipurtimes.com/technology/best-mobile-antivirus-apps-2026-android-ios/cid18034730.htm |archive-date=2026-01-04 |access-date=2026-05-25 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-22 |title=Beware! Traffic challan message on WhatsApp could be a malware: Scam spreading rapidly across districts, say officials |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/beware-traffic-challan-msg-onwhatsapp-it-could-be-a-malware/articleshow/123438227.cms |access-date=2026-05-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Federal |first=The |date=2026-04-22 |title=India's First AI Security App Strengthening National Cyber Safety Against Malicious Apps, QR Fraud, and Phishing Attacks |url=https://thefederal.com/category/science/indias-first-ai-security-app-protecting-users-from-malicious-apps-qr-fraud-and-phishing-attacks-242286 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ವಾರ್ತಾಭಾರತಿ |date=2026-02-18 |title=ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ ಭದ್ರತೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊಸ ಯುಗ: TraceX Guard AI ಮೊಬೈಲ್ ಸುರಕ್ಷತಾ ಪರಿಹಾರ |url=https://www.varthabharati.in/technology/tracex-guard-ai-mobile-security-digital-safety-india-2115258 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Vartha Bharati |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lađarević |first=Ana |date=2025-12-18 |title=Ove aplikacije za Android otkrivaju da li neko špijunira vaš mobilni telefon |url=https://www.blic.rs/it/ove-aplikacije-za-android-otkrivaju-da-li-neko-spijunira-vas-mobilni-telefon/slvzv6z |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Blic |language=sr}}</ref> * '''GEOX AI''' dandamali ne na bayanan yanayi (geospatial intelligence) wanda ke amfani da basirar wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Federal |first=The |date=2026-05-17 |title=India's GEOX AI Can Identify Locations From Photos Without GPS Metadata |url=https://thefederal.com/category/science/indias-geox-ai-can-identify-locations-from-photos-without-gps-metadata-243634 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GEOX AI: AI જિયોલોકેશનથી સૈન્ય ઇન્ટેલિજન્સમાં બદલાવ |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/national/geox-ai-explained-ai-geolocation-20752028494.html |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Gujarat Samachar |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=राजस्थान के भाइयों का अनूठा इनोवेशन: फोटो-वीडियो देखकर AI बता रहा सटीक लोकेशन, फ्री में कर सकते हैं यूज {{!}} Free Ai Tool To Trace Location From Photo Video Trace X Innovation By Jalore Brothers |url=https://www.patrika.com/udaipur-news/free-ai-tool-to-trace-location-from-photo-video-trace-x-innovation-by-jalore-brothers-20532216 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Rajasthan Patrika |language=hi}}</ref> * '''URL X''' dandamali ne na tsaron URL ga kamfanoni wanda ya mayar da hankali kan gano hare-haren phishing da nazarin hanyoyin yanar gizo masu cutarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muddhala |first=Prabhu |date=2026-03-01 |title=URL X: TraceX Labs రూపొందించిన AI ఆధారిత భద్రతా వేదిక ఫిషింగ్ దాడులకు రియల్-టైమ్‌లో అడ్డుకట్ట {{!}} URL X by TraceX Labs: AI-Powered Platform Transforming Real-Time Phishing and Malware Protection |url=https://www.tv5news.in/national/url-x-tracex-labs-ai-powered-phishing-and-malware-protection-981035 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=TV5 (India) |language=te}}</ref><ref>https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/enterprise-url-security-platform-designed-to-monitor-and-control-url-based-risks</ref> == Bincike == ==== Malware na Android ''Cockroach Janta Party'' ==== A shekarar 2026, bisa rahoton WION, TraceX Labs ta bayyana cewa manhajar bogi mai suna ''Cockroach Janta Party.apk'' tana aiki a matsayin Android RAT da spyware wanda aka rarraba ta WhatsApp da Telegram domin satar bayanan masu amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fake 'Cockroach Janta Party' Android app flagged as critical malware threat, report warns |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/fake-cockroach-janta-party-android-app-flagged-as-critical-malware-threat-report-warns-1779954616682 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref> TraceX Labs ta wallafa cikakken bincike kan wannan manhaja mai cutarwa.<ref>https://tracexlabs.com/reports/cockroach-janta-party-malware-threat-report-2026.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-25 |title=Fake 'Cockroach Janta Party' APK Malware Campaign Raises Serious Cybersecurity Concerns in India |url=https://countercurrents.org/2026/05/fake-cockroach-janta-party-apk-malware-campaign-raises-serious-cybersecurity-concerns-in-india/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Countercurrents.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-24 |title=Fake 'Cockroach Janta Party' Android app flagged as critical malware threat |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2026/05/fake-cockroach-janta-party-android-app-flagged-as-critical-malware-threat/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=thenewsmill.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Rahoton ya ce an yada manhajar ta WhatsApp da Telegram kuma tana aiki a matsayin spyware da remote access trojan (RAT).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cockroach Janta Party APK થી Android યુઝર્સને ખતરો: TraceX Labs |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/national/cockroach-janta-party-malware-apk-targeting-android-users-warns-tracex-labs-30174054246.html |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=www.gujaratsamachar.com |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Tech |date=2026-05-22 |title=Cockroach Janta Party Malware APK Targets Android Users Through WhatsApp and Telegram |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/technology/fake-cockroach-janta-party-android-app-malware-warning/cid18722038.htm |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=udaipurtimes.com |language=en}}</ref> Binciken ya nuna cewa malware ɗin ya yi amfani da tsarin Telegram command-and-control tare da cin zarafin Android Accessibility Services da izinin aiki a bango domin satar saƙonnin SMS, lambobin OTP, bayanan tuntuɓa, tarihin kira, fayilolin media da sauran bayanan na'ura.<ref name=":02" /> == Ce-ce-ku-ce == ==== Damuwa kan sa ido ta ''Sanchar Saathi'' ==== A shekarar 2026, TraceX Labs ta wallafa wani bincike inda ta bayyana damuwa kan sirri da yiwuwar sa ido game da shirin tilasta shigar da manhajar ''Sanchar Saathi'' ta Ma'aikatar Sadarwa ta Indiya.<ref>https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/tracex-labs-raises-concerns-over-indias-proposed-sim-binding-mandate-for-messaging-apps</ref> Rahoton ya yi gargadin cewa tilasta amfani da manhajar da ke da damar samun bayanan na'ura, wurin mai amfani da metadata na sadarwa ba tare da cikakken tsarin sa ido da bayyana gaskiya ba na iya haifar da tsarin sa ido mai kama da spyware a wayoyin hannu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-03 |title=India vrea să lege WhatsApp și Telegram de cartela SIM. Ce înseamnă asta pentru utilizatori - Financiarul |url=https://financiarul.ro/tehnologie/india-vrea-sa-lege-whatsapp-si-telegram-de-cartela-sim-ce-inseamna-asta-pour-utilizatori/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=financiarul.ro |language=ro-RO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=desk |first=India Today Technology |date=2025-12-02 |title=Sanchar Saathi new Pegasus spyware? Centre's order on app raises storm |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sanchar-saathi-pegasus-spyware-centre-order-app-privacy-surveillance-concerns-2829174-2025-12-02 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} oytfo0lew3hw0woqxyc730nl7tk20ip 883142 883139 2026-07-15T01:05:07Z Lacawe83 46969 883142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''TraceX Labs''' kamfani ce mai zaman kanta ta tsaron yanar gizo ([[Cyber security|cybersecurity]]) da aka kafa a shekarar 2025.<ref>https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/tracex-labs-raises-concerns-over-indias-proposed-sim-binding-mandate-for-messaging-apps</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-03 |title=India vrea să lege WhatsApp și Telegram de cartela SIM. Ce înseamnă asta pentru utilizatori - Financiarul |url=https://financiarul.ro/tehnologie/india-vrea-sa-lege-whatsapp-si-telegram-de-cartela-sim-ce-inseamna-asta-pentru-utilizatori/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=financiarul.ro |language=ro-RO}}</ref> Kamfanin yana samar da manhajoji da ayyuka don binciken hare-haren yanar gizo, kariya daga manhajojin cutarwa (malware), da kuma nazarin haɗurran tsaron fasahar sadarwa (IT).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fake 'Cockroach Janta Party' Android app flagged as critical malware threat, report warns |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/fake-cockroach-janta-party-android-app-flagged-as-critical-malware-threat-report-warns-1779954616682 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=desk |first=India Today Technology |date=2025-12-02 |title=Sanchar Saathi new Pegasus spyware? Centre's order on app raises storm |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sanchar-saathi-pegasus-spyware-centre-order-app-privacy-surveillance-concerns-2829174-2025-12-02 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Giri |first=Sushil |date=2026-03-15 |title=TraceX Labs Warns Sanchar Saathi Mandate Could Create Pegasus-Style Surveillance Architecture {{!}} TraceX Labs raises privacy and security concerns over forced installation of the government telecom |url=https://english.newstrack.com/india-news/tracex-labs-warns-sanchar-saathi-surveillance-concerns-585273 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=english.newstrack.com |language=en}}</ref> == Kayayyaki == * '''TraceX Guard''' manhajar tsaron wayar hannu ce da ke amfani da basirar wucin gadi (AI).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-04 |title=The Best Antivirus Software for Mobile Security in 2026 |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/technology/best-mobile-antivirus-apps-2026-android-ios/cid18034730.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104153119/https://udaipurtimes.com/technology/best-mobile-antivirus-apps-2026-android-ios/cid18034730.htm |archive-date=2026-01-04 |access-date=2026-05-25 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-22 |title=Beware! Traffic challan message on WhatsApp could be a malware: Scam spreading rapidly across districts, say officials |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/beware-traffic-challan-msg-onwhatsapp-it-could-be-a-malware/articleshow/123438227.cms |access-date=2026-05-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Federal |first=The |date=2026-04-22 |title=India's First AI Security App Strengthening National Cyber Safety Against Malicious Apps, QR Fraud, and Phishing Attacks |url=https://thefederal.com/category/science/indias-first-ai-security-app-protecting-users-from-malicious-apps-qr-fraud-and-phishing-attacks-242286 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ವಾರ್ತಾಭಾರತಿ |date=2026-02-18 |title=ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ ಭದ್ರತೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊಸ ಯುಗ: TraceX Guard AI ಮೊಬೈಲ್ ಸುರಕ್ಷತಾ ಪರಿಹಾರ |url=https://www.varthabharati.in/technology/tracex-guard-ai-mobile-security-digital-safety-india-2115258 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Vartha Bharati |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lađarević |first=Ana |date=2025-12-18 |title=Ove aplikacije za Android otkrivaju da li neko špijunira vaš mobilni telefon |url=https://www.blic.rs/it/ove-aplikacije-za-android-otkrivaju-da-li-neko-spijunira-vas-mobilni-telefon/slvzv6z |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Blic |language=sr}}</ref> * '''GEOX AI''' dandamali ne na bayanan yanayi (geospatial intelligence) wanda ke amfani da basirar wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Federal |first=The |date=2026-05-17 |title=India's GEOX AI Can Identify Locations From Photos Without GPS Metadata |url=https://thefederal.com/category/science/indias-geox-ai-can-identify-locations-from-photos-without-gps-metadata-243634 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GEOX AI: AI જિયોલોકેશનથી સૈન્ય ઇન્ટેલિજન્સમાં બદલાવ |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/national/geox-ai-explained-ai-geolocation-20752028494.html |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Gujarat Samachar |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=राजस्थान के भाइयों का अनूठा इनोवेशन: फोटो-वीडियो देखकर AI बता रहा सटीक लोकेशन, फ्री में कर सकते हैं यूज {{!}} Free Ai Tool To Trace Location From Photo Video Trace X Innovation By Jalore Brothers |url=https://www.patrika.com/udaipur-news/free-ai-tool-to-trace-location-from-photo-video-trace-x-innovation-by-jalore-brothers-20532216 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Rajasthan Patrika |language=hi}}</ref> * '''URL X''' dandamali ne na tsaron URL ga kamfanoni wanda ya mayar da hankali kan gano hare-haren phishing da nazarin hanyoyin yanar gizo masu cutarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muddhala |first=Prabhu |date=2026-03-01 |title=URL X: TraceX Labs రూపొందించిన AI ఆధారిత భద్రతా వేదిక ఫిషింగ్ దాడులకు రియల్-టైమ్‌లో అడ్డుకట్ట {{!}} URL X by TraceX Labs: AI-Powered Platform Transforming Real-Time Phishing and Malware Protection |url=https://www.tv5news.in/national/url-x-tracex-labs-ai-powered-phishing-and-malware-protection-981035 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=TV5 (India) |language=te}}</ref><ref>https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/enterprise-url-security-platform-designed-to-monitor-and-control-url-based-risks</ref> == Bincike == ==== Malware na Android ''Cockroach Janta Party'' ==== A shekarar 2026, bisa rahoton WION, TraceX Labs ta bayyana cewa manhajar bogi mai suna ''Cockroach Janta Party.apk'' tana aiki a matsayin [[Android]] RAT da spyware wanda aka rarraba ta WhatsApp da Telegram domin satar bayanan masu amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fake 'Cockroach Janta Party' Android app flagged as critical malware threat, report warns |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/fake-cockroach-janta-party-android-app-flagged-as-critical-malware-threat-report-warns-1779954616682 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref> TraceX Labs ta wallafa cikakken bincike kan wannan manhaja mai cutarwa.<ref>https://tracexlabs.com/reports/cockroach-janta-party-malware-threat-report-2026.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-25 |title=Fake 'Cockroach Janta Party' APK Malware Campaign Raises Serious Cybersecurity Concerns in India |url=https://countercurrents.org/2026/05/fake-cockroach-janta-party-apk-malware-campaign-raises-serious-cybersecurity-concerns-in-india/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Countercurrents.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-24 |title=Fake 'Cockroach Janta Party' Android app flagged as critical malware threat |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2026/05/fake-cockroach-janta-party-android-app-flagged-as-critical-malware-threat/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=thenewsmill.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Rahoton ya ce an yada manhajar ta [[WhatsApp]] da Telegram kuma tana aiki a matsayin spyware da remote access trojan (RAT).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cockroach Janta Party APK થી Android યુઝર્સને ખતરો: TraceX Labs |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/national/cockroach-janta-party-malware-apk-targeting-android-users-warns-tracex-labs-30174054246.html |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=www.gujaratsamachar.com |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Tech |date=2026-05-22 |title=Cockroach Janta Party Malware APK Targets Android Users Through WhatsApp and Telegram |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/technology/fake-cockroach-janta-party-android-app-malware-warning/cid18722038.htm |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=udaipurtimes.com |language=en}}</ref> Binciken ya nuna cewa malware ɗin ya yi amfani da tsarin Telegram command-and-control tare da cin zarafin Android Accessibility Services da izinin aiki a bango domin satar saƙonnin SMS, lambobin OTP, bayanan tuntuɓa, tarihin kira, fayilolin media da sauran bayanan na'ura.<ref name=":02" /> == Ce-ce-ku-ce == ==== Damuwa kan sa ido ta ''Sanchar Saathi'' ==== A shekarar 2026, TraceX Labs ta wallafa wani bincike inda ta bayyana damuwa kan sirri da yiwuwar sa ido game da shirin tilasta shigar da manhajar ''Sanchar Saathi'' ta Ma'aikatar Sadarwa ta Indiya.<ref>https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/tracex-labs-raises-concerns-over-indias-proposed-sim-binding-mandate-for-messaging-apps</ref> Rahoton ya yi gargadin cewa tilasta amfani da manhajar da ke da damar samun bayanan na'ura, wurin mai amfani da metadata na sadarwa ba tare da cikakken tsarin sa ido da bayyana gaskiya ba na iya haifar da tsarin sa ido mai kama da spyware a wayoyin hannu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-03 |title=India vrea să lege WhatsApp și Telegram de cartela SIM. Ce înseamnă asta pentru utilizatori - Financiarul |url=https://financiarul.ro/tehnologie/india-vrea-sa-lege-whatsapp-si-telegram-de-cartela-sim-ce-inseamna-asta-pour-utilizatori/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=financiarul.ro |language=ro-RO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=desk |first=India Today Technology |date=2025-12-02 |title=Sanchar Saathi new Pegasus spyware? Centre's order on app raises storm |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sanchar-saathi-pegasus-spyware-centre-order-app-privacy-surveillance-concerns-2829174-2025-12-02 |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 42njymm01uwq4bmipmbg05cjs90zd0w 0 161607 883169 2026-07-15T06:14:11Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 883169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = James Nwabueze John Aneke |office2 = Military [[Governor of Imo State]] |term_start2 = 9 December 1993 |term_end2 = 22 August 1996 |predecessor2 = [[Evan Enwerem]] |successor2 = [[Tanko Zubairu]] |birth_date = |birth_place = [[Kano State]], [[British Nigeria]] |death_date = |party = |alma_mater = [[University of Lagos]], [[University of Portsmouth]], National Defence College, Nigeria |allegiance = {{plainlist| * {{flag|Nigeria}} }} |branch = [[File:Badge of the Nigerian Navy.svg|23px]] ''[[Nigerian Navy]]'' |commands = Nigerian Navy Training Command |unit = Engineering Branch |battles = [[Nigerian Civil War]] | rank = [[File:Nigeria-Navy-OF-6.svg|25px]] [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] }} '''James Nwabueze John Aneke''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-James Nwabueze John Aneke.wav|Listen|help=no}} tsohon babban jami'in rundunar [[Nigerian Navy|Sojojin Ruwa na Najeriya]] ne. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Mulkin Soja na [[Jihar Imo]] a [[Najeriya]] daga watan Disamba na shekarar 1993 zuwa watan Agustan shekarar 1996.<ref name="Aluwong Aluwong 2021">{{cite web | last=Aluwong | first=Jeremiah | title=Men You Should Know: James Aneke | website=Connect Nigeria | date=2021-11-24 | url=https://articles.connectnigeria.com/men-you-should-know-james-aneke/ | access-date=2023-06-10}}</ref> Haka kuma, ya kasance Kwamandan Kwalejin Injiniyan Sojojin Ruwa ta Najeriya (NNEC) da ke Sapele, [[Jihar Delta]].<ref name=wstate>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |title=Nigerian States |publisher=WorldStatesmen |access-date=2010-02-10| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100123080256/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm| archive-date= 23 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> ==Asali== James Aneke ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a St. Johns College, Kaduna (wanda yanzu ake kira Rimi College, Jihar Kaduna), sannan ya yi karatun gaba da sakandare a Government College, Umuahia da ke [[Jihar Abia]]. Ya kammala karatu a [[Jami'ar Legas]] a shekarar 1973 da digirin B.Sc. (Hons) a fannin Injiniyan Lantarki. Har ila yau, ya kasance cikin rukunin farko na mambobin Shirin Bautar Ƙasa na Matasa (NYSC) a shekarar 1973, wanda Gwamnatin Mulkin Soja ta Tarayya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] ta ƙaddamar. Ya auri Julie Nnenna (wadda sunanta na haihuwa Orji ne).<ref name=ict> {{cite web |url=http://www.ictmeritawardsng.org/bot.html |title=Board of Trustees |publisher=National ICT Merit Awards |access-date=2010-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203223050/http://www.ictmeritawardsng.org/bot.html |archive-date=3 February 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }} </ref> ==Aikin soja== Bayan shiga rundunar jami'an [[Nigerian Navy|Sojojin Ruwa na Najeriya]], ya halarci kwasa-kwasai da horo daban-daban tare da [[Royal Navy]] ta Birtaniya da kuma kamfanin Hollandse Signaalapparaten B.V. (wanda yanzu ake kira Thales Nederland B.V.) a ƙasar Netherlands, masu ƙera da samar da tsarin tsaron ruwa kamar na'urorin gano abubuwa, rada da na'urorin infrared. Ya yi aiki a jirgin yaki na NNS Nigeria a matsayin jami'in sintiri, sannan ya yi aiki a jiragen NNS Enyimiri da [[NNS Aradu]] a matsayin shugaban sashen injiniyan makamai da kuma a wasu jiragen ruwa na rundunar. ==Muƙaman da ya riƙe a ƙasa== Ya kasance mamba na tsohuwar Hukumar Kwallon Ƙafa ta Najeriya (NFA), wadda yanzu ake kira [[Nigeria Football Federation]], kuma ya taimaka wajen jagorantar tawagar Golden Eaglets ta Najeriya zuwa gasar farko ta FIFA U-16 World Championship Kodak Cup a shekarar 1985. A shekarar 1993, lokacin yana da muƙamin Kyaftin a Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa, an naɗa shi Gwamnan Mulkin Soja na [[Jihar Imo]], inda ya yi mulki daga watan Disamba na shekarar 1993 zuwa watan Agustan shekarar 1996. Gwamnatinsa ta aiwatar da manyan ayyukan ci gaba da dama. Daya daga cikin manyan ayyukan shi ne kammalawa tare da fara amfani da Filin Jirgin Sama na Imo domin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasuwanci. Shugaban Ƙasa Janar [[Sani Abacha]] ne ya ƙaddamar da filin jirgin a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1994. An fara aikin filin jirgin ne tun a gwamnatocin da suka gabata tare da cikakken goyon bayan al'ummar tsohuwar Jihar Imo (wadda yanzu ta kasu zuwa Jihohin Imo, Abia da Kudancin Ebonyi) da kuma Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Mulkin Soja. Sauran manyan ayyukan sun haɗa da kula da matakin miƙa Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jihar da ke Nekede (wadda yanzu ita ce Federal Polytechnic Nekede) da kuma Babban Asibitin Owerri (wanda yanzu ake kira Federal Medical Centre, Owerri) ga Gwamnatin Tarayya. A lokacin mulkinsa kuma an ɗauki matasa masu digiri 1,000 aiki a ma'aikatan gwamnati, an gyara makarantu, tare da inganta jin daɗin malamai a matakan firamare, sakandare da manyan makarantu. Gwamnatinsa ta kuma karrama fitattun 'yan asalin Jihar Imo da suka yi fice a fannoni daban-daban. Saboda haka ne aka sanya wa Filin Wasannin Owerri Township suna "Dan Anyiam", domin girmama tsohon kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya. Haka kuma ya mallaki fili mai faɗin hekta 53 domin gina matsugunin ma'aikata na zamani, wanda daga baya aka bunƙasa ya zama Redemption Estate da ke kan hanyar Owerri zuwa Port Harcourt.<ref name="wstate"/> ==Rayuwa bayan ritaya== An yi wa Aneke ritaya daga aikin soja a watan Yulin shekarar 1999 sakamakon wata manufa da ta shafi dukkan jami'an soja da suka taɓa riƙe muƙaman siyasa a lokacin mulkin soja. Daga baya kuma an naɗa shi mamba a kwamitin gudanarwa na Summa Guaranty and Trust Plc. Bayan ritayarsa, ya mayar da hankali kan aikin ba da shawara a fannin gidaje (Real Estate Consultancy) na ɗan lokaci. Shi ɗan uwa ne na [[Nigerian Society of Engineers]], sannan kuma mamba ne na Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta [[Jihar Enugu]].<ref name=ict/> ==Duba kuma== * [[List of governors of Imo State]] ==Manazarta== bilkus7dp6rbyk9m8y9atuatv1cf2xa 0 161608 883171 2026-07-15T06:22:46Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 883171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = James Oluleye | honorific_prefix = [[Major General]] | image = | image_size = | office1 = [[Minister of Finance (Nigeria)|Federal Commissioner for Finance]] | term_start1 = March 1977 | term_end1 = September 1979 | predecessor1 = [[Shehu Shagari]] | successor1 = [[Sunday Essang]] {{small|as Minister of Finance}} | office2 = Federal Commissioner for Establishment and Service Matters | term_start2 = August 1975 | term_end2 = March 1977 | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | office3 = General Officer Commanding 2nd Division, Nigerian Army | term_start3 = June 1970 | term_end3 = July 1975 | predecessor3 = Lt. Col [[Gibson Jalo|G.S. Jalo]] | successor3 = Maj-Gen. Martin Adamu | alma_mater = St Luke's College<br>Regular Officers Special Training School (Teshie)<br>[[Mons Officer Cadet School]] | birth_date = 20 April 1930 | death_date = {{death date and age|2009|07|02|1930|04|20|df=y}} | branch = {{Army|Nigeria|size=23px}} | service_years = 1959–79 | commands = 2nd Division Nigerian Army | rank = [[File:Nigeria-Army-OF-7.svg|20px]] [[Major General]] }} '''James Oluleye''' (an haife shi 20 ga Afrilu, 1930 ya mutu 2 ga Yuli, 2009) babban hafsan [[Nigerian Army|Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya]] ne mai muƙamin Manjo Janar. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Kuɗi na Tarayya daga shekarar 1977 zuwa 1979, Kwamishinan Harkokin Ma'aikata da Ayyukan Gwamnati na Tarayya daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 1977, sannan ya jagoranci Runduna ta 2 ta Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya daga shekarar 1970 zuwa 1975.<ref name=Oluleye-Bio>{{cite book|last1=Oluleye|first1=James. J.|title=Military leadership in Nigeria, 1966–1979|publisher=University Press Ltd., 1985|isbn=0195758668|pages=xii-xiv}}</ref> ==Asali da ilimi== James Oluleye ya kammala karatunsa na firamare a shekarar 1946. Bayan haka ya yi koyarwa na tsawon shekara biyu a Makarantar St. Michael's da ke Ikoro-Ekiti, sannan ya yi shekara guda yana koyarwa a Makarantar Firamare ta Anglican da ke Araromi Ago-Owu kusa da Ikira a Jihar Oyo. Daga bisani ya halarci Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Ibadan Archdeaconry, inda ya samu Takardun Shaidar Koyarwa na Mataki na II da na III.<ref name=Oluleye-Bio /> ==Aikin soja== Oluleye ya shiga Rundunar Sojin Najeriya (wadda daga baya ta zama Royal Nigerian Army a shekarar 1960)<ref name=NA-Hist>{{cite web|title=Nigerian Army History |url=http://www.army.mil.ng/NA%20History.html |website=Nigerian Army |accessdate=3 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721225100/http://army.mil.ng/NA%20History.html |archivedate=21 July 2015 }}</ref> a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1959, da lambar rajista ta NMF/1003.<ref name=Oluleye-Bio /> Ya samu horonsa na farko a makarantar horar da hafsoshi ta Regular Officers Special Training School da ke [[Teshie]], Ghana, daga watan Satumba na shekarar 1959 zuwa Maris na shekarar 1960. Daga baya ya halarci horon hafsoshi a [[Mons Officer Cadet School]], Aldershot, Ingila, a shekarar 1960. An ba shi muƙamin Laftanar na Biyu a [[Nigerian Army|Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya]] a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1961. A shekarar 1967 ya halarci Kwalejin Horar da Manyan Hafsoshin Tsaro ta Defence Services Staff College da ke Indiya. Daga cikin muƙaman da ya riƙe a aikin soja akwai: * Babban mai horas da amfani da bindigar mortar a Kwalejin Horar da Sojoji ta Najeriya da ke Kaduna (1963–1964) * Kwamandan Kamfani na C, Bataliya ta 1, Enugu (1964–1966) * Mataimakin kwamandan Bataliya ta 5, Kano (Maris 1966 – Satumba 1966) * Mukaddashin kwamandan Kwalejin Horar da Sojoji ta Najeriya (Oktoba 1966 – Maris 1967) * Babban jami'in gudanarwa (GSO1) a Hedikwatar Sojojin Ƙasa (Nuwamba 1967 – Mayu 1970) * Babban kwamandan Runduna ta 2 da ke Ibadan (Yuni 1970 – Yuli 1975) ===Abubuwan da ya yi a lokacin bore na Sojojin Najeriya na Yulin 1966=== A lokacin yana da muƙamin Manjo, Oluleye ya kasance mataimakin Laftanar Kanar [[Mohammed Shuwa]] a Bataliya ta 5 da ke Kano lokacin [[1966 Nigerian counter-coup|bore na Sojojin Najeriya na Yulin 1966]], lokacin da aka kashe jami'an soja da dama 'yan ƙabilar Igbo ta hannun wasu takwarorinsu daga Arewa, a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga [[1966 Nigerian coup d'état|juyin mulkin 15 ga Janairu, 1966]], wanda galibin shugabanninsa 'yan kabilar Igbo ne. Da ya hango yiwuwar barkewar mummunan zubar da jini, Manjo Oluleye ya umarci kwamandojin kamfanoninsa da su kulle ma'ajiyar makaman bataliyar tare da ajiye maɓallan a cikin akwatin ajiyarsa. Sakamakon wannan hangen nesa da jagorancinsa, an ceto rayukan jami'an soja da dama 'yan ƙabilar Igbo a Kano a lokacin bore na watan Yuli.<ref name=Siollun>{{cite book|last1=Siollun|first1=Max|title=Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966–1976)|year=2009|publisher=Algora Publishing, 2009|isbn=9780875867090|page=115|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1s9EqmAN1IC&q=oluleye+military+leadership+oil+politics+and+violence&pg=PA115|accessdate=4 September 2015}}</ref> ==Aikinsa a matsayin Ministan Tarayya== Oluleye ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya mai kula da Harkokin Ma'aikata da Ayyukan Gwamnati daga watan Agustan shekarar 1975 zuwa Maris na shekarar 1977. Daga baya aka mayar da shi Ma'aikatar Kuɗi, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishina daga Maris na shekarar 1977 zuwa Satumba na shekarar 1979. Ya yi ritaya daga [[Nigerian Army|Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya]] a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1979, bayan mika mulki daga gwamnatin Janar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] zuwa gwamnatin Shugaba [[Shehu Shagari]]. ==Rasuwa== Janar Oluleye ya rasu a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2009.<ref name=Vanguard>{{Cite news|last1=Lakemfa|first1=Owei|title=General Oluleye's legacy|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/07/general-oluleyes-legacy/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|accessdate=3 September 2015}}</ref> ==Manazarta== ky09g82j8fvc38kwioyec324ayfrlrd 0 161609 883174 2026-07-15T06:34:43Z Saad Nuhu 43323 wallafa sabon shafi 883174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = Sir | honorific_suffix = | caption = Portrait by [[Walter Bird (photographer)|Walter Bird]], 1965 | order = 2nd | office = Governor-General of Nigeria | monarch = [[Elizabeth II]] | term_start = 15 June 1955 | term_end = 16 November 1960 | predecessor = [[John Stuart Macpherson]] | successor = [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1899|10|27}} | birth_place = [[Broughty Ferry]], Dundee, Scotland | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1983|09|23|1899|10|27}} | death_place = [[Wallingford, Oxfordshire]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=WwLsG449cONSoYkZmeji%2Bw&scan=1|title=Index entry|accessdate=18 April 2023|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}}</ref> England | party = | spouse = | education = [[Merchiston Castle School]] | alma_mater = [[Balliol College, Oxford]] | occupation = [[Civil Service (United Kingdom)|Civil servant]] <!--Military service--> | branch = {{army|UK}} | unit = {{ubl| [[Gordon Highlanders]] | [[Black Watch]]}} | relatives = [[Ian Robertson, Lord Robertson]] (brother)<br />[[Joanna Kuenssberg]] (great-niece)<br />[[Laura Kuenssberg]] (great-niece)<br />[[James Robertson (activist)|James Robertson]] (son) }} [[File:Shield of Arms of Sir James Wilson Robertson, KT, GCMG, GCVO, KBE, KStJ.png|thumb|200px|Shield of Arms of Sir James Wilson Robertson, KT, GCMG, GCVO, KBE, KStJ]] '''Sir James Wilson Robertson''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|sep=,|size=small|KT|GCMG|GCVO|KBE|KStJ}} (27 ga Oktoba, 1899 – 23 ga Satumba, 1983) ma'aikacin gwamnatin [[Birtaniya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamna-Janar na ƙarshe na mulkin mallakar [[Najeriya]] daga shekarar 1955 zuwa 1960. ==Rayuwar farko da ilimi== Ya yi karatu a [[Merchiston Castle School]] da ke [[Edinburgh]] da kuma [[Balliol College, Oxford]]. Ya yi aikin soja a [[British Army|Sojojin Birtaniya]] tare da rundunonin [[Gordon Highlanders]] da [[Black Watch]]. A shekarar 1961, [[University of Leeds]] ta ba shi digirin girmamawa na Dokta a fannin Shari'a (LL.D.).<ref>{{Cite web |title=1961 - 1970 {{!}} Honorary graduates {{!}} About the University {{!}} University of Leeds |url=http://tldynamic.leeds.ac.uk/leedsyorkshire/honorary/honorary_graduates_1960.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721135716/http://tldynamic.leeds.ac.uk/leedsyorkshire/honorary/honorary_graduates_1960.asp |archive-date=21 July 2010 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=tldynamic.leeds.ac.uk |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Aiki== Bayan kammala karatunsa a Oxford, ya shiga Ma'aikatar Siyasa ta [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Sudan]] daga shekarar 1922 zuwa 1953. Ya yi aiki a lardunan [[Blue Nile]], [[White Nile]], Fung da [[Kordofan]], sannan ya kasance [[Civil Secretary]] daga shekarar 1945 zuwa 1953. A wannan matsayi ne ya jagoranci [[Juba Conference (1947)|Taron Juba]] na shekarar 1947. A watan Janairun shekarar 1954, [[Oliver Lyttelton]], wanda a lokacin shi ne [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]], ya aike shi zuwa [[British Guiana]] domin ya jagoranci Kwamitin Robertson tare da shirya Rahoton Robertson, wanda aka kafa domin binciken rikicin siyasa da ya biyo bayan nasarar jam'iyyar [[People's Progressive Party (Guyana)|People's Progressive Party]] a zaɓe. A lokacin, ana kallon jam'iyyar a matsayin mai kusanci da ƙungiyoyin [[Communist]], lamarin da ya kai ga dakatar da kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Guiana Constitution (Report) |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1954-11-02a.212.2 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=TheyWorkForYou |language=en}}</ref><ref>guyana.org [http://www.guyana.org/govt/robertson_report.html Robertson Report]</ref><ref>guyana.org [http://www.guyana.org/govt/declassified_british_documents_1953.html The Suspension of the British Guiana Constitution]</ref> Daga baya aka tura shi zuwa [[Colonial Nigeria|Najeriya]] sakamakon aikin da ya gudanar. Ya kasance [[List of governors and governors-general of Nigeria|Gwamna-Janar]] daga ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1955 zuwa 16 ga Nuwamba, 1960. Daga ranar 1 ga Oktoba zuwa 16 ga Nuwamba, 1960, ya wakilci [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II]] a matsayin [[head of state|shugabar ƙasa]] bayan Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria |url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria.htm |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[www.worldstatesmen.org](http://www.worldstatesmen.org)}}</ref> ==Iyali== Ya auri Nancy Walker a shekarar 1926, kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu, namiji da mace. Ɗansa shi ne mashahurin mai tunani kan siyasa da tattalin arziki kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya, [[James Robertson (activist)|James Robertson]]. Ɗan'uwansa shi ne [[Ian Robertson, Lord Robertson]], wanda 'yarsa Sally<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1999/12/99/new_years_honours/584140.stm|title=Sally Kuenssberg, CBE|publisher=BBC Scotland|date=31 December 1999|access-date=20 May 2010}}</ref> ta auri Nick Kuenssberg {{p-n|country=GB|OBE}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/k/7239/Nicholas%20%28Nick%29+KUENSSBERG.aspx|title=Nick Kuenssberg|publisher=Debretts|accessdate=20 May 2010}}</ref> Babbar 'yar ɗan'uwansa ita ce [[Laura Kuenssberg]], fitacciyar 'yar jarida.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/business/management/business-interview-nick-kuenssberg-1-2819213 |title=Business interview: Nick Kuenssberg |author=Kristy Dorsey |newspaper=The Scotsman |date=4 March 2013 |accessdate=23 January 2016}}</ref> Matarsa ta farko ita ce Anne Mueller. ==Rubuce-rubuce== Robertson ya rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa mai suna ''Transition in Africa: From Direct Rule to Independence'', wanda kamfanin Hurst na Landan ya wallafa a shekarar 1974. Littafin ya yi waiwaye kan kusan shekaru 40 da ya shafe yana aiki a Afirka, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta gudanarwa da kuma abubuwan da ya lura da su da kansa. A babi na ƙarshe mai taken "Reflections", ya yi bayani kan yadda abubuwa da dama da shi da sauran jami'an Daular Birtaniya suka gina suka rushe cikin sauri bayan samun 'yancin kai, ba kawai a Sudan da Najeriya ba, har ma a sauran tsoffin yankunan mulkin mallakar Birtaniya a Afirka. Yayin da yake magana kan damuwar ƙasashen waje game da matsalolin da suka biyo bayan samun 'yancin kai, ya ce: > "Amurkawa sun taɓa tambayata: 'Me ya sa kuka fice da wuri haka, kafin yankunan mulkin mallaka su shirya su mulki kansu?' Sai na amsa, 'A wani ɓangare, ina da tabbacin saboda matsin lambar da kuka yi mana na mu fice.' Sai suka ce ba su san abin da suka sani yanzu ba a lokacin, kuma da mun ƙi bin matsin lambar da suka yi mana." (shafi na 253){{Incomplete short citation|date=July 2024}} Robertson ya kuma ba da muhimmin gudunmawa ga Taron Oxford na shekarar 1978 mai taken ''Transfer of Power: the Colonial Administrator in the Age of De-colonisation'', wanda [[A. H. M. Kirk-Greene]] ya shirya (an wallafa shi a shekarar 1979 ta Inter-Faculty Committee for African Studies na Jami'ar Oxford). Daga cikin gudunmawar tasa akwai "The Governor as the Man in the Middle" (shafuffuka na 38–43) da kuma "Summary of Discussion" (shafuffuka na 50–59). Littafin ''The Last of the Proconsuls: Letters of Sir James Robertson'', wanda Graham F. Thomas ya shirya, an wallafa shi a shekarar 1994. Littafin ya ƙunshi wasiƙu da Robertson ya aika wa Thomas tsawon shekaru 40, waɗanda galibinsu suka shafi ƙalubalen da Daular Birtaniya ta fuskanta a ƙarshen mulkin mallakarta.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robertson |first=Sir James W. |url=https://books.google.com.ng/books/about/The_Last_of_the_Proconsuls.html?id=x86NAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=The Last of the Proconsuls: Letters of Sir James Robertson |date=1994-08-15 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-85043-790-1 |language=en}}</ref> ==Manazarta== lu5hmt1ytz713tbzfavs1of070e3kb6 883175 883174 2026-07-15T06:36:11Z Saad Nuhu 43323 883175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = Sir | honorific_suffix = | caption = Portrait by [[Walter Bird (photographer)|Walter Bird]], 1965 | order = 2nd | office = Governor-General of Nigeria | monarch = [[Elizabeth II]] | term_start = 15 June 1955 | term_end = 16 November 1960 | predecessor = [[John Stuart Macpherson]] | successor = [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1899|10|27}} | birth_place = [[Broughty Ferry]], Dundee, Scotland | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1983|09|23|1899|10|27}} | death_place = [[Wallingford, Oxfordshire]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=WwLsG449cONSoYkZmeji%2Bw&scan=1|title=Index entry|accessdate=18 April 2023|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}}</ref> England | party = | spouse = | education = [[Merchiston Castle School]] | alma_mater = [[Balliol College, Oxford]] | occupation = [[Civil Service (United Kingdom)|Civil servant]] <!--Military service--> | branch = {{army|UK}} | unit = {{ubl| [[Gordon Highlanders]] | [[Black Watch]]}} | relatives = [[Ian Robertson, Lord Robertson]] (brother)<br />[[Joanna Kuenssberg]] (great-niece)<br />[[Laura Kuenssberg]] (great-niece)<br />[[James Robertson (activist)|James Robertson]] (son) }} [[File:Shield of Arms of Sir James Wilson Robertson, KT, GCMG, GCVO, KBE, KStJ.png|thumb|200px|Shield of Arms of Sir James Wilson Robertson, KT, GCMG, GCVO, KBE, KStJ]] '''Sir James Wilson Robertson''', (27 ga Oktoba, 1899 – 23 ga Satumba, 1983) ma'aikacin gwamnatin [[Birtaniya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamna-Janar na ƙarshe na mulkin mallakar [[Najeriya]] daga shekarar 1955 zuwa 1960. ==Rayuwar farko da ilimi== Ya yi karatu a [[Merchiston Castle School]] da ke [[Edinburgh]] da kuma [[Balliol College, Oxford]]. Ya yi aikin soja a [[British Army|Sojojin Birtaniya]] tare da rundunonin [[Gordon Highlanders]] da [[Black Watch]]. A shekarar 1961, [[University of Leeds]] ta ba shi digirin girmamawa na Dokta a fannin Shari'a (LL.D.).<ref>{{Cite web |title=1961 - 1970 {{!}} Honorary graduates {{!}} About the University {{!}} University of Leeds |url=http://tldynamic.leeds.ac.uk/leedsyorkshire/honorary/honorary_graduates_1960.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721135716/http://tldynamic.leeds.ac.uk/leedsyorkshire/honorary/honorary_graduates_1960.asp |archive-date=21 July 2010 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=tldynamic.leeds.ac.uk |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Aiki== Bayan kammala karatunsa a Oxford, ya shiga Ma'aikatar Siyasa ta [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Sudan]] daga shekarar 1922 zuwa 1953. Ya yi aiki a lardunan [[Blue Nile]], [[White Nile]], Fung da [[Kordofan]], sannan ya kasance [[Civil Secretary]] daga shekarar 1945 zuwa 1953. A wannan matsayi ne ya jagoranci [[Juba Conference (1947)|Taron Juba]] na shekarar 1947. A watan Janairun shekarar 1954, [[Oliver Lyttelton]], wanda a lokacin shi ne [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]], ya aike shi zuwa [[British Guiana]] domin ya jagoranci Kwamitin Robertson tare da shirya Rahoton Robertson, wanda aka kafa domin binciken rikicin siyasa da ya biyo bayan nasarar jam'iyyar [[People's Progressive Party (Guyana)|People's Progressive Party]] a zaɓe. A lokacin, ana kallon jam'iyyar a matsayin mai kusanci da ƙungiyoyin [[Communist]], lamarin da ya kai ga dakatar da kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Guiana Constitution (Report) |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1954-11-02a.212.2 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=TheyWorkForYou |language=en}}</ref><ref>guyana.org [http://www.guyana.org/govt/robertson_report.html Robertson Report]</ref><ref>guyana.org [http://www.guyana.org/govt/declassified_british_documents_1953.html The Suspension of the British Guiana Constitution]</ref> Daga baya aka tura shi zuwa [[Colonial Nigeria|Najeriya]] sakamakon aikin da ya gudanar. Ya kasance [[List of governors and governors-general of Nigeria|Gwamna-Janar]] daga ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1955 zuwa 16 ga Nuwamba, 1960. Daga ranar 1 ga Oktoba zuwa 16 ga Nuwamba, 1960, ya wakilci [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II]] a matsayin [[head of state|shugabar ƙasa]] bayan Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria |url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria.htm |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[www.worldstatesmen.org](http://www.worldstatesmen.org)}}</ref> ==Iyali== Ya auri Nancy Walker a shekarar 1926, kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu, namiji da mace. Ɗansa shi ne mashahurin mai tunani kan siyasa da tattalin arziki kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya, [[James Robertson (activist)|James Robertson]]. Ɗan'uwansa shi ne [[Ian Robertson, Lord Robertson]], wanda 'yarsa Sally<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1999/12/99/new_years_honours/584140.stm|title=Sally Kuenssberg, CBE|publisher=BBC Scotland|date=31 December 1999|access-date=20 May 2010}}</ref> ta auri Nick Kuenssberg {{p-n|country=GB|OBE}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/k/7239/Nicholas%20%28Nick%29+KUENSSBERG.aspx|title=Nick Kuenssberg|publisher=Debretts|accessdate=20 May 2010}}</ref> Babbar 'yar ɗan'uwansa ita ce [[Laura Kuenssberg]], fitacciyar 'yar jarida.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/business/management/business-interview-nick-kuenssberg-1-2819213 |title=Business interview: Nick Kuenssberg |author=Kristy Dorsey |newspaper=The Scotsman |date=4 March 2013 |accessdate=23 January 2016}}</ref> Matarsa ta farko ita ce Anne Mueller. ==Rubuce-rubuce== Robertson ya rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa mai suna ''Transition in Africa: From Direct Rule to Independence'', wanda kamfanin Hurst na Landan ya wallafa a shekarar 1974. Littafin ya yi waiwaye kan kusan shekaru 40 da ya shafe yana aiki a Afirka, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta gudanarwa da kuma abubuwan da ya lura da su da kansa. A babi na ƙarshe mai taken "Reflections", ya yi bayani kan yadda abubuwa da dama da shi da sauran jami'an Daular Birtaniya suka gina suka rushe cikin sauri bayan samun 'yancin kai, ba kawai a Sudan da Najeriya ba, har ma a sauran tsoffin yankunan mulkin mallakar Birtaniya a Afirka. Yayin da yake magana kan damuwar ƙasashen waje game da matsalolin da suka biyo bayan samun 'yancin kai, ya ce: > "Amurkawa sun taɓa tambayata: 'Me ya sa kuka fice da wuri haka, kafin yankunan mulkin mallaka su shirya su mulki kansu?' Sai na amsa, 'A wani ɓangare, ina da tabbacin saboda matsin lambar da kuka yi mana na mu fice.' Sai suka ce ba su san abin da suka sani yanzu ba a lokacin, kuma da mun ƙi bin matsin lambar da suka yi mana." (shafi na 253){{Incomplete short citation|date=July 2024}} Robertson ya kuma ba da muhimmin gudunmawa ga Taron Oxford na shekarar 1978 mai taken ''Transfer of Power: the Colonial Administrator in the Age of De-colonisation'', wanda [[A. H. M. Kirk-Greene]] ya shirya (an wallafa shi a shekarar 1979 ta Inter-Faculty Committee for African Studies na Jami'ar Oxford). Daga cikin gudunmawar tasa akwai "The Governor as the Man in the Middle" (shafuffuka na 38–43) da kuma "Summary of Discussion" (shafuffuka na 50–59). Littafin ''The Last of the Proconsuls: Letters of Sir James Robertson'', wanda Graham F. Thomas ya shirya, an wallafa shi a shekarar 1994. Littafin ya ƙunshi wasiƙu da Robertson ya aika wa Thomas tsawon shekaru 40, waɗanda galibinsu suka shafi ƙalubalen da Daular Birtaniya ta fuskanta a ƙarshen mulkin mallakarta.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robertson |first=Sir James W. |url=https://books.google.com.ng/books/about/The_Last_of_the_Proconsuls.html?id=x86NAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=The Last of the Proconsuls: Letters of Sir James Robertson |date=1994-08-15 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-85043-790-1 |language=en}}</ref> ==Manazarta== 7o09o2i5fqby9ht314pexwcm1n1szon 883176 883175 2026-07-15T06:38:52Z Saad Nuhu 43323 883176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = Sir | honorific_suffix = | caption = Portrait by [[Walter Bird (photographer)|Walter Bird]], 1965 | order = 2nd | office = Governor-General of Nigeria | monarch = [[Elizabeth II]] | term_start = 15 June 1955 | term_end = 16 November 1960 | predecessor = [[John Stuart Macpherson]] | successor = [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1899|10|27}} | birth_place = [[Broughty Ferry]], Dundee, Scotland | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1983|09|23|1899|10|27}} | death_place = [[Wallingford, Oxfordshire]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=WwLsG449cONSoYkZmeji%2Bw&scan=1|title=Index entry|accessdate=18 April 2023|work=FreeBMD|publisher=ONS}}</ref> England | party = | spouse = | education = [[Merchiston Castle School]] | alma_mater = [[Balliol College, Oxford]] | occupation = [[Civil Service (United Kingdom)|Civil servant]] <!--Military service--> | branch = {{army|UK}} | unit = {{ubl| [[Gordon Highlanders]] | [[Black Watch]]}} | relatives = [[Ian Robertson, Lord Robertson]] (brother)<br />[[Joanna Kuenssberg]] (great-niece)<br />[[Laura Kuenssberg]] (great-niece)<br />[[James Robertson (activist)|James Robertson]] (son) }} [[File:Shield of Arms of Sir James Wilson Robertson, KT, GCMG, GCVO, KBE, KStJ.png|thumb|200px|Shield of Arms of Sir James Wilson Robertson, KT, GCMG, GCVO, KBE, KStJ]] '''Sir James Wilson Robertson''', (27 ga Oktoba, 1899 – 23 ga Satumba, 1983) ma'aikacin gwamnatin [[Birtaniya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamna-Janar na ƙarshe na mulkin mallakar [[Najeriya]] daga shekarar 1955 zuwa 1960. ==Rayuwar farko da ilimi== Ya yi karatu a [[Merchiston Castle School]] da ke [[Edinburgh]] da kuma [[Balliol College, Oxford]]. Ya yi aikin soja a [[British Army|Sojojin Birtaniya]] tare da rundunonin [[Gordon Highlanders]] da [[Black Watch]]. A shekarar 1961, [[University of Leeds]] ta ba shi digirin girmamawa na Dokta a fannin Shari'a (LL.D.).<ref>{{Cite web |title=1961 - 1970 {{!}} Honorary graduates {{!}} About the University {{!}} University of Leeds |url=http://tldynamic.leeds.ac.uk/leedsyorkshire/honorary/honorary_graduates_1960.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721135716/http://tldynamic.leeds.ac.uk/leedsyorkshire/honorary/honorary_graduates_1960.asp |archive-date=21 July 2010 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=tldynamic.leeds.ac.uk |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Aiki== Bayan kammala karatunsa a Oxford, ya shiga Ma'aikatar Siyasa ta [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Sudan]] daga shekarar 1922 zuwa 1953. Ya yi aiki a lardunan [[Blue Nile]], [[White Nile]], Fung da [[Kordofan]], sannan ya kasance [[Civil Secretary]] daga shekarar 1945 zuwa 1953. A wannan matsayi ne ya jagoranci [[Juba Conference (1947)|Taron Juba]] na shekarar 1947. A watan Janairun shekarar 1954, [[Oliver Lyttelton]], wanda a lokacin shi ne [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]], ya aike shi zuwa [[British Guiana]] domin ya jagoranci Kwamitin Robertson tare da shirya Rahoton Robertson, wanda aka kafa domin binciken rikicin siyasa da ya biyo bayan nasarar jam'iyyar [[People's Progressive Party (Guyana)|People's Progressive Party]] a zaɓe. A lokacin, ana kallon jam'iyyar a matsayin mai kusanci da ƙungiyoyin [[Communist]], lamarin da ya kai ga dakatar da kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Guiana Constitution (Report) |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1954-11-02a.212.2 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=TheyWorkForYou |language=en}}</ref><ref>guyana.org [http://www.guyana.org/govt/robertson_report.html Robertson Report]</ref><ref>guyana.org [http://www.guyana.org/govt/declassified_british_documents_1953.html The Suspension of the British Guiana Constitution]</ref> Daga baya aka tura shi zuwa [[Colonial Nigeria|Najeriya]] sakamakon aikin da ya gudanar. Ya kasance [[List of governors and governors-general of Nigeria|Gwamna-Janar]] daga ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1955 zuwa 16 ga Nuwamba, 1960. Daga ranar 1 ga Oktoba zuwa 16 ga Nuwamba, 1960, ya wakilci [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II]] a matsayin [[head of state|shugabar ƙasa]] bayan Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria |url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria.htm |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[www.worldstatesmen.org](http://www.worldstatesmen.org)}}</ref> ==Iyali== Ya auri Nancy Walker a shekarar 1926, kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu, namiji da mace. Ɗansa shi ne mashahurin mai tunani kan siyasa da tattalin arziki kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya, [[James Robertson (activist)|James Robertson]]. Ɗan'uwansa shi ne [[Ian Robertson, Lord Robertson]], wanda 'yarsa Sally<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1999/12/99/new_years_honours/584140.stm|title=Sally Kuenssberg, CBE|publisher=BBC Scotland|date=31 December 1999|access-date=20 May 2010}}</ref> ta auri Nick Kuenssberg <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/k/7239/Nicholas%20%28Nick%29+KUENSSBERG.aspx|title=Nick Kuenssberg|publisher=Debretts|accessdate=20 May 2010}}</ref> Babbar 'yar ɗan'uwansa ita ce [[Laura Kuenssberg]], fitacciyar 'yar jarida.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/business/management/business-interview-nick-kuenssberg-1-2819213 |title=Business interview: Nick Kuenssberg |author=Kristy Dorsey |newspaper=The Scotsman |date=4 March 2013 |accessdate=23 January 2016}}</ref> Matarsa ta farko ita ce Anne Mueller. ==Rubuce-rubuce== Robertson ya rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa mai suna ''Transition in Africa: From Direct Rule to Independence'', wanda kamfanin Hurst na Landan ya wallafa a shekarar 1974. Littafin ya yi waiwaye kan kusan shekaru 40 da ya shafe yana aiki a Afirka, inda ya bayyana rayuwarsa ta gudanarwa da kuma abubuwan da ya lura da su da kansa. A babi na ƙarshe mai taken "Reflections", ya yi bayani kan yadda abubuwa da dama da shi da sauran jami'an Daular Birtaniya suka gina suka rushe cikin sauri bayan samun 'yancin kai, ba kawai a Sudan da Najeriya ba, har ma a sauran tsoffin yankunan mulkin mallakar Birtaniya a Afirka. Yayin da yake magana kan damuwar ƙasashen waje game da matsalolin da suka biyo bayan samun 'yancin kai, ya ce: > "Amurkawa sun taɓa tambayata: 'Me ya sa kuka fice da wuri haka, kafin yankunan mulkin mallaka su shirya su mulki kansu?' Sai na amsa, 'A wani ɓangare, ina da tabbacin saboda matsin lambar da kuka yi mana na mu fice.' Sai suka ce ba su san abin da suka sani yanzu ba a lokacin, kuma da mun ƙi bin matsin lambar da suka yi mana." (shafi na 253). Robertson ya kuma ba da muhimmin gudunmawa ga Taron Oxford na shekarar 1978 mai taken ''Transfer of Power: the Colonial Administrator in the Age of De-colonisation'', wanda [[A. H. M. Kirk-Greene]] ya shirya (an wallafa shi a shekarar 1979 ta Inter-Faculty Committee for African Studies na Jami'ar Oxford). Daga cikin gudunmawar tasa akwai "The Governor as the Man in the Middle" (shafuffuka na 38–43) da kuma "Summary of Discussion" (shafuffuka na 50–59). Littafin ''The Last of the Proconsuls: Letters of Sir James Robertson'', wanda Graham F. Thomas ya shirya, an wallafa shi a shekarar 1994. Littafin ya ƙunshi wasiƙu da Robertson ya aika wa Thomas tsawon shekaru 40, waɗanda galibinsu suka shafi ƙalubalen da Daular Birtaniya ta fuskanta a ƙarshen mulkin mallakarta.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robertson |first=Sir James W. |url=https://books.google.com.ng/books/about/The_Last_of_the_Proconsuls.html?id=x86NAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=The Last of the Proconsuls: Letters of Sir James Robertson |date=1994-08-15 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-85043-790-1 |language=en}}</ref> ==Manazarta== e6f7nxkbwprhjw94odsgwpj02t9a4la 0 161610 883179 2026-07-15T07:51:27Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352747179|My Lovesick Life as a '90s Otaku]]" 883179 wikitext text/x-wiki   My Lovesick Life as a '90s Otaku (Japanese, Hepburn) jerin [[manga]] ne na Jafananci wanda Nico Nicholson ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta shi. An tsara shi a cikin mujallar [[Kodansha]] ta [[Josei manga|{{Transl|ja|josei}} manga]] ''[[Kiss (Japanese magazine)|Kiss]]'' daga Yuni 2021 zuwa Fabrairu 2023, tare da surorinta da aka tattara a cikin kundin {{Transl|ja|[[tankōbon]]}} guda huɗu. == Makirci == Jerin ya biyo bayan wata mata {{Transl|ja|[[otaku]]}} (anime da manga fan) mai suna Megumi Sato a cikin shekarunta na matasa da rayuwarta ta yanzu a matsayin uwa mai shekaru 42. A shekara ta 1995, Megumi tana halartar sabuwar makarantar sakandare, kuma ta yi ƙoƙari ta ɓoye abubuwan sha'awa don kauce wa zalunci. Yayinda take da sha'awar [[Class president|shugaban aji]], Masamune Kaji, ya ƙi {{Transl|ja|otaku}}, ya sa Megumi ta yi ƙoƙari ta kusanci da shi ba tare da bayyana ainihin ta a matsayin {{Transl|ja|otaku}} ba. == Bugawa == Nico Nicholson ne ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta My Lovesick Life a matsayin '90s Otaku an tsara shi a cikin mujallar Kodansha ta <nowiki><span about="#mwt35" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Transl&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Samfuri:Transl&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;ja&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;josei&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwJg" title="Japanese-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><i lang="ja-Latn">josei</i></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki> manga ''Kiss'' daga Yuni 25, 2021, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2021 |script-title=ja:オノ・ナツメがKiss初登場、平均年齢70歳の大人の恋描く新連載「僕らが恋をしたのは」 |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/434188 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226092032/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/434188 |archive-date=February 26, 2023 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=[[Comic Natalie]] |publisher=Natasha, Inc. |language=ja}}</ref> zuwa Fabrairu 25, 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Rafael |date=March 27, 2023 |title=Nico Nicholson's My Lovesick Life as a '90s Otaku Manga Ends |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-02-27/nico-nicholson-my-lovesick-life-as-a-90s-otaku-manga-ends/.195348 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308022804/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-02-27/nico-nicholson-my-lovesick-life-as-a-90s-otaku-manga-ends/.195348 |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Kodansha ya tattara surorinsa a cikin kundin {{Transl|ja|[[tankōbon]]}} guda huɗu, wanda aka saki daga Janairu 13, 2022, zuwa Mayu 12, 2023 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2022 |script-title=ja:「オタクは隠すもの」が常識だった1995年、オタク女子高生が恋に落ちる |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/461480 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308022807/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/461480 |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=[[Comic Natalie]] |publisher=Natasha, Inc. |language=ja}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, Kodansha USA ta ba da sanarwar cewa sun ba da lasisi ga manga don sakin Turanci a Arewacin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hazra |first=Adriana |date=November 25, 2022 |title=Kodansha USA Licenses Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Chat Noir, 15 More Manga |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-11-25/kodansha-usa-licenses-miraculous-tales-of-ladybug-and-chat-noir-15-more-manga/.192278 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126002634/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-11-25/kodansha-usa-licenses-miraculous-tales-of-ladybug-and-chat-noir-15-more-manga/.192278 |archive-date=November 26, 2022 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> === Littattafai === {{Graphic novel list/header|OneLanguage=no|Width=70%}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=1|OriginalRelDate=January 13, 2022<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:【1月13日付】本日発売の単行本リスト|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/461279|website=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|access-date=March 8, 2023|language=Japanese|date=January 13, 2022|archive-date=March 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308025810/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/461279|url-status=live}}</ref>|OriginalISBN=978-4-06-526511-6|LicensedRelDate=November 28, 2023<ref>{{cite web|title=My Lovesick Life as a '90s Otaku, Volume 1|url=https://kodansha.us/product/my-lovesick-life-as-a-90s-otaku-1/|publisher=[[Kodansha USA]]|access-date=February 15, 2024|archive-date=May 6, 2026|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/B22mD|url-status=live}}</ref>|LicensedISBN=978-1-64-651881-4}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=2|OriginalRelDate=May 13, 2022<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:【5月13日付】本日発売の単行本リスト|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/477234|website=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|access-date=March 8, 2023|language=Japanese|date=May 13, 2022|archive-date=March 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308022804/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/477234|url-status=live}}</ref>|OriginalISBN=978-4-06-528040-9|LicensedRelDate=February 27, 2024<ref>{{cite web|title=My Lovesick Life as a '90s Otaku, Volume 2|url=https://kodansha.us/product/my-lovesick-life-as-a-90s-otaku-2/|publisher=[[Kodansha USA]]|access-date=May 6, 2026|archive-date=May 6, 2026|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/WQC9E|url-status=live}}</ref>|LicensedISBN=978-1-64-651882-1}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=3|OriginalRelDate=October 13, 2022<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:【10月13日付】本日発売の単行本リスト|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/496672|website=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|access-date=March 8, 2023|language=Japanese|date=October 13, 2022|archive-date=October 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028022952/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/496672|url-status=live}}</ref>|OriginalISBN=978-4-06-529285-3|LicensedRelDate=May 14, 2024<ref>{{cite web|title=My Lovesick Life as a '90s Otaku, Volume 3|url=https://kodansha.us/product/my-lovesick-life-as-a-90s-otaku-3/|publisher=[[Kodansha USA]]|access-date=May 6, 2026|archive-date=May 6, 2026|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/o6Hw3|url-status=live}}</ref>|LicensedISBN=978-1-64-651969-9}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=4|OriginalRelDate=May 12, 2023<ref name="vol4">{{cite web|script-title=ja:【5月12日付】本日発売の単行本リスト|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/523680|website=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|access-date=May 16, 2023|language=Japanese|date=May 12, 2023|archive-date=May 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518162912/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/523680|url-status=live}}</ref>|OriginalISBN=978-4-06-531446-3|LicensedRelDate=August 6, 2024<ref>{{cite web|title=My Lovesick Life as a '90s Otaku, Volume 4|url=https://kodansha.us/product/my-lovesick-life-as-a-90s-otaku-4/|publisher=[[Kodansha USA]]|access-date=May 6, 2026|archive-date=May 6, 2026|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/5lILn|url-status=live}}</ref>|LicensedISBN=979-8-88-877056-6}} {{Graphic novel list/footer}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n0oncdk8nqeh49x1nh437udezpc8p2d 883180 883179 2026-07-15T07:52:05Z D son203 45710 883180 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} My Lovesick Life as a '90s Otaku (Japanese, Hepburn) jerin [[manga]] ne na Jafananci wanda Nico Nicholson ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta shi. An tsara shi a cikin mujallar [[Kodansha]] ta [[Josei manga|{{Transl|ja|josei}} manga]] ''[[Kiss (Japanese magazine)|Kiss]]'' daga Yuni 2021 zuwa Fabrairu 2023, tare da surorinta da aka tattara a cikin kundin {{Transl|ja|[[tankōbon]]}} guda huɗu. == Makirci == Jerin ya biyo bayan wata mata {{Transl|ja|[[otaku]]}} (anime da manga fan) mai suna Megumi Sato a cikin shekarunta na matasa da rayuwarta ta yanzu a matsayin uwa mai shekaru 42. A shekara ta 1995, Megumi tana halartar sabuwar makarantar sakandare, kuma ta yi ƙoƙari ta ɓoye abubuwan sha'awa don kauce wa zalunci. Yayinda take da sha'awar [[Class president|shugaban aji]], Masamune Kaji, ya ƙi {{Transl|ja|otaku}}, ya sa Megumi ta yi ƙoƙari ta kusanci da shi ba tare da bayyana ainihin ta a matsayin {{Transl|ja|otaku}} ba. == Bugawa == Nico Nicholson ne ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta My Lovesick Life a matsayin '90s Otaku an tsara shi a cikin mujallar Kodansha ta <nowiki><span about="#mwt35" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Transl&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Samfuri:Transl&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;ja&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;josei&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwJg" title="Japanese-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><i lang="ja-Latn">josei</i></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki> manga ''Kiss'' daga Yuni 25, 2021, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2021 |script-title=ja:オノ・ナツメがKiss初登場、平均年齢70歳の大人の恋描く新連載「僕らが恋をしたのは」 |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/434188 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226092032/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/434188 |archive-date=February 26, 2023 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=[[Comic Natalie]] |publisher=Natasha, Inc. |language=ja}}</ref> zuwa Fabrairu 25, 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Rafael |date=March 27, 2023 |title=Nico Nicholson's My Lovesick Life as a '90s Otaku Manga Ends |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-02-27/nico-nicholson-my-lovesick-life-as-a-90s-otaku-manga-ends/.195348 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308022804/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-02-27/nico-nicholson-my-lovesick-life-as-a-90s-otaku-manga-ends/.195348 |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> Kodansha ya tattara surorinsa a cikin kundin {{Transl|ja|[[tankōbon]]}} guda huɗu, wanda aka saki daga Janairu 13, 2022, zuwa Mayu 12, 2023 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2022 |script-title=ja:「オタクは隠すもの」が常識だった1995年、オタク女子高生が恋に落ちる |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/461480 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308022807/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/461480 |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=[[Comic Natalie]] |publisher=Natasha, Inc. |language=ja}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, Kodansha USA ta ba da sanarwar cewa sun ba da lasisi ga manga don sakin Turanci a Arewacin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hazra |first=Adriana |date=November 25, 2022 |title=Kodansha USA Licenses Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Chat Noir, 15 More Manga |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-11-25/kodansha-usa-licenses-miraculous-tales-of-ladybug-and-chat-noir-15-more-manga/.192278 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126002634/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-11-25/kodansha-usa-licenses-miraculous-tales-of-ladybug-and-chat-noir-15-more-manga/.192278 |archive-date=November 26, 2022 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> === Littattafai === {{Graphic novel list/header|OneLanguage=no|Width=70%}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=1|OriginalRelDate=January 13, 2022<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:【1月13日付】本日発売の単行本リスト|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/461279|website=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|access-date=March 8, 2023|language=Japanese|date=January 13, 2022|archive-date=March 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308025810/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/461279|url-status=live}}</ref>|OriginalISBN=978-4-06-526511-6|LicensedRelDate=November 28, 2023<ref>{{cite web|title=My Lovesick Life as a '90s Otaku, Volume 1|url=https://kodansha.us/product/my-lovesick-life-as-a-90s-otaku-1/|publisher=[[Kodansha USA]]|access-date=February 15, 2024|archive-date=May 6, 2026|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/B22mD|url-status=live}}</ref>|LicensedISBN=978-1-64-651881-4}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=2|OriginalRelDate=May 13, 2022<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:【5月13日付】本日発売の単行本リスト|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/477234|website=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|access-date=March 8, 2023|language=Japanese|date=May 13, 2022|archive-date=March 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308022804/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/477234|url-status=live}}</ref>|OriginalISBN=978-4-06-528040-9|LicensedRelDate=February 27, 2024<ref>{{cite web|title=My Lovesick Life as a '90s Otaku, Volume 2|url=https://kodansha.us/product/my-lovesick-life-as-a-90s-otaku-2/|publisher=[[Kodansha USA]]|access-date=May 6, 2026|archive-date=May 6, 2026|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/WQC9E|url-status=live}}</ref>|LicensedISBN=978-1-64-651882-1}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=3|OriginalRelDate=October 13, 2022<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:【10月13日付】本日発売の単行本リスト|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/496672|website=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|access-date=March 8, 2023|language=Japanese|date=October 13, 2022|archive-date=October 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028022952/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/496672|url-status=live}}</ref>|OriginalISBN=978-4-06-529285-3|LicensedRelDate=May 14, 2024<ref>{{cite web|title=My Lovesick Life as a '90s Otaku, Volume 3|url=https://kodansha.us/product/my-lovesick-life-as-a-90s-otaku-3/|publisher=[[Kodansha USA]]|access-date=May 6, 2026|archive-date=May 6, 2026|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/o6Hw3|url-status=live}}</ref>|LicensedISBN=978-1-64-651969-9}} {{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=4|OriginalRelDate=May 12, 2023<ref name="vol4">{{cite web|script-title=ja:【5月12日付】本日発売の単行本リスト|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/523680|website=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|access-date=May 16, 2023|language=Japanese|date=May 12, 2023|archive-date=May 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518162912/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/523680|url-status=live}}</ref>|OriginalISBN=978-4-06-531446-3|LicensedRelDate=August 6, 2024<ref>{{cite web|title=My Lovesick Life as a '90s Otaku, Volume 4|url=https://kodansha.us/product/my-lovesick-life-as-a-90s-otaku-4/|publisher=[[Kodansha USA]]|access-date=May 6, 2026|archive-date=May 6, 2026|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/5lILn|url-status=live}}</ref>|LicensedISBN=979-8-88-877056-6}} {{Graphic novel list/footer}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o9mp3g1aa1h0ml5e92ef66854csm5vz 0 161611 883222 2026-07-15T08:25:27Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[Marcelo Brozoviç]] to [[Marcelo Brozović]] 883222 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Marcelo Brozović]] qbkafv1ag0ek0dfmxp9n2ce71rnj8t5 0 161612 883383 2026-07-15T10:51:36Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345146495|Knucklehead (2010 film)]]" 883383 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Knucklehead''''' is a 2010 American comedy film starring Big Show (Paul Wight), Melora Hardin, Mark Feuerstein, and Dennis Farina. It was released on October 22, 2010, in select theaters and garnered strongly negative reviews from critics, who found fault in the film's premise, execution, and clichéd tropes. The DVD was released on November 9, 2010. Farina later called it the most embarrassing project of his career. == Plot == Walter Krunk is a 35-year-old orphan who has lived in an orphanage since childhood. He has a friendship with a fellow orphan named Henry. During a play at the orphanage, Walter ruins the set by crashing into the set when his harness malfunctions. Meanwhile, retired MMA fighter Eddie Sullivan is training a fellow fighter for a tournament in New Orleans with a $100,000 prize. Fellow rival Memphis Earl has also trained a bigger, scarier fighter named Redrum for the tournament. Both of their trainees have a short match, but Eddie's fighter is easily knocked out with one punch. Earl threatens Eddie saying that if he doesn't find a new fighter they'll beat him down. One day Walter is cooking with Henry when Walter suddenly goes to the bathroom and tells Henry to watch the food. Henry is distracted by a game and doesn't see that the food has started a fire. The fire department manages to put the fire out but it leaves the kitchen destroyed. Local law enforcement states that without a working kitchen the orphanage must close down - unless they can get enough money to fix the kitchen in 10 days. Eddie enters a church and asks God to let him find a good fighter in time for the tournament. Meanwhile, the owner of the orphanage is scolding Walter for causing the fire, which causes him to fall into the church from above, seemingly answering Eddie's prayer. Eddie decides to train Walter to be his fighter. Walter is not much of a fighter, but the orphanage owner agrees. However, Mary Alice must go with them. They set off in the orphanage bus to matches around the region. The first match is in a Jefferson City church. Eddie decides to tape and upload the match highlights for internet fan buzz, but during the match Walter doesn't show much of a fight and is easily dominated but manages to win. Meanwhile, Memphis Earl and Redrum go to the gym to see Eddie, and instead find Eddie's father. His father tells them that Eddie isn't there and he recruited a new fighter. That night at a motel Mary and Walter have a talk about their current predicament. Mary doesn't want Walter to fight, but Walter changes her mind by saying that he's on the road for the first time in his life and that he's doing something important. Meanwhile, Earl and Redrum have found the group at the motel and threaten Eddie to stay away from New Orleans. The next day, driving to the next match, the bus engine starts smoking. This causes the bus to crash into a pole and eventually explode. Eddie, Mary, and Walter escape unharmed. Walking on the road with only $200, Mary manages to get a truck driver to take them to the next match. The next fight is at a kid's house, where he hosts fights in his backyard and pays the fighters with the attendance money from other kids. While Eddie gives Walter a pep talk to get him riled up, the kid's dad notices the fights and goes on a rampage, telling everyone to get out of his yard. Walter runs into the backyard and tackles the dad into the fence, thinking he was his opponent. Eddie calls his dad who got injured because of Earl and Redrum and tells him to enter the tournament and win to avenge him. Mary takes them to a trailer park where her friend Tina lives. They tell her of the situation and remember that at a nearby carnival there was a sign that offered anyone to fight a grizzly bear with a $500 prize. Tina gives Walter a new look (shaving his head and giving tattoos), and Walter falls in love with Tina. Walter manages to win with a choke hold and is given the nickname "The Bear Basher". Later that night, while riding a bus, Walter has a serious gas attack that leads to the group being kicked off the bus. Meanwhile, Memphis Earl discovers that Walter is a serious threat and might win the tournament, so he decides to adopt Henry and hold him hostage. The orphanage owner refuses to let him adopt Henry even after he promises a good life for him. The group walks to a gas station and Eddie goes in to ask for directions to a rental car company. A motorcycle gang shows up and starts messing with Mary. Eddie attempts to help but is outnumbered by them. Walter comes and fights them off, while Eddie goes in to get the security footage and continue their journey on one of the gang members' motorcycles. Throughout the journey, Walter wins more fights, earning more money while Eddie teaches Mary and Walter more fighting moves. During their nightly camp outs, Eddie and Mary start having feelings for each other. Finally arriving in New Orleans, Eddie checks the group in to a luxury hotel, plans a pre-fight celebration for a night on the town and buys Mary a dress and Walter a tuxedo. At the restaurant, Eddie tells Walter to not stare but Eddie does when Mary walks in. Some girls invite Walter to dance, but Mary stays at their table. Mary gets drunk from drinking Eddie's drink and confronts the waitress when she sees her talking to Eddie. This results in a fight, ending with Mary knocking out the waitress with a spinning heel kick. The following day, while Walter is preparing for the tournament at the hotel, Tina shows up to give Walter a pair of shorts she made for him. During the sign-in, Mary calls the orphanage owner saying that the trip is almost over. However, after the call ends a fellow worker informs the owner that they can't find Henry. The man who is in charge of the sign in says that Eddie didn't pre register so Walter can't compete. Mary tells everyone who Walter is so they get into the tournament. Both Walter and Redrum make it to the finals. Backstage, Eddie's dad shows up not wanting to miss the main event. Eddie, not sure if Walter will win, asks his dad to make sure that the money they made on the road makes to the orphanage. Memphis Earl reveals to Mary in the women's restroom why Eddie retired: it was because he was banned from fighting for life after taking a dive in a title fight. When she confronts Eddie, before he can explain the situation the orphanage workers reveal that Memphis Earl has kidnapped Henry and is holding him hostage, unless Walter takes a dive in the fight. Eddie plans to have the match stalled while the workers look for Henry, knowing that Earl won't leave with Redrum in the ring. During the fight, Earl shows up with Henry to distract Walter, but this makes him angry enough to win the fight by submission and Memphis Earl is arrested for kidnapping. During the celebration Eddie's dad reveals that he bet the $4,000 on Walter to win and got $80,000 for the orphanage. Eddie and Mary kiss to end the scene. Walter is then filling a moving truck for his new apartment. He notices Henry looking upset and Henry tells him it's because Walter moving and he's not and that he is losing his best friend. Walter tells Henry that he's going to adopt Henry and wouldn't leave him behind. == Cast == * Big Show as Walter Krunk * Mark Feuerstein as Eddie Sullivan * Melora Hardin as Mary * Kurt Doss as Henry * Dennis Farina as Earl "Memphis Earl" * Wendie Malick as Sister Francesca * Rebecca Creskoff as Tina * Will Patton as Victor "Vic" Sullivan * Lester Speight as Redrum * Saul Rubinek as Rabbi * Bobb'e J. Thompson as Milton "Mad Milton" * Lurie Poston as Todd * Lance E. Nichols as Milton's Dad * Jake Austin Walker as Dennis This is WWE Studios' second produced film (the first being ''Legendary'', starring fellow wrestler [[John Cena]]), with Samuel Goldwyn Films. Filming began in [[New Orleans|New Orleans, Louisiana]], and finished in November 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2009 |title=The Big Show Goes Full-Retard in 'Knucklehead' |url=http://www.screenjunkies.com/movienews/big-show-goes-full-retard-knucklehead |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003125437/http://www.screenjunkies.com/movienews/big-show-goes-full-retard-knucklehead |archive-date=October 3, 2010 |access-date=October 14, 2010 |publisher=Screen Junkies}}</ref> The film has received generally negative reviews by critics. ''Slant Magazine'' gave the film half a star out of 5 stars, writing that the film's title is "a description for both the film and anyone who chooses to be its audience."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schager |first=Nick |date=October 16, 2010 |title=Knucklehead &#124; Film Review |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/knucklehead |access-date=June 27, 2016 |publisher=[[Slant Magazine]]}}</ref> ''Variety'' wrote that the acting "leaves a bit to be desired", and that "no one in the cast is that strong".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=John |date=October 21, 2010 |title=Knucklehead |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117943898.html?categoryId=31&cs=1 |access-date=November 9, 2010 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]}}</ref> ''Film Journal International'' called it a "lame comedy about a big doofus who enters the fight game manages to take every cliché in the book and render them even more clichéd."<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2010 |title=Film Review: Knucklehead |url=http://www.filmjournal.com/node/4856 |access-date=June 27, 2016 |website=[[Film Journal International]] |agency=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'' called the film "mediocre".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hale |first=Mike |date=October 21, 2010 |title=Paul Wight Stars in the W.W.E. Film 'Knucklehead' |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2010/10/22/movies/22knuckle.html |access-date=November 9, 2010 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 97wq0r1134u8lkw087hcbjkacz0o3kp 883384 883383 2026-07-15T10:52:23Z D son203 45710 883384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Knucklehead''''' is a 2010 American comedy film starring Big Show (Paul Wight), Melora Hardin, Mark Feuerstein, and Dennis Farina. It was released on October 22, 2010, in select theaters and garnered strongly negative reviews from critics, who found fault in the film's premise, execution, and clichéd tropes. The DVD was released on November 9, 2010. Farina later called it the most embarrassing project of his career. == Plot == Walter Krunk is a 35-year-old orphan who has lived in an orphanage since childhood. He has a friendship with a fellow orphan named Henry. During a play at the orphanage, Walter ruins the set by crashing into the set when his harness malfunctions. Meanwhile, retired MMA fighter Eddie Sullivan is training a fellow fighter for a tournament in New Orleans with a $100,000 prize. Fellow rival Memphis Earl has also trained a bigger, scarier fighter named Redrum for the tournament. Both of their trainees have a short match, but Eddie's fighter is easily knocked out with one punch. Earl threatens Eddie saying that if he doesn't find a new fighter they'll beat him down. One day Walter is cooking with Henry when Walter suddenly goes to the bathroom and tells Henry to watch the food. Henry is distracted by a game and doesn't see that the food has started a fire. The fire department manages to put the fire out but it leaves the kitchen destroyed. Local law enforcement states that without a working kitchen the orphanage must close down - unless they can get enough money to fix the kitchen in 10 days. Eddie enters a church and asks God to let him find a good fighter in time for the tournament. Meanwhile, the owner of the orphanage is scolding Walter for causing the fire, which causes him to fall into the church from above, seemingly answering Eddie's prayer. Eddie decides to train Walter to be his fighter. Walter is not much of a fighter, but the orphanage owner agrees. However, Mary Alice must go with them. They set off in the orphanage bus to matches around the region. The first match is in a Jefferson City church. Eddie decides to tape and upload the match highlights for internet fan buzz, but during the match Walter doesn't show much of a fight and is easily dominated but manages to win. Meanwhile, Memphis Earl and Redrum go to the gym to see Eddie, and instead find Eddie's father. His father tells them that Eddie isn't there and he recruited a new fighter. That night at a motel Mary and Walter have a talk about their current predicament. Mary doesn't want Walter to fight, but Walter changes her mind by saying that he's on the road for the first time in his life and that he's doing something important. Meanwhile, Earl and Redrum have found the group at the motel and threaten Eddie to stay away from New Orleans. The next day, driving to the next match, the bus engine starts smoking. This causes the bus to crash into a pole and eventually explode. Eddie, Mary, and Walter escape unharmed. Walking on the road with only $200, Mary manages to get a truck driver to take them to the next match. The next fight is at a kid's house, where he hosts fights in his backyard and pays the fighters with the attendance money from other kids. While Eddie gives Walter a pep talk to get him riled up, the kid's dad notices the fights and goes on a rampage, telling everyone to get out of his yard. Walter runs into the backyard and tackles the dad into the fence, thinking he was his opponent. Eddie calls his dad who got injured because of Earl and Redrum and tells him to enter the tournament and win to avenge him. Mary takes them to a trailer park where her friend Tina lives. They tell her of the situation and remember that at a nearby carnival there was a sign that offered anyone to fight a grizzly bear with a $500 prize. Tina gives Walter a new look (shaving his head and giving tattoos), and Walter falls in love with Tina. Walter manages to win with a choke hold and is given the nickname "The Bear Basher". Later that night, while riding a bus, Walter has a serious gas attack that leads to the group being kicked off the bus. Meanwhile, Memphis Earl discovers that Walter is a serious threat and might win the tournament, so he decides to adopt Henry and hold him hostage. The orphanage owner refuses to let him adopt Henry even after he promises a good life for him. The group walks to a gas station and Eddie goes in to ask for directions to a rental car company. A motorcycle gang shows up and starts messing with Mary. Eddie attempts to help but is outnumbered by them. Walter comes and fights them off, while Eddie goes in to get the security footage and continue their journey on one of the gang members' motorcycles. Throughout the journey, Walter wins more fights, earning more money while Eddie teaches Mary and Walter more fighting moves. During their nightly camp outs, Eddie and Mary start having feelings for each other. Finally arriving in New Orleans, Eddie checks the group in to a luxury hotel, plans a pre-fight celebration for a night on the town and buys Mary a dress and Walter a tuxedo. At the restaurant, Eddie tells Walter to not stare but Eddie does when Mary walks in. Some girls invite Walter to dance, but Mary stays at their table. Mary gets drunk from drinking Eddie's drink and confronts the waitress when she sees her talking to Eddie. This results in a fight, ending with Mary knocking out the waitress with a spinning heel kick. The following day, while Walter is preparing for the tournament at the hotel, Tina shows up to give Walter a pair of shorts she made for him. During the sign-in, Mary calls the orphanage owner saying that the trip is almost over. However, after the call ends a fellow worker informs the owner that they can't find Henry. The man who is in charge of the sign in says that Eddie didn't pre register so Walter can't compete. Mary tells everyone who Walter is so they get into the tournament. Both Walter and Redrum make it to the finals. Backstage, Eddie's dad shows up not wanting to miss the main event. Eddie, not sure if Walter will win, asks his dad to make sure that the money they made on the road makes to the orphanage. Memphis Earl reveals to Mary in the women's restroom why Eddie retired: it was because he was banned from fighting for life after taking a dive in a title fight. When she confronts Eddie, before he can explain the situation the orphanage workers reveal that Memphis Earl has kidnapped Henry and is holding him hostage, unless Walter takes a dive in the fight. Eddie plans to have the match stalled while the workers look for Henry, knowing that Earl won't leave with Redrum in the ring. During the fight, Earl shows up with Henry to distract Walter, but this makes him angry enough to win the fight by submission and Memphis Earl is arrested for kidnapping. During the celebration Eddie's dad reveals that he bet the $4,000 on Walter to win and got $80,000 for the orphanage. Eddie and Mary kiss to end the scene. Walter is then filling a moving truck for his new apartment. He notices Henry looking upset and Henry tells him it's because Walter moving and he's not and that he is losing his best friend. Walter tells Henry that he's going to adopt Henry and wouldn't leave him behind. == Cast == * Big Show as Walter Krunk * Mark Feuerstein as Eddie Sullivan * Melora Hardin as Mary * Kurt Doss as Henry * Dennis Farina as Earl "Memphis Earl" * Wendie Malick as Sister Francesca * Rebecca Creskoff as Tina * Will Patton as Victor "Vic" Sullivan * Lester Speight as Redrum * Saul Rubinek as Rabbi * Bobb'e J. Thompson as Milton "Mad Milton" * Lurie Poston as Todd * Lance E. Nichols as Milton's Dad * Jake Austin Walker as Dennis This is WWE Studios' second produced film (the first being ''Legendary'', starring fellow wrestler [[John Cena]]), with Samuel Goldwyn Films. Filming began in [[New Orleans|New Orleans, Louisiana]], and finished in November 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2009 |title=The Big Show Goes Full-Retard in 'Knucklehead' |url=http://www.screenjunkies.com/movienews/big-show-goes-full-retard-knucklehead |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003125437/http://www.screenjunkies.com/movienews/big-show-goes-full-retard-knucklehead |archive-date=October 3, 2010 |access-date=October 14, 2010 |publisher=Screen Junkies}}</ref> The film has received generally negative reviews by critics. ''Slant Magazine'' gave the film half a star out of 5 stars, writing that the film's title is "a description for both the film and anyone who chooses to be its audience."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schager |first=Nick |date=October 16, 2010 |title=Knucklehead &#124; Film Review |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/knucklehead |access-date=June 27, 2016 |publisher=[[Slant Magazine]]}}</ref> ''Variety'' wrote that the acting "leaves a bit to be desired", and that "no one in the cast is that strong".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=John |date=October 21, 2010 |title=Knucklehead |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117943898.html?categoryId=31&cs=1 |access-date=November 9, 2010 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]}}</ref> ''Film Journal International'' called it a "lame comedy about a big doofus who enters the fight game manages to take every cliché in the book and render them even more clichéd."<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2010 |title=Film Review: Knucklehead |url=http://www.filmjournal.com/node/4856 |access-date=June 27, 2016 |website=[[Film Journal International]] |agency=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'' called the film "mediocre".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hale |first=Mike |date=October 21, 2010 |title=Paul Wight Stars in the W.W.E. Film 'Knucklehead' |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2010/10/22/movies/22knuckle.html |access-date=November 9, 2010 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2memld3cwipygbl5kaw8z7ivuygudnf 0 161613 883385 2026-07-15T10:54:14Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342820923|The Last of the Vereczkeys]]" 883385 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''The Last of the Vereczkeys''''' (Hungarian: '''''Az utolsó Vereczkey''''') is a 1940 Hungarian drama film directed by Sándor Szlatinay and starring Zita Szeleczky, Miklós Hajmássy and [[Valerie Delacorte|Valéria Hidvéghy]]. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in [[Budapest]]. The film's sets were designed by the art directors [[Sándor Iliszi]] and József Simoncsics. == Synopsis == Erzsi Vereczkey controls a struggling shipping company, but discovers in the family bible clues that suggest that the family treasures are hidden away in a castle. She sets out to find them. == Cast == * Zita Szeleczky as Vereczkey Erzsi * Miklós Hajmássy as Miklóssy István * [[Valerie Delacorte|Valéria Hidvéghy]] as Bébi * Tivadar Bilicsi as Tímár * Piroska Vaszary as Katalin * Gyula Csortos as Ferenc * György Kürthy as Miklóssy Tamás * Karola Zala as Miklóssy Tamásné * Margit Ladomerszky as Wereczkeyné * [[Gyözö Kabók]] as Parasztember * [[Etelka Dán]] as Gépírónõ * László Misoga as Pincér * [[Gizi Hernády]] as Gépírókisasszony * [[Dezsö Szalóky]] as Szabó úr, Concordia irodában tisztviselõ * [[Ilonka Szép]] as Titkárnö * [[György Gonda]] as Kocsis * [[Lajos Kelemen (actor)|Lajos Kelemen]] * [[István Saághy]] * [[Kató Timár]] * [[György Ungváry]] * [[Gyula Kompóthy]] * [[Kitty K. Tóth]] * [[Róbert Huszthy]] * [[Dezsõ Bárdy]] * [[Gyula Zordon]] as Igazgató úr == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l1yituuais8bj5fhul0jfi3gvkibubu 883386 883385 2026-07-15T10:54:38Z D son203 45710 883386 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''''The Last of the Vereczkeys''''' (Hungarian: '''''Az utolsó Vereczkey''''') is a 1940 Hungarian drama film directed by Sándor Szlatinay and starring Zita Szeleczky, Miklós Hajmássy and [[Valerie Delacorte|Valéria Hidvéghy]]. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in [[Budapest]]. The film's sets were designed by the art directors [[Sándor Iliszi]] and József Simoncsics. == Synopsis == Erzsi Vereczkey controls a struggling shipping company, but discovers in the family bible clues that suggest that the family treasures are hidden away in a castle. She sets out to find them. == Cast == * Zita Szeleczky as Vereczkey Erzsi * Miklós Hajmássy as Miklóssy István * [[Valerie Delacorte|Valéria Hidvéghy]] as Bébi * Tivadar Bilicsi as Tímár * Piroska Vaszary as Katalin * Gyula Csortos as Ferenc * György Kürthy as Miklóssy Tamás * Karola Zala as Miklóssy Tamásné * Margit Ladomerszky as Wereczkeyné * [[Gyözö Kabók]] as Parasztember * [[Etelka Dán]] as Gépírónõ * László Misoga as Pincér * [[Gizi Hernády]] as Gépírókisasszony * [[Dezsö Szalóky]] as Szabó úr, Concordia irodában tisztviselõ * [[Ilonka Szép]] as Titkárnö * [[György Gonda]] as Kocsis * [[Lajos Kelemen (actor)|Lajos Kelemen]] * [[István Saághy]] * [[Kató Timár]] * [[György Ungváry]] * [[Gyula Kompóthy]] * [[Kitty K. Tóth]] * [[Róbert Huszthy]] * [[Dezsõ Bárdy]] * [[Gyula Zordon]] as Igazgató úr == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t8xlglm0wk350wqvcmt5ruqtn4c8hbm 0 161614 883387 2026-07-15T10:55:44Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1277777581|All India Judicial Service]]" 883387 wikitext text/x-wiki '''All India Judicial Service''' is a proposed judicial service in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-24 |title=An all-India judicial service in the works? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/An-all-India-judicial-service-in-the-works/articleshow/54490349.cms |access-date=2016-11-01 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="t">{{Cite web |date=2016-07-15 |title=End tug of war with All India Judicial Services |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/end-tug-of-war-with-all-india-judicial-services/266048.html |access-date=2016-11-01 |publisher=Tribuneindia.com}}</ref> == History == The proposal for an All India Judicial Service was first suggested in the Chief Justices' Conference in 1961 as a way to remove any scope for judicial or executive intervention in the appointments to the judiciary in the High Courts and the [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Supreme Court]] in India. The idea had to be shelved after some states and High Courts opposed it.<ref name="t" /> The Constitution was amended in 1976 in midst of the Emergency to provide for an AIJS under Article 312. The entire amendment was struck down by the [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Supreme Court]] for undermining the independence of judiciary, which it interpreted as violating the Constitution's basic structure. The proposal was again floated by the ruling UPA - II government in 2012 but the draft bill was shelved again after opposition from Chief Justices of the High Courts who labeled this an infringement of their independence. == Promotional Hierarchy == The ''promotional hierarchy'' of "All India Judicial Service" ''Group 'A' gazetted officers'' is mentioned below (bottom to top). * Chief Justice of Supreme Court of India * Justice of Supreme Court of India/Chief Justice of State High Court/Chairperson of Any Tribunal/Chairperson of any Commission/Chairperson of Lokpal/Chairperson of Lokayukta /Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Additional Justice of Supreme Court of India/Justice of State High Court/Deputy Chairperson of Any Tribunal/Vice Chairperson of any Commission/Vice Chairperson of Lokpal/Vice Chairperson of Lokayukta /Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Additional Justice of State High Court/Member of Any Tribunal/Member of Any Commission/Member of Lokpal/Member of Lokayukta/Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Principal District & Session Judge/Principal Judge of Family Court/Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Additional District and Session Judge/Additional Judicial Commissioner/Judge of Family Court/Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Chief Judicial Magistrate cum Sub-Judge/Chief Metropolitan Magistrate/Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate cum Sub-Judge/Chief Metropolitan Magistrate/Civil Judge/Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Judicial Magistrate 1st Class cum Munsif Judge/Metropolitan Magistrate /Additional Civil Judge/Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Judicial Magistrate 2nd Class cum Munsif Judge/Metropolitan Magistrate/Any other judiciary related designation to be included (re-included) == See also == * National Judicial Appointments Commission * Three Judges Cases * West Bengal Judicial Service == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hwpbbnnkcnqmrfmlxu3xm0roru8jqdx 883389 883387 2026-07-15T10:57:29Z D son203 45710 883389 wikitext text/x-wiki '''All India Judicial Service''' is a proposed judicial service in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-24 |title=An all-India judicial service in the works? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/An-all-India-judicial-service-in-the-works/articleshow/54490349.cms |access-date=2016-11-01 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="t">{{Cite web |date=2016-07-15 |title=End tug of war with All India Judicial Services |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/end-tug-of-war-with-all-india-judicial-services/266048.html |access-date=2016-11-01 |publisher=Tribuneindia.com}}</ref> == History == {{Databox}} The proposal for an All India Judicial Service was first suggested in the Chief Justices' Conference in 1961 as a way to remove any scope for judicial or executive intervention in the appointments to the judiciary in the High Courts and the [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Supreme Court]] in India. The idea had to be shelved after some states and High Courts opposed it.<ref name="t" /> The Constitution was amended in 1976 in midst of the Emergency to provide for an AIJS under Article 312. The entire amendment was struck down by the [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Supreme Court]] for undermining the independence of judiciary, which it interpreted as violating the Constitution's basic structure. The proposal was again floated by the ruling UPA - II government in 2012 but the draft bill was shelved again after opposition from Chief Justices of the High Courts who labeled this an infringement of their independence. == Promotional Hierarchy == The ''promotional hierarchy'' of "All India Judicial Service" ''Group 'A' gazetted officers'' is mentioned below (bottom to top). * Chief Justice of Supreme Court of India * Justice of Supreme Court of India/Chief Justice of State High Court/Chairperson of Any Tribunal/Chairperson of any Commission/Chairperson of Lokpal/Chairperson of Lokayukta /Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Additional Justice of Supreme Court of India/Justice of State High Court/Deputy Chairperson of Any Tribunal/Vice Chairperson of any Commission/Vice Chairperson of Lokpal/Vice Chairperson of Lokayukta /Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Additional Justice of State High Court/Member of Any Tribunal/Member of Any Commission/Member of Lokpal/Member of Lokayukta/Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Principal District & Session Judge/Principal Judge of Family Court/Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Additional District and Session Judge/Additional Judicial Commissioner/Judge of Family Court/Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Chief Judicial Magistrate cum Sub-Judge/Chief Metropolitan Magistrate/Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate cum Sub-Judge/Chief Metropolitan Magistrate/Civil Judge/Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Judicial Magistrate 1st Class cum Munsif Judge/Metropolitan Magistrate /Additional Civil Judge/Any other judiciary related designation to be included * Judicial Magistrate 2nd Class cum Munsif Judge/Metropolitan Magistrate/Any other judiciary related designation to be included (re-included) == See also == * National Judicial Appointments Commission * Three Judges Cases * West Bengal Judicial Service == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] eo14gzclwkzb0mtp0o82ijmlcxumo58 0 161615 883392 2026-07-15T11:11:06Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356944891|George Magrill]]" 883392 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''George Magrill''' (January 5, 1900 – May 31, 1952) was an American film actor who appeared in more than 320 films between 1923 and 1952. Magrill performed on stage before he began to work in films. Besides his acting, Magrill worked as a stunt man in films. He also served in the Navy and became a lightweight boxing champion in that service branch. Magrill was born in Brooklyn, New York, was married to Ramona Oliver, and had a daughter named Marilynn. On May 31, 1952, Magrill died in [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]]. == Partial filmography ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qkq4r25vm0kf4zpt4rbpmg4d64eyxuu 883393 883392 2026-07-15T11:11:23Z D son203 45710 883393 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''George Magrill''' (January 5, 1900 – May 31, 1952) was an American film actor who appeared in more than 320 films between 1923 and 1952. Magrill performed on stage before he began to work in films. Besides his acting, Magrill worked as a stunt man in films. He also served in the Navy and became a lightweight boxing champion in that service branch. Magrill was born in Brooklyn, New York, was married to Ramona Oliver, and had a daughter named Marilynn. On May 31, 1952, Magrill died in [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]]. == Partial filmography ==   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jr7pavufjolylcsfu9rc2s9iexf6l4n 0 161616 883394 2026-07-15T11:25:45Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311570041|Antley–Bixler syndrome]]" 883394 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Antley–Bixler syndrome''' is a rare, severe autosomal recessive<ref name="absone">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schinzel A, Savoldelli G, Briner J, Sigg P, Massini C |year=1983 |title=Antley–Bixler syndrome in sisters: a term newborn and a prenatally diagnosed fetus |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=139–147 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.1320140119 |pmid=6829602 |s2cid=25246481}}</ref> congenital disorder characterized by malformations and deformities affecting the majority of the skeleton and other areas of the body.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Presentation == Antley–Bixler syndrome presents itself at birth or [[Ci gaban haihuwa|prenatally]].<ref name="absone2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schinzel A, Savoldelli G, Briner J, Sigg P, Massini C |year=1983 |title=Antley–Bixler syndrome in sisters: a term newborn and a prenatally diagnosed fetus |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=139–147 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.1320140119 |pmid=6829602 |s2cid=25246481}}</ref> Features of the disorder include brachycephaly (flat forehead), craniosynostosis (complete skull-joint closure) of both coronal and lambdoid sutures, facial hypoplasia (underdevelopment); bowed ulna (forearm bone) and femur (thigh bone), synostosis of the radius (forearm bone), humerus (upper arm bone) and trapezoid (hand bone); camptodactyly (fused interphalangeal joints in the fingers), thin ilial wings (outer pelvic plate) and renal malformations.<ref name="absone2" /> Other symptoms, such as [[Zuciya|cardiac]] malformations, proptotic exophthalmos (bulging eyes), arachnodactyly (spider-like fingers) as well as nasal, anal and vaginal atresia (occlusion) have been reported.<ref name="absone">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schinzel A, Savoldelli G, Briner J, Sigg P, Massini C |year=1983 |title=Antley–Bixler syndrome in sisters: a term newborn and a prenatally diagnosed fetus |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=139–147 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.1320140119 |pmid=6829602 |s2cid=25246481}}</ref><ref name="abstwo">{{Cite journal |vauthors=LeHeup BP, Masutti JP, Droulle P, Tisserand J |year=1995 |title=The Antley–Bixler syndrome: report of two familial cases with severe rectal and anal anomalies |journal=Eur. J. Pediatr. |volume=154 |issue=2 |pages=130–131 |doi=10.1007/BF01991916 |pmid=7720741 |s2cid=23676132}}</ref><ref name="absthree">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Holsalkar HS, Shah HS, Gujar PS, Shaw BA |year=2001 |title=The Antley–Bixler syndrome: two new cases |journal=J Postgrad Med |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=252–255 |pmid=11832641}}</ref> == Pathophysiology == There are two distinct genetic mutations associated with the Antley–Bixler syndrome phenotype, which suggests the disorder may be genetically heterogeneous.<ref name="abshet">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Adachi M, Tachibana K, Asakura Y, Yamamoto T, Hanaki K, Oka A |year=2004 |title=Compound heterozygous mutations of cytochrome p450 oxidoreductase gene (POR) in two patients with Antley–Bixler syndrome |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=128 |issue=4 |pages=333–339 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.30169 |pmid=15264278 |s2cid=21549395}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !OMIM !Gene !Description |- |207410 |FGFR2 |Mutations found in the <nowiki><i id="mwWQ">FGFR2</i></nowiki> gene have been shown to cause synostosis and other formal skeletal, polydactylic and syndactylic abnormalities found in Antley–Bixler and similar disorders.<ref name="absg" /> |- |201750 |POR |A missense mutation in the cytochrome P450 reductase (POR) gene results in abnormal [[Steroid|steroidogenesis]] related to the genital malformations often found in Antley–Bixler.<ref name="abshet">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Adachi M, Tachibana K, Asakura Y, Yamamoto T, Hanaki K, Oka A |year=2004 |title=Compound heterozygous mutations of cytochrome p450 oxidoreductase gene (POR) in two patients with Antley–Bixler syndrome |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=128 |issue=4 |pages=333–339 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.30169 |pmid=15264278 |s2cid=21549395}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdachiTachibanaAsakuraYamamoto2004">Adachi M, Tachibana K, Asakura Y, Yamamoto T, Hanaki K, Oka A (2004). "Compound heterozygous mutations of cytochrome p450 oxidoreductase gene (POR) in two patients with Antley–Bixler syndrome". ''American Journal of Medical Genetics''. '''128''' (4): <span class="nowrap">333–</span>339. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30169|10.1002/ajmg.a.30169]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15264278 15264278]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21549395 21549395].</cite></ref><ref name="absg">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Huang N, Pandey AV, Agrawal V, Reardon W, Lapunzina PD, Mowat D, Jabs EW, Van Vliet G, Sack J, Fluck CE, Miller WL |year=2005 |title=Diversity and function of mutations in p450 oxidoreductase in patients with Antley–Bixler syndrome and disordered steroidogenesis |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=729–749 |doi=10.1086/429417 |pmc=1199364 |pmid=15793702}}</ref> In OMIM, this is classified as an "Antley–Bixler syndrome-like phenotype" and not as Antley–Bixler syndrome itself. |- |} Antley–Bixler syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means the defective gene is located on an autosome, and two copies of the gene (one inherited from each parent) are required to be born with the disorder. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder both carry one copy of the defective gene but are usually not affected by the disorder.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Diagnosis == The diagnosis of Antley–Bixler syndrome is usually made after birth (postnatally) based upon a thorough clinical evaluation and characteristic physical findings. Other imaging procedures and genetic testing may also be conducted to diagnose the disorder.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> In some children, a diagnosis of Antley–Bixler syndrome may be suggested before birth (prenatally) based upon tests such as ultrasound. Ultrasound allows us to generate an image of the developing fetus, which may then reveal characteristic findings that are associated with the disorder. If there is a known family history of the condition, targeted genetic testing is available for patient families.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The treatment of Antley–Bixler syndrome is directed toward the specific symptoms that are seen in each individual. Such treatment requires the coordinated efforts of a team of medical professionals who may need to systematically and comprehensively plan the treatment for a child with this condition. These professionals may include pediatricians, surgeons, physicians who specialize in disorders of specific body areas and organs. In individuals with Antley–Bixler syndrome, treatment typically includes surgery. The surgical procedures performed will depend upon the severity of the skeletal problems and its associated symptoms. It is possible that multiple surgeries will be needed in order to treat the malformations present.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> There is no cure for the condition. All treatment is supportive and aimed at managing symptoms. However, early intervention may be important in ensuring that affected children reach their potential. For example, physical therapy is typically recommended to help improve the range of movement at certain joint contractures. Other therapies that may aide in managing symptoms include occupational therapy and speech therapy.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Because this is a genetic condition, individuals with Antley–Bixler syndrome and their families would benefit from meeting with a genetic counselor. Genetic counselors are professionals who have specialized education in genetics and counseling to provide personalized help patients may need as they make decisions about their genetic health.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Eponym == Antley–Bixler syndrome is named after Ray M. Antley (1937–2014)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sossoman Funeral Home |url=https://www.sossomanfh.com/obituary/6789-dr-ray-m-antley |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305073806/https://www.sossomanfh.com/obituary/6789-dr-ray-m-antley |archive-date=2022-03-05 |access-date=2021-08-27}}</ref> and David Bixler (1929–2005),<ref>{{Cite web |title=David Bixler Obituary (2005) the Indianapolis Star |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/indystar/name/david-bixler-obituary?pid=144510032 |website=[[Legacy.com]]}}</ref> who first described the disorder in a journal report from 1975.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Antley R, Bixler D |year=1975 |title=Trapezoidocephaly, midfacial hypoplasia and cartilage abnormalities with multiple synostoses and skeletal fractures |journal=Birth Defects Orig. Artic. Ser. |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=397–401 |pmid=1227559}}</ref> == See also == * Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency * Crouzon syndrome * Jackson–Weiss syndrome * Pfeiffer syndrome == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0kf8k5oi79wlthnd2fs7invwiojqqdq 883395 883394 2026-07-15T11:26:14Z D son203 45710 883395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Antley–Bixler syndrome''' is a rare, severe autosomal recessive<ref name="absone">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schinzel A, Savoldelli G, Briner J, Sigg P, Massini C |year=1983 |title=Antley–Bixler syndrome in sisters: a term newborn and a prenatally diagnosed fetus |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=139–147 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.1320140119 |pmid=6829602 |s2cid=25246481}}</ref> congenital disorder characterized by malformations and deformities affecting the majority of the skeleton and other areas of the body.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Presentation == Antley–Bixler syndrome presents itself at birth or [[Ci gaban haihuwa|prenatally]].<ref name="absone2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schinzel A, Savoldelli G, Briner J, Sigg P, Massini C |year=1983 |title=Antley–Bixler syndrome in sisters: a term newborn and a prenatally diagnosed fetus |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=139–147 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.1320140119 |pmid=6829602 |s2cid=25246481}}</ref> Features of the disorder include brachycephaly (flat forehead), craniosynostosis (complete skull-joint closure) of both coronal and lambdoid sutures, facial hypoplasia (underdevelopment); bowed ulna (forearm bone) and femur (thigh bone), synostosis of the radius (forearm bone), humerus (upper arm bone) and trapezoid (hand bone); camptodactyly (fused interphalangeal joints in the fingers), thin ilial wings (outer pelvic plate) and renal malformations.<ref name="absone2" /> Other symptoms, such as [[Zuciya|cardiac]] malformations, proptotic exophthalmos (bulging eyes), arachnodactyly (spider-like fingers) as well as nasal, anal and vaginal atresia (occlusion) have been reported.<ref name="absone">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schinzel A, Savoldelli G, Briner J, Sigg P, Massini C |year=1983 |title=Antley–Bixler syndrome in sisters: a term newborn and a prenatally diagnosed fetus |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=139–147 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.1320140119 |pmid=6829602 |s2cid=25246481}}</ref><ref name="abstwo">{{Cite journal |vauthors=LeHeup BP, Masutti JP, Droulle P, Tisserand J |year=1995 |title=The Antley–Bixler syndrome: report of two familial cases with severe rectal and anal anomalies |journal=Eur. J. Pediatr. |volume=154 |issue=2 |pages=130–131 |doi=10.1007/BF01991916 |pmid=7720741 |s2cid=23676132}}</ref><ref name="absthree">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Holsalkar HS, Shah HS, Gujar PS, Shaw BA |year=2001 |title=The Antley–Bixler syndrome: two new cases |journal=J Postgrad Med |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=252–255 |pmid=11832641}}</ref> == Pathophysiology == There are two distinct genetic mutations associated with the Antley–Bixler syndrome phenotype, which suggests the disorder may be genetically heterogeneous.<ref name="abshet">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Adachi M, Tachibana K, Asakura Y, Yamamoto T, Hanaki K, Oka A |year=2004 |title=Compound heterozygous mutations of cytochrome p450 oxidoreductase gene (POR) in two patients with Antley–Bixler syndrome |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=128 |issue=4 |pages=333–339 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.30169 |pmid=15264278 |s2cid=21549395}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !OMIM !Gene !Description |- |207410 |FGFR2 |Mutations found in the <nowiki><i id="mwWQ">FGFR2</i></nowiki> gene have been shown to cause synostosis and other formal skeletal, polydactylic and syndactylic abnormalities found in Antley–Bixler and similar disorders.<ref name="absg" /> |- |201750 |POR |A missense mutation in the cytochrome P450 reductase (POR) gene results in abnormal [[Steroid|steroidogenesis]] related to the genital malformations often found in Antley–Bixler.<ref name="abshet">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Adachi M, Tachibana K, Asakura Y, Yamamoto T, Hanaki K, Oka A |year=2004 |title=Compound heterozygous mutations of cytochrome p450 oxidoreductase gene (POR) in two patients with Antley–Bixler syndrome |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=128 |issue=4 |pages=333–339 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.30169 |pmid=15264278 |s2cid=21549395}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdachiTachibanaAsakuraYamamoto2004">Adachi M, Tachibana K, Asakura Y, Yamamoto T, Hanaki K, Oka A (2004). "Compound heterozygous mutations of cytochrome p450 oxidoreductase gene (POR) in two patients with Antley–Bixler syndrome". ''American Journal of Medical Genetics''. '''128''' (4): <span class="nowrap">333–</span>339. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30169|10.1002/ajmg.a.30169]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15264278 15264278]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21549395 21549395].</cite></ref><ref name="absg">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Huang N, Pandey AV, Agrawal V, Reardon W, Lapunzina PD, Mowat D, Jabs EW, Van Vliet G, Sack J, Fluck CE, Miller WL |year=2005 |title=Diversity and function of mutations in p450 oxidoreductase in patients with Antley–Bixler syndrome and disordered steroidogenesis |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=729–749 |doi=10.1086/429417 |pmc=1199364 |pmid=15793702}}</ref> In OMIM, this is classified as an "Antley–Bixler syndrome-like phenotype" and not as Antley–Bixler syndrome itself. |- |} Antley–Bixler syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means the defective gene is located on an autosome, and two copies of the gene (one inherited from each parent) are required to be born with the disorder. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder both carry one copy of the defective gene but are usually not affected by the disorder.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Diagnosis == The diagnosis of Antley–Bixler syndrome is usually made after birth (postnatally) based upon a thorough clinical evaluation and characteristic physical findings. Other imaging procedures and genetic testing may also be conducted to diagnose the disorder.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> In some children, a diagnosis of Antley–Bixler syndrome may be suggested before birth (prenatally) based upon tests such as ultrasound. Ultrasound allows us to generate an image of the developing fetus, which may then reveal characteristic findings that are associated with the disorder. If there is a known family history of the condition, targeted genetic testing is available for patient families.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The treatment of Antley–Bixler syndrome is directed toward the specific symptoms that are seen in each individual. Such treatment requires the coordinated efforts of a team of medical professionals who may need to systematically and comprehensively plan the treatment for a child with this condition. These professionals may include pediatricians, surgeons, physicians who specialize in disorders of specific body areas and organs. In individuals with Antley–Bixler syndrome, treatment typically includes surgery. The surgical procedures performed will depend upon the severity of the skeletal problems and its associated symptoms. It is possible that multiple surgeries will be needed in order to treat the malformations present.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> There is no cure for the condition. All treatment is supportive and aimed at managing symptoms. However, early intervention may be important in ensuring that affected children reach their potential. For example, physical therapy is typically recommended to help improve the range of movement at certain joint contractures. Other therapies that may aide in managing symptoms include occupational therapy and speech therapy.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Because this is a genetic condition, individuals with Antley–Bixler syndrome and their families would benefit from meeting with a genetic counselor. Genetic counselors are professionals who have specialized education in genetics and counseling to provide personalized help patients may need as they make decisions about their genetic health.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Eponym == Antley–Bixler syndrome is named after Ray M. Antley (1937–2014)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sossoman Funeral Home |url=https://www.sossomanfh.com/obituary/6789-dr-ray-m-antley |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305073806/https://www.sossomanfh.com/obituary/6789-dr-ray-m-antley |archive-date=2022-03-05 |access-date=2021-08-27}}</ref> and David Bixler (1929–2005),<ref>{{Cite web |title=David Bixler Obituary (2005) the Indianapolis Star |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/indystar/name/david-bixler-obituary?pid=144510032 |website=[[Legacy.com]]}}</ref> who first described the disorder in a journal report from 1975.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Antley R, Bixler D |year=1975 |title=Trapezoidocephaly, midfacial hypoplasia and cartilage abnormalities with multiple synostoses and skeletal fractures |journal=Birth Defects Orig. Artic. Ser. |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=397–401 |pmid=1227559}}</ref> == See also == * Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency * Crouzon syndrome * Jackson–Weiss syndrome * Pfeiffer syndrome == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cj2hl7a7ltj9aj90c5iq8frvkin8rdl 0 161617 883396 2026-07-15T11:28:07Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321765192|Erich Brauer]]" 883396 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Erich Brauer''' (28 June 1895, in [[Berlin]] – 9 May 1942, in Petah Tikvah) was a German Jewish illustrator, ethnographer, and ethnologist. As an artist he chose to be known as Erich Chiram Brauer. He often signed his art work "Chiram". == Early life == He was born in [[Berlin]] to Fanny (Krebs) and Adolf Brauer, when it was part of the German Empire under Prussian leadership. As a young man, his first interest was in graphics, and later he added studies in ethnology. Even after he had changed his vocation, he would still decorate his letters and writings with graphic artwork and would later make a livelihood from doing graphic artwork for the Jewish National Fund. In Germany, Brauer belonged to ''Jung Juda'' (Young Judea), a Jewish youth movement consisting of German Jewish youth primarily drawn from assimilated Jewish families who had taken an interest in Zionism. One of the fellow members of this group whom he had befriended was Gershom Scholem. During the years of the [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|First World War]], 1915&#x2013;1916, the two co-edited and published a lithographic magazine entitled, ''Die Blauweisse Brille'' ("Blue-and-White Eyeglasses"), in which three issues (50-100 lithographed copies) were printed in the printing press owned by Scholem's father, and which treated on the war from a Zionist-Jewish perspective, but written with a comical and humorous flair. Brauer is noted there for his expressionist style. == Education and vocation == Erich Brauer completed his dissertation in 1924 at the [[Jami'ar Leipzig|University of Leipzig]] on the religion of the Herero of South-West Africa. The Folklore Museum of [[Leipzig]] sent Brauer to British Mandate Palestine in 1925 to collect ethnological artifacts of the Arabs living in the country. Although Brauer returned to Germany, Brauer would leave his native Germany in later life to settle permanently in British Mandate Palestine where he resided in [[Tel Abib|Tel-Aviv]], and afterwards in [[Jerusalem]]. In the early 1930s, Brauer returned to Germany to publish his newly written book in German, ''Ethnologie der jemenitischen Juden'' (Ethnology of Yemenite Jews), which was finally published in Heidelberg in 1934, under the Nazi regime. That same year, he was also awarded a Lord Plumer scholarship in recognition of his outstanding work in the field of anthropology. This enabled him to work as a research associate at the [[Jami'ar Ibraniyawa ta Kudus|Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], a post which he held for four years. In spite of his efforts, Brauer failed to make anthropology an area of academic interest at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, but was only able to garner support for his own private research. When the university could no longer pay for his continued research in the field of anthropology, Brauer continued to conduct private research in the field, until illness forced him to stop. == Contributions to ethnology == Brauer is the author of two major books, one of which treating on the Jews of Yemen (''Ethnologie der jemenitischen Juden''), and the other on the Jews of Kurdistan, a book later translated into English and Turkish. These two works are his most popular monographs, while his other works are articles written for various publications. On Brauer and on his first monograph, Shelomo Dov Goitein wrote with a sense of profound awe and affection: “Brauer was educated and trained in the Berlin school of ethnology, which was known for its acclaim at that time; he was a sharp-eyed investigator, and a man gifted with a deep humanity and wisdom. In addition to this, he was an outstanding draftsman and an excellent photographer. He was methodical and thorough. His book [on Yemenite Jewry] is considered a literary work that is a masterpiece in its field.”<ref>Shelomo Dov Goitein, ''The Yemenites – History, Communal Organization, Spiritual Life'' (Selected Studies), editor: Menahem Ben-Sasson, Jerusalem 1983, p. 10 {{ISBN|965-235-011-7}}</ref> Brauer's book contains, among other things, a carefully analyzed study of native Yemenite Jewish terms, and the reproduction, with translations, of leading songs and proverbs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaster |first=T. |author-link=Theodor Gaster |date=2011 |title=Book Review: Ethnologie der Jemenitischen Juden. By Erich Brauer. Kulturgeschichtliche Bibliothek |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00077303 |s2cid=162048917}}</ref> Brauer's pioneering status, as reflected in his research on the Jews of Yemen and the Jews of Kurdistan, are recognized as milestones in the study of these communities in Israel, where he is considered one of the forefathers of local anthropology as it developed in Mandate Palestine. Brauer suffered from a rare illness (Scheuermann's disease) and died at the age of 46 in Petah Tikvah, and was buried in ''Nahalat Yitzhak Cemetery'' in Givatayim. At his death, Brauer left behind him five original diaries, the transcripts of which were permanently deposited at the National Library of Israel by the Israel Ethnographic Society in 1975, as well as photocopies of texts and of a drawing. Goitein wrote a moving eulogy of the man upon his death, published in the book ''Shevūt Teiman'' (1945), saying of Brauer that he was the first scientific ethnologist in this country and the first who laid a basis for a comparative ethnology. == Published works == :: <small>'''Books:'''</small> * ''Ethnologie der jemenitischen Juden'' (Ethnology of Yemenite Jews), Heidelberg 1934 * ''The Jews of Kurdistan: An Ethnological Study'' (Heb. '''יהודי כורדיסתאן: מחקר אתנולוגי''')(ed. Raphael Patai), Jerusalem 1947 (published posthumously); also published in English in Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1993 :: <small>'''Articles:'''</small> * ''Die Frau bei den südarabischen Juden'' (The woman among the South Arabian Jews), Berlin 1931 * ''Züge aus der Religion der Herero : ein Beitrag zur Hamitenfrage'' (Traits from the religion of the Herero: a contribution to the Hamite question), Institute of Folklore: Leipzig 1925 * "The Jews of Afghanistan" (Heb. '''יהודי אפגניסתאן'''), ''Sinai'': Jerusalem 1944 (published posthumously) * ''Agriculture and Industry among the Jews of Yemen'' (Heb. '''החקלאות והמלאכה אצל יהודי תימן'''), Jerusalem 1945 (published posthumously) == Legacy == Because of Brauer's premature death, much of Brauer's research remains unpublished and is still in manuscript-form. Neither have most of his German publications been translated into English or Hebrew. Brauer's research in the fields of Yemenite Jewish agriculture and crafts has been translated into Hebrew and is published in ''Shevuth Teiman'' (1945), Yisrael Yeshayahu & Aharon Tzadok (ed.), Tel-Aviv. Brauer's description of Jewish clothing in Yemen, as described in his monograph ''Ethnologie der jemenitischen Juden'', has been translated into Hebrew and published in ''Ma'ase Rokem. Dress and Jewelry in the Tradition of the Jews of Yemen'' (2008), Carmella Abdar (ed.), Tel-Aviv, pp.&nbsp;19–33, while excerpts of the same are rendered in an English translation, published in ''Ascending the Palm Tree'' (2018), Rachel Yedid & Danny Bar-Maoz (ed.), Rehovot, pp.&nbsp;159–168. == See also == * Gershom Scholem * [https://www.imj.org.il/en/exhibitions/inquiring-mind An Inquiring Mind: Erich Brauer, Ethnographer of the Eastern Jews] Website of [https://www.imj.org.il/en The Israel Museum, Jerusalem] * == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ki502d29y324o5zngyxalvzti3dnhxs 883397 883396 2026-07-15T11:28:24Z D son203 45710 883397 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Erich Brauer''' (28 June 1895, in [[Berlin]] – 9 May 1942, in Petah Tikvah) was a German Jewish illustrator, ethnographer, and ethnologist. As an artist he chose to be known as Erich Chiram Brauer. He often signed his art work "Chiram". == Early life == He was born in [[Berlin]] to Fanny (Krebs) and Adolf Brauer, when it was part of the German Empire under Prussian leadership. As a young man, his first interest was in graphics, and later he added studies in ethnology. Even after he had changed his vocation, he would still decorate his letters and writings with graphic artwork and would later make a livelihood from doing graphic artwork for the Jewish National Fund. In Germany, Brauer belonged to ''Jung Juda'' (Young Judea), a Jewish youth movement consisting of German Jewish youth primarily drawn from assimilated Jewish families who had taken an interest in Zionism. One of the fellow members of this group whom he had befriended was Gershom Scholem. During the years of the [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|First World War]], 1915&#x2013;1916, the two co-edited and published a lithographic magazine entitled, ''Die Blauweisse Brille'' ("Blue-and-White Eyeglasses"), in which three issues (50-100 lithographed copies) were printed in the printing press owned by Scholem's father, and which treated on the war from a Zionist-Jewish perspective, but written with a comical and humorous flair. Brauer is noted there for his expressionist style. == Education and vocation == Erich Brauer completed his dissertation in 1924 at the [[Jami'ar Leipzig|University of Leipzig]] on the religion of the Herero of South-West Africa. The Folklore Museum of [[Leipzig]] sent Brauer to British Mandate Palestine in 1925 to collect ethnological artifacts of the Arabs living in the country. Although Brauer returned to Germany, Brauer would leave his native Germany in later life to settle permanently in British Mandate Palestine where he resided in [[Tel Abib|Tel-Aviv]], and afterwards in [[Jerusalem]]. In the early 1930s, Brauer returned to Germany to publish his newly written book in German, ''Ethnologie der jemenitischen Juden'' (Ethnology of Yemenite Jews), which was finally published in Heidelberg in 1934, under the Nazi regime. That same year, he was also awarded a Lord Plumer scholarship in recognition of his outstanding work in the field of anthropology. This enabled him to work as a research associate at the [[Jami'ar Ibraniyawa ta Kudus|Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], a post which he held for four years. In spite of his efforts, Brauer failed to make anthropology an area of academic interest at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, but was only able to garner support for his own private research. When the university could no longer pay for his continued research in the field of anthropology, Brauer continued to conduct private research in the field, until illness forced him to stop. == Contributions to ethnology == Brauer is the author of two major books, one of which treating on the Jews of Yemen (''Ethnologie der jemenitischen Juden''), and the other on the Jews of Kurdistan, a book later translated into English and Turkish. These two works are his most popular monographs, while his other works are articles written for various publications. On Brauer and on his first monograph, Shelomo Dov Goitein wrote with a sense of profound awe and affection: “Brauer was educated and trained in the Berlin school of ethnology, which was known for its acclaim at that time; he was a sharp-eyed investigator, and a man gifted with a deep humanity and wisdom. In addition to this, he was an outstanding draftsman and an excellent photographer. He was methodical and thorough. His book [on Yemenite Jewry] is considered a literary work that is a masterpiece in its field.”<ref>Shelomo Dov Goitein, ''The Yemenites – History, Communal Organization, Spiritual Life'' (Selected Studies), editor: Menahem Ben-Sasson, Jerusalem 1983, p. 10 {{ISBN|965-235-011-7}}</ref> Brauer's book contains, among other things, a carefully analyzed study of native Yemenite Jewish terms, and the reproduction, with translations, of leading songs and proverbs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaster |first=T. |author-link=Theodor Gaster |date=2011 |title=Book Review: Ethnologie der Jemenitischen Juden. By Erich Brauer. Kulturgeschichtliche Bibliothek |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00077303 |s2cid=162048917}}</ref> Brauer's pioneering status, as reflected in his research on the Jews of Yemen and the Jews of Kurdistan, are recognized as milestones in the study of these communities in Israel, where he is considered one of the forefathers of local anthropology as it developed in Mandate Palestine. Brauer suffered from a rare illness (Scheuermann's disease) and died at the age of 46 in Petah Tikvah, and was buried in ''Nahalat Yitzhak Cemetery'' in Givatayim. At his death, Brauer left behind him five original diaries, the transcripts of which were permanently deposited at the National Library of Israel by the Israel Ethnographic Society in 1975, as well as photocopies of texts and of a drawing. Goitein wrote a moving eulogy of the man upon his death, published in the book ''Shevūt Teiman'' (1945), saying of Brauer that he was the first scientific ethnologist in this country and the first who laid a basis for a comparative ethnology. == Published works == :: <small>'''Books:'''</small> * ''Ethnologie der jemenitischen Juden'' (Ethnology of Yemenite Jews), Heidelberg 1934 * ''The Jews of Kurdistan: An Ethnological Study'' (Heb. '''יהודי כורדיסתאן: מחקר אתנולוגי''')(ed. Raphael Patai), Jerusalem 1947 (published posthumously); also published in English in Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1993 :: <small>'''Articles:'''</small> * ''Die Frau bei den südarabischen Juden'' (The woman among the South Arabian Jews), Berlin 1931 * ''Züge aus der Religion der Herero : ein Beitrag zur Hamitenfrage'' (Traits from the religion of the Herero: a contribution to the Hamite question), Institute of Folklore: Leipzig 1925 * "The Jews of Afghanistan" (Heb. '''יהודי אפגניסתאן'''), ''Sinai'': Jerusalem 1944 (published posthumously) * ''Agriculture and Industry among the Jews of Yemen'' (Heb. '''החקלאות והמלאכה אצל יהודי תימן'''), Jerusalem 1945 (published posthumously) == Legacy == Because of Brauer's premature death, much of Brauer's research remains unpublished and is still in manuscript-form. Neither have most of his German publications been translated into English or Hebrew. Brauer's research in the fields of Yemenite Jewish agriculture and crafts has been translated into Hebrew and is published in ''Shevuth Teiman'' (1945), Yisrael Yeshayahu & Aharon Tzadok (ed.), Tel-Aviv. Brauer's description of Jewish clothing in Yemen, as described in his monograph ''Ethnologie der jemenitischen Juden'', has been translated into Hebrew and published in ''Ma'ase Rokem. Dress and Jewelry in the Tradition of the Jews of Yemen'' (2008), Carmella Abdar (ed.), Tel-Aviv, pp.&nbsp;19–33, while excerpts of the same are rendered in an English translation, published in ''Ascending the Palm Tree'' (2018), Rachel Yedid & Danny Bar-Maoz (ed.), Rehovot, pp.&nbsp;159–168. == See also == * Gershom Scholem * [https://www.imj.org.il/en/exhibitions/inquiring-mind An Inquiring Mind: Erich Brauer, Ethnographer of the Eastern Jews] Website of [https://www.imj.org.il/en The Israel Museum, Jerusalem] * == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gepwwmc8k44u53mf6z7kds5pirn6ysc 0 161618 883398 2026-07-15T11:29:57Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355373354|Ivan Margolius]]" 883398 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ivan Margolius''' (born 27 February 1947) is an author, architect and propagator of [[Kazech|Czech]] culture and technology. == Life == Margolius was born in [[Prag|Prague]], son of JUDr Rudolf Margolius, Deputy Minister for Foreign Trade, and Heda Margolius Kovály, Czech writer and translator, both parents being Holocaust survivors. He attended primary and secondary schools there and started to study architecture at the Czech Technical University in Prague. Margolius left Czechoslovakia in 1966 because of political persecution of his family. He settled in the [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] where he became a naturalized citizen in 1973 and where he completed his architectural studies at the Polytechnic of Central London. He practised architecture at Yorke Rosenberg Mardall, Foster and Partners, Koetter Kim and Associates and Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. Margolius co-operated extensively with Jan Kaplický founder of Future Systems. Margolius is an author of numerous articles and books on art, architecture, automobiles, design and history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Margolius Family Website |url=http://www.margolius.co.uk/ |website=Margolius Family Website}}</ref> Since April 2021 he is a regular contributor to the classic car magazine ''The Automobile''. [[Fayil:Alej_Obeti_Totality_Prague_Ujezd.jpg|right|thumb|Alleyway of Victims of Totalitarianism, Malá Strana Prague 1]] In 2016 Margolius suggested to the Prague Council for a street to be named ‘Obětí totality’ (Víctims of totalitarianism) which was realised in February 2018 by naming in such a way the alley adjacent to the Memorial to the Victims of Communism at Újezd, Malá Strana.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Památník na pražském Újezdě se nově jmenuje Alej obětí totality |url=http://www.menetekel.cz/cz/aktualne/pamatnik-na-prazskem-ujezde-si-lide-pletli-s-modernim-umenim-nove-se-jmenuje-alej-obeti-totality/ |access-date=2018-03-02 |publisher=menetekel.cz/cz/}}</ref> == Published works == * ''Cubism in Architecture and the Applied Arts'', David & Charles, Newton Abbot & North Vermont 1979, {{ISBN|0-7153-7673-X}}. * ''Tatra – The Legacy of Hans Ledwinka'', SAF Publishing, Harrow 1990, {{ISBN|0-946719-06-3}} (written with John G Henry) Cugnot Book Award of Distinction 1991. * ''Škoda Laurin & Klement'', Osprey Automotive, London 1992, {{ISBN|1-85532-237-4}} (written with Charles Meisl) Cugnot Book Award of Distinction 1993. * ''Prague – a guide to 20th century architecture'', Ellipsis, London 1996, {{ISBN|1-899858-18-0}}. * ''Church of the Sacred Heart, Jože Plečnik, 1922-33'', Architecture in Detail, Phaidon Press, London 1995, {{ISBN|0-7148-3351-7}}. * ''Automobiles by Architects'', Wiley-Academy, London 2000, {{ISBN|0-471-60786-X}}. * ''Architects + Engineers = Structures'', Wiley-Academy, London 2002, {{ISBN|0-471-49825-4}}. * ''Future Systems'', Zlatý řez, Prague 2002, {{ISBN|80-901562-6-6}}, (written with Jan Kaplický, Michaela Kadnerová and Jana Tichá). * ‘Art + Architecture’, ''Architectural Design'', no. 163, vol. 73, no. 3, guest editor, May/June 2003, {{ISBN|0-470-84773-5}}. * ''Czech Inspiration – Česká inspirace'', {{Not a typo|Fraktaly}}, Praha 2005, {{ISBN|80-86627-09-8}}, (written with Jan Kaplický). * ''Reflections of Prague: Journeys through the 20th century'', John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 2006, {{ISBN|0-470-02219-1}}. * ''Praha za zrcadlem: Putování 20. stoletím'', Argo, Praha 2007, {{ISBN|978-80-7203-947-0}}. * ''Jan Kaplický Drawings'', Circa Press, London 2015, {{ISBN|978-0-9930721-0-9}} (written with Richard Rogers) International Deutsches Architekturmuseum Architectural Book Award, 2015. * ''Tatra – The Legacy of Hans Ledwinka'', new edition, Veloce Publishing, Dorchester 2015, {{ISBN|978-1-845847-99-9}}, (written with John G. Henry, foreword by Norman Foster and prologue by Erich Ledwinka). * Heda Margolius Kovály and Helena Třeštíková, ''Hitler, Stalin and I: An Oral History'', DoppelHouse Press, Los Angeles 2018 {{ISBN|978-0-9987770-0-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-9978184-7-5}}, prepared for publication and translated by Ivan Margolius. * ''Tatra – Odkaz Hanse Ledwinky'', Argo, Praha 2020, {{ISBN|978-80-257-3066-9}}, (Czech edition, written with John G. Henry, foreword by Norman Foster, and prologue by Erich Ledwinka) * ''Jan Kaplický – Pro budoucnost a pro krásu'', CPress, Brno 2020, {{ISBN|978-80-264-3350-7}}. Miroslav Ivanov Prize for Non-fiction Literature 2021. * ''Jan Kaplický - For the Future and For Beauty'', Edition Axel Menges, Stuttgart 2022, {{ISBN|978-3-86905-025-6}}. * ''Riflessi di Praga'', Poldi Libri, Granze 2023, {{ISBN|978-88-940346-3-9}}. * ''Škoda Laurin & Klement 1856-1991 - značka osvědčená v celém světě'', Argo, Praha 2024, {{ISBN|978-80-257-4259-4}}, (written with Charles Meisl). == Awards == * 1991 Cugnot Book Award of Distinction, Society of Automotive Historians.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2 June 2017 |title=The Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot Award - the Society of Automotive Historians |url=http://autohistory.org/awards/the-nicolas-joseph-cugnot-award}}</ref> * 1993 Cugnot Book Award of Distinction, Society of Automotive Historians.<ref name="auto" /> * 2014 Second Prize, British Czech and Slovak Association International Writing Competition. * 2015 International Deutsches Architekturmuseum Architectural Book Award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DAM |url=http://www.dam-online.de/portal/en/Awards/ArchiveAwards/1964/0/80546/mod1352-details1/1854.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051932/http://www.dam-online.de/portal/en/Awards/ArchiveAwards/1964/0/80546/mod1352-details1/1854.aspx |archive-date=22 December 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref> * 2017 First Prize, British Czech and Slovak Association International Writing Competition. * 2019 Honorary Silver Medal of Jan Masaryk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stříbrná medaile Jana Masaryka |url=https://www.mzv.cz/london/cz/vzajemne_vztahy_cr_a_spojeneho/stribrna_medaile_jana_masaryka/index.html}}</ref> * 2021 Miroslav Ivanov Prize for Non-fiction Literature. * 2024 Second Prize, British Czech and Slovak Association International Writing Competition. == See also == * Milada Horáková * Slánský trial * A Trial in Prague * Tatra (company) * Cantilever chair * Memorial to the Victims of Communism == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k6zhnfww0nk0572zs73hq7pj9k2yghi 883399 883398 2026-07-15T11:30:18Z D son203 45710 883399 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ivan Margolius''' (born 27 February 1947) is an author, architect and propagator of [[Kazech|Czech]] culture and technology. == Life == {{Databox}} Margolius was born in [[Prag|Prague]], son of JUDr Rudolf Margolius, Deputy Minister for Foreign Trade, and Heda Margolius Kovály, Czech writer and translator, both parents being Holocaust survivors. He attended primary and secondary schools there and started to study architecture at the Czech Technical University in Prague. Margolius left Czechoslovakia in 1966 because of political persecution of his family. He settled in the [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] where he became a naturalized citizen in 1973 and where he completed his architectural studies at the Polytechnic of Central London. He practised architecture at Yorke Rosenberg Mardall, Foster and Partners, Koetter Kim and Associates and Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. Margolius co-operated extensively with Jan Kaplický founder of Future Systems. Margolius is an author of numerous articles and books on art, architecture, automobiles, design and history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Margolius Family Website |url=http://www.margolius.co.uk/ |website=Margolius Family Website}}</ref> Since April 2021 he is a regular contributor to the classic car magazine ''The Automobile''. [[Fayil:Alej_Obeti_Totality_Prague_Ujezd.jpg|right|thumb|Alleyway of Victims of Totalitarianism, Malá Strana Prague 1]] In 2016 Margolius suggested to the Prague Council for a street to be named ‘Obětí totality’ (Víctims of totalitarianism) which was realised in February 2018 by naming in such a way the alley adjacent to the Memorial to the Victims of Communism at Újezd, Malá Strana.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Památník na pražském Újezdě se nově jmenuje Alej obětí totality |url=http://www.menetekel.cz/cz/aktualne/pamatnik-na-prazskem-ujezde-si-lide-pletli-s-modernim-umenim-nove-se-jmenuje-alej-obeti-totality/ |access-date=2018-03-02 |publisher=menetekel.cz/cz/}}</ref> == Published works == * ''Cubism in Architecture and the Applied Arts'', David & Charles, Newton Abbot & North Vermont 1979, {{ISBN|0-7153-7673-X}}. * ''Tatra – The Legacy of Hans Ledwinka'', SAF Publishing, Harrow 1990, {{ISBN|0-946719-06-3}} (written with John G Henry) Cugnot Book Award of Distinction 1991. * ''Škoda Laurin & Klement'', Osprey Automotive, London 1992, {{ISBN|1-85532-237-4}} (written with Charles Meisl) Cugnot Book Award of Distinction 1993. * ''Prague – a guide to 20th century architecture'', Ellipsis, London 1996, {{ISBN|1-899858-18-0}}. * ''Church of the Sacred Heart, Jože Plečnik, 1922-33'', Architecture in Detail, Phaidon Press, London 1995, {{ISBN|0-7148-3351-7}}. * ''Automobiles by Architects'', Wiley-Academy, London 2000, {{ISBN|0-471-60786-X}}. * ''Architects + Engineers = Structures'', Wiley-Academy, London 2002, {{ISBN|0-471-49825-4}}. * ''Future Systems'', Zlatý řez, Prague 2002, {{ISBN|80-901562-6-6}}, (written with Jan Kaplický, Michaela Kadnerová and Jana Tichá). * ‘Art + Architecture’, ''Architectural Design'', no. 163, vol. 73, no. 3, guest editor, May/June 2003, {{ISBN|0-470-84773-5}}. * ''Czech Inspiration – Česká inspirace'', {{Not a typo|Fraktaly}}, Praha 2005, {{ISBN|80-86627-09-8}}, (written with Jan Kaplický). * ''Reflections of Prague: Journeys through the 20th century'', John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 2006, {{ISBN|0-470-02219-1}}. * ''Praha za zrcadlem: Putování 20. stoletím'', Argo, Praha 2007, {{ISBN|978-80-7203-947-0}}. * ''Jan Kaplický Drawings'', Circa Press, London 2015, {{ISBN|978-0-9930721-0-9}} (written with Richard Rogers) International Deutsches Architekturmuseum Architectural Book Award, 2015. * ''Tatra – The Legacy of Hans Ledwinka'', new edition, Veloce Publishing, Dorchester 2015, {{ISBN|978-1-845847-99-9}}, (written with John G. Henry, foreword by Norman Foster and prologue by Erich Ledwinka). * Heda Margolius Kovály and Helena Třeštíková, ''Hitler, Stalin and I: An Oral History'', DoppelHouse Press, Los Angeles 2018 {{ISBN|978-0-9987770-0-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-9978184-7-5}}, prepared for publication and translated by Ivan Margolius. * ''Tatra – Odkaz Hanse Ledwinky'', Argo, Praha 2020, {{ISBN|978-80-257-3066-9}}, (Czech edition, written with John G. Henry, foreword by Norman Foster, and prologue by Erich Ledwinka) * ''Jan Kaplický – Pro budoucnost a pro krásu'', CPress, Brno 2020, {{ISBN|978-80-264-3350-7}}. Miroslav Ivanov Prize for Non-fiction Literature 2021. * ''Jan Kaplický - For the Future and For Beauty'', Edition Axel Menges, Stuttgart 2022, {{ISBN|978-3-86905-025-6}}. * ''Riflessi di Praga'', Poldi Libri, Granze 2023, {{ISBN|978-88-940346-3-9}}. * ''Škoda Laurin & Klement 1856-1991 - značka osvědčená v celém světě'', Argo, Praha 2024, {{ISBN|978-80-257-4259-4}}, (written with Charles Meisl). == Awards == * 1991 Cugnot Book Award of Distinction, Society of Automotive Historians.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2 June 2017 |title=The Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot Award - the Society of Automotive Historians |url=http://autohistory.org/awards/the-nicolas-joseph-cugnot-award}}</ref> * 1993 Cugnot Book Award of Distinction, Society of Automotive Historians.<ref name="auto" /> * 2014 Second Prize, British Czech and Slovak Association International Writing Competition. * 2015 International Deutsches Architekturmuseum Architectural Book Award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DAM |url=http://www.dam-online.de/portal/en/Awards/ArchiveAwards/1964/0/80546/mod1352-details1/1854.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051932/http://www.dam-online.de/portal/en/Awards/ArchiveAwards/1964/0/80546/mod1352-details1/1854.aspx |archive-date=22 December 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref> * 2017 First Prize, British Czech and Slovak Association International Writing Competition. * 2019 Honorary Silver Medal of Jan Masaryk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stříbrná medaile Jana Masaryka |url=https://www.mzv.cz/london/cz/vzajemne_vztahy_cr_a_spojeneho/stribrna_medaile_jana_masaryka/index.html}}</ref> * 2021 Miroslav Ivanov Prize for Non-fiction Literature. * 2024 Second Prize, British Czech and Slovak Association International Writing Competition. == See also == * Milada Horáková * Slánský trial * A Trial in Prague * Tatra (company) * Cantilever chair * Memorial to the Victims of Communism == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8ojxf90wsd8gpy1hei6ga2gmmc94w3t 0 161619 883401 2026-07-15T11:36:51Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355030947|Maz Pacheco]]" 883401 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mayumi''' " '''Maz''' " '''Pacheco''' ( ; an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Agusta 1998) ƙwararriyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|'yar ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce wacce ke taka leda a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Everton . Tsohuwar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila, ta sami kiran farko na shiga gasar 'yan wasa ta ƙasa da ƙasa zuwa Philippines a shekarar 2024. == Aikin kulob == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] 24gdncxmm6dof94zn8njih4o2ei1pt8 883402 883401 2026-07-15T11:38:02Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355030947|Maz Pacheco]]" 883402 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mayumi''' " '''Maz''' " '''Pacheco''' ( ; an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Agusta 1998) ƙwararriyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|'yar ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce wacce ke taka leda a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Everton . Tsohuwar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila, ta sami kiran farko na shiga gasar 'yan wasa ta ƙasa da ƙasa zuwa Philippines a shekarar 2024. == Aikin kulob == Pacheco ta yi ƙoƙarin shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta ƙungiyar FA WSL 1 ta Liverpool a shekarar 2013 ta hanyar shiga gwajin ƙungiyar. Ta sami damar samun gurbi a ƙungiyar matasa a shekara mai zuwa. Pacheco ta fara buga babbar ƙungiyarta a Liverpool a shekarar 2015. Ta fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 25 ga Maris a wasan da ta sha kashi a hannun Sunderland . Bayan haka, ta buga wasanni 11 a kakar wasa ta 2015 da 2016 kafin Pacheco ta tafi ta koma Doncaster Rovers Belles a matsayin aro a sauran kakar wasa ta 2016. <ref name="Soccerway profile" /> Ta buga wasanni 12 kuma ta ci kwallo 1 kafin ta sanya hannu kan kwantiragin dindindin a farkon 2017. A watan Yulin 2018, Pacheco ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Reading, bayan ta taimaka wa Doncaster Rover Belles ta lashe gasar WSL 2. A ranar 8 ga Yunin 2020, Reading ta sanar da cewa Pacheco ta bar ƙungiyar bayan kwangilarta ta ƙare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2020 |title=Reading FC Women issue thanks as out of contract players depart |url=https://www.readingfc.co.uk/news/2020/june/reading-fc-women-bid-farewell-to-out-of-contract-players/ |access-date=2020-06-08 |website=www.readingfc.co.uk |language=en-gb}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Yuli 2020, Pacheco ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar komawa West Ham United . <ref>{{Cite web |title=West Ham United sign defender Maz Pacheco |url=https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2020/july/10-july/west-ham-united-sign-defender-maz-pacheco |website=www.whufc.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Agusta 2021, ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Aston Villa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2021 |title=Mayumi Pacheco joins Villa Women |url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2021/august/Mayumi-Pacheco-joins-Villa-Women-/ |website=[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]}}</ref> Za ta bar Aston Villa idan kwangilarta ta kare a watan Yunin 2025. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Corsie, Nobbs, Turner and Pacheco to depart |url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2025/may/09/Corsie--Nobbs--Turner-and-Pacheco-to-depart/ |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=Aston Villa Football Club}}</ref> Pacheco ita ce 'yar wasa mafi dadewa a Villa a lokacin da ta bar kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Club |first=Aston Villa Football |date=2025-05-09 |title=Corsie, Nobbs, Turner and Pacheco to depart |url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2025/may/09/Corsie--Nobbs--Turner-and-Pacheco-to-depart/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Aston Villa Football Club}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Yuli 2025, Pacheco ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro zuwa Everton a matsayin aro na dindindin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Everton Sign Pacheco |url=https://www.evertonfc.com/news/2025/july/22/everton-sign-pacheco/ |website=www.evertonfc.com}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Pacheco ya buga wa Ingila ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa daga matakin ƙasa da ƙasa na 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 har zuwa matakin ƙasa da shekara 21, inda ya buga wasan ƙarshe na gasar U17 Euros ta 2015, gasar U19 Euros ta 2017, da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta U20 ta 2018 . [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] parfsm2u4qez7o817xes4v6gmb6pbia 883406 883402 2026-07-15T11:43:16Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355030947|Maz Pacheco]]" 883406 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mayumi''' " '''Maz''' " '''Pacheco''' ( ; an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Agusta 1998) ƙwararriyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|'yar ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce wacce ke taka leda a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Everton . Tsohuwar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila, ta sami kiran farko na shiga gasar 'yan wasa ta ƙasa da ƙasa zuwa Philippines a shekarar 2024. == Aikin kulob == Pacheco ta yi ƙoƙarin shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta ƙungiyar FA WSL 1 ta Liverpool a shekarar 2013 ta hanyar shiga gwajin ƙungiyar. Ta sami damar samun gurbi a ƙungiyar matasa a shekara mai zuwa. Pacheco ta fara buga babbar ƙungiyarta a Liverpool a shekarar 2015. Ta fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 25 ga Maris a wasan da ta sha kashi a hannun Sunderland . Bayan haka, ta buga wasanni 11 a kakar wasa ta 2015 da 2016 kafin Pacheco ta tafi ta koma Doncaster Rovers Belles a matsayin aro a sauran kakar wasa ta 2016. <ref name="Soccerway profile" /> Ta buga wasanni 12 kuma ta ci kwallo 1 kafin ta sanya hannu kan kwantiragin dindindin a farkon 2017. A watan Yulin 2018, Pacheco ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Reading, bayan ta taimaka wa Doncaster Rover Belles ta lashe gasar WSL 2. A ranar 8 ga Yunin 2020, Reading ta sanar da cewa Pacheco ta bar ƙungiyar bayan kwangilarta ta ƙare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2020 |title=Reading FC Women issue thanks as out of contract players depart |url=https://www.readingfc.co.uk/news/2020/june/reading-fc-women-bid-farewell-to-out-of-contract-players/ |access-date=2020-06-08 |website=www.readingfc.co.uk |language=en-gb}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Yuli 2020, Pacheco ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar komawa West Ham United . <ref>{{Cite web |title=West Ham United sign defender Maz Pacheco |url=https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2020/july/10-july/west-ham-united-sign-defender-maz-pacheco |website=www.whufc.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Agusta 2021, ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Aston Villa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2021 |title=Mayumi Pacheco joins Villa Women |url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2021/august/Mayumi-Pacheco-joins-Villa-Women-/ |website=[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]}}</ref> Za ta bar Aston Villa idan kwangilarta ta kare a watan Yunin 2025. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Corsie, Nobbs, Turner and Pacheco to depart |url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2025/may/09/Corsie--Nobbs--Turner-and-Pacheco-to-depart/ |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=Aston Villa Football Club}}</ref> Pacheco ita ce 'yar wasa mafi dadewa a Villa a lokacin da ta bar kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Club |first=Aston Villa Football |date=2025-05-09 |title=Corsie, Nobbs, Turner and Pacheco to depart |url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2025/may/09/Corsie--Nobbs--Turner-and-Pacheco-to-depart/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Aston Villa Football Club}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Yuli 2025, Pacheco ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro zuwa Everton a matsayin aro na dindindin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Everton Sign Pacheco |url=https://www.evertonfc.com/news/2025/july/22/everton-sign-pacheco/ |website=www.evertonfc.com}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Pacheco ya buga wa Ingila ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa daga matakin ƙasa da ƙasa na 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 har zuwa matakin ƙasa da shekara 21, inda ya buga wasan ƙarshe na gasar U17 Euros ta 2015, gasar U19 Euros ta 2017, da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta U20 ta 2018 . A watan Oktoban 2024, Pacheco ta sami kiran farko zuwa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasar Philippines don wasannin da za ta yi da Jordan da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta DR Congo|DR Congo]] a gasar cin kofin Pink Ladies da za a yi a Antalya, Turkiyya. Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2025, har yanzu ba ta fara buga wasa a ƙasashen waje ba saboda tana jiran fasfo na ƙasar Philippines. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maz Pacheco will soon be eligible to play for Filipinas, says PFF |url=https://www.spin.ph/football/pff-confident-maz-pacheco-passport-available-in-time-for-women-s-asian-cup-qualifiers-a795-20250110 |website=www.spin.ph}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] hphj5jmt7lg8703awfqqe33volyzybo 0 161620 883404 2026-07-15T11:39:35Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1297952972|Bruck syndrome]]" 883404 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Bruck syndrome |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Other names | class="infobox-data" |Osteogenesis imperfecta-congenital joint contractures syndrome |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Autosomal_recessive_-_en.svg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Bruck syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Specialty]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Rheumatology]]&nbsp;<span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show">[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3508623?uselang=en#P1995|text-top|frameless|10x10px|Edit this on Wikidata]]</span> |} '''Bruck syndrome''' is characterized as the combination of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and osteogenesis imperfecta. Both diseases are uncommon, but concurrence is extremely rare which makes Bruck syndrome very difficult to research.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Mokete |first=L. |last2=Robertson |first2=A. |last3=Viljoen |first3=D. |last4=Beighton |first4=Peter |date=2005 |title=Bruck syndrome: congenital joint contractures with bone fragility |journal=Journal of Orthopaedic Science |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=641–646 |doi=10.1007/s00776-005-0958-9 |pmid=16307191 |s2cid=46110203}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMoketeRobertsonViljoenBeighton2005">Mokete, L.; Robertson, A.; Viljoen, D.; Beighton, Peter (2005). "Bruck syndrome: congenital joint contractures with bone fragility". ''Journal of Orthopaedic Science''. '''10''' (6): <span class="nowrap">641–</span>646. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00776-005-0958-9|10.1007/s00776-005-0958-9]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16307191 16307191]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46110203 46110203].</cite></ref> Bruck syndrome is thought to be an atypical variant of osteogenesis imperfecta most resembling type III, if not its own disease.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berg |first=C. |last2=Geipel |first2=A. |last3=Noack |first3=F |display-authors=etal |date=2005 |title=Mutations in FKBP10 cause recessive osteogenesis imperfecta and bruck syndrome |journal=Prenatal Diagnosis |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=545–548 |doi=10.1002/jbmr.250 |pmc=3179293 |pmid=20839288}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite journal |last=Blacksin |first=M. |last2=Pletcher |first2=B. |last3=David |first3=Miriam |display-authors=etal |date=1998 |title=Osteogenesis imperfecta with joint contractures: Bruck syndrome |journal=Pediatric Radiology |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=117–119 |doi=10.1007/s002470050309 |pmid=9472060 |s2cid=12863084}}</ref> Multiple gene mutations associated with osteogenesis imperfecta are not seen in Bruck syndrome. Many affected individuals are within the same family, and pedigree data supports that the disease is acquired through autosomal recessive inheritance.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite journal |last=Datta |first=V. |last2=Sinha |first2=A. |last3=Saili |first3=A. |display-authors=etal |date=2005 |title=Osteogenesis Imperfecta |journal=Journal of Pediatrics |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=441–442 |doi=10.1007/BF02731745 |pmid=15973030 |s2cid=24986309}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDattaSinhaSaili2005">Datta, V.; Sinha, A.; Saili, A.; et&nbsp;al. (2005). "Osteogenesis Imperfecta". ''Journal of Pediatrics''. '''72''' (5): <span class="nowrap">441–</span>442. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/BF02731745|10.1007/BF02731745]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15973030 15973030]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24986309 24986309].</cite></ref> Bruck syndrome has features of congenital contractures, bone fragility, recurring bone fractures, flexion joint and limb deformities, pterygia, short body height, and progressive kyphoscoliosis. Individuals encounter restricted mobility and pulmonary function. A reduction in bone mineral content and larger hydroxyapatite crystals are also detectable<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Banks |first=R. |last2=Robins |first2=S. |last3=Wijmenga |display-authors=etal |year=1999 |title=Defective collagen crosslinking in bone, but not in ligament or cartilage, in Bruck syndrome: Indications for a bone-specific telopeptide lysyl hydroxylase on chromosome 17 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=1054–1058 |bibcode=1999PNAS...96.1054B |doi=10.1073/pnas.96.3.1054 |pmc=15349 |pmid=9927692 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Joint contractures are primarily bilateral and symmetrical, and most prone to ankles.<ref name="auto1" /> Bruck syndrome has no effect on intelligence, vision, or hearing.<ref name="auto2" /> == Genetics == The genetics of Bruck syndrome differs from osteogenesis imperfecta. Osteogenesis imperfecta usually involves autosomal dominant mutations to ''COL1A1'' or ''COL1A2'' which encode type 1 procollagen.<ref name="auto3" /> Bruck syndrome is linked to mutations in two genes, and therefore is divided in two types. Bruck syndrome type 1 is caused by a homozygous mutation in the ''FKBP10'' gene. Type 2 is caused by a homozygous mutation in the ''PLOD2'' gene.<ref name="auto3" /> == Mechanism == Type 1 encodes FKBP65, an endoplasmic reticulum associated peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) that functions as a chaperone in collagen biosynthesis. Osteoblasts deficient in FKBP65 have a buildup of procollagen aggregates in the endoplasmic reticulum which reduces their ability to form bone.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shaheen |first=Ranad |last2=Al-Owain |first2=Mohammed |last3=Faqeih |first3=Eissa |last4=Al-Hashmi |first4=Nadia |last5=Awaji |first5=Ali |last6=Al-Zayed |first6=Zayed |last7=Alkuraya |first7=Fowzan S |date=2011 |title=Mutations in FKBP10 cause both Bruck syndrome and isolated osteogenesis imperfecta in humans |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A |volume=155 |issue=6 |pages=1448–1452 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.34025 |pmid=21567934 |s2cid=40133519}}</ref> Furthermore, Bruck syndrome type 1 patients have under-hydroxylated lysine residues in the collagen telopeptide and as a result show diminished hydroxylysylpyridinoline cross-links.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite journal |last=Yapicioglu |first=H. |last2=Ozcan |first2=K. |last3=Arikan |first3=O. |display-authors=etal |date=2009 |title=Bruck syndrome: osteogenesis imperfecta and arthrogryposis multiplex congenital |journal=Annals of Tropical Paediatrics |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=159–1662 |doi=10.1179/146532809x440798 |pmid=19460271 |s2cid=206847487}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYapiciogluOzcanArikan2009">Yapicioglu, H.; Ozcan, K.; Arikan, O.; et&nbsp;al. (2009). "Bruck syndrome: osteogenesis imperfecta and arthrogryposis multiplex congenital". ''Annals of Tropical Paediatrics''. '''29''' (2): <span class="nowrap">159–</span>1662. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1179/146532809x440798|10.1179/146532809x440798]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19460271 19460271]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206847487 206847487].</cite></ref> Type 2 encodes the enzyme, lysyl hydroxylase 2, which catalyzes hydroxylation of lysine residues in collagen cross-links. PLOD2 is most expressed in active osteoblasts since collagen cross-linking is tissue-specific. Mutation in PLOD2 alters the structure of telopeptide lysyl hydroxylase and prevents fibril formation of collagen type 1. Bone analysis shows the lysine residues of telopeptides in collagen type 1 are under-hydroxylated.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite journal |last=Yapicioglu |first=H. |last2=Ozcan |first2=K. |last3=Arikan |first3=O. |display-authors=etal |date=2009 |title=Bruck syndrome: osteogenesis imperfecta and arthrogryposis multiplex congenital |journal=Annals of Tropical Paediatrics |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=159–1662 |doi=10.1179/146532809x440798 |pmid=19460271 |s2cid=206847487}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYapiciogluOzcanArikan2009">Yapicioglu, H.; Ozcan, K.; Arikan, O.; et&nbsp;al. (2009). "Bruck syndrome: osteogenesis imperfecta and arthrogryposis multiplex congenital". ''Annals of Tropical Paediatrics''. '''29''' (2): <span class="nowrap">159–</span>1662. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1179/146532809x440798|10.1179/146532809x440798]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19460271 19460271]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206847487 206847487].</cite></ref> == Diagnosis == Diagnosis of Bruck syndrome must distinguish the association of contractures and skeletal fragility. Ultrasound is used for prenatal diagnosis. The diagnosis of a neonate bears resemblance to arthrogryposis multiplex congenital, and later in childhood to osteogenesis imperfecta.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Mokete |first=L. |last2=Robertson |first2=A. |last3=Viljoen |first3=D. |last4=Beighton |first4=Peter |date=2005 |title=Bruck syndrome: congenital joint contractures with bone fragility |journal=Journal of Orthopaedic Science |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=641–646 |doi=10.1007/s00776-005-0958-9 |pmid=16307191 |s2cid=46110203}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMoketeRobertsonViljoenBeighton2005">Mokete, L.; Robertson, A.; Viljoen, D.; Beighton, Peter (2005). "Bruck syndrome: congenital joint contractures with bone fragility". ''Journal of Orthopaedic Science''. '''10''' (6): <span class="nowrap">641–</span>646. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00776-005-0958-9|10.1007/s00776-005-0958-9]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16307191 16307191]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46110203 46110203].</cite></ref> == Management == Until more molecular and clinical studies are performed there will be no way to prevent the disease. Treatments are directed towards alleviating the symptoms. To treat the disease it is crucial to diagnose it properly.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite journal |last=Yapicioglu |first=H. |last2=Ozcan |first2=K. |last3=Arikan |first3=O. |display-authors=etal |date=2009 |title=Bruck syndrome: osteogenesis imperfecta and arthrogryposis multiplex congenital |journal=Annals of Tropical Paediatrics |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=159–1662 |doi=10.1179/146532809x440798 |pmid=19460271 |s2cid=206847487}}</ref> Orthopedic therapy and fracture management are necessary to reduce the severity of symptoms. Bisphosphonate drugs are also an effective treatment.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite journal |last=Datta |first=V. |last2=Sinha |first2=A. |last3=Saili |first3=A. |display-authors=etal |date=2005 |title=Osteogenesis Imperfecta |journal=Journal of Pediatrics |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=441–442 |doi=10.1007/BF02731745 |pmid=15973030 |s2cid=24986309}}</ref> == History == The first case was in 1897 of a male who was described by Bruck as having bone fragility and bone contractures.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite journal |last=Datta |first=V. |last2=Sinha |first2=A. |last3=Saili |first3=A. |display-authors=etal |date=2005 |title=Osteogenesis Imperfecta |journal=Journal of Pediatrics |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=441–442 |doi=10.1007/BF02731745 |pmid=15973030 |s2cid=24986309}}</ref> Bruck was credited with the first description and the disease's eponym.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Mokete |first=L. |last2=Robertson |first2=A. |last3=Viljoen |first3=D. |last4=Beighton |first4=Peter |date=2005 |title=Bruck syndrome: congenital joint contractures with bone fragility |journal=Journal of Orthopaedic Science |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=641–646 |doi=10.1007/s00776-005-0958-9 |pmid=16307191 |s2cid=46110203}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lsrci616u999bie44gtztusfwig22mt 883405 883404 2026-07-15T11:39:55Z D son203 45710 883405 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Bruck syndrome |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Other names | class="infobox-data" |Osteogenesis imperfecta-congenital joint contractures syndrome |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Autosomal_recessive_-_en.svg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Bruck syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Specialty]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Rheumatology]]&nbsp;<span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show">[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3508623?uselang=en#P1995|text-top|frameless|10x10px|Edit this on Wikidata]]</span> |} {{Databox}} '''Bruck syndrome''' is characterized as the combination of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and osteogenesis imperfecta. Both diseases are uncommon, but concurrence is extremely rare which makes Bruck syndrome very difficult to research.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Mokete |first=L. |last2=Robertson |first2=A. |last3=Viljoen |first3=D. |last4=Beighton |first4=Peter |date=2005 |title=Bruck syndrome: congenital joint contractures with bone fragility |journal=Journal of Orthopaedic Science |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=641–646 |doi=10.1007/s00776-005-0958-9 |pmid=16307191 |s2cid=46110203}}</ref> Bruck syndrome is thought to be an atypical variant of osteogenesis imperfecta most resembling type III, if not its own disease.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berg |first=C. |last2=Geipel |first2=A. |last3=Noack |first3=F |display-authors=etal |date=2005 |title=Mutations in FKBP10 cause recessive osteogenesis imperfecta and bruck syndrome |journal=Prenatal Diagnosis |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=545–548 |doi=10.1002/jbmr.250 |pmc=3179293 |pmid=20839288}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite journal |last=Blacksin |first=M. |last2=Pletcher |first2=B. |last3=David |first3=Miriam |display-authors=etal |date=1998 |title=Osteogenesis imperfecta with joint contractures: Bruck syndrome |journal=Pediatric Radiology |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=117–119 |doi=10.1007/s002470050309 |pmid=9472060 |s2cid=12863084}}</ref> Multiple gene mutations associated with osteogenesis imperfecta are not seen in Bruck syndrome. Many affected individuals are within the same family, and pedigree data supports that the disease is acquired through autosomal recessive inheritance.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite journal |last=Datta |first=V. |last2=Sinha |first2=A. |last3=Saili |first3=A. |display-authors=etal |date=2005 |title=Osteogenesis Imperfecta |journal=Journal of Pediatrics |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=441–442 |doi=10.1007/BF02731745 |pmid=15973030 |s2cid=24986309}}</ref> Bruck syndrome has features of congenital contractures, bone fragility, recurring bone fractures, flexion joint and limb deformities, pterygia, short body height, and progressive kyphoscoliosis. Individuals encounter restricted mobility and pulmonary function. A reduction in bone mineral content and larger hydroxyapatite crystals are also detectable<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Banks |first=R. |last2=Robins |first2=S. |last3=Wijmenga |display-authors=etal |year=1999 |title=Defective collagen crosslinking in bone, but not in ligament or cartilage, in Bruck syndrome: Indications for a bone-specific telopeptide lysyl hydroxylase on chromosome 17 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=1054–1058 |bibcode=1999PNAS...96.1054B |doi=10.1073/pnas.96.3.1054 |pmc=15349 |pmid=9927692 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Joint contractures are primarily bilateral and symmetrical, and most prone to ankles.<ref name="auto1" /> Bruck syndrome has no effect on intelligence, vision, or hearing.<ref name="auto2" /> == Genetics == The genetics of Bruck syndrome differs from osteogenesis imperfecta. Osteogenesis imperfecta usually involves autosomal dominant mutations to ''COL1A1'' or ''COL1A2'' which encode type 1 procollagen.<ref name="auto3" /> Bruck syndrome is linked to mutations in two genes, and therefore is divided in two types. Bruck syndrome type 1 is caused by a homozygous mutation in the ''FKBP10'' gene. Type 2 is caused by a homozygous mutation in the ''PLOD2'' gene.<ref name="auto3" /> == Mechanism == Type 1 encodes FKBP65, an endoplasmic reticulum associated peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) that functions as a chaperone in collagen biosynthesis. Osteoblasts deficient in FKBP65 have a buildup of procollagen aggregates in the endoplasmic reticulum which reduces their ability to form bone.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shaheen |first=Ranad |last2=Al-Owain |first2=Mohammed |last3=Faqeih |first3=Eissa |last4=Al-Hashmi |first4=Nadia |last5=Awaji |first5=Ali |last6=Al-Zayed |first6=Zayed |last7=Alkuraya |first7=Fowzan S |date=2011 |title=Mutations in FKBP10 cause both Bruck syndrome and isolated osteogenesis imperfecta in humans |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A |volume=155 |issue=6 |pages=1448–1452 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.34025 |pmid=21567934 |s2cid=40133519}}</ref> Furthermore, Bruck syndrome type 1 patients have under-hydroxylated lysine residues in the collagen telopeptide and as a result show diminished hydroxylysylpyridinoline cross-links.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite journal |last=Yapicioglu |first=H. |last2=Ozcan |first2=K. |last3=Arikan |first3=O. |display-authors=etal |date=2009 |title=Bruck syndrome: osteogenesis imperfecta and arthrogryposis multiplex congenital |journal=Annals of Tropical Paediatrics |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=159–1662 |doi=10.1179/146532809x440798 |pmid=19460271 |s2cid=206847487}}</ref> Type 2 encodes the enzyme, lysyl hydroxylase 2, which catalyzes hydroxylation of lysine residues in collagen cross-links. PLOD2 is most expressed in active osteoblasts since collagen cross-linking is tissue-specific. Mutation in PLOD2 alters the structure of telopeptide lysyl hydroxylase and prevents fibril formation of collagen type 1. Bone analysis shows the lysine residues of telopeptides in collagen type 1 are under-hydroxylated.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite journal |last=Yapicioglu |first=H. |last2=Ozcan |first2=K. |last3=Arikan |first3=O. |display-authors=etal |date=2009 |title=Bruck syndrome: osteogenesis imperfecta and arthrogryposis multiplex congenital |journal=Annals of Tropical Paediatrics |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=159–1662 |doi=10.1179/146532809x440798 |pmid=19460271 |s2cid=206847487}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFYapiciogluOzcanArikan2009">Yapicioglu, H.; Ozcan, K.; Arikan, O.; et&nbsp;al. (2009). "Bruck syndrome: osteogenesis imperfecta and arthrogryposis multiplex congenital". ''Annals of Tropical Paediatrics''. '''29''' (2): <span class="nowrap">159–</span>1662. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1179/146532809x440798|10.1179/146532809x440798]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19460271 19460271]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206847487 206847487].</cite></ref> == Diagnosis == Diagnosis of Bruck syndrome must distinguish the association of contractures and skeletal fragility. Ultrasound is used for prenatal diagnosis. The diagnosis of a neonate bears resemblance to arthrogryposis multiplex congenital, and later in childhood to osteogenesis imperfecta.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Mokete |first=L. |last2=Robertson |first2=A. |last3=Viljoen |first3=D. |last4=Beighton |first4=Peter |date=2005 |title=Bruck syndrome: congenital joint contractures with bone fragility |journal=Journal of Orthopaedic Science |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=641–646 |doi=10.1007/s00776-005-0958-9 |pmid=16307191 |s2cid=46110203}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMoketeRobertsonViljoenBeighton2005">Mokete, L.; Robertson, A.; Viljoen, D.; Beighton, Peter (2005). "Bruck syndrome: congenital joint contractures with bone fragility". ''Journal of Orthopaedic Science''. '''10''' (6): <span class="nowrap">641–</span>646. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00776-005-0958-9|10.1007/s00776-005-0958-9]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16307191 16307191]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46110203 46110203].</cite></ref> == Management == Until more molecular and clinical studies are performed there will be no way to prevent the disease. Treatments are directed towards alleviating the symptoms. To treat the disease it is crucial to diagnose it properly.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite journal |last=Yapicioglu |first=H. |last2=Ozcan |first2=K. |last3=Arikan |first3=O. |display-authors=etal |date=2009 |title=Bruck syndrome: osteogenesis imperfecta and arthrogryposis multiplex congenital |journal=Annals of Tropical Paediatrics |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=159–1662 |doi=10.1179/146532809x440798 |pmid=19460271 |s2cid=206847487}}</ref> Orthopedic therapy and fracture management are necessary to reduce the severity of symptoms. Bisphosphonate drugs are also an effective treatment.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite journal |last=Datta |first=V. |last2=Sinha |first2=A. |last3=Saili |first3=A. |display-authors=etal |date=2005 |title=Osteogenesis Imperfecta |journal=Journal of Pediatrics |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=441–442 |doi=10.1007/BF02731745 |pmid=15973030 |s2cid=24986309}}</ref> == History == The first case was in 1897 of a male who was described by Bruck as having bone fragility and bone contractures.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite journal |last=Datta |first=V. |last2=Sinha |first2=A. |last3=Saili |first3=A. |display-authors=etal |date=2005 |title=Osteogenesis Imperfecta |journal=Journal of Pediatrics |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=441–442 |doi=10.1007/BF02731745 |pmid=15973030 |s2cid=24986309}}</ref> Bruck was credited with the first description and the disease's eponym.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Mokete |first=L. |last2=Robertson |first2=A. |last3=Viljoen |first3=D. |last4=Beighton |first4=Peter |date=2005 |title=Bruck syndrome: congenital joint contractures with bone fragility |journal=Journal of Orthopaedic Science |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=641–646 |doi=10.1007/s00776-005-0958-9 |pmid=16307191 |s2cid=46110203}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2wnbbbgfmokjaspmwzm3o8hp3qqvda9 0 161621 883408 2026-07-15T11:46:14Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364221147|Nicholas Percy]]" 883408 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nicholas Percy''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1994) ɗan wasa ne ɗan ƙasar Scotland wanda ya ƙware a fannin jefa ƙwallo a cikin raga. Ya fafata a manyan gasannin gasa daban-daban, ciki har da wasannin Olympics na 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicholas Percy |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14452345 |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=World Athletics}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a Glasgow, daga baya ya zama mazaunin Isle of Wight . <ref name="lewis">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2024 |title=Nick Percy in the form of his life |url=https://athleticsweekly.com/interviews/nick-percy-in-the-form-of-his-life-1039989002/ |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=Athletics Weekly}}</ref> Ya lashe lambar azurfa a gasar matasa ta Turai ta 2013 a Rieti, Italiya, da jefar da discus na mita 62.04. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2013 |title=European Junior Championships |url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7049131?eventId=10229686 |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=World Athletics}}</ref> Ya lashe gasar NCAA a 2016. A wannan shekarar, ya lashe gasar farko ta gasar guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Burtaniya . Ya riƙe kambunsa a shekara mai zuwa, kuma daga baya, Percy ya wakilci Burtaniya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2017 ba tare da ya kai wasan karshe ba. <ref name="lewis" /> Ya zama zakaran Burtaniya a karo na biyar lokacin da ya lashe gasar jefar Discus a Gasar Wasannin Burtaniya ta 2022 da jifa da maki 65.00. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2024 |title=Nick Percy in the form of his life |url=https://athleticsweekly.com/interviews/nick-percy-in-the-form-of-his-life-1039989002/ |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=Athletics Weekly}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://athleticsweekly.com/interviews/nick-percy-in-the-form-of-his-life-1039989002/ "Nick Percy in the form of his life"]. </cite></ref> Ya kare a matsayi na biyar a wakiltar Scotland a jefar Discus a Gasar Wasannin Commonwealth ta 2022 a Birmingham. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2022 |title=XXII Commonwealth Games |url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7147633?eventId=10229620 |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=World Athletics}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, ya kuma wakilci Burtaniya a Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Duniya ta 2022 da Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Turai ta 2022. <ref name="lewis" /> Duk da haka, raunin baya ya kawo ci gaban gaba kuma a shekarar 2023 ya sami mafi kyawun jifa a kakar wasa ta mita 64.73, kuma ya rasa Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a wannan shekarar. <ref name="lewis" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] h6ghc0vpoqtm30owtrfciz7vwklyew4 883410 883408 2026-07-15T11:46:59Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364221147|Nicholas Percy]]" 883410 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nicholas Percy''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1994) ɗan wasa ne ɗan ƙasar Scotland wanda ya ƙware a fannin jefa ƙwallo a cikin raga. Ya fafata a manyan gasannin gasa daban-daban, ciki har da wasannin Olympics na 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicholas Percy |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14452345 |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=World Athletics}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a Glasgow, daga baya ya zama mazaunin Isle of Wight . <ref name="lewis">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2024 |title=Nick Percy in the form of his life |url=https://athleticsweekly.com/interviews/nick-percy-in-the-form-of-his-life-1039989002/ |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=Athletics Weekly}}</ref> Ya lashe lambar azurfa a gasar matasa ta Turai ta 2013 a Rieti, Italiya, da jefar da discus na mita 62.04. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2013 |title=European Junior Championships |url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7049131?eventId=10229686 |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=World Athletics}}</ref> Ya lashe gasar NCAA a 2016. A wannan shekarar, ya lashe gasar farko ta gasar guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Burtaniya . Ya riƙe kambunsa a shekara mai zuwa, kuma daga baya, Percy ya wakilci Burtaniya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2017 ba tare da ya kai wasan karshe ba. <ref name="lewis" /> Ya zama zakaran Burtaniya a karo na biyar lokacin da ya lashe gasar jefar Discus a Gasar Wasannin Burtaniya ta 2022 da jifa da maki 65.00. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2024 |title=Nick Percy in the form of his life |url=https://athleticsweekly.com/interviews/nick-percy-in-the-form-of-his-life-1039989002/ |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=Athletics Weekly}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://athleticsweekly.com/interviews/nick-percy-in-the-form-of-his-life-1039989002/ "Nick Percy in the form of his life"]. </cite></ref> Ya kare a matsayi na biyar a wakiltar Scotland a jefar Discus a Gasar Wasannin Commonwealth ta 2022 a Birmingham. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2022 |title=XXII Commonwealth Games |url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7147633?eventId=10229620 |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=World Athletics}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, ya kuma wakilci Burtaniya a Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Duniya ta 2022 da Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Turai ta 2022. <ref name="lewis" /> Duk da haka, raunin baya ya kawo ci gaban gaba kuma a shekarar 2023 ya sami mafi kyawun jifa a kakar wasa ta mita 64.73, kuma ya rasa Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a wannan shekarar. <ref name="lewis" /> Ya yi nasarar jefa kwallo mafi kyau a tseren mita 67.73, wanda aka yi a gasar Oklahoma Throws Series, Ramona, Oklahoma, Amurka, a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 2024. Wannan ya inganta PB ɗinsa da fiye da mita biyu kuma ya sami matsayi daga lamba 10 zuwa lamba 2 a jerin 'yan wasan da suka fi iya taka leda a Burtaniya, inda mai riƙe da rikodin Burtaniya Lawrence Okoye ne kawai ya ƙara jefa kwallo. Percy ya kuma inganta rikodin Scotland na mita 65.00, wanda ya kafa a baya a Gasar Cin Kofin Burtaniya a 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2024 |title=Nick Percy goes No.2 on the UK all-time discus rankings |url=https://athleticsweekly.com/athletics-news/nick-percy-goes-no-2-on-the-uk-all-time-discus-rankings-1039977174/}}</ref> Bayan ya lashe kyautar azurfa ta discus a Gasar Wasannin Olympics ta Burtaniya ta 2024, daga baya an sanya Percy a cikin tawagar Burtaniya don Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerr & Johnson-Thompson head GB Olympics athletics squad |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/articles/cd1646n46zpo |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> inda ya kasa cancantar shiga wasan karshe. <ref>{{Cite web |title='It is such a special day, so there is no disappointment' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/articles/c9355p3ejglo |access-date=9 August 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2025 Percy ya jefa daƙiƙa 67:86 a gasar Oklahoma Jerin Jerin 13; ya inganta PB ɗinsa da santimita 13 kuma ya karya tarihin ƙasar Scotland. <ref>{{Cite web |title='Record-breaking throw secures a World Championships qualification' |url=https://iwobserver.co.uk/record-breaking-throw-secures-a-world-championships-qualification/ |access-date=24 April 2025 |publisher=Isle of White Observer}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] 9y5npokpboxvo0qzfwfemdgodbgg21o 883412 883410 2026-07-15T11:47:58Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364221147|Nicholas Percy]]" 883412 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nicholas Percy''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1994) ɗan wasa ne ɗan ƙasar Scotland wanda ya ƙware a fannin jefa ƙwallo a cikin raga. Ya fafata a manyan gasannin gasa daban-daban, ciki har da wasannin Olympics na 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicholas Percy |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14452345 |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=World Athletics}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a Glasgow, daga baya ya zama mazaunin Isle of Wight . <ref name="lewis">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2024 |title=Nick Percy in the form of his life |url=https://athleticsweekly.com/interviews/nick-percy-in-the-form-of-his-life-1039989002/ |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=Athletics Weekly}}</ref> Ya lashe lambar azurfa a gasar matasa ta Turai ta 2013 a Rieti, Italiya, da jefar da discus na mita 62.04. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2013 |title=European Junior Championships |url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7049131?eventId=10229686 |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=World Athletics}}</ref> Ya lashe gasar NCAA a 2016. A wannan shekarar, ya lashe gasar farko ta gasar guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Burtaniya . Ya riƙe kambunsa a shekara mai zuwa, kuma daga baya, Percy ya wakilci Burtaniya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2017 ba tare da ya kai wasan karshe ba. <ref name="lewis" /> Ya zama zakaran Burtaniya a karo na biyar lokacin da ya lashe gasar jefar Discus a Gasar Wasannin Burtaniya ta 2022 da jifa da maki 65.00. <ref name="lewis">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2024 |title=Nick Percy in the form of his life |url=https://athleticsweekly.com/interviews/nick-percy-in-the-form-of-his-life-1039989002/ |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=Athletics Weekly}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://athleticsweekly.com/interviews/nick-percy-in-the-form-of-his-life-1039989002/ "Nick Percy in the form of his life"]. </cite></ref> Ya kare a matsayi na biyar a wakiltar Scotland a jefar Discus a Gasar Wasannin Commonwealth ta 2022 a Birmingham. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2022 |title=XXII Commonwealth Games |url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7147633?eventId=10229620 |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=World Athletics}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, ya kuma wakilci Burtaniya a Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Duniya ta 2022 da Gasar Wasannin Wasannin Turai ta 2022. <ref name="lewis" /> Duk da haka, raunin baya ya kawo ci gaban gaba kuma a shekarar 2023 ya sami mafi kyawun jifa a kakar wasa ta mita 64.73, kuma ya rasa Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a wannan shekarar. <ref name="lewis" /> Ya yi nasarar jefa kwallo mafi kyau a tseren mita 67.73, wanda aka yi a gasar Oklahoma Throws Series, Ramona, Oklahoma, Amurka, a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 2024. Wannan ya inganta PB ɗinsa da fiye da mita biyu kuma ya sami matsayi daga lamba 10 zuwa lamba 2 a jerin 'yan wasan da suka fi iya taka leda a Burtaniya, inda mai riƙe da rikodin Burtaniya Lawrence Okoye ne kawai ya ƙara jefa kwallo. Percy ya kuma inganta rikodin Scotland na mita 65.00, wanda ya kafa a baya a Gasar Cin Kofin Burtaniya a 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2024 |title=Nick Percy goes No.2 on the UK all-time discus rankings |url=https://athleticsweekly.com/athletics-news/nick-percy-goes-no-2-on-the-uk-all-time-discus-rankings-1039977174/}}</ref> Bayan ya lashe kyautar azurfa ta discus a Gasar Wasannin Olympics ta Burtaniya ta 2024, daga baya an sanya Percy a cikin tawagar Burtaniya don Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerr & Johnson-Thompson head GB Olympics athletics squad |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/articles/cd1646n46zpo |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> inda ya kasa cancantar shiga wasan karshe. <ref>{{Cite web |title='It is such a special day, so there is no disappointment' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/articles/c9355p3ejglo |access-date=9 August 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2025 Percy ya jefa daƙiƙa 67:86 a gasar Oklahoma Jerin Jerin 13; ya inganta PB ɗinsa da santimita 13 kuma ya karya tarihin ƙasar Scotland. <ref>{{Cite web |title='Record-breaking throw secures a World Championships qualification' |url=https://iwobserver.co.uk/record-breaking-throw-secures-a-world-championships-qualification/ |access-date=24 April 2025 |publisher=Isle of White Observer}}</ref> == Gasannin ƙasa da ƙasa == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- !colspan="6"|Representing {{GBR2}} and {{SCO}} |- |rowspan=3|2011 |[[2011 World Youth Championships in Athletics|World Youth Championships]] |[[Lille, France]] |7th |Discus throw (1.5&nbsp;kg) |58.95 m |- |rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2011 Commonwealth Youth Games|Commonwealth Youth Games]] |rowspan=2|[[Douglas, Isle of Man]] |bgcolor=silver|2nd |Discus throw (1.5&nbsp;kg) |62.96 m |- |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |Hammer throw (5&nbsp;kg) |64.96 m |- |2012 |[[2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]] |[[Barcelona, Spain]] |8th |Discus throw (1.75&nbsp;kg) |[[2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's discus throw|57.79 m]] |- |2013 |[[2013 European Athletics Junior Championships|European Junior Championships]] |[[Rieti, Italy]] |bgcolor=silver|2nd |Discus throw (1.75&nbsp;kg) |62.04 m |- |2014 |[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] |[[Glasgow, United Kingdom]] |13th (q) |Discus throw |[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's discus throw|56.71 m]] |- |2017 |[[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[London, United Kingdom]] |29th (q) |Discus throw |[[2017 World Championships in Athletics – Men's discus throw|56.93 m]] |- |2019 |[[Athletics at the 2019 Summer Universiade|Universiade]] |[[Naples, Italy]] |7th |Discus throw |[[Athletics at the 2019 Summer Universiade – Men's discus throw|60.92 m]] |- |rowspan=3|2022 |[[2022 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]] |[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene, United States]] |14th (q) |Discus throw |[[2022 World Athletics Championships – Men's discus throw|63.20 m]] |- |[[2022 European Athletics Championships|European Championships]] |[[Munich, Germany]] |14th (q) |Discus throw |[[2022 European Athletics Championships – Men's discus throw|61.26 m]] |- |[[2022 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] |[[Birmingham, United Kingdom]] |5th |Discus throw |[[2022 European Athletics Championships – Men's discus throw|63.53 m]] |- |2024 |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Paris, France]] |20th (q) |Discus throw |[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's discus throw|61.81 m]] |} == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{World Athletics}} * Nicholas Percy at Team Scotland * Nicholas Percy at the Commonwealth Games Federation (archived) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] e6i7buqiktczzfr9plajfklp99lend6 0 161622 883409 2026-07-15T11:46:55Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354948306|Buda Hills]]" 883409 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Buda Hills''' (Hungarian: ''Budai-hegység'') are a low mountain range of numerous hills which dot the Buda side of [[Budapest]], capital of [[Hungariya|Hungary]]. The most famous ones located within city limits are Gellért Hill, Castle Hill, Rózsadomb, {{Interlanguage link|Sváb Hill|hu|Svábhegy}}, János Hill, {{Interlanguage link|Széchenyi Hill|hu|Széchenyi-hegy}} and Eagle Hill. These hills consist of both nature and residential areas. == Geology == The Budaörs dolomite of Anisian-Carnian age (Triassic period) is the oldest formation which crops out in the Buda Hills.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haas |first=János |last2=Budai |first2=Tamás |last3=Dunkl |first3=István |last4=Farics |first4=Éva |last5=Józsa |first5=Sándor |last6=Kövér |first6=Szilvia |last7=Götz |first7=Annette |last8=Piros |first8=Olga |last9=Szeitz |first9=Péter |date=2017-09-13 |title=The Budaörs-1 well revisited: Contributions to the Triassic stratigraphy, sedimentology, and magmatism of the southwestern part of the Buda Hills |journal=Central European Geology |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=201–229 |bibcode=2017CEJGl..60..201H |doi=10.1556/24.60.2017.008 |issn=1788-2281 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Younger Triassic succession is composed of cherty dolomite and limestone (basin facies), and dolomite combined with limestone (platform facies).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Balogh |first=K. |date=1981 |title=Correlation of the Hungarian Triassic |journal=Acta Geologica Hungarica |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=3–48}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kozur |first=Heinz |last2=Mock |first2=Rudolf |date=October 1991 |title=New Middle Carnian and Rhaetian conodonts from Hungary and the Alps. Stratigraphic importance and tectonic implications for the Buda Mountains and adjacent areas |url=http://www.geologickaspolocnost.sk/files/Mock51.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Jahrbuch Geologischen Bundesanstalt |volume=134 |pages=271–297 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609045734/http://www.geologickaspolocnost.sk/files/Mock51.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-09 |access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref> The Triassic surface is composed of karstified carbonates,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kósa |first=Gábor |last2=Mindszenty |first2=Andrea |last3=Mohai |first3=Rita |date=2003 |title=Eocene alluvial fan prograding over a highly dissected palaeokarst surface built up by Upper Triassic dolomites. New details on the early Palaeogene evolution of the Buda-Hills |url=http://epa.oszk.hu/01600/01635/00304/pdf/EPA01635_foldtani_kozlony_2003_133_2_271-285.pdf |journal=Bulletin of the Hungarian Geological Society |volume=133 |issue=2 |pages=271–285}}</ref> which are overlain by an Upper Eocene succession made of conglomerate beds.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Magyari |first=Árpád |date=1994 |title=Late Eocene Transpression in the Budaörs Hills |journal=Bulletin of the Hungarian Geological Society |volume=124 |issue=2 |pages=155–173}}</ref> During the period from the terminal Cretaceous to Priabonian, the area was a karstic terrestrial environment displaying distinct relief differences. It was also the time when Triassic formations were eroded. The continental period (ended by the transgression in Late Eocene) was characterized by the formation of small fans at the slope foot. The fans contained substantial quantities of andesite clasts thanks to the fans' close location to the andesite source rocks. The clasts could have been then transported by periodic streams along the valleys. The Late Eocene transgression reworked accumulated terrestrial sediments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Farics |first=Éva |last2=Farics |first2=Dávid |last3=Kovács |first3=József |last4=Haas |first4=János |date=2017-10-28 |title=Interpretation of sedimentological processes of coarse-grained deposits applying a novel combined cluster and discriminant analysis |journal=Open Geosciences |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=525–538 |bibcode=2017OGeo....9...40F |doi=10.1515/geo-2017-0040 |issn=2391-5447 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Important hills == [[Fayil:Buda_Hills_OSM_map_2.png|thumb|Map of the Buda Hills]] The most important hills of the region are: * {{Interlanguage link|Budaörsi Hill|hu|Budaörsi-hegy}} * Ferenc Hill * János Hill * {{Interlanguage link|Kutya Hill|hu|Kutya-hegy}} * {{Interlanguage link|Nagy-Kopasz|hu|Nagy-Kopasz}} * {{Interlanguage link|Nagy-Szénás|hu|Nagy-Szénás}} * {{Interlanguage link|Remete Hill|hu|Remete-hegy_(Budapest)}} * {{Interlanguage link|Szabadság Hill|hu|Szabadság-hegy}} * {{Interlanguage link|Széchenyi Hill|hu|Széchenyi-hegy}} * {{Interlanguage link|Zsíros Hill|hu|Zsíros-hegy}} == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:View_of_Buda_Hills.jpg|A view of the hills Fayil:View_of_Buda.jpg|Another view Fayil:Hunyad-orom,_Budapest.jpg|Hunyad-orom Fayil:Buda_Hills_03.jpg|A slope from the hills Fayil:Kiltás_a_Gellért-hegyről.jpg|A view from Gellért Hill </gallery> == Further reading == *   *   *   * {{Cite book|last3=:hu: Juhász Árpád (geológus)}} *   * {{Cite book|last3=:hu:Pápa Miklós}} * {{Cite book|last3=:hu:Pápa Miklós}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dx3dizxk38xjnkc03g2gvayheqg60pk 883411 883409 2026-07-15T11:47:16Z D son203 45710 883411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The '''Buda Hills''' (Hungarian: ''Budai-hegység'') are a low mountain range of numerous hills which dot the Buda side of [[Budapest]], capital of [[Hungariya|Hungary]]. The most famous ones located within city limits are Gellért Hill, Castle Hill, Rózsadomb, {{Interlanguage link|Sváb Hill|hu|Svábhegy}}, János Hill, {{Interlanguage link|Széchenyi Hill|hu|Széchenyi-hegy}} and Eagle Hill. These hills consist of both nature and residential areas. == Geology == The Budaörs dolomite of Anisian-Carnian age (Triassic period) is the oldest formation which crops out in the Buda Hills.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haas |first=János |last2=Budai |first2=Tamás |last3=Dunkl |first3=István |last4=Farics |first4=Éva |last5=Józsa |first5=Sándor |last6=Kövér |first6=Szilvia |last7=Götz |first7=Annette |last8=Piros |first8=Olga |last9=Szeitz |first9=Péter |date=2017-09-13 |title=The Budaörs-1 well revisited: Contributions to the Triassic stratigraphy, sedimentology, and magmatism of the southwestern part of the Buda Hills |journal=Central European Geology |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=201–229 |bibcode=2017CEJGl..60..201H |doi=10.1556/24.60.2017.008 |issn=1788-2281 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Younger Triassic succession is composed of cherty dolomite and limestone (basin facies), and dolomite combined with limestone (platform facies).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Balogh |first=K. |date=1981 |title=Correlation of the Hungarian Triassic |journal=Acta Geologica Hungarica |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=3–48}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kozur |first=Heinz |last2=Mock |first2=Rudolf |date=October 1991 |title=New Middle Carnian and Rhaetian conodonts from Hungary and the Alps. Stratigraphic importance and tectonic implications for the Buda Mountains and adjacent areas |url=http://www.geologickaspolocnost.sk/files/Mock51.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Jahrbuch Geologischen Bundesanstalt |volume=134 |pages=271–297 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609045734/http://www.geologickaspolocnost.sk/files/Mock51.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-09 |access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref> The Triassic surface is composed of karstified carbonates,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kósa |first=Gábor |last2=Mindszenty |first2=Andrea |last3=Mohai |first3=Rita |date=2003 |title=Eocene alluvial fan prograding over a highly dissected palaeokarst surface built up by Upper Triassic dolomites. New details on the early Palaeogene evolution of the Buda-Hills |url=http://epa.oszk.hu/01600/01635/00304/pdf/EPA01635_foldtani_kozlony_2003_133_2_271-285.pdf |journal=Bulletin of the Hungarian Geological Society |volume=133 |issue=2 |pages=271–285}}</ref> which are overlain by an Upper Eocene succession made of conglomerate beds.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Magyari |first=Árpád |date=1994 |title=Late Eocene Transpression in the Budaörs Hills |journal=Bulletin of the Hungarian Geological Society |volume=124 |issue=2 |pages=155–173}}</ref> During the period from the terminal Cretaceous to Priabonian, the area was a karstic terrestrial environment displaying distinct relief differences. It was also the time when Triassic formations were eroded. The continental period (ended by the transgression in Late Eocene) was characterized by the formation of small fans at the slope foot. The fans contained substantial quantities of andesite clasts thanks to the fans' close location to the andesite source rocks. The clasts could have been then transported by periodic streams along the valleys. The Late Eocene transgression reworked accumulated terrestrial sediments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Farics |first=Éva |last2=Farics |first2=Dávid |last3=Kovács |first3=József |last4=Haas |first4=János |date=2017-10-28 |title=Interpretation of sedimentological processes of coarse-grained deposits applying a novel combined cluster and discriminant analysis |journal=Open Geosciences |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=525–538 |bibcode=2017OGeo....9...40F |doi=10.1515/geo-2017-0040 |issn=2391-5447 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Important hills == [[Fayil:Buda_Hills_OSM_map_2.png|thumb|Map of the Buda Hills]] The most important hills of the region are: * {{Interlanguage link|Budaörsi Hill|hu|Budaörsi-hegy}} * Ferenc Hill * János Hill * {{Interlanguage link|Kutya Hill|hu|Kutya-hegy}} * {{Interlanguage link|Nagy-Kopasz|hu|Nagy-Kopasz}} * {{Interlanguage link|Nagy-Szénás|hu|Nagy-Szénás}} * {{Interlanguage link|Remete Hill|hu|Remete-hegy_(Budapest)}} * {{Interlanguage link|Szabadság Hill|hu|Szabadság-hegy}} * {{Interlanguage link|Széchenyi Hill|hu|Széchenyi-hegy}} * {{Interlanguage link|Zsíros Hill|hu|Zsíros-hegy}} == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:View_of_Buda_Hills.jpg|A view of the hills Fayil:View_of_Buda.jpg|Another view Fayil:Hunyad-orom,_Budapest.jpg|Hunyad-orom Fayil:Buda_Hills_03.jpg|A slope from the hills Fayil:Kiltás_a_Gellért-hegyről.jpg|A view from Gellért Hill </gallery> == Further reading == *   *   *   * {{Cite book|last3=:hu: Juhász Árpád (geológus)}} *   * {{Cite book|last3=:hu:Pápa Miklós}} * {{Cite book|last3=:hu:Pápa Miklós}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] afjbwwbiiiz9obdfpxnxhvax9gj5jtd 0 161623 883413 2026-07-15T11:50:17Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363370405|Bruno Jordão]]" 883413 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bruno André Cavaco Jordão''' (an haife shi 12 Oktoba 1998) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bulgarian First League CSKA Sofia . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === An haife shi a Marinha Grande, gundumar Leiria, Jordão ya fara aikinsa a UD Leiria . Ya zama ƙaramin ɗan wasan su kuma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a kowane lokaci a cikin 2015–16 Campeonato de Portugal, kuma a cikin Yuli 2016, ya koma SC Braga . [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] czh8am8cepbw39dzdx26eth9tnkp7gi 883414 883413 2026-07-15T11:51:04Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363370405|Bruno Jordão]]" 883414 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bruno André Cavaco Jordão''' (an haife shi 12 Oktoba 1998) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bulgarian First League CSKA Sofia . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === An haife shi a Marinha Grande, gundumar Leiria, Jordão ya fara aikinsa a UD Leiria . Ya zama ƙaramin ɗan wasan su kuma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a kowane lokaci a cikin 2015–16 Campeonato de Portugal, kuma a cikin Yuli 2016, ya koma SC Braga . A kan 20 Agusta 2016, Jordão ya fara wasansa na farko tare da Braga B a wasan 2016-17 LigaPro da Cova da Piedade . An maye gurbinsa da Xadas a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci a cikin rashin gida da ci 1-0. Both Jordão and teammate Pedro Neto were loaned to S.S. Lazio from Italy for two years on 31 August 2017, with an obligation to subsequently buy for a combined €26 million. He played only three matches for the Serie A club, starting with a 2–1 away loss to Genoa C.F.C. on 17 February 2019 when he played the final 18 minutes in place of Ștefan Radu. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] 33zhy9xwsu8zcbuy0r7qpocpn4jffi6 883415 883414 2026-07-15T11:51:34Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363370405|Bruno Jordão]]" 883415 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bruno André Cavaco Jordão''' (an haife shi 12 Oktoba 1998) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bulgarian First League CSKA Sofia . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === An haife shi a Marinha Grande, gundumar Leiria, Jordão ya fara aikinsa a UD Leiria . Ya zama ƙaramin ɗan wasan su kuma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a kowane lokaci a cikin 2015–16 Campeonato de Portugal, kuma a cikin Yuli 2016, ya koma SC Braga . A kan 20 Agusta 2016, Jordão ya fara wasansa na farko tare da Braga B a wasan 2016-17 LigaPro da Cova da Piedade . An maye gurbinsa da Xadas a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci a cikin rashin gida da ci 1-0. Both Jordão and teammate Pedro Neto were loaned to S.S. Lazio from Italy for two years on 31 August 2017, with an obligation to subsequently buy for a combined €26 million. He played only three matches for the Serie A club, starting with a 2–1 away loss to Genoa C.F.C. on 17 February 2019 when he played the final 18 minutes in place of Ștefan Radu. === Wolverhampton Wanderers === A ranar 2 ga Agusta 2019, Jordão ya sanya hannu a kulob din [[Premier League]] Wolverhampton Wanderers . Ya fara buga wa Wolves wasa a wasan zagaye na uku na Kofin EFL da Reading a ranar 25 ga Satumba, inda aka cire shi daga wasa jim kadan bayan ya zura kwallo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2019 |title=Wolves 1-1 Reading |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49736851 |access-date=26 September 2019 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Jordão ya fara bugawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta UEFA a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta Wolves a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2019-20 da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Espanyol|RCD Espanyol]] a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mann |first=Mantej |date=27 February 2020 |title=Espanyol 3–2 Wolves (agg 3-6): Visitors through despite Jonathan Calleri hat-trick |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51623249 |access-date=27 February 2020 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A wasan karshe na gasar Premier ta kakar wasa, ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2020 |title=Chelsea 2-0 Wolves |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/53460593 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Jordão ya amince ya koma ƙasarsa ta haihuwa a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa tare da FC Famalicão a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2020. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a ranar 18 ga Oktoba da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 3-3 da SC Farense . Ya rasa gurbinsa a rabin lokaci na biyu na kakar wasa, amma ba a rage masa lokaci ba a matsayin aronsa. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] 6xr543i95jeudwmu350f568vzss676y 883416 883415 2026-07-15T11:52:25Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363370405|Bruno Jordão]]" 883416 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bruno André Cavaco Jordão''' (an haife shi 12 Oktoba 1998) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bulgarian First League CSKA Sofia . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === An haife shi a Marinha Grande, gundumar Leiria, Jordão ya fara aikinsa a UD Leiria . Ya zama ƙaramin ɗan wasan su kuma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a kowane lokaci a cikin 2015–16 Campeonato de Portugal, kuma a cikin Yuli 2016, ya koma SC Braga . A kan 20 Agusta 2016, Jordão ya fara wasansa na farko tare da Braga B a wasan 2016-17 LigaPro da Cova da Piedade . An maye gurbinsa da Xadas a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci a cikin rashin gida da ci 1-0. Both Jordão and teammate Pedro Neto were loaned to S.S. Lazio from Italy for two years on 31 August 2017, with an obligation to subsequently buy for a combined €26 million. He played only three matches for the Serie A club, starting with a 2–1 away loss to Genoa C.F.C. on 17 February 2019 when he played the final 18 minutes in place of Ștefan Radu. === Wolverhampton Wanderers === A ranar 2 ga Agusta 2019, Jordão ya sanya hannu a kulob din [[Premier League]] Wolverhampton Wanderers . Ya fara buga wa Wolves wasa a wasan zagaye na uku na Kofin EFL da Reading a ranar 25 ga Satumba, inda aka cire shi daga wasa jim kadan bayan ya zura kwallo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2019 |title=Wolves 1-1 Reading |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49736851 |access-date=26 September 2019 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Jordão ya fara bugawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta UEFA a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta Wolves a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2019-20 da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Espanyol|RCD Espanyol]] a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mann |first=Mantej |date=27 February 2020 |title=Espanyol 3–2 Wolves (agg 3-6): Visitors through despite Jonathan Calleri hat-trick |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51623249 |access-date=27 February 2020 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A wasan karshe na gasar Premier ta kakar wasa, ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2020 |title=Chelsea 2-0 Wolves |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/53460593 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Jordão ya amince ya koma ƙasarsa ta haihuwa a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa tare da FC Famalicão a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2020. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a ranar 18 ga Oktoba da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 3-3 da SC Farense . Ya rasa gurbinsa a rabin lokaci na biyu na kakar wasa, amma ba a rage masa lokaci ba a matsayin aronsa. A ranar 9 ga Janairu 2022, Jordão ya fara bugawa Wolves wasa tun ranar 26 ga Yuli 2020, lokacin da ya shigo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Sheffield United da ci 3-0 a Molineux a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin FA ta 2021-22 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2022 |title=Wolves 3–0 Sheffield United: Wolves score in either half to make fourth round |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/59911632 |access-date=11 January 2022 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Jordão ya koma ƙungiyar Grasshopper Club Zürich ta Switzerland a matsayin aro har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2021–22 a ranar 31 ga Janairu 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2022 |title=Jordao joins Grasshoppers on loan |url=https://www.wolves.co.uk/news/loan-watch/20220131-jordao-joins-grasshoppers-on-loan/ |access-date=2 February 2022 |publisher=Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Agusta na wannan shekarar, an ba shi aro zuwa babban filin wasan ƙasarsa a CD Santa Clara . Kafin ya bayyana, ya ji rauni da ba a bayyana ba wanda zai buƙaci tiyata a Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba har zuwa 2023. Jordão ya bar Wolverhampton ta hanyar amincewar juna akan 6 Fabrairu 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2024 |title=Jordao makes his Wolves departure |url=https://www.wolves.co.uk/news/mens-first-team/20240206-jordao-makes-his-wolves-departure/ |access-date=6 February 2024 |publisher=Wolverhampton Wandererers}}</ref> === Radomik Radom === A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2024, Jordão ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da rabi tare da kulob din Radomiak Radom na Poland. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2024 |title=Bruno Jordao został nowym zawodnikiem Radomiaka Radom. W przeszłości grał w Premier League i Serie A |url=https://gol24.pl/bruno-jordao-zostal-nowym-zawodnikiem-radomiaka-radom-w-przeszlosci-gral-w-premier-league-i-serie-a/ar/c2-18296401 |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=gol24.pl |language=pl}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a karon farko bayan kwana takwas a wasan da suka sha kashi a gida da ci 0-4 a hannun Pogoń Szczecin, inda ya buga cikakken minti 90. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2024 |title=PKO Ekstraklasa: Radomiak 0-4 Pogoń |url=http://www.90minut.pl/news/330/news3305802-PKO-Ekstraklasa-Radomiak-0-4-Pogon.html |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=90minut.pl |language=pl}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] c168cre2g66iy2cvtsvpet03fvgmc76 883417 883416 2026-07-15T11:53:33Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363370405|Bruno Jordão]]" 883417 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bruno André Cavaco Jordão''' (an haife shi 12 Oktoba 1998) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bulgarian First League CSKA Sofia . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === An haife shi a Marinha Grande, gundumar Leiria, Jordão ya fara aikinsa a UD Leiria . Ya zama ƙaramin ɗan wasan su kuma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a kowane lokaci a cikin 2015–16 Campeonato de Portugal, kuma a cikin Yuli 2016, ya koma SC Braga . A kan 20 Agusta 2016, Jordão ya fara wasansa na farko tare da Braga B a wasan 2016-17 LigaPro da Cova da Piedade . An maye gurbinsa da Xadas a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci a cikin rashin gida da ci 1-0. Both Jordão and teammate Pedro Neto were loaned to S.S. Lazio from Italy for two years on 31 August 2017, with an obligation to subsequently buy for a combined €26 million. He played only three matches for the Serie A club, starting with a 2–1 away loss to Genoa C.F.C. on 17 February 2019 when he played the final 18 minutes in place of Ștefan Radu. === Wolverhampton Wanderers === A ranar 2 ga Agusta 2019, Jordão ya sanya hannu a kulob din [[Premier League]] Wolverhampton Wanderers . Ya fara buga wa Wolves wasa a wasan zagaye na uku na Kofin EFL da Reading a ranar 25 ga Satumba, inda aka cire shi daga wasa jim kadan bayan ya zura kwallo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2019 |title=Wolves 1-1 Reading |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49736851 |access-date=26 September 2019 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Jordão ya fara bugawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta UEFA a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta Wolves a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2019-20 da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Espanyol|RCD Espanyol]] a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mann |first=Mantej |date=27 February 2020 |title=Espanyol 3–2 Wolves (agg 3-6): Visitors through despite Jonathan Calleri hat-trick |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51623249 |access-date=27 February 2020 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A wasan karshe na gasar Premier ta kakar wasa, ya fara buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2020 |title=Chelsea 2-0 Wolves |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/53460593 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Jordão ya amince ya koma ƙasarsa ta haihuwa a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa tare da FC Famalicão a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2020. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a ranar 18 ga Oktoba da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 3-3 da SC Farense . Ya rasa gurbinsa a rabin lokaci na biyu na kakar wasa, amma ba a rage masa lokaci ba a matsayin aronsa. A ranar 9 ga Janairu 2022, Jordão ya fara bugawa Wolves wasa tun ranar 26 ga Yuli 2020, lokacin da ya shigo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Sheffield United da ci 3-0 a Molineux a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin FA ta 2021-22 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2022 |title=Wolves 3–0 Sheffield United: Wolves score in either half to make fourth round |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/59911632 |access-date=11 January 2022 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Jordão ya koma ƙungiyar Grasshopper Club Zürich ta Switzerland a matsayin aro har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2021–22 a ranar 31 ga Janairu 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2022 |title=Jordao joins Grasshoppers on loan |url=https://www.wolves.co.uk/news/loan-watch/20220131-jordao-joins-grasshoppers-on-loan/ |access-date=2 February 2022 |publisher=Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Agusta na wannan shekarar, an ba shi aro zuwa babban filin wasan ƙasarsa a CD Santa Clara . Kafin ya bayyana, ya ji rauni da ba a bayyana ba wanda zai buƙaci tiyata a Ingila, wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga wasa ba har zuwa 2023. Jordão ya bar Wolverhampton ta hanyar amincewar juna akan 6 Fabrairu 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2024 |title=Jordao makes his Wolves departure |url=https://www.wolves.co.uk/news/mens-first-team/20240206-jordao-makes-his-wolves-departure/ |access-date=6 February 2024 |publisher=Wolverhampton Wandererers}}</ref> === Radomik Radom === A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2024, Jordão ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da rabi tare da kulob din Radomiak Radom na Poland. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2024 |title=Bruno Jordao został nowym zawodnikiem Radomiaka Radom. W przeszłości grał w Premier League i Serie A |url=https://gol24.pl/bruno-jordao-zostal-nowym-zawodnikiem-radomiaka-radom-w-przeszlosci-gral-w-premier-league-i-serie-a/ar/c2-18296401 |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=gol24.pl |language=pl}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a karon farko bayan kwana takwas a wasan da suka sha kashi a gida da ci 0-4 a hannun Pogoń Szczecin, inda ya buga cikakken minti 90. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2024 |title=PKO Ekstraklasa: Radomiak 0-4 Pogoń |url=http://www.90minut.pl/news/330/news3305802-PKO-Ekstraklasa-Radomiak-0-4-Pogon.html |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=90minut.pl |language=pl}}</ref> === CSKA Sofia === A ranar 15 ga Agusta 2025, Jordão ya koma ƙungiyar CSKA Sofia ta Bulgarian First League kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku, kan kuɗin €500,000. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Karaszewski |first=Artur |date=15 August 2025 |title=Oficjalnie. Piłkarz Radomiaka trafił do CSKA Sofia. Solidny zarobek |trans-title=Officially, the Radomiak player has joined CSKA Sofia. A solid earning |url=https://sportowefakty.wp.pl/pilka-nozna/1204409/oficjalnie-pilkarz-radomiaka-trafil-do-cska-sofia-solidny-zarobek |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=sportowefakty.wp.pl |language=pl}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Jordão ya fara buga wa tawagar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Portugal wasa a watan Mayun 2018, kafin wasan sada zumunta da Italiya a Estoril . Ya shigo wasan ne a hutun rabin lokaci don Stephen Eustáquio a wasan da suka ci 3-2 a ranar 25 ga Mayu. == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 9 July 2026}}<ref>{{Soccerway|bruno-andre-cavaco-jordao/420506}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] emwib6zyy3fp9458yylksnm8uwadgi8 0 161624 883418 2026-07-15T11:54:32Z Habu2844 46985 /* */ 883418 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abubakar Adamu Unik''' matashi ne kuma ɗan fafutukar siyasa da al'umma daga yankin Hadejia a Jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. == Tarihin Karatu == Abubakar Adamu Unik ya yi karatunsa na kimiyya a matakai daban-daban na gaba da sakandare:<ref>https://facebook.com</ref> * **Karatun Diploma**: Ya fara karatunsa na gaba da sakandare a makarantar Binyaminu Usman College of Agriculture (BUCAH) da ke mahaifarsa a Hadejia. * **Karatun Digiri**: Bayan nan, ya ci gaba da karatun digiri na fari (B.Sc) a Jami'ar Sa'adu Zungur (Sa'adu Zungur University, Gadau) da ke Jihar Bauchi. * **Fannin Kwarewa**: Ya karanci ilimin Science Laboratory Technology (SLT), inda ya karkata na musamman a fannin Biochemistry option. == Fafutukar Siyasa da Kishin Al'umma == * **Muryar Matasa**: Abubakar ya shahara a dandalin sada zumunta, musamman a Facebook, wajen tsokaci kan al'amuran yau da kullum, ilimi, da kuma ci gaban Jihar Jigawa da Masarautar Hadejia. * **Akidar Siyasa**: Yana ɗaya daqun matasa masu fafutuka da goyon bayan tafiyar siyasa ta Dr. Nuruddeen Muhammad (tsohon Ministan Ƙasa na Lafiya da Harkokin Waje na Najeriya). * **Salon Tafiya**: Rubuce-rubucensa suna mayar da hankali ne kan tattaunawa ta ilimi, neman gaskiya, da kawo hujjoji maimakon zagi ko cin mutunci. == Dalilin Sunan "Unik" == Sunan "Unik" da ke jikin sunansa na fafutuka an samo shi ne a matsayin girmamawa da koyi da tarbiyyar marigayi Mallam Muhammad Adamu UNIK (mahaifin Dr. Nuruddeen Muhammad). Marigayin ya kasance babban malami, masani, kuma mai kishin ilimi da taimakon al'umma a ƙasar Hadejia. == Hujjoji == * Shaidar Karatu a Facebook: https://facebook.com * Shaidar Fafutuka da Rubuce-rubuce: https://facebook.com 6bcnlnwiqd00lz8hw2bbrgtgxu7s7my 0 161625 883420 2026-07-15T11:55:56Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301292692|Linda Ruth Williams]]" 883420 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Linda Ruth Williams''' (born 16 April 1961)<ref name="Congress">{{Cite web |title=Williams, Linda Ruth |url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n94005853.html |access-date=22 October 2015 |publisher=Library of Congress |quote=data sheet (b. 04-16-1961)}}</ref> is a professor of film studies in the department of Communications (of which she is head), Drama, and Film at the University of Exeter, UK.<ref name="exeter">{{Cite web |title=Professor Linda Ruth Williams |url=http://humanities.exeter.ac.uk/film/staff/lwilliams/ |access-date=2017-12-17 |website=University of Exeter |language=en}}</ref> Her special interests include sexuality and censorship in cinema and literature (she has written widely on pornography, including a book on soft-core cinema), women in film, psychoanalytic theory and D. H. Lawrence. == Biography == Williams went to school in [[Bristol]], where she grew up, and followed her English degree at the University of Sussex with an MA in Critical Theory. She earned her PhD from Sussex on ''Lawrence, [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] and [[Feminism]]''. === Career === She has lectured at Liverpool, Manchester and Exeter Universities, and, between 1994 and 2017, at Southampton University.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Professor Linda Ruth Williams |url=http://www.southampton.ac.uk/english/about/staff/lrw1.page |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504111100/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/english/about/staff/lrw1.page |archive-date=4 May 2017 |access-date=2017-07-16 |website=University of Southampton |language=en}}</ref> She is currently Professor of Film at the University of Exeter.<ref name="exeter">{{Cite web |title=Professor Linda Ruth Williams |url=http://humanities.exeter.ac.uk/film/staff/lwilliams/ |access-date=2017-12-17 |website=University of Exeter |language=en}}</ref> She has written several books, including the influential ''Critical Desire: Psychoanalysis and the Literary Subject'' and ''The Erotic Thriller in Contemporary Cinema'', and is a regular contributor to the British Film Institute's ''Sight and Sound'' magazine, and to radio programmes including Woman's Hour.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Professor Linda Ruth Williams |url=http://www.southampton.ac.uk/english/about/staff/lrw1.page |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504111100/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/english/about/staff/lrw1.page |archive-date=4 May 2017 |access-date=2017-07-16 |website=University of Southampton |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170504111100/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/english/about/staff/lrw1.page "Professor Linda Ruth Williams"]. ''University of Southampton''. Archived from [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/english/about/staff/lrw1.page the original] on 4 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Her 2006 book, ''Contemporary American Cinema'' was co-edited with fellow Southampton lecturer Michael Hammond. == Personal life == She is married to the film critic Mark Kermode, and they have two children. She is co-curator of the annual Shetland Film Festival, Screenplay, run by Shetland Arts, and is a founding organiser of the [[New Forest Festival]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Publications == === Books === *   *   *   (With introduction by Williams.) *   *   *   *   *   === Book chapters === *   (Also wrote numerous reference entries on British Poetry since 1830 for that text.) * {{Citation|last=Susan Sellers}} * {{Citation|last=Isobel Armstrong}} :: ''Extracted as'':   * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=Spring 1989 |title=Submission and reading: feminine masochism and feminist criticism |url=http://www.newformations.co.uk/abstracts/contents.html |journal=New Formations, Modernism / Masochism |publisher=[[Lawrence and Wishart]] |volume=7 |pages=9–19}} [http://www.amielandmelburn.org.uk/collections/newformations/07_09.pdf Pdf.] * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=July 1990 |title=Men in feminism |journal=Women: A Cultural Review |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=63–65 |doi=10.1080/09574049008578023}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=July 1992 |title=The Trial of D.H. Lawrence |journal=[[Berghahn Books|Critical Survey]] |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=154–161 |jstor=41555646}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=Summer 1995 |title=Identity orgies |url=http://www.newformations.co.uk/abstracts/nf25abstracts.html |url-status=dead |journal=New Formations, Michel Foucault: J'accuse |publisher=[[Lawrence and Wishart]] |volume=25 |pages=123–127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217003544/http://www.newformations.co.uk/abstracts/nf25abstracts.html |archive-date=17 February 2015 |access-date=23 October 2015}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=1997 |title=Body talk: In the new G.I.Jane, Demi Moore shows her muscles as a US Navy SEAL. But is her shape-shifting purely about image control, asks Linda Ruth Williams |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=18–22}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=1997–1998 |title="''We've Been Forgetting that We're Flesh and Blood, Mother''", "''Glad Ghosts''" and "''Uncanny Bodies''" |url=http://www.dhlawrencereview.org/archive/v27/v272&3.html |journal=D. H. Lawrence Review |publisher=[[Texas State University|Southwest Texas State University]] |volume=27 |issue=2&3 |pages=233–253}} (Editors: Howard J. Booth, Elizabeth M. Fox and Fiona Becket.) * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=October 1999 |title=The edge of the razor |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |pages=13–14}} (Interview with director [[Catherine Breillat]].) * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=June 2001 |title=Blood sisters |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=36–37}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=October 2002 |title=Escape artist |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |pages=22–25}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=March 2003 |title=Swing high, swing low |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |pages=32–33}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=December 2005 |title=Songs for swinging lovers |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=February 2007 |title=Sleeping with the enemy |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=July 2007 |title=Ken Russell: sweet swell of excess |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda Ruth |date=Winter 2008 |title=Speaking of soft core |journal=[[Cinema Journal]] |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=129–135 |doi=10.1353/cj.2008.0013 |jstor=30137707}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=March 2009 |title=Mister Strangelove |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda Ruth |date=Winter 2012 |title=The tears of Henry Thomas Screen |journal=[[Screen (journal)|Screen]] |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=459–464 |doi=10.1093/screen/hjs051}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=Spring 1989 |title=Submission and reading: feminine masochism and feminist criticism |url=http://www.newformations.co.uk/abstracts/contents.html |journal=New Formations, Modernism / Masochism |publisher=[[Lawrence and Wishart]] |volume=7 |pages=9–19}} [http://www.amielandmelburn.org.uk/collections/newformations/07_09.pdf Pdf.] * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=July 1990 |title=Men in feminism |journal=Women: A Cultural Review |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=63–65 |doi=10.1080/09574049008578023}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=July 1992 |title=The Trial of D.H. Lawrence |journal=[[Berghahn Books|Critical Survey]] |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=154–161 |jstor=41555646}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=Summer 1995 |title=Identity orgies |url=http://www.newformations.co.uk/abstracts/nf25abstracts.html |url-status=dead |journal=New Formations, Michel Foucault: J'accuse |publisher=[[Lawrence and Wishart]] |volume=25 |pages=123–127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217003544/http://www.newformations.co.uk/abstracts/nf25abstracts.html |archive-date=17 February 2015 |access-date=23 October 2015}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=1997 |title=Body talk: In the new G.I.Jane, Demi Moore shows her muscles as a US Navy SEAL. But is her shape-shifting purely about image control, asks Linda Ruth Williams |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=18–22}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=1997–1998 |title="''We've Been Forgetting that We're Flesh and Blood, Mother''", "''Glad Ghosts''" and "''Uncanny Bodies''" |url=http://www.dhlawrencereview.org/archive/v27/v272&3.html |journal=D. H. Lawrence Review |publisher=[[Texas State University|Southwest Texas State University]] |volume=27 |issue=2&3 |pages=233–253}} (Editors: Howard J. Booth, Elizabeth M. Fox and Fiona Becket.) * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=October 1999 |title=The edge of the razor |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |pages=13–14}} (Interview with director [[Catherine Breillat]].) * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=June 2001 |title=Blood sisters |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=36–37}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=October 2002 |title=Escape artist |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |pages=22–25}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=March 2003 |title=Swing high, swing low |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |pages=32–33}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=December 2005 |title=Songs for swinging lovers |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=February 2007 |title=Sleeping with the enemy |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=July 2007 |title=Ken Russell: sweet swell of excess |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda Ruth |date=Winter 2008 |title=Speaking of soft core |journal=[[Cinema Journal]] |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=129–135 |doi=10.1353/cj.2008.0013 |jstor=30137707}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=March 2009 |title=Mister Strangelove |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda Ruth |date=Winter 2012 |title=The tears of Henry Thomas Screen |journal=[[Screen (journal)|Screen]] |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=459–464 |doi=10.1093/screen/hjs051}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rjiw3sap6imi5xe52v9qp81qxaijrx3 883421 883420 2026-07-15T11:56:19Z D son203 45710 883421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Linda Ruth Williams''' (born 16 April 1961)<ref name="Congress">{{Cite web |title=Williams, Linda Ruth |url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n94005853.html |access-date=22 October 2015 |publisher=Library of Congress |quote=data sheet (b. 04-16-1961)}}</ref> is a professor of film studies in the department of Communications (of which she is head), Drama, and Film at the University of Exeter, UK.<ref name="exeter">{{Cite web |title=Professor Linda Ruth Williams |url=http://humanities.exeter.ac.uk/film/staff/lwilliams/ |access-date=2017-12-17 |website=University of Exeter |language=en}}</ref> Her special interests include sexuality and censorship in cinema and literature (she has written widely on pornography, including a book on soft-core cinema), women in film, psychoanalytic theory and D. H. Lawrence. == Biography == Williams went to school in [[Bristol]], where she grew up, and followed her English degree at the University of Sussex with an MA in Critical Theory. She earned her PhD from Sussex on ''Lawrence, [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] and [[Feminism]]''. === Career === She has lectured at Liverpool, Manchester and Exeter Universities, and, between 1994 and 2017, at Southampton University.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Professor Linda Ruth Williams |url=http://www.southampton.ac.uk/english/about/staff/lrw1.page |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504111100/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/english/about/staff/lrw1.page |archive-date=4 May 2017 |access-date=2017-07-16 |website=University of Southampton |language=en}}</ref> She is currently Professor of Film at the University of Exeter.<ref name="exeter">{{Cite web |title=Professor Linda Ruth Williams |url=http://humanities.exeter.ac.uk/film/staff/lwilliams/ |access-date=2017-12-17 |website=University of Exeter |language=en}}</ref> She has written several books, including the influential ''Critical Desire: Psychoanalysis and the Literary Subject'' and ''The Erotic Thriller in Contemporary Cinema'', and is a regular contributor to the British Film Institute's ''Sight and Sound'' magazine, and to radio programmes including Woman's Hour.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Professor Linda Ruth Williams |url=http://www.southampton.ac.uk/english/about/staff/lrw1.page |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504111100/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/english/about/staff/lrw1.page |archive-date=4 May 2017 |access-date=2017-07-16 |website=University of Southampton |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170504111100/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/english/about/staff/lrw1.page "Professor Linda Ruth Williams"]. ''University of Southampton''. Archived from [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/english/about/staff/lrw1.page the original] on 4 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Her 2006 book, ''Contemporary American Cinema'' was co-edited with fellow Southampton lecturer Michael Hammond. == Personal life == She is married to the film critic Mark Kermode, and they have two children. She is co-curator of the annual Shetland Film Festival, Screenplay, run by Shetland Arts, and is a founding organiser of the [[New Forest Festival]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Publications == === Books === *   *   *   (With introduction by Williams.) *   *   *   *   *   === Book chapters === *   (Also wrote numerous reference entries on British Poetry since 1830 for that text.) * {{Citation|last=Susan Sellers}} * {{Citation|last=Isobel Armstrong}} :: ''Extracted as'':   * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=Spring 1989 |title=Submission and reading: feminine masochism and feminist criticism |url=http://www.newformations.co.uk/abstracts/contents.html |journal=New Formations, Modernism / Masochism |publisher=[[Lawrence and Wishart]] |volume=7 |pages=9–19}} [http://www.amielandmelburn.org.uk/collections/newformations/07_09.pdf Pdf.] * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=July 1990 |title=Men in feminism |journal=Women: A Cultural Review |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=63–65 |doi=10.1080/09574049008578023}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=July 1992 |title=The Trial of D.H. Lawrence |journal=[[Berghahn Books|Critical Survey]] |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=154–161 |jstor=41555646}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=Summer 1995 |title=Identity orgies |url=http://www.newformations.co.uk/abstracts/nf25abstracts.html |url-status=dead |journal=New Formations, Michel Foucault: J'accuse |publisher=[[Lawrence and Wishart]] |volume=25 |pages=123–127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217003544/http://www.newformations.co.uk/abstracts/nf25abstracts.html |archive-date=17 February 2015 |access-date=23 October 2015}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=1997 |title=Body talk: In the new G.I.Jane, Demi Moore shows her muscles as a US Navy SEAL. But is her shape-shifting purely about image control, asks Linda Ruth Williams |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=18–22}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=1997–1998 |title="''We've Been Forgetting that We're Flesh and Blood, Mother''", "''Glad Ghosts''" and "''Uncanny Bodies''" |url=http://www.dhlawrencereview.org/archive/v27/v272&3.html |journal=D. H. Lawrence Review |publisher=[[Texas State University|Southwest Texas State University]] |volume=27 |issue=2&3 |pages=233–253}} (Editors: Howard J. Booth, Elizabeth M. Fox and Fiona Becket.) * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=October 1999 |title=The edge of the razor |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |pages=13–14}} (Interview with director [[Catherine Breillat]].) * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=June 2001 |title=Blood sisters |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=36–37}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=October 2002 |title=Escape artist |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |pages=22–25}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=March 2003 |title=Swing high, swing low |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |pages=32–33}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=December 2005 |title=Songs for swinging lovers |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=February 2007 |title=Sleeping with the enemy |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=July 2007 |title=Ken Russell: sweet swell of excess |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda Ruth |date=Winter 2008 |title=Speaking of soft core |journal=[[Cinema Journal]] |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=129–135 |doi=10.1353/cj.2008.0013 |jstor=30137707}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=March 2009 |title=Mister Strangelove |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda Ruth |date=Winter 2012 |title=The tears of Henry Thomas Screen |journal=[[Screen (journal)|Screen]] |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=459–464 |doi=10.1093/screen/hjs051}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=Spring 1989 |title=Submission and reading: feminine masochism and feminist criticism |url=http://www.newformations.co.uk/abstracts/contents.html |journal=New Formations, Modernism / Masochism |publisher=[[Lawrence and Wishart]] |volume=7 |pages=9–19}} [http://www.amielandmelburn.org.uk/collections/newformations/07_09.pdf Pdf.] * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=July 1990 |title=Men in feminism |journal=Women: A Cultural Review |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=63–65 |doi=10.1080/09574049008578023}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=July 1992 |title=The Trial of D.H. Lawrence |journal=[[Berghahn Books|Critical Survey]] |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=154–161 |jstor=41555646}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=Summer 1995 |title=Identity orgies |url=http://www.newformations.co.uk/abstracts/nf25abstracts.html |url-status=dead |journal=New Formations, Michel Foucault: J'accuse |publisher=[[Lawrence and Wishart]] |volume=25 |pages=123–127 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217003544/http://www.newformations.co.uk/abstracts/nf25abstracts.html |archive-date=17 February 2015 |access-date=23 October 2015}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=1997 |title=Body talk: In the new G.I.Jane, Demi Moore shows her muscles as a US Navy SEAL. But is her shape-shifting purely about image control, asks Linda Ruth Williams |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=18–22}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=1997–1998 |title="''We've Been Forgetting that We're Flesh and Blood, Mother''", "''Glad Ghosts''" and "''Uncanny Bodies''" |url=http://www.dhlawrencereview.org/archive/v27/v272&3.html |journal=D. H. Lawrence Review |publisher=[[Texas State University|Southwest Texas State University]] |volume=27 |issue=2&3 |pages=233–253}} (Editors: Howard J. Booth, Elizabeth M. Fox and Fiona Becket.) * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=October 1999 |title=The edge of the razor |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |pages=13–14}} (Interview with director [[Catherine Breillat]].) * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=June 2001 |title=Blood sisters |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=36–37}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=October 2002 |title=Escape artist |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |pages=22–25}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=March 2003 |title=Swing high, swing low |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |pages=32–33}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=December 2005 |title=Songs for swinging lovers |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=February 2007 |title=Sleeping with the enemy |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=July 2007 |title=Ken Russell: sweet swell of excess |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda Ruth |date=Winter 2008 |title=Speaking of soft core |journal=[[Cinema Journal]] |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=129–135 |doi=10.1353/cj.2008.0013 |jstor=30137707}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda R. |date=March 2009 |title=Mister Strangelove |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-back-issues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]] |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}} * {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Linda Ruth |date=Winter 2012 |title=The tears of Henry Thomas Screen |journal=[[Screen (journal)|Screen]] |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=459–464 |doi=10.1093/screen/hjs051}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dmi88n1pfwqwipt6p8zg0ppb1goiu6d 0 161626 883422 2026-07-15T11:57:44Z D son203 45710 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363359956|André Brock]]" 883422 wikitext text/x-wiki '''André Brock Jr.''' is an American scholar focusing on Black digital practices and online experiences, including Black Twitter. He is an associate professor of media studies at Georgia Tech. == Career == Brock earned a bachelor's degree from City College of New York, a master's degree in English rhetoric from Carnegie Mellon University, and a Ph.D. in library and information science from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Penrice |first=Ronda Racha |date=May 14, 2024 |title=A Georgia Tech professor was featured in Hulu's Black Twitter: A People's History |url=https://www.atlantamagazine.com/news-culture-articles/a-georgia-tech-professor-was-featured-in-the-hulus-black-twitter-a-peoples-history/ |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=[[Atlanta Magazine]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Brock |first=Andre |title=André Brock curriculum vitae |url=https://andrebrock.academia.edu/cv |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=André Brock}}</ref> Brock was an assistant professor of information science at the University of Iowa from 2007 to 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Brock |first=Andre |title=André Brock curriculum vitae |url=https://andrebrock.academia.edu/cv |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=André Brock}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBrock">Brock, Andre. [https://andrebrock.academia.edu/cv "André Brock curriculum vitae"]. ''André Brock''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> From 2013 to 2018 he taught as an assistant professor at the University of Michigan.<ref name=":0" /> In 2018, he became an associate professor of media studies at Georgia Tech. In 2021, he founded the Project on Rhetoric of Equity, Access, Computation, and Humanities (PREACH) Lab at Georgia Tech with a grant from the University of Michigan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 28, 2021 |title=LMC's André Brock Receives Grant for Lab to Study 'Race, Difference, and Computation' |url=https://iac.gatech.edu/news/item/646984/andr-brock-receives-grant-study-race-difference-computation |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts |publisher=Georgia Tech |language=en}}</ref> As a race and digital culture scholar,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asmelash |first=Leah |date=May 30, 2020 |title=How Karen became a meme, and what real-life Karens think about it |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/30/us/karen-meme-trnd/index.html |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> Brock's research has focused particularly on African Americans' use of new media like [[Twitter]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Douglas |first=Susan J. |date=August 26, 2014 |title=#BlackTwitter and the Revolutionary Power of Horizontal Networks |url=https://inthesetimes.com/article/how-blacktwitter-made-michael-browns-death-front-page-news |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=[[In These Times (magazine)|In These Times]] |language=en}}</ref> He is an expert on Black Twitter, which has been a focus of his studies since 2012.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Penrice |first=Ronda Racha |date=May 14, 2024 |title=A Georgia Tech professor was featured in Hulu's Black Twitter: A People's History |url=https://www.atlantamagazine.com/news-culture-articles/a-georgia-tech-professor-was-featured-in-the-hulus-black-twitter-a-peoples-history/ |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=[[Atlanta Magazine]] |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPenrice2024">Penrice, Ronda Racha (May 14, 2024). [https://www.atlantamagazine.com/news-culture-articles/a-georgia-tech-professor-was-featured-in-the-hulus-black-twitter-a-peoples-history/ "A Georgia Tech professor was featured in Hulu's Black Twitter: A People's History"]. ''[[Atlanta Magazine]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> In an interview for Jason Parham's 2021 ''Wired'' series "A People's History of Black Twitter", Brock said of Black Twitter: "Many immigrant communities have a form of signifying. But for some reason, the way Black folk do it on Twitter has really taken off and has really become definitive of what internet culture is." In 2024, he was one of the primary experts for the Hulu docuseries that grew out of the ''Wired'' series, titled ''Black Twitter: A People's History''.<ref name=":1" /> === ''Distributed Blackness'' === Brock is the author of ''Distributed Blackness: African American Cybercultures'', published in 2020 by New York University Press. He uses a methodological approach proposed in his earlier work, called Critical Technocultural Discourse Analysis (CTDA), which he describes as a "holistic approach to analyzing technology as discourse, practice, and artifact".<ref name=":2" /> He also draws on Jean-François Lyotard's libidinal economy to analyze Black technology use.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suren |first=Nora |date=2021 |title=Review of Distributed Blackness: African American Cybercultures by André Brock, Jr. (New York University Press) |journal=[[Lateral (journal)|Lateral]] |language=en-US |volume=10 |issue=2 |doi=10.25158/L10.2.21 |issn=2469-4053 |doi-access=free}}</ref> He argues that "Black folk have made the internet a 'Black space' whose contours have become visible through sociality and distributed digital practice while also decentering whiteness as the default internet identity." A main theme of the book is Black joy as it is expressed and experienced in digital spaces.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Sobande |first=Francesca |date=2021 |title=Book Review: Distributed blackness: African American cybercultures |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13548565211042228 |journal=[[Convergence (journal)|Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies]] |language=en |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1833–1835 |doi=10.1177/13548565211042228 |issn=1354-8565 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Francesca Sobande reviewed ''Distributed Blackness'' for <nowiki><i id="mwZQ">Convergence</i></nowiki>, describing it as "significant and detailed" and important to researchers focused on Black cybercultures and philosophy.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Sobande |first=Francesca |date=2021 |title=Book Review: Distributed blackness: African American cybercultures |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13548565211042228 |journal=[[Convergence (journal)|Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies]] |language=en |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1833–1835 |doi=10.1177/13548565211042228 |issn=1354-8565 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSobande2021">Sobande, Francesca (2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13548565211042228 "Book Review: Distributed blackness: African American cybercultures"]</span>. ''[[Convergence (journal)|Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies]]''. '''27''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1833–</span>1835. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/13548565211042228|10.1177/13548565211042228]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-8565 1354-8565].</cite></ref> Kamilles Gentles-Peart gave the book a "recommended" review in ''Choice'', writing that the book is "one corrective to Western pathologizing and to the misconception of Black subjectivity and agency in online spaces".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gentles-Peart |first=Kamille |date=August 15, 2023 |title=Understanding Blackness Online: Race and Cyberculture |url=https://www.choice360.org/choice-pick/understanding-blackness-online-race-and-cyberculture/ |journal=[[Choice (publisher)|Choice]] |volume=61 |issue=3}}</ref> The book earned a starred review in ''Booklist.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Lesley |date=February 2020 |title=Distributed Blackness: African American Cybercultures |url=https://www.booklistonline.com/Distributed-Blackness/pid=9728419 |journal=[[Booklist]] |volume=116 |issue=11 |pages=6}}</ref> ''Distributed Blackness'' earned the 2021 Harry Shaw and Katrina Hazzard-Donald Award for Outstanding Work in African-American Popular Culture Studies from the [[Nazarin al'adu|Popular Culture Association]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Literary, Film and Electronic Award Winners |url=https://cdn.ymaws.com/pcaaca.org/resource/collection/ECD85287-0E20-4E5B-8DA3-009B2EB5AA35/2021_Award_Winners.pdf |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=Popular Culture Association}}</ref> and the 2021 Nancy Baym Annual Book Award from the Association of Internet Researchers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nancy Baym Annual Book Award |url=https://aoir.org/awards/nancy-baym-annual-book-award/ |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=Association of Internet Researchers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Selected works and publications == === Books === === Selected academic works === * {{Cite journal |last=Brock |first=André |last2=Kvasny |first2=Lynette |last3=Hales |first3=Kayla |date=2010 |title=Cultural appropriations of technical capital: Black women, weblogs, and the digital divide |journal=[[Information, Communication & Society]] |language=en |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=1040–1059 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2010.498897 |issn=1369-118X}} * {{Cite journal |last=Brock |first=André |date=2011 |title='When Keeping it Real Goes Wrong': Resident Evil 5, Racial Representation, and Gamers |journal=[[Games and Culture]] |language=en |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=429–452 |doi=10.1177/1555412011402676 |issn=1555-4120}} * {{Cite journal |last=Brock |first=André |date=2012 |title=From the Blackhand Side: Twitter as a Cultural Conversation |url= |journal=[[Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media]] |language=en |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=529–549 |doi=10.1080/08838151.2012.732147 |issn=0883-8151}} * {{Cite journal |last=Brock |first=André |date=2018 |title=Critical technocultural discourse analysis |journal=[[New Media & Society]] |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=1012–1030 |doi=10.1177/1461444816677532 |issn=1461-4448}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p8lgakm49zgcnspo9mlz2zj8c3q806y 883423 883422 2026-07-15T11:58:03Z D son203 45710 883423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''André Brock Jr.''' is an American scholar focusing on Black digital practices and online experiences, including Black Twitter. He is an associate professor of media studies at Georgia Tech. == Career == Brock earned a bachelor's degree from City College of New York, a master's degree in English rhetoric from Carnegie Mellon University, and a Ph.D. in library and information science from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Penrice |first=Ronda Racha |date=May 14, 2024 |title=A Georgia Tech professor was featured in Hulu's Black Twitter: A People's History |url=https://www.atlantamagazine.com/news-culture-articles/a-georgia-tech-professor-was-featured-in-the-hulus-black-twitter-a-peoples-history/ |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=[[Atlanta Magazine]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Brock |first=Andre |title=André Brock curriculum vitae |url=https://andrebrock.academia.edu/cv |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=André Brock}}</ref> Brock was an assistant professor of information science at the University of Iowa from 2007 to 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Brock |first=Andre |title=André Brock curriculum vitae |url=https://andrebrock.academia.edu/cv |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=André Brock}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBrock">Brock, Andre. [https://andrebrock.academia.edu/cv "André Brock curriculum vitae"]. ''André Brock''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> From 2013 to 2018 he taught as an assistant professor at the University of Michigan.<ref name=":0" /> In 2018, he became an associate professor of media studies at Georgia Tech. In 2021, he founded the Project on Rhetoric of Equity, Access, Computation, and Humanities (PREACH) Lab at Georgia Tech with a grant from the University of Michigan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 28, 2021 |title=LMC's André Brock Receives Grant for Lab to Study 'Race, Difference, and Computation' |url=https://iac.gatech.edu/news/item/646984/andr-brock-receives-grant-study-race-difference-computation |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts |publisher=Georgia Tech |language=en}}</ref> As a race and digital culture scholar,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asmelash |first=Leah |date=May 30, 2020 |title=How Karen became a meme, and what real-life Karens think about it |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/30/us/karen-meme-trnd/index.html |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> Brock's research has focused particularly on African Americans' use of new media like [[Twitter]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Douglas |first=Susan J. |date=August 26, 2014 |title=#BlackTwitter and the Revolutionary Power of Horizontal Networks |url=https://inthesetimes.com/article/how-blacktwitter-made-michael-browns-death-front-page-news |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=[[In These Times (magazine)|In These Times]] |language=en}}</ref> He is an expert on Black Twitter, which has been a focus of his studies since 2012.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Penrice |first=Ronda Racha |date=May 14, 2024 |title=A Georgia Tech professor was featured in Hulu's Black Twitter: A People's History |url=https://www.atlantamagazine.com/news-culture-articles/a-georgia-tech-professor-was-featured-in-the-hulus-black-twitter-a-peoples-history/ |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=[[Atlanta Magazine]] |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPenrice2024">Penrice, Ronda Racha (May 14, 2024). [https://www.atlantamagazine.com/news-culture-articles/a-georgia-tech-professor-was-featured-in-the-hulus-black-twitter-a-peoples-history/ "A Georgia Tech professor was featured in Hulu's Black Twitter: A People's History"]. ''[[Atlanta Magazine]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> In an interview for Jason Parham's 2021 ''Wired'' series "A People's History of Black Twitter", Brock said of Black Twitter: "Many immigrant communities have a form of signifying. But for some reason, the way Black folk do it on Twitter has really taken off and has really become definitive of what internet culture is." In 2024, he was one of the primary experts for the Hulu docuseries that grew out of the ''Wired'' series, titled ''Black Twitter: A People's History''.<ref name=":1" /> === ''Distributed Blackness'' === Brock is the author of ''Distributed Blackness: African American Cybercultures'', published in 2020 by New York University Press. He uses a methodological approach proposed in his earlier work, called Critical Technocultural Discourse Analysis (CTDA), which he describes as a "holistic approach to analyzing technology as discourse, practice, and artifact".<ref name=":2" /> He also draws on Jean-François Lyotard's libidinal economy to analyze Black technology use.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suren |first=Nora |date=2021 |title=Review of Distributed Blackness: African American Cybercultures by André Brock, Jr. (New York University Press) |journal=[[Lateral (journal)|Lateral]] |language=en-US |volume=10 |issue=2 |doi=10.25158/L10.2.21 |issn=2469-4053 |doi-access=free}}</ref> He argues that "Black folk have made the internet a 'Black space' whose contours have become visible through sociality and distributed digital practice while also decentering whiteness as the default internet identity." A main theme of the book is Black joy as it is expressed and experienced in digital spaces.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Sobande |first=Francesca |date=2021 |title=Book Review: Distributed blackness: African American cybercultures |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13548565211042228 |journal=[[Convergence (journal)|Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies]] |language=en |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1833–1835 |doi=10.1177/13548565211042228 |issn=1354-8565 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Francesca Sobande reviewed ''Distributed Blackness'' for <nowiki><i id="mwZQ">Convergence</i></nowiki>, describing it as "significant and detailed" and important to researchers focused on Black cybercultures and philosophy.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Sobande |first=Francesca |date=2021 |title=Book Review: Distributed blackness: African American cybercultures |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13548565211042228 |journal=[[Convergence (journal)|Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies]] |language=en |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1833–1835 |doi=10.1177/13548565211042228 |issn=1354-8565 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSobande2021">Sobande, Francesca (2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13548565211042228 "Book Review: Distributed blackness: African American cybercultures"]</span>. ''[[Convergence (journal)|Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies]]''. '''27''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1833–</span>1835. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/13548565211042228|10.1177/13548565211042228]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-8565 1354-8565].</cite></ref> Kamilles Gentles-Peart gave the book a "recommended" review in ''Choice'', writing that the book is "one corrective to Western pathologizing and to the misconception of Black subjectivity and agency in online spaces".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gentles-Peart |first=Kamille |date=August 15, 2023 |title=Understanding Blackness Online: Race and Cyberculture |url=https://www.choice360.org/choice-pick/understanding-blackness-online-race-and-cyberculture/ |journal=[[Choice (publisher)|Choice]] |volume=61 |issue=3}}</ref> The book earned a starred review in ''Booklist.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Lesley |date=February 2020 |title=Distributed Blackness: African American Cybercultures |url=https://www.booklistonline.com/Distributed-Blackness/pid=9728419 |journal=[[Booklist]] |volume=116 |issue=11 |pages=6}}</ref> ''Distributed Blackness'' earned the 2021 Harry Shaw and Katrina Hazzard-Donald Award for Outstanding Work in African-American Popular Culture Studies from the [[Nazarin al'adu|Popular Culture Association]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Literary, Film and Electronic Award Winners |url=https://cdn.ymaws.com/pcaaca.org/resource/collection/ECD85287-0E20-4E5B-8DA3-009B2EB5AA35/2021_Award_Winners.pdf |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=Popular Culture Association}}</ref> and the 2021 Nancy Baym Annual Book Award from the Association of Internet Researchers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nancy Baym Annual Book Award |url=https://aoir.org/awards/nancy-baym-annual-book-award/ |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=Association of Internet Researchers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Selected works and publications == === Books === === Selected academic works === * {{Cite journal |last=Brock |first=André |last2=Kvasny |first2=Lynette |last3=Hales |first3=Kayla |date=2010 |title=Cultural appropriations of technical capital: Black women, weblogs, and the digital divide |journal=[[Information, Communication & Society]] |language=en |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=1040–1059 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2010.498897 |issn=1369-118X}} * {{Cite journal |last=Brock |first=André |date=2011 |title='When Keeping it Real Goes Wrong': Resident Evil 5, Racial Representation, and Gamers |journal=[[Games and Culture]] |language=en |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=429–452 |doi=10.1177/1555412011402676 |issn=1555-4120}} * {{Cite journal |last=Brock |first=André |date=2012 |title=From the Blackhand Side: Twitter as a Cultural Conversation |url= |journal=[[Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media]] |language=en |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=529–549 |doi=10.1080/08838151.2012.732147 |issn=0883-8151}} * {{Cite journal |last=Brock |first=André |date=2018 |title=Critical technocultural discourse analysis |journal=[[New Media & Society]] |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=1012–1030 |doi=10.1177/1461444816677532 |issn=1461-4448}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jig4l09pek8rg9fr529eh0sz0hs5jpj