Tattaunawar user:Ammarpad

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      <text bytes="52469" sha1="dgqoznh1dytnh3hu7ixpa76bpyswpuy" xml:space="preserve">== Barka da zuwa ==

Hi,

Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia.

Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived.

Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!),

--[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC)
:Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]].
:Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC)
::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC)
:::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC)
::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC)
:Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC)
:samaan
:Hausa
:@[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-39981-47|&amp;#126;2026-39981-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-39981-47|talk]]) 13:46, 16 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

== Help ==

I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC)

==Translation of three sentences==

Dear Ammarpad,

I hope this finds you well.

[[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC)

We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC)
*@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC)
:Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC)

== Facebook page ==

Dear Ammar,

Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia]

Thanks a lot,
Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC)
:Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC)

== Neman Admin ==

Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]]
:[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC)
::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]].
:::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC)

== [[AuwalAzare]] ==

This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC)
:[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC)

== Auwal Azare ==

Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC)
:@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC)

== help ==

Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles.
It's hard to me. 
[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC)
:@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt; .......&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (&lt;ref&gt;misali&lt;/ref&gt;). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC)

== Databox ==

Hi Ammar,

Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this!

By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles).

I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the &quot;labels&quot; system.

Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC)
:You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and  do the appropriate thing. By the way, I  am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC)

== Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki  ==

I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of &quot;Abubakar A Gwanki&quot;  why is being deleted?  Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC)
:{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC)

== Translation request ==
Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC)
:Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC)
::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC)

== Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif ==

Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. 
:Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC)

== Godiya  ==

Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode
:{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC)

aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune

Lamba: 08160956607
Gari: kano Nigeria

== [[Kira]] ==

Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC)
:Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC)

== David oyedepo ==

Wanene crista

== WAM 2018 ==

Salam Ammarpad,  Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode.  [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC)

== Hausa Wikimedians User Group ==

Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC)
:Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC)

Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks
[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC)
:Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC)
::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC)
:Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC)
::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC)

== Moustapha ==

Hakananna sai nayi nazari

== I-mel  ==

Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. 
Na gode.  [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC)

narda

== Gyara ==

Barka da rana!
Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC)
:{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa &quot;Babban shafi&quot; da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC)

== gidanhaki ==

Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki

Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa

Assalam

== Kwankwaso,s wife ==

Kwankwaso,s wife

== Various requests ==
Hello, Could you please:
*Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes.
*Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]].
*Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): 
**[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]].
**[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]].
**[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]].
**[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]].

Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC)

== Alijos A Shehu ==

Sunan DUNiYA

== Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa ==

Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia
:{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina &lt;code&gt;ammar@wikimedia.org.ng&lt;/code&gt;. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC)

== Muhamadu ==

Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL

== yusuf ==

Ibrahim

== sa idu musa ==

riji yan gwamgwam jido  dawakin  kudu  kano

== sa idu  musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu  IP ==

Yayi daidai kobaiyiba  awayar mindakai

== 88465702 ==

Kaka ari

== layisantara ==

lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura  sunwajan gari shadam bu

== Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai  ==

Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna

== babani ==

112202

== Translation ==

I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks.

== ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state ==

barkanku DA 
fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization

 wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire

== Neman taimako ==

Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode.

Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC)
:Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC)

Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC)

== Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi  ==

Facebook 
Wkslm lafiya kalau

== 0852 ==

Aa

== Aliyu iliyasu dangada ==

Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi 
misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin 
muna jinjina maka matuka very good,
[[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC)
:Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC)

== ismail ==

Labaran duniya

== Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun ==

Barkan muda warhaka!
:Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC)

== na kirkira mukala ==

Ya zan sanya reference
::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC)

== From ==

Ghy

== J k musa yaro ==

Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira

Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka

Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa

== mansir isah ==

unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state

Crawle

== aminuidris0808811 ==

aminuiris

== Auwal dalladi kargi ==

An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000

== Databox ==

Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC)

:@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta &lt;nowiki&gt;{{databox}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC)
::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC)

==Neman shawara==
Masha Allah

Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad.

Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka.

A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame.
Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC)

:Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka.
:Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia.
:Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC)

&lt;u&gt;ja layi&lt;/u&gt; COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC)

== Jami u lawal ==

Allah yajikan zulaihatu

== Databox ==

Barka da safe, Ammar,

Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add &quot;databox&quot; to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC)
:Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&amp;modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC)

== Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf ==

Kaura ne katsina

SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG  RUGGAR MONDE AR

== Abia ==

Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune

== ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA ==

ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA

== FUNAKAA ==

FUNAKAA

agaskiya inada tambaya

to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki

== Gaisuwa ==

Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC)

:Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC)

== Usman abubakar  ==

Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita

== ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar ==

Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)

== maganin daji ==

maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)

== Ali musa  ==

An haife shi

Chida ga watan Oktoba

1986 cikin@

gari gidan kube @

dake jahar maradi 

[[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)

== Rigar kusa ==

&quot;Rigar kusa&quot; kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state.
Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne.
Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu.
Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury.

== Ghana Boy 055 ==


Chapiou


@ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC)

== ALIYO ==

BORNO

== Namespaces ==

Hi!

You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&amp;diff=213527&amp;oldid=181184 emptied] the page &quot;Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma&quot; some time ago.

There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&amp;oldid=181178#Namespaces

You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good?

Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC)

:I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC)

== Shehu gibirima  ==

Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC)

== Salisu garba ==

Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot

== Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru ==

Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC)

== ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA ==

KADUNA

== Bbca ==

A

== HAUSA RIGAR SILKE ==

DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC)

== shaaibu ==

JIGAWA

== SHEHU USMANU ==

GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA

== AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia ==

Hello brother,

I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country.

I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

:Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. 
:I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)
::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email.  [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

== 7 ==

uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-29458-90|&amp;#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

Taba nono na mace

== Lawan abdulhamid ==

Lawan abdulhamid kano

MIYzansa

== Nakasa yin rijista  ==

Nakasa yin rajista miyasane

== SLM ==

SLM

== Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa ==

 08142754552

Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA  taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-11554-74|&amp;#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji ==


suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji 

[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-11940-32|&amp;#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Dodik ==

imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-12770-62|&amp;#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Fulani daneji ==

danejawa

[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-12974-74|&amp;#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Tarihin fulani daneji ==

danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-12974-74|&amp;#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== NURA FADA MUHAMMED ==

assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku

== inason zuwa gambiya  ==

neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-13669-78|&amp;#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Nazifi ==

yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-13801-80|&amp;#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Usmanisah01234@gmail.com  ==

Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-14055-73|&amp;#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== AISHA ABDULLAHI ==

assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa

== Abdul Aziz  ==

Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-14413-94|&amp;#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== YAHAYA MUSA  ==

6/3/2026

Ni atemakeni bandasanaa

== Isah Abubakar ==

￼kaduna steste nigeria

￼inaneman temaku kudi 


[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-14783-76|&amp;#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Help ==

Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah ==

Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-14911-34|&amp;#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== INASONASHIGA ==

WALLAHI

== Alkasim  ==

alkasim  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-15496-73|&amp;#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Alkasim  ==

alkasim  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-15496-73|&amp;#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-15494-30|&amp;#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Auwalu mansur gaya  ==

A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata

== Block review ==

Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block.

The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block.
:I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Jimi boi gk ==

Washer boi

== (Ibrahim bako) ==

Bissimillahi rahamani rahim

== Zanshuga ==

masha Allah  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-17709-67|&amp;#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-17806-26|&amp;#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== I need to edit  ==

yusuf bin shaik  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-18422-17|&amp;#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Dari daya ==

Litafi dari daya

== Gali ==

Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu

== ALI ISA JC NAWA ==

CHAM

== Sai anjima ==


sai anjima 

[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-19045-00|&amp;#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== xxwxx ==

pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-19636-09|&amp;#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Masaudu  ==

Ina son koyon NAHAWU 


[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20180-81|&amp;#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Ina bukatar taimakonku ==

Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20156-98|&amp;#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Menene amfanin na'a na'a. ==

Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20503-90|&amp;#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Learning physics topics  ==

Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20678-19|&amp;#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== ١٢٣٤٥ ==

روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20875-04|&amp;#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Chrome ==

روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20860-61|&amp;#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Inason shiga kasara ==

yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke


[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-21619-45|&amp;#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Fty ==

Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-21613-47|&amp;#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Alikirashi45  ==

alikirashi

[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-21759-98|&amp;#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Alikirashi45  ==

alikirashi

[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-21759-98|&amp;#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Jibril auwal hamza ==

Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan

== Usseni.  Ibbirashim ==

08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23155-49|&amp;#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Correction  ==

The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. 


Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area.


Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you.  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23654-39|&amp;#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Ahmad Rufai  ==

Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23571-21|&amp;#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Sutura ==

Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu  ==

Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-24499-81|&amp;#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Misali kasa ko bishyu haka ==

Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-24499-81|&amp;#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Alhamdu lillah  ==

masha Allah  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-24815-45|&amp;#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Itaciyyar zamani  ==

shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25442-87|&amp;#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years.

This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required.

The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run.

In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&amp;oldid=30471754 --&gt;

== Ahamad Abba ==

Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-29423-27|&amp;#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC)

== Nazifi  ==

abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-29619-62|&amp;#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC)

== Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci ==

Abdulrrhaman  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-29631-59|&amp;#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC)

== Brk ==

a [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-30415-61|&amp;#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC)

== 9044000454 ==

abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-32331-29|&amp;#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC)

== Taya zanbude account dazan temaka ==

ina neman Karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-32735-01|&amp;#126;2026-32735-01]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-32735-01|talk]]) 07:13, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne wanda ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifi bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan ==

Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifina bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-32562-31|&amp;#126;2026-32562-31]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-32562-31|talk]]) 12:49, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Reuben lover gwamma  ==


[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-32944-08|&amp;#126;2026-32944-08]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-32944-08|talk]]) 05:26, 4 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Bala sani ==

sani [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-33592-03|&amp;#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:44, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Umar m sharif ==

yane [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-33592-03|&amp;#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:48, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== oumr sama ==

Gazaou  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-34357-62|&amp;#126;2026-34357-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-34357-62|talk]]) 20:05, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Ibrahim Abdullah dangamau ==

kusada lg katsina state [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-36380-21|&amp;#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:55, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== 8126141543 opay bank Ibrahim Abdullahi ==

8126141543 opay Ibrahim Abdullahi  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-36380-21|&amp;#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:58, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Ina tambaya ne game da cikakken tarihin masarautar Jama'are ==

tarihin masarautar Jama'are [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-36511-04|&amp;#126;2026-36511-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-36511-04|talk]]) 21:29, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Ibrahim sani  ==

nace ina da tambaya ne game da littafin tarin hausa barbie in same shi ne akwai yadda zan yi in samu littafan tarin hausa kamar taya na gizo zaku iya gano ta yadda zan samu shi [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-37548-11|&amp;#126;2026-37548-11]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-37548-11|talk]]) 11:58, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Mai bincike ==

idan nasadu damai hiv da condom bayan hiv wani gwaji yadace nayi idan inajin badaidaiba Ajikina [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-37555-93|&amp;#126;2026-37555-93]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-37555-93|talk]]) 12:20, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)

== Ibrahim haruna  ==

azare [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-37948-19|&amp;#126;2026-37948-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-37948-19|talk]]) 17:18, 2 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

== Maradi  ==

bonne nuit  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-38771-90|&amp;#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:33, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

== Assalam alaikoum barkamu da warhaka  ==

helle

[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-38771-90|&amp;#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:39, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

== 49565314543 ==

Saifuallhi usaini

[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-38738-33|&amp;#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 00:51, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

== Nin nombadinayasamumsala ==

Nin nombadinayasamumsala [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-38738-33|&amp;#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:01, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

== Inaso ajaramin49565314543 ==

Inaso ajaramin49565314543 [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-38738-33|&amp;#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:03, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

== 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 ==

bak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-39619-81|&amp;#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:17, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

:3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-39619-81|&amp;#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:49, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

== 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 ==

@ [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-39619-81|&amp;#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:24, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

3233746701,banana, Ahmadu fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-39619-81|&amp;#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:58, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

:@ [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-39619-81|&amp;#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 00:02, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

== Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki ==

Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-40126-77|&amp;#126;2026-40126-77]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-40126-77|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

california se hamare saath ho raha hai hum kaise pata karengovernmenttaxforcecalifornia@gmail.com [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-40691-12|&amp;#126;2026-40691-12]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-40691-12|talk]]) 17:32, 20 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

== Batu ==


safiya [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-42392-57|&amp;#126;2026-42392-57]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-42392-57|talk]]) 18:07, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)

== Auwal Abubakar  ==

Auwal Abubakar Abdullahi  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-42968-66|&amp;#126;2026-42968-66]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-42968-66|talk]]) 12:02, 4 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC)

== mouhammadousirajo4@gmail.com ==

mouhammadou [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-46209-95|&amp;#126;2026-46209-95]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-46209-95|talk]]) 09:05, 24 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC)

== Husaini Hassana Husaini  ==

@ [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-47716-12|&amp;#126;2026-47716-12]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-47716-12|talk]]) 08:57, 1 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

== Yar abbanta ==

al ummata [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-47594-41|&amp;#126;2026-47594-41]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-47594-41|talk]]) 16:25, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

== مريم بنت سراج ==

Allah y karawa annabi daraja [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-47594-41|&amp;#126;2026-47594-41]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-47594-41|talk]]) 16:30, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

allah gafarta malam Ina tambayane akan israi da mi iraji shin annabi yaga Allah wani malamin yace duk Wanda yace annabi yaga Allah hadisin shi nada rauni dan Allah muna son karin bayani  [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-48750-15|~2026-48750-15]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-48750-15|talk]]) 20:02, 9 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

== Sheikh  ==
ibn 

[[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51225-37|~2026-51225-37]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51225-37|talk]]) 22:54, 22 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

Assalamualaikum warhamdullahi''akarmukalla ina dambaya wanne sahabine yace shine zakin Allah Kuma zakin Manzon Allah s a w&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51091-35|~2026-51091-35]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51091-35|talk]]) 05:26, 23 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

== Allah kasadamu Manzon Allah  ==
Allah karama annabi daraja  [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51091-35|~2026-51091-35]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51091-35|talk]]) 23:34, 23 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

== Aljanna makoma  ==
Aljanna makoma

[[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51600-55|~2026-51600-55]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51600-55|talk]]) 05:55, 24 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

== Parsamet  ==


parsamet [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51966-06|~2026-51966-06]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51966-06|talk]]) 15:39, 27 Satumba 2026 (UTC)

== Tambaya ==
wace shiya ce ake kira gidan dikko a cikin sokoto  [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-53210-05|~2026-53210-05]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-53210-05|talk]]) 13:21, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

== Kamilu tasiu  ==
9031238946

[[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-53877-71|~2026-53877-71]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-53877-71|talk]]) 22:38, 6 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

== Comptebdkdbd@gmail.com ==
a [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-54115-16|~2026-54115-16]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-54115-16|talk]]) 23:21, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

== NEMAN TAIMAKON YAN UWA MUSULMAI ==
MUNA DA WATA YAR UWA MARAINIYA MAI MATSALAR KODA DUK SATI ANA YI MATA WANKIN KODA DAN ALLAH KU TAIMAKA ACHE CI WAN NAR BAIWAR ALLAH GA ACCOUNT NUMBERTA 4913077697 SHAHIDA YUSUF ECO BANK [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-55236-22|~2026-55236-22]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-55236-22|talk]]) 10:06, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

== Massi ==
badamassi Abdou  [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-55218-62|~2026-55218-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-55218-62|talk]]) 19:56, 14 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

== Allah kasadamu Manzon Allah  ==
Allah kasadamu Manzon Allah  [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-55872-13|~2026-55872-13]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-55872-13|talk]]) 21:38, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

== Hassan yahaya  ==
DAWANAu bxbxbxncjfjjvjx. Bdhxbxbndbxn v bbdhdhdjhdjjffjjf. Bbdjdkkdjgjdkfhfj.  Jrjdjdjdjhdjbgdujejruribbhrbb bhrjdjrjdjjfj jdjdhdbdjhhdjrjd jdjdhdbdjhhdjrjd gdnxbxgd Brandon bcnfjcjfjbjdjfjj

[[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-56009-98|~2026-56009-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-56009-98|talk]]) 12:36, 19 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

== Umar Muhammad Sani  ==
Abdulmalik zubairu bungudu phone number sa nake so. [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-56756-22|~2026-56756-22]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-56756-22|talk]]) 21:53, 23 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

== Usman yushau Abdullah  ==
Open and account

[[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-57027-45|~2026-57027-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-57027-45|talk]]) 14:42, 26 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

== Abdoulwahid  ==
s l m Al,umma  musulmi [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-57959-82|~2026-57959-82]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-57959-82|talk]]) 09:44, 31 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)

== Matsal ta whassapp din baya budawane ==
whatsapp dina baya budawa ne [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-58273-88|~2026-58273-88]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-58273-88|talk]]) 00:06, 1 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)

== +22786776010 ==
+22797705208 [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-58384-95|~2026-58384-95]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-58384-95|talk]]) 17:59, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>dgqoznh1dytnh3hu7ixpa76bpyswpuy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Potiskum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8761</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975567</id>
      <parentid>975148</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T14:59:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maryam jafar abubakar</username>
        <id>49472</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>975567</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11930" sha1="q03u230z7w4v6rz8fivis4hamwyo63l" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[File:Kasuwar potiskum.jpg|thumb]]
'''Potiskum''' karamar [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|hukuma]] ce dake cikin  [[Yobe|jihar Yobe]] wanda ke arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]], tana kan babbar hanyar A3 a{{Coord|11|43|N|11|04|E|region:NG_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/news/four-killed-two-missing-in-potiskum-flood/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228060931/https://guardian.ng/news/four-killed-two-missing-in-potiskum-flood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Potiskum pronouncing.wav|thumb]]
== Tarihi ==
Garin [[Potiskum]] mazauna ne ga tsarin [[gargajiya]] da na al'umma wanda aka fi sani da Masarautar [[Fika]]. A tarihi abin da aka fi sani da [[Masarautar]] [[fika]]  mai hidimtawa a Potiskum ita ce ’yar kwakwalwar Turawan Mulkin Mallaka na [[Birtaniya|Ingila]] wadanda suka yi amfani da kabilun ’yan asalin yankin da suka hada da [[Kare-Kare]], [[Ngizim]], [[Ngamo]], kanuri, [[Bolewa]], [[Fulani]] da [[Hausawa]] suka kafa gwamnatin tsakiya&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2017/11/22/the-story-of-potiskum/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228061506/https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2017/11/22/the-story-of-potiskum/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

sai,dai kuma kasancewar anfisanin masarautar fika da mulkin garin,amma tanada wata masarauta acikin garin da akemasa lakabi da masarautar potiskum. 

== Sarkin [[Potiskum]] ==
[[Fayil:Potiskum emire palace.jg.jpg|thumb|Gidan mai martaba sarkin potiskum]]
Sarkin Potiskum shi ne Mai Umar Ibn Wuriwa Bauya. 

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Potiskum ta kasance babbar cibiyar [[kasuwanci]] a jihar [[Yobe]], saboda dabarun da take da shi a matsayin ta na cibiyar kasuwanci, koyo, farfado da [[ruhi]] da al'adu. [[Mutanen Soninke|Mutanen]] da suka fito daga [[Borno|jihohin Borno]] da [[Jigawa]] da [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] da [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] da [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] da wasu da dama daga kasashen [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nigar]] da [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Kamaru]] da [[Benin]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]],suna da hannun jari a kasuwar shanu mafi girma dake yankin kudu da saharar hamadar, wadda ke garin Potiskum.  Kuma suna da yawan manyan wuraren gyarawa a [[Najeriya]].
[[Fayil:Traditional Dancers performing During 2023 Sallah Festival at Potiskum Emirate Palace, Yobe State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Potiskum]]
Don haka, an san Potiskum da kasuwanni kamar haka;

.kasuwan [[dabbobi]],

Kasuwar [[shanu]], 

Kasuwar [[Wayoyin hannu da tsaron masu tafiya|Wayoyin hannu]],(kasuwar tsaye)

.kasuwar [[hatsi]],

Dakumah babbar kasuwa.[[Fayil:Kasuwa. Hatsi Potiskum.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar Potiskum]]
Binchike yanunah potiskum itache birni mafi girma a jihar Yobe da ke da hada-hada ko ache habakar kasuwanci a yammacin jihar Yobe. Tana da kasuwar dabbobi mafi girma a Afirca kuma mafi girma a yammacin Afirca. Yawancin [[shanu]] ana jigilar su zuwa wasu sassan kasar kamar su inugu, legas,wari, fatakot, da sauransu.

== Tsarin kasa. Haka zalika karamar hukumar potiskum, tana dauke da yankuna kamar,bolawa A, bolawa B, dogo tebo, dogo Nini, yarimaram, Damagun,dancuwa,mamudo, dakuma ngojin,alaraba,da yandiski. ==
Tana. Da {{Convert|559|km2}}

Yawan jama'a A shekara ta 2023	511,448
2022	483,346
2021	454,813
2020	426,253
2019	398,160
2018	371,040
2017	345,351
2016	321,441
2015	299,186
&lt;reference &quot;wold population review #[[User:Abba Pkm|Abba Pkm]] ([[User talk:Abba Pkm|talk]]) 21:53, 9 Disamba 2023 (UTC)

== Fitattun mutane ==

* Lamba Shua'ibu
* Alhaji Idi Wadina Lailai
* Alhaji Baba Adi
* Alhaji Baba Gimba
* Alhaji Adamu Maina Waziri
* Alhaji Adamu Chiroma
* Fatsuma Talba
* Hajiya A,e mai Katangan nera
* Alhaji Adamu Bazuwa
* Alhaji kwalo
* Alhaji Mai Dirmi
* Alhaji Guza. 
* Hakimi Garba na malam madi
* Hajiya Uwani Bajoga
* Alhaji Musa Lawan
*Alhaji bakoji.
*alhaji Hassan rimi Dan malikin potiskum 
*Ummaru aljan
*alhaji mamma fara fara
*Alhaji adamu sale kusulwa
*Alhaji Adamun Mama.
*hakimi salisu auwal
*Dan baba galda
*Alhaji Hassan dabare santurakin tikau
*Ibrahim Muhammad bomoi
*muhammed Hassan dambu
*Alhaji Ibrahim Dan Fulani
*baradan potiskum 
*Alhaji wammi nahuta
*Alhaji adamu chillariye
*Adamu waziri
*Jibir janko
*Adamu bazuwa
*alhaji isubu
*dagazurwa

== Filin Jirgin Saman Potiskum ==
[[Potiskum Airstrip|Filin jirgin saman Potiskum]] yana cikin GRA na birni daga yammacin garin, a kan hanyar [[Kano]]. Ofishin Hukumar Kula da Sararin [[Samaniya]] ta Najeriya (NAMA) da ke wannan filin girgin saman, wanda ya kamata ya dauki nauyin isar da bayanan zirga-zirgar jiragen ga jiragen da ke shawagi a sararin samaniyar, bai cika aiki ba saboda na'urorin da aka sanya a wurin ba su da kayan aiki. kwamfutoci don baiwa ma'aikatan a kimiyyance su hango jiragen sama suna shawagi a sararin saman Potiskum. Filin jirgin dai ya zo ne a lokacin da ‘yan mulkin mallaka suka yi wa nahiyar [[Afirka]] kaca-kaca domin Potiskum gari ne mai yaduwa a arewacin kasar wanda tun da farko [[Jamus]] ta mamaye kasar kafin [[Birtaniya|Ingila]] ta karbi ragamar mulkin kasar. Makasudin gina filin jirgin shi ne don a samu saukin zirga-zirgar farar hula a ciki da wajen Potiskum domin kuwa garin ya kasance kofar shiga wasu garuruwan da ke kusa da arewacin kasar, lamarin da ya kara habaka harkokin kasuwanci da sauran harkokin kasuwanci a yankin.

Haka zalika potiskum tana da matasa masu hikima a bangaren kere kere dakuma gyaran ababan amfanin rayuwa koma wane urine dukda sunada karancin kamfanunuwa Amma Hakan Bai saukar da tattalin arzikin jiharba Dan mutanen jihar sun dukufane gurin Sana,u iri iri kamar su.

. Noma

.Kiwo

.sana,ar hannu

.Wanda masana sungano cewa duk kasar Nigeria Babu jihar da takeda kasa Mai dauke da sinadarai Daban Daban kamarsu.

.laka 

.yashi 

.tabo.

.dadai sauransu Wanda ana iya noman kowane irin launin abin da'ake  Nomawa a jiar potiskum.

A watan Yulin shekarar (2009) 'yan [[Boko Haram]] sun qona ofishin 'yan sanda guda Biyu a lokacin da suka tayar da zaune tsaye. &lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2009/07/2009727134953755877.html Deadly Nigeria Clashes Spread]''. Al Jazeera English - Africa, July 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani harin da aka kai a watan Mayun (2012) a kasuwar shanu an kashe mutane sama da 34, amma da alama harin daga wasu masu laifin ne na neman daukar fansa, ba Boko Haram ba. &lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17936549 Nigeria’s Potiskum Cattle Market Raid ‘Kills Dozens.’['' BBC News, May 3, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/resident-walks-among-burnt-cattle-market-in-northeast-news-photo/143817828 A Resident Walks among Burnt Cattle Market in Northeast Nigerian Town of Potiskum on May 4, 2012]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''. Getty Images. Accessed January 18, 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar [[Kirsimeti|25 ga Disamba]], 2012, an yi harbin jama'a a coci.

A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2014, akalla mutane 30 ne suka mutu a wani harin kunar bakin wake da aka kai a wani jerin gwano na [[Shi'a|mabiya mazhabar Shi'a]] a makarantar Fudiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Musikilu Mojeed. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201501040153.html Nigeria: Car Bomb Explosion Kills 6 in Yobe]''. Premium Times - allAfrica.com, December 31, 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnan jihar Yobe, [[Ibrahim Gaidam]], ya yi wa 'yan kungiyar Harkar [[Harkar Musulunci a Najeriya|Musulunci a Najeriya]] (ISMN) alkawarin cewa zaiyi chikakken binchike don bukatar cikakken bi kan zargin harbe mambobinta da sojojin da aka tura wurin da aka kai harin suka yi. &lt;ref&gt;Njadvara Musa. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201411070714.html Nigeria: Yobe to Probe Potiskum Blast, Death Toll Rises to 30]''. The Guardian - allAfrica.com. Accessed January 18, 2015&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;njadvaramusa&quot;&gt;Njadvara Musa. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201411070714.html Nigeria: Yobe to Probe Potiskum Blast, Death Toll Rises to 30].'' The Guardian - allAfrica.com. 6 Nov 2014. Accessed January 18, 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2014, an gano wasu mutane goma sha shida da sojojin Najeriya suka kama a sakamakon raunukan harsasai da suka samu sa'o'i kadan bayan haka. Wata majiyar kuma ta sanya adadin zuwa goma sha takwas. &lt;ref&gt;Hamisu Kabir Matazu and Ibrahim Kabiru Sule. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201411071589.html Nigeria: Tension in Potiskum As Soldiers Kill 18]''. Daily Trust - allAfrica.com, November 7, 2014&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;njadvaramusa&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2014 akalla yara maza 46 ne suka mutu sannan 79 suka jikkata, ta hanyar wani dan kunar bakin wake a yayin taron dalibai a Makarantar Sakandaren Kimiyya ta Gwamnati.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29985252 Nigeria School Blast in Potiskum Kills Dozens]''. BBC News - Africa, November 10, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Schiavenza, Matt. ''[https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/11/Suspected-Boko-Haram-Suicide-Bomber-Kills-50-Students-at-Government-Science-Technical-College-Potiskum/382595/ Suspected Boko Haram Suicide Bomber Kills 50 in Government Science Technical College Potiskum]'' The Atlantic, 10 November 2014&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Nossiter, Adam. ''[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/11/world/africa/nigeria-suicide-bomber-boko-haram.html Bomb at School in Nigeria Kills Nearly 50 Boys]''. [[New York Times]], November 10, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 11 ga watan Junairun shekarar 2015, an kashe mutane hudu tare da raunata sama da 40 a kasuwar Jagwal GSM bayan harin da wasu mata biyu ‘yan kunar bakin wake suka kai, wadanda daya daga cikinsu ya bayyana mai kimanin shekaru 15 da haihuwa. &lt;ref&gt;Ndahi Marama With Agency Reports. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201501120572.html Nigeria: Female Suicide Bombers Kill 39 in Potiskum, Maiduguri Markets]''. Vanguard - allAfrica.com, 12 January 2015&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30787105 In Pictures: Aftermath of Bombing in Nigerian Town of Potiskum]''. BBC News, 12 January 2015&lt;/ref&gt; Hakazalika wani harin bom da ya hada da wata mota da aka faka a ranar, ya kashe mutane biyu tare da raunata daya, a ofishin ‘yan sanda na shiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Hamisu Kabir Matazu. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201501120608.html Nigeria: Fresh Bomb Blast Kills Two Policemen in Potiskum]''. Daily Trust - allAfrica.com, 11 January 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2015, Gwamna Ibrahim Gaidam ya yi Allah wadai da hare-haren, kuma ya ba da shawarar kafa Cibiyar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa a Babban Asibitin da ke Potiskum. Ya ce za a biya kudaden jinyar wadanda suka jikkata a harin, ciki har da wadanda suka jikkata da aka kai wasu asibitoci domin yi musu magani. &lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.channelstv.com/2015/01/13/gaidam-proposes-emergency-centre-at-potiskum-hospital/ Gaidam Proposes Emergency Centre At Potiskum Hospital]''. Channels Television, 13 January 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranakun 22 da 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2015, 'yan kunar bakin wake sun kashe mutane 22. 

A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2015, an kashe mutane shida a wani harin kunar bakin wake    

ALKALUMA

An yi hasashen cewa potiskum zai kasance [[birni]] na bakwai mafi girma cikin sauri a [[nahiyar Afirka]] tsakanin shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin 2020 zuwa 2025, tare da habakar 5.65%. 

== Fitattun mutane ==

* Idris Alkali, tsohon shugaban gwamnati, hedkwatar sojoji
*Adamu ciroma,Tsohon Ministan Kudi
*Sheik Sa'idu Malami mai koyarda karatun Allo da Littattafan Musulunci
*Sheik Khabir Malami mai koyarda karatun Littattafan Musulunci
*Sheik Mai Buzun Kwami,Masanin Al'qur Ani wanda ya tara Almajirai fiyeda dubu Ashirin.#[[User:Abba Pkm|Abba Pkm]] ([[User talk:Abba Pkm|talk]]) 21:55, 9 Disamba 2023 (UTC)

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}&lt;ref&gt;https://aminiya.ng/rikici-ya-%C9%93arke-tsakanin-yan-kasuwar-potiskum-a-yobe/&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;Dailytrust News, Sports and Business, Politics |
Dailytrust&quot; . Daily Trust . Retrieved 2022-05-08.{{Yobe State}}
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975569</id>
      <parentid>975567</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T15:11:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adamu mc</username>
        <id>32775</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Edit</comment>
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[[File:Kasuwar potiskum.jpg|thumb]]
'''Potiskum''' karamar [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|hukuma]] ce dake cikin  [[Yobe|jihar Yobe]] wanda ke arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]], tana kan babbar hanyar A3 a{{Coord|11|43|N|11|04|E|region:NG_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/news/four-killed-two-missing-in-potiskum-flood/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228060931/https://guardian.ng/news/four-killed-two-missing-in-potiskum-flood/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Potiskum pronouncing.wav|thumb]]

=== Tarihi ===
Garin [[Potiskum]] mazauna ne ga tsarin [[gargajiya]] da na al'umma wanda aka fi sani da Masarautar [[Fika]]. A tarihi abin da aka fi sani da [[Masarautar]] [[fika]]  mai hidimtawa a Potiskum ita ce ’yar kwakwalwar Turawan Mulkin Mallaka na [[Birtaniya|Ingila]] wadanda suka yi amfani da kabilun ’yan asalin yankin da suka hada da [[Kare-Kare]], [[Ngizim]], [[Ngamo]], kanuri, [[Bolewa]], [[Fulani]] da [[Hausawa]] suka kafa gwamnatin tsakiya&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2017/11/22/the-story-of-potiskum/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228061506/https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2017/11/22/the-story-of-potiskum/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

sai,dai kuma kasancewar anfisanin masarautar fika da mulkin garin,amma tanada wata masarauta acikin garin da akemasa lakabi da masarautar potiskum. 

=== Sarkin [[Potiskum]] ===
[[Fayil:Potiskum emire palace.jg.jpg|thumb|Gidan mai martaba sarkin potiskum]]
Sarkin Potiskum shi ne Mai Umar Ibn Wuriwa Bauya. 

=== Tattalin Arziki ===
Potiskum ta kasance babbar cibiyar [[kasuwanci]] a jihar [[Yobe]], saboda dabarun da take da shi a matsayin ta na cibiyar kasuwanci, koyo, farfado da [[ruhi]] da al'adu. [[Mutanen Soninke|Mutanen]] da suka fito daga [[Borno|jihohin Borno]] da [[Jigawa]] da [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] da [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] da [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] da wasu da dama daga kasashen [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nigar]] da [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Kamaru]] da [[Benin]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]],suna da hannun jari a kasuwar shanu mafi girma dake yankin kudu da saharar hamadar, wadda ke garin Potiskum.  Kuma suna da yawan manyan wuraren gyarawa a [[Najeriya]].
[[Fayil:Traditional Dancers performing During 2023 Sallah Festival at Potiskum Emirate Palace, Yobe State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Potiskum]]
Don haka, an san Potiskum da kasuwanni kamar haka;

.kasuwan [[dabbobi]],

Kasuwar [[shanu]], 

Kasuwar [[Wayoyin hannu da tsaron masu tafiya|Wayoyin hannu]],(kasuwar tsaye)

.kasuwar [[hatsi]],

Dakumah babbar kasuwa.[[Fayil:Kasuwa. Hatsi Potiskum.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar Potiskum]]
Binchike yanunah potiskum itache birni mafi girma a jihar Yobe da ke da hada-hada ko ache habakar kasuwanci a yammacin jihar Yobe. Tana da kasuwar dabbobi mafi girma a Afirca kuma mafi girma a yammacin Afirca. Yawancin [[shanu]] ana jigilar su zuwa wasu sassan kasar kamar su inugu, legas,wari, fatakot, da sauransu.

== Tsarin kasa. Haka zalika karamar hukumar potiskum, tana dauke da yankuna kamar,bolawa A, bolawa B, dogo tebo, dogo Nini, yarimaram, Damagun,dancuwa,mamudo, dakuma ngojin,alaraba,da yandiski. ==
Tana. Da {{Convert|559|km2}}

Yawan jama'a A shekara ta 2023	511,448
2022	483,346
2021	454,813
2020	426,253
2019	398,160
2018	371,040
2017	345,351
2016	321,441
2015	299,186
&lt;reference &quot;wold population review #[[User:Abba Pkm|Abba Pkm]] ([[User talk:Abba Pkm|talk]]) 21:53, 9 Disamba 2023 (UTC)

=== Fitattun mutane ===
* Lamba Shua'ibu
* Alhaji Idi Wadina Lailai
* Alhaji Baba Adi
* Alhaji Baba Gimba
* Alhaji Adamu Maina Waziri
* Alhaji Adamu Chiroma
* Fatsuma Talba
* Hajiya A,e mai Katangan nera
* Alhaji Adamu Bazuwa
* Alhaji kwalo
* Alhaji Mai Dirmi
* Alhaji Guza. 
* Hakimi Garba na malam madi
* Hajiya Uwani Bajoga
* Alhaji Musa Lawan
*Alhaji bakoji.
*alhaji Hassan rimi Dan malikin potiskum 
*Ummaru aljan
*alhaji mamma fara fara
*Alhaji adamu sale kusulwa
*Alhaji Adamun Mama.
*hakimi salisu auwal
*Dan baba galda
*Alhaji Hassan dabare santurakin tikau
*Ibrahim Muhammad bomoi
*muhammed Hassan dambu
*Alhaji Ibrahim Dan Fulani
*baradan potiskum 
*Alhaji wammi nahuta
*Alhaji adamu chillariye
*Adamu waziri
*Jibir janko
*Adamu bazuwa
*alhaji isubu
*dagazurwa

=== Filin Jirgin Saman Potiskum ===
[[Potiskum Airstrip|Filin jirgin saman Potiskum]] yana cikin GRA na birni daga yammacin garin, a kan hanyar [[Kano]]. Ofishin Hukumar Kula da Sararin [[Samaniya]] ta Najeriya (NAMA) da ke wannan filin girgin saman, wanda ya kamata ya dauki nauyin isar da bayanan zirga-zirgar jiragen ga jiragen da ke shawagi a sararin samaniyar, bai cika aiki ba saboda na'urorin da aka sanya a wurin ba su da kayan aiki. kwamfutoci don baiwa ma'aikatan a kimiyyance su hango jiragen sama suna shawagi a sararin saman Potiskum. Filin jirgin dai ya zo ne a lokacin da ‘yan mulkin mallaka suka yi wa nahiyar [[Afirka]] kaca-kaca domin Potiskum gari ne mai yaduwa a arewacin kasar wanda tun da farko [[Jamus]] ta mamaye kasar kafin [[Birtaniya|Ingila]] ta karbi ragamar mulkin kasar. Makasudin gina filin jirgin shi ne don a samu saukin zirga-zirgar farar hula a ciki da wajen Potiskum domin kuwa garin ya kasance kofar shiga wasu garuruwan da ke kusa da arewacin kasar, lamarin da ya kara habaka harkokin kasuwanci da sauran harkokin kasuwanci a yankin.

Haka zalika potiskum tana da matasa masu hikima a bangaren kere kere dakuma gyaran ababan amfanin rayuwa koma wane urine dukda sunada karancin kamfanunuwa Amma Hakan Bai saukar da tattalin arzikin jiharba Dan mutanen jihar sun dukufane gurin Sana,u iri iri kamar su.

. Noma

.Kiwo

.sana,ar hannu

.Wanda masana sungano cewa duk kasar Nigeria Babu jihar da takeda kasa Mai dauke da sinadarai Daban Daban kamarsu.

.laka 

.yashi 

.tabo.

.dadai sauransu Wanda ana iya noman kowane irin launin abin da'ake  Nomawa a jiar potiskum.

A watan Yulin shekarar (2009) 'yan [[Boko Haram]] sun qona ofishin 'yan sanda guda Biyu a lokacin da suka tayar da zaune tsaye. &lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2009/07/2009727134953755877.html Deadly Nigeria Clashes Spread]''. Al Jazeera English - Africa, July 27, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani harin da aka kai a watan Mayun (2012) a kasuwar shanu an kashe mutane sama da 34, amma da alama harin daga wasu masu laifin ne na neman daukar fansa, ba Boko Haram ba. &lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17936549 Nigeria’s Potiskum Cattle Market Raid ‘Kills Dozens.’['' BBC News, May 3, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/resident-walks-among-burnt-cattle-market-in-northeast-news-photo/143817828 A Resident Walks among Burnt Cattle Market in Northeast Nigerian Town of Potiskum on May 4, 2012]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''. Getty Images. Accessed January 18, 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar [[Kirsimeti|25 ga Disamba]], 2012, an yi harbin jama'a a coci.

A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2014, akalla mutane 30 ne suka mutu a wani harin kunar bakin wake da aka kai a wani jerin gwano na [[Shi'a|mabiya mazhabar Shi'a]] a makarantar Fudiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Musikilu Mojeed. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201501040153.html Nigeria: Car Bomb Explosion Kills 6 in Yobe]''. Premium Times - allAfrica.com, December 31, 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnan jihar Yobe, [[Ibrahim Gaidam]], ya yi wa 'yan kungiyar Harkar [[Harkar Musulunci a Najeriya|Musulunci a Najeriya]] (ISMN) alkawarin cewa zaiyi chikakken binchike don bukatar cikakken bi kan zargin harbe mambobinta da sojojin da aka tura wurin da aka kai harin suka yi. &lt;ref&gt;Njadvara Musa. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201411070714.html Nigeria: Yobe to Probe Potiskum Blast, Death Toll Rises to 30]''. The Guardian - allAfrica.com. Accessed January 18, 2015&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;njadvaramusa&quot;&gt;Njadvara Musa. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201411070714.html Nigeria: Yobe to Probe Potiskum Blast, Death Toll Rises to 30].'' The Guardian - allAfrica.com. 6 Nov 2014. Accessed January 18, 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2014, an gano wasu mutane goma sha shida da sojojin Najeriya suka kama a sakamakon raunukan harsasai da suka samu sa'o'i kadan bayan haka. Wata majiyar kuma ta sanya adadin zuwa goma sha takwas. &lt;ref&gt;Hamisu Kabir Matazu and Ibrahim Kabiru Sule. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201411071589.html Nigeria: Tension in Potiskum As Soldiers Kill 18]''. Daily Trust - allAfrica.com, November 7, 2014&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;njadvaramusa&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2014 akalla yara maza 46 ne suka mutu sannan 79 suka jikkata, ta hanyar wani dan kunar bakin wake a yayin taron dalibai a Makarantar Sakandaren Kimiyya ta Gwamnati.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29985252 Nigeria School Blast in Potiskum Kills Dozens]''. BBC News - Africa, November 10, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Schiavenza, Matt. ''[https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/11/Suspected-Boko-Haram-Suicide-Bomber-Kills-50-Students-at-Government-Science-Technical-College-Potiskum/382595/ Suspected Boko Haram Suicide Bomber Kills 50 in Government Science Technical College Potiskum]'' The Atlantic, 10 November 2014&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Nossiter, Adam. ''[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/11/world/africa/nigeria-suicide-bomber-boko-haram.html Bomb at School in Nigeria Kills Nearly 50 Boys]''. [[New York Times]], November 10, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 11 ga watan Junairun shekarar 2015, an kashe mutane hudu tare da raunata sama da 40 a kasuwar Jagwal GSM bayan harin da wasu mata biyu ‘yan kunar bakin wake suka kai, wadanda daya daga cikinsu ya bayyana mai kimanin shekaru 15 da haihuwa. &lt;ref&gt;Ndahi Marama With Agency Reports. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201501120572.html Nigeria: Female Suicide Bombers Kill 39 in Potiskum, Maiduguri Markets]''. Vanguard - allAfrica.com, 12 January 2015&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30787105 In Pictures: Aftermath of Bombing in Nigerian Town of Potiskum]''. BBC News, 12 January 2015&lt;/ref&gt; Hakazalika wani harin bom da ya hada da wata mota da aka faka a ranar, ya kashe mutane biyu tare da raunata daya, a ofishin ‘yan sanda na shiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Hamisu Kabir Matazu. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201501120608.html Nigeria: Fresh Bomb Blast Kills Two Policemen in Potiskum]''. Daily Trust - allAfrica.com, 11 January 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2015, Gwamna Ibrahim Gaidam ya yi Allah wadai da hare-haren, kuma ya ba da shawarar kafa Cibiyar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa a Babban Asibitin da ke Potiskum. Ya ce za a biya kudaden jinyar wadanda suka jikkata a harin, ciki har da wadanda suka jikkata da aka kai wasu asibitoci domin yi musu magani. &lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.channelstv.com/2015/01/13/gaidam-proposes-emergency-centre-at-potiskum-hospital/ Gaidam Proposes Emergency Centre At Potiskum Hospital]''. Channels Television, 13 January 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranakun 22 da 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2015, 'yan kunar bakin wake sun kashe mutane 22. 

A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2015, an kashe mutane shida a wani harin kunar bakin wake    

ALKALUMA

An yi hasashen cewa potiskum zai kasance [[birni]] na bakwai mafi girma cikin sauri a [[nahiyar Afirka]] tsakanin shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin 2020 zuwa 2025, tare da habakar 5.65%. 

=== Fitattun mutane ===
* Idris Alkali, tsohon shugaban gwamnati, hedkwatar sojoji
*Adamu ciroma,Tsohon Ministan Kudi
*Sheik Sa'idu Malami mai koyarda karatun Allo da Littattafan Musulunci
*Sheik Khabir Malami mai koyarda karatun Littattafan Musulunci
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== Manazarta ==
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[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[Fayil:Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein]]
'''Albert Einstein''' An haife shi a 14 ga watan Maris shekara ta alif dari takwas da saba'in da Tara 1879; yarasu a watan April shekara ta 1955) haifaffen kasar [[Jamus]] ne.&lt;!-- Please do not change this—see talk page and its many archives.--&gt; Kuma theoretical [[physicist]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html |title=Albert Einstein&amp;nbsp;– Biography |accessdate=7 March 2007 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070306133522/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html%7C archivedate= 6 March 2007 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| deadurl= no&lt;/ref&gt;  ne wanda ya Samar da theory of relativity, daya daga cikin ginshikan ilimin physics ayanzu (tareda quantum mechanics).&lt;ref name=&quot;frs&quot;&gt;cite journal | last1 = Whittaker | first1 = E. | authorlink = E. T. Whittaker| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005 | title = Albert Einstein. 1879–1955 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 1 | pages = 37–67 | date = 1 November 1955| jstor = 769242| doi-access = free&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;YangHamilton2010&quot;&gt;cite book|author1=Fujia Yang|author2=Joseph H. Hamilton|title=Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics|date=2010|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4277-16-7&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan sa sun shahara ne akan philosophy din [[kimiyya]].&lt;ref&gt;Cite journal |title=Einstein's Philosophy of Science |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/einstein-philscience/#IntWasEinEpiOpp |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University |editor-first=Don A. | editor-last=Howard |date=2014 |orig-year=First published 11 February 2004 |accessdate=2015-02-04&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cite journal |first=Don A. | last=Howard |title=Albert Einstein as a Philosopher of Science |url=http://www3.nd.edu/~dhoward1/vol58no12p34_40.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www3.nd.edu/~dhoward1/vol58no12p34_40.pdf |date=2022-10-09 }} |format=PDF |date=December 2005 |journal=Physics Today |volume=58 |issue=12 |pages=34–40 |via=University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, author's personal webpage |accessdate=2015-03-08|bibcode=2005PhT....58l..34H |doi=10.1063/1.2169442&lt;/ref&gt; Mutane sun sansa akan mass–energy equivalence formula, which has been dubbed &quot;Itace formular da tafi kowacce sanuwa a duniya (E=MC²)&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;cite book |first=David | last=Bodanis |title=E&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;mc&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation |location=New York |publisher=Walker |date=2000 &lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar nobel a shekarar 1921 a fannin Physics &quot;Dan ayyukan sa akan theoretical physics, da Kuma musamman binciken da yayi ya samar da law of the photoelectric effect&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Nobel Prize&quot; /&gt; wanda ya bada babban gudumawa wajen hada quantum theory.

A Farkon fara aikinsa, Einstein yayi tunanin Newtonian mechanics Bai Isa ba wajen hada laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. Wannan ne yakaisa ga Samar da special theory of relativity kansa a lokacin yana Swiss Patent Office a garin Bern (1902–1909), Switzerland. Amma Kuma, se ya ga cewa za iya amfani da principle of relativity a cikin gravitational fields, har ya wallafa rubutun akan general relativity a 1916 tare da nashi theory of gravitation. Ya cigaba da kokarin warware matsalar statistical mechanics da quantum theory, hakan yakaisa ga yin bayani akan particle theory da kuma motion of molecules. Ya kuma yi bincike  akan thermal properties of light wanda yazama itace Farkon photon theory of light. A  shekarar 1917, yayi amfani da general theory of relativity wajen kwatanta misali yadda tsarin halittan duniya yake.&lt;ref name=Nobel&gt; cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/advanced-physicsprize2011.pdf |title=Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2011. The accelerating universe |publisher=Nobel Media AB |page=2 |format=PDF |accessdate=2015-01-04&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20151124&quot;&gt;cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=A Century Ago, Einstein's Theory of Relativity Changed Everything |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/science/a-century-ago-einsteins-theory-of-relativity-changed-everything.html |date=24 November 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=24 November 2015 &lt;/ref&gt;

Einstein yayi rayuwa a kasar Switzerland daga tsakanin shekara ta 1895 zuwa shekara ta 1914, baccin shekara daya dayayi a Prague, daga nan ne yayarda yabar amfani da matsayin sa Dan kasar Jamus a shekarar 1896, sannan ya karbi sakamakon sa na diploma daga Swiss federal polytechnic school (daga bayan nan Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) dake Zürich a shekara ta 1900. Bayan zamansa Mara kasa na tsawon shekara biyar (5) yazama dan kasar Switzerland a shekara ta 1901, wanda yacigaba da rikewa har karshen rayuwarsa. A shekara ta 1905, yasamu sakamako na PhD daga jami'ar Zurich. A wannan shekara ya wallafa papers me dauke da sabbin ilimi Wanda Babu wanda ya Fara irin SA har guda hudu a lokacin dinshi ''annus mirabilis'' (shekara ta mu'ujiza) wanda yakaisa zuwa ga sanayyar makarantu a shekararsa  26. Einstein yakarantar da theoretical physics a Zurich tsakanin shekara ta 1912 zuwa shekara ta 1914 kafin yabar Berlin, inda aka zabesa Prussian Academy of Sciences.
A shekara ta 1933, sanda Einstein yake ziyara a United States, [[Adolf Hitler]] yakai karagar mulki. Saboda alakarsa da Jewish, Einstein bai koma kasar Jamus ba.&lt;ref&gt;cite journal |date=9 June 2017 |first=Thomas |last=Levenson |journal=The Atlantic |title=The Scientist and the Fascist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/06/einstein-germany-and-the-bomb/528534/&lt;/ref&gt; Yasamu matsaguni a kasar United States daga nan yazama Dan kasa a shekarar 1940.&lt;ref name=&quot;BoyerDubofsky2001&quot;&gt;cite book|author1=Paul S. Boyer|author2=Melvyn Dubofsky|title=The Oxford Companion to United States History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgtyKzBes6QC&amp;pg=PA218|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508209-8|page=218}}&lt;/ref&gt; a jajibirin  [[Yakin duniya II]], Ya aika da letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt inda yake labarta masa cewar akwai yuwuwar samarda &quot;wasu sabbin bamabamai da ba'a taba irinsu ba&quot; kuma yaga Amurika sunfara binciken kirkiransu. Wannan yasa aka fara [[Aikin Manhattan]]. Einstein yataimaki [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], amma bai goyi bayan amfani da makaman karedangi ba. Yasa hannu a [[Russell–Einstein Manifesto]]  philosopher Biritaniya wato [[Bertrand Russell]], whanda ya bayyana illolin makaman karedangin. Yayi hadin gwiwa da [[Institute for Advanced Study]] dake Princeton, New Jersey, har zuwa lokacin dayarasu a shekarar 1955.
[[Fayil:Albert Einstein sticks his tongue 1951.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein]]
[[Fayil:Albert Einstein and Elsa Einstein arriving by ship, San Diego, 1930.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein]]
Einstein yayi wallafe wallafe akan kimiyya fiye da waraka 300 da wasu guda 150 wadanda basu shafi kimiyya..&lt;ref name=&quot;Nobel&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Paul Arthur Schilpp, editor 1951 730–746&quot;&gt;cite book |editor=Paul Arthur Schilpp |date=1951 |title=Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist |volume=II |publisher=Harper and Brothers Publishers (Harper Torchbook edition) |location=New York |pages=730–746. His non-scientific works include: ''About Zionism: Speeches and Lectures by Professor Albert Einstein'' (1930), &quot;Why War?&quot; (1933, co-authored by [[Sigmund Freud]]), ''The World As I See It'' (1934),''Out of My Later Years'' (1950), and a book on science for the general reader, ''[[The Evolution of Physics]]'' (1938, co-authored by [[Leopold Infeld]]).&lt;/ref&gt; nasarorinsa akan ilimi da asalinsa yasa anama sunansa &quot;Einstein&quot; kamar sunan &quot;genius&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;wordnetweb.princeton.edu&quot;&gt;Cite web |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=Einstein |title=Result of WordNet Search for Einstein |version=3.1 |publisher=The Trustees of Princeton University |accessdate=2015-01-04&lt;/ref&gt; [[Eugene Wigner]] Yayi rubutu game da Einstein dayake dangantashi da ire-irensa,&quot;fahimtar Einstein ya zarfi har fahimtar [[John von Neumann|Jancsi von Neumann]], tunaninsa yafi ratsawa da asali akan na von Neumann.Kuma wannan jawabi da baza'a taba mancewa ba.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''The Recollections of Eugene P. Wigner'', By Eugene Paul Wigner, Andrew Szanton, (Springer, 11 Nov 2013), page 170&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Manazarta==</text>
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{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Albert Einstein im Rosengarten in Bern (2022).jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein]]
'''Albert Einstein''' An haife shi a 14 ga watan Maris shekara ta alif dari takwas da saba'in da Tara 1879; yarasu a watan April shekara ta 1955) haifaffen kasar [[Jamus]] ne.&lt;!-- Please do not change this—see talk page and its many archives.--&gt; Kuma theoretical [[physicist]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html |title=Albert Einstein&amp;nbsp;– Biography |accessdate=7 March 2007 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070306133522/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html%7C archivedate= 6 March 2007 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| deadurl= no&lt;/ref&gt;  ne wanda ya Samar da theory of relativity, daya daga cikin ginshikan ilimin physics ayanzu (tareda quantum mechanics).&lt;ref name=&quot;frs&quot;&gt;cite journal | last1 = Whittaker | first1 = E. | authorlink = E. T. Whittaker| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005 | title = Albert Einstein. 1879–1955 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 1 | pages = 37–67 | date = 1 November 1955| jstor = 769242| doi-access = free&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;YangHamilton2010&quot;&gt;cite book|author1=Fujia Yang|author2=Joseph H. Hamilton|title=Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics|date=2010|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4277-16-7&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan sa sun shahara ne akan philosophy din [[kimiyya]].&lt;ref&gt;Cite journal |title=Einstein's Philosophy of Science |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/einstein-philscience/#IntWasEinEpiOpp |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University |editor-first=Don A. | editor-last=Howard |date=2014 |orig-year=First published 11 February 2004 |accessdate=2015-02-04&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cite journal |first=Don A. | last=Howard |title=Albert Einstein as a Philosopher of Science |url=http://www3.nd.edu/~dhoward1/vol58no12p34_40.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www3.nd.edu/~dhoward1/vol58no12p34_40.pdf |date=2022-10-09 }} |format=PDF |date=December 2005 |journal=Physics Today |volume=58 |issue=12 |pages=34–40 |via=University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, author's personal webpage |accessdate=2015-03-08|bibcode=2005PhT....58l..34H |doi=10.1063/1.2169442&lt;/ref&gt; Mutane sun sansa akan mass–energy equivalence formula, which has been dubbed &quot;Itace formular da tafi kowacce sanuwa a duniya (E=MC²)&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;cite book |first=David | last=Bodanis |title=E&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;mc&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation |location=New York |publisher=Walker |date=2000 &lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar nobel a shekarar 1921 a fannin Physics &quot;Dan ayyukan sa akan theoretical physics, da Kuma musamman binciken da yayi ya samar da law of the photoelectric effect&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Nobel Prize&quot; /&gt; wanda ya bada babban gudumawa wajen hada quantum theory.

A Farkon fara aikinsa, Einstein yayi tunanin Newtonian mechanics Bai Isa ba wajen hada laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. Wannan ne yakaisa ga Samar da special theory of relativity kansa a lokacin yana Swiss Patent Office a garin Bern (1902–1909), Switzerland. Amma Kuma, se ya ga cewa za iya amfani da principle of relativity a cikin gravitational fields, har ya wallafa rubutun akan general relativity a 1916 tare da nashi theory of gravitation. Ya cigaba da kokarin warware matsalar statistical mechanics da quantum theory, hakan yakaisa ga yin bayani akan particle theory da kuma motion of molecules. Ya kuma yi bincike  akan thermal properties of light wanda yazama itace Farkon photon theory of light. A  shekarar 1917, yayi amfani da general theory of relativity wajen kwatanta misali yadda tsarin halittan duniya yake.&lt;ref name=Nobel&gt; cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/advanced-physicsprize2011.pdf |title=Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2011. The accelerating universe |publisher=Nobel Media AB |page=2 |format=PDF |accessdate=2015-01-04&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20151124&quot;&gt;cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=A Century Ago, Einstein's Theory of Relativity Changed Everything |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/science/a-century-ago-einsteins-theory-of-relativity-changed-everything.html |date=24 November 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=24 November 2015 &lt;/ref&gt;

Einstein yayi rayuwa a kasar Switzerland daga tsakanin shekara ta 1895 zuwa shekara ta 1914, baccin shekara daya dayayi a Prague, daga nan ne yayarda yabar amfani da matsayin sa Dan kasar Jamus a shekarar 1896, sannan ya karbi sakamakon sa na diploma daga Swiss federal polytechnic school (daga bayan nan Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) dake Zürich a shekara ta 1900. Bayan zamansa Mara kasa na tsawon shekara biyar (5) yazama dan kasar Switzerland a shekara ta 1901, wanda yacigaba da rikewa har karshen rayuwarsa. A shekara ta 1905, yasamu sakamako na PhD daga jami'ar Zurich. A wannan shekara ya wallafa papers me dauke da sabbin ilimi Wanda Babu wanda ya Fara irin SA har guda hudu a lokacin dinshi ''annus mirabilis'' (shekara ta mu'ujiza) wanda yakaisa zuwa ga sanayyar makarantu a shekararsa  26. Einstein yakarantar da theoretical physics a Zurich tsakanin shekara ta 1912 zuwa shekara ta 1914 kafin yabar Berlin, inda aka zabesa Prussian Academy of Sciences.
A shekara ta 1933, sanda Einstein yake ziyara a United States, [[Adolf Hitler]] yakai karagar mulki. Saboda alakarsa da Jewish, Einstein bai koma kasar Jamus ba.&lt;ref&gt;cite journal |date=9 June 2017 |first=Thomas |last=Levenson |journal=The Atlantic |title=The Scientist and the Fascist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/06/einstein-germany-and-the-bomb/528534/&lt;/ref&gt; Yasamu matsaguni a kasar United States daga nan yazama Dan kasa a shekarar 1940.&lt;ref name=&quot;BoyerDubofsky2001&quot;&gt;cite book|author1=Paul S. Boyer|author2=Melvyn Dubofsky|title=The Oxford Companion to United States History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgtyKzBes6QC&amp;pg=PA218|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508209-8|page=218}}&lt;/ref&gt; a jajibirin  [[Yakin duniya II]], Ya aika da wasika to President Franklin D. Roosevelt inda yake labarta masa cewar akwai yuwuwar samarda &quot;wasu sabbin bamabamai da ba'a taba irinsu ba&quot; kuma yaga Amurika sunfara binciken kirkiransu. Wannan yasa aka fara [[Aikin Manhattan]]. Einstein yataimaki [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], amma bai goyi bayan amfani da makaman karedangi ba. Yasa hannu a [[Russell–Einstein Manifesto]]  philosopher Biritaniya wato [[Bertrand Russell]], whanda ya bayyana illolin makaman karedangin. Yayi hadin gwiwa da [[Institute for Advanced Study]] dake Princeton, New Jersey, har zuwa lokacin dayarasu a shekarar 1955.
[[Fayil:Albert Einstein sticks his tongue 1951.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein]]
[[Fayil:Albert Einstein and Elsa Einstein arriving by ship, San Diego, 1930.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein]]
Einstein yayi wallafe wallafe akan kimiyya fiye da waraka 300 da wasu guda 150 wadanda basu shafi kimiyya..&lt;ref name=&quot;Nobel&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Paul Arthur Schilpp, editor 1951 730–746&quot;&gt;cite book |editor=Paul Arthur Schilpp |date=1951 |title=Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist |volume=II |publisher=Harper and Brothers Publishers (Harper Torchbook edition) |location=New York |pages=730–746. His non-scientific works include: ''About Zionism: Speeches and Lectures by Professor Albert Einstein'' (1930), &quot;Why War?&quot; (1933, co-authored by [[Sigmund Freud]]), ''The World As I See It'' (1934),''Out of My Later Years'' (1950), and a book on science for the general reader, ''[[The Evolution of Physics]]'' (1938, co-authored by [[Leopold Infeld]]).&lt;/ref&gt; nasarorinsa akan ilimi da asalinsa yasa anama sunansa &quot;Einstein&quot; kamar sunan &quot;genius&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;wordnetweb.princeton.edu&quot;&gt;Cite web |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=Einstein |title=Result of WordNet Search for Einstein |version=3.1 |publisher=The Trustees of Princeton University |accessdate=2015-01-04&lt;/ref&gt; [[Eugene Wigner]] Yayi rubutu game da Einstein dayake dangantashi da ire-irensa,&quot;fahimtar Einstein ya zarfi har fahimtar [[John von Neumann|Jancsi von Neumann]], tunaninsa yafi ratsawa da asali akan na von Neumann.Kuma wannan jawabi da baza'a taba mancewa ba.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''The Recollections of Eugene P. Wigner'', By Eugene Paul Wigner, Andrew Szanton, (Springer, 11 Nov 2013), page 170&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Manazarta==</text>
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[[Fayil:Albert Einstein im Rosengarten in Bern (2022).jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein]]
'''Albert Einstein''' An haife shi a 14 ga watan Maris shekara ta alif dari takwas da saba'in da Tara 1879; yarasu a watan April shekara ta 1955) haifaffen kasar [[Jamus]] ne.&lt;!-- Please do not change this—see talk page and its many archives.--&gt; Kuma theoretical [[physicist]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html |title=Albert Einstein&amp;nbsp;– Biography |accessdate=7 March 2007 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070306133522/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html%7C archivedate= 6 March 2007 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| deadurl= no&lt;/ref&gt;  ne wanda ya Samar da theory of relativity, daya daga cikin ginshikan ilimin physics ayanzu (tareda quantum mechanics).&lt;ref name=&quot;frs&quot;&gt;cite journal | last1 = Whittaker | first1 = E. | authorlink = E. T. Whittaker| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005 | title = Albert Einstein. 1879–1955 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 1 | pages = 37–67 | date = 1 November 1955| jstor = 769242| doi-access = free&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;YangHamilton2010&quot;&gt;cite book|author1=Fujia Yang|author2=Joseph H. Hamilton|title=Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics|date=2010|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4277-16-7&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan sa sun shahara ne akan philosophy din [[kimiyya]].&lt;ref&gt;Cite journal |title=Einstein's Philosophy of Science |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/einstein-philscience/#IntWasEinEpiOpp |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University |editor-first=Don A. | editor-last=Howard |date=2014 |orig-year=First published 11 February 2004 |accessdate=2015-02-04&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cite journal |first=Don A. | last=Howard |title=Albert Einstein as a Philosopher of Science |url=http://www3.nd.edu/~dhoward1/vol58no12p34_40.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www3.nd.edu/~dhoward1/vol58no12p34_40.pdf |date=2022-10-09 }} |format=PDF |date=December 2005 |journal=Physics Today |volume=58 |issue=12 |pages=34–40 |via=University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, author's personal webpage |accessdate=2015-03-08|bibcode=2005PhT....58l..34H |doi=10.1063/1.2169442&lt;/ref&gt; Mutane sun sansa akan mass–energy equivalence formula, which has been dubbed &quot;Itace formular da tafi kowacce sanuwa a duniya (E=MC²)&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;cite book |first=David | last=Bodanis |title=E&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;mc&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation |location=New York |publisher=Walker |date=2000 &lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar nobel a shekarar 1921 a fannin Physics &quot;Dan ayyukan sa akan theoretical physics, da Kuma musamman binciken da yayi ya samar da law of the photoelectric effect&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Nobel Prize&quot; /&gt; wanda ya bada babban gudumawa wajen hada quantum theory.

A Farkon fara aikinsa, Einstein yayi tunanin Newtonian mechanics Bai Isa ba wajen hada laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. Wannan ne yakaisa ga Samar da special theory of relativity kansa a lokacin yana Swiss Patent Office a garin Bern (1902–1909), Switzerland. Amma Kuma, se ya ga cewa za iya amfani da principle of relativity a cikin gravitational fields, har ya wallafa rubutun akan general relativity a 1916 tare da nashi theory of gravitation. Ya cigaba da kokarin warware matsalar statistical mechanics da quantum theory, hakan yakaisa ga yin bayani akan particle theory da kuma motion of molecules. Ya kuma yi bincike  akan thermal properties of light wanda yazama itace Farkon photon theory of light. A  shekarar 1917, yayi amfani da general theory of relativity wajen kwatanta misali yadda tsarin halittan duniya yake.&lt;ref name=Nobel&gt; cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/advanced-physicsprize2011.pdf |title=Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2011. The accelerating universe |publisher=Nobel Media AB |page=2 |format=PDF |accessdate=2015-01-04&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20151124&quot;&gt;cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=A Century Ago, Einstein's Theory of Relativity Changed Everything |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/science/a-century-ago-einsteins-theory-of-relativity-changed-everything.html |date=24 November 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=24 November 2015 &lt;/ref&gt;

Einstein yayi rayuwa a kasar Switzerland daga tsakanin shekara ta 1895 zuwa shekara ta 1914, baccin shekara daya dayayi a Prague, daga nan ne yayarda yabar amfani da matsayin sa Dan kasar Jamus a shekarar 1896, sannan ya karbi sakamakon sa na diploma daga Swiss federal polytechnic school (daga bayan nan Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) dake Zürich a shekara ta 1900. Bayan zamansa Mara kasa na tsawon shekara biyar (5) yazama dan kasar Switzerland a shekara ta 1901, wanda yacigaba da rikewa har karshen rayuwarsa. A shekara ta 1905, yasamu sakamako na PhD daga jami'ar Zurich. A wannan shekara ya wallafa papers me dauke da sabbin ilimi Wanda Babu wanda ya Fara irin SA har guda hudu a lokacin dinshi ''annus mirabilis'' (shekara ta mu'ujiza) wanda yakaisa zuwa ga sanayyar makarantu a shekararsa  26. Einstein yakarantar da theoretical physics a Zurich tsakanin shekara ta 1912 zuwa shekara ta 1914 kafin yabar Berlin, inda aka zabesa Prussian Academy of Sciences.
A shekara ta 1933, sanda Einstein yake ziyara a United States, [[Adolf Hitler]] yakai karagar mulki. Saboda alakarsa da Jewish, Einstein bai koma kasar Jamus ba.&lt;ref&gt;cite journal |date=9 June 2017 |first=Thomas |last=Levenson |journal=The Atlantic |title=The Scientist and the Fascist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/06/einstein-germany-and-the-bomb/528534/&lt;/ref&gt; Yasamu matsaguni a kasar United States daga nan yazama Dan kasa a shekarar 1940.&lt;ref name=&quot;BoyerDubofsky2001&quot;&gt;cite book|author1=Paul S. Boyer|author2=Melvyn Dubofsky|title=The Oxford Companion to United States History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgtyKzBes6QC&amp;pg=PA218|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508209-8|page=218}}&lt;/ref&gt; a jajibirin  [[Yakin duniya II]], Ya aika da wasika zuwa ga President Franklin D. Roosevelt inda yake labarta masa cewar akwai yuwuwar samarda &quot;wasu sabbin bamabamai da ba'a taba irinsu ba&quot; kuma yaga Amurika sunfara binciken kirkiransu. Wannan yasa aka fara [[Aikin Manhattan]]. Einstein yataimaki [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], amma bai goyi bayan amfani da makaman karedangi ba. Yasa hannu a [[Russell–Einstein Manifesto]]  philosopher Biritaniya wato [[Bertrand Russell]], whanda ya bayyana illolin makaman karedangin. Yayi hadin gwiwa da [[Institute for Advanced Study]] dake Princeton, New Jersey, har zuwa lokacin dayarasu a shekarar 1955.
[[Fayil:Albert Einstein sticks his tongue 1951.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein]]
[[Fayil:Albert Einstein and Elsa Einstein arriving by ship, San Diego, 1930.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein]]
Einstein yayi wallafe wallafe akan kimiyya fiye da waraka 300 da wasu guda 150 wadanda basu shafi kimiyya..&lt;ref name=&quot;Nobel&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Paul Arthur Schilpp, editor 1951 730–746&quot;&gt;cite book |editor=Paul Arthur Schilpp |date=1951 |title=Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist |volume=II |publisher=Harper and Brothers Publishers (Harper Torchbook edition) |location=New York |pages=730–746. His non-scientific works include: ''About Zionism: Speeches and Lectures by Professor Albert Einstein'' (1930), &quot;Why War?&quot; (1933, co-authored by [[Sigmund Freud]]), ''The World As I See It'' (1934),''Out of My Later Years'' (1950), and a book on science for the general reader, ''[[The Evolution of Physics]]'' (1938, co-authored by [[Leopold Infeld]]).&lt;/ref&gt; nasarorinsa akan ilimi da asalinsa yasa anama sunansa &quot;Einstein&quot; kamar sunan &quot;genius&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;wordnetweb.princeton.edu&quot;&gt;Cite web |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=Einstein |title=Result of WordNet Search for Einstein |version=3.1 |publisher=The Trustees of Princeton University |accessdate=2015-01-04&lt;/ref&gt; [[Eugene Wigner]] Yayi rubutu game da Einstein dayake dangantashi da ire-irensa,&quot;fahimtar Einstein ya zarfi har fahimtar [[John von Neumann|Jancsi von Neumann]], tunaninsa yafi ratsawa da asali akan na von Neumann.Kuma wannan jawabi da baza'a taba mancewa ba.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''The Recollections of Eugene P. Wigner'', By Eugene Paul Wigner, Andrew Szanton, (Springer, 11 Nov 2013), page 170&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Manazarta==</text>
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[[Fayil:Albert Einstein im Rosengarten in Bern (2022).jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein]]
'''Albert Einstein''' An haife shi a 14 ga watan Maris shekara ta alif dari takwas da saba'in da Tara 1879; yarasu a watan April shekara ta 1955) haifaffen kasar [[Jamus]] ne.&lt;!-- Please do not change this—see talk page and its many archives.--&gt; Kuma theoretical [[physicist]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html |title=Albert Einstein&amp;nbsp;– Biography |accessdate=7 March 2007 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070306133522/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html%7C archivedate= 6 March 2007 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| deadurl= no&lt;/ref&gt;  ne wanda ya Samar da theory of relativity, daya daga cikin ginshikan ilimin physics ayanzu (tareda quantum mechanics).&lt;ref name=&quot;frs&quot;&gt;cite journal | last1 = Whittaker | first1 = E. | authorlink = E. T. Whittaker| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005 | title = Albert Einstein. 1879–1955 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 1 | pages = 37–67 | date = 1 November 1955| jstor = 769242| doi-access = free&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;YangHamilton2010&quot;&gt;cite book|author1=Fujia Yang|author2=Joseph H. Hamilton|title=Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics|date=2010|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4277-16-7&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan sa sun shahara ne akan philosophy din [[kimiyya]].&lt;ref&gt;Cite journal |title=Einstein's Philosophy of Science |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/einstein-philscience/#IntWasEinEpiOpp |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University |editor-first=Don A. | editor-last=Howard |date=2014 |orig-year=First published 11 February 2004 |accessdate=2015-02-04&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cite journal |first=Don A. | last=Howard |title=Albert Einstein as a Philosopher of Science |url=http://www3.nd.edu/~dhoward1/vol58no12p34_40.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www3.nd.edu/~dhoward1/vol58no12p34_40.pdf |date=2022-10-09 }} |format=PDF |date=December 2005 |journal=Physics Today |volume=58 |issue=12 |pages=34–40 |via=University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, author's personal webpage |accessdate=2015-03-08|bibcode=2005PhT....58l..34H |doi=10.1063/1.2169442&lt;/ref&gt; Mutane sun sansa akan mass–energy equivalence formula, which has been dubbed &quot;Itace formular da tafi kowacce sanuwa a duniya (E=MC²)&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;cite book |first=David | last=Bodanis |title=E&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;mc&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation |location=New York |publisher=Walker |date=2000 &lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar nobel a shekarar 1921 a fannin Physics &quot;Dan ayyukan sa akan theoretical physics, da Kuma musamman binciken da yayi ya samar da law of the photoelectric effect&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Nobel Prize&quot; /&gt; wanda ya bada babban gudumawa wajen hada quantum theory.

A Farkon fara aikinsa, Einstein yayi tunanin Newtonian mechanics Bai Isa ba wajen hada laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. Wannan ne yakaisa ga Samar da special theory of relativity kansa a lokacin yana Swiss Patent Office a garin Bern (1902–1909), Switzerland. Amma Kuma, se ya ga cewa za iya amfani da principle of relativity a cikin gravitational fields, har ya wallafa rubutun akan general relativity a 1916 tare da nashi theory of gravitation. Ya cigaba da kokarin warware matsalar statistical mechanics da quantum theory, hakan yakaisa ga yin bayani akan particle theory da kuma motion of molecules. Ya kuma yi bincike  akan thermal properties of light wanda yazama itace Farkon photon theory of light. A  shekarar 1917, yayi amfani da general theory of relativity wajen kwatanta misali yadda tsarin halittan duniya yake.&lt;ref name=Nobel&gt; cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/advanced-physicsprize2011.pdf |title=Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2011. The accelerating universe |publisher=Nobel Media AB |page=2 |format=PDF |accessdate=2015-01-04&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20151124&quot;&gt;cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=A Century Ago, Einstein's Theory of Relativity Changed Everything |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/science/a-century-ago-einsteins-theory-of-relativity-changed-everything.html |date=24 November 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=24 November 2015 &lt;/ref&gt;

Einstein yayi rayuwa a kasar Switzerland daga tsakanin shekara ta 1895 zuwa shekara ta 1914, baccin shekara daya dayayi a Prague, daga nan ne yayarda yabar amfani da matsayin sa Dan kasar Jamus a shekarar 1896, sannan ya karbi sakamakon sa na diploma daga Swiss federal polytechnic school (daga bayan nan Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) dake Zürich a shekara ta 1900. Bayan zamansa Mara kasa na tsawon shekara biyar (5) yazama dan kasar Switzerland a shekara ta 1901, wanda yacigaba da rikewa har karshen rayuwarsa. A shekara ta 1905, yasamu sakamako na PhD daga jami'ar Zurich. A wannan shekara ya wallafa papers me dauke da sabbin ilimi Wanda Babu wanda ya Fara irin SA har guda hudu a lokacin dinshi ''annus mirabilis'' (shekara ta mu'ujiza) wanda yakaisa zuwa ga sanayyar makarantu a shekararsa  26. Einstein yakarantar da theoretical physics a Zurich tsakanin shekara ta 1912 zuwa shekara ta 1914 kafin yabar Berlin, inda aka zabesa Prussian Academy of Sciences.
A shekara ta 1933, sanda Einstein yake ziyara a United States, [[Adolf Hitler]] yakai karagar mulki. Saboda alakarsa da Jewish, Einstein bai koma kasar Jamus ba.&lt;ref&gt;cite journal |date=9 June 2017 |first=Thomas |last=Levenson |journal=The Atlantic |title=The Scientist and the Fascist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/06/einstein-germany-and-the-bomb/528534/&lt;/ref&gt; Yasamu matsaguni a kasar United States daga nan yazama Dan kasa a shekarar 1940.&lt;ref name=&quot;BoyerDubofsky2001&quot;&gt;cite book|author1=Paul S. Boyer|author2=Melvyn Dubofsky|title=The Oxford Companion to United States History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgtyKzBes6QC&amp;pg=PA218|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508209-8|page=218}}&lt;/ref&gt; a jajibirin  [[Yakin duniya II]], Ya aika da wasika zuwa ga shugaban kasa Franklin D. Roosevelt inda yake labarta masa cewar akwai yuwuwar samarda &quot;wasu sabbin bamabamai da ba'a taba irinsu ba&quot; kuma yaga Amurika sunfara binciken kirkiransu. Wannan yasa aka fara [[Aikin Manhattan]]. Einstein yataimaki [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], amma bai goyi bayan amfani da makaman karedangi ba. Yasa hannu a [[Russell–Einstein Manifesto]]  philosopher Biritaniya wato [[Bertrand Russell]], whanda ya bayyana illolin makaman karedangin. Yayi hadin gwiwa da [[Institute for Advanced Study]] dake Princeton, New Jersey, har zuwa lokacin dayarasu a shekarar 1955.
[[Fayil:Albert Einstein sticks his tongue 1951.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein]]
[[Fayil:Albert Einstein and Elsa Einstein arriving by ship, San Diego, 1930.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein]]
Einstein yayi wallafe wallafe akan kimiyya fiye da waraka 300 da wasu guda 150 wadanda basu shafi kimiyya..&lt;ref name=&quot;Nobel&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Paul Arthur Schilpp, editor 1951 730–746&quot;&gt;cite book |editor=Paul Arthur Schilpp |date=1951 |title=Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist |volume=II |publisher=Harper and Brothers Publishers (Harper Torchbook edition) |location=New York |pages=730–746. His non-scientific works include: ''About Zionism: Speeches and Lectures by Professor Albert Einstein'' (1930), &quot;Why War?&quot; (1933, co-authored by [[Sigmund Freud]]), ''The World As I See It'' (1934),''Out of My Later Years'' (1950), and a book on science for the general reader, ''[[The Evolution of Physics]]'' (1938, co-authored by [[Leopold Infeld]]).&lt;/ref&gt; nasarorinsa akan ilimi da asalinsa yasa anama sunansa &quot;Einstein&quot; kamar sunan &quot;genius&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;wordnetweb.princeton.edu&quot;&gt;Cite web |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=Einstein |title=Result of WordNet Search for Einstein |version=3.1 |publisher=The Trustees of Princeton University |accessdate=2015-01-04&lt;/ref&gt; [[Eugene Wigner]] Yayi rubutu game da Einstein dayake dangantashi da ire-irensa,&quot;fahimtar Einstein ya zarfi har fahimtar [[John von Neumann|Jancsi von Neumann]], tunaninsa yafi ratsawa da asali akan na von Neumann.Kuma wannan jawabi da baza'a taba mancewa ba.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''The Recollections of Eugene P. Wigner'', By Eugene Paul Wigner, Andrew Szanton, (Springer, 11 Nov 2013), page 170&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Manazarta==</text>
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[[Fayil:Albert Einstein im Rosengarten in Bern (2022).jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein]]
'''Albert Einstein''' An haife shi a 14 ga watan Maris shekara ta alif dari takwas da saba'in da Tara 1879; yarasu a watan April shekara ta 1955) haifaffen kasar [[Jamus]] ne.&lt;!-- Please do not change this—see talk page and its many archives.--&gt; Kuma theoretical [[physicist]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html |title=Albert Einstein&amp;nbsp;– Biography |accessdate=7 March 2007 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070306133522/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html%7C archivedate= 6 March 2007 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| deadurl= no&lt;/ref&gt;  ne wanda ya Samar da theory of relativity, daya daga cikin ginshikan ilimin physics ayanzu (tareda quantum mechanics).&lt;ref name=&quot;frs&quot;&gt;cite journal | last1 = Whittaker | first1 = E. | authorlink = E. T. Whittaker| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005 | title = Albert Einstein. 1879–1955 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 1 | pages = 37–67 | date = 1 November 1955| jstor = 769242| doi-access = free&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;YangHamilton2010&quot;&gt;cite book|author1=Fujia Yang|author2=Joseph H. Hamilton|title=Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics|date=2010|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4277-16-7&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan sa sun shahara ne akan philosophy din [[kimiyya]].&lt;ref&gt;Cite journal |title=Einstein's Philosophy of Science |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/einstein-philscience/#IntWasEinEpiOpp |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University |editor-first=Don A. | editor-last=Howard |date=2014 |orig-year=First published 11 February 2004 |accessdate=2015-02-04&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cite journal |first=Don A. | last=Howard |title=Albert Einstein as a Philosopher of Science |url=http://www3.nd.edu/~dhoward1/vol58no12p34_40.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www3.nd.edu/~dhoward1/vol58no12p34_40.pdf |date=2022-10-09 }} |format=PDF |date=December 2005 |journal=Physics Today |volume=58 |issue=12 |pages=34–40 |via=University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, author's personal webpage |accessdate=2015-03-08|bibcode=2005PhT....58l..34H |doi=10.1063/1.2169442&lt;/ref&gt; Mutane sun sansa akan mass–energy equivalence formula, which has been dubbed &quot;Itace formular da tafi kowacce sanuwa a duniya (E=MC²)&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;cite book |first=David | last=Bodanis |title=E&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;mc&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation |location=New York |publisher=Walker |date=2000 &lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe kyautar nobel a shekarar 1921 a fannin Physics &quot;Dan ayyukan sa akan theoretical physics, da Kuma musamman binciken da yayi ya samar da law of the photoelectric effect&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Nobel Prize&quot; /&gt; wanda ya bada babban gudumawa wajen hada quantum theory.

A Farkon fara aikinsa, Einstein yayi tunanin Newtonian mechanics Bai Isa ba wajen hada laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. Wannan ne yakaisa ga Samar da special theory of relativity kansa a lokacin yana Swiss Patent Office a garin Bern (1902–1909), Switzerland. Amma Kuma, se ya ga cewa za iya amfani da principle of relativity a cikin gravitational fields, har ya wallafa rubutun akan general relativity a 1916 tare da nashi theory of gravitation. Ya cigaba da kokarin warware matsalar statistical mechanics da quantum theory, hakan yakaisa ga yin bayani akan particle theory da kuma motion of molecules. Ya kuma yi bincike  akan thermal properties of light wanda yazama itace Farkon photon theory of light. A  shekarar 1917, yayi amfani da general theory of relativity wajen kwatanta misali yadda tsarin halittan duniya yake.&lt;ref name=Nobel&gt; cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/advanced-physicsprize2011.pdf |title=Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2011. The accelerating universe |publisher=Nobel Media AB |page=2 |format=PDF |accessdate=2015-01-04&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20151124&quot;&gt;cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=A Century Ago, Einstein's Theory of Relativity Changed Everything |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/science/a-century-ago-einsteins-theory-of-relativity-changed-everything.html |date=24 November 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=24 November 2015 &lt;/ref&gt;

Einstein yayi rayuwa a kasar Switzerland daga tsakanin shekara ta 1895 zuwa shekara ta 1914, baccin shekara daya dayayi a Prague, daga nan ne yayarda yabar amfani da matsayin sa Dan kasar Jamus a shekarar 1896, sannan ya karbi sakamakon sa na diploma daga Swiss federal polytechnic school (daga bayan nan Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) dake Zürich a shekara ta 1900. Bayan zamansa Mara kasa na tsawon shekara biyar (5) yazama dan kasar Switzerland a shekara ta 1901, wanda yacigaba da rikewa har karshen rayuwarsa. A shekara ta 1905, yasamu sakamako na PhD daga jami'ar Zurich. A wannan shekara ya wallafa papers me dauke da sabbin ilimi Wanda Babu wanda ya Fara irin SA har guda hudu a lokacin dinshi ''annus mirabilis'' (shekara ta mu'ujiza) wanda yakaisa zuwa ga sanayyar makarantu a shekararsa  26. Einstein yakarantar da theoretical physics a Zurich tsakanin shekara ta 1912 zuwa shekara ta 1914 kafin yabar Berlin, inda aka zabesa Prussian Academy of Sciences.
A shekara ta 1933, sanda Einstein yake ziyara a United States, [[Adolf Hitler]] yakai karagar mulki. Saboda alakarsa da Jewish, Einstein bai koma kasar Jamus ba.&lt;ref&gt;cite journal |date=9 June 2017 |first=Thomas |last=Levenson |journal=The Atlantic |title=The Scientist and the Fascist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/06/einstein-germany-and-the-bomb/528534/&lt;/ref&gt; Yasamu matsaguni a kasar United States daga nan yazama Dan kasa a shekarar 1940.&lt;ref name=&quot;BoyerDubofsky2001&quot;&gt;cite book|author1=Paul S. Boyer|author2=Melvyn Dubofsky|title=The Oxford Companion to United States History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgtyKzBes6QC&amp;pg=PA218|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508209-8|page=218}}&lt;/ref&gt; A jajibirin  [[Yakin duniya II]], Ya aika da wasika zuwa ga shugaban kasa Franklin D. Roosevelt inda yake labarta masa cewar akwai yuwuwar samarda &quot;wasu sabbin bamabamai da ba'a taba irinsu ba&quot; kuma yaga Amurika sunfara binciken kirkiransu. Wannan yasa aka fara [[Aikin Manhattan]]. Einstein yataimaki [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], amma bai goyi bayan amfani da makaman karedangi ba. Yasa hannu a [[Russell–Einstein Manifesto]]  philosopher Biritaniya wato [[Bertrand Russell]], whanda ya bayyana illolin makaman karedangin. Yayi hadin gwiwa da [[Institute for Advanced Study]] dake Princeton, New Jersey, har zuwa lokacin dayarasu a shekarar 1955.
[[Fayil:Albert Einstein sticks his tongue 1951.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein]]
[[Fayil:Albert Einstein and Elsa Einstein arriving by ship, San Diego, 1930.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein]]
Einstein yayi wallafe wallafe akan kimiyya fiye da waraka 300 da wasu guda 150 wadanda basu shafi kimiyya..&lt;ref name=&quot;Nobel&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Paul Arthur Schilpp, editor 1951 730–746&quot;&gt;cite book |editor=Paul Arthur Schilpp |date=1951 |title=Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist |volume=II |publisher=Harper and Brothers Publishers (Harper Torchbook edition) |location=New York |pages=730–746. His non-scientific works include: ''About Zionism: Speeches and Lectures by Professor Albert Einstein'' (1930), &quot;Why War?&quot; (1933, co-authored by [[Sigmund Freud]]), ''The World As I See It'' (1934),''Out of My Later Years'' (1950), and a book on science for the general reader, ''[[The Evolution of Physics]]'' (1938, co-authored by [[Leopold Infeld]]).&lt;/ref&gt; nasarorinsa akan ilimi da asalinsa yasa anama sunansa &quot;Einstein&quot; kamar sunan &quot;genius&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;wordnetweb.princeton.edu&quot;&gt;Cite web |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=Einstein |title=Result of WordNet Search for Einstein |version=3.1 |publisher=The Trustees of Princeton University |accessdate=2015-01-04&lt;/ref&gt; [[Eugene Wigner]] Yayi rubutu game da Einstein dayake dangantashi da ire-irensa,&quot;fahimtar Einstein ya zarfi har fahimtar [[John von Neumann|Jancsi von Neumann]], tunaninsa yafi ratsawa da asali akan na von Neumann.Kuma wannan jawabi da baza'a taba mancewa ba.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''The Recollections of Eugene P. Wigner'', By Eugene Paul Wigner, Andrew Szanton, (Springer, 11 Nov 2013), page 170&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Manazarta==</text>
      <sha1>islyn16rdvsk8hyy7mdb0wfuex3r03g</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Lokaci</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1298751304|Timetree]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3477" sha1="meqdto9neyhkdhwy83qylzyhz4cypke" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Timetree-rect.png|thumb|300x300px|Lokaci na rectangular na vertebrates &lt;ref&gt;Hedges SB (2009). ''Vertebrates (Vertebrata).'' in ''The Timetree of Life,'' SB Hedges and S Kumar, Eds. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009) P. 310 {{ISBN|0199535035}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Spiral_timetree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Lokaci mai juzu'i &lt;ref name=&quot;tt-clock&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hedges |first=SB |last2=Marin |first2=J |last3=Suleski |first3=M |last4=Paymer |first4=M |date=2015 |title=Tree of Life Reveals Clock-Like Speciation and Diversification |journal=Mol. Biol. Evol. |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=835–845 |arxiv= |doi=10.1093/molbev/msv037 |pmc=4379413 |pmid=25739733}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Timetree itace ne na phylogenetic wanda aka daidaita zuwa lokaci.[1] Yana nuna alaƙar juyin halitta na rukuni na kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin lokaci.

Sabili da haka, idan an wakilci kwayoyin halitta masu rai, tsawon reshe tsakanin tushe na itace da dukkan ganye (misali, jinsuna) iri ɗaya ne saboda lokaci guda ya wuce, kodayake ana iya nuna kwayoyin da suka ƙare a cikin jadawalin lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marjanović |first=David |last2=Laurin |first2=Michel |date=2014-07-04 |title=An updated paleontological timetree of lissamphibians, with comments on the anatomy of Jurassic crown-group salamanders (Urodela) |journal=Historical Biology |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=535–550 |bibcode=2014HBio...26..535M |doi=10.1080/08912963.2013.797972 |issn=0891-2963 |s2cid=84581331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamar yadda yake tare da itace na phylogenetic, ana iya zana jadawalin lokaci a cikin siffofi daban-daban: rectangular, zagaye, &lt;ref name=&quot;tt-bk&quot;&gt;Hedges SB; Kumar S (2009). ''[http://www.timetree.org/public/data/pdf/Hedges2009Chap01.pdf Discovering the timetree of life].'' in ''The Timetree of Life,'' SB Hedges and S Kumar, Eds. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009) P. 3-18 {{ISBN|0199535035}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko ma spiral. &lt;ref name=&quot;tt-clock&quot; /&gt; Adadin kawai a cikin Darwin's On the Origin of Species,  daya daga cikin itatuwan juyin halitta na farko da aka buga, shine jadawalin lokaci.Saboda rikodin burbushin koyaushe yana da alaƙa sosai da rikodin ilimin ƙasa, ana kwatanta itatuwan juyin halitta na kwayoyin da suka ƙare a matsayin jadawalin lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;Benton MJ (2014). ''Vertebrate paleontology''. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. {{ISBN|978-111840755-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A baya, ana kiran jadawalin lokaci a wasu lokuta &quot;chronograms,&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wikström |first=Niklas |last2=Savolainen |first2=Vincent |last3=Chase |first3=Mark W. |date=2001-11-07 |title=Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=268 |issue=1482 |pages=2211–2220 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2001.1782 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=1088868 |pmid=11674868}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma an soki wannan kalmar saboda ba daidai ba ne, yana nufin kowane hoto da ke nuna lokaci, kuma ba ya nuna cewa dangantakar juyin halitta tana da hannu. &lt;ref name=&quot;tt-bk&quot; /&gt; Amfani na farko da kalma guda &quot;mita,&quot; a cikin mahallin itacen juyin halitta da aka daidaita zuwa lokaci, ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 2001.&lt;ref&gt;Hedges SB (2001). [http://www.hedgeslab.org/pubs/124.pdf Molecular evidence for the early history of living vertebrates]. Pp. 119-134 in P. E. Ahlberg (Ed.) ''Major events in early vertebrate evolution: palaeontology, phylogeny, genetics and development.'' London: Taylor and Francis.  {{Doi|10.1201/b12434}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>975553</id>
      <parentid>975552</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Galadanchi123</username>
        <id>50022</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1298751304|Timetree]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>975553</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2779" sha1="gescg8zbgakp508lt4o0zzqtkwvp7l8" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Timetree-rect.png|thumb|300x300px|Lokaci na rectangular na vertebrates &lt;ref&gt;Hedges SB (2009). ''Vertebrates (Vertebrata).'' in ''The Timetree of Life,'' SB Hedges and S Kumar, Eds. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009) P. 310 {{ISBN|0199535035}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Spiral_timetree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Lokaci mai juzu'i &lt;ref name=&quot;tt-clock&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hedges |first=SB |last2=Marin |first2=J |last3=Suleski |first3=M |last4=Paymer |first4=M |date=2015 |title=Tree of Life Reveals Clock-Like Speciation and Diversification |journal=Mol. Biol. Evol. |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=835–845 |arxiv= |doi=10.1093/molbev/msv037 |pmc=4379413 |pmid=25739733}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Timetree itace ne na phylogenetic wanda aka daidaita zuwa lokaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;tt-bk&quot; /&gt; Yana nuna alaƙar juyin halitta na rukuni na kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin lokaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;tt-bk&quot;&gt;Hedges SB; Kumar S (2009). ''[http://www.timetree.org/public/data/pdf/Hedges2009Chap01.pdf Discovering the timetree of life].'' in ''The Timetree of Life,'' SB Hedges and S Kumar, Eds. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009) P. 3-18 {{ISBN|0199535035}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabili da haka, idan an wakilci kwayoyin halitta masu rai, tsawon reshe tsakanin tushe na itace da dukkan ganye (misali, jinsuna) iri ɗaya ne saboda lokaci guda ya wuce, kodayake ana iya nuna kwayoyin da suka ƙare a cikin jadawalin lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marjanović |first=David |last2=Laurin |first2=Michel |date=2014-07-04 |title=An updated paleontological timetree of lissamphibians, with comments on the anatomy of Jurassic crown-group salamanders (Urodela) |journal=Historical Biology |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=535–550 |bibcode=2014HBio...26..535M |doi=10.1080/08912963.2013.797972 |issn=0891-2963 |s2cid=84581331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamar yadda yake tare da itace na phylogenetic, ana iya zana jadawalin lokaci a cikin siffofi daban-daban: rectangular, zagaye, &lt;ref name=&quot;tt-bk&quot; /&gt; ko ma spiral. &lt;ref name=&quot;tt-clock&quot; /&gt; Adadin kawai a cikin Darwin's On the Origin of Species,  daya daga cikin itatuwan juyin halitta na farko da aka buga, shine jadawalin lokaci.Saboda rikodin burbushin koyaushe yana da alaƙa sosai da rikodin ilimin ƙasa, ana kwatanta itatuwan juyin halitta na kwayoyin da suka ƙare a matsayin jadawalin lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;Benton MJ (2014). ''Vertebrate paleontology''. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. {{ISBN|978-111840755-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A baya, ana kiran jadawalin lokaci a wasu lokuta &quot;chronograms,&quot; [1] amma an soki wannan kalmar saboda ba daidai ba ne, yana nufin kowane hoto da ke nuna lokaci, kuma ba ya nuna cewa dangantakar juyin halitta tana da hannu. [2] Amfani na farko da kalma guda &quot;mita,&quot; a cikin mahallin itacen juyin halitta da aka daidaita zuwa lokaci, ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 2001.[3]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2790" sha1="gtekkrt17061cyd8bkvo3dtoeufqu9b" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Timetree-rect.png|thumb|300x300px|Lokaci na rectangular na vertebrates &lt;ref&gt;Hedges SB (2009). ''Vertebrates (Vertebrata).'' in ''The Timetree of Life,'' SB Hedges and S Kumar, Eds. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009) P. 310 {{ISBN|0199535035}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Spiral_timetree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Lokaci mai juzu'i &lt;ref name=&quot;tt-clock&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hedges |first=SB |last2=Marin |first2=J |last3=Suleski |first3=M |last4=Paymer |first4=M |date=2015 |title=Tree of Life Reveals Clock-Like Speciation and Diversification |journal=Mol. Biol. Evol. |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=835–845 |arxiv= |doi=10.1093/molbev/msv037 |pmc=4379413 |pmid=25739733}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]{{Databox}}
Timetree itace ne na phylogenetic wanda aka daidaita zuwa lokaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;tt-bk&quot; /&gt; Yana nuna alaƙar juyin halitta na rukuni na kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin lokaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;tt-bk&quot;&gt;Hedges SB; Kumar S (2009). ''[http://www.timetree.org/public/data/pdf/Hedges2009Chap01.pdf Discovering the timetree of life].'' in ''The Timetree of Life,'' SB Hedges and S Kumar, Eds. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009) P. 3-18 {{ISBN|0199535035}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabili da haka, idan an wakilci kwayoyin halitta masu rai, tsawon reshe tsakanin tushe na itace da dukkan ganye (misali, jinsuna) iri ɗaya ne saboda lokaci guda ya wuce, kodayake ana iya nuna kwayoyin da suka ƙare a cikin jadawalin lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marjanović |first=David |last2=Laurin |first2=Michel |date=2014-07-04 |title=An updated paleontological timetree of lissamphibians, with comments on the anatomy of Jurassic crown-group salamanders (Urodela) |journal=Historical Biology |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=535–550 |bibcode=2014HBio...26..535M |doi=10.1080/08912963.2013.797972 |issn=0891-2963 |s2cid=84581331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamar yadda yake tare da itace na phylogenetic, ana iya zana jadawalin lokaci a cikin siffofi daban-daban: rectangular, zagaye, &lt;ref name=&quot;tt-bk&quot; /&gt; ko ma spiral. &lt;ref name=&quot;tt-clock&quot; /&gt; Adadin kawai a cikin Darwin's On the Origin of Species,  daya daga cikin itatuwan juyin halitta na farko da aka buga, shine jadawalin lokaci.Saboda rikodin burbushin koyaushe yana da alaƙa sosai da rikodin ilimin ƙasa, ana kwatanta itatuwan juyin halitta na kwayoyin da suka ƙare a matsayin jadawalin lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;Benton MJ (2014). ''Vertebrate paleontology''. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. {{ISBN|978-111840755-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A baya, ana kiran jadawalin lokaci a wasu lokuta &quot;chronograms,&quot; [1] amma an soki wannan kalmar saboda ba daidai ba ne, yana nufin kowane hoto da ke nuna lokaci, kuma ba ya nuna cewa dangantakar juyin halitta tana da hannu. [2] Amfani na farko da kalma guda &quot;mita,&quot; a cikin mahallin itacen juyin halitta da aka daidaita zuwa lokaci, ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 2001.[3]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gnassingbé Eyadema</title>
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[[File:Gnassingbe_Eyadema_detail1_DF-SC-84-10025.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Gnassingbé Eyadema a shekara ta 1983.]]

'''Gnassingbé Eyadema''' ɗan siyasan [[Togo]] ne. An haife shi ne a shekara ta 1935 a [[Pya]] ; ya mutu a shekara ta 2005 a cikin jirgin sama. 
[[File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg|thumb|tutar kasar Togo]]
Shugaban ƙasar Togo ne daga shekarar 1967 zuwa 2005 (bayan [[Kléber Dadjo]] - kafin [[Faure Gnassingbé]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Nabourema |first1=Farida |title=In Togo, There Is Nowhere to Hide |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/06/opinion/international-world/togo-activists-autocracy.html |work=New York TImes |date=6 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Eyadema, Gnassingbe}}
[[Category:'Yan siyasan Togo]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>975563</id>
      <parentid>972124</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T14:23:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>3927</id>
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      <comment>/* Tech News: 2026-45 */ sabon sashe</comment>
      <origin>975563</origin>
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[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Galdiz ! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Umar a usman|gudummuwarka]]. Kuma ina fatan zaka tsaya ka ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimake ka ka fahimci Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]], ko kuma ka tambayeni a {{Gyara|User talk:Anasskoko|section=new|shafina na tattaunawa}}. Na gode. [[User:Anasskoko|Anasskoko]] ([[User talk:Anasskoko|talk]]) 16:47, 24 Nuwamba, 2019 (UTC)
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

==Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos na Hausa Community==
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:3em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue',sans-serif; font-size:110%; line-height:1.75;&quot;&gt;
Muna gayyatan kudan shiga gasar '''WPWP Contest na Hausa Community'''! 
 
'''Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos na Hausa Community''' gasa ce ta duk shekara wanda editoci a Wikipedia daga [[m:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Community User Group]] ke sanya hotuna a mukalolin da basu da ko keda karancin hoto articles. Wannan dan a inganta da karfafa amfani ne da dubannin hotunan da ake samu ne daga gasa daban-daban na hotuna da ake gudanarwa duk shekara, wanda Wikimedia community ke shiryawa a Wikipedia. hoto na inganta fahimtar mai karatu, da bayyana bayani, da sanya mukaloli suyi kyau. Gasar Kuma zata ba sabbin editoci da tsoffi damar inganta kwarewa, dan shiga samun kwarewa tuntube mu anan [[Special:Emailuser/M-Mustapha|Emel]].
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background:#ffbd4a;color:yellow;padding:5px;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--T:24--&gt;[[m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos for Hausa Community|Danna nan dan shiga gasa da Karin bayani.]]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #804; color: #fa0;&quot;&gt;&lt;samp&gt;Em&lt;/samp&gt;[[User:M-Mustapha|-]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal; background-color: #804; color: #5b2;&quot;&gt;&lt;samp&gt;mustapha&lt;/samp&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;sup&gt;&lt;samp&gt;[[user talk:M-Mustapha|t@lk]]&lt;/samp&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  16:48, 26 ga Yuni, 2020 (UTC)

Allah ya kaimu [[User:Umar a usman|Umar a usman]] ([[User talk:Umar a usman#top|talk]]) 12:02, 23 ga Yuni, 2021 (UTC)

==Barka da ƙoƙari==
Naga idan kayi gyara sai ka goge wasu masu amfani, a wani wurin ma share sashen dukka kake yi! Misali, zaka ga na mayar da yawancin gyararrakin. Ka kula sosai. [[User:M-Mustapha|&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #804; color: #fa0;&quot;&gt;&lt;samp&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;''Em-em''&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/samp&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;samp&gt;&lt;u&gt;[[User talk:M-Mustapha|'''talk''']]&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/samp&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 16:25, 26 ga Afirilu, 2021 (UTC)

== Gasar Hausa Wikipeda ==

'''Assalamu alaikum''' @[[User:Umar a usman|Umar a usman]]''','''

Ina mai sanar da kai cewa za'a sanar da sakamakon gasa gobe idan Allah ya kaimu, ka duba wannan shafin domin ganin sakamakon gasa, sannan kyaututtuka za'a bayar dasu ne lokaci kadan bayan sanarwan. [[WP:Gasar Hausa Wikipedia ta Shekara-shekara]], Nagode.--  [[User:Anasskoko|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#00BFFF&quot;&gt;An@ss_koko&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Anasskoko|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#7F007F&quot;&gt;(Yi Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 11:22, 23 ga Yuni, 2021 (UTC)

== Gyara akan saka manazarta ==

@[[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] barka da kokari, naga kaine ka kirkiri mukalar [[Saladin Governorate]], amma baka saka manazarta ko daya ba, yakamata mu fahimci mahimmancin manazarta. [[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 09:41, 11 ga Yuni, 2023 (UTC)

== Invitation to Rejoin the [https://mdwiki.org/wiki/WikiProjectMed:Translation_task_force Healthcare Translation Task Force] ==

[[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|right|frameless|125px]]
You have been a [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/prior/index.php medical translators within Wikipedia]. We have recently relaunched our efforts and invite you to [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php join the new process]. Let me know if you have questions. Best [[User:Doc James|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000f1&quot;&gt;'''Doc James'''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Doc James|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Doc James|email]]) 12:34, 13 August 2023 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_translators/60&amp;oldid=25451603 --&gt;

== Canza taken mukala ==

@[[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] Barka da Kokari, Inason inyi amfani da wannan damar domin jawo hankalinka, akan taken da mukeba mukala. Naga ka fassara mukalar mai taken '''Rabies''' da taken '''Ciwon hauka'''. Amma yanzu na mayar dashi a [[Ciwon Rabies]]...Dalili kuwa shine wannan ciwo ba ciwon hauka bane kamar yadda ka fassara...inaga idan bamusan sunan abuba da hausa kamata yayi mu rika barinsa da turancinsa a kan mubashi fassarar da ba ita bace.[[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 12:29, 11 Oktoba 2023 (UTC)

== Thank you for being a medical contributors! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;&quot; | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|100px]]
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;&quot; |'''The 2023 Cure Award''' 
|-
| style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;&quot; |In 2023 you [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php?camp=all&amp;project=all&amp;year=2023&amp;start=Filter joined us as a medical translator]. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. Consider joining '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|here]]''', there are no associated costs and we look forwards to working together in 2024.
|}

Thanks again :-)  -- [https://mdwiki.org/wiki/User:Doc_James &lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000f1&quot;&gt;'''Doc James'''&lt;/span&gt;] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Medical_Editors_2023&amp;oldid=26031072 --&gt;

== Tunatarwa don jefa kuri'a yanzu don zaɓar membobin U4C na farko ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder|Kuna iya samun wannan sakon da aka fassara zuwa ƙarin harsuna akan Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Ya ku 'yan Wikimedia,

Kuna karɓar wannan saƙo saboda a baya kun shiga cikin tsarin UCoC.

Wannan tunatarwa ce cewa lokacin jefa ƙuri'a na Kwamitin Daidaitawa da Gamayyar Tsarin Gudanarwa (U4C) yana ƙare ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2024. Karanta bayanin akan [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Shafin jefa ƙuri'a akan Meta-wiki]] don ƙarin koyo game da zaɓe da cancantar masu jefa ƙuri'a.

Kwamitin Daidaitawa da Gamayyar Tsarin Gudanarwa (U4C) ƙungiya ce ta duniya da aka keɓe don samar da daidaito da daidaiton aiwatar da UCoC. An gayyaci membobin al'umma don gabatar da aikace-aikacen su na U4C. Don ƙarin bayani da alhakin U4C, da fatan [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|sake duba Tsarin Dokan ta U4C]].

Da fatan za a raba wannan sakon tare da membobin al'ummar ku don su ma su shiga ciki.

A madadin Kungiyar Ayyukan UCoC,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 23:11, 2 Mayu 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024/Previous_voters_list_2&amp;oldid=26721207 --&gt;

== Kula ==

Barka @[[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] wannan muƙalar mai [[Wesley Koolhof]] akwai gyararraki acikinta, amma bakayi ba. Yanzu na gyara ta amma mu kula saboda gaba. Nagode  [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 05:56, 30 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC)

:Ok toh nogode [[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] ([[User talk:Galdiz|talk]]) 22:55, 30 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC)

== Goyo Baya UC4C (non-voting member) ==


== Goyon baya ==
Assalam @[[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]]

Ina neman goyon bayanka don zama mamba na kwamitin UC4C (non-voting member). Ga link [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Non-voting_members&lt;nowiki&gt;] ayi comment.&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Nagode [[User:Uncle Bash007|Patroller&gt;&gt;]] 08:45, 20 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

:Done  [[User:Galdiz|Galdiz]] ([[User talk:Galdiz|talk]]) 23:21, 24 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-31&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ContentTranslation|Content Translation]] now supports dark mode, fulfilling a [[m:Community Wishlist/W544|Community Wishlist request]]. This brings the tool in line with the accessibility features available in the Vector 2022 and Minerva skins, helping reduce visual fatigue for users translating content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367077]
* DiscussionTools' source mode and the 2017 wikitext editor will now offer autocomplete for links (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), templates (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), HTML and parser tags (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), and magic words (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;), making it quicker and easier to insert links, templates, and other wiki markup while editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T432400]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Readers Growth team]] has concluded its experiment with mobile page previews and will not roll out the feature. Page Previews are a pop-up bottom sheet that appears when readers tap a blue link, showing a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and an option to open the article. The experiment showed flat retention and negative indicator metrics, suggesting that mobile web readers preferred navigating directly to linked articles rather than using page previews.
* The Reader Experience team has seen encouraging early results from the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]], with 93% of participating users reporting that it was useful. Reading Lists help active readers save articles for future reading and support their learning goals on Wikimedia projects. The team plans further improvements before expanding the feature to more users.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh|Explore Feed Refresh]] initiative was tested with new and casual Wikipedia app readers. The refreshed feed helps readers discover new and relevant content. After a 10.5% increase in engagement with the feed, Wikimedia Apps team has decided to scale the Home Feed redesign to iOS with the learnings from the Android release applied.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where subject names in the Article Guidance feature were displayed with incorrect capitalization on French Wikipedia, has now been fixed. Subject names will now follow the correct capitalization rules for the language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427201]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* After running several [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]] to improve registration completion rates, a new version of the username field on [[Special:CreateAccount|Create Account]] has been rolled out. It includes [[:c:File:Create account - July 2026 updates.png|a popover summarizing the username policy]] to provide clearer guidance during account creation. As part of this change, the messages &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-helpusername&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-help&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; that several communities have configured will no longer be used. If communities want to customize the guidance shown in the new popover, they can instead edit the following messages: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;createacct-username-policy-popover-bullet3&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430604]
* Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighter]] will offer [[w:en:Theme (computing)|themes]]. The themes can be picked from a dropdown menu in the full [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#CodeMirror preferences|CodeMirror preferences]] dialog. For wikitext, available themes are default, colorblind-friendly (previously the colorblind preference option on [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing]]) and no-highlighting. For code languages (i.e., CSS/JavaScript/JSON/Vue/Lua), there are several themes available. These same themes will eventually be available for wikitext, too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T163533]
* From now on, wikis can restrict editing in the &quot;User&quot; namespace to only the page owner and certain user groups. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgRestrictUserPageEditing|Read the configuration documentation]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W31&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:50, 27 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30856308 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-32&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has developed a [https://82db7c8d4b.catalyst.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Regent%27s_Park&amp;uselang=de patch demo] that wraps the page toolbar onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, which can occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429518]
* The Reader Experience team is planning to launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]], a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Mobile and apps/Have Apps reading lists available on Destop/Mobile|Community Wishlist item]], which is currently available to try in beta, as a full feature in September. Before then, volunteer translator help is needed for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-readinglists&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate string translations] into a number of languages. The feature supports reading and learning goals on Wikipedia.
* Next week, the table of contents on Wikimedia Commons file pages will be improved by consolidating the file page table of contents with the page table of contents. This will make it easier to understand a file page’s structure, navigate to specific sections, and share links to individual sections. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some [[w:TIFF|TIFF]] images failed to load after clicking their thumbnail, causing a broken image to be displayed instead of the full-size image, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429326]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The variable and function selector in AbuseFilter has been updated to support search and autocomplete. It will allow filter maintainers to find the desired variable or function more quickly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323698]
* The MJPEG and VP8 formats are removed from the video player. The MP4 format (MPEG-4 Part 2) is added instead, which provides higher quality videos to older iPhone devices. It may take a few weeks to retroactively update all existing videos. The default format for modern devices stays the same (VP9/WebM). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358266]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W32&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:46, 3 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30872536 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-33&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new ChartWizard is [[c:Special:ChartWizard/Data:Example.Pie.chart|now available on Wikimedia Commons]] for users interested in creating charts from their own data. The wizard makes the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] more beginner-friendly by allowing editors to create charts, such as bar and pie charts, without needing to use JSON. Users can still switch to the JSON editor if they prefer. Feedback on the new tool is welcome on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/W414|wish talk page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Wikipedia iOS app’s Picture of the Day widget displayed the same image every day instead of updating daily, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430692]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|Math formula]] SVG images will soon be generated in the browser instead of on the server. MathML continues to be generated on the server and renders in the browser without JavaScript. Wikibooks will see this change on 12 August, Wikisource on 19 August and Wikipedia from 20-27 August. You can try this by selecting &quot;{{int:Mw-math-mathjax}}&quot; in your preferences. This change is part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase/deprecation|deprecating RESTBase]] and [[phab:T431372|deprecating Mathoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271001]
* Category pages will soon support sorting entries by the time they are added to a category. This will make it easier to find recently or long-standing categorized pages. It will also improve workflows for maintenance categories such as deletion backlogs and other time-based review tasks. You can use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;cldsort=timestamp&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URL argument in category view to sort the entries. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and user scripts on Wikimedia wikis may now use [[phab:T395347|ES2018 features]] and [[phab:T419142|ES2019 features]] in JavaScript code. Previously, the platform only allowed up to ES2017. MediaWiki validates the source code to protect functionality from syntax errors and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browser_support_matrix|supported browsers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419142]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W33&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:45, 10 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-34&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist|Worklist feature]] for the Event Registration tool is now live on all Wikimedia wikis. With Worklist, event organizers can add the articles their event will focus on directly to the event page. The Worklist also powers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist#How Event Pathways uses the worklist|Event Pathways]] which notifies other editors of the upcoming or ongoing event when they edit an article featured in the event's Worklist. This is the minimum viable version (MVP), and feedback is welcome. Organizers are encouraged to try the feature. A hands-on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Worklist Setup Workshop: Get Your Event Ready|Worklist Setup Workshop]] will take place on 18 August at 16:00 UTC and 19 August at 11:00 UTC.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[Special:ShortPages]] displays short pages by their size, but in many cases it gets filled with disambiguations and soft redirects, making it harder to find the short articles themselves. Starting this weekend, you will be able to choose not to include an article in the special page by adding the magic word &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTSHORTPAGE__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433203]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3436680|Bole]] ([[w:bol:|&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;w:bol:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429921]
* Starting the week of August 17, the page toolbar will wrap onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This is a [[phab:T429518|fully merged patch from the Reader Experience team]] which aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, that may occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, uploading large files to Wikimedia Commons has become more stable and less prone to failure following some fixes related to the “Could not acquire lock” upload error. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386640]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Debian Bullseye will reach the end of its Long Term Support on 31 August 2026. [[phab:T434103|Some Cloud VPS projects]] still have instances running Debian Bullseye. Maintainers of those projects are encouraged to migrate to Debian Bookworm or Debian Trixie. A [[wikitech:Help:Cloud VPS instance operating system migration|migration guide]] is available to help with the process, and users may also want to consider whether their workload is better suited to Toolforge. If you need help or cannot complete the migration by 31 August, please contact the Cloud VPS admins as soon as possible. [[listarchive:list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RVIPQSYLKMSL5M46JP6NEJVGVE6I2RXQ/|Read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W34&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:04, 17 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-35&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[Special:CreateAccount|Special:CreateAccount]] page has been simplified as part of ongoing work to modernize the account creation experience. The panel showing project statistics no longer appears next to the form on desktop and mobile web. Multiple account creation experiments show that a simpler form helps newcomers complete registration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433783]
* In order to improve page performance, images now load when they are viewed. This means images lower down an article will not load if a reader never scrolls to that part of the page, which may affect some image-related metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148047]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where image thumbnails in Abstract Wikipedia could fail to display after the corresponding file was moved on Wikimedia Commons, has now been fixed. Thumbnails will now update correctly when files are moved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433448]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* User Info card is a feature that helps patrollers see information about user accounts. So far, it has been available only in places such as page history, logs and recent changes. Now, it's possible to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CheckUser#User_Info_card_in_page_content|place it in the page content]] as well, using the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#uic:}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parser function. It can be particularly useful in templates like [[:en:Template:Userlinks|&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Userlinks}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;]] (or their specialized variants), as it will make it easier to see the context about a user on various noticeboard pages. The card will be displayed only to users who have it enabled in their [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpcheckuser-userinfocard-enable|preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424466]
* Due to user security and privacy risks, we have disabled access to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URLs when specifically using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. If you are impacted by this, consider whether you can use an alternative approach. &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MyPage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URLs can still be accessed and used without &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Specified user page URLs (e.g. &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;User:Myusername&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) can still be used with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=raw&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120386]
* Due to an update, the thumbnailing software has been improved. This includes upgrading &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;librsvg&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to 2.60 and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ImageMagick&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to 7, as well as resolving a number of long-standing thumbnailing bugs like rendering errors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419815#12222841]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W35&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:45, 24 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-36&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A new format for the Community Wishlist is open for feedback. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]]. This new process plans to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent and balanced across project families and language editions. This consultation is open for two weeks.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The latest release of the Wikipedia Android app includes updates to the Saved feature, bringing the app’s saving experience closer to iOS and Web. The update redesigns the Saved tab with an “All articles” view, removes the default “Saved” reading list, renames reading lists to “Collections,” and modernizes the article-saving experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420788]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] feature was enabled for all logged-in users on Bengali, Chinese, Czech and Vietnamese Wikipedias on August 25, after several months as a beta feature. Reading Lists will be available to all logged-in users on Arabic, French and Indonesian Wikipedias on September 1, followed by English Wikipedia on September 14, and all other Wikipedia wikis on September 28.
* At the end of the month, some logged-out readers on Bengali, Czech, Persian, English, and Polish Wikipedias using the Minerva skin on mobile will see an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|updated navigation bar]] in an [[w:A/B test|A/B test]]. The test will compare the current navigation bar with a new version designed to make it easier to find information more quickly. The goal is to determine whether these changes encourage readers to return more often. This experiment will not change the experience for logged-in readers and/or editors.
* Editors who maintain redirects, templates, and categories used on redirect pages now have improved ways for finding and curating redirects. Previously, redirects pages could not be searched. Two new search keywords, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;onlyredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;withredirects:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, now allow redirects to be searched directly and can be combined with existing keywords such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;incategory:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;intitle:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;insource:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204089]
* The ISBN lookup tools for generating citations were recently not working because of external service problems. Developers are working on solutions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435179]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where searching for pages by category using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;deepcat&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; could return no results or unrelated results has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414859]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The domain of URLs for thumbnails is changing from upload.wikimedia.org to thumb.wikimedia.org. The old URLs will continue to work for the foreseeable future but MediaWiki will advertise the new domain instead. URLs to other types of media such as original files, videos and transcodes will still be served from upload.wikimedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427465]
* The Wikimedia [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?api=wmf-math%2Fv1&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox Math API] is now deprecated. These endpoints will be fully sunset by the end of September 2026. Developers who call these endpoints should transition to alternative math rendering solutions, such as the native [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML MathML] or [https://www.mathjax.org/ MathJax]. Third-party MediaWiki installations that utilize the Math extension for formula rendering are required to upgrade to v1.43+ to avoid disruption of service.

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] in a Diff post titled, [[diffblog:2026/08/28/custom-edit-suggestions-for-every-wiki-how-communities-are-shaping-suggestion-mode-with-textmatch/|Custom edit suggestions for every wiki: How communities are shaping Suggestion Mode with TextMatch]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W36&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:53, 31 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-37&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a Link]] has been upgraded for English Wikipedia users with improved detection of links that have different capitalization. This will help reduce ambiguous suggestions caused by differences in capitalization in article titles, including articles about cultural goods. A second phase of improvements is planned, which will also prepare the feature for release in other languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435526#12240876] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434259]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance|Article guidance]] feature will be enabled by default for junior editors on Simple English and Turkish Wikipedia starting 10 September 2026 following [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance/Updates#Summary_of_experiment_result|an experiment]]. Junior editors with 0 to 99 edits will automatically see the feature when they click a red link or use the &quot;[[tr:Vikipedi:Madde_sihirbazı|Madde oluşturto]]&quot; option on Turkish Wikipedia to create a new article. The change is intended to help junior editors create higher-quality articles that meet each Wikipedia’s standards. [[phab:maniphest/query/z3tcTjmLMxk5/#R|Additional improvements]] will continue based on the experiment results and community feedback.
* The [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org Pageviews Analysis] tool which allows users to compare pageviews across multiple pages, turns 10 years old this year and several new features have been added. They include [[toolforge:wikinav|WikiNav]] which provides insights into how readers of Wikipedia explore the content, editing stats in [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews?range=latest-30&amp;sites=en.wikipedia.org Siteviews], the ability to [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/massviews?source=wikiproject&amp;project=en.wikipedia.org lookup articles belonging to a WikiProject], and support for dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378549]
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|visually simplified Minerva]] navigation bar is being tested for logged-out readers using mobile web on the Bengali, Czech, English, Farsi, and Polish Wikipedias. The experiment aims to determine whether simplifying the navigation improves reader retention. The test will run from August 31 to September 28, and no action is required from users.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is working on improving [[en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Editors will only notice a slight change starting this week. When adding automatic reference names the numbering will start at &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;:1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; instead of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;:0&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Read more on the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|project page]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/VisualEditor/VisualEditor/+/1332704]
*  All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] could mishandle nested nowiki tags, causing content to be lost and displaying unwanted text has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435116]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Interface administrators can configure gadgets from [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition]]. The definition format has been updated and no longer requires the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ResourceLoader&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option, as gadgets are always loaded through &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;ResourceLoader&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This simplifies gadget configuration by removing an option that is no longer necessary, making gadget definitions easier for administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298199]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W37&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:44, 7 Satumba 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=31008437 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-38&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Future Audiences team has started a [[en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#New proposed experiment to let readers know about “Google preferred sources”|discussion on English Wikipedia]] about a proposed new experiment to show a temporary notice about the new [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/original-high-quality-content-search/ Google Preferred Sources] feature to Wikipedia readers coming from Google. The experiment is to test whether this notice makes visitors come back to Wikipedia more often. Preferred Sources feature lets users choose websites they trust so Google can highlight content from those sources more prominently in Search and AI experiences. We are interested in testing this on other languages that Google supports and would welcome assistance with starting conversations on other wikis. If interested, please reach out to Future Audiences on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Preferred sources|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The chat platform Discord is releasing a new self-service framework that websites can use to specify how their links should look when shared on Discord. The Future Audiences team is planning to start using this new framework to improve how Wikipedia links look when shared on Discord, giving better attribution and credit to contributors. The link appearance and behavior won't change in the first phase of this project as we want to first collect some baseline data to assess the impact of future changes. However, if community members who are active on Discord spot any issues, they can reach out on [[phab:tag/future-audiences/|Phabricator]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences|Metawiki]].
* The Reader Growth team will be running an experiment to test whether [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Compact Lead|compacting article lead sections on mobiles]] with the addition of a &quot;read more&quot; button improves reader retention. The test will begin on September 17 on Arabic, Spanish, French, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and will run for four weeks.
* All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was returning an HTTP 500 error and could not be reached, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikimedia Commons links tables need to update their code to connect to the new x4 database cluster. The links tables have been moved from the s4 cluster to x4, and will no longer receive updates on s4. The page and redirect tables remain available on both clusters. A wiki replica for the x4 cluster will be set up afterwards. The change is being made because the s4 cluster has grown too large to operate efficiently. You can [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/News/2026 Commons links tables database split|read more]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W38&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:31, 14 Satumba 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-39&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 23 September 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1790172000 14:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team tested a new post-edit notice designed to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#4. Encourage Temporary Accounts to Register|encourage Temporary Account holders to register for a permanent account]]. The new notice replaced multiple dialogs and a simultaneous welcome notification with a single message highlighting the benefits of creating an account. The experiment increased permanent account creation from 1.94% to 3.66%, an 87% relative increase. The change will now be released to all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433551]
* For Wikipedia editors using the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|&quot;Suggestion mode&quot; Beta Feature]], there is a [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-editcheck-experimental|new opt-in user preference]] for showing &quot;experimental&quot; edit checks and suggestions. These types are listed at [[Special:EditChecks#experimental-checks|Special:EditChecks]], and are intended for early developer-testing and for gathering feedback from experienced users. Administrators can change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|configuration details]] for each suggestion as usual. Administrators can also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Experimental Suggestions|use this feature]] to help test their community's ideas for locally created checks and suggestions. Experimental types will have a more distinct visual style later this week. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]].
* The [[m:CEE Technical Village Pump|CEE Technical Village Pump]] has been launched as a space for technical discussions and collaboration among Wikimedia communities in Central and Eastern Europe.
* A new tool, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Language Onboarding and Development/Starter kit|Starter Kit]], is now available for new and small language Wikipedia communities. It brings together guided tasks, tools, and resources to help communities get started, monitor their progress, and collaborate with the broader Wikimedia community. Starter Kit is hosted on Wikimedia Toolforge and is designed for Wikipedias with fewer than 50,000 articles. Learn more about how Starter Kit works and how communities have been using it in [[diffblog:2026/09/18/introducing-starter-kit-for-new-and-small-language-wikipedias/|this Diff blog post]].
* The Reader Growth team is launching a retest of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|image carousel experiment]]. The retest will use three new versions of the design, updated based on community feedback. The team will assess results and determine with communities whether or not to proceed with the feature. The experiment will begin the week of September 28 and will run on Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, Farsi, French, German, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* After successful rollouts to Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]] from the Reader Experience team will be available to all logged-in users on all Wikipedia wikis starting September 28.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the mentor status script repeatedly updated mentors’ status even when nothing had changed, creating unnecessary Recent Changes entries, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436659]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;abusefilters&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; list query API, used to retrieve specific details about active or historical abuse filters configured on a wiki, has been updated to support the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;formatversion=2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; configuration parameter, thereby leading to breaking changes to the API response. All users who maintain user-scripts or other code need to check if they use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;abusefilters&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; list query API, and respond to any breaking changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435828]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W39&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 11:56, 27 Satumba 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-40&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of default skins on desktop and mobile web (Vector 2022 and Minerva respectively) will now be informed if the search suggestions displayed as they type into Search come from page redirects. Previously, users could get confused when the top search suggestions did not match exactly what they had typed. The new redirect notice clarifies that these suggestions are not random, but related to the search. The suggested pages may be redirects to the most relevant destination articles being searched for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303013]
* Logged-out Wikipedia users on mobile web will begin to see a bookmark button for saving articles to their [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] instead of the current Watchstar button. When clicked, the bookmark button prompts users to log in or create an account to save an article for later. An earlier experiment found that the bookmark icon was four times more likely than the Watchstar button to encourage logged-out users to create an account. This change is part of efforts to encourage more readers to become account holders and use features that help them save and return to content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T438769]
* An experiment will begin on September 29 on Spanish, Arabic, English, and French Wikipedias to simplify the experience users encounter immediately after account creation. The test will explore whether removing friction from the current Welcome Survey helps new users understand what to do next more easily. The experiment will run through the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430058]

* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has put out a call for the community to suggest topics that it should consider and discuss with the Wikimedia Foundation. Editors and technical contributors are invited to add topics to [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council|the council's talk page]].
* Later this week, it will be possible for communities to configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit Checks and Suggestions]] so that they are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#extraNamespaces|shown within additional namespaces]], such as a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Draft:&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespace. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]].
* A bug in the [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] is causing the page to fail to load for users that have unseen changes on Wikimedia Commons. Developers are working on a fix. Until then, affected users can follow the workarounds described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist#GlobalWatchlist temporarily broken for users with Wikimedia Commons|relevant]] help section.
* New magic words &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{CATEGORYSORT:TIMESTAMP}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{CATEGORYSORT:RTIMESTAMP}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; are now available for use. They are able to change the default sorting of categories to be based on timestamp of categorization. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].  For example, the issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was not reachable has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The datacenter switchover, scheduled on September 23, has been postponed. [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|The equinox exercise]] revealed capacity issues, preventing the switch of all services to the other datacenter. The process has been paused, prioritizing investigating that issue, to ensure that we continue to be able to serve our users reliably. A new exercise will be scheduled. Meanwhile, all traffic and edits continue to work as usual.
* On September 23, a power loss briefly affected all wikis, creating intermittent issues on both reading and editing modes. This also affected Gerrit. This is unrelated to the datacenter switchover postponement. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/9fm19t8qykk8]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Produnto|Produnto]] has been deployed to mediawiki.org and [[phab:T421436|some Indic language wikis]]. We want to hear your feedback on this experimental product. Produnto allows users to use Lua modules hosted in [[gitlab:repos/lua|Wikimedia's GitLab]]. It simplifies the sharing of Lua code between wikis. Instead of copying each individual Lua module from one wiki to another, users will be able to easily share packages across all wikis.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* A [[m:Event:Cross-wiki Code Collaboration Workshop|Cross-wiki code collaboration workshop]] will be held online on October 2 at 12:30 UTC, bringing together South Asian technical contributors to learn about Produnto and begin piloting it on Hindi, Punjabi, Odia, Telugu, and Malayalam Wikipedias. Produnto is a package manager for deploying Lua modules hosted on GitLab to Wikimedia wikis, and was recently deployed on some pilot wikis.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W40&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 10:49, 28 Satumba 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-41&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The process for this year’s Community Wishlist [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027#Updated Community Wishlist Process 2027/2028|has been published]], incorporating community feedback. The wish submission process will [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is the deadline for submitting wishes?|end on November 8]]. This year, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027/Working group|a working group (open for volunteering)]] that includes community members familiar with the technical aspect of our wikis alongside Wikimedia Foundation staff, will take care of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is triage?|triage process]]. The triage is expected to be completed by late November. Votes for wishes will start in January.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] will now see a warning when they paste text that is likely to have initially been copied from one of five external generative AI chatbots into Wikipedia. This feature is known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check|LLM Paste Check]]. It is a type of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] that is community configurable. The check looks for markers in the copied HTML and is not using content watermark detection. Edits will also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Edit tags|be tagged]] so that patrollers can review them more closely. The feature helps newcomers add content that respects Wikipedia’s policies and makes it easier for experienced editors to identify problematic edits. Communities with local policies about LLM usage can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Configuration|adjust the wording and policy that is linked]]. The team [[listarchive:list/translators-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/EVHKWJ4IERZELMPIWNH3XUVUSQV5KOO4/|apologizes]] that this was rolled out without a delay for translations.
* Editors can now easily [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|access the web visual editor directly from the iOS and Android apps]]. When opening the editor, users will be given a choice between visual editing and source editing. If they choose visual editing, they will be sent to a mobile web window in their phone's browser. After completing their edit, a banner will give them the option to return to the app. This enables readers to make quick contributions while casually reading.
* Users of the Wikipedia Android and iOS apps will now see a one-time account creation prompt after they have used the app for two consecutive weeks. This prompt explains the benefits of having an account. It is intended to help more casual readers become logged-in users who return to the apps regularly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434847]
* Editors on [[wmnoc:conf/dblists/group1.dblist|group1 wikis]], including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Recent changes|Recent Changes]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help: Watching pages|Watchlist]] when a link to another language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on October 5 at 07:00 UTC as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make important changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications can read more on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project page]] and share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T439415]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where mentors who removed themselves from the mentorship program could still have mentees assigned to them and receive questions, has now been fixed. Mentees will now be reassigned when a mentor leaves the program. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418194]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikimedia Brasil has published its [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Brasil/Arcabouço de Boas Práticas de Desenvolvimento|Development Best Practices Framework]] (ABPD). It is a guide for staff, contractors and volunteers building technical tools and projects. It covers the project lifecycle, security, accessibility, personal data protection and responsible AI use, and explains how movement-wide guidelines were adapted to a local context. They encourage other affiliates to reuse it and adapt it. Read more in the [[wmfblog:2026/09/26/wikimedia-brasils-development-best-practices-framework-technical-sustainability-as-an-organizational-responsibility|Diff post]]. 
* A new, canonical base URL for Wikimedia APIs will soon be introduced. The new canonical route follows a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{projectName}/api/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; pattern and will act as an alternative path for current REST APIs (for example: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{projectName}/w/rest.php/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). Both versions will be callable for all existing APIs, but the new structure will be the preferred path for newly created API modules. This change will be non-breaking for most users. The existing pathways will remain available for all existing endpoint requests. However, some endpoints may return URLs following the new pattern in response bodies. Changes will be available on test wiki first, with the rollout expected to cover all wikis by the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433535]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.23|MediaWiki]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W41&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

18:52, 5 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-42&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Starting October 13, wikis can change the default pattern for [[:en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]] (currently &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). They will be able to use human-readable, content-based reference names that are more helpful to contributors using the source editor (e.g. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Miller2026-1&quot; /&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;). VisualEditor reference name patterns can be defined using MediaWiki system messages, JSON, templates and modules ([[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite/VisualEditor reference names|more information]]). Admins can enable these changes via [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/Cite-VisualEditor-Autonames|community configuration]]. This is a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/W17|community wish]] implemented by [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436255]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to English Wikipedia on October 14 and to remaining Wikimedia Foundation wikis by end of October (likely October 21). The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. This is a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/History|long-standing community wish]] implemented by [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440243][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440304]

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]] will be removing the list view of the Watchlist and defaulting everyone to the changelog view. Previously, there were two versions of how the Watchlist is shown to mobile web users: the list view, where editors could see watched articles in a list format, and the changelog view, where editors could see changes to watched articles in a log format, controlled by a user's Advanced Mobile Control settings. This has created issues for code-base maintenance: two different displays means two sets of code to manage. By defaulting to the changelog view, we are simplifying the codebase and avoiding the likelihood of missing bugs.
* The Wikipedia Android app is testing a way to listen to article introductions in the “For you” feed. A text-to-speech model reads the existing article text aloud without rewriting it or adding any content. The 30-day experiment will begin in the Wikipedia Beta app during the third week of September, then move to the regular Wikipedia Android app in October for a limited group of eligible users. A small portion of app users (those with English feeds and at least one topic interest) will have access to the feature. This experiment is part of broader efforts to give app readers options in how they consume content in order to deepen engagement and user retention. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Listening to Wikipedia/Phase 1|Learn more]] and [[mw:Talk:Readers/Listening to Wikipedia|share feedback]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighting]] was [[phab:T288161|enabled]] by default for all logged out and newly registered users on the English Wikipedia on September 14. With no signs of adverse effects, the same change is being proposed to be made globally across all wikis in a few weeks. If you have concerns or feedback, or if your wiki would like to opt out, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror#Enabling CodeMirror by default on all WMF wikis for newbies|please see the help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440077]
* [[d:Wikidata:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements|Wikidata mobile statement editing]] of all datatypes will be officially launched on October 13, when it will be removed from Wikidata [[d:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] and become available to all editors. Users can [[d:Wikidata_talk:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements|report bugs and share feedback]].
* Last week, language link changes were removed from [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] feeds on Wikivoyage, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikiquote and Wiktionary. As no adverse effects have been observed, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] plans to roll out this change globally to all Wikipedias. This is scheduled for October 13 at 07:00 UTC, after which editors will no longer see when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. Editors who rely on these notifications can read more on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project page]] and share feedback or ask to opt out their wiki on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440698]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where accidentally touching the graph while scrolling on the Pageviews tool on mobile could unintentionally zoom in has now been fixed. Click-and-drag zoom is now disabled on touch devices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440075]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There are three major changes coming to dumps: the legacy content dumps [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/E6D5EU4PMSTSOI2J7A46HJ3YW2W554CS/ deprecated in January 2026] will now be sunset, the replacement [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_Content_File_Exports MediaWiki Content File Exports] will be delayed to implement a “safety buffer”, and they are now also available as 7zip-compressed files. Users will need to switch the URL they download their dump from. For more information, timeline and migration instructions, see [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legacy_content_dumps_sunset Legacy content dumps sunset].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation discovered unauthorized activity by OpenAI agents on Wikimedia projects, including edits to wikis, attempts to exploit a public note-taking tool, and heavy automated traffic. [[diffblog:2026/10/05/openai-rogue-agent-activities-found-on-wikimedia-projects/|Read the blog post on Diff]] for more details about the activity and the Foundation’s response.

'''Meetings and events'''
* Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon! We’ll be meeting in lovely Tirana, Albania for the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia%20Hackathon%202027 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon] from April 9–11, 2027. Scholarship and staff sponsorship applications are currently being [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2027/ accepted through Pretix] and will close on October 30, 2026. General registration will open in January 2027.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W42&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 07:40, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=31142468 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-43&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* To measure the impact of incorporating some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#November 2025: Ideas and feedback|community-requested features]] on logged-out reader retention, a test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing|Image Carousel]] will be pushed to logged-out readers. With the Image Carousel feature, readers browse community-uploaded images, selected by editors as relevant to specific articles. The test starts on November 20.
* An experimental notice will be pushed to 0.5% of logged-out mobile readers who come to English Wikipedia from Google, asking them to add Wikipedia as a [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/preferred-sources/ Google Preferred Source]. The test is to see if this notice increases reader retention and encourages people who use Google Search to visit Wikipedia more often. It will run from October 15–29 and will be assessed for its impact on retention and referrals.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [[quarry:|Quarry]] returned an “Access denied” error when users tried to run SQL queries, preventing queries from running normally, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440966]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Cog-icon-grey.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Due to a long-standing bug, applications that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For_Developers|OAuth 2]] client credentials flow to act on their owners’ behalf are treated as if they are logged out. This will be fixed for new applications registered on or after Monday, October 19. Some affected applications need to re-register. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420297]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.48/wmf.1|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* A proposal to hold the Wikimedia Hackathon every three years, with regional hackathons in between, [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon/Community Proposal 2026|has been shared]]. It explores making the event more accessible to technical communities in different regions. Share your feedback on the proposal’s [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Hackathon/Community Proposal 2026|talk page]] before November 6.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W43&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:38, 19 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=31178499 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-44&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* An experiment launched on September 29 is testing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Experience/Reading_recommendations|article recommendations]] for new account holders who also identify as readers. By suggesting articles to read, similar to recommendations in the Wikipedia app for logged-in readers, the experiment aims to encourage new account holders to read and return to the website regularly, with the goal of increasing internal referrals by 1%. See the related [[m:Community Wishlist/W505|Community Wishlist]] proposal.
* Several Wikimedia services were taken offline last week because of a [https://www.php.net/archive/2026.php#2026-10-20-1 security vulnerability in PHP]. This is because they need to be updated before they are safe to put back online. This is not a problem just for the Wikimedia movement but affects a lot of websites. You can follow updates on [[wikitech:Incidents/2026-10-21 PHP security update/Community|Wikitech]]. Cloud VPS and Toolforge will take longer to bring back online. This is to make sure that applications which run on Cloud VPS or Toolforge are not affected. Tool developers can see updates and more information on the [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/cloud-announce.lists.wikimedia.org/ Cloud-announce mailing list]. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/10/21/impact-of-php-vulnerabilities-on-wikimedia-tools-and-services/][https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/10/21/impact-of-php-vulnerabilities-on-wikimedia-cloud-services/]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/43|Last week we shared]] that to measure the impact of incorporating some community-requested features on logged-out reader retention, a test for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Carousel]] feature would be pushed to logged-out readers. Due to an issue, we will be restarting the test, but it will be live on October 26, not November 20 as initially announced.

'''Updates for editors'''
* A new [[wikitech:KAPOW|bot detection system]] to better identify automated traffic that disguises itself as human visitors, is coming to the Wikimedia wikis. This might cause sudden changes to visitor statistics starting from 26 October, going back to 20 June 2026.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]] which renders musical notation inside wiki pages, has been temporarily disabled on all wikis due to a security issue. Affected pages will display a notice instead of musical scores, but the underlying code remains intact. No action is needed from editors, and a fix is in progress. A separate announcement will follow when the extension is re-enabled. Read more on [[phab:T441579|Phabricator]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where CodeMirror syntax highlighter appears to have been enabled in error for existing editors has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T441308]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, October 28 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1793199600 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T439703]

* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.48/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Scholarship and sponsorship applications for the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia%20Hackathon%202027 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon] will close on Friday, October 30th. Submit your application [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2027/ through Pretix] before the deadline!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W44&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:56, 26 Oktoba 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=31199592 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-45&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Many Wikimedia tools were taken offline last week because of a [[:w:PHP2Shell|security vulnerability in PHP]]. This affected many websites worldwide. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Toolforge|Toolforge]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Cloud Services|Cloud VPS]] have been back up since October 22. Many important tools have been gradually restored. Some tools need the respective volunteer maintainers to restart them. Others still need to upgrade to a patched PHP version. Some tools were using older versions of PHP which are not supported by the recent security patches. They will require maintainers to upgrade to a more recent version. This might require additional effort. You can follow the work [[:wikitech:Talk:Incidents/2026-10-21 PHP security update/Community#Exceptions|on Wikitech]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* A new optional search experiment is running in the Wikipedia Android and iOS apps for Arabic, French, and Japanese Wikipedias. Participating readers can search inside articles and open quoted passages directly in their source articles, no answers or summaries are generated. This is the first of four experiments in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information%20Retrieval/Phase%202|Phase 2 of Semantic Search]]. It began on October 22 and runs for 20 days. Feedback is welcome on the project’s [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Readers/Information%20Retrieval/Phase%202|discussion page]].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future_Audiences|Future Audiences]] team is planning to bring [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future_Audiences/Share_card|Share Cards]] to Wikipedia on mobile. This feature gives users the option to share a visually appealing card with friends, based on the article they are reading. The card contains the article’s title, image, opening text, and related attribution, and links back to the article for full reading. Editors are invited to try out this feature by adding &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;?useformat=mobile&amp;sharecard=1&lt;/code&gt; to any article URL from October 29 to November 8. Share any thoughts on the [[m:Talk:Future_Audiences/Share_card| project talk page]] and report any bugs on [[phab:T439161|Phabricator]]. 
* The default renderer for math formulas will change on November 2. After the change, the server sends the formula as MathML, and your browser uses MathJax to show it. This is the last step towards the Mathoid/RESTBase deprecation process, for sustainability and security reasons. You can [[w:en:Wikipedia:WikiProject Mathematics/MathFormattingBugs|ask questions or report problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375238]
* Do you have an idea for a new feature, or a bug that needs fixing? [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Submit your suggestion for the community wish list by November 8!]]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:41}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:41|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.48/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W45&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:23, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=31236748 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7ywtdlrj2dyevivrqa71xqrkw6hp4y4</sha1>
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    <title>Yinka Quadri</title>
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'''Alhaji Akanni Olayinka Quadri''' // i (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta alif 1959), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai shirya fina-finai, furodusa da kuma darektan da aka haife shi kuma a [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] amma ɗan asalin Oro ne, Jihar Kwara .

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Yinka, zuriyar Igbomina-, [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]], an haife ta ne a cikin dangin matsakaicin aji a watan Satumbar 1959 a [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] . 

== Ilimi ==
He completed his primary school education and secondary school education at St. Catholic School, Idumagbo, [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] and Christ High School, Ebute Elefun, Lagos, respectively.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2026}}

== Ayyuka ==
Yinka (wanda aka fi sani da Fagbamila) ya fara ne a 1976 lokacin da shi da Taiwo Olayinka tare da ƙungiyar abokai suka kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo da ake kira Afopina Theatre Group bayan sun bar makaranta.[1] Ya fito a fina-finai sama da 90 na Yoruba tun lokacin da ya fara jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da ake kira Agbodorogun . [2] A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2014, Yinka ya ƙaddamar da tarihin rayuwarsa Yinka Quadri: Scent of a Legend kuma a lokaci guda ya yi bikin shekaru 36 a Masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya.[3]

== Hotunan da aka zaɓa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;  

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Bikin bayar da kyautar
!Kyautar
!Sakamakon
|-
|2007
|[[3rd Africa Movie Academy Awards|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 3]]
|[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa]]|{{Nom}}
|-
|2010
|[[2010 Best of Nollywood Awards|Kyautar Nollywood ta 2010]]
|Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na asali a matsayin jagora (Yoruba) |{{Nom}}
|-
|2012
|[[2012 Nollywood Movies Awards]]
|Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin fim din 'yan asalin ƙasar (harshe mara Turanci) |{{Nom}}
|-
|2013
|[[2013 Best of Nollywood Awards|2013 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]
|Mafi kyawun mai ba da tallafi a fim din Yoruba|{{Nom}}
|-
|2014
|[[2014 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood|2014 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]
|Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Jagora (Yoruba) |{{Nom}}
|-
|2023
|[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]]
|Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |{{Nom}}
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin mutanen Yoruba

== Manazarta a ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]]</text>
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  <page>
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'''Ibrahim Sheme''' [[marubuci]] ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] mai magana da harsuna biyu, ɗan jarida, Mai shirya fim-finai, kuma mai bugawa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin edita da wakilin jaridu da yawa na Najeriya, ciki har da Leadership, The Tide, New Nigerian, The Reporter, da ''Hotline Magazine'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;inter&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ibrahim Sheme - 'I was really overjoyed' |url=http://everythinliterature.blogspot.com.ng/2007/12/ibrahim-sheme-i-was-really-overjoyed.html |access-date=9 October 2017 |publisher=EverythinLiterature}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma rubuta tarihin mutum na biyu a cikin gwamnatin soja na Janar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], marigayi Manjo-Janar [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua|Shehu Musa Yar&quot;Adua]], da kuma tarihin rayuwar babban mawaƙi da mawaƙi na Hausa, marigayin [[Mamman Shata]] . Ya kasance editan farko na Blueprint Newspaper kuma daga baya babban editansa. Sheme ya kasance Darakta na Media da Talla a [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar National Open ta Najeriya]] tun daga shekara ta 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sheme&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sheme 3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ibrahim Sheme |url=http://nouedu.net/officers/mal-ibrahim-sheme |access-date=6 October 2017 |website=nouedu.net |publisher=National Open University of Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Sheme a yankin karamar hukumar [[Faskari]], [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]], a cikin shekarar 1968 (ko da yake yana amfani da shekarar 1966 a cikin takardun hukuma). Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Maigamji da makarantar firamire ta Ruwan-Godiya, duka a yankin karamar hukumar Funtua a tsohuwar [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] (yanzu a jihar Katsina) tsakanin  shekarar 1973 da shekarar 1979, kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Gwamnati, Kaduna, a shekarar 1984. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Sadarwar Jama'a daga [[Jami'ar Bayero]], Kano (BUK), a shekarar 1989. A jami'ar, ya kasance daga cikin manyan masu gwagwarmayar wallafe-wallafen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban editan The Parakeet, mujallar wallafe-walfinai, da kuma editan Bayero Beacon, jaridar harabar jami'a. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin babban sakatare na kungiyar daliban jihar Katsina . Bayan kammala karatunsa, an ba shi kyaututtuka biyu da ake so, daya a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Dalibi a cikin sashen sa ɗayan kuma a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗalibin da ya kammala karatu a jami'ar.

A shekara ta 1993, bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a Port Harcourt, Jihar Rivers, da Kaduna, Sheme ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Wales a Cardiff, Ingila, inda ya sami Jagora na Fasaha a Nazarin Sadarwa a 1994. Sheme ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren talla na kasa na [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Marubutan Najeriya]] . 

== Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen ==
Sheme na ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubuta da masu sukar adabi a arewacin Najeriya. Littafinsa na farko, &quot;Kifin Rijiya&quot; (The Ignoramus), wanda ya rubuta yayin da yake dalibi a Jami'ar Bayero kuma an buga shi a shekarar 1991, ya lashe matsayi na biyu a gasar rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rukuncen harsunan Arewa da gwamnatin Jihar Kaduna ta shirya.

Littafinsa na biyu, &quot;'Yartsana&quot; (The Doll), ya lashe kyautar farko a cikin budurwa Bashir Karaye Prize for Hausa Writing . Sauran ayyukansa sun hada da &quot;The Malam's Potion&quot;_ (tarin gajerun labaru), labarin tafiya a kan yawon shakatawa na Isra'ila da yankunan Palasdinawa mai taken &quot;Ilmi Mabudin Tafiya&quot;, tarihin marigayi Manjo-Janar Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, da tarihin marigayin Alhaji Mamman Shata mai taken &quot;Shata Ikon Allah!&quot;Ya kuma shirya wani tarihin gajerun labaru ga Ƙungiyar Marubutan Najeriya mai taken &quot;Cramped Rooms and Open Spaces&quot;.

Sheme ya kasance babban mutum a cikin muhawara game da fiction na soyayya na Hausa wanda ya ɓarke a cikin jaridu da mujallu da yawa a arewacin Najeriya tsakanin shekarar  1991 har zuwa shekarar 1999. Magana mai ban sha'awa, wanda ake kira &quot;The Great Soyayya Debate&quot;, ya gabatar da marubuta, masana kimiyya da masu sukar adabi kamar Ibrahim Malumfashi, [[Abdalla Uba Adamu]], Yusuf M. Adamu, Ado Ahmad Gidan Dabino, da sauransu game da inganci da buƙatar litattafan soyayya da aka sani da &quot;littattafan soyayya&quot;. Sheme ya fara muhawara a matsayin mukaddashin edita da kuma editan wallafe-wallafen Nasiha, jaridar mako-mako ta Hausa da Nationhouse Press (masu wallafa jaridar The Reporter) ke buga a Kaduna. Ya ɗauki muhawara zuwa wasu gidajen watsa labarai inda daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin edita ko edita na wallafe-wallafen: Hotline da Rana mujallu, New Nigerian, Weekly Trust, da jaridar Leadership. Tattaunawar ta ja hankalin malaman Najeriya da na kasashen waje kamar Farfesa Graham Furniss na Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka (SOAS), Jami'ar London, wanda ya rubuta shi.

A tsakiyar '90s, Sheme ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren talla na kasa na Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA). Ya kuma kasance babban sakatare na ANA a Jihar Kaduna.

== Ayyukan fim ==
Ibrahim Sheme an haɗa shi da masana'antar fina-finai mai ƙarfi a arewacin Najeriya da ake kira Kannywood . Ya rubuta rubutun ga fina-finai da yawa na Hausa har ma ya samar da wasu. Fim dinsa sun hada da Gagarabadau (Unbeatable), Daren Farko (The First Night), da Fargaba (Fear). Sheme ya kuma rubuta waƙoƙi ga mawaƙa da yawa a [[Kannywood]].

Ayyukansa mafi shahara a Kannywood, duk da haka, shine buga manyan mujallu biyu na labarai, Fim da Bidiyo . Sheme da wasu abokansa ne suka kafa Fim (ma'anar Fim) a watan Maris na shekara ta 1999, tare da Sheme a matsayin mai bugawa. Ya karɓi mujallar kowane wata a matsayin mai shi kaɗai a shekara ta 2002 kuma yana bugawa ba tare da ya gaza ba tun daga lokacin. Mujallar ta buga labarai, tambayoyi, tsegumi, da dai sauransu, game da masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin masana'antar, amma daga baya ta fadada ɗaukar hoto ga al'adun Hausa gabaɗaya, tare da ɓangaren kan kiɗa na gargajiya, rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa, da sana'a. An kirkiro sashin ne bayan mutuwar Bahaushiya, mujallar kwata-kwata da Sheme ya kafa a 2006 don cika wani wuri. Mujallar Bidiyo (Video), wacce Sheme ta kafa tare da mai da hankali kawai kan fasahar yin fim, ta huta bayan bugu 10 saboda karancin tallafi saboda masu karatu sun fi son jita-jita da labarai na salon rayuwa da mujallar Fim ke bayarwa. Amma Fim ya sha wahala daga ƙananan tallace-tallace a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda yaduwar kafofin sada zumunta a cikin aikin jarida gabaɗaya. Daga fiye da 10,000 kofe a kowane wata sayarwa, ya sauka zuwa 'yan ɗari. Koyaya, mujallar ta sami canji mai mahimmanci don gudanar da kasuwancin sayar da labarai a kan layi - a cikin gidan yanar gizon ta da kuma kafofin sada zumunta.

== Ayyukan da aka zaɓa ==

* Gidajen ''ga [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|ANA]]'' rufe da wuraren budewa: Anthology of New Short Fiction (don ANA): 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;next&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Read to Reel: Transformation of Hausa Popular Literature from Orality to Visuality |url=http://www.auadamu.com/index.php/pd1/category/12-media-and-cultural-communication-presentations?download=69:2005-read-to-reel-transformation-of-hausa-popular-literature-from-orality-to-visuality |access-date=9 October 2017 |website=auadamu.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009194537/http://www.auadamu.com/index.php/pd1/category/12-media-and-cultural-communication-presentations?download=69:2005-read-to-reel-transformation-of-hausa-popular-literature-from-orality-to-visuality |archive-date=9 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Malam's Potion da Sauran Labarai: Masu wallafa Informart, 1999.
* '''Yartsana'': (a cikin ''[[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]]'') Informart Publishers, 2003.
* ''Ilmi Mabud'in Tafiya.'' (Tafiye-tafiye a kan Isra'ila a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]]), Informart Publishers, 2005.
* ''[[Mamman Shata|Shata]] Ikon Allah!''  '' (Rubuce-rubuce na marigayi Hausa Musician, [[Mamman Shata]]) '': Masu wallafa Informart, 2006
* ''Kifin Rijiya'' (lit. The Ignoramus: a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]]), Nationhouse Press, 1991
* ''Bango Ya Tsage'' (fassarar Hausa na Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart), Ba a buga shi ba

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Hausawa]]
[[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Masarautar Gombe</title>
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[[Category:Masarautu a Nijeriya]]
'''Masarautar Gombe,''' Masarauta ce ta gargajiya a [[Najeriya]] wacce take jihar [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] ta zamani a yanzu. Hakanan jihar [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] tana ɗauke da masarautun [[Dukku]], [[Yamaltu/Deba|Deba]], [[Akko (Nijeriya)|Akko]], [[Yamaltu/Deba|Yamaltu]], Pindiga, [[Nafada]] da [[Funakaye]]. Sarkin Gombe na yanzu shi ne [[Abubakar Shehu-Abubakar|Alhaji Abubakar Shehu]] Abubakar III&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.google.com/amp/s/punchng.com/eid-el-fitr-gombe-emir-calls-for-peaceful-co-existence/%3famp&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, wanda ya hau mulki a ranar shida 6 ga watan Yuni , shekara ta alif dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu (2014).Marigayi Sarkin [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]], Alhaji [[Shehu Abubakar|Shehu Usman Abubakar]], ya kasance Sarki ne tun daga watan Agusta na shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da tamanin da hudu (1984).&lt;ref&gt;Julius Toba (23 January 2009). &quot;Pomp, as Gombe monarch marks anniversary&quot;. ''Nigerian Compass''. Retrieved 21 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tarihin Farko==
An kuma kafa masarautar ta Gombe ne a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da huɗu (1804) lokacin jihadin Fulani daga Buba Yero, wani mabiyin Shehu Usman dan Fodiyo. Buba Yero ya sanya Gombe Abba a matsayin hedikwatarsa domin yaƙi da matsugunan Jukun na Pindiga da Kalam, sannan kuma ya biyo baya da samammen hare-hare inda ya bi har zuwa Adamawa a can gefen Kogin Benuwai. Hrin ƙasashe ya kasance ƙarƙashin ɗansa, Muhammadu Kwairanga, Sarkin Gombe daga shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da arba'in da huɗu 1844 zuwa shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da dari takwas da tamanin da biyu (1882). Masarautar Gombe a wani lokaci ta faro daga Gombe Aba zuwa Jalingo, amma a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da talatin da ukku (1833) an ƙirƙiri masarautar Muri daga wani ɓangare na yankinta don kafa jiha don dan uwan sarki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gombe&quot;. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 21 September 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

== bayan Zamanin mulkin mallaka ==
[[Birtaniya|Turawan Ingila]] sun kafa [https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7312/cowa91850-003/pdf tsarin mulkin] Gombe, wanda ya ci gaba da aiki bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin 1960. A shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da saba'in da shida (1976), gwamnatin mulkin soja ta [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ta wargaza hukumar ‘yan kasa zuwa kananan hukumomin [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Akko (Nijeriya)|Akko]] da [[Dukku]] . A shekara ta dubu biyu da biyu (2002) Gwamnan Jihar Gombe [[Abubakar Habu Hashidu]] ya wargaza Masarautar Gombe, inda Sarakuna masu daraja ta biyu da manyan Hakimai biyu suka yi mulki.  A shekara mai zuwa Gwamna [[Mohammed Danjuma Goje]] ya kara wasu manyan Hakimai guda biyu. Hakan dai ya rage karfin ikon Sarkin a daidai lokacin da ake fama da rikici tsakanin manoma da makiyayan Udawa, wanda ya hada da tashin hankali daga ƙungiyoyin addini. &lt;ref name=&quot;blench&quot;&gt;Jörg Adelberger (3 April 2009). &quot;Maxims and Mountaineers, – The colonial subjugation of the peoples of the Muri Mountains and the adjacent regions in Northern Nigeria [1]&quot;. ''Afrikanistik Online''. '''2009''' (6). Retrieved 21 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'adu ==

=== Fadar Sarki ===
Fadar Gombe ta kasance hedikwatar gudanarwar masarautar Gombe. Marigayi Shehu Usman Abubakar, Sarkin Gombe na goma 10, wanda ya yi mulki daga Janairu, shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da tamanin da huɗu (1984) har zuwa Mayu, shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu (2014) ne ya gina shi &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Roger Blench; Selbut Longtau; Umar Hassan; Martin Walsh (9 November 2006). &quot;The Role of Traditional Rulers in Conflict Prevention and Mediation in Nigeria&quot; (PDF). DFID, Nigeria. Retrieved 21 September 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Fadar Sarkin Gombe na ɗaya daga cikin al'adun mutanen jihar Gombe. An yi la'akari da ita a matsayin babbar hanyar yawon shaƙatawa a Gombe shekaru da yawa. Ana kallon fadar a matsayin mafi kyawun tsarin gine-ginen jihar Gombe saboda kyawun tsarinsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;C. A. Woodhouse (January 1924). &quot;Some Account of the Inhabitants of the Waja District of Bauchi Province, Nigeria. Part I&quot;. ''Journal of the Royal African Society''. Oxford University Press. '''23''' (90): 110–121. JSTOR 715387&lt;/ref&gt;

== Harshe ==
Masarautar Gombe al’umma ce mai ƙabilu da al’adu daban-daban, amma [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ita ce yaren da aka fi amfani da shi a masarautar. Kabilar [[Fulani Makiyaya|Fulani]] ta samu kansu a cikin madafun iko da shugabanci bayan da aka hambarar da sarakunan gargajiya a duk faɗin ƙasar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] da kuma wajenta. A cikin al'umma mai kabilu da al'adu daban-daban, ana zaton cewa a ko da yaushe ana son masu mulki. Saboda haka, ƙabilar masu mulki sau da yawa ana yin koyi da su ko kuma ma wasu kabilu su yi koyi da su don girmamawa da girmamawa. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Gombe-Abba: Historic emirs' town ruined by the British&quot;. ''Daily Trust''. 12 June 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cinikayya ==
A siyasance da lissafi, Fulani ne suka mamaye yankin; wannan al'ummar ta hada da Fulani makiyaya, Fulani masu zama da wanda ba a zaune suke ba, da kuma Fulani masu zama. A cikin shekarun alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da talatin (1930), Fulani da dama sun zauna a kudancin Gombe inda suka yanke shawarar zama saboda yalwar kiwo da filayen noma, inda wasu suka ba da kiwonsu gabaɗaya don mayar da hankali kan noman auduga da masara. Mazauna kan yi tafiya mai nisa tare da danginsu, suna kawo iri da kayan aikin noma; rancen kuɗi da ƙananan tsarin abinci na aiki ana amfani da su don kiyaye mazauna har zuwa girbi na farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Brown, G. T. (1 February 1980). &quot;The Past, Present and Future of Powder Forging with Particular Reference to Ferrous Materials&quot;. ''SAE Technical Paper Series''. Warrendale, PA: SAE International. '''1'''. doi:10.4271/800304&lt;/ref&gt;

==Masu Mulki==

Waɗanda suka mulki masarautar Gombe:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html
 |title=Traditional States of Nigeria
 |work=World Statesmen
 |accessdate=15 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban yanayin ci gaba ya kasance zuwa ƙarin samun kasuwa, wanda ya haifar da haɓaka yawan amfanin gona da samun kuɗin shiga, tare da haɓaka masana'antu.  Daga budaddun rumfunan, kasuwannin Gombe suna ba da babban zabi na kayayyakin gargajiya/na gida da ba za a iya amfani da su ba kamar sana’o’i, kayan aikin noma, yadudduka na gargajiya, calabash, da kayan ado na fata, da kuma abubuwa da dama da suka bambanta da kasuwa kamar sana’a. da kayan tarihi.

Akwai durbar guda uku da farin farawa da zarar sarki ya shiga farfajiyar fadarsa bayan kammala sallar idi, karo na biyu yana hawa doki daga fadarsa zuwa gidan gwamnati kuma na ƙarshe shi ne sarki ya hau doki masu kyau da mukarrabansa, jarumai. kuma acrobats suna ganin al'amuransa a hanya kuma ana kiran wannan da Hawan Gida Gwamnati. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Emir of Gombe Palace, Gombe&quot;. ''Hotels.ng Places''. Retrieved 23 March 2022&lt;/ref&gt;
{|class=wikitable style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;
|-
!style=&quot;width:11em;&quot;|Fara !!style=&quot;width:11em;&quot;| Ƙarshe !! Sarki
|-
| 1804 || 1841 ||style=&quot;text-align:left;padding-left:1em;&quot;| [[Buba Yero|Abubakar &quot;Buba Yero&quot; dan Usman Subande]] (b. c.1762 – d. 1841)
|-
| 1841 || 1844 ||style=&quot;text-align:left;padding-left:1em;&quot;| Sulaymanu dan Abubakar (d. 1844)
|-
| 1844 || 1882 ||style=&quot;text-align:left;padding-left:1em;&quot;| Muhammadu Kwairanga dan Abi Bakar (d. 1882)
|-
| 1882 || 1888 ||style=&quot;text-align:left;padding-left:1em;&quot;| Abd al-Qadiri Zaylani dan Muhammadu (d. 1888)
|-
| 1888 || 1895 ||style=&quot;text-align:left;padding-left:1em;&quot;| Hasan dan Muhammadu (d. 1895)
|-
| 1895 || 1898 ||style=&quot;text-align:left;padding-left:1em;&quot;| Tukur dan Muhammadu (d. 1898)
|-
| 1898 || 1898 ||style=&quot;text-align:left;padding-left:1em;&quot;| Jalo dan Muhammadu
|-
| 1898 || 1922 ||style=&quot;text-align:left;padding-left:1em;&quot;| Umaru dan Muhammadu (d. 1922)
|-
| 1922 || 1935 ||style=&quot;text-align:left;padding-left:1em;&quot;| Haruna dan Umaru (d. 1935)
|-
| January 1936 || January 1984  ||style=&quot;text-align:left;padding-left:1em;&quot;| Abu Bakar dan Umaru (b. 1902)
|-
| January 1984 || 27 May 2014 ||style=&quot;text-align:left;padding-left:1em;&quot;| [[Shehu Abubakar|Shehu Usman Abubakar]]
|-
| June 2014 || Present ||style=&quot;text-align:left;padding-left:1em;&quot;| [[Abubakar Shehu-Abubakar|Abubakar Shehu Abubakar III]] (b. 1977)
|-
|}
[[File:His Royal Highness Emir of Gombe.jpg|alt=sarkin gombe|center|right|thumb|100px|Mai Martaba Sarkin Gombe]]
[[File:GOMBE_EMIRATE._Dogarai.jpg|thumb|Dogaran Sarkin Gombe]]

== Bukukuwa ==
[[File:The_Emir_of_Gombe_Emirate_During_Sallah_Celebration.jpg|thumb|left|Mai martaba Sarkin Gombe a bikin hawan Sallah]]
Ana gudanar da [[Durbar|bikin Durbar]] ne a kusan dukkanin jihohin Arewa 19 ciki har da masarautar Gombe, an gudanar da bikin ne domin kammala azumin watan Ramadan da aka fi sani da Eid-El-Fitr. &lt;ref&gt;Leger, Rudolf. ''The concept of Pulaaku mirrored in fulfulde proverbs of the Gombe dialect''&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abinci ==
Masarautar ta shahara wajen samar da Groundnut (gyada) da auduga. Manyan amfanin gona na tsabar kuɗi sun haɗa da hatsi kamar masara, Legumes misali waken soya, 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar lemu da kayan lambu kamar tumatir. &lt;ref&gt;Tiffen, M. (1976). ''The Enterprising Peasant: Economic Development in Gombe Emirate, North Eastern State, Nigeria, 1900-1968''. London, UK: HMSO. ISBN 978-0-11-880689-3&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakiman Sarki ==

* AIG Zubairu Mu’azu (RTD.), Ubandoman Gombe
* Alhaji kabiru Tsoho, Falakin Gombe 
* Alhaji Abubakar Manga Usman, Dan Makayon Gombe 
* Alhaji Mohammed Suraj Magaji, Galadiman Gomb﻿e

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}

* [http://www.onlinenigeria.com/links/gombeadv.asp?blurb=261] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030014412/http://www.onlinenigeria.com/links/gombeadv.asp?blurb=261 |date=2011-10-30 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130727122935/http://gombestate.gov.ng/Emirate-Councils.html]
* [http://www.compassnewspaper.com/NG/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=8625:pomp-as-gombe-monarch-marks-anniversary&amp;catid=42:commune&amp;Itemid=796]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hassan Alaa Eddin</title>
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&lt;ref&gt;Google Pays Tribute to Lebanese Actor Hassan Alaa Eddine&quot;. Archived from the original on 2018-04-01. Retrieved 2024-04-19.&lt;/ref&gt;'''Hassan Alaa Eddin''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Chouchou''' ko '''Shoushou''' ( [[Larabci]] : '''شوشو''' (26 ga watan Fabrairu 1939 &amp;#x2013; 2 ga watan Janairun 1975), wanda ya kasance ɗan wasan Labanon / mawaƙi / mawaƙi.

Haihuwar Joun, ya kafa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, kuma ya yi rubuce-rubuce da wasa a fina-finan TV da yawa. Ya kuma tsara kuma ya rera waƙoƙin yara kuma ya rubuta irin wasannin kwaikwayo kamar ''Alef B Boubeye'', ''Shehadin Ya Baladna'' da ''Nana il Hilwe'' .&lt;ref&gt;Matar, William. &quot;One Fine Art - Artists - Actors / Hassan Alaa El Din&quot;. www.onefineart.com. Archived from the original on 2017-04-20. Retrieved 2017-04-20.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Mutuwa ==
Hassan Alaa Eddin ya mutu, yana da shekara 35, sakamakon cutar zuciya&lt;ref&gt;Google Pays Tribute to Lebanese Actor Hassan Alaa Eddine&quot;. Archived from the original on 2018-04-01. Retrieved 2024-04-19.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sa'id bin Zayd</title>
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'''Sa'id bn Zayd,''' ( {{Lang-ar|سعيد بن زيد}}; c.593-c.671), a na yi masa al-kunya da suna '''Abu'l-Aawar,''' ya kasance [[Sahabban Annabi|sahabi]] ne na [[Muhammad|manzon Allah]]  ( {{Lang-ar|الصحابة}} ).

== Iyali ==
Ya kuma kasan ce Shi dan '''Zayd bin Amr ne''', daga dangin Adi na Kuraishawa da ke [[Makkah|Makka]], da kuma Fatima bint Baaja ta kabilar Khuza'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;Saad3&quot;&gt;Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|296}} {{Rp|301}} An kashe mahaifinsa a 605. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ishaq&quot;&gt;Muhammad ibn Ishaq. ''Sirat Rasul Alalh''. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). ''The Life of Muhammad''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|103}}  {{Rp|298}}

Sa'id ya haifi yara sama da talatin aƙalla mata daban-daban. &lt;ref name=&quot;Saad3&quot;&gt;Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|298–299}}

# Fatimah bint al-Khattab, wacce aka fi sani da Ramla ko kuma Ummu Jamil, wacce kani ce kuma ‘yar uwar [[Umar dan al-Khattab|Umar]] [[Khalifofi|, Halifa]] na biyu.
## Abdulrahaman ''Dattijo'', wanda bai bar zuriyar zuriya ba.
# Julaysa bint Suwayd.
## Zayd, wanda bai bar zuriyar zuriya ba.
## ''Babban Dattijo'', wanda bai bar zuriyar zuriya ba.
## Atiqa.
# Umama bint al-Dujayj na kabilar Ghassan.
## Abdulrahman ''Youngarami'', wanda bai bar zuriyar maza ba.
## Umar ''Karami'', wanda bai bar zuriyar zuriya ba.
## Ummu Musa.
## Umm al-Hasan.
# Hamza bint Qays na dangin Muharib ibn Fihr na Kuraishawa.
## Muhammad.
## Ibrahim ''Karami'' .
## Abdullah ''Karami.'' .
## Ummu Habib ''Dattijo'' .
## Umm al-Hasan ''ƙaramin'' .
## Ummu Zayd ''Babba'' .
## Ummu Salama.
## Ummu Habib ''karama'' .
## Ummu Sa'id ''Babba'', wacce ta mutu a rayuwar mahaifinta.
## Ummu Zaayd.
# Umm al-Aswad daga kabilar Taghlib.
## Amr ''Karami'' .
## al-Aswad.
# Dumkh bint al-Asbagh na kabilar Kalb.
## Amr ''Dattijo'' .
## Talha, wanda ya mutu a rayuwar mahaifinsa kuma bai bar zuriya daga cikin zuriya ba.
## Zujla.
# Bint Qurba, ita ma daga kabilar Taghlib.
## Ibrahim.
## Hafsa
# Ummu Khalid, kuyanga.
## Khalid.
## Ummu Khalid, wacce ta mutu a rayuwar mahaifinta.
## Umm al-Numan.
# Ummu Bashir bint Abi Mas'ud ''al-Ansari'' .
## Ummu Zayd ''Babba'' .
# Mace daga ƙabilar Tayy.
## Ummu Zaayd ''ƙarama'', matar al-Mukhtar ibn Abi Ubayd.
# Wata Kuyanga.
## Aisha.
## Zainab.
## Umm Abdul-Hawla.
## Ummu Salih.

An bayyana Sa'id a matsayin mutum mai tsayi, mai gashi, mai duhun fata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Saad3&quot;&gt;Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Musulunta ==
Sa'id ya zama Musulmi bai wuce 614 ba &lt;ref name=&quot;Ishaq&quot;&gt;Muhammad ibn Ishaq. ''Sirat Rasul Alalh''. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). ''The Life of Muhammad''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|116}} &lt;ref name=&quot;Saad3&quot;&gt;Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|299}} &lt;ref name=&quot;Hughes&quot;&gt;Hughes, T. P. (1885/1999). &quot;Sa'id ibn Zaid&quot; in ''Dictionary of Islam'', p. 555. New Delhi.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.sunnahonline.com/ilm/seerah/0019.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

Matarsa Fatima ita ma ta musulunta da wuri. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ishaq&quot;&gt;Muhammad ibn Ishaq. ''Sirat Rasul Alalh''. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). ''The Life of Muhammad''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|116}} Da farko sun boye imaninsu saboda dan uwan Fatima Umar fitaccen mai tsananta wa Musulmi ne.  {{Rp|144,156}} Khabbab bn al-Aratt ya kasance yana yawan ziyartar gidansu yana karantawa Fatima [[Al Kur'ani|karatun Alkur'ani.]]  {{Rp|156}}

Wata rana Umar ya shiga gidansu yayin da Khabbab yake karatu kuma ya nemi sanin menene &quot;balderdash&quot; din. Lokacin da suka musanta cewa an karanta komai, Umar ya kama Sa'id ya kwankwasa shi a kasa. Fatima ta tashi don kare mijinta, sai Umar ya buge ta da karfi har sai da ta yi jini. Ma'auratan sun yarda cewa su musulmai ne. Da ganin jinin, Umar yayi nadamar abin da ya aikata, kuma ya nemi ganin me suka karanta. ''Ta-Ha ce'', daga baya ta zama ''[[Surah|Sura ta Ashirin]]'' na Alkur'ani. Kyakyawar kalmomin ta burge shi, Umar ya yanke shawarar zama Musulmi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ishaq&quot;&gt;Muhammad ibn Ishaq. ''Sirat Rasul Alalh''. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). ''The Life of Muhammad''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|156–157}} &lt;ref name=&quot;Saad3&quot;&gt;Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|205–206}}

== Hijira zuwa Madina ==
Sa'id ya shiga cikin ƙaura zuwa [[Madinah|Madina]] a cikin 622 kuma da farko ya sauka a gidan Rifa'a ibn Abdul-Mundhir. An sanya shi ɗan’uwa a cikin addinin musulunci na Rafi ibn Malik na dangin Zurayq; &lt;ref name=&quot;Saad3&quot;&gt;Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|299}} amma wani hadisin ya sanya sunan dan uwansa a musulinci da [[Talhah|Talha bn Ubaydallah]] .  {{Rp|165}}

Sa'id da Talha ba su halarci [[Badar|yakin Badar ba]] saboda Muhammad ya aike su gaba a matsayin 'yan leken asiri don ba da rahoto game da zirga-zirgar ayarin Abu Sufyan. Lokacin da suka ji cewa sun rasa missedyari, sai suka koma Madina, kawai sai suka tarar cewa Muhammadu da rundunarsa sun riga sun isa Badar. Sun tashi zuwa Badar kuma suka haɗu da sojojin da suka dawo nasara a Turban. Koyaya, Muhammadu ya basu rabo daga ''Mal e Ganimat'' (ganimar yaƙi) kamar suna nan. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ishaq&quot;&gt;Muhammad ibn Ishaq. ''Sirat Rasul Alalh''. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). ''The Life of Muhammad''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|329}} &lt;ref name=&quot;Saad3&quot;&gt;Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|299–300}}

Sa'id ya halarci sauran yaƙe-yaƙen da Muhammad da kansa ya yi yaƙi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Saad3&quot;&gt;Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|300}}

Ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren Muhammad kuma ya rubuta ayoyin Alqurani. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hughes&quot;&gt;Hughes, T. P. (1885/1999). &quot;Sa'id ibn Zaid&quot; in ''Dictionary of Islam'', p. 555. New Delhi.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== A lokacin Khalifofi ==
A lokacin [[Mu'awiya|Muawiyah na]] kasance yana gwamnan [[Kufa]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Saad3&quot;&gt;Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|301}}

== Mutuwa ==
Ya mutu a shekara ta 671 Miladiyya (51 bayan Hijira) a zamanin Muawiyah I &lt;ref name=&quot;Hughes&quot;&gt;Hughes, T. P. (1885/1999). &quot;Sa'id ibn Zaid&quot; in ''Dictionary of Islam'', p. 555. New Delhi.&lt;/ref&gt; a al-Aqiq. An dawo da gawarsa zuwa Madina inda aka binne shi a hannun Sa'd bn Abi Waqqas da [[Abdullah ɗan Umar|Abdullahi bn Umar]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Saad3&quot;&gt;Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|300–301}}

Sa'id ya ce Muhammadu ya taba ba da tabbacin Aljanna ga maza goma da suke wurin sannan ya ba da tara daga cikinsu. Sannan ya nuna cewa mutum na goma ya kasance kansa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Saad3&quot;&gt;Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|300}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abu Dawud 40:4632. |url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/040-sat.php#040.4632 |access-date=2021-03-05 |archive-date=2015-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401045938/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/040-sat.php#040.4632 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan labarin Aljanna Mai Alkawari goma ya inganta daga wani daga cikin Goma, [[Abd al-Rahman ɗan Awf|'Abd al-Rahman ibn' Awf]] . &lt;ref&gt;[http://sunnah.com/urn/636260 Tirmidhi 46:3747.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Sahabban Annabi|Sahaba]]
* [[Umar dan al-Khattab|Umar]]
* [[Sahabban Annabi|Sunni game da Sahabbai]]

== Hanyoyin haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.muslimscholars.info/manage.php?submit=scholar&amp;ID=11 Biodata a MuslimScholars.info]
* https://web.archive.org/web/20061201214811/http://www.youngmuslims.ca/online_library/companions_of_the_prophet/SaidZayd.html
* http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Articles/companion/02_abu_bakr.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415090745/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Articles/companion/02_abu_bakr.htm |date=2023-04-15 }}

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>John Kufuor</title>
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[[File:John Kufuor 29112006.jpg|thumb|John Kufuor]]
[[File:John Kufuor 080917 A 8525L 0057.JPG|thumb|John Kufuor]]
[[Fayil:John Agyekum Kufuor in Leiden.jpg|thumb|John Kufuor]]
[[Fayil:President John Kufuor - Ghana.jpg|thumb|John Kufuor]]
[[Fayil:John Agyekum Kufuor - World Economic Forum on Africa 2008-2.jpg|thumb]]
'''John Kofi Agyekum Kufuor''' (an haife shi 8 Disamba 1938) ɗan [[Ghana|siyasan Ghana]] ne. Ya kasance [[Shugaban kasar Ghana|shugaban ƙasar Ghana]] daga 7 ga Janairun 2001 zuwa 7 ga Janairun 2009. Ya kuma taɓa zama Shugaban ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka daga 2007 zuwa 2008. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sauran yanar gizo ==

* [http://johnakufuorfoundation.org Gidauniyar John A. Kufuor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127180556/http://johnakufuorfoundation.org/ |date=2011-11-27 }}
* [http://www.ghana-pedia.org/org/index.php?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212225131/http://www.ghana-pedia.org/org/index.php |date=2013-02-12 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190921191946/https://www.liveleak.com/view?i=153_1208691830 Shugaban kasar Ghana yayi magana a wajen taron karni na musulmi na Ahmadiyya na shekaru dari]
* [http://www.ghana.gov.gh/ Tashar yanar gizon Gwamnatin Ghana]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070403180534/http://www.ghanacastle.gov.gh/ Tashar yanar gizon Ofishin Shugaban Ghana]
* [http://custom-made.org.uk/2011/04/15/successful-nigerian-polls-will-echo-across-africa-says-kufuor/ Ganawa da John Kufuor game da zaben Najeriya] - aka watsa a Rediyon Faransa ta Duniya
* [http://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2005-Fo-La/Kufuor-John-Agyekum.html Sanannun tarihin rayuwa]
* [http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/John_Agyekum_Kufuor.aspx www.encyclopedia.com]
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    <title>Victorien Adebayor</title>
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'''Adebayor Zakari Adje''' (An haife shi 12 Nuwamban shekarar 1996) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Nijar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wanda]] ke taka leda a ƙungiyar Premier League ta Niger USGN, a matsayin aro daga ƙungiyar Danish 1st Division HB Køge.

== Aikin kulob ==
A cikin shekarar 2016, Adebayor ya yi gwaji tare da ƙungiyoyin Ligue 1 FC Lorient da AS Monaco amma ba a ba shi yarjejeniya ba a kowane kulob.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.lesahel.org/index.php/sport/item/9354-essai-du-joueur-zakari-victorien-adebayor-au-fc-lorient-france--la-petite-perle-de-atcha-acad%C3%A9mie-bient%C3%B4t-en-ligue-1-fran%C3%A7aise |access-date=2021-06-07 |archive-date=2016-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815123655/http://www.lesahel.org/index.php/sport/item/9354-essai-du-joueur-zakari-victorien-adebayor-au-fc-lorient-france--la-petite-perle-de-atcha-acad%C3%A9mie-bient%C3%B4t-en-ligue-1-fran%C3%A7aise |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A 29 Agustan shekarar 2018, Vejle Boldklub a [[Denmark]] ya sanar da sanya hannu kan Adebayor daga Inter Allies akan yarjejeniyar lamuni har zuwa 30 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;foot&quot;&gt;[https://vejle-boldklub.dk/21-aarig-afrikansk-angriber-paa-plads-i-vb/ 21-årig afrikansk angriber på plads i VB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607022234/https://vejle-boldklub.dk/21-aarig-afrikansk-angriber-paa-plads-i-vb/ |date=2021-06-07 }}, vejle-boldklub.dk, 28 August 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma bayan wata ɗaya ƙungiyar ta bayyana cewa tana son soke yarjejeniyar aro saboda Adebayor bai zo ba kamar yadda aka amince kuma ƙungiyar ta kasa tuntubar ɗan wasan. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tipsbladet.dk/nyhed/superliga/vejle-vil-ophaeve-kontrakt-med-forsvundet-spiller Vejle vil ophæve kontrakt med forsvundet spiller], tipsbladet.dk, 26 September 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

Koyaya, ya koma Denmark a watan Oktoban shekarar 2020, lokacin da ya rattaɓa hannu tare da [[Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kulob]] ɗin [[Denmark|Danish]] na 1st Division HB Køge, wanda ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce a cikin garin Herfølge, na biyu kuma a cikin garin Køge, duka a cikin gundumar Køge . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hbkoge.dk/rekordkoeb-hb-koege-henter-adebayor/ Rekordkøb: HB Køge henter Adebayor], hbkoge.dk, 4 October 2020&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, a ranar 4 ga Maris ɗin shekarar 2021, kulob ɗin ya tabbatar, cewa an ba Adebayor aro ne ga Legon Cities, saboda yana so ya kasance kusa da iyalinsa saboda dalilai na sirri. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hbkoge.dk/hb-koege-udlejer-adebayor-legon-cities-fc/ HB Køge udlejer Adebayor til Legon Cities FC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526171631/https://www.hbkoge.dk/hb-koege-udlejer-adebayor-legon-cities-fc/ |date=2022-05-26 }}, hbkoge.dk, 4 March 2021&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 10 ga Satumba 2021, Adebayor ya amince da yarjejeniyar Lamuni na shekara tare da ENPPI SC na Masar.

== Ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Shi ne ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallo a ragar Nijar da ƙwallaye 18 a wasanni 43 da ya buga. 

== Ƙididdigar sana'a ==

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===

: ''Maki da sakamako ne suka fara zura kwallaye a ragar Nijar.'' 

{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
!No.
!Date
!Venue
!Opponent
!Score
!Result
!Competition
|-
|1.
|18 January 2016
|Stade Régional Nyamirambo, [[Kigali]], Rwanda
|{{fb|NGA}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–4
|2016 African Nations Championship
|-
|2.
|29 March 2016
|Stade Général-Seyni-Kountché, [[Niamey]], Niger
|{{fb|SEN}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–2
|2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification
|-
|3.
|5 September 2017
|Stade Adrar, Agadir, Morocco
|{{fb|MTN}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|Friendly
|-
|4.
|27 May 2018
|Stade Général Seyni Kountché, Niamey, Niger
|{{fb|CAR}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''3'''–2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–3
|Friendly
|-
|5.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2 June 2018
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Stade Général-Seyni-Kountché, Niamey, Niger
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{fb|UGA}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Friendly
|-
|6.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–0
|-
|7.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |18 November 2018
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mavuso Sports Centre, Manzini, Eswatini
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{fb|SWZ|name=Eswatini}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification
|-
|8.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–0
|-
|9.
|20 March 2020
|Stade Général-Seyni-Kountché, Niamey, Niger
|{{fb|CHA}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|Friendly
|-
|10.
|11 June 2021
|Arslan Zeki Demirci Sports Complex, Manavgat, Turkey
|{{fb|GUI}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|Friendly
|-
|11.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |6 September 2021
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Prince Moulay Abdellah Stadium, [[Rabat]], Morocco
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{fb|DJI}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |4–2
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2022 FIFA World Cup qualification
|-
|12.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–1
|-
|13.
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |15 November 2021
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Stade Général Seyni Kountché, Niamey, Niger
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{fb|DJI}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |7–2
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2022 FIFA World Cup qualification
|-
|14.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–1
|-
|15.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''5'''–1
|-
|16.
|23 March 2022
|Stade Cheikha Ould Boïdiya, [[Nouakchott]], Mauritania
|{{fb|MOZ}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–1
|Friendly
|-
|17.
|26 March 2022
|Stade Cheikha Ould Boïdiya, Nouakchott, Mauritania
|{{fb|LBY}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–2
|Friendly
|}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Soccerway|adebayor-zakari-victorien-adje/418685}} 
* [https://www.footballdatabase.eu/fr/joueur/details/266427-victorien-adebayor Victorien Adebayor] a Footballdatabase
* https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/06/05/world/friendlies/niger/gambia/3508655/
* https://web.archive.org/web/20210615143407/https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2021-06-09/niger-vs-congo/2381855/
* https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/09/02/africa/wc-qualifying-africa/niger/burkina-faso/3500795/head2head/
* https://www.oddsshark.com/soccer/world-cup/djibouti-niger-odds-september-6-2021-1419671

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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{{Databox}}

'''Adebayor Zakari Adje''' (An haife shi 12 Nuwamban shekarar 1996) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Nijar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wanda]] ke taka leda a ƙungiyar Premier League ta Niger USGN, a matsayin aro daga ƙungiyar Danish 1st Division HB Køge.

== Aikin kulob ==
A cikin shekarar 2016, Adebayor ya yi gwaji tare da ƙungiyoyin Ligue 1 FC Lorient da AS Monaco amma ba a ba shi yarjejeniya ba a kowane kulob.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.lesahel.org/index.php/sport/item/9354-essai-du-joueur-zakari-victorien-adebayor-au-fc-lorient-france--la-petite-perle-de-atcha-acad%C3%A9mie-bient%C3%B4t-en-ligue-1-fran%C3%A7aise |access-date=2021-06-07 |archive-date=2016-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815123655/http://www.lesahel.org/index.php/sport/item/9354-essai-du-joueur-zakari-victorien-adebayor-au-fc-lorient-france--la-petite-perle-de-atcha-acad%C3%A9mie-bient%C3%B4t-en-ligue-1-fran%C3%A7aise |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A 29 Agustan shekarar 2018, Vejle Boldklub a [[Denmark]] ya sanar da sanya hannu kan Adebayor daga Inter Allies akan yarjejeniyar lamuni har zuwa 30 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;foot&quot;&gt;[https://vejle-boldklub.dk/21-aarig-afrikansk-angriber-paa-plads-i-vb/ 21-årig afrikansk angriber på plads i VB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607022234/https://vejle-boldklub.dk/21-aarig-afrikansk-angriber-paa-plads-i-vb/ |date=2021-06-07 }}, vejle-boldklub.dk, 28 August 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma bayan wata ɗaya ƙungiyar ta bayyana cewa tana son soke yarjejeniyar aro saboda Adebayor bai zo ba kamar yadda aka amince kuma ƙungiyar ta kasa tuntubar ɗan wasan. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tipsbladet.dk/nyhed/superliga/vejle-vil-ophaeve-kontrakt-med-forsvundet-spiller Vejle vil ophæve kontrakt med forsvundet spiller], tipsbladet.dk, 26 September 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

Koyaya, ya koma Denmark a watan Oktoban shekarar 2020, lokacin da ya rattaɓa hannu tare da [[Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kulob]] ɗin [[Denmark|Danish]] na 1st Division HB Køge, wanda ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce a cikin garin Herfølge, na biyu kuma a cikin garin Køge, duka a cikin gundumar Køge . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hbkoge.dk/rekordkoeb-hb-koege-henter-adebayor/ Rekordkøb: HB Køge henter Adebayor], hbkoge.dk, 4 October 2020&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, a ranar 4 ga Maris ɗin shekarar 2021, kulob ɗin ya tabbatar, cewa an ba Adebayor aro ne ga Legon Cities, saboda yana so ya kasance kusa da iyalinsa saboda dalilai na sirri. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hbkoge.dk/hb-koege-udlejer-adebayor-legon-cities-fc/ HB Køge udlejer Adebayor til Legon Cities FC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526171631/https://www.hbkoge.dk/hb-koege-udlejer-adebayor-legon-cities-fc/ |date=2022-05-26 }}, hbkoge.dk, 4 March 2021&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 10 ga Satumban shekarar 2021, Adebayor ya amince da yarjejeniyar Lamuni na shekara tare da ENPPI SC na Masar.

== Ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Shi ne ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallo a ragar Nijar da ƙwallaye 18 a wasanni 43 da ya buga. 

== Ƙididdigar sana'a ==

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===

: ''Maki da sakamako ne suka fara zura kwallaye a ragar Nijar.'' 

{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
!No.
!Date
!Venue
!Opponent
!Score
!Result
!Competition
|-
|1.
|18 January 2016
|Stade Régional Nyamirambo, [[Kigali]], Rwanda
|{{fb|NGA}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–4
|2016 African Nations Championship
|-
|2.
|29 March 2016
|Stade Général-Seyni-Kountché, [[Niamey]], Niger
|{{fb|SEN}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–2
|2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification
|-
|3.
|5 September 2017
|Stade Adrar, Agadir, Morocco
|{{fb|MTN}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|Friendly
|-
|4.
|27 May 2018
|Stade Général Seyni Kountché, Niamey, Niger
|{{fb|CAR}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''3'''–2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–3
|Friendly
|-
|5.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2 June 2018
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Stade Général-Seyni-Kountché, Niamey, Niger
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{fb|UGA}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Friendly
|-
|6.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–0
|-
|7.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |18 November 2018
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mavuso Sports Centre, Manzini, Eswatini
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{fb|SWZ|name=Eswatini}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification
|-
|8.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–0
|-
|9.
|20 March 2020
|Stade Général-Seyni-Kountché, Niamey, Niger
|{{fb|CHA}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|Friendly
|-
|10.
|11 June 2021
|Arslan Zeki Demirci Sports Complex, Manavgat, Turkey
|{{fb|GUI}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|Friendly
|-
|11.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |6 September 2021
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Prince Moulay Abdellah Stadium, [[Rabat]], Morocco
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{fb|DJI}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |4–2
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2022 FIFA World Cup qualification
|-
|12.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–1
|-
|13.
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |15 November 2021
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Stade Général Seyni Kountché, Niamey, Niger
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{fb|DJI}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |7–2
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2022 FIFA World Cup qualification
|-
|14.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–1
|-
|15.
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''5'''–1
|-
|16.
|23 March 2022
|Stade Cheikha Ould Boïdiya, [[Nouakchott]], Mauritania
|{{fb|MOZ}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–1
|Friendly
|-
|17.
|26 March 2022
|Stade Cheikha Ould Boïdiya, Nouakchott, Mauritania
|{{fb|LBY}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–2
|Friendly
|}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Soccerway|adebayor-zakari-victorien-adje/418685}} 
* [https://www.footballdatabase.eu/fr/joueur/details/266427-victorien-adebayor Victorien Adebayor] a Footballdatabase
* https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/06/05/world/friendlies/niger/gambia/3508655/
* https://web.archive.org/web/20210615143407/https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2021-06-09/niger-vs-congo/2381855/
* https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/09/02/africa/wc-qualifying-africa/niger/burkina-faso/3500795/head2head/
* https://www.oddsshark.com/soccer/world-cup/djibouti-niger-odds-september-6-2021-1419671

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>65kyz4y2tq7rdlvhatf24vgviqr9ak4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Harshen Dagbani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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[[File:Latin_small_and_capital_letter_gamma.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Latin small and capital letter gamma]]
'''Dagbani''' (ko Dagbane), wanda aka fi sani da '''Dagbanli''' da '''Dagbanle''', yare ne na Gur da ake amfani da shi a [[Ghana]] . An ƙiyasta masu magana da asalin ta kusan 3,160,000. Matsala ce ta tilas a makarantar firamare da ƙaramar sakandare a Masarautar Dagbon, wacce ta shafi gabashin yankin.  Dagbani shine yaren da aka fi amfani dashi a arewacin Ghana, musamman a cikin ƙabilu masu ban sha'awa waɗanda Sarkin Dagbon, ''Ya-Na'' ke kulawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Gur|last=Naden|first=Tony|date=1989|publisher=University Press of America|location=Lanham, MD|pages=141–168}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Niger-Congo Languages|last=Bendor-Samuel|first=John T. [ed.]|date=1989|publisher=University Press of America|location=Lanham, MD}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yana da kusanci da fahimtar juna tare da harshen Mampelle, ana kuma magana da shi a [[Yankin Arewaci (Ghana)|Yankin Arewa, Ghana]] . Dagbani shima yayi kama da sauran yarukan wannan karamin rukuni da ake magana da su a wannan Yankin, da Dagaare da kuma harshen Wala, ana magana da su a [[Yankin Upper West|Yankin Yammacin]] Kasar Ghana, da kuma harshen Frafra, da ake magana da shi a [[Yankin Upper East|Yankin Gabas ta Gabas]] na Ghana.  

== Yaruka ==
Dagbani yana da babban yare tsakanin Dagbani na Gabas, wanda ya danganci garin Yendi babban birnin gargajiyar, da Yammacin Dagbani, wanda ya shafi cibiyar mulkin yankin Arewa, [[Tamale]] . Yaruka suna, duk da haka, ana iya fahimtar juna, kuma galibi sun ƙunshi wasula daban-daban a cikin wasu kalmomin , da nau'uka daban-daban ko lafazin wasu sunaye, musamman waɗanda ke magana game da fure na gari. Kalmomin ''Dagbani'' da ''Dagbanli da'' aka bayar a sama don sunan yaren suna bi da bi ne na yaren Gabas da Yamma, amma Kwamitin Ilimin Tarihin Dagbani ya warware cewa “An yanke shawarar cewa a cikin tsarin rubutun &lt;Dagbani&gt; ana amfani da shi don . . . Harshe, da &lt;Dagbanli&gt; ... zuwa rayuwa da al'ada &quot;;   a cikin yaren da ake magana, kowane yare yana amfani da sigar sunan ga duka ayyukan biyu.

== Fasaha ==

=== Wasula ===
Dagbani yana da wasula guda goma sha ɗaya - gajeren wasali da dogaye wasula biyar:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!
! Gaba
! Tsakiya
! Baya
|-
! Babban
| {{IPA|i}}
| {{IPA|ɨ}}
| {{IPA|u}}
|-
! Tsakiyar
| {{IPA|e}}
|
| {{IPA|o}}
|-
! .Asa
|
| {{IPA|a}}
|
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!
! Gaba
! Tsakiya
! Baya
|-
! Babban
| {{IPA|iː}}
|
| {{IPA|uː}}
|-
! Tsakiyar
| {{IPA|eː}}
|
| {{IPA|oː}}
|-
! .Asa
|
| {{IPA|aː}}
|
|}
Olawsky (1999) ya sanya schwa (ə) a maimakon {{IPA|/ɨ/}}, saɓanin sauran masu bincike kan yaren  waɗanda ke amfani da mafi girman magana {{IPA|/ɨ/}} . Bambance -bambancen dangane da ci gaban harshe an tabbatar dashi sosai ga 4 daga waɗannan wasula: {{IPA|[i]}} ~ {{IPA|[ɪ]/[ə]}}, {{IPA|[e]}} ~ {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, {{IPA|[u]}} ~ {{IPA|[ʊ]}} da {{IPA|[o]}} ~ {{IPA|[ɔ]}} .

=== Bakandamiya ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! Bilabial
! Labiodental
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Labial-velar
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Tsaya
! &lt;small&gt;Ba shi da murya&lt;/small&gt;
| {{IPA|p}}
|
| {{IPA|t}}
|
| {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|k͡p}}
|-
! &lt;small&gt;Murya&lt;/small&gt;
| {{IPA|b}}
|
| {{IPA|d}}
|
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
| {{IPA|ɡ͡b}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Hanci
| {{IPA|m}}
|
| {{IPA|n}}
| {{IPA|ɲ}}
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
| {{IPA|ŋ͡m}}
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Fricative
! &lt;small&gt;Ba shi da murya&lt;/small&gt;
|
| {{IPA|f}}
| {{IPA|s}} 
|
|
|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;Murya&lt;/small&gt;
|
| {{IPA|v}}
| {{IPA|z}} 
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kaikaice
|
|
| {{IPA|l}} 
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mai kusanci
|
| {{IPA|ʋ}}
| {{IPA|r}}
| {{IPA|j}}
|
|
|}

=== Sautin ===
Dagbani yare ne na tonal wanda a cikinsa ake amfani da muryar don rarrabe kalmomi, kamar yadda a cikin ''gballi'' {{IPA|[ɡbálːɪ́]}} (high-high) 'kabari' vs. ''gballi'' {{IPA|[ɡbálːɪ̀]}} (high-low) 'zana mat'. &lt;ref&gt;Olawsky 1997&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin sautin na Dagbani yana da alamun sauti iri biyu da ƙasa (sakamako mai raguwa da ke faruwa tsakanin jerin sauti iri ɗaya).

== Tsarin rubutu ==
[[File:A_teacher_at_School_for_Life,_a_project_in_northern_Ghana,_April_2012_(8405073471).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| Malami ne a Makaranta don Rayuwa, wani aiki a arewacin Ghana]]
Ana rubuta Dagbani a cikin haruffan Boko tare da ƙarin haruffa ɛ, ɣ, ŋ, ɔ, da ʒ, da na haɗin ch, gb, kp, ŋm, sh da ny . Adadin karatu ya kasance 2-3% ne kawai.   Ana sa ran wannan kaso ya tashi tunda Dagbani yanzu ya zama tilas a makarantar firamare da ƙaramar sakandare a duk faɗin Dagbon . Tsarin rubutun yanzu ana amfani dashi  (Kwamitin ilimin rubutun gargajiya / d (1998)) yana wakiltar yawan rarrabuwar alofonik. Alamar sauti ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Denteh, A. C. (Andrew Crakye)|title=Spoken Dagbani for non-Dagbani beginners|date=1974|publisher=Pointer|oclc=4602509}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Olawsky|first=Knut J.|title=What is a word in Dagbani?|date=2003-01-02|work=Word|pages=205–226|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511486241.009|isbn=978-0-521-81899-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|a
| b
| ch
| d
| e
| ɛ
| f
| g
| gb
| ɣ
| h
| i
| j
| k
| kp
| l
| m
| n
| ny
| ŋ
| o
| ɔ
| shafi na
| r
| s
| sh
| t
| u
| w
| y
| z
| ʒ
| &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}

== Nahawu ==
Dagbani yana da mahimmanci, amma tare da wasu haɗin fuskoki. Tsarin doka a cikin jumlar Dagbani yawanci abu ne na wakilci .

== Littafin kalmomi ==
Akwai fahimta game da matakin tarihin harshe a cikin takardu na Rudolf Fisch wanda ke nuna bayanan da aka tattara yayin aikin mishan a cikin mulkin mallaka na ƙasar Togo na Jamusanci a ƙarshen kwata na ƙarshen karni na sha tara, musamman mahimman kalmomin lafazi,  duk da cewa akwai kuma wasu bayanai na nahawu  da matani samfurin.  Wani sabon ƙamus na zamani ya buga a cikin 1934 ta wani jami'in Kudancin Ghana na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka, E. Foster Tamakloe, a cikin 1934,  tare da bugu na Burtaniya Harold Blair.  Editoci daban-daban sun kara zuwa jerin kalmomin kuma an samar da cikakken littafin a 2003 daga wani malamin Dagomba, Ibrahim Mahama.  A cewar masanin ilimin harshe Salifu Nantogma Alhassan,  akwai shaidun da ke nuna cewa akwai matakan ma'aurata masu nasaba da jinsi a cikin harshen Dagbani tare da &quot;ƙarin Laƙabin da ke raina mata fiye da na maza.&quot;  A halin yanzu, John Miller Chernoff da Roger Blench (waɗanda aka buga sigar su ta yanar gizo)  kuma suka canza su zuwa hanyar tattara bayanai ta hanyar Tony Naden, a kan hakan ne ake samun cikakken ƙamus na ƙamus ɗin kuma ana iya duba shi kan layi 

== Malaman harshen Dagbani ==

* Fusheini Hudu
* Knut Olawsky
* Roger Blench
* Tony Naden

== Manazarta ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210922051652/https://user.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/~olawsky/ Shafin Farko na Knut Olawsky]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060512123545/http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/DAG/DAG.html Taskar Labaran Kundin Tsarin Siyasa na UCLA - Dagbani]
* [http://dag.kasahorow.org/app/d Dagbani kasahorow dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701232921/https://dag.kasahorow.org/app/d |date=2021-07-01 }}
* [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Gur/Dagbani%20dictionary%20CD.pdf Kamus din Dagbane] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706165612/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Gur/Dagbani%20dictionary%20CD.pdf |date=2021-07-06 }} (PDF)
[[Category:Harsuna]]
[[Category:Mutanen Gana]]
[[Category:Al'ummomi]]
[[Category:Al'umma]]</text>
      <sha1>p822j435w2frdmqojo9o4r4xvtxgpei</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Hassan Bashir</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>975760</id>
      <parentid>934882</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T09:27:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zahrah0</username>
        <id>14848</id>
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      <text bytes="7156" sha1="37n1gye888f55252ujss818pt5g199f" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Fayil:Hassan Bashir.jpg|thumb|hassan bashir]]
'''Hassan Naweed Bashir''' ( {{Lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|حسن نوید بشیر}}}}   ; An haife shi ne a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun  shekara ta alif 1987A.c) dan [[Kwallan Kwando|kwallon]] kasar[[Pakistan]] ne wanda ke buga wa Ishøj IF da Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar [[Pakistan]] .  Bashir ya taka leda sosai a fagen wasansa na gaba, amma an sanya shi a fagen fama daban-daban - a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai cin fuska, dan wasan gaba na biyu kuma dan wasan gaba .  Shine yafi kowanne dan wasa zura kwallaye a Pakistan.&lt;ref name=NFT&gt;{{NFT player|pid=49537}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;soccerwayprofile&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/hassan-bashir/39001/| title=Hassan Bashir | publisher=Perform Group | work=Soccerway | accessdate=25 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[Fayil:Pakistan National Football Team against Maldives in 2013.jpg|thumb|tawagar pakistan tare da Hassan bashir]]

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An kuma haifi Hassan Bashir a Copenhagen, Denmark ɗa ga dangin [[Pakistan]].

== Kolub ==
Bashir ya fara taka leda a BK Frem . Daga baya ya shiga kungiyar matasa ta B.93, wanda kuma ya fara bugawa kwararren masani a cikin shekara ta 2006 yana da shekaru 18.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bold.dk/nyt/Fremad-Bashir-Divisionens-bedste-fans |language=Danish |title=Fremad-Bashir: Divisionens bedste fan |work=bold.dk |first=Mikkel |last=Nøhr |date=2 August 2013 |accessdate=29 September 2013 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232241/http://www.bold.dk/nyt/Fremad-Bashir-Divisionens-bedste-fans |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya shafe shekaru biyu a Østerbro, [[Kwapanhagan|kulob din Copenhagen]], kafin ya koma Køge BK a cikin shekara ta 2007 canja wurin rani. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ya yi wasa a kungiyoyi da yawa kamar Fremad Amager,  Hellerup IK da Fyn a cikin kananan sassan [[Denmark]] - na karshe shi ne Svebølle B&amp;amp;amp;I inda ya shiga cikin sauran playersan wasan kasar, Yousuf Butt da Nabil Aslam . Bashir ya kuma taba zama dan takaitaccen matsayi a Premier League na Thai tare da BBCU a kakar wasa ta shekara ta 2012.

A watan Yulin shekarar 2018, Hassan Bashir ya koma AB Tårnby . A watan Agusta 2018, ya fara wasan farko da Karlslunde inda ya ci kwallo. Daga baya ya kasance tare da takwaransa na kasar Pakistan Yousuf Butt . A watan Yunin shekara ta 2020, lokacin da AB Tårnby ya kayar da Karlslunde a wasan gabatarwa na biyu, AB Tårnby ya ci gaba zuwa Danish 2nd Division .

Bashir ya koma kungiyar Ishøj IF mai matsayi na hudu a Denmark a ranar 18 ga Maris na shekara ta 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ishøj IF sikrer sig rutineret divisionsangriber |url=https://ligabold.dk/ishoej-if-sikrer-sig-rutineret-divisionsangriber/ |work=Ligabold |date=18 March 2021 |language=da-DK |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609230601/https://ligabold.dk/ishoej-if-sikrer-sig-rutineret-divisionsangriber/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Na duniya ==
[[Fayil:Pakistan National Football Team against Maldives in 2013.jpg|thumb|Hassan Bashir a cikin tawagar yan wasa ]]
Bashir ya buga wa kasarsa wasanni 20 tun fara wasan farko a wasan sada zumunci da suka kara da Singapore a shekara ta 2012. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka doke Nepal da ci &lt;ref&gt;[http://dawn.com/2013/02/07/last-gasp-hassan-gives-pakistan-long-awaited-victory/ Hassan Bashir scores first international goal in injury time win]&lt;/ref&gt; sannan daga baya ya taimaka wajen cin nasarar Muhammad Mujahid a wasan sada zumunci na biyu da Nepal. A shekara ta 2015, an naɗa Bashir a matsayin kyaftin din kungiyar kasar a wasan sada zumunta da Afghanistan . A ranar 6 ga Fabrairun, shekara ta 2015 Bashir ya taimaka biyu a wasan farko da Afghanistan da Pakistan ta ci wasan 2-1. A ranar 12 ga Maris, na shekara ta 2015 Bashir ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 da Yemen a wasan farko daga bugun fanareti kasancewar Pakistan ta ci wasan da ci 3-1. Wannan ita ce kwallon farko da Pakistan ta ci a wasannin share fagen zuwa gasar Kofin Duniya.

=== KWATAN KARFIN 2018 ===
A ranar 4 ga Satumba, shekara ta 2018, Bashir ya ci wa Pakistan kwallon farko a bugun fanareti lokacin da kasarsa ta dawo zagaye na kasa da kasa bayan shekaru 3 da Nepal a wasan da ci 2 - 1. Ya kuma zira kwallayen karshe na kasar shekaru 3 da suka wuce a kan Yemen wanda shi ma daga bugun fanareti ne. A ranar 8 ga Satumbar,  shekara ta 2018, Bashir ya ci kwallon farko a kan Bhutan a ci 3 - 0 wanda shi ne wasan karshe na Pakistan a matakin rukuni kuma Pakistan ta tabbatar matsayinta na kusa da karshe.

A ranar 16 ga Nuwamban, shekara ta 2018, Bashir ya ci wa Pakistan kwallo ɗaya a ragar Falasdinu a wasan da ci 2 - 1.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!Teamungiyar ƙasa
! Shekara
! Ayyuka
! Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | Pakistan
| 2012
| 1
| 0
|-
| 2013
| 11
| 3
|-
| 2015
| 3
| 1
|-
| 2018
| 5
| 5
|-
| 2019
| 2
| 1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimla
! 22
! 9
|}

=== Manufofin duniya ===

: ''Lissafi da jadawalin sakamakon jeren burin kasar Pakistan da farko.'' 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; margin:auto;&quot;
!A'a
! Kwanan wata
! Wuri
! Kishiya
! Ci
! Sakamakon
! Gasa
|-
| 1.
| 6 ga Fabrairu 2013
| Filin wasa na Dasarath Rangasala, [[Kathmandu]], Nepal
|    Nepal
|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; '''1''' –0&lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 1 - 0&lt;/div&gt;
| Abokai
|-
| 2.
| 21 Maris 2013
| Filin wasa na Spartak, [[Bishkek]], Kyrgyzstan
|  Macau
|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; '''1''' –0&lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 2–0&lt;/div&gt;
| Gasar Kofin Kalubale ta AFC ta 2014
|-
| 3.
| 3 Satumba 2013
| Filin wasa na Dasarath Rangasala, Kathmandu, Nepal
|    Nepal
|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; '''1''' –0&lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 1–1&lt;/div&gt;
| Gasar SAFF ta 2013
|-
| 4.
| 12 Maris 2015
| Babban filin wasa na Hamad, [[Doha]], Qatar
|  Yemen
|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; '''1''' –2&lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 1-3&lt;/div&gt;
| Gasar cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2018
|-
| 5.
| 4 Satumba 2018
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Bangabandhu National Stadium, [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
|    Nepal
|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; '''1''' –0&lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 1-2&lt;/div&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Gasar 2018 SAFF
|-
| 6.
| 8 Satumba 2018
|  Bhutan
|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; '''2''' –0&lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 3-0&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| 7.
| 16 Nuwamba 2018
| Filin wasan Faisal Al-Husseini na kasa da kasa, Al-Ram, Falasdinu
|  Falasdinu
|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; '''1''' –0&lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 1-2&lt;/div&gt;
| Abokai
|-
| 8.
| 11 Yuni 2019
| Filin wasa na Hamad bin Khalifa, [[Doha]], Qatar
|  Kambodiya
|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; '''1''' –0&lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 1-2&lt;/div&gt;
| 2022 FIFA gasar cin kofin duniya
|-
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin hadin waje ==

* {{NFT player|pid=49537}}
* {{FIFA player|365914|Hassan Naweed Bashir}}
* {{Soccerway|hassan-bashir/39001}}
[[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Pakistan]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1987]]
[[Category:Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]]
[[Category:Wasannin FIFA]]
[[Category:Wasanni]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>37n1gye888f55252ujss818pt5g199f</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Sabbin editoci</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>21908</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975698</id>
      <parentid>975380</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:27:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9930" sha1="4mfxwkvv5ur7krwe34u8bazrjmm2ckd" xml:space="preserve">Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin.
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|[[User:Mirandola~dewiki|Mirandola~dewiki]]
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|[[User:MER VIJAY ASHOKBHAI|MER VIJAY ASHOKBHAI]]
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|[[User:Ric Gillespie|Ric Gillespie]]
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|[[User:Potenza 1806|Potenza 1806]]
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|Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026
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|[[Special:Contributions/Bilshann|Gudummuwa]]
|Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026
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|[[User:Muenaxe|Muenaxe]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Muenaxe|Gudummuwa]]
|Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026
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|[[User:Madpaak|Madpaak]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Madpaak|Gudummuwa]]
|Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026
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|[[User:Арсі-Арслан|Арсі-Арслан]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Арсі-Арслан|Gudummuwa]]
|Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026
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|[[User:Jw Danielle|Jw Danielle]]
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|[[User:VeganAfrica|VeganAfrica]]
|[[Special:Contributions/VeganAfrica|Gudummuwa]]
|Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026
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|[[User:ياسين الصغير 11|ياسين الصغير 11]]
|[[Special:Contributions/ياسين الصغير 11|Gudummuwa]]
|Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026
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|20
|[[User:Xenoore4|Xenoore4]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Xenoore4|Gudummuwa]]
|Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026
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|21
|[[User:Xima12|Xima12]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Xima12|Gudummuwa]]
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|22
|[[User:Yahaya Aliyu Mayaki|Yahaya Aliyu Mayaki]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Yahaya Aliyu Mayaki|Gudummuwa]]
|Lahadi, 1 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|23
|[[User:میهوئیل|میهوئیل]]
|[[Special:Contributions/میهوئیل|Gudummuwa]]
|Lahadi, 1 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|24
|[[User:Mohamed Al-Saleha|Mohamed Al-Saleha]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Mohamed Al-Saleha|Gudummuwa]]
|Lahadi, 1 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|25
|[[User:Alugwo|Alugwo]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Alugwo|Gudummuwa]]
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|[[Special:Contributions/Turitsa|Gudummuwa]]
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|28
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|[[Special:Contributions/Hussaini kuka|Gudummuwa]]
|Lahadi, 1 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|29
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|[[Special:Contributions/Lovkal|Gudummuwa]]
|Lahadi, 1 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|[[Special:Contributions/Taty2007|Gudummuwa]]
|Lahadi, 1 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|[[Special:Contributions/Tttpboff|Gudummuwa]]
|Lahadi, 1 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|33
|[[User:Marion Moseby|Marion Moseby]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Marion Moseby|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|34
|[[User:Ayinde0023|Ayinde0023]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Ayinde0023|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|[[User:Markerpen1102|Markerpen1102]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Markerpen1102|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|36
|[[User:Mediagirl9ja|Mediagirl9ja]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Mediagirl9ja|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|[[User:Yrmyen|Yrmyen]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Yrmyen|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|38
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|[[Special:Contributions/Hnorr|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|39
|[[User:Jamila mohh|Jamila mohh]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Jamila mohh|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|40
|[[User:Omar Hammad 85|Omar Hammad 85]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Omar Hammad 85|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|41
|[[User:142857|142857]]
|[[Special:Contributions/142857|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|42
|[[User:Matsuhata|Matsuhata]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Matsuhata|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|43
|[[User:Bobmcgee1993|Bobmcgee1993]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Bobmcgee1993|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|44
|[[User:Dinitrify|Dinitrify]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Dinitrify|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|45
|[[User:Kamara653|Kamara653]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Kamara653|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|46
|[[User:Abdussalam Sha Ambato|Abdussalam Sha Ambato]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Abdussalam Sha Ambato|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|47
|[[User:TitanFella3004|TitanFella3004]]
|[[Special:Contributions/TitanFella3004|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|48
|[[User:Freedom4U|Freedom4U]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Freedom4U|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|49
|[[User:Gingercat93|Gingercat93]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Gingercat93|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|50
|[[User:Michelle21112013|Michelle21112013]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Michelle21112013|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|51
|[[User:Ahfirma|Ahfirma]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Ahfirma|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|52
|[[User:Habibu Garba Chula|Habibu Garba Chula]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Habibu Garba Chula|Gudummuwa]]
|Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|53
|[[User:Pokire|Pokire]]
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|Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|[[User:Liamgabby4319|Liamgabby4319]]
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|Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|55
|[[User:Ceriy|Ceriy]]
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|Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|[[User:Stinky6500|Stinky6500]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Stinky6500|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|[[User:Musaibra111|Musaibra111]]
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|Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|59
|[[User:ビェールクト|ビェールクト]]
|[[Special:Contributions/ビェールクト|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|60
|[[User:RishabhSub|RishabhSub]]
|[[Special:Contributions/RishabhSub|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|61
|[[User:Andru KP|Andru KP]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Andru KP|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|62
|[[User:Mustafa Barrin|Mustafa Barrin]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Mustafa Barrin|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|63
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|Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|64
|[[User:NoaLilac|NoaLilac]]
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|Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|65
|[[User:Sverdlyuk|Sverdlyuk]]
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|Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|66
|[[User:Shuaibusamaila|Shuaibusamaila]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Shuaibusamaila|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|67
|[[User:SALMAI COMMERCIAL VENTURES|SALMAI COMMERCIAL VENTURES]]
|[[Special:Contributions/SALMAI COMMERCIAL VENTURES|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026
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|68
|[[User:Sporophyt|Sporophyt]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Sporophyt|Gudummuwa]]
|Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026
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    <title>Cutar Asthma</title>
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[[Fayil:Asthma attack.PNG|thumb|Hutun Cutar Asthma]]
[[File:Peak_flow_meter_horiz.jpg  |thumb| Peek flow meter]] 
'''Cutar Asma''' ([[Turanci]]: ''tuberculosis, asthma'') wata cuta ce na kumburewar hanyoyin iska a [[Huhu|huhu.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;lancetasthma&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://www.thelancet.com/pb-assets/Lancet/gbd/summaries/diseases/asthma.pdf|title=Asthma–Level 3 cause|journal=The Lancet|volume=396|date=October 2020|pages=S108–S109}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya Kuma ganeta ta hanyar alamomi daban daban, sashhekar numfashi, da kuma shakewar hanyoyin iska.  ''Bronchospasm.''&lt;ref name=&quot;NHLBI07p11-12&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|NHLBI Guideline|2007|pp=11–12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA_2011_page20,51&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|GINA|2011|p=20,51}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alamomin cutar sun hada da sauti yayin numfashi, tari, tsukewa ko takurewar kirji, da kuma karancin iska yayin [[Numfashi|numfashi.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Drazen GM, Bel EH (2020). &quot;81. Asthma&quot;. In Goldman L, Schafer AI (eds.). ''Goldman-Cecil Medicine''. Vol. 1 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 527–535. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-323-55087-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan alamomi kan iya faruwa na wasu 'yan lokuta a rana, ko kuma na tsawon lokuta a māko.&lt;ref name=&quot;lancetasthma&quot; /&gt; Dangane da mara [[Lafia|lafiya]], alamomin cutan kan iya tsananta da dare ko kuma yayin motsa jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;lancetasthma&quot; /&gt;

An yi ittifaki cewa, cutar asthma na wanzuwa ta hanyar gādo ko kuma yanayin muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hanyoyin kamuwa da cutan ta hanyar [[yanayin muhalli]] sun haɗa da yawan shakar gurbatacciyar iska, ko kuma ''allergens'' - wato rashin lafiyar ci ko taba wani abu.&lt;ref name=&quot;lancetasthma&quot; /&gt; Wasu daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke janyo wannan cuta sun hada da magunguna irinsu [[aspirin]] da kuma ''Beta Blockers.'' Ana iya gano asalin cutar ta hanyar nazarin alamominta, aunawa ta hanyar ''theraphy'' na tsawon lokaci'','' da kuma gwajin lafiyar huhu.&lt;ref&gt;Lemanske RF, Busse WW (February 2010). &quot;Asthma: clinical expression and molecular mechanisms&quot;. ''The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology''. '''125''' (2 Suppl 2): S95-102. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.047. PMC 2853245. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 20176271&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya rarraba asthma dangane da yanayin yawaituwar alamominta, ''Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)'' ko kuma kololuwar yanayin fitar da iska.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yawn2008&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Yawn BP|title=Factors accounting for asthma variability: achieving optimal symptom control for individual patients|journal=Primary Care Respiratory Journal|volume=17|issue=3|pages=138–147|date=September 2008|pmid=18264646|pmc=6619889|doi=10.3132/pcrj.2008.00004|url=http://www.thepcrj.org/journ/vol17/17_3_138_147.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326102723/http://www.thepcrj.org/journ/vol17/17_3_138_147.pdf|archive-date=2009-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kuma iya kasafta ta da ''atopic'' ko kuma ''non-atopic.''

Har yanzu, babu wata sananniyar maganin asthma, amma za'a iya sarrafa ta.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Asthma Fact sheet №307&quot;. ''WHO''. November 2013. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya rage faruwar alamominta ta hanyar kaucewa abubuwan da suke assasa ta kamar, allergins da kuma abubuwan shaka wanda huhun mai ita bai so, da kuma koreta ta hanyar shakar abun karin numfashi mai dauke da sinadaran ''corticosteroids''. Ana iya amfani da ''Long-acting beta agonists(LABA)'' ko kuma sinadarin ''antileukotriene agents'' tare da abun shaka idan an kasa sarrafa alamomin.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA_2011_page33&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|GINA|2011|p=33}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Antileukotriene agents&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Scott JP, Peters-Golden M|title=Antileukotriene agents for the treatment of lung disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-respiratory-critical-care-medicine_2013-09-01_188_5/page/538|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=188|issue=5|pages=538–44|date=September 2013|pmid=23822826|doi=10.1164/rccm.201301-0023PP}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya magance alamomin da suka munana acikin sauri ta hanyar shakar magunguna irinsu ''salbutamol'' da ''corticosteroids'' ta baki.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHLBI07p214&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|NHLBI Guideline|2007|p=214}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yayin da alamomi suka munana sosai, ana iya amfani da intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate da kuma kwanciya a asibitin don magani.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHLBI07p373&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|NHLBI Guideline|2007|pp=373–75}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekara ta 2019, asthma ta kama akalla mutum miliyan 262, kuma ta janyo mutuwar mutum  dubu 461,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Asthma–Level 3 cause&quot; (PDF). ''The Lancet''. '''396''': S108–S109. October 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Mafi akasarin mace-macen sun faru ne a kasashe masu tasowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;lancetasthma&quot; /&gt; Cutar asthma kan fara ne tun mutum yana yaro, sannan tsarin na kara gaba tun daga 1960s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ana2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Anandan C, Nurmatov U, van Schayck OC, Sheikh A|title=Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies|journal=Allergy|volume=65|issue=2|pages=152–67|date=February 2010|pmid=19912154|doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02244.x|s2cid=19525219|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara gano cutar asthma ne tun daga zamanin [[Tsohuwar Masar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Manniche1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book|vauthors=Manniche L|title=Sacred luxuries: fragrance, aromatherapy, and cosmetics in ancient Egypt|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sacredluxuriesfr0000mann/page/49 49]|year=1999|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-3720-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalmar asthma ta samo asaline daga harshen Girka  ἆσθμα, &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;âsthma,&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; wanda ke nufin sheshheka.&lt;ref name=&quot;M38&quot;&gt;{{cite book|vauthors=Murray JF|title=Murray and Nadel's textbook of respiratory medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/murraynadelstext0002unse|veditors=Mason RJ, Murray JF, Broaddus VC, Nadel JA, Martin TR, King Jr TE, Schraufnagel DE|year=2010|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-4710-0|chapter=Ch. 38 Asthma|edition=5th}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamominta ==
Alamomin cutar asthma sun haɗa da yawan shakewar numfashi, daukewar numfashi, cunkushewar kirji, da kuma tāri.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011p2&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|GINA|2011|pp=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Majina]] na iya fitowa dalilin yawan tari mai tsawo. Alamominta kanyi tsanani da daddare, ko kuma da sassafe ko kuma a dalilin motsa jiki ko sanyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;bts2009p14&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|British Guideline|2009|p=14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kadan daga cikin masu dauke da cutar asthma ne basu fuskantar wadannan alamomin, sai dai idan sun hadu da abubuwan da ke tāso ciwon, a yayinda wasu kuwa nan da nan suke kamuwa da ita tare da alamomi masu tsanani.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011_p8-9&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|GINA|2011|pp=8–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Sauran matsaloli ==
Akwai cututuka da dama da ke faruwa ga masu dauke da ciwon asthma, irinsu ''gastroesophageal reflux disease'' {GERD},  [[rhinosinusitis]], da kuma [[daukewar numfashi a yayin bacci (apnea)]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Boulet2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Boulet LP|title=Influence of comorbid conditions on asthma|url=https://archive.org/details/european-respiratory-journal_2009-04_33_4/page/897|journal=The European Respiratory Journal|volume=33|issue=4|pages=897–906|date=April 2009|pmid=19336592|doi=10.1183/09031936.00121308|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau ana yawan samun matsalolin tunani,&lt;ref name=&quot;Boulay2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Boulet LP, Boulay MÈ|title=Asthma-related comorbidities|journal=Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine|volume=5|issue=3|pages=377–393|date=June 2011|pmid=21702660|doi=10.1586/ers.11.34|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma [[matsalolin natsuwa]] wanda ke faruwa a tsakanin kashi 16% zuwa 52% da kuma [[matsalolin kunci]] a kashi 14–41%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrew2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|veditors=Harver A, Kotses H|title=Asthma, Health and Society: A Public Health Perspective|year=2010|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-78285-0|page=315|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkP8_h_ewLMC&amp;pg=PA315|access-date=6 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har yanzu ba'a gama tantacewa ba ko dai asthma ce ke kawo matsaloli na kwakwalwa ko kuma matsaloli na kwakwalwa ne ke kawo cutar asthma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Thomas M, Bruton A, Moffat M, Cleland J|title=Asthma and psychological dysfunction|journal=Primary Care Respiratory Journal|volume=20|issue=3|pages=250–256|date=September 2011|pmid=21674122|pmc=6549858|doi=10.4104/pcrj.2011.00058}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cutar asthma irin na zamanin nan, amma banda na zamunan baya suna da alaka da yawan janyo mutuwa, mutuwa ta hanyar cututtukan zuciya, da kuma mutuwa ta hanyar munanan cututtuka na hanyoyin numfashi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=He X, Cheng G, He L, Liao B, Du Y, Xie X, Zhang S, Li G, Wang Y, Zhang Y|display-authors=6|title=Adults with current asthma but not former asthma have higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a population-based prospective cohort study|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1329|date=January 2021|pmid=33446724|pmc=7809422|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-79264-4|bibcode=2021NatSR..11.1329H}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cutar asthma, musamman mummunar cutar asthma na da alaka da haifuwar munanan cututtukan toshewar ''pulmonary'' (COPD).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Silva GE, Sherrill DL, Guerra S, Barbee RA|title=Asthma as a risk factor for COPD in a longitudinal study|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_chest_2004-07_126_1/page/59|journal=Chest|volume=126|issue=1|pages=59–65|date=July 2004|pmid=15249443|doi=10.1378/chest.126.1.59}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=de Marco R, Marcon A, Rossi A, Antó JM, Cerveri I, Gislason T, Heinrich J, Janson C, Jarvis D, Kuenzli N, Leynaert B, Probst-Hensch N, Svanes C, Wjst M, Burney P|display-authors=6|title=Asthma, COPD and overlap syndrome: a longitudinal study in young European adults|journal=The European Respiratory Journal|volume=46|issue=3|pages=671–679|date=September 2015|pmid=26113674|doi=10.1183/09031936.00008615|s2cid=2169875|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Gibson PG, McDonald VM|title=Asthma-COPD overlap 2015: now we are six|journal=Thorax|volume=70|issue=7|pages=683–691|date=July 2015|pmid=25948695|doi=10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206740|s2cid=38550372|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadanda ke dauke da cutar asthma musamman idan ba'a magance ta ba da kyau suna cikin hadarin kamuwa daga martani na ''radiocontrast agents.''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|veditors=Thomsen HS, Webb JA|title=Contrast media : safety issues and ESUR guidelines.|date=2014|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht|isbn=978-3-642-36724-3|pages=54|edition=Third|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1O-BAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA54}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Rushewar hakori|Lalacewar hakori]] na yawan faruwa ga masu dauke da cutar asthma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Agostini BA, Collares KF, Costa FD, Correa MB, Demarco FF|title=The role of asthma in caries occurrence - meta-analysis and meta-regression|journal=The Journal of Asthma|volume=56|issue=8|pages=841–852|date=August 2019|pmid=29972654|doi=10.1080/02770903.2018.1493602|s2cid=49694304}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakan na iya zama a dalilin illolin  [[Beta 2 agonists|''beta 2 agonists'']] wajen rage yawan miyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tho2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Thomas MS, Parolia A, Kundabala M, Vikram M|title=Asthma and oral health: a review|journal=Australian Dental Journal|volume=55|issue=2|pages=128–133|date=June 2010|pmid=20604752|doi=10.1111/j.1834-7819.2010.01226.x|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan matsala ka iya haifar da matsalar sauya fasalin hakori - ''dental erosion.''&lt;ref name=&quot;Tho2010&quot; /&gt;
== Siloli ==
Ana kamuwa ne da cutar asthma ta hanyar muhalli sarkakkiyar kuma mara kyau da kuma kwayoyin halitta na gādo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martinez2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Martinez FD|title=Genes, environments, development and asthma: a reappraisal|url=https://archive.org/details/european-respiratory-journal_2007-01_29_1/page/179|journal=The European Respiratory Journal|volume=29|issue=1|pages=179–84|date=January 2007|pmid=17197483|doi=10.1183/09031936.00087906|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Miller RL, Ho SM|title=Environmental epigenetics and asthma: current concepts and call for studies|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=177|issue=6|pages=567–73|date=March 2008|pmid=18187692|pmc=2267336|doi=10.1164/rccm.200710-1511PP}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakan yana tasiri akan tsananinta da kuma jin maganinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Choudhry S, Seibold MA, Borrell LN, Tang H, Serebrisky D, Chapela R, Rodriguez-Santana JR, Avila PC, Ziv E, Rodriguez-Cintron W, Risch NJ, Burchard EG|display-authors=6|title=Dissecting complex diseases in complex populations: asthma in latino americans|journal=Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society|volume=4|issue=3|pages=226–33|date=July 2007|pmid=17607004|pmc=2647623|doi=10.1513/pats.200701-029AW}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anyi amanna da cewa karuwar samun masu cutar asthma yana da dangantaka da sauyin  [[Epigenetics|''epigenetics'']] (abubuwan [[Gado (iyali)|gado]] wanda basu da alaka da kwayoyin haihuwa - DNA), da kuma sauyin muhalli na rayuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21575714&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Dietert RR|title=Maternal and childhood asthma: risk factors, interactions, and ramifications|journal=Reproductive Toxicology|volume=32|issue=2|pages=198–204|date=September 2011|pmid=21575714|doi=10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.04.007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cutar asthma da ke kama mutum tun yana dan shekara 12 watakila na da alaka da gādo, a yayinda kuma asthma da ke kama mutum bayan shekaru 12 na da alaka da muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Tan DJ, Walters EH, Perret JL, Lodge CJ, Lowe AJ, Matheson MC, Dharmage SC|title=Age-of-asthma onset as a determinant of different asthma phenotypes in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature|journal=Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine|volume=9|issue=1|pages=109–23|date=February 2015|pmid=25584929|doi=10.1586/17476348.2015.1000311|s2cid=23213216}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Muhalli ==
Akwai al'amurran muhalli da dama da aka danganta da cutar asthma, wanda suka hada da allergies, gurbacewar iska, da sauran sinadarai dake cikin muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21623970&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Kelly FJ, Fussell JC|date=August 2011|title=Air pollution and airway disease|journal=Clinical and Experimental Allergy|volume=41|issue=8|pages=1059–71|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03776.x|pmid=21623970|s2cid=37717160}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai abubuwan da aka sani wadanda ke janyo cutar asthma ga wanda suka cidanya da su kuma ana kiransu da [[Asthmagen|''Asthmagens'']].  Daga cikin wadannan sinadarai na ''asthmagens'' akwai ''ammonia, latex'', magungunan kwari, ''solder'' da burbushin walda, kura na karfe da katako, feshin fentin isocyanate a wajen gyaran ababen hawa, ''formaldehyde'', ''glutaraldehyde, anhydrides'', gam, abun rini, abubuwan aikin karfe, maiko, da kuma kwayoyin bakteriya (''molds'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/workplace/lung_disease_registry/toolkit/asthmagens.htm|title=Occupational Asthmagens - New York State Department of Health}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hse.gov.uk/foi/internalops/og/og-00016.htm|title=Occupational Asthmagens - HSE|access-date=2023-06-02|archive-date=2023-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326081225/https://www.hse.gov.uk/foi/internalops/og/og-00016.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shan sigari ga mai juna biyu ko kuma bayan haihuwa na da matukan hadarin kamuwa da cutar asthma.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011_p6&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|GINA|2011|p=6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin [[Jadawalin ingancin iska|ingancin iska]] a muhalli a dalilin hayakin ababen hawa kamar [[Gurbacewar iska ta ababen hawa|Gurbacewar iska a dalilin konewar man-fetur]], ko kuma yawaitar matakin ''[[Ozone]],''&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011_p61&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|GINA|2011|p=61}}&lt;/ref&gt; na da alaka da bunkasar cutar asthma da kuma tsananinta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gold&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Gold DR, Wright R|year=2005|title=Population disparities in asthma|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=26|pages=89–113|doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144528|pmid=15760282|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kusan rabin cutar asthma a cikin kananan yara a [[Amurka]] suna faruwa ne yankunan da ingancin iskansu bai kai matakin da [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] suka gindaya ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Urban Air Pollution and Health Inequities: A Workshop Report|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=109|issue=s3|year=2001|pages=357–374|issn=0091-6765|doi=10.1289/ehp.01109s3357|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin iska mai inganci yafi yawa a unguwannin talakawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Brooks N, Sethi R|date=February 1997|title=The Distribution of Pollution: Community Characteristics and Exposure to Air Toxics|journal=Journal of Environmental Economics and Management|volume=32|issue=2|pages=233–50|doi=10.1006/jeem.1996.0967|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cutar asthma na da alaka da cuɗanya da abubuwan da huhu bai so (''allergens)'' na cikin gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21301330&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Ahluwalia SK, Matsui EC|title=The indoor environment and its effects on childhood asthma|journal=Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=11|issue=2|pages=137–43|date=April 2011|pmid=21301330|doi=10.1097/ACI.0b013e3283445921|s2cid=35075329}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanannu daga cikin abubuwan cikin gida da ke janyo cutar asthma sun haɗa da kwayoyin halittu dake cikin kura, [[Kyankyaso|Kyankyasai]], gashin dabbobi, da ''mold.''&lt;ref name=&quot;Arshad&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Arshad SH|s2cid=30418306|title=Does exposure to indoor allergens contribute to the development of asthma and allergy?|journal=Current Allergy and Asthma Reports|volume=10|issue=1|pages=49–55|date=January 2010|pmid=20425514|doi=10.1007/s11882-009-0082-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Custovic A, Simpson A|title=The role of inhalant allergens in allergic airways disease|journal=Journal of Investigational Allergology &amp; Clinical Immunology|volume=22|issue=6|pages=393–401; qiuz follow 401|year=2012|pmid=23101182}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikin kwayoyin virus da ke kama hanyoyin numfashi kamar [[respiratory syncytial virus]] da [[rhinovirus]] kan iya janyo karuwar sanadiyyar kamuwa da cutar asthma a kananan yara, amma kuma wasu daga cikin cututtukan da ake iya kamuwa dasu kan rage hadarin kamuwa da cutar asthma.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHLBI07p11&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|NHLBI Guideline|2007|p=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Azancin kula da tsafta == 
[[Azancin kula da tsafta]] wato ''hygiene hypothesis'' yana yunkurin bayani akan yadda cutar asthma ke kara yaɗuwa a duk fadin duniya a sakamako na kai tsaye wanda ba cikin tsari ba na rashin sani, a yayin yarinta, ga bakteriya da kuma virus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Ramsey CD, Celedón JC|title=The hygiene hypothesis and asthma|journal=Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine|volume=11|issue=1|pages=14–20|date=January 2005|pmid=15591883|doi=10.1097/01.mcp.0000145791.13714.ae|s2cid=44556390}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Bufford JD, Gern JE|title=The hygiene hypothesis revisited|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_immunology-and-allergy-clinics-of-north-america_2005-05_25_2/page/247|journal=Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America|volume=25|issue=2|pages=247–62, v-vi|date=May 2005|pmid=15878454|doi=10.1016/j.iac.2005.03.005}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ayyana cewa, rage yawan backeriya da virus na da alaka da tsaftar muhalli da karancin yawan iyali a cikin al'umman wannan zamani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brook2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Brooks C, Pearce N, Douwes J|title=The hygiene hypothesis in allergy and asthma: an update|journal=Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=13|issue=1|pages=70–7|date=February 2013|pmid=23103806|doi=10.1097/ACI.0b013e32835ad0d2|s2cid=23664343}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cuɗanya da [[endotoxin]] na backtriya yayin yarinta ka iya magance hadarin kamuwa da cutar asthma, amma kuma cuɗanya da ita yayin tsufa ka iya janyo ''bronchoconstriction.''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Rao D, Phipatanakul W|title=Impact of environmental controls on childhood asthma|journal=Current Allergy and Asthma Reports|volume=11|issue=5|pages=414–20|date=October 2011|pmid=21710109|pmc=3166452|doi=10.1007/s11882-011-0206-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hujjar da ke karfafawa ''azacin kula da tsafa'' baya shine karancin kamuwa da cutar asthma a gonaki da kuma gidajen da ke da dabbobin gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brook2013&quot; /&gt;

Amfani da magungunan [[Antibiotic|''antibiotics'']] a farkon rayuwa na da hadarin kamuwa da cutar asthma.

==Manazarta==
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[[Fayil:Asthma attack.PNG|thumb|Hutun Cutar Asthma]]
[[File:Peak_flow_meter_horiz.jpg  |thumb| Peek flow meter]] 
'''Cutar Asma''' ([[Turanci]]: ''tuberculosis, asthma'') wata cuta ce na kumburewar hanyoyin iska a [[Huhu|huhu.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;lancetasthma&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://www.thelancet.com/pb-assets/Lancet/gbd/summaries/diseases/asthma.pdf|title=Asthma–Level 3 cause|journal=The Lancet|volume=396|date=October 2020|pages=S108–S109}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya Kuma ganeta ta hanyar alamomi daban daban, sashhekar numfashi, da kuma shakewar hanyoyin iska.  ''Bronchospasm.''&lt;ref name=&quot;NHLBI07p11-12&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|NHLBI Guideline|2007|pp=11–12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA_2011_page20,51&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|GINA|2011|p=20,51}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alamomin cutar sun hada da sauti yayin numfashi, tari, tsukewa ko takurewar kirji, da kuma karancin iska yayin [[Numfashi|numfashi.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Drazen GM, Bel EH (2020). &quot;81. Asthma&quot;. In Goldman L, Schafer AI (eds.). ''Goldman-Cecil Medicine''. Vol. 1 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 527–535. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-323-55087-1&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan alamomi kan iya faruwa na wasu 'yan lokuta a rana, ko kuma na tsawon lokuta a māko.&lt;ref name=&quot;lancetasthma&quot; /&gt; Dangane da mara [[Lafia|lafiya]], alamomin cutan kan iya tsananta da dare ko kuma yayin motsa jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;lancetasthma&quot; /&gt;

An yi ittifaki cewa, cutar asthma na wanzuwa ta hanyar gādo ko kuma yanayin muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hanyoyin kamuwa da cutan ta hanyar [[yanayin muhalli]] sun haɗa da yawan shakar gurbatacciyar iska, ko kuma ''allergens'' - wato rashin lafiyar ci ko taba wani abu.&lt;ref name=&quot;lancetasthma&quot; /&gt; Wasu daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke janyo wannan cuta sun hada da magunguna irinsu [[aspirin]] da kuma ''Beta Blockers.'' Ana iya gano asalin cutar ta hanyar nazarin alamominta, aunawa ta hanyar ''theraphy'' na tsawon lokaci'','' da kuma gwajin lafiyar huhu.&lt;ref&gt;Lemanske RF, Busse WW (February 2010). &quot;Asthma: clinical expression and molecular mechanisms&quot;. ''The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology''. '''125''' (2 Suppl 2): S95-102. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.047. PMC 2853245. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 20176271&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya rarraba asthma dangane da yanayin yawaituwar alamominta, ''Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)'' ko kuma kololuwar yanayin fitar da iska.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yawn2008&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Yawn BP|title=Factors accounting for asthma variability: achieving optimal symptom control for individual patients|journal=Primary Care Respiratory Journal|volume=17|issue=3|pages=138–147|date=September 2008|pmid=18264646|pmc=6619889|doi=10.3132/pcrj.2008.00004|url=http://www.thepcrj.org/journ/vol17/17_3_138_147.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326102723/http://www.thepcrj.org/journ/vol17/17_3_138_147.pdf|archive-date=2009-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kuma iya kasafta ta da ''atopic'' ko kuma ''non-atopic.''

Har yanzu, babu wani sanannen maganin asthma, amma za a iya sarrafa ta.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Asthma Fact sheet №307&quot;. ''WHO''. November 2013. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya rage faruwar alamominta ta hanyar kaucewa abubuwan da suke assasa ta kamar, allergins da kuma abubuwan shaka wanda huhun mai ita bai so, da kuma koreta ta hanyar shakar abun karin numfashi mai dauke da sinadaran ''corticosteroids''. Ana iya amfani da ''Long-acting beta agonists(LABA)'' ko kuma sinadarin ''antileukotriene agents'' tare da abun shaka idan an kasa sarrafa alamomin.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA_2011_page33&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|GINA|2011|p=33}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Antileukotriene agents&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Scott JP, Peters-Golden M|title=Antileukotriene agents for the treatment of lung disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-respiratory-critical-care-medicine_2013-09-01_188_5/page/538|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=188|issue=5|pages=538–44|date=September 2013|pmid=23822826|doi=10.1164/rccm.201301-0023PP}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya magance alamomin da suka munana acikin sauri ta hanyar shakar magunguna irinsu ''salbutamol'' da ''corticosteroids'' ta baki.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHLBI07p214&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|NHLBI Guideline|2007|p=214}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yayin da alamomi suka munana sosai, ana iya amfani da intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate da kuma kwanciya a asibitin don magani.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHLBI07p373&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|NHLBI Guideline|2007|pp=373–75}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekara ta 2019, asthma ta kama akalla mutum miliyan 262, kuma ta janyo mutuwar mutum  dubu 461,000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Asthma–Level 3 cause&quot; (PDF). ''The Lancet''. '''396''': S108–S109. October 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Mafi akasarin mace-macen sun faru ne a kasashe masu tasowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;lancetasthma&quot; /&gt; Cutar asthma kan fara ne tun mutum yana yaro, sannan tsarin na kara gaba tun daga 1960s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ana2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Anandan C, Nurmatov U, van Schayck OC, Sheikh A|title=Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies|journal=Allergy|volume=65|issue=2|pages=152–67|date=February 2010|pmid=19912154|doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02244.x|s2cid=19525219|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara gano cutar asthma ne tun daga zamanin [[Tsohuwar Masar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Manniche1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book|vauthors=Manniche L|title=Sacred luxuries: fragrance, aromatherapy, and cosmetics in ancient Egypt|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sacredluxuriesfr0000mann/page/49 49]|year=1999|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-3720-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalmar asthma ta samo asaline daga harshen Girka  ἆσθμα, &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;âsthma,&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; wanda ke nufin sheshheka.&lt;ref name=&quot;M38&quot;&gt;{{cite book|vauthors=Murray JF|title=Murray and Nadel's textbook of respiratory medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/murraynadelstext0002unse|veditors=Mason RJ, Murray JF, Broaddus VC, Nadel JA, Martin TR, King Jr TE, Schraufnagel DE|year=2010|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-4710-0|chapter=Ch. 38 Asthma|edition=5th}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamominta ==
Alamomin cutar asthma sun haɗa da yawan shakewar numfashi, daukewar numfashi, cunkushewar kirji, da kuma tāri.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011p2&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|GINA|2011|pp=2–5}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Majina]] na iya fitowa dalilin yawan tari mai tsawo. Alamominta kanyi tsanani da daddare, ko kuma da sassafe ko kuma a dalilin motsa jiki ko sanyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;bts2009p14&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|British Guideline|2009|p=14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kadan daga cikin masu dauke da cutar asthma ne basu fuskantar wadannan alamomin, sai dai idan sun hadu da abubuwan da ke tāso ciwon, a yayinda wasu kuwa nan da nan suke kamuwa da ita tare da alamomi masu tsanani.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011_p8-9&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|GINA|2011|pp=8–9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Sauran matsaloli ==
Akwai cututuka da dama da ke faruwa ga masu dauke da ciwon asthma, irinsu ''gastroesophageal reflux disease'' {GERD},  [[rhinosinusitis]], da kuma [[daukewar numfashi a yayin bacci (apnea)]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Boulet2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Boulet LP|title=Influence of comorbid conditions on asthma|url=https://archive.org/details/european-respiratory-journal_2009-04_33_4/page/897|journal=The European Respiratory Journal|volume=33|issue=4|pages=897–906|date=April 2009|pmid=19336592|doi=10.1183/09031936.00121308|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau ana yawan samun matsalolin tunani,&lt;ref name=&quot;Boulay2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Boulet LP, Boulay MÈ|title=Asthma-related comorbidities|journal=Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine|volume=5|issue=3|pages=377–393|date=June 2011|pmid=21702660|doi=10.1586/ers.11.34|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma [[matsalolin natsuwa]] wanda ke faruwa a tsakanin kashi 16% zuwa 52% da kuma [[matsalolin kunci]] a kashi 14–41%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrew2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|veditors=Harver A, Kotses H|title=Asthma, Health and Society: A Public Health Perspective|year=2010|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-78285-0|page=315|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkP8_h_ewLMC&amp;pg=PA315|access-date=6 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har yanzu ba'a gama tantacewa ba ko dai asthma ce ke kawo matsaloli na kwakwalwa ko kuma matsaloli na kwakwalwa ne ke kawo cutar asthma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Thomas M, Bruton A, Moffat M, Cleland J|title=Asthma and psychological dysfunction|journal=Primary Care Respiratory Journal|volume=20|issue=3|pages=250–256|date=September 2011|pmid=21674122|pmc=6549858|doi=10.4104/pcrj.2011.00058}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cutar asthma irin na zamanin nan, amma banda na zamunan baya suna da alaka da yawan janyo mutuwa, mutuwa ta hanyar cututtukan zuciya, da kuma mutuwa ta hanyar munanan cututtuka na hanyoyin numfashi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=He X, Cheng G, He L, Liao B, Du Y, Xie X, Zhang S, Li G, Wang Y, Zhang Y|display-authors=6|title=Adults with current asthma but not former asthma have higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a population-based prospective cohort study|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1329|date=January 2021|pmid=33446724|pmc=7809422|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-79264-4|bibcode=2021NatSR..11.1329H}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cutar asthma, musamman mummunar cutar asthma na da alaka da haifuwar munanan cututtukan toshewar ''pulmonary'' (COPD).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Silva GE, Sherrill DL, Guerra S, Barbee RA|title=Asthma as a risk factor for COPD in a longitudinal study|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_chest_2004-07_126_1/page/59|journal=Chest|volume=126|issue=1|pages=59–65|date=July 2004|pmid=15249443|doi=10.1378/chest.126.1.59}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=de Marco R, Marcon A, Rossi A, Antó JM, Cerveri I, Gislason T, Heinrich J, Janson C, Jarvis D, Kuenzli N, Leynaert B, Probst-Hensch N, Svanes C, Wjst M, Burney P|display-authors=6|title=Asthma, COPD and overlap syndrome: a longitudinal study in young European adults|journal=The European Respiratory Journal|volume=46|issue=3|pages=671–679|date=September 2015|pmid=26113674|doi=10.1183/09031936.00008615|s2cid=2169875|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Gibson PG, McDonald VM|title=Asthma-COPD overlap 2015: now we are six|journal=Thorax|volume=70|issue=7|pages=683–691|date=July 2015|pmid=25948695|doi=10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206740|s2cid=38550372|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadanda ke dauke da cutar asthma musamman idan ba'a magance ta ba da kyau suna cikin hadarin kamuwa daga martani na ''radiocontrast agents.''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|veditors=Thomsen HS, Webb JA|title=Contrast media : safety issues and ESUR guidelines.|date=2014|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht|isbn=978-3-642-36724-3|pages=54|edition=Third|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1O-BAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA54}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Rushewar hakori|Lalacewar hakori]] na yawan faruwa ga masu dauke da cutar asthma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Agostini BA, Collares KF, Costa FD, Correa MB, Demarco FF|title=The role of asthma in caries occurrence - meta-analysis and meta-regression|journal=The Journal of Asthma|volume=56|issue=8|pages=841–852|date=August 2019|pmid=29972654|doi=10.1080/02770903.2018.1493602|s2cid=49694304}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakan na iya zama a dalilin illolin  [[Beta 2 agonists|''beta 2 agonists'']] wajen rage yawan miyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tho2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Thomas MS, Parolia A, Kundabala M, Vikram M|title=Asthma and oral health: a review|journal=Australian Dental Journal|volume=55|issue=2|pages=128–133|date=June 2010|pmid=20604752|doi=10.1111/j.1834-7819.2010.01226.x|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan matsala ka iya haifar da matsalar sauya fasalin hakori - ''dental erosion.''&lt;ref name=&quot;Tho2010&quot; /&gt;
== Siloli ==
Ana kamuwa ne da cutar asthma ta hanyar muhalli sarkakkiyar kuma mara kyau da kuma kwayoyin halitta na gādo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martinez2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Martinez FD|title=Genes, environments, development and asthma: a reappraisal|url=https://archive.org/details/european-respiratory-journal_2007-01_29_1/page/179|journal=The European Respiratory Journal|volume=29|issue=1|pages=179–84|date=January 2007|pmid=17197483|doi=10.1183/09031936.00087906|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Miller RL, Ho SM|title=Environmental epigenetics and asthma: current concepts and call for studies|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=177|issue=6|pages=567–73|date=March 2008|pmid=18187692|pmc=2267336|doi=10.1164/rccm.200710-1511PP}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakan yana tasiri akan tsananinta da kuma jin maganinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Choudhry S, Seibold MA, Borrell LN, Tang H, Serebrisky D, Chapela R, Rodriguez-Santana JR, Avila PC, Ziv E, Rodriguez-Cintron W, Risch NJ, Burchard EG|display-authors=6|title=Dissecting complex diseases in complex populations: asthma in latino americans|journal=Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society|volume=4|issue=3|pages=226–33|date=July 2007|pmid=17607004|pmc=2647623|doi=10.1513/pats.200701-029AW}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anyi amanna da cewa karuwar samun masu cutar asthma yana da dangantaka da sauyin  [[Epigenetics|''epigenetics'']] (abubuwan [[Gado (iyali)|gado]] wanda basu da alaka da kwayoyin haihuwa - DNA), da kuma sauyin muhalli na rayuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21575714&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Dietert RR|title=Maternal and childhood asthma: risk factors, interactions, and ramifications|journal=Reproductive Toxicology|volume=32|issue=2|pages=198–204|date=September 2011|pmid=21575714|doi=10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.04.007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cutar asthma da ke kama mutum tun yana dan shekara 12 watakila na da alaka da gādo, a yayinda kuma asthma da ke kama mutum bayan shekaru 12 na da alaka da muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Tan DJ, Walters EH, Perret JL, Lodge CJ, Lowe AJ, Matheson MC, Dharmage SC|title=Age-of-asthma onset as a determinant of different asthma phenotypes in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature|journal=Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine|volume=9|issue=1|pages=109–23|date=February 2015|pmid=25584929|doi=10.1586/17476348.2015.1000311|s2cid=23213216}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Muhalli ==
Akwai al'amurran muhalli da dama da aka danganta da cutar asthma, wanda suka hada da allergies, gurbacewar iska, da sauran sinadarai dake cikin muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21623970&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Kelly FJ, Fussell JC|date=August 2011|title=Air pollution and airway disease|journal=Clinical and Experimental Allergy|volume=41|issue=8|pages=1059–71|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03776.x|pmid=21623970|s2cid=37717160}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai abubuwan da aka sani wadanda ke janyo cutar asthma ga wanda suka cidanya da su kuma ana kiransu da [[Asthmagen|''Asthmagens'']].  Daga cikin wadannan sinadarai na ''asthmagens'' akwai ''ammonia, latex'', magungunan kwari, ''solder'' da burbushin walda, kura na karfe da katako, feshin fentin isocyanate a wajen gyaran ababen hawa, ''formaldehyde'', ''glutaraldehyde, anhydrides'', gam, abun rini, abubuwan aikin karfe, maiko, da kuma kwayoyin bakteriya (''molds'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/workplace/lung_disease_registry/toolkit/asthmagens.htm|title=Occupational Asthmagens - New York State Department of Health}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hse.gov.uk/foi/internalops/og/og-00016.htm|title=Occupational Asthmagens - HSE|access-date=2023-06-02|archive-date=2023-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326081225/https://www.hse.gov.uk/foi/internalops/og/og-00016.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shan sigari ga mai juna biyu ko kuma bayan haihuwa na da matukan hadarin kamuwa da cutar asthma.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011_p6&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|GINA|2011|p=6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin [[Jadawalin ingancin iska|ingancin iska]] a muhalli a dalilin hayakin ababen hawa kamar [[Gurbacewar iska ta ababen hawa|Gurbacewar iska a dalilin konewar man-fetur]], ko kuma yawaitar matakin ''[[Ozone]],''&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011_p61&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|GINA|2011|p=61}}&lt;/ref&gt; na da alaka da bunkasar cutar asthma da kuma tsananinta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gold&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Gold DR, Wright R|year=2005|title=Population disparities in asthma|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=26|pages=89–113|doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144528|pmid=15760282|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kusan rabin cutar asthma a cikin kananan yara a [[Amurka]] suna faruwa ne yankunan da ingancin iskansu bai kai matakin da [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] suka gindaya ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Urban Air Pollution and Health Inequities: A Workshop Report|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=109|issue=s3|year=2001|pages=357–374|issn=0091-6765|doi=10.1289/ehp.01109s3357|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin iska mai inganci yafi yawa a unguwannin talakawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Brooks N, Sethi R|date=February 1997|title=The Distribution of Pollution: Community Characteristics and Exposure to Air Toxics|journal=Journal of Environmental Economics and Management|volume=32|issue=2|pages=233–50|doi=10.1006/jeem.1996.0967|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cutar asthma na da alaka da cuɗanya da abubuwan da huhu bai so (''allergens)'' na cikin gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid21301330&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Ahluwalia SK, Matsui EC|title=The indoor environment and its effects on childhood asthma|journal=Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=11|issue=2|pages=137–43|date=April 2011|pmid=21301330|doi=10.1097/ACI.0b013e3283445921|s2cid=35075329}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanannu daga cikin abubuwan cikin gida da ke janyo cutar asthma sun haɗa da kwayoyin halittu dake cikin kura, [[Kyankyaso|Kyankyasai]], gashin dabbobi, da ''mold.''&lt;ref name=&quot;Arshad&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Arshad SH|s2cid=30418306|title=Does exposure to indoor allergens contribute to the development of asthma and allergy?|journal=Current Allergy and Asthma Reports|volume=10|issue=1|pages=49–55|date=January 2010|pmid=20425514|doi=10.1007/s11882-009-0082-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Custovic A, Simpson A|title=The role of inhalant allergens in allergic airways disease|journal=Journal of Investigational Allergology &amp; Clinical Immunology|volume=22|issue=6|pages=393–401; qiuz follow 401|year=2012|pmid=23101182}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikin kwayoyin virus da ke kama hanyoyin numfashi kamar [[respiratory syncytial virus]] da [[rhinovirus]] kan iya janyo karuwar sanadiyyar kamuwa da cutar asthma a kananan yara, amma kuma wasu daga cikin cututtukan da ake iya kamuwa dasu kan rage hadarin kamuwa da cutar asthma.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHLBI07p11&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|NHLBI Guideline|2007|p=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Azancin kula da tsafta == 
[[Azancin kula da tsafta]] wato ''hygiene hypothesis'' yana yunkurin bayani akan yadda cutar asthma ke kara yaɗuwa a duk fadin duniya a sakamako na kai tsaye wanda ba cikin tsari ba na rashin sani, a yayin yarinta, ga bakteriya da kuma virus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Ramsey CD, Celedón JC|title=The hygiene hypothesis and asthma|journal=Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine|volume=11|issue=1|pages=14–20|date=January 2005|pmid=15591883|doi=10.1097/01.mcp.0000145791.13714.ae|s2cid=44556390}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Bufford JD, Gern JE|title=The hygiene hypothesis revisited|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_immunology-and-allergy-clinics-of-north-america_2005-05_25_2/page/247|journal=Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America|volume=25|issue=2|pages=247–62, v-vi|date=May 2005|pmid=15878454|doi=10.1016/j.iac.2005.03.005}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ayyana cewa, rage yawan backeriya da virus na da alaka da tsaftar muhalli da karancin yawan iyali a cikin al'umman wannan zamani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brook2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Brooks C, Pearce N, Douwes J|title=The hygiene hypothesis in allergy and asthma: an update|journal=Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology|volume=13|issue=1|pages=70–7|date=February 2013|pmid=23103806|doi=10.1097/ACI.0b013e32835ad0d2|s2cid=23664343}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cuɗanya da [[endotoxin]] na backtriya yayin yarinta ka iya magance hadarin kamuwa da cutar asthma, amma kuma cuɗanya da ita yayin tsufa ka iya janyo ''bronchoconstriction.''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Rao D, Phipatanakul W|title=Impact of environmental controls on childhood asthma|journal=Current Allergy and Asthma Reports|volume=11|issue=5|pages=414–20|date=October 2011|pmid=21710109|pmc=3166452|doi=10.1007/s11882-011-0206-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hujjar da ke karfafawa ''azacin kula da tsafa'' baya shine karancin kamuwa da cutar asthma a gonaki da kuma gidajen da ke da dabbobin gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brook2013&quot; /&gt;

Amfani da magungunan [[Antibiotic|''antibiotics'']] a farkon rayuwa na da hadarin kamuwa da cutar asthma.

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist|2}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ibrahim Adamu</title>
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{{Databox}} to
'''Ibrahim Adamu''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1981) shi ne ɗan [[Najeriya|wasan]] badminton na cikin iya.&lt;ref&gt;http://bwfbadminton.com/player/50675/ibrahim-adamu&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/player-profile/7931B772-AC40-420C-88B0-B1ED22CFAE39 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512075756/https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/player-profile/7931B772-AC40-420C-88B0-B1ED22CFAE39 |archive-date=2023-05-12 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;   A cikin shekarar 2003, ya ci lambar zinare a wasannin All-Africa a wasannin maza biyu da aka hada tare da Greg Orobosa Okuonghae.&lt;ref&gt;http://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/profile/biography.aspx?id=7931B772-AC40-420C-88B0-B1ED22CFAE39 {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20161221081828/http://www.africa-badminton.com/A%20JEUX%20AFRICA/Jeux.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nasarori ==

=== Wasannin Afirka duka ===
''Mazaje biyu''
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
!Shekara
! Wuri
! Abokin Hulɗa
! Kishiya
! Ci
! Sakamakon
|-
|- style=&quot;background:#FFB069&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2007
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Salle OMS El Biar,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Aljir|Algiers]], [[Aljeriya|Algeria]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|NGR}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Greg Okuonghae]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|RSA}}&lt;/img&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|RSA}}&lt;/img&gt;
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |[[File:Med_3.png|Tagulla]]&lt;/img&gt; '''Tagulla'''
|-
|- style=&quot;background:#FFB069&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2003
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Gidaran Wasannin Cikin Gida na National Stadium,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Abuja]], [[Najeriya]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|NGR}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Greg Okuonghae]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|NGR}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Abimbola Odejoke]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|NGR}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Dotun Akinsanya]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |[[File:Med_1.png|Zinare]]&lt;/img&gt; '''Zinare'''
|}
''Mixed biyu''
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
!Shekara
! Wuri
! Abokin Hulɗa
! Kishiya
! Ci
! Sakamakon
|-
|- style=&quot;background:#FFB069&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2011
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Escola Josina Machel,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Maputo]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|NGR}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Grace Daniel]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|RSA}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Willem Viljoen]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|RSA}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Annari Viljoen]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 10-21, 11–21
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |[[File:Med_3.png|Tagulla]]&lt;/img&gt; '''Tagulla'''
|}

=== Gasar Afirka ===
''Maza marasa aure''
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
!Shekara
! Wuri
! Kishiya
! Ci
! Sakamakon
|- style=&quot;background:#ECF2FF&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2010
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Raba Cibiyar Matasa,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|NGR}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Ola Fagbemi]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 9–21, 7–21
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |[[File:Med_3.png|Tagulla]]&lt;/img&gt; '''Tagulla'''
|-
|- style=&quot;background:#ECF2FF&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2004
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Rose Hill, [[Moris|Mauritius]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|NGR}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Dotun Akinsanya]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 8-15, 5-15
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |[[File:Med_3.png|Tagulla]]&lt;/img&gt; '''Tagulla'''
|}
''Mazaje biyu''
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
!Shekara
! Wuri
! Abokin Hulɗa
! Kishiya
! Ci
! Sakamakon
|- style=&quot;background:#ECF2FF&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2010
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Raba Cibiyar Matasa,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|NGR}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Edicha Ocholi|Ocholi Edicha]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|NGR}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Jinkan Ifraimu]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|NGR}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Ola Fagbemi]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 12-21, 21-16, 14-21
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |[[File:Med_2.png|Azurfa]]&lt;/img&gt; '''Azurfa'''
|}
''Mixed biyu''
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
!Shekara
! Wuri
! Abokin Hulɗa
! Kishiya
! Ci
! Sakamakon
|- style=&quot;background:#ECF2FF&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2011
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Marrakesh]], [[Moroko|Maroko]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|NGR}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Grace Daniel]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|RSA}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Dorian James]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|RSA}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Michelle Edwards]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 15-21, 16-21
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |[[File:Med_3.png|Tagulla]]&lt;/img&gt; '''Tagulla'''
|}

=== BWF Kalubale / Jeri na Duniya ===
''Mazaje biyu''
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
!Shekara
! Gasa
! Abokin Hulɗa
! Kishiya
! Ci
! Sakamakon
|-
|- style=&quot;background:#E9E9E9&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2017
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Kasar Benin
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|NGA}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Joseph Abah Eneojo|Enejoh Abah]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|JOR}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Bahaedeen Ahmad Alshannik]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|JOR}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Mohd Naser Mansour Nayef]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 15–21, 21–19, 21-18
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; '''Mai nasara'''
|-
|- style=&quot;background:#E9E9E9&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2013
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Kenya ta Duniya
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|IND}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Siddhrath Saboo]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|NGR}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Joseph Abah Eneojo|Enejoh Abah]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|NGR}}&lt;/img&gt;[[Victor Makanju]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 17-21, 15-21
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; '''Wanda ya zo na biyu'''
|-
|- style=&quot;background:#E9E9E9&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2008
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Kasashen Mauritius
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|NGR}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Greg Okuonghae]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|NGR}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Jinkan Ifraimu]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|NGR}}&lt;/img&gt;[[Ola Fagbemi]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 15–21, 17–21
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; '''Wanda ya zo na biyu'''
|-
|- style=&quot;background:#D5D5D5&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2005
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Afirka ta Kudu International
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|NGR}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Greg Okuonghae]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{Flagicon|RSA}}&lt;/img&gt; [[Chris Dednam]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|RSA}}&lt;/img&gt;[[Roelof Dednam]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 15-7, 3-15, 10-15
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; |&lt;/img&gt; '''Wanda ya zo na biyu'''
|}

: {{Color box|#D8CEF6}} [[Walubalen BWF na Duniya|BWF International Challenge]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5}} [[BWF Tsarin Duniya|BWF International Series]] tournament
: {{Color box|#E9E9E9}} [[Jerin BWF na Gaba|BWF Future Series]] tournament

== Manazarta ==
 

== Hanyoyin haɗin waje ==

* Ibrahim Adamu at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Badminton]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Romelu Lukaku</title>
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      <text bytes="1299" sha1="plfvxuwqid7vxd40554w4hpjskirk8p" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Romelu Lukaku Fenerbahçe 20261103 (1).JPG|thumb|230px]]
[[Fayil:Hull City v Everton 2014 (1).jpg|thumb|lukakuna Everton]]
[[File:Romelu Lukaku with Belgium before game v Brazil, 6 July 2018.png|thumb|wanan shine Romelu Lukaku a yayin dasuke tsaye kafin wasa suda Brazil shekarar 2018]]
[[Fayil:Lukaku 2021.jpg|thumb|lukaku a chelsea]]
[[Fayil:Bel-Tun (7).jpg|thumb|lukakuna Belgium]]
[[Fayil:Romelu Lukaku 271797a.jpg|thumb|lukakuna yawo munixh]]
[[Fayil:Lukaku Belgium National Team vs USA 2013 (cropped).jpg|thumb|lukaku yana yaro]]
[[Fayil:Lukaku Sandwich (31624362900).jpg|thumb|lukaku a everton]]
[[Fayil:Lukaku Vertonghen.jpg|thumb|lukaku a daukar horo]]
[[Fayil:Romelu Lukaku Chelsea vs AS-Roma 10AUG2013.jpg|thumb|lukaku a chelsea]]
'''Romelu Lukaku''' (an haife shi 13 ga watan mayun shekarar 1993)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/romelu-lukaku&lt;/ref&gt; yakasance ɗan wasan kwallan kafa na kasar Belgium wanda yake taka leda a klobin Inter milan na kasar [[Italiya]]. A  halin yanzu kuma yana taka leda a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta klobin [[Chelsea F.C.]]

== Farkon rayuwa ==
An haifa Romelu Lukaku  (13  gawatan Mayu a shekara ta 1993) an  haife shi a garin Antwerp na kasar Belgium. {{Stub}} 

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1993]]</text>
      <sha1>plfvxuwqid7vxd40554w4hpjskirk8p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975587</id>
      <parentid>975557</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T16:55:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baby juuu</username>
        <id>38856</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>975587</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1304" sha1="g8v2jozypkrlr53oaw7ruh30z1bdca5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Romelu Lukaku Fenerbahçe 20261103 (1).JPG|thumb|230px]]
[[Fayil:Hull City v Everton 2014 (1).jpg|thumb|lukakuna Everton]]
[[File:Romelu Lukaku with Belgium before game v Brazil, 6 July 2018.png|thumb|wanan shine Romelu Lukaku a yayin dasuke tsaye kafin wasa suda Brazil shekarar 2018]]
[[Fayil:Lukaku 2021.jpg|thumb|lukaku a chelsea]]
[[Fayil:Bel-Tun (7).jpg|thumb|lukakuna Belgium]]
[[Fayil:Romelu Lukaku 271797a.jpg|thumb|lukakuna yawo munixh]]
[[Fayil:Lukaku Belgium National Team vs USA 2013 (cropped).jpg|thumb|lukaku yana yaro]]
[[Fayil:Lukaku Sandwich (31624362900).jpg|thumb|lukaku a everton]]
[[Fayil:Lukaku Vertonghen.jpg|thumb|lukaku a daukar horo]]
[[Fayil:Romelu Lukaku Chelsea vs AS-Roma 10AUG2013.jpg|thumb|lukaku a chelsea]]
'''Romelu Lukaku''' (an haife shi 13 ga watan mayun shekarar 1993)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/romelu-lukaku&lt;/ref&gt; yakasance ɗan wasan kwallan kafa na kasar Belgium wanda yake taka leda a klobin Inter milan na kasar [[Italiya]]. A  halin yanzu kuma yana taka leda a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta klobin [[Chelsea F.C.]]

== Farkon rayuwa ==
An haifa Romelu Lukaku  (13  gawatan Mayu a shekara ta alif 1993) an  haife shi a garin Antwerp na kasar Belgium. {{Stub}} 

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1993]]</text>
      <sha1>g8v2jozypkrlr53oaw7ruh30z1bdca5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Harshen Tuva</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25743</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975544</id>
      <parentid>709192</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T12:43:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
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      <text bytes="24654" sha1="hvcf1a2e7ee2gkc5oemmlt3fqexiscz" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

[[File:WIKITONGUES-_Aydyn_speaking_Tuvan.webm|thumb|A Tuvan speaker]]
[[File:Kyzyl_orkhon_inscription.jpg|thumb|upright| Rubutu a cikin Kyzyl ta amfani da rubutun Turkic]]
'''Harshen Tuva''' (Tuvan: {{Lang|tyv|тыва дыл}} , ''tıwa dıl'') harshe ne na Turkawa da ake magana da shi a Jamhuriyar Tuva da ke Kudu-Tsakiya Siberia a [[Rasha]]. Harshen ya aro lambobi da yawa daga yaren Mongoliya, Tibet da kuma [[Rashanci|yaren Rasha]]. Akwai kuma ƙananan ƙungiyoyin al'ummomin Tuvan da ke magana da yaruka daban -daban na Tuvan a [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]] da [[Mangoliya|Mongoliya]].

== Tarihi ==
Duk da yake wannan tarihin yana mai da hankali kan galibin mutanen Tuva, masana ilimin harsuna da yawa suna jayayya cewa babu makawa harshe yana da alaƙa da yanayin zamantakewa da tarihin harshe da kansa.  Rubutun farko na Tuvan shine daga farkon karni na 19 ta ''Wūlǐyǎsūtái zhìlüè'' ( Chinese ) Julius Klaproth shekarar alif 1823, Matthias Castrén 1857, Katanov da Vasily Radlov, da sauransu 

Sunan Tuva ya koma tun farkon buga ''Asirin Tarihin Mongols.'' Tuva (kamar yadda suke nufin kansu) a tarihi ana kiran su Soyons, Soyots ko Uriankhais.  Al'ummar Tuvan sun shafe shekaru dubbai suna mulkin China, Rasha da Mongoliya. Lokacin da suka sami 'yancin kai na kwanan nan shine daga cikin shekara ta1921 zuwa cikin shekara ta alif 1944, lokacin da aka dauke su Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Tuvan.  

Majiyoyi da yawa sun ce an sami matsanancin tashin hankali tsakanin gwamnatin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]]/Tarayyar Rasha da shugabanni a cikin ƙasar Tuvan tun a acikin shekara ta 1944, lokacin da Tuva ta rasa 'yancin kanta ga Soviets. A acikin shekara ta alif 1990, rikici ya barke tsakanin 'yan Tuvans da gwamnatin Rasha.  Dangane da binciken da masana kimiyyar zamantakewa Louk Hagendoorn, Edwin Poppe da Anca Minescu suka kammala acikin shekara ta 2008, mutanen Tuvan sun so su kasance masu cin gashin kansu daga Tarayyar Rasha bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Musamman sun jaddada burinsu na samun 'yancin kai ta fuskar yarensu da al'adunsu. Bincike ya nuna cewa dalilin da ya sa wannan ya danganci son zuciya. Yawancin kabilu da ƙungiyoyin harsuna marasa rinjaye a Rasha suna gasa don albarkatun tattalin arziƙi kuma suna riƙe da matsayin mutum ɗaya, ta hanyar jaddada mahimmancin harshe da al'ada. 

Tun a cikin shekara ta 2000, Tarayyar Rasha ke ƙoƙarin rage ɗabi'ar rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin ƙabilu marasa rinjaye a Rasha, amma halin ya ci gaba. 

== Rarraba ==
Tuvan (wanda kuma aka rubuta Tyvan) an rarrabe shi da harshe a matsayin yaren Arewa maso Gabas ko Siberian Turkic, yana da alaƙa da wasu yarukan Turkic Siberian da suka haɗa da Khakas da Altai . Babban dan uwansa shine Tofa mai mutuwa.

Tuvan, kamar yadda ake magana a Tuva, ya kasu kashi huɗu; Yamma, Tsakiya, Arewa maso Gabas, Kudu maso Gabas.

* Tsakiya: ya zama tushen harshe na adabi kuma ya haɗa da ƙananan ayyukan Ovyur da Bii-Khem. Tsakiyar yanki na wannan yare yana nufin ya yi kama da yaren da yawancin mutanen Tuvans ke magana, ko dai daidai ne ko a'a. 
* Yammacin: ana iya samun magana kusa da babban titin Khemchik . Yaren Altai ya rinjayi shi.
* Arewa maso gabas, wanda kuma aka sani da yaren Todzhi, ana magana da shi kusa da babban titin Babban Yenisey . Masu magana da wannan yare suna amfani da keɓancewa. Ya ƙunshi babban ƙamus da ke da alaƙa da farauta da kiwo da ba a samu a cikin wasu yarukan ba.
* Kudu maso Gabas: yana nuna mafi tasiri daga yarukan Mongolic.

Sauran yarukan sun haɗa da waɗanda Dzungar, Tsengel da Dukha Tuvans ke magana, amma a halin yanzu ba a rubuta cikakkun yarukan da ba a saba gani ba. Akwai yaruka daban -daban na yaren a duk faɗin yankin da ake magana da Tuvan. K. David Harrison, wanda ya kammala digirinsa kan yaren Tuvan a cikin shekara ta 2001, ya bayar da hujjar cewa bambancin waɗannan yaruka yana da alaƙa da yanayin ƙauyen ƙasar Tuvan.  Subsaya daga cikin ɓangarorin shine harshen Jungar Tuvan, wanda ya samo asali daga tsaunukan Altai da ke yankin Mongoliya ta yamma. Babu ingantaccen adadin masu magana da Jungar-Tuvan saboda yawancin a halin yanzu suna zaune a China, kuma Sinawa sun haɗa da masu magana da Tuvan a matsayin Mongoliya a cikin ƙidayar su. 

== Fasaha ==

=== Baƙaƙe ===
Tuvan yana da 19 da 'yan qasar baƙi phonemes :
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|+Waƙoƙin baƙaƙe na Tuvan
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ŋ
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Na kusa
! &lt;small&gt;lenis&lt;/small&gt; {{Efn|The distinction between initial bilabial and alveolar stops is based on [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspiration]] for most speakers and voicing for others.|name=stops}}
| p
| t
|
| ɡ
|-
! &lt;small&gt;fortis&lt;/small&gt; {{Efn|name=stops}}
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|k}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Tashin hankali
|
| t͡s {{Efn|{{IPA|/f/}} and {{IPA|/ts/}} are found in some Russian [[loanword]]s.|name=loanword}}
| t͡ʃ
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mai rikice -rikice
! &lt;small&gt;m&lt;/small&gt;
| f {{Efn|name=loanword}}
| s
| ʃ
| x
|-
! &lt;small&gt;murya&lt;/small&gt;
|
| z
| ʒ
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kusan
| ʋ
| l
| j
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kada
|
| ɾ
|
|
|}
 

=== Wasulla ===
Akwai wasula a Tuvan a cikin iri uku: gajere, doguwa da gajarta tare da ƙaramin farar ƙasa. Dogon wasali na Tuvan yana da tsawon lokacin da aƙalla (kuma galibi ya fi) sau biyu na tsawon gajerun wasali. Bambancin sautin banbanci na iya faruwa akan gajerun wasali, kuma idan hakan ta faru, yana sa su ƙara tsawon lokaci aƙalla rabi. Lokacin amfani da ƙaramin farar ƙasa, masu magana da Tuvan suna amfani da farar da take a ƙarshen ƙaramin sautin muryoyin su. Ga wasu masu magana, yana da ƙanƙanta da amfani da abin da aka fi sani da sautin murya  Lokacin da wasali a cikin kalmar monosyllabic yana da karancin sauti, masu magana suna amfani da ƙaramin farar kawai zuwa rabin farkon wannan wasalin (misali {{IPA|[àt]}} 'doki')  Wannan yana biye da alamar farar sauti, yayin da mai magana ke komawa zuwa yanayin salo a rabi na biyu na wasalin.

Tasirin sautin yana kama da na sautin da ke tashi kamar ƙarar farar [[Mandarin Chinese|sautin muryar Mandarin ta]] biyu, amma farar Tuvan ta fara ƙasa sosai. Koyaya, ana ɗaukar Tuvan harshe mai lafazi mai ƙarfi tare da ƙaramin sautin banbanci maimakon yaren tonal. Lokacin da ƙaramin harafin farar ya auku a cikin kalmar multisyllabic, babu tashin kwane -kwane ko tasirin tsayi: {{IPA|[àdɯ]}} 'dokinsa/dokinsa'. Irin wannan low farar vowels aka a baya ake magana a kai a cikin adabi kamar yadda ko dai kargyraa ko pharyngealized vowels. Karatun sautin ya nuna cewa ma’anar sifar irin waɗannan wasalin ita ce ƙaramar murya. Dubi Harrison  acikin shekara ta 2001 don nazarin sautin sautin sauti da ƙaramar wasali na Tuvan.

A cikin rubutunta na PhD, &quot;Dogon wasali a cikin kalmomin Mongolic a Tuvan&quot;, Baiarma Khabtagaeva ta bayyana cewa tarihin dogon wasulla yana da shubuha. Duk da cewa doguwar wasalin na iya samo asali daga yarukan Mongolic, su ma na iya zama asalin Tuvan. A mafi yawan harsunan Mongolic, ingancin dogon wasalin yana canzawa dangane da ingancin wasali na biyu a haɗe. Iyakar abin da aka keɓe ga wannan ƙa'idar ita ce idan haɗin haɗin ya zama labial. Tsoffin harsunan Tuvan, sabanin haka, sun dogara da wasalin farko maimakon na biyu don tantance dogayen wasali. 

Khabtagaeva ya raba canjin waɗannan kalmomin bashi zuwa lokaci biyu: farkon farkon da ƙarshen ƙarshen. Kalmomin da ke cikin farkon layin kalmomi ne waɗanda Mongolic suka adana haɗin haɗin, an kiyaye haɗin VCV amma har yanzu an ci gaba da ƙaramin wasalin lokacin da ya shiga yaren Tuvan, ko damuwar tana kan harafin ƙarshe da dogon wasali a cikin kalmar aro gajeriyar wasali a cikin kalmar asali. Late Layer ya haɗa da kalmomin aro wanda dogon wasali baya canzawa lokacin da kalmar ta shiga Tuvan. 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:250px;&quot;
|+Sautin wasalin Tuvan
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Gajarta
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Doguwa
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ƙarar ƙasa
|- style=&quot;font-size:88%;&quot;
! Babba
! Ƙasa
! Babba
! Ƙasa
! Babba
! Ƙasa
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Gaba
! style=&quot;font-size:88%;&quot; | Ba a kewaye ba
| {{IPA|i}}
| {{IPA|e}}
| {{IPA|iː}}
| {{IPA|eː}}
| {{IPA|ì}}
| {{IPA|è}}
|-
! style=&quot;font-size:88%;&quot; | Zagaye
| {{IPA|y}}
| {{IPA|ø}}
| {{IPA|yː}}
| {{IPA|øː}}
| {{IPA|ỳ}}
| {{IPA|ø̀}}
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Komawa
! style=&quot;font-size:88%;&quot; | Ba a kewaye ba
| {{IPA|ɯ}}
| {{IPA|a}}
| {{IPA|ɯː}}
| {{IPA|aː}}
| {{IPA|ɯ̀}}
| {{IPA|à}}
|-
! style=&quot;font-size:88%;&quot; | Zagaye
| {{IPA|u}}
| {{IPA|o}}
| {{IPA|uː}}
| {{IPA|oː}}
| {{IPA|ù}}
| {{IPA|ò}}
|}
Hakanan ana iya samun wasulla a cikin muhallin baƙaƙe na hanci, amma nasalization ba bambanci bane. Yawancin wasali na Tuvan a cikin haruffan farko-farko suna da ƙaramin yanayi kuma ba sa bambanta sosai tare da gajeru da dogayen wasali. 

==== Haɗin wasali ====
Tuvan yana da tsarin jituwa na wasali guda biyu waɗanda ke sarrafa rarrabuwa na wasula a cikin kalmomi da kari. Jituwa ta baya, ko abin da ake kira 'palatal' wani lokaci, yana buƙatar duk wasulan da ke cikin kalma su kasance ko baya ko gaba. Haɗin kai, ko abin da ake kira 'labial' jituwa a wasu lokuta, yana buƙatar a zagaye wasalin idan babban wasali ne kuma ya bayyana a cikin harafi nan da nan bayan wasalin mai zagaye. Ƙuntataccen wasali {{IPA|[ø] [o]}} an taƙaita shi zuwa farkon harafin kalma, kuma za a iya ƙulla wasalin a cikin harafin da ba na farko ba kawai idan ya cika sharuɗɗan daidaitawa (dole ne duka su kasance babban wasali {{IPA|[y] [u]}} da wasali mai zagaye gaba da shi). Dubi Harrison acikin shekara ta 2001 don cikakken bayanin tsarin jituwa na wasali na Tuvan.

== Nahawu ==
Tuvan yana gina kalmomi masu rikitarwa ta hanyar ƙamus. Alal misali, {{Lang|tyv|теве}} shine 'raƙumi', {{Lang|tyv|тевелер}} shine 'raƙuma', {{Lang|tyv|тевелерим}} shine 'raƙuma na', {{Lang|tyv|тевелеримден}} shine 'daga rakuma na'.

=== Sunaye ===
Tuvan yana alamta sunaye tare da kararraki guda shida: na asali, mai zargi, ɗan asalin ƙasa, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfar magana Ƙarin bayanan da ke ƙasa suna gaban wasula, duk da haka, sai dai ''-Je'' kari ya bi ƙa'idodin jituwa na wasali. Kowace ƙaramar harafi tana da fa'ida iri -iri da ma'anoni iri -iri, kawai mafi mahimmancin amfani da ma'anoni ana nuna su anan.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Allomorphs
|-
! Bayan baƙaƙe marasa murya
! Bayan nasal
! Bayan wasali da sautin baƙaƙe
! Bayan {{Lang|tyv|-л}}
|-
! Wanda aka zaɓa
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | {{Lang|tyv|-∅}}
|-
! Gaskiya ( ''-NIŋ'' )
| {{Lang|tyv|-тиң}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{Lang|tyv|-ниң}}
| {{Lang|tyv|-диң}}
|-
! Mai zargi ( ''-NI'' )
| {{Lang|tyv|-ти}}
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{Lang|tyv|-ни}}
| {{Lang|tyv|-ди}}
|-
! Dative ( ''-KA'' )
| {{Lang|tyv|-ке}}
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | {{Lang|tyv|-ге}}
|-
! Yanki ( ''-DA'' )
| {{Lang|tyv|-де}}
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | {{Lang|tyv|-те}}
|-
! Ablative ( ''-DAn'' )
| {{Lang|tyv|-ден}}
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | {{Lang|tyv|-тен}}
|-
! Allative I ( ''-Je'' )
| {{Lang|tyv|-же}}
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | {{Lang|tyv|-че}}
|-
! Allative II ( ''-DIvA'' ) &lt;ref&gt;Obsolete or dialectal version of current allative I&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Lang|tyv|-тиве}}
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | {{Lang|tyv|-диве}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Jam'i
|-
! Nominative ( ''-LAr'' )
| {{Lang|tyv|-тер}}
| {{Lang|tyv|-нер}}
| {{Lang|tyv|-лер}}
| {{Lang|tyv|-дер}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | {{Lang|tyv|-лер&lt;u&gt;ниң&lt;/u&gt;}} : ta hanyar ƙara bambancin murya a cikin kariyar jam’i (-лер ниң , {{Lang|tyv|-лер&lt;u&gt;ге&lt;/u&gt;}} ,. . . )
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Misali na raguwa
! Harka
! Fom
! Ma'ana
|-
! Wanda aka zaɓa
| {{Lang|tyv|теве}}
| &quot;rakumi&quot;
|-
! Na asali
| {{Lang|tyv|тевениң}}
| &quot;na rakumi&quot;
|-
! Mai zargi
| {{Lang|tyv|тевени}}
| &quot;raƙumi&quot; (takamaiman abu na fi'ili)
|-
! Dative
| {{Lang|tyv|тевеге}}
| &quot;ga raƙumi&quot; ko &quot;a kan raƙumi&quot; (a cikin lokacin da ya gabata)
|-
! Yanki
| {{Lang|tyv|теведе}}
| &quot;a raƙumi&quot; ko &quot;a cikin raƙumi&quot;
|-
! Dangi
| {{Lang|tyv|теведен}}
| &quot;daga raƙumi&quot; ko &quot;fiye da/raƙumi&quot;
|-
! Alkali I
| {{Lang|tyv|тевеже}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &quot;zuwa (wards) raƙumi&quot;
|-
! Alkali II
| {{Lang|tyv|теведиве}}
|}

=== Ayyuka ===
Fi'ilai a Tuvan dauki wani yawan endings to alama siga, yanayi, da kuma al'amari. Karin fi'ilai ma amfani da gyara da fi'ili. Don cikakken nazarin masaniyar fi’ili masu taimako a cikin Tuvan da harsunan da ke da alaƙa, duba Anderson acikin shekara ta 2004.

=== Syntax ===
Tuvan yana amfani da odar kalma ta SOV. Alal misali, {{Lang|tyv|теве сиген чипкен}} (raƙumi raƙumi ci-BAYA) &quot;[[Raƙumi]] ya ci ciyawa.&quot;

== Ƙamus ==
[[File:Family_in_tyvan.png|thumb| Sunan yan uwa a Tuvan.]]
Kalmomin Tuvan galibi Turkic ne a asali amma alama ce ta yawan kalmomin aro na Mongoliya. Harshen ya kuma aro wasu kari na Mongoliya. Bugu da kari, akwai Ketic da Samoyedic substrata. Cibiyar Rayayyun Harsunan Rayuwa ce ta samar da ƙamus na magana na Tuvan. &lt;ref&gt;see [http://tuvan.swarthmore.edu/ Tuvan Talking Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929123602/http://tuvan.swarthmore.edu/ |date=2015-09-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin rubutu ==
Haruffa na Tuvan na yanzu juzu'in haruffan Rasha ne, tare da ƙarin haruffa uku: ң (Latin &quot;ng&quot; ko Alphabet International Phonetic {{IPA|[ŋ]}} ), Өө (Latin &quot;ö&quot;, {{IPA|[ø]}} ), Үү (Latin &quot;ü &quot;, IPA {{IPA|[y]}} ). Jerin haruffa yana bin Rashanci daidai, tare da ң wanda ke bayan Rasha Н, Ө bayan О, da Ү bayan У.
{| cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border:1px solid black; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF; text-align:center&quot;
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; |А a
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Б
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | В
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Г
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Д
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Е da
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Iya
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Ж
|-
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | З
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | И и da
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Й
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | К
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Л
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | М
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Н ina
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Ң
|-
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | О ku
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Ө
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | П
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Р
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | С с
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Da
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | У
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Ү
|-
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Ф
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Х
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Ц
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Ч
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Ш
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Щ
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Ъ
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Ыyi
|-
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Ь
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Эa
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Ю
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Я 
|
|
|
|
|}
Ana amfani da haruffan Е da in ta hanya ta musamman. Ana amfani da Э don gajeren {{IPA|/e/}} sauti a farkon kalmomi yayin da ake amfani da for don sauti iri ɗaya a tsakiya da ƙarshen kalmomi. Ana amfani da Е a farkon kalmomi, galibi asalin asalin Rasha, don yin daidai da daidaitaccen lafazin Rashan na wannan harafin, {{IPA|/je/}}. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da ЭЭ a tsakiya da ƙarshen kalmomi don dogon {{IPA|/e/}} sauti.

Harafin ъ ake amfani da su nuna farar lafazi, kamar yadda a эът ''et'' 'nama'.

=== Rubutun tarihi ===

==== Rubutun Mongol ====
A da, mutanen Tuvans suna amfani da Mongoliya a matsayin harshensu na rubutu.

Daga baya Nikolaus Poppe ya haɓaka rubutun Mongoliya don dacewa da yaren Tuvan. Wannan shine sananne rubutaccen tsari na yaren Tuvan. 

==== Yaren Latin ====
[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Tuvan_People's_Republic_(1933-1939).jpg|thumb| Misalin haruffan tushen Latin akan murfin makamai na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Tuvan. Yana cewa &quot;PYGY TELEGEJNIꞐ PROLETARLARЬ POLGAŞ TARLATKAN ARATTARЬ KATTЬƵЬꞐAR&quot;.]]
The Latin-tushen haruffa for Tuvan aka ambace su acikin shekara ta 1930 da wani Tuvan Buddhist m, Mongush Lopsang-Chinmit (aka Lubsan Zhigmed).Booksan littattafai da jaridu, gami da firamari waɗanda aka yi niyyar koya wa manya yin karatu, an buga su ta amfani da wannan tsarin rubutu. Daga baya aka kashe Lopsang-Chinmit a cikin tsaftar Stalin a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1941. 
{| cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border:1px solid black; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF; text-align:center&quot;
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; |A ba
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | B ʙ
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | C c
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | D d
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | E e
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | F f
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | G g
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Ƣ
|-
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | H da h
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Ina i
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | J j
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Ɉ
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Ku k
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | L l
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | M m
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | N n
|-
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Ꞑ
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | O
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Ө
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | P p
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | R r
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | S s
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Ş
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | T t
|-
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | U ku
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | V v
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | X x ku
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Y yi
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Z z
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Ƶ
| style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | Ь
|
|}
An cire harafin ɉ from daga haruffa a cikin 1931.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Pirgi yana da ƙima
! PYGY TELEGEJNIꞐ PROLETARLARЬ POLGAŞ TARLATKAN ARATTARЬ KATTЬƵЬꞐAR!
|-
| Ирги тыва дылдың үжүктери
| Телегейниң пролетарлары болгаш дарлаткан араттары каттыжыңар!
|-
| Harafin harshen Tuvan na farko
| Duk ma’aikatan duniya da mutanen da ake zalunta, ku hada kai!
|}
A watan Satumbar a cikin shekara ta 1943, an maye gurbin wannan haruffan na Latin da Cyrillic, wanda har yanzu ana amfani da shi. A zamanin bayan Soviet, Tuvan da sauran masana sun ɗauki sabon sha'awar tarihin haruffan Tuvan.

=== Harshe ===
Babu wani ma'aunin fassarar hukuma don canza haruffan Tuvan na Cyrillic zuwa Latin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}} Shirye-shiryen gama gari da ake amfani da su ta hanyoyin kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban suna dogaro da ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya don fassara wasu yarukan Cyrillic kamar Rashanci yayin da ɗaliban Turkology gabaɗaya suka dogara da haruffan Turkic na yau da kullun.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}}

== Matsayi ==
Tuvans a [[Sin|China]], waɗanda ke zaune galibi a yankin Xinjiang mai cin gashin kansu, an haɗa su ƙarƙashin [[Mongoliyawa a China|ƙabilar Mongol]] .  An ba da rahoton cewa wasu 'yan Tuvans suna zaune a Tafkin Kanas da ke arewa maso yammacin jihar Xinjiang, inda ba a san su a hukumance ba, kuma ana kidaya su a matsayin wani yanki na Oirat Mongol na gida wanda aka ƙidaya a ƙarƙashin babban jigon PRC na kabilar &quot;Mongol&quot; Yaran Oirat da Tuvan suna halartar makarantun da suke amfani da Chakhar Mongolian &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Öbür mongγul ayalγu bol dumdadu ulus-un mongγul kelen-ü saγuri ayalγu bolqu büged dumdadu ulus-un mongγul kelen-ü barimǰiy-a abiy-a ni čaqar aman ayalγun-du saγurilaγsan bayidaγ.&quot; (Sečenbaγatur et al. 2005: 85).&lt;/ref&gt; da Standard Chinese, yaren da babu ƙungiya.

== Bayanan kula ==
 

== Nassoshi ==

*  &lt;bdi&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAnderson2004&quot;&gt;[[Musamman: LittafinSources/3-447-04636-8|3-447-04636-8]]&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;
*  &lt;bdi&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAndersonHarrison1999&quot;&gt;[[Musamman: LittafinSources/978-3-89586-529-9|978-3-89586-529-9]]&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;
*  
*  
*  &lt;bdi&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKrueger1977&quot;&gt;[[Musamman: LittafinSources/978-0-87750-214-2|978-0-87750-214-2]]&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;
*  &lt;bdi&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMänchen-Helfen1992&quot;&gt;[[Musamman: LittafinSources/978-1-878986-04-7|978-1-878986-04-7]]&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;
* Mawkanuli, Talant. 1999. &quot;Fasaha da ilimin halittar Jungar Tuva,&quot; karatun PhD na Jami'ar Indiana.
*  
* Nakashima, Yoshiteru (中 嶋 善 輝''Nakashima Yoshiteru'' ) 2008 &quot;Tyva Yapon Biche Slovar ', ト ゥ ヴ ァ 語 ・ 日本語 小 辞典&quot; Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙasashen waje ta [[Tokyo]], http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/project/gengokensyu/08tuvan6.pdf( {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220011/http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/project/gengokensyu/08tuvan6.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} [https://www.webcitation.org/6SOg2ztKG?url= Rumbun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220011/http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/project/gengokensyu/08tuvan6.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} )
* Melmez, Mehmet; Tuwinischer Wortschatz mit alttürkischen da mongolischen Parallelen, Wiesbaden 2007, 
* Rind-Pawloski, Monika. 2014. Nau'in rubutu da tabbaci a cikin Dzungar Tuvan. ''Harsunan Turkic'' 18.1: 159-188.
* {{In lang|mn}} Sečenbaγatur, Qasgerel, Tuyaγ-a [Туяa], Bu. Jirannige, Wu Yingzhe, Činggeltei. 2005. ''Mongγul kelen-ü nutuγ-un ayalγun-u sinǰilel-udn uduridqal'' [Jagora ga yarukan yankin Mongoliya]. Bayani: ÖMAKQ.  .
* Takashima, Naoki (高 島 尚 生''Takashima Naoki'' ). 2008 &quot;Kiso Tuba-go bunpō 基礎 ト ゥ ヴ ァ 語文 語文 法,&quot; Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙasashen waje ta Tokyo, http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/project/gengokensyu/08tuvan1.pdf( {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023505/http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/project/gengokensyu/08tuvan1.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} [https://www.webcitation.org/6SOevUaVj?url= Rumbun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023505/http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/project/gengokensyu/08tuvan1.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} )
* Takashima, Naoki. 2008 &quot;Tuba-go kawai-shū ト ゥ ヴ ァ 語 会話 集 集,&quot; Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙasashen waje ta Tokyo, http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/project/gengokensyu/08tuvan3.pdf( {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190603/http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/project/gengokensyu/08tuvan3.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} [https://www.webcitation.org/6SOfUaT4l?url= Rumbun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190603/http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/project/gengokensyu/08tuvan3.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} )
* Taube, Erika. (1978). ''Tuwinische Volksmärchen'' . Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. LCCN: 83-853915
* Taube, Erika. (1994). ''Skazki da predaniia altaiskikh tuvintsev'' . Moskva : Vostochnaia litattafai. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/5-02-017236-7|5-02-017236-7]]
* Todoriki, Masahiko (等 々 力 政 彦''Todoriki Masahiko'' ). 2011 &quot;Wataƙila tsoffin ƙamus ɗin Tuvan da aka haɗa a cikin ''Wu-li-ya-su-tai-zhi lue'', Kwafin Abun Cike na Tarihin Uliastai, 烏里蘇 台 志 略 に み え る ， 最 古 の 可能性 の あ る る ト ゥ バ バ 語 語彙 語彙つ つ て &quot;. ''Tōyōbunka-Kenkyūjo Kiyō''東洋 文化 研究所 紀要'''159''' 238-220. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&amp;q=n2:0563-8089 0563-8089] Jami'ar Tokyo, http://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2261/43632/1/ioc159007.pdf ( [[hdl:2261/43632|Rumbun]] )
* Oelschlägel, Anett C. (2013). ''Der Taigageist.'' ''Berichte und Geschichten von Menschen und Geistern aus Tuwa.'' ''Zeitgenössische Sagen und Andere Folkloretexte / Дух-хозяин тайги -Современные предания и другие фольклорные материалы'' из Тувы ''/ Тайга ээзи - Болган таварылгалар болгаш Тывадан чыгдынган аас чогаалының өске-даа материалдары.'' [Ruhun Taiga. Rahotanni da Labarai game da Mutane da Ruhohi daga Tuva. Legends na Zamani da sauran Tatsuniya. ] Marburg: tectum-Verlag. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-8288-3134-6|978-3-8288-3134-6]]

== Hanyoyin waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150929123602/http://tuvan.swarthmore.edu/ Turanci-Tuvan, Tuvan-Turanci kamus na magana akan layi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050513084634/http://www.tyvanet.com/modules.php?name=Forums&amp;file=viewforum&amp;f=7 Тыва дыл кырында форум (Taron kan layi a ciki da game da yaren Tyvan)]
* [http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/dharris2/ Yaren Tuvan da kayan tarihin]
* [[tyvawiki:Category:Language|Labaran Harshen TyvaWiki]]
* [http://www.tarbagan.net/fotj/TuvanLang.htm Harafin Tuvan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130903070409/http://plural-world-interpretations.org/index.html Bincike tsakanin Tyvans (Tuvans) na Kudancin Siberia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130904092048/http://plural-world-interpretations.org/home/russ-sagen-der-tyva.html Legends na zamani da sauran Tatsuniyar Tatsuniyoyi daga Tuva]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
[[Category:Harsuna]]
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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    <title>Hayat Sindi</title>
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[[Fayil:Hayat Sindi - PopTech 2012 - Camden Maine USA (8103609979).jpg|thumb|Hayat Sindi]]
Dr. '''Hayat AlSindi''' ( {{Lang-ar|حياة سندي}}; an haife ta ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarata alif 1967) Miladiyya. masaniyar kimiyyar likitanci ce ta kasar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]] kuma ɗaya daga cikin 'yan mata na farko na Majalisar Shawara ta Saudi Arabiya.&lt;ref&gt;Irfan Muhammad and Afshan Aziz, [http://arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/hayat-sindi-women-opt-career-science Hayat Sindi to women: Opt for a career in science]. [[Arab News]], Thursday, January 17, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta shahara ne domin yin babbar gudummawa wajen aya-of-kula likita gwaji da kuma fasahar binciken halittu. &lt;ref name=&quot;point&quot;&gt;[[UNESCO]] Media Services, [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/saudi_arabian_woman_researcher_hayat_sindi_to_be_appointed_unesco_goodwill_ambassador/ Saudi Arabian woman researcher Hayat Sindi to be appointed UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador]. UNESCOPRESS, October 1st, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Ita Arab Business ta dauke ta a matsayin ta 19 a cikin Larabawa da suka fi tasiri a duniya kuma mace ta tara mafi karfin fada a ji a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;Arabian Business, [http://www.arabianbusiness.com/100-most-powerful-arab-women-2012-448295.html?view=profile&amp;itemid=448147 9: Hayat Sindi], Revealed: 100 Most Powerful Arab Women 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwas (2018), an jera ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Mata 100 na BBC. 

==Tarihin Rayuwa da Ilimi ==
[[File:Hayat Sindi - PopTech 2012 - Camden Maine USA (8102958737) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hayat Sindi]]
An haifi Hayat Sindi a birnin [[Makkah|Makka]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]]. A cikin shekara ta, 1991, ta gamsar da iyalinta da su ba ta damar tafiya ita kaɗai zuwa kasar [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] don ci gaba da karatun ta na gaba.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/10/21/women-in-the-world-saudi-innovator-hayat-sindi-s-science-breakthrough.html Women in the world: Saudi innovator Hayat Sindi's science breakthrough] at [[The Daily Beast]].&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan shekara guda ta kashe koyan Ingilishi da karatu don A-matakanta, an karɓe ta zuwa Kwalejin King London, &lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; inda ta kammala karatun digiri a fannin harhada magunguna a shekara ta, 1995. Yayin da take Kwalejin King ta kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Gimbiya Anne don aikin karatun digiri na farko kan rashin lafiyar.

===Tilasta===
Sindi, wacce ke sanye da abin rufe fuska na gargajiya na Musulmi, an matsa mata ta yi watsi da imanin ta na addini da al'adu yayin da take jami'a; ta dage, tana da ra'ayin cewa addinin mutum, launi ko jinsi ba shi da wani tasiri kan gudummawar kimiyya.&lt;ref name=&quot;interview&quot;&gt;Elizabeth Broomhall, [http://www.arabianbusiness.com/hayat-sindi-interview--passion-for-science-453690.html Hayat Sindi interview: A passion for science]. Arabian Business, Sunday, April 15, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Meeting with Dr Hayat Sindi (01911257) (49393583857).jpg|thumb|Hayat Sindi a tsakiya ]]


Sindi ta ci gaba da samun digirin digirgir. a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halittu daga Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge a shekara ta, 2001; ita ce mace ta farko daga Saudiya da aka yarda da ita a Jami'ar Cambridge a fagen fasahar kere -kere,  &lt;ref name=&quot;natgeo&quot;&gt;[http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/bios/hayat-sindi/ Hayat Sindi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123180746/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/bios/hayat-sindi/ |date=2012-01-23 }} at [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]].&lt;/ref&gt; kuma mace ta farko daga kowace Jiha ta Larabawa ta Tekun Farisa da ta kammala digirin digirgir a fannin.  &lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Hayat Sindi malama ce mai ziyara a Jami'ar Harvard ;  &lt;ref name=&quot;star&quot;&gt;Hamida Ghafour, [https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/01/11/saudi_women_join_kings_advisory_council_for_first_time.html Saudi women join king’s advisory council for first time]. [[Toronto Star]], Friday, January 11th, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; don haka, tana yawan tafiya tsakanin [[Jeddah]], [[Boston]] da Cambridge, Massachusetts.  
[[Fayil:Hayat Sindi I.jpg|thumb|Hayat Sindi]]
Ayyukan dakin gwaje -gwaje na Sindi a Harvard ya ba ta dama tare da wasu masana kimiyya guda huɗu a cikin shirin shirin fim wanda Babban Jami'in Shugaban Amurka ke tallafawa don haɓaka ilimin kimiyya tsakanin matasa.  Tare da ayyukanta na kimiyya, Sindi ta halarci manyan taruka da nufin haɓaka wayar da kan mata tsakanin mata, musamman a [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]] da Duniyar Musulmi gaba ɗaya. Tana kuma sha'awar matsalar zubar da kwakwalwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;[[UNESCO]], [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/special-themes/science-education/inspiring-youth/inspiring-youth-hayat-sindi/ Inspiring youth: Hayat Sindi].&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kasance mai gayyatar da aka gayyata a Taron Tattalin Arziki na Jeddah a shekara ta, 2005.

Hayat Sindi ta kasance babbar tasiri a fara kamfanoni uku, ko dai a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa ko wanda ya kafa, Diagnostics for All (DFA),  Sonoptix, da i2 (Cibiyar Hasashe da Fasaha).  Falsafarta na kasuwanci yana da sauƙi. &quot;Masanin kimiyya na gaskiya yakamata ya mai da hankali kan mafita mai sauƙi mai araha don isa ga kowa a duniya.&quot; 

A cikin shekara ta, 2010, Sindi shine ya lashe kyautar Mekkah Al Mukaramah don kirkirar kimiyya, wanda HRH Yarima Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud ya bayar . An kuma sanya mata suna a shekara ta, 2011 Emerging Explorer ta National Geographic Society . &lt;ref name=&quot;natgeo&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 1ga watan Oktoban, shekara ta, 2012, Sindi aka nada ta [[UNESCO]] shugaban Irina Bokova a matsayin UNESCO lumanar jakadan domin ta} o} arin inganta kimiyya da ilimi a gabas ta tsakiya, musamman ga 'yan mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;point&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;un&quot;&gt;[[United Nations]] official site, [https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=43161 Saudi Arabian female researcher Hayat Sindi to be appointed UNESCO advocate]. October 1st, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Editor's Choice, [http://www.albawaba.com/editorchoice/un-goodwill-ambassador-saudi-woman-444741 Here's to you Mrs. Sindi! Saudi researcher is UN 'Goodwill Ambassador'], albawaba.com. October 3rd, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;UNESCO's official site, [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/unesco-house/?tx_browser_pi1%5BshowUid%5D=7321&amp;cHash=755c1bbbff Dr Hayat Sindi, Saudi medical researcher, to be named a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-woman-researcher-chosen-unesco-goodwill-ambassador Saudi woman researcher chosen UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador]. Arab News, Wednesday, October 3, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance cikin jerin Newsweek na mata 150 da suka girgiza duniya a wannan shekarar. 
[[File:Hayat Sindi - Pop!Tech 2009 - Camden, ME (4036853839).jpg|thumb|Hayat Sindi]]
A watan Janairun shekara ta, 2013, Sindi ya sake karya sabuwar kasa ta zama cikin rukunin mata na farko da za su yi aiki a Majalisar Shawara ta Saudiyya. &lt;ref name=&quot;star&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[[David Ignatius]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20130126042332/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-01-18/opinions/36474492_1_saudi-women-shura-council-saudi-cleric Newfound status for Saudi women]. [[The Washington Post]], January 18, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;David Ignatius, [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/world-commentary/reforms-may-be-too-slow-to-save-saudi-king-from-revolt/story-fnfi3i8f-1226559560502 Reforms may be too slow to save Saudi king from revolt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204152637/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/world-commentary/reforms-may-be-too-slow-to-save-saudi-king-from-revolt/story-fnfi3i8f-1226559560502 |date=2013-02-04 }}. [[The Australian]], January 23, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Hayat Sindi (011111031) (51502380932).jpg|thumb|Hayat Sindi]]
A taron shekara -shekara na Clinton Global Initiative wanda aka gudanar a ranar 21 zuwa 24 ga watan Satumba shekara ta, 2014, an ba Dakta Sindi kyautar 'Jagoranci a Ƙungiyoyin Fararen hula'.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}
== Hanyoyin waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121101234321/http://spark.poptech.org/innovator/hayat-sindi/ Profile don Hayat Sindi] a Pop Tech
* [http://www.i2institute.org/ i2institute], kamfanin Sindi
[[Category:Mutanen Asiya]]
[[Category:Mutanen Saudiyya]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Mutanen daga Makkah]]</text>
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    <title>Haƙƙin Abinci</title>
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[[File:Food_samples_1.jpg  |thumb|Abinci Kala-kala]] 
[[File:Fast_Food_Workers%27_Right_Demo_at_McDonald%27s.jpg  |thumb| Abinci]]
'''Haƙƙin abinci''', da bambance-bambancensa, [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|haƙƙin ɗan Adam ne na]] kare Haƙƙin mutane don ciyar da kansu cikin mutunci, yana nuna cewa akwai isashshen [[abinci]], cewa mutane suna da hanyoyin samun damar yin amfani da shi, kuma ya dace daidai da buƙatun mutum na shi abincin. Ƴancin abinci yana kare ƴancin ɗan Adam na samun 'yanci daga yunwa da ƙarancin abinci da rashin [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki|abinci mai gina jiki]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ziegler 2012&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ziegler|2012}}: &quot;What is the right to food?&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Haƙƙin abinci ba ya nufin cewa gwamnatoci suna da wajibcin raba abinci kyauta ga duk wanda yake so, ko kuma hakkin a ciyar da shi. To sai dai idan aka hana mutane abinci saboda wasu dalilai da suka fi ƙarfinsu, misali, saboda ana tsare su, a lokacin yaki ko bayan bala’o’i, hakkin ya bukaci gwamnati ta samar da abincin kai tsaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food|2012a}}: &quot;Right to Food.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Christmas table (Serbian cuisine).jpg|thumb|Abinci]]
An samo haƙƙin daga Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa ta Duniya akan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ,&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food|2012a}}: &quot;Right to Food.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ke da jam'iyyun jihohi guda (170), tun daga watan Afrilun shekara ta( 2020). &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|United Nations Treaty Collection|2012a}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jihohin da suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar sun amince da daukar matakai zuwa iyakar albarkatun da suke da su don cimma ci gaba, da samun cikakkiyar damar samun isashshen abinci, na kasa da kasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|1966}}: article 2(1), 11(1) and 23.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ziegler 2012&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ziegler|2012}}: &quot;What is the right to food?&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin jimlar ƙasashe guda (106), ana aiwatar da haƙƙin abinci ta hanyar shirye-shiryen tsarin mulki na nau'i daban-daban, ko kuma ta hanyar zartar da doka kai tsaye a cikin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa daban-daban waɗanda aka kare haƙƙin abinci. &lt;ref name=&quot;harvnb|Knuth|2011&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Knuth|2011}}: 32.&lt;/ref&gt;

A taron kolin abinci na duniya na shekara (1996), gwamnatoci sun sake tabbatar da ‘yancin abinci tare da sadaukar da kansu don rage rabin adadin masu fama da yunwa da tamowa daga miliyan (840 )zuwa miliyan( 420) nan da shekara ta (2015). Koyaya, adadin ya karu a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, wanda ya kai wani babban tarihi a cikin shekara ta( 2009 )na sama da mutane biliyan (1) da ba su da abinci a duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ziegler 2012&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ziegler|2012}}: &quot;What is the right to food?&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari kuma, adadin da ke fama da ɓoyayyun yunwa - ƙarancin ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki wanda zai iya haifar da ci gaba a jiki da haɓakar hankali a cikin yara - ya kai sama da mutane biliyan (2 )a duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ahluwalia|2004}}: 12.&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da yake a karkashin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa wajibi ne ƙasashe su mutunta, karewa da kuma cika Haƙƙin abinci, matsalolin da ake fuskanta wajen cimma wannan hakkin dan Adam ana nuna su ta hanyar rashin abinci mai yawa a duniya, da ci gaba da shari'a a kasashe irin su Indiya. &lt;ref&gt;Westcott, Catherine and Nadia Khoury and CMS Cameron McKenna,''The Right to Food'', (Advocates for International Development, October 2011)http://a4id.org/sites/default/files/user/Right%20to%20Food%20Legal%20Guide.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112656/http://a4id.org/sites/default/files/user/Right%20to%20Food%20Legal%20Guide.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin nahiyoyin da ke da manyan matsalolin da suka shafi abinci - [[Afirka]], [[Asiya]] da [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amirka]] - ba wai kawai ana samun karancin abinci da rashin kayan more rayuwa ba har ma da rashin rarrabawa da rashin isashshen abinci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ahluwalia|2004}}: iii.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'anarsa. ==
Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙoƙin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ta amince da &quot; [[Ƴancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|yancin samun isasshiyar ma'aunin rayuwa]], gami da isasshen abinci&quot;, da kuma &quot;haƙƙin ƴanci daga yunwa&quot;. Ɗangantakar da ke tsakanin ra'ayoyin biyu ba ta kai tsaye ba. Alal misali, &quot;'yanci daga yunwa&quot; (wanda Janar Comment 12 ya ayyana a matsayin mafi latsawa da gaggawa &lt;ref name=&quot;Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1999&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|1999}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ) ana iya auna shi ta yawan mutanen da ke fama da [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] da kuma matsananciyar mutuwar yunwa. &quot;Haƙƙin samun isasshen abinci&quot; shine ma'auni mafi girma, ciki har da ba kawai rashin [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki|abinci mai gina jiki]] ba, amma zuwa cikakkiyar halaye masu alaƙa da [[abinci]], ciki har da aminci, iri-iri da mutunci, a takaice duk waɗannan abubuwan da ake buƙata don ba da damar aiki da lafiya. rayuwa.

An yi wahayi zuwa ga ma’anar da ke sama, Wakilin Musamman kan Haƙƙin Abinci a cikin shekara ta 2002 ya ayyana shi kamar haka: &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food|2008}}: para. 17; quoted in {{Harvard citation no brackets|Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food|2012a}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Haƙƙin samun dama na yau da kullum, dindindin da ba tare da iyakancewa ba, ko dai kai tsaye ko ta hanyar siyan kuɗi, zuwa adadi da ƙima da isasshen abinci daidai da al'adun al'adun mutanen da mabukaci ke da shi, kuma waɗanda ke tabbatar da jiki da tunani, daidaikun mutane da kuma na gama gari, rayuwa mai cikawa da mutunci ba tare da tsoro ba.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wannan ma'anar ya ƙunshi duk abubuwan al'ada da aka bayyana dalla-dalla a cikin Babban Magana 12 na ICESCR, wanda ya ce: &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|1999}}: para. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt;‘yancin samun isasshen abinci yana tabbata ne a lokacin da kowane namiji, mace da yaro, shi kaɗai ko a cikin jama’a, ke da damar ta jiki da ta tattalin arziki a kowane lokaci don samun isassun abinci ko hanyoyin sayan sa.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Girma. ===
Tsohon mai ba da rahoto na musamman akan ƴancin cin abinci, Jean Ziegler, ya bayyana ma'auni uku zuwa haƙƙin abinci kamar haka: &lt;ref name=&quot;Ziegler 2012&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ziegler|2012}}: &quot;What is the right to food?&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1999&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|1999}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Samuwar tana nufin yuwuwar ko dai don ciyar da kai kai tsaye daga ƙasa mai albarka ko sauran albarkatun ƙasa, ko don rarrabawa, sarrafawa da tsarin kasuwa mai aiki mai kyau wanda zai iya motsa abinci daga wurin da ake samarwa zuwa inda ake buƙata daidai da buƙata.
* Samun dama yana nuna cewa dole ne a ba da garantin samun abinci na tattalin arziki da ta jiki. A gefe guda, samun damar tattalin arziki yana nufin abinci ya zama mai araha don isassun abinci ba tare da lalata wasu buƙatu na yau da kullum ba. A gefe guda kuma, masu raunin jiki, kamar marasa lafiya, yara, nakasassu ko tsofaffi suma ya kamata su sami abinci.
* Dama yana nuna cewa dole ne abinci ya biya buƙatun kowane mutum, la'akari da shekaru, yanayin rayuwa, lafiya, sana'a, jima'i, al'adu da addini, misali. Dole ne abincin ya kasance lafiyayye kuma isassun matakan kariya ta hanyar jama'a da masu zaman kansu dole ne a ɗauki su don hana gurɓatar kayan abinci ta hanyar zina da/ko ta hanyar rashin tsabtar muhalli ko rashin dacewa a matakai daban-daban a cikin jerin abinci; Hakanan dole ne a kula don ganowa da gujewa ko lalata gubar da ke faruwa ta yanayi.

Bugu da ƙari kuma, duk wani nuna bambanci wajen samun abinci, da kuma hanyoyin da haƙƙoƙin sayan sa, dangane da launin fata, launi, jinsi, harshe, shekaru, addini, siyasa ko wani ra'ayi, asalin ƙasa ko zamantakewa, dukiya, haihuwa ko wani ra'ayi. wani matsayi ya ƙunshi take Haƙƙin abinci.

=== Yarjejeniya kan ƙa'idojin abinci. ===
Dangane da haƙƙin abinci, al'ummomin duniya kuma sun ƙayyade ƙa'idojin da aka saba yarda da su, kamar a cikin taron Abinci na Duniya na shekara ta 1974, Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1974, na Duniya kan Tsaron Abinci ta Duniya, Ƙa'idojin shekarar 1977, Mafi ƙanƙanta na Kula da Fursunoni, [[Haƙƙin Ci Gaba|Sanarwa ta shekarar 1986 akan]] Haƙƙin [[Haƙƙin Ci Gaba|haɓakawa]], ƙudurin ECOSOC 1987/90, sanarwar Rio na shekarar 1992, kan muhalli da haɓaka, da sanarwar 1996, Istanbul kan matsugunan ɗan Adam . &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ahluwalia|2004}}: footnote 23.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi. ==

=== Haƙƙi mara kyau ko tabbatacce ===
Akwai bambancin al'ada tsakanin nau'ikan haƙƙin ɗan Adam adam guda biyu. A gefe guda, haƙƙoƙin da ba daidai ba ko mara kyau waɗanda aka mutunta ta hanyar rashin shiga tsakani. A gefe guda, haƙƙoƙin tabbatacce ko na zahiri waɗanda ke buƙatar albarkatu don tabbatar da shi. Duk da haka, a zamanin yau ana jayayya ko zai yiwu a rarrabe tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan haƙƙoƙi biyu a fili. &lt;ref name=&quot;Food and Agriculture Organization 2002&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Food and Agriculture Organization|2002}}: &quot;The road from Magna Carta.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Haƙƙin abinci don haka za a iya raba haƙƙin abinci zuwa mummunan haƙƙin samun abinci ta hanyar ayyukansa, da ingantaccen haƙƙin samar da abinci idan mutum ya kasa samunsa. An gane mummunan haƙƙin abinci a farkon a cikin Magna Carta na Ingila na shekara ta 1215, wanda ya karanta cewa: &quot;Babu wanda za a ci shi&quot; (tarar) har ya kai ga hana shi hanyar rayuwa.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Food and Agriculture Organization 2002&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Food and Agriculture Organization|2002}}: &quot;The road from Magna Carta.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ci gaban duniya daga shekara ta 1941 zuwa gaba. ===
Wannan sashe yana ba da taƙaitaccen bayani game da ci gaban ƙasa da ƙasa da suka shafi kafawa da aiwatar da haƙƙin abinci daga tsakiyar karni na 20 zuwa gaba. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food|2010a}}: 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

* 1941 - A cikin jawabinsa na 'Yanci huɗu, Shugaban Amurka Franklin D. Roosevelt ya haɗa da ɗayan 'yanci: &lt;ref name=&quot;Ahluwalia 2004&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ahluwalia|2004}}: 10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt; &quot;'Yanci daga bukata.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt; Daga baya wannan 'yancin ya zama wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1945 (Mataki na 1 (3)). &lt;ref name=&quot;Ahluwalia 2004&quot; /&gt;
* 1948 - [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Bayanin Duniya na Haƙƙin Dan Adam]] ya amince da haƙƙin abinci a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|haƙƙin ingantaccen tsarin rayuwa]] :

&lt;blockquote&gt;“Kowa yana da ‘yancin samun irin yanayin rayuwarsa da lafiyarsa da lafiyarsa da na iyalansa da suka hada da abinci da tufafi da muhalli da kula da lafiya da ayyukan jin daɗin jama’a da ya kamata a yi, da kuma ‘yancin samun tsaro idan aka samu rashin aikin yi. cuta, tawaya, takaba, tsufa ko sauran rashin rayuwa a cikin yanayi da ya fi karfinsa” (Sashe na 25).&lt;/blockquote&gt;

* 1966 - Yarjejeniya ta Duniya akan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu, ta sake nanata Yarjejeniya ta Duniya game da 'yancin ɗan adam game da haƙƙin daidaitaccen ma'auni na rayuwa kuma, ƙari, musamman ya amince da 'yancin samun 'yanci daga yunwa. Alkawari, ya ce ɓangarorin sun gane:&lt;blockquote&gt; “Haƙƙin kowa na samun isasshen yanayin rayuwa ga kansa da iyalinsa, gami da isasshen abinci” (Mataki na 11.1) da kuma “Haƙƙin kowa na ‘yantacce daga yunwa” (Mataki na 11:2).&lt;/blockquote&gt;
** 1976 – Shiga cikin aiki na alkawari.
** 1987 - Kafa Kwamitin Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu da ke sa ido kan aiwatar da Alƙawari da fara ƙarin fassarar shari'a na Alkawari.
** 1999 – Kwamitin ya amince da Gabaɗaya Comment No. 12 'Haƙƙin Samun Isasshiyar Abinci', yana kwatanta wajibcin Jiha iri-iri da aka samu daga Alkawari game da haƙƙin abinci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1999&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|1999}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
** 2009 - Amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka zuwa Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu, yin haƙƙin cin abinci mai adalci a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.
* 1974 – Amincewa da sanarwar Duniya kan Kawar da Yunwa da Tamowa a taron Abinci na Duniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Food and Agriculture Organization|2012b}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1988 - Amincewa da haƙƙin abinci a cikin Ƙarin yarjejeniya zuwa Yarjejeniyar Amurka akan Haƙƙin Dan Adam a fannin Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a, da Al'adu (&quot;Protocol of San Salvador&quot;).
* 1996 – Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma (FAO) ta shirya taron kolin Abinci na Duniya na 1996 a Rome, wanda ya haifar da sanarwar Rome kan Tsaron Abinci ta Duniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceE&quot; /&gt;
** 2004 - FAO ta ɗauki Haƙƙin Jagoran Abinci, tana ba da jagora ga Jihohi kan yadda za su aiwatar da wajibcinsu kan haƙƙin abinci. An fara rubuta ƙa'idojin ne sakamakon taron kolin abinci na duniya na 2002. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food|2012a}}: &quot;Right to Food.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2000 - An kafa wa'adin mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan haƙƙin abinci . &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food|2012a}}: &quot;Mandate.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2000 – Amincewa da Burin Ci gaban Ƙarni, gami da Buri na 1: don kawar da matsanancin talauci da yunwa nan da 2015.
* 2012 – An amince da Yarjejeniyar Taimakon Abinci a sakamakon Yarjejeniyar Bayar da Tallafin Abinci (1985?), wanda ya mai da ita yarjejeniya ta farko da ta ɗaure bisa doka kan taimakon abinci.

Amartya Sen ya lashe [[Kyautar Nobel|kyautar Nobel ta]] shekarar 1998 a wani ɓangare na aikinsa na nuna cewa yunwa da yunwa a zamanin yau ba yawanci sakamakon rashin abinci ba ne; a maimakon haka, yawanci yana tasowa ne daga matsalolin cibiyoyin rarraba abinci ko kuma daga manufofin gwamnati.

== Matsayin doka. ==
Ana kiyaye haƙƙin abinci a ƙarƙashin haƙƙin ɗan Adam da dokar ɗan Adam ta duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food|2012a}}: &quot;Right to Food.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ahluwalia|2004}}: 10-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. ===
An amince da haƙƙin abinci a cikin 1948, [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (Mataki na 25) a matsayin wani ɓangare na haƙƙin samun isasshiyar ma'aunin rayuwa, kuma an sanya shi a cikin 1966, Alkawari na Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (Mataki na 11). &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food|2012a}}: &quot;Right to Food.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta 2009, zuwa Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu ta sa haƙƙin cin abinci ya zama daidai da matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceD&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food|2010a}}: 4.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2012, an amince da Yarjejeniyar Taimakon Abinci, wanda ya zama yarjejeniya ta farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa kan taimakon abinci bisa doka.

=== “Sanarwar Ƙasa Da Ƙasa kan Haƙƙin Bil Adama (UDHR)” ===
Tanadi na 25 yana nuni da haƙkin samun yanayin rayuwa da ya wadatar don lafiya da wannan jin daɗi, wanda ya haɗa da abinci.

* An kuma tabbatar da wannan haƙki a cikin dama-dama na yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da na yankuna kan haƙƙin ɗan adam, jin-kai, da haƙƙin zamantakewa.
* Jagorar fassara: Sharhi na Gabaɗaya (General Comment) na 12 (1999) daga Kwamitin Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al’adu (CESCR) yana ba da cikakkiyar bayani na hukuma game da abin da wannan haƙki ya ƙunsa.
* Kayan aiki marasa tilas amma masu tasiri: misali, dokokin jagora na son rai da Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (FAO) ta karɓa domin tallafa wa aiwatar da haƙƙin samun isasshen abinci a hankali.

=== Kayan aiki na duniya. ===
Hakanan ana gane ta a cikin takamaiman ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin ƙasa da ƙasa daban-daban kamar Yarjejeniyar kisan ƙare dangi ta shekarar 1948, (Mataki na 2), Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1951, da ta shafi Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira (Mataki na 20, da 23), &lt;ref name=&quot;harvnb|Ahluwalia|2004&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ahluwalia|2004}}: 11.&lt;/ref&gt; Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1989, kan 'Yancin Yara (Mataki na 20 da 23). Mataki na 24 (2) (c) da 27 (3)), Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1979 kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata (Mataki na 12 (2)), ko Yarjejeniyar shekarar 2007, kan haƙƙin nakasassu (Mataki na 25) (f) da 28 (1)). &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food|2012a}}: &quot;Right to Food.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kayan aikin yanki. ===
Hakanan ana sanin haƙƙin abinci a cikin kayan aikin yanki, kamar:

* Ƙarin Yarjejeniya ta 1988 zuwa Yarjejeniyar Amirka kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam a fannin Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a, da Al'adu ko &quot;Protocol of San Salvador&quot; (Mataki na 12);
* Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka ta 1990 Kan Hakki da Jin Dadin Yara ;
* Yarjejeniya ta Afirka game da Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Jama'a, a fakaice a cikin hakkin rayuwa (Mataki na 4), 'yancin samun lafiya (Mataki na 14), da haƙƙin ci gaban tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu (Mataki na 22), a cewar Hukumar Kula da ɗan Adam ta Afirka. da shawarar 'Yancin Jama'a a ''[https://www.achpr.org/public/Document/file/English/achpr30_155_96_eng.pdf SERAC v Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420233059/https://www.achpr.org/public/Document/file/English/achpr30_155_96_eng.pdf |date=2022-04-20 }}'' ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights}}: para. 64-66 (p. 26).&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yarjejeniya ta 2003 ga Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka Kan Hakkokin 'Yan Adam da Jama'a Kan 'Yancin Mata a Afirka ko &quot;Maputo Protocol&quot; (Sashe na 15);
* Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ASEAN (Mataki na 28).
* Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'yancin ɗan adam ko Yarjejeniya ta zamantakewar Turai ba ta ambaci haƙƙin abinci ba.

Haka nan akwai irin waɗannan kayan aikin a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasa da yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food|2012a}}: &quot;Right to Food.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kayan aikin da ba na doka ba. ===
Akwai da yawa ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ba bisa doka ba waɗanda suka dace da haƙƙin abinci. Sun haɗa da shawarwari, jagorori, kudurori ko sanarwa. Mafi cikakken bayani shine Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Abinci na 2004. Kayan aiki ne mai amfani don taimakawa aiwatar da haƙƙin isasshen abinci. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food|2012a}}: &quot;Right to Food.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Haƙƙin Sharuɗɗan Abinci ba su da ƙarfi bisa doka amma sun zana kan dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa kuma jerin shawarwari ne ƙasashe da suka zaɓa kan yadda za su aiwatar da wajibcinsu a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 11 na Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a da Al'adu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot; /&gt; A ƙarshe, jigo na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na shekara ta 1945 na Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tanadi cewa: &lt;ref name=&quot;harvnb|Ahluwalia|2004&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ahluwalia|2004}}: 11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Kasashen da suka amince da wannan kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, suna da niyyar inganta jin dadin jama'a ta hanyar ci gaba da aiwatar da ayyuka daban-daban da na gamayya a bangarensu domin: bunkasa matakan abinci mai gina jiki da ka'idojin rayuwa ... don haka ... tabbatar da 'yancin dan Adam daga yunwa. . . .&lt;/blockquote&gt;Ƙungiyoyin Yarjejeniyar Ƙasashen Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu dole ne su yi duk abin da zai tabbatar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki, gami da yin doka kan hakan. Wa'adin ya zama wani ɓangare na dokokin ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe sama da 77. A cikin waɗannan ƙasashe ana iya ba da izinin samar da abinci a cikin Alkawari a kotu. Wannan ya faru a Argentina (a cikin yanayin 'yancin samun lafiya). &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Golay|2006}}: 21; see also {{Harvard citation no brackets|Golay|2006}}: 27-8.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyoyin Yarjejeniyar Ƙasashen Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu dole ne su yi duk abin da zai tabbatar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki, gami da yin doka kan hakan. Wa'adin ya zama wani ɓangare na dokokin ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe sama da 77. A cikin waɗannan ƙasashe ana iya ba da izinin samar da abinci a cikin Alkawari a kotu. Wannan ya faru a Argentina (a cikin yanayin 'yancin samun lafiya). &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Golay|2006}}: 21; see also {{Harvard citation no brackets|Golay|2006}}: 27-8.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ƙaddamarwa ta hanyar ICESCR ===

; ICESCR

Koyaya, ƴan ƙasa yawanci ba za su iya yin shari'a ta amfani da Alkawari ba, amma za su iya yin hakan kawai a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa. Idan kasa ba ta zartar da irin wadannan dokokin ba dan kasa ba zai yi gyara ba, duk da cewa kasar ta karya alkawari. Ana kula da aiwatar da Alkawari ta hanyar kwamitin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Food and Agriculture Organization|2002}};{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ahluwalia|2004}}: 20.&lt;/ref&gt; Gaba ɗaya, ƙasashe guda 160, ne suka amince da yarjejeniyar. Wasu ƙasashe 32, ba su amince da wannan alkawari ba, ko da yake guda 7, daga cikinsu sun sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|United Nations Treaty Collection|2012a}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; Yarjejeniya ta zaɓi.

Ta hanyar sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka zuwa ICESCR, jihohi sun amince da cancantar kwamitin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu don karɓa da la'akari da &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|2008}}: Article 1.&lt;/ref&gt; korafe-korafe daga mutane ko ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke da'awar haƙƙinsu a ƙarƙashin Alkawari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|2008}}: Article 2.&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, dole ne masu korafin sun gama da duk magungunan gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|2008}}: Article 3.&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin na iya &quot;nazarta&quot;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|2008}}: Article 8.&lt;/ref&gt; yana aiki zuwa &quot; sulhuntawa abokantaka &quot;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|2008}}: Article 7.&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin yanayin kabari ko kuma keta alkawari na tsari, yana iya &quot;gayyatar jam'iyyar Jiha don yin haɗin gwiwa&quot; kuma, a ƙarshe, na iya &quot;haɗa da takaitaccen bayanin sakamakon zaman a cikin rahotonta na shekara-shekara&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|2008}}: Article 11.&lt;/ref&gt; Kasashe bakwai masu zuwa sun amince da Yarjejeniyar Zabin zuwa Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu: Bolivia, Bosnia da, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mongolia, Slovakia, da Spain. Wasu ƙaaassashe 32 kuma sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zabin. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|United Nations Treaty Collection|2012b}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiwatarwa, Tilastawa da Sanya Ido ==
Ana ƙarfafa ƙasashe su ɗauki dokoki, manufofi, da dabaru don tabbatar da samun abinci ga kowa, musamman ga jama’a masu rauni da waɗanda aka ware. Kula da aiwatarwa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar kungiyoyin sa ido na yarjejeniyoyi (kamar CESCR), hanyoyin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, da bayar da rahotanni lokaci-lokaci na tallafawa sa ido.

Ana iya amfani da haƙƙin samun abinci ta hanyar kotunan ƙasa ko hukumomin musamman (misali: ombudsman, kwamitocin haƙƙin ɗan adam), musamman a inda ƙa’idojin ƙasa ko dokokin ƙasa suka haɗa wannan haƙƙi.

== Hanyoyi don cimma haƙƙin abinci. ==
Wakilin musamman kan ‘yancin cin abinci, Mista De Schutter, ya bukaci kafa dokar ‘yancin cin abinci, ta yadda za a iya fassara shi zuwa dabaru da cibiyoyi na kasa. Bugu da kari, ya ba da shawarar kasashe masu tasowa don kare hakkin masu amfani da filaye, musamman na tsiraru da marasa galihu. Ya kuma ba da shawarar tallafa wa kananan manoma ta fuskar ayyukan raya kasa, da kuma dakatar da gurbacewar kasa da ruwa ta hanyar sauye-sauye ga ayyukan noma. A ƙarshe, kwararre na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da dabarun magance hauhawar [[kiba]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|De Schutter|2012}}, para. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mataki na 11, na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin samun isasshen Abinci ya nuna hanyoyin aiwatar da abubuwa da dama. &lt;ref name=&quot;Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1999&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|1999}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Labarin ya yarda cewa mafi dacewa hanyoyin da hanyoyin aiwatar da haƙƙin isasshen abinci ba makawa za su bambanta sosai daga wannan Jiha zuwa waccan. Dole ne kowace Jiha ta zabi hanyoyin da za ta bi, amma a fili Alkawari ya bukaci kowace jam’iyya ta dauki matakin da ya dace don tabbatar da cewa kowa ya tsira daga yunwa kuma da zarar an samu damar samun isasshen abinci.

Labarin ya jaddada cewa 'yancin cin abinci yana buƙatar cikakken bin ka'idodin lissafi, bayyana gaskiya, shigar da jama'a, rabe-raben mulki, ikon zartarwa da 'yancin kai na shari'a. Dangane da dabarun aiwatar da ‘yancin cin abinci kuwa, labarin ya bukaci Jihohi su tantance tare da magance muhimman batutuwan da suka shafi tsarin abinci, da suka hada da samar da abinci da sarrafa su, adana abinci, rarraba kayayyaki, tallan da kuma yadda ake amfani da shi. . Ya kamata dabarun aiwatarwa ya ba da kulawa ta musamman ga buƙatun hana wariya wajen samun shagunan abinci da cibiyar sadarwar dillalai, ko madadin albarkatun noman abinci. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wajibcinsu na kare tushen albarkatun abinci na mutane, yakamata jihohi su ɗauki matakan da suka dace don tabbatar da cewa ayyukan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ƙungiyoyin jama'a sun dace da yancin abinci.

Makalar ta yi nuni da cewa, a duk lokacin da wata Jiha ta fuskanci matsananciyar matsalar albarkatu, walau sakamakon wani tsari na daidaita tattalin arziki, koma bayan tattalin arziki, yanayin yanayi ko wasu dalilai, ya kamata a dauki matakan da suka dace don ganin an cika ‘yancin samun isasshen abinci musamman ga gungun jama’a masu rauni. daidaikun mutane. &lt;ref name=&quot;Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1999&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|1999}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dangantaka da sauran hakkoki. ===
Hada-hadar da ke tsakanin wannan Haƙƙi da Sauran Haƙƙoƙi da Matsaloli. Haƙƙin samun abinci yana da alaƙa sosai da sauran haƙƙoƙi da manyan batutuwan manufofi.

Tunanin dogaro da juna da rashin rarraba dukkan yancin ɗan adam wata ƙa'ida ce ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] . An gane wannan a cikin sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki na 1993 wanda ke karanta &quot;dukkan 'yancin ɗan adam na duniya ne, ba za a iya raba su ba kuma suna dogara da juna kuma suna da alaƙa.&quot; Haƙƙin abinci ana ɗaukarsa yana da alaƙa da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam masu [[Hakkin rai|zuwa: yancin rayuwa]], 'yancin rayuwa, [[Ƴancin Lafiya|'yancin lafiya]], [[Hakkin Mallakar Kasa|'yancin mallakar dukiya]], [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]], 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, 'yancin ilimi, [[Yancin Kungiya|'yancin haɗin gwiwa]], da [[Hakkin Dan'adam Na Ruwa Da Tsafta|haƙƙin]] haƙƙin ƴan Adam . [[Hakkin Dan'adam Na Ruwa Da Tsafta|da ruwa]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ahluwalia|2004}}: 14.&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran haƙƙoƙin da suka dace sun haɗa da: ' yancin yin aiki, ' [[Hakkin Zamantakewar Jama'a|yancin zamantakewar jama'a]], ' yancin jin dadin jama'a, &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Golay|2006}}: 13.&lt;/ref&gt; da ' [[Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|yancin samun isasshen yanayin rayuwa]] .

Alal misali, bisa ga kwamitin da ke kula da aiwatar da ICESCR, &quot; [[Hakkin Dan'adam Na Ruwa Da Tsafta|haƙƙin ruwa]] shine abin da ake bukata don tabbatar da sauran haƙƙin ɗan adam.&quot; Bukatar samun isasshen ruwa domin samun isasshen abinci ya bayyana musamman a bangaren manoma. Ana buƙatar tabbatar da samun albarkatun ruwa mai ɗorewa don noma don tabbatar da haƙƙin abinci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|2002}}: para. 1.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya shafi aikin noma mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi.

Keta haƙƙin samun abinci sau da yawa na ƙara tsananta rashin daidaito, yunwa, rashin gina jiki, da rashin zaman lafiya a al’umma, wanda ke shafar lafiya, ilimi, da sauran haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam.

== Duba kuma ==

* Ƙofar abinci 
* Haƙƙin Abinci a Kowane Ƙasa
* Ceton Abinci
* Siyasar Abinci
* Tsaron Abinci
* Bankin Abinci
* Fataucin Yunwa
* Mulkin Abinci
* Zanga-zangar Yunwa
* Tsarin Abinci
* Fataucin Yunwa
* Alamar Yunwa ta Duniya
{{Reflist|group=note}}

; ambato

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.srfood.org/ Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman kan Haƙƙin Abinci] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525125426/http://www.srfood.org/ |date=2012-05-25 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230518000649/https://www.righttofood.org/ Gidan yanar gizon tsohon mai ba da rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Haƙƙin Abinci, Jean Ziegler]
* [http://www.fao.org/righttofood/ Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, 'Yancin Abinci]
* Haƙƙin [https://www.humanium.org/en/right-to-food/ Abinci] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407033927/https://www.humanium.org/en/right-to-food/ |date=2023-04-07 }} akan Humanium.
* [http://www.roosevelthouse.hunter.cuny.edu/events/right-to-food/ Haƙƙin Abinci, Duniya da Gida: Tattaunawar Tattaunawa, Nuwamba 12, 2013] . Roosevelt House Public Policy Institute a Hunter College. An shiga 2020-01-12.
[[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]]
[[Category:Haƙƙoƙin Mata]]
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An yi Allah-wadai da matakin kare haƙƙin bil adama a Sudan. Wasu kungiyoyin [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|kare hakkin bil adama]] sun tattara bayanai iri-iri na cin zarafi da cin zarafi da gwamnatin Sudan ta yi cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata ƙarƙashin mulkin Omar al-Bashir&lt;ref&gt;https://oceanfdn.org/ha/ha%C6%99%C6%99in-%C9%97an-adam-akan-adalcin-tekun-teku/{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Rahoton Kare [[Hakkokin Dan Adam a Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya|Hakkokin Dan Adam]] na 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya nuna damuwa sosai game da take hakin bil'adama daga gwamnati da kungiyoyin 'yan bindiga. &lt;ref name=&quot;2009 Human Rights Report&quot;&gt;, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315154656/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135978.htm 2009 U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Sudan]&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kuma amfani da hukuncin kisa, gami da gicciye, don laifuka da yawa. A watan Satumban shekarar 2019, gwamnatin Sudan ta rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da hukumar kare haƙƙin bil adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya domin buɗe ofishin kare haƙƙin bil adama na MDD a birnin Khartoum da ofisoshin fage a Darfur, Blue Nile, Southern Kordofan da kuma gabashin Sudan.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rfi.fr/ha/duniya/20241210-yau-duniya-ke-bikin-ranar-kare-ha%C6%99%C6%99in-%C9%97an-adam&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yulin 2020, a lokacin mika mulkin Sudan zuwa mulkin dimokuradiyya a 2019-2021, Ministan Shari'a Nasredeen Abdulbari ya bayyana cewa &quot;dukkan dokokin da suka keta hakkin bil'adama a Sudan&quot; za a soke su, kuma saboda wannan dalili ne majalisar ta zartar da wasu dokoki a farkon Yuli. 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;2009 Human Rights Report&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/09/1047482|title='Milestone agreement' paves the way for new UN Human Rights Office in Sudan|date=2019-09-25|website=UN News|language=en|access-date=2019-09-26|archive-date=2019-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926052626/https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/09/1047482|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Sudan&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53379733 |title=Sudan scraps apostasy law and alcohol ban for non-Muslims |work=BBC News |date=12 July 2020 |access-date=12 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cin zarafi a cikin saitunan rikici ==
Rikici tsakanin gwamnati da kungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye— yakin basasar da ya shafi rikicin arewa-kudanci, rikicin Darfur da ya hada da rikicin kabilanci tsakanin Larabawa da Larabawa a yankin Darfur da ke yammacin kasar—ya haifar da fyade, azabtarwa, kisa, da kuma gudun hijirar jama’a da yawa (wanda aka kiyasta ya wuce). miliyan 2 a cikin 2007), wanda ya sami Sudan idan aka kwatanta da [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] a cikin jaridu.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2012}}An kuma sami  na gicciye da aka yi a Sudan.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2012}}

A cewar ''The Christian Science Monitor'' a ranar 25 ga Maris, 2004:{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2012}}&lt;blockquote&gt;Yakin yankin na Darfur dai ya taso ne a kan haka: Kabilun Afrika sun dade suna takun saka da kungiyoyin Larabawa a yankin kan samun fili mai kyau. Sannan a shekarar da ta gabata wasu kungiyoyin Afirka biyu dauke da makamai sun fara tawaye ga gwamnatin Khartoum. Gwamnati ta mayar da martani da ga alamu tana baiwa mayakan sa kai na Larabawa tallafin soji. Akwai rahotannin cewa jiragen yakin Sudan sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a kauyuka, inda daga bisani mayakan Larabawa suka shiga suka yi fyade tare da kashe wadanda suka tsira.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Tsaftar kabilanci a afarko===
Mukesh Kapila, [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|jami'in Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (MDD) a Sudan ya bayyana rikicin a matsayin kawar da kabilanci, yayin da mayakan sa kai na Larabawa bakar fata ke aiwatar da kisan kiyashi ga 'yan kabilar a yankin Darfur. A cewar Kapila, &quot;Gwamnati na da masaniyar abin da ke faruwa - kuma za ta iya yin tasiri ga mayakan Larabawa.&quot; Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta yi kiyasin cewa an kashe fararen hula 300,000 a yankin Darfur tsakanin shekarar 2003 zuwa 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Fresh clashes in Darfur kill dozens of civilians, UN-African Union mission reports|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=35847#.V6qLFygrKUk|website=UN.org|access-date=10 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810020505/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=35847|archive-date=10 August 2016|date=7 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bauta ==
Wasu ƙungiyoyi, musamman Christian Solidarity Worldwide da Kungiyoyi masu alaƙa, suna jayayya cewa bautar tana wanzu a Sudan kuma tana samun kwarin gwiwa daga gwamnatin Sudan. A matsayin misalin irin waɗannan zarge-zargen, a cikin ''The Wall Street Journal'' a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2001, Michael Rubin ya ce:&lt;blockquote&gt;. . . [O] a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, Mataimakin Shugaban Sudan Ali Uthman Taha ya bayyana, &quot;Jihadi hanya ce ta mu kuma ba za mu yi watsi da shi ba kuma za mu ci gaba da daukaka tutarsa.&lt;/blockquote&gt;A tsakanin ranakun 23 zuwa 26 ga watan Oktoba, sojojin gwamnatin Sudan sun kai hari a kauyukan da ke kusa da garin Aweil da ke kudancin kasar, inda suka kashe maza 93 tare da bautar da mata da yara 85. Sai kuma a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, sojojin Sudan sun kai hari a kauyukan da ke kusa da garin Nyamlell, tare da daukar wasu mata da yara 113. An kuma sace wata ma'aikaciyar agaji ta [[Kenya]], kuma tun daga lokacin ba a ganta ba.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2012}}&lt;blockquote&gt;Yaya bautar Sudan take? Wani yaro Kirista ɗan shekara 11 ya gaya mani game da kwanakinsa na farko da aka yi garkuwa da shi: “An gaya mini sau da yawa cewa ni Musulmi ne, kuma na ƙi, shi ya sa suka yanke yatsana. Alokor Ngor Deng dan shekara goma sha biyu an dauke shia matsayin bawa a 1993. Ba ta ga mahaifiyarta ba tun lokacin da barayin suka sayar da su biyu ga iyayengiji daban-daban. Sojojin Sudan sun kama Akon mai shekaru 13 a kauyensu shekaru biyar da suka gabata. Sojojin gwamnati shida ne suka yi mata fyade tare da yi mata fyade, kuma ta shaida hukuncin kisa guda bakwai kafin a sayar da ita ga wani Balarabe dan kasar Sudan.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Yawancin bayi da aka 'yanta sun sami alamun duka, konewa da sauran azabtarwa. Fiye da kashi uku cikin hudu na mata da 'yan mata da aka bautar da su a baya da rahoton fyade.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Yayin da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke jayayya kan yadda za a kawo karshen bautar, kadan ne ke musun wanzuwar hakan. . . . [E] ƙididdiga na adadin baƙar fata da ake bautar da su a Sudan sun bambanta daga dubun dubatar zuwa ɗaruruwan dubbai (ba a ƙidaya waɗanda aka sayar a matsayin aikin tilastawa a Libiya). . . .&lt;/blockquote&gt;A daya bangaren kuma, an riga an rubuta zamba da sunan “fansar bayi”. 

== Haƙƙoƙin mata ==
Sudan ƙasa ce mai tasowa da ke fuskantar ƙalubale da dama dangane da rashin daidaiton jinsi. Freedom House ta baiwa Sudan matsayi mafi karanci a tsakanin gwamnatocin danniya a shekarar 2012. Sudan ta Kudu ta sami wani matsayi mafi girma amma kuma an kiyasta ta a matsayin &quot;ba kyauta ba&quot;. A cikin rahoton shekara ta 2013 na bayanan shekara ta 2012, Sudan ta kasance ta 171 a cikin ƙasashe guda 186 a kan ƙididdiga  ci gaban bil'adama (HDI). Kasar Sudan kuma tana daya daga cikin kasashe kalilan da ba su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata ba (CEDAW).

Duk da wannan, an sami sauye-sauye masu kyau dangane da daidaiton jinsi a Sudan. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, mata sun ƙunshi kashi 24.1% na Majalisar Dokokin ƙasar Sudan. Matan Sudan sun fi yawan kaso mafi yawa na majalisar dokokin kasar fiye da yawancin kasashen yammacin duniya. Duk da haka, rashin daidaiton jinsi a Sudan, musamman dangane da kaciyar mata da kuma banbance-banbance tsakanin mata da maza a kasuwar kwadago, ya dauki hankula a kasashen duniya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2020}}

Sudan ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan 'yancin ɗan adam da 'yancin mata a Afirka ([[Maputo]] Protocol) a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2008, amma har zuwa Yuli 2020 ba ta amince da ita ba tukuna. &lt;ref name=&quot;African Union website&quot;&gt;[https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/37077-sl-PROTOCOL%20TO%20THE%20AFRICAN%20CHARTER%20ON%20HUMAN%20AND%20PEOPLE%27S%20RIGHTS%20ON%20THE%20RIGHTS%20OF%20WOMEN%20IN%20AFRICA.pdf African Union website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022014443/https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/37077-sl-PROTOCOL%20TO%20THE%20AFRICAN%20CHARTER%20ON%20HUMAN%20AND%20PEOPLE%27S%20RIGHTS%20ON%20THE%20RIGHTS%20OF%20WOMEN%20IN%20AFRICA.pdf |date=2019-10-22 }}. Retrieved 13 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Canjin Demokradiyya (2019-yanzu) ===
A lokacin da aka fara mika mulki ga dimokradiyya a shekarar 2019 bayan zanga-zangar da mata 'yan Sudan suka yi, a hankali gyaran shari'a ya inganta matsayin 'yancin mata a ƙasar. A karshen shekara ta 2019, an soke dokar ba da odar jama’a; ya haifar da cece-kuce saboda dalilai daban-daban, kamar sashe na 152 na dokar, wanda ya nuna cewa a yi wa matan da suka sanya wando a bainar jama’a bulala har sau 40. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmed&quot; /&gt; Sauran takunkumin da aka yi wa mata da aka soke sun hada da rashin 'yancin sanya tufafi (ta hanyar hijabi na wajibi da sauran matakan), motsi, tarayya, aiki da karatu. Laifukan da ake zargin (yawancinsu da masu fafutuka ke daukarsu da cewa ba bisa ka'ida ba) an hukunta su ta hanyar kamawa, duka da kuma tauye hakkin jama'a kamar 'yancin walwala da fadin albarkacin baki.  A cewar Ihsan Fagiri, shugabar kungiyar No to zalunci a kan mata Initiative, kusan mata 45,000 ne aka gurfanar da su a karkashin dokar odar jama’a a shekarar 2016 kadai. 

A watan Afrilun 2020, an yi wa kundin tsarin mulki kwaskwarima don hukunta kaciyar mata (FGM), wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin tara da ɗaurin shekaru 3 a gidan yari.  A watan Yulin 2020, an soke buƙatun neman izinin mata daga wurin wani ɗan'uwa namiji don yin tafiya, da bulala a matsayin hukunci.  Masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata irin su editan mujallar ''Words 500'' Ola [[Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan'adam|Diab]] da mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a Charlie Loudon sun yaba da soke matakan danniya da takurawa mata a matsayin 'manyan matakai na farko'. Sun jaddada cewa dole ne a aiwatar da sabbin dokokin sannan kuma a yi watsi da dokokin da aka soke a aikace, wanda zai bukaci sake fasalin manufofin cikin gida na hukumomin gwamnati kamar 'yan sanda, sojoji da jami'an leken asiri. Wasu dokoki da dama da masu fafutuka suka bukaci a cire sun hada da gurfanar da wadanda aka yi wa fyade saboda ‘zina’, da kuma na mata masu juna biyu na ‘karuwanci’,  wasu labaran da ke bayyana ka’idojin shigar mata, da kuma wargaza tsarin jama’a. 'yan sanda da kotuna masu sadaukarwa waɗanda ke cikin 'tsarin doka na jama'a'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salih&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/29/sudan-dissolves-ex-ruling-party-and-repeals-morality-law |title=Sudan 'on path to democracy' as ex-ruling party is dissolved |author=Zeinab Mohammed Salih &amp; Jason Burke |work=The Guardian |date=29 November 2019 |access-date=17 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ahmed&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jul/16/thank-you-our-glorious-revolution-activists-react-as-sudan-ditches-islamist-laws |title='Thank you, our glorious revolution': activists react as Sudan ditches Islamist laws |author=Kaamil Ahmed |work=The Guardian |date=16 July 2020 |access-date=17 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT Sudan&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/30/world/africa/sudan-outlaws-female-genital-mutilation-.html |title=In a Victory for Women in Sudan, Female Genital Mutilation Is Outlawed |author=Declan Walsh |work=The New York Times |date=30 April 2020 |access-date=5 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yaran sojoji ==
A cewar Rory Mungoven, mai magana da yawun kungiyar hadin gwiwa don dakatar da amfani da yara sojoji, Sudan na daya daga cikin mafi munin matsalolin sojan yara a duniya.  Akwai sama da yara ƙanana 17,000 da ke fafatawa a bangaren gwamnati ko kuma na dakarun ‘yan tawaye ko da bayan an kori tsofaffin yara sojoji 25,000 daga ƙungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye a Kudancin Sudan a shekara ta 2001. Suna ɗauke da AK-47 da M-16 a fagen daga, yayin da suke aiki a matsayin masu gano nakiyoyin mutane, suna shiga ayyukan kunar bakin wake, da kuma yin aikin leken asiri. Da yawa ana sacewa ko daukar su aiki da karfi, kuma galibi ana tilasta musu su bi umarni a karkashin barazanar kisa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2001-04-08|title=Child soldiers in the firing line|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1266534.stm|access-date=2021-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;Wasu kuma suna shiga kungiyoyin masu dauke da makamai ne saboda rashin bege ko kuma bayan an yi musu karya da wanke kwakwalwa. An yi wa yara da dama alkawarin cewa za su je makaranta, wanda a zahiri wuraren horar da sojoji ne da aka yi kama da makaranta. Wuraren, duk da kasancewar suna karkashin jagorancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, inda aka wankar da yara kanana suka zama masu kisan kai. Ingantattun fasahar kere-kere sun samar da makaman da ba su da nauyi, ba su da tsada, kuma yaro da bai iya karatu ba zai iya harhadawa, lodinsa, da harbe shi, wanda hakan ya kara jawo hankalin yara sojoji.

== Cin zarafin fursunoni ==
An daure manya da yara dari da dama bayan da 'yan kungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Adalci da Daidaito|Adalci da daidaito suka]] kai hari a birnin Khartoum a watan Mayun 2008, adadin da bai dace ba daga yankin Darfur. [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch]] ta soki gwamnatin Sudan da kin bayar da wani bayani kan inda suke. An samu shaidun [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] da cin zarafi ga fursunonin da aka saki kuma an tattara su a cikin tambayoyi da yawa da Human Rights Watch ta rubuta. 

A cikin Yuli 2020, an soke bulala a matsayin wani nau'i na hukunci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/06/17/sudan19149.htm | title = Sudan: Account for Civilians Arrested in Khartoum | publisher = [[Human Rights Watch]] | date = 17 June 2008 | access-date = 22 June 2008 | archive-date = 19 June 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080619032547/http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/06/17/sudan19149.htm | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/actioncenter/actions/uaa26610.pdf |title=Further information on UA 266/10 (23 December 2010) – Prisoner of conscience/Unfair trial |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=24 April 2011 |archive-date=18 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218052011/http://www.amnestyusa.org/actioncenter/actions/uaa26610.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AI2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr54/026/2005/en/ |title=UA 47/05 Detention without charge/Fear for safety/Prisoner of conscience/Possible prisoner of conscience |date=24 February 2005 |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=24 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2004/03/08/sudan-rights-defenders-darfur-detained |title=Sudan: Rights Defenders in Darfur Detained |date=8 March 2004 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=24 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/14110 |title=Sudan – Human rights defender Dr Mudawi Ibrahim Adam imprisoned in latest clampdown on human rights defenders and civil society activists. |author=Jim Loughran |publisher=[[Front Line (NGO)|Front Line]] |access-date=24 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603132311/http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/14110 |archive-date=3 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://kristof.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/sudan-closes-a-domestic-aid-group/ |title=Sudan closes a domestic aid group |author=Nicholas Kristof |date=5 March 2009 |newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=24 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;SUDO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/SUDO-denounces-Sudan-s-murky,37762 |title=MURKY JUSTICE: AFTER RELEASE OF SUDO CHAIR, APPEAL AGAINST CONVICTION MUST BE ALLOWED AND SUDO PERMITTED TO OPERATE NORMALLY |date=26 January 2011 |publisher=Sudan Social Development Organization |access-date=24 April 2011 |archive-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514213911/http://www.sudantribune.com/SUDO-denounces-Sudan-s-murky,37762 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zaluntar masu kare hakkin dan adam ==
A tsakanin shekara ta 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2011, an kama Mudawi Ibrahim Adam akai-akai bisa zarginsa da aikin kare hakkin bil'adama da kungiyar Sudan Social Development Organization.   Kungiyoyin da suka hada da [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]],  Front Line,  da [[Amnesty International]] ne suka nuna rashin amincewarsu da wadannan kamen, wadanda karshensu ya ba shi suna &quot; fursuna na lamiri .&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;AI2&quot; /&gt;

A ranar 5 ga Maris, 2009, a daidai ranar da kotun ICC ta gurfanar da Shugaba Omar al-Bashir, gwamnatin Sudan ta ba da umarnin rufe SUDO, kuma jami'an tsaron kasar sun karbe ofisoshinta.  Jaridar ''New York Times'' ta ruwaito cewa, wasikar rufe ofisoshin ta fito ne daga hukumar kula da ayyukan jin kai da Ahmed Haroun, daya daga cikin mutanen da ke fuskantar sammacin kamawa daga [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa]] da kasa kan kisan gilla a Darfur. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot; /&gt; A lokaci guda gwamnatin Sudan ta kori &quot; Kwamitin ceto na kasa da kasa, Oxfam UK, [[Hadin Gwiwa Don Taimakawa A Ko Ina|CARE]], Mercy Corps da kuma sashen Dutch na Doctors Without Borders. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot; /&gt; Mudawi da SUDO sun daukaka kara game da rufe su a kotu, inda suka yi nasara a karar a watan Afrilun 2010.  &lt;ref name=&quot;SUDO&quot; /&gt; Duk da haka, bisa ga sanarwar SUDO na 2011, ƙungiyar ta kasance a rufe yadda ya kamata: &quot;A Sudan za ku iya cin nasara a shari'ar amma babu wani canji. Ofisoshin SUDO sun kasance a kulle, kadarorinta sun kasance a daskare, kuma ba a bar kungiyar a Sudan ta ci gaba da aiki ba.” 

== Zaluntar addini ==
Hukumar leken asiri ta ƙasar Sudan (NISS) ta tsare Fasto Michael Yat da Peter Yan daga ranar 14 ga watan Disamba 2014 da 11 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, a ranar 1 ga watan Maris, an tuhume su da laifuka takwas karkashin kundin laifuffuka na shekarar 1991, biyu daga cikinsu na dauke da laifuka. hukuncin kisa.   An ruwaito cewa an kama Peter Yan a lokacin da yake neman jindadin Michael Yat, kuma an kama Michael Yat bayan wa'azin bishara. 

A cikin Yulin shekara ta 2020, an soke hukuncin (kisa) na yin ridda ga Musulmai (Mataki na 126 na kundin hukunta laifukan Sudan), da kuma haramcin barasa ga waɗanda ba musulmi ba.  Hukumar ‘Yancin Addinin Duniya ta Amurka (USCIRF) ta yaba da sauye-sauyen da aka yi a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2020, tare da kawar da Sudan daga cikin jerin ‘kasashen da suka damu musamman’ (inda ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 2000-2019), amma ya bukaci ‘yan majalisar Sudan da su soke wannan sabo. doka (Mataki na 125 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na Sudan) kuma. 

== Halin tarihi ==
Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Sudan tun shekara ta 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 &quot;kyauta&quot; ne; 7, &quot;ba kyauta ba&quot;.  1

== Haƙƙin LGBT ==
'Yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, bisexual, da transgender (LGBT) a Sudan suna fuskantar ƙalubalen shari'a waɗanda ba mazauna LGBT ba. Namiji da mata duka{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2020}} maza da mata ya kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba a Sudan, tare da hukunce-hukuncen da suka hada da amma ba'a iyakance ga hukuncin kisa ba . Sai dai a watan Yulin 2020 an soke dokar luwadi da a baya ta hukunta mazan luwadi da bulala 100 a laifin farko, ɗaurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari na biyu da kuma hukuncin kisa a karo na uku, inda sabuwar dokar ta rage hukuncin zuwa gidan yari. sharuddan jere daga shekaru biyar zuwa rayuwa. Masu fafutukar LGBT+ na Sudan sun yaba da sake fasalin a matsayin 'babban mataki na farko', amma sun ce bai isa ba tukuna, kuma ƙarshen burin ya kamata ya zama haramta ayyukan lalata da 'yan luwadi baki daya. 

== Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya ==
Matsayin Sudan game da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka.

== Duba kuma ==

* 1998 Sudan yunwa
* Aegis Students, ƙungiyar kare kisan kare dangi ta ɗalibai ta duniya, ta mai da hankali kan Sudan.
* Aegis Trust
* Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Sudan
* Satellite Sentinel Project

== Bayanan kula ==

: 1. Lura cewa &quot;Shekarar&quot; tana nufin &quot;Shekarar da aka rufe&quot;. Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.
: 2. &lt;span class=&quot;citation wikicite&quot; id=&quot;endnote_b&quot;&gt;'''^'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Tun daga 1 ga Janairu.
: 3. &lt;span class=&quot;citation wikicite&quot; id=&quot;endnote_c&quot;&gt;'''^'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabin farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin &quot;shekaru da rabi&quot; guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar cirewa.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
* ''Rahoton na musamman: Sudan'' in ''The Economist'' 15 Mayu 2004
* ''Side Dark Islam - The Orwellian State of Sudan'', The Economist, 24 Yuni 1995.
* ''Sharia da IMF: Shekaru uku na juyin juya hali'', SUDANOW, Satumba 1992.
* ''Takardun ƙarshe na Majalisar Dattijan Katolika ta Khartoum'', 1991. [ lura da &quot;zalunci da tsananta wa Kiristoci&quot;]
* ''Muryar [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|kare hakkin dan Adam]]'', wanda Kungiyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Sudan ta buga, juzu'i na 1, fitowa ta 3, Yuli/Agusta 1992 [cikakkun rufe majami'u da karfi, korar limaman coci, tilasta wa jama'a gudun hijira, tilasta musulunta da kuma Larabawa, da sauran matakan danniya na Gwamnati. ].
* ''Sudan - Cry for Peace'', wanda Pax Christi International ya buga, Brussels, Belgium, 1994
* ''Sudan - 'Yan Gudun Hijira a ƙasarsu: Tilastawa 'Yan Kwango da Muhallansu Daga Khartoum'', a Juzu'i na 4, fitowa ta 10, na Labarai daga Africa Watch, 10 ga Yuli 1992.
* ''take hakkin Dan Adam a Sudan'', ta Sudan Human Rights Organisation, Fabrairu 1994.
* ''Bayanin Pax Romana na Macram Max Gassis, Bishop na El Obeid, zuwa taro na hamsin na Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam, Geneva, Fabrairu 1994. na mutanen Nuba, na yau da kullun na fyade ga mata, bautar da yara, azabtar da firistoci da malamai, kona fastoci da masu koyarwa da rai, gicciye da yankan firistoci]''

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://sudan-forall.org/iht.htm Girmamawa (IHTIRAM), Jaridar Sudan don Al'adun 'Yancin Dan Adam da Batutuwan Banbancin Al'adu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122175237/http://sudan-forall.org/iht.htm |date=2022-01-22 }}
* [http://www.ryanspencerreed.com/ Asusun mai daukar hoto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121105820/http://www.ryanspencerreed.com/ |date=2021-01-21 }} - Hotunan gudun hijirar Sudan
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131231085238/http://www.insightnewstv.com/refugees/ Rayuwa da 'Yan Gudun Hijira]
* [https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/sudan/report-2011 Rahoton shekara ta 2011 na Amnesty International kan Sudan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201215045/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/sudan/report-2011 |date=2015-02-01 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100616130512/http://www.hrw.org/doc/?t=africa&amp;c=sudan Human Rights Watch ta yi rahoto kan Sudan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051214065150/http://www.fmreview.org/sudan.htm Sharhin Hijira Tilastawa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040812084144/http://www.persecution.org/newsite/countryinfodetail.php?countrycode=11 Damuwa Kirista ta Duniya]
* [http://www.colorq.org/HumanRights/ LauniQ 1996-1998] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225180814/http://www.colorq.org/humanrights/ |date=2022-02-25 }}
* [http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/commission/country52/62-sdn.htm An yi wa yarinya ‘yar shekara 12 fyade kafin a kashe ta]
* [http://www.colorq.org/HumanRights/article.aspx?d=Sudan&amp;x=famine Yunwar da dan Adam ya jawo: an lalata amfanin gona, an kai harin bam a cibiyoyin rarraba abinci] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625051017/http://www.colorq.org/HumanRights/article.aspx?d=Sudan&amp;x=famine |date=2022-06-25 }}
* Musayar 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki ta kasa da kasa ta [https://web.archive.org/web/20060615185039/http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/42/ sa ido kan hare-haren da ake kaiwa 'yan jarida a Sudan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071001032809/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/article204708.ece]
* [http://www.johndaufoundation.org John Dau Sudan Foundation: Canjin kiwon lafiya a Kudancin Sudan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906142908/http://www.johndaufoundation.org/ |date=2015-09-06 }}
* [http://www.hiwaar.org Hiwaar Human Rights Advocacy Organisation: Yin aiki don daidaito] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324114921/http://www.hiwaar.org/ |date=2019-03-24 }}
[[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]]
[[Category:Haƙƙoƙi]]
[[Category:Haƙƙoƙin Mata]]
[[Category:Dokoki]]
[[Category:Dokar Najeriya]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
[[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anis Ben Slimane</title>
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[[Fayil:FC Salzburg gegen Brøndby IF (Championsleague Play off Hinspiel 17. August 2021) 12.jpg|thumb|kwareren Dan kwallo ne]]
[[Fayil:Echauffement Tunisie.jpg|thumb|yar kwallon ]]
[[Fayil:Echauffement Tunisie (cropped).jpg|thumb|slimane]]
'''Anis Ben Slimane''' ({{Lang-ar|أنيس بن سليمان}};) an haife shi ne a ranar 16 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 2001, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙafa]] ne ɗan asalin [[Tunisiya]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar Danish Superliga Brøndby IF da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]].

Slimane  ya buga wasa a kungiyoyi daban-daban guda takwas a cikin shekaru goma sha biyu, amma a karshe ya zauna a AB inda ya fara fara wasansa na farko a shekarar 2018. Karo na gaba, ya kuma tafi Brøndby IF kuma an sanya shi a cikin ƙungiyar U19, amma zai mai da hankali sosai a cikin rabin na biyu na kakar shekarar  2019 zuwa 2020 yayin da ya kafa kansa a matsayin ɓangare na ƙungiyar farko.&lt;ref&gt;Lær [[Anis Slimane]] at kende-brondby.com&quot;  [[youtube.com]]. [[Brøndby]] IF  Retrieved 24 April 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Slimane yana  ɗan ƙasa biyu kuma ya buga wa [[Denmark]] U19 da Tunisiya U20. Yana wakiltar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]].

== Sana'a/Aiki ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
[[File:FC Salzburg gegen Brøndby IF (Championsleague Play off Hinspiel 17. August 2021) 12.jpg|200px|left|thumbnail|Anis Ben Slimane]]
An haifi Slimane a [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] kuma ya zauna a unguwar Vesterbro a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa.  Ya fara wasa a ƙananan matakan kulob na Vesterbro BK Vestia yana da shekaru 7, wanda shine kulob din da ke kusa da gidansa.  Bayan 'yan watanni ya koma KB Academy saboda wani abokin karatunsa yana wasa a can; tawagar mahaifin abokin karatunsa shima ya horar.  Daga baya, Slimane da abokin karatunsa sun rattaba hannu tare da makarantar FA 2000, inda wasu hazikan ƴan wasa suka haɗa su. Saboda wasu kungiyoyi sun yi shakkar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin farko da ƙungiyoyi na biyu, Slimane ya koma ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a Copenhagen, waɗanda ke da niyyar yin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa a matakin mafi girma.  A shekara mai zuwa, shi da abokin karatunsa sun koma Herfølge Boldklub, inda suka kasance na ɗan gajeren lokaci, kafin su fara tafiya zuwa B.93, inda suka sake haɗuwa tare da ƙungiyar ƙwararrun matasa masu fasaha daga FA 2000.  A lokacin da yake a B.93, Slimane ya taka leda a gasar cin kofin zakarun kulob na [[Turai]] na UEFA, inda ya burge shi kuma ya sanya hannu tare da makarantar Brøndby IF. 

Slimane yana ɗan shekara goma sha biyu lokacin da ya ƙaura zuwa Brøndby. Ya buga wa qungiyoyin makarantar su wasa tsawon shekara xaya da rabi kafin ya koma buga wa KB a matakin ‘yan qasa da 13 saboda yawan balaguron balaguro zuwa Brøndby bayan da shi da iyalinsa suka koma Høje Gladsaxe.  Matsayi na biyu na Slimane a KB, duk da haka, bai yi nasara ba, don haka, ya fara taka leda a Lyngby Boldklub. Ya taka leda a matashin Lyngby na tsawon watanni shida kafin kulob din Akademisk Boldklub (AB) na cikin gida ya sanya hannu a matakin kasa da 14, inda ya sake haduwa da tsoffin abokan karatunsa. Slimane ya zauna a AB na tsawon shekaru hudu, inda ya kawo karshen aikinsa na matashi. &lt;ref name=&quot;slimane060220&quot;/&gt; A can, ya buga wasa tsawon shekaru hudu, inda ya shiga kungiyar farko a lokacinsa na karshe a kulob din. A cikin wata hira da ya yi da gidan yanar gizon Brøndby IF, Slimane ya bayyana yadda ya kasance cikin manyan matasan Denmark a fagen kwallon kafa a cikin shekarunsa na farko na taka leda, amma waɗancan yanayi daban-daban na nufin dole ne ya yi yaƙi don samun nasara a fagen ƙwallon ƙafa. A wannan lokacin, ya kusa yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa amma goyon bayan danginsa da abokansa sun taimaka masa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi. A wani lokacin bazara, inda ya taka leda a makarantar matasa ta AB, ya sami ci gaba mai girma wanda ya kai 15 cm, wanda ya ba shi damar zama mafi rinjaye a jiki kuma ya taimaka masa ya ci gaba a matsayin dan wasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;laeranisatkende&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;slimane060220&quot;/&gt;

A cikin watan Janairu a shekara ta 2018, Slimane ya bar gwajin mako guda tare da kulob din Bundesliga na Jamus SC Freiburg.  Ya fara halartan rukunin farko na AB a ranar 7 ga Watan  Afrilu a shekara ta  2018 a cikin nasarar gida da ci 2 &amp;#x2013; 1 a kan IF Lyseng, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Nichlas Rohde na mintuna na 80.  Slimane ya buga wasanni 18 a kungiyar AB jimilla inda ya zura kwallaye biyu.
[[File:FC Salzburg gegen Brøndby IF (Championsleague Play off Hinspiel 17. August 2021) 68 (cropped).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Anes Ben Slimane a yayin fafatawa]]

=== Bøndby ===

==== 2019-20 ====
Slimane ya shiga Brøndby IF a matakin ƙasa a ranar 19 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta 2019, bayan da ya burge ƙungiyar farko ta AB a cikin rukunin Danish na 2nd, matakin na uku na dala ƙwallon ƙwallon Danish. A cikin watan Janairu a shekara ta 2020, an zabe shi don shiga sansanin horo na farko na Brøndby a [[Portugal]],  inda ya fara bayyanarsa a babban kungiyar a wasan sada zumunci da kungiyar IFK Norrköping ta [[Sweden]], yana burgewa a gaban 'yan wasa daga [[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]] da [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]].&lt;ref&gt;Brøndbyfans gav [[Sliman Ourak|Slimane]] en uforglemmelig debut:Jeg fik kæmpe kuldegysninger&quot;. tipsbladet.dk. Tipsbladet. 17 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 2020, Slimane ya fara wasansa na farko na ƙwararre a wasan waje da OB a cikin Danish Superliga a matsayin mai farawa, wanda Brøndby ya ci 2 &amp;#x2013; 0. A mako mai zuwa, ya yi taimakonsa na farko, giciye a cikin akwatin wanda Samuel Mráz ya jefa gida a cikin rashin nasara 2–3 ga AaB. A ranar 8 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 2020, ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a Brøndby a wasan da suka tashi 2 &amp;#x2013; 2 da FC Nordsjælland;  wasan da aka buga a bayan ƙofofi a Dama to Dream Park saboda ƙa'idodin da hukumomin Danish suka aiwatar yayin bala'in [[COVID-19 pandemic a Africa|COVID]]-19.  Bayan kammala wasan, Slimane ya bayyana nadamarsa na rashin samun damar yin bikin kwallon da ya ci a gaban magoya bayansa.&lt;ref&gt;Helbo, [[Benjamin Alexander]] (6 February 2020). &quot;18-årigt Brøndby-talent var tæt på karrierestop&quot;. bold.dk . bold.dk. Retrieved 24 April 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2020–21: Zakarun Danish Superliga ====
A ranar 3 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 2020, Slimane ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangila tare da Brøndby, yana ci gaba da kasancewa a kulob din har zuwa shekara ta 2024.  Bayan ya yi gwagwarmayar neman hanyarsa ta fara jeri a farkon rabin kakar shekara ta 2020 zuwa 2021, ya zira kwallon da ya ci nasara a ranar 13 ga watan Disamba a kan SønderjyskE bayan ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Simon Hedlund a cikin minti na 77.&lt;ref&gt;Hoffskov, Ole (1 October 2020). &quot;Tunesien udtager [[Anis Ben Slimane]]-men Brøndby-spilleren eri tænkeboks&quot; (in Danish). Tipsbladet. Retrieved 6 October 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;  

A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 2021, an ci tarar Slimane kuma an cire shi na ɗan lokaci daga tawagar Brøndby bayan karya ka'idodin keɓewar coronavirus. A cewar Slimane, ya dauko wata kawarsa ce a wajen wani biki kuma ‘yan sanda sun zo. Daga baya ya gwada rashin lafiya don COVID-19 sau biyu kuma an sake samun shi cikin ƙungiyar farko a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairu. Ya koma filin wasa ne a ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairu a matsayin dan wasa a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 gida da AaB. 
[[File:FC Salzburg gegen Brøndby IF (Championsleague Play off Hinspiel 17. August 2021) 69.jpg|thumb|Anis Ben Slimane]]
A ranar 24 ga watan Mayu, Slimane ya zura kwallo ta biyu a ragar Brøndby a wasansu da Nordsjælland da ci 2-0. Sakamakon ya tabbatar da Brøndby a matsayin zakaran Danish Superliga a karon farko cikin shekaru 16.

==== 2021-22 ====
Slimane ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Turai a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta 2021 a gasar cin kofin zakarun [[Turai]] ta UEFA Champions League wasan farko da Red Bull Salzburg, wanda ya ƙare da rashin nasara 1-2.   Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta yayin da Brøndby ta doke Midtjylland da ci 2–0  nasararsu ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana.

== Ayyukan kasa ==
Slimane ya wakilci kungiyar kwallon kafa ta [[Denmark]] ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 19,  da kuma kungiyar kwallon kafa ta [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] ta kasa da shekaru 20. 
[[File:Echauffement des équipes- Mali et Tunisie.jpg|thumb|Anis Ben Slimane]]
A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta 2020, an kira Slimane ga tawagar Mondher Kebaier ta [[Tunisiya]] don buga wasan sada zumunta da [[Sudan]] da [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]]. Ya zura kwallo a wasansa na farko, kwallo ta uku a wasan da suka doke [[Sudan]] da ci 3-0.&lt;ref&gt;[[Sliman Ourak|Slimane]] om debut: Det var en stor dag for mig&quot;.
brondby.com  Brøndby IF. 16 February 2020. Retrieved
17 February 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki ==

=== Kulob/Ƙungiya ===
{{Updated|match played 29 August 2021}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanar da burin ta kulob, kakar da gasar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kulob
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kaka
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Kungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kofin
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nahiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimlar
|-
! Rarraba
! Aikace-aikace
! Buri
! Aikace-aikace
! Buri
! Aikace-aikace
! Buri
! Aikace-aikace
! Buri
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | AB
| 2017-18
| Kashi na biyu
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| 2
| 0
|-
| 2018-19
| Kashi na biyu
| 16
| 2
| 1
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| 17
| 2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimlar
! 18
! 2
! 1
! 0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
! 19
! 2
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Brøndby
| 2019-20 
| Superliga
| 16
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 16
| 1
|-
| 2020-21 &lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot; /&gt;
| Superliga
| 27
| 3
| 2
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| 29
| 3
|-
| 2021-22 &lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot; /&gt;
| Superliga
| 7
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 2 {{Efn|Appearances in the [[UEFA Champions League]]}}
| 0
| 9
| 1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimlar
! 50
! 5
! 2
! 0
! 2
! 0
! 54
! 5
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Jimlar sana'a
! 68
! 7
! 3
! 0
! 2
! 0
! 73
! 7
|}

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
{{Updated|7 September 2021}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;/&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Fitowa da burin tawagar ƙasa da shekara
! Tawagar kasa
! Shekara
! Aikace-aikace
! Buri
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Tunisiya
| 2020
| 4
| 1
|-
| 2021
| 7
| 3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimlar
! 11
! 4
|}
{{Updated|match played 7 September 2021}}
:''Scores and results list Tunisia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Slimane goal''.&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|79738|accessdate=25 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Jerin kwallayen kasa da kasa da Anis Ben Slimane ya ci
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | A'a.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Kwanan wata
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Wuri
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Abokin hamayya
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ci
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sakamako
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Gasa
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1
| 9 Oktoba 2020
| Stade Olympique de Radès, Radès, Tunisia
|&lt;/img&gt; Sudan
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3–0
| Sada zumunci
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2
| 25 Maris 2021
| Shahidai na Fabrairu Stadium, Benghazi, Libya
|&lt;/img&gt; Libya
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 4–2
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 5-2
| 2021 neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 3
| 15 ga Yuni 2021
| Stade Olympique de Radès, Radès, Tunisia
|&lt;/img&gt; Mali
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1-0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1-0
| Sada zumunci
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 4
| 7 ga Satumba, 2021
| Levy Mwanawasa Stadium, Ndola, Zambia
|&lt;/img&gt; Zambiya
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2–0
| 2022 cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA (CAF)
|}

== Girmamawa ==
'''Brøndby'''

* Danish Superliga : 2020-21 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Anis Ben Slimane at the Danish Football Association (in Danish) 
* {{Soccerway}}
* [https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/danmark/superligaen/broendby-if/anis-ben-slimane/ Anis Ben Slimane] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603160640/https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/danmark/superligaen/broendby-if/anis-ben-slimane/ |date=2022-06-03 }} at bold.dk
[[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Tunisiya]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>of3zfvaa0ymznlhpbur1jg1dhvtwohr</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sana'oin ƙasar Hausa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>35321</id>
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      <parentid>546544</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T23:01:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sani Abdullahi M</username>
        <id>27364</id>
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[[File:Agriculture work.jpg|thumb|Agriculture work]]
[[File:Farming Area - Growing Crops.jpg|thumb|Farming Area - Growing Crops]]
Duk wanda kuma ya tashi ƙasar Hausa to akwai wata sana'a da ya ke yi domin dogaro dakai irin wadannan sana'o'in hausa su kanyi tasiri matuƙa a ɓangarorin al'umman HAUSAWA dama sauran ƙabilu awannan Nahiya.

==Ire-iren sana'o'in Hausa==
# Noma
# [[Kasuwanci]]
# kiwo
# Dillanci
# ƙodago
# Jima
# Dukanci
# Fawa
# Wanzamci.

==Noma==
“Noma na duke tsohon ciniki, kowa yazo duniya kai ya tarar”.. wannan shine taken Noma.

Noma sana'ace wacce ta bambanta da sana'o'in Hausawa, ba kasafai ake samun kowane al'umma acikin taba musamman mutanan birni, sai dai mutanen karkara suka fi yinta. sana'ar Noma sana'ace da ba a gadonta kowa da kowa kan iya fadawa cikin ta, kuma akwai Riba ga masu gudanar da ita, Malami da ba sarake, attajiri da talaka sukan gudanar da ita.
==Ire-iren Noma==
Noma da ya kasu kashi biyu, akwai na Noman Rani, akwai na Damina, wanda akeyi bayan Damina ta sauka, Damina takan yi a ƙalla wata biyar ko Shida, a wannan lokacin ake yin aikace aikace gona, wato yin shuka ya fito har takai damar an girbe ta, sannan akai amfanin Gida domin aci ko a sayar.
==Noman Rani==
shine akeyi yayin da Damina ta dauke, ko ayayin da ruwa ya dauke, akanyi Noma Rani a wuraren masu dausayi da ƙoramu, irin wannan noma akan yi shi ta fuskan ban Ruwa ne ga ita shukar, a wannan shi ake kira da Noman Rani kuma akwai alfanu gaya musamman, mutanen da sukayi makwabtaka da Ruwa.
==Noma Don ci==
Kowane manomi babban burinsa ya Noma kayan hatsi wanda kuma akalla zai kai shi har ƙarshen shekara byi awo ba, Gazawa ce ga monomi ace baya iya noma ta kai shi shekara.
manomi yakan yi noman kamar su Gero
*Dawa
*Maiwa,
*Wake
*Masara
*Doya
*Dan kali... da sauransu.
Bayan manomi ya ware wadataccen abincin sa domin iyalinsa a wasu lokutan yakan ware wanda zai sayar domin takin Gona.

==Noma domin sayarwa==
Manomi yakan Noma kayan sayarwa kamar su;
*Tumaturi
*Albasa
*Attarugu
*Alaiyaho
*Kabewa
*Tattasai
*Gyada
*Ridi
*Barkono
*Auduga... da sauransu.
Irin wannan noma manomi yakan yi shine ba Don yaci ba a'a sai dan ya biya buƙatar sa ko don amfanin shi ko hidima da take jiran sa na bukukuwan ƴaƴan sa.

==kayan aikin Gona==
kayan aikin gona sun hada da [[Magirbi]], da fartanya, da &lt;nowiki&gt;[[sungumi]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;, da gatari, da &lt;nowiki&gt;[[galma]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; da &lt;nowiki&gt;[[lauje]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; har dama manjagara da sauransu.
==Kasuwanci==
kasuwa hanya ce ta saye da sayarwa, mai irin wannan harka shine ake kira da ɗan kasuwa idan mace ce ana mata kirari da ƴar kasuwa.
kasuwanci yana wuya idan babu jari, jari shine kasuwanci, domin da jari ake cinikai ya. dole mai harkan kasuwanci sai yayi yun kurin jari da shine zai jujjuya domin ya siya kaddara yaci riba.
==ire-iren kayan cinikayya==
itadai kasuwa wuri ne da ake gudanar da saye da sayarwa, kusan kowane abin sayarwa zaka iya samu a kasuwa.
kasuwa ta hada da ma'aunar hatsi da harkan kayan wato taguwa, da harkar sai da kayan wutan lantarnki da harkan wayoyin hannu da sauran su.
Hakama akan samu wani bangare a kasuwa inda suke sai da dabbobi irinsu tumakai,  awakai, shanu har dama Rakuma da tsuntsaye.
==kiwo==
ita dai sana'ar kiwo kamar sana'ar noma ce.kiwo na kowa da kowane, matukar kana da sha'awa zaka iya yinshi. shi dai kiwo ba yaro ba tsoho, kowa kan iya yinshi. kiwo ba maza kadai aka sani ba har mata sukan taka rawa acikin sa.
==Dillanci==
Dillanci sana'a ce ta &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Dattijai]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; ta hanyar karban kayan mutane asayar masa, sannan shi me kayan ya biya mai sayarwa ladan aiki ko dawainiyya da yayi da kaya wurin sayar wa.

==yadda akeyin Dillanci==
idan Mallam bahaushe yana da kaya ko abin sayarwa yakanyi tallar kayan zuwa ga dillalai idan an samu mai siya sai a biya shi lada.a Wannan fannin dillali yakan wakilta mai kaya ta hanyan saida kayan sa.

==Kwadago==
Kwadago na nufin ayi aiki abiya ￼ shine ake kira da kwadago. Kwadago aiki ake biya kadan anan take, ba kamar sauran ayyuka  bane. kwadago aiki ne na yarjejeniya yin wani aiki na karfi sanan abiya kadan aikin da aka gudanar. aikin kwadago ya shafe aikin Gona , Gini, da aikin albashi.

== Ire-iren Aikin Ƙodago ==
Akwai ayyukan Gona kamar misalin sharan ￼ gona, ko shuka har dama Noma, a wani bangare Akwai ayyukan na Gida kamar su Gini, da sauran su.

== Masu aikin ƙwadago ==
Mafi yawancin masu aikin ƙwadago babu kamar &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Almajirai]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; ko yan &lt;nowiki&gt;[[ci rani]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; sune sukafi yin wannan aiki.

== Aikatuta ==
Aikatau da kwadago duk tafiyar su daya ne, sai dai bamban cin su kadan ne, maza suke kwadago mata su kan yi aikatau a gidaje .

== Ire-iren aikatau ==
Aikatau a gida ake yi musamman matar karkara da ake dauko su daga ƙauye domin taya mutanen birni aiki sannan a biya su ladan ￼wannan aiki, aikatau na gida bai wuce &lt;nowiki&gt;[[wanke-wanke]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;da shara, ko surfe, ko aike na yau da kullum, ko &lt;nowiki&gt;[[sukola]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ko renon ƴaƴan.

== Jima ==
Me ake kira da jima, aiki ne na sarrafa fatu dabbobin ta yadda masu sana'ar dukanci suke buƙatar, majemi yakan fitar da gashin dabbobin ya gyara har takai da yayi laushi awurin gudanar da aiki.

== Kayan aikin jima ==
Sun hada da &lt;nowiki&gt;[[gabaruwa]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; da Ruwa da rika, san nan akwai &lt;nowiki&gt;[[kwatanta]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; da awartaki da dutse har da gungume eche, da sauran su.

== Fawa ==
Fawa sana'a ce ta gado ga irin gida na mahauta, sana'ar fawa ta samo asali tun zamanin Annabawa da manzannin, sannan akwai alfanu ￼ sosai cikin wannan sana'a, mahauci ya kan tafi kasuwa domin sayar dabba da zai yanka domin sayarwa al'umma Nama . mahauci yakan tanaji jallin sa da zai ishe shi yin wannan sana'a, yakan sayi dabba kamar su tumakai, ko awakai, ko saniya domin al'umma su ci.

== Al'adu mahauci ==
A al'adar mahauci akwai su da karamci, sanan suna da al'ada idan sun samu ƙaruwa su kanyi bukukuwan su na hawan ƙaho saniya da dai sauransu.

==Wanzamci ==
Sana'ar wanzamci sana'ar kasar Hausa ce tun tale-tale, wanzami ya kanyi aski ga manjya ￼dattijai ko saraki kai har ma da jarirai idan an samu ƙaruwar, san nan yana cire [[belu-belu ]]da [[shayi]] wato [[kachiya]] da [[Ƙaho]] har ma da [[ɓalli-ɓalli]].

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)</title>
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[[Fayil:World Map 1689.JPG|thumb|taswiran duniya ]]
'''Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa''' a taƙaice '''NUC''' ita ce hukumar gwamnati domin inganta ingantaccen ilimi a Najeriya. Hukumar wacce ke da mazauni a birnin tarayyar Nijeriya [[Abuja]], an kafa ta a shekarar 1962 a matsayin hukumar ba da shawara a ofishin majalisar ministoci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Us |publisher=National Universities Commission|url=https://www.nuc.edu.ng/about-us/|website=www.nuc.edu.ng|access-date=2020-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1974, ta zama hukuma ta doka kuma babban sakatarenta na farko shine Farfesa Jibril Aminu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abubakar |first=Bappah |date=2011-01-01 |title=Academic Libraries in Nigeria in the 21st Century |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/446 |journal=Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu NUC tana cikin [[Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayyan Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya]] kuma ƙungiya ce ta parastatal (kamfanin gwamnati). 

Hukumar tana da majalisar gudanarwa, a halin yanzu a karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Shehu Galadanchi da sakataren zartarwa Prof. Abubakar Rasheed, wanda kuma ya fara aiki a ofis a ranar 3 ga Agustan shekarar 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;  Since its establishment, the commission has transformed from a small office in the cabinet office to an important arm of government in the area of development and management of university education in Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NUC − Nigeria Education Verification System |url=https://www.nevs.com.ng/nuc.php |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=www.nevs.com.ng |archive-date=2022-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516221203/http://nevs.com.ng/nuc.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun bayan kafa hukumar ta sauya sheka daga karamin ofishita a ofishin majalisar ministoci zuwa wani muhimmin bangaren gwamnati a fannin raya kasa da gudanar da ilimin jami'a a Najeriya. 

== Tarihi ==
Hukumar kula da jami’o’i ta kasa ko NUC kamar yadda ake kira a wasu lokutan a Najeriya ta fara aiki a shekarar 1962, biyo bayan matsayin daya daga cikin shawarwarin da Hukumar Ashby ta bayar wanda kuma ya ba da shawarar kirkiro sababbin jami'o'in tarayya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Obasi|first=Isaac Nnamdi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNB1rU73-6kC&amp;pg=PA100 |title=Private Higher Education and Public Policy in Africa: A Contrasting Case of Nigeria and Botswana|date=2008|publisher=Cuvillier Verlag|isbn=978-3-86727-821-8|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; NUC ta fara gudanar da aikinta ne a matsayin hukumar kula da bunkasa ilimin jami’a a Najeriya. A farkon farawa, hukumar ta NUC an ƙirƙira ta ta hanyar zartarwa kuma an sanya ta da farko a ƙarƙashin Ofishin Majalisar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Saturday 3rd December 2016|url=https://issuu.com/thisdaylive/docs/161203181001-b0ff60d916254b9593ec41f9a4da88aa|website=Issuu|language=en|access-date=2020-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Future Of Nigeria’s Education Lies On Private Universities – Prof Julius Okojie|url=https://www.theinfostride.com/future-of-nigerias-education-lies-on-private-universities-prof-julius-okojie/|last=David|first=Folami|date=2019-11-23|website=InfoStride News|language=en-US|access-date=2021-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban majagaba shine Sarkin Yauri, [[Alhaji Tukur]] wanda [[Rotimi Williams]] ya gaje shi. A lokacin kuma da aka fara aiki, aiwatar da manufofin kungiyar ya samu cikas saboda tsarin doka na gidauniyar ta, domin hukumar NUC kungiya ce mai zaman kanta a cikin ofishin majalisar ministocin yayin da ilimin jami’a wannan  lokaci ne a jamhuriya ta farko ya kasance cikin jerin gwano. Bayan da sojoji suka hau mulki a shekarar 1966, NUC ta samu ikon gudanar da ayyukan daidaitawa a cikin tsarin jami'o'in tarayya. A cikin 1974, sabuwar doka ta sake fasalin NUC don zama cikakkiyar hukuma wacce Babban Sakatare zai jagoranta.

A karkashin Jubril Aminu a matsayin sakatare, NUC ta kafa ofishin da ke kasashen ketare domin hada kai da daukar ma’aikata a sabbin jami’o’i. Tsakanin 1975 da 1998, NUC ta tsunduma cikin harkokin gudanar da jami'o'i sannu a hankali ya karu, ya zama mai tasiri wajen nada mataimakan shugabannin jami'o'i, mambobin majalissar gudanarwa na jami'o'i tare da gudanar da kafa sabbin malamai da bayar da kwas. A cikin 1985, an ɗora shi tare da ƙarin nauyi don saita mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodin ilimi da dubawa da bayar da kwas a jami'o'i.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ibijola|last2=Yinka|first2=Elizabeth|date=2014|title=Accreditation Role of the National Universities Commission and the Quality of the Educational Inputs into Nigerian University System|url=https://eric.ed.gov/?q=%22national+universities+commission%22&amp;id=EJ1053936|journal=Universal Journal of Educational Research|language=en|volume=2|issue=9|pages=648–654|issn=2332-3205}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1999, sabuwar gwamnatin dimokuradiyya ta ba da 'yancin cin gashin kai ga jami'o'in gudanarwar majalisun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Capano |first=Giliberto |date=December 2011 |title=GOVERNMENT CONTINUES TO DO ITS JOB. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GOVERNANCE SHIFTS IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2011.01936.x |journal=Public Administration |language=en |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=1622–1642 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9299.2011.01936.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manufofin ==

* Nasiha mai gudanarwa kan bukatun kudi na jami'o'i.
* Gudanar da ci gaban jami'o'i a Najeriya.
* Rabawa da bayar da tallafin tarayya da taimakon waje ga jami'o'i.
* Bincike da nasiha kan batutuwan da suka shafi ci gaban manyan makarantu a Najeriya.
* Nasiha a kan ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin bayar da digiri.
* Ba da shawara ga gwamnati game da samar da manyan makarantu a cikin jami'o'in Najeriya &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |url-status=I – XI}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Sakatarorin gudanarwa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Federal presence in Nigeria : the 'sung' and 'unsung' basis for ethnic grievance|url=https://archive.org/details/federalpresencei0000egwa|last=O.|first=Egwaikhide, Festus|date=2009|publisher=Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa|others=Isumonah, Victor A., Ayodele, Olumide S.|isbn=9782869783966|location=Dakar, Senegal|pages=[https://archive.org/details/federalpresencei0000egwa/page/59 59]|oclc=646835837}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
! Suna
! Lokaci
|-
| Okoi Arikpo
| 1962-1969
|-
| Jibril Aminu
| 1975 1979
|-
| Abel Guobadia (mai aiki)
| 1979-1981
|-
| Yahaya Aliyu
| 1981-1986
|-
| Idris Abdulkadir
| 1986-1996
|-
| [[Munzali Jibril]]
| 1996-1999
|-
| Peter Okebukola
| 1999-2006
|-
| Julius Okojie
| 2006-2016
|-
| Abubakar Rasheed
| 2016 -
|}

== Ayyuka ==
A cikin shekara ta 2002, hukumar ta NUC ta gudanar da bincike mai inganci da inganci da martabar jami'o'in jihohi da na tarayya. Ƙungiyar ta kafa hanyar sadarwa ta lantarki don haɗa ayyukan bincike a cikin jami'o'i da juna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Strassner|first=Erich|last2=Hartnett|first2=Teresa A.|last3=Saint|first3=William|date=2003-09-01|title=Higher Education in Nigeria: A Status Report|journal=Higher Education Policy|language=en|volume=16|issue=3|pages=259-281|doi=10.1057/palgrave.hep.8300021|issn=1740-3863|citeseerx=10.1.1.111.7560}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 3 ga Fabrairu  2021&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=3 Feb 2021|title=FEC approves 20 new private universities (FULL LIST)|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/440434-fec-approves-20-new-private-universities-full-list.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=7 Feb 2021|website=[[Premium Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Hukumar Jami'o'in Najeriya ta amince da karin Jami'o'i masu zaman kansu guda 20 wadanda a yanzu sun sanya jami'o'i masu zaman kansu 99 da aka amince da su a Najeriya, wanda kuma ya hada da [https://portal.miu.edu.ng/ Jami'ar Mewar International University] {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} da [https://adhyaygroup.com/ Adhyay International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529063557/https://adhyaygroup.com/ |date=2023-05-29 }} ta inganta wanda ya sanya ta zama Jami'ar Indiya ta farko don fadada harabarta zuwa Najeriya a cikin [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]]

== Dokoki ==

* Ba da izini ga duk shirye-shiryen ilimi da ake gudanarwa a jami'o'in Najeriya;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-18 |title=Creation of new tertiary institutions despite confessed inability to fund revival of educational system: APPROVAL BY NUC A DESIDERATUM (3) |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/creation-of-new-tertiary-institutions-despite-confessed-inability-to-fund-revival-of-educational-system-approval-by-nuc-a-desideratum-3/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ba da izini don kafa duk manyan makarantun da ke ba da shirye-shiryen digiri a jami'o'in Najeriya;
* Tabbatar da ingantaccen tabbacin duk shirye-shiryen ilimi da ake bayarwa a jami'o'in Najeriya;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Google Scholar |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&amp;as_sdt=0,5&amp;q=national+university+commission+nigeria&amp;oq=national+University+commission#d=gs_qabs&amp;t=1653398536238&amp;u=#p=lGozSTblLSYJ |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=scholar.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma
* Tashar don duk tallafin waje ga jami'o'in Najeriya. 

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin Jami'o'in Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.nuc.edu.ng/ Hukumar Jami’o’in Najeriya]
* [http://nuc.newsletter.com/ Jaridar NUC]
* [https://www.recruitmentzilla.com/jobs/nuc-recruitment/ NUC Job Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926145936/https://www.recruitmentzilla.com/jobs/nuc-recruitment/ |date=2021-09-26 }}
{{Authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>FK Kauno Žalgiris</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Makenzis</username>
        <id>8913</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Daraja */</comment>
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      <text bytes="6302" sha1="16zxw66fz1n4wvwfsjmn7rwz2d7f6od" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Futbolo, klubas Kauno Žalgiris''', wanda aka fi sani da '''FK Kauno Žalgiris''', Kauno Žalgiris ko kuma kawai Žalgiris, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta [[Lithuania]] da ke [[Kaunas]]. Kulob din yana fafatawa a gasar [[TOPLYGA]], babban wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na [[Lithuania]]. An kafa kulob din a matsayin Spyris a cikin 2004.

Lauyoyin kungiyar kore da fari ne. Kulob din yana buga wasa a filin wasa na [[Dariaus ir Girėno stadionas]] da ke [[Kaunas]] wanda, ke da karfin 15,000.

== Daraja ==
* {{Flagicon|Lithuania}} '''[[A lyga]]'''
** [[File:Gold medal blank.svg|17px]] '''Zakarun gasar''' (2) : 2025, 2026
** [[File:Silver medal blank.svg|17px]] Na biyu (1) : 2022

* '''Kofin Lithuania'''
** [[File:Cup_Winner.png]] (1) : 2026
** [[File:Cup_Finalist.png]] (0) : 

* '''Gasar Kofin'''
** [[File:Cup_Winner.png]] (1) : 2026&lt;ref&gt;[https://toplyga.lt/naujiena/kauno-zalgiris-pirma-karta-laimejo-supertaure/9311 „Kauno Žalgiris“ pirmą kartą laimėjo Supertaurę]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sportas.lt/naujiena/535713/kauno-zalgiris-iskovojo-pirmaji-sezono-trofeju „Kauno Žalgiris“ iškovojo pirmąjį sezono trofėjų]&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[File:Cup_Finalist.png]] (0) :

== Matsayin Lig ==
=== FK Spyris ===
;FK Spyris (''Futbolo klubas Spyris'')
{|  class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;
|-
!Lokaci
!Matakin
!Gasar
!Matsayi
!@
!Bayanin kula
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2013'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[Pirma lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2013.html#1lyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2014'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[Pirma lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2014.html#1lyga&lt;/ref&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2015]]'''
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2015|2015]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2015.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}
=== FK Kauno Žalgiris ===
;FK Kauno Žalgiris (''Futbolo klubas Kauno Žalgiris'')
{|  class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;
|-
!Lokaci
!Matakin
!Gasar
!Matsayi
!@
!Bayanin kula
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2016|2016]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''8.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2016.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2017|2017]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''8.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2017.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2018|2018]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2018.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2019|2019]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2019.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2020|2020]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2020.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2021|2021]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2021.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2022|2022]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#BBBBBB&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2022.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2023'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2023.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2024'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2024.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2025'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[TOPLYGA]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#FFDD00&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2025.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

== Diddigin bayanai ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Sauran yanar gizo ==
* [https://zalgiris.lt/komandos/fk-kauno-zalgiris Tashar yanar gizo] 
* [https://www.facebook.com/fkkaunozalgiris?locale=lt_LT Facebook]
* [https://us.soccerway.com/teams/lithuania/spyris-kaunas/8413/ SOCCERWAY]
* [https://www.transfermarkt.com/fk-kauno-zalgiris/startseite/verein/40090 Transfermarkt]
* [https://toplyga.lt/komanda/k-zalgiris FK Kauno Žalgiris: toplyga.lt]
* [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/fk-kauno-zalgiris/15855/ Globalsportsarchive]

[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>16zxw66fz1n4wvwfsjmn7rwz2d7f6od</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975542</id>
      <parentid>975541</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T12:40:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Makenzis</username>
        <id>8913</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* FK Kauno Žalgiris */</comment>
      <origin>975542</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6607" sha1="quh92x6kzm7f666dxku6qjuos5lrb3b" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Futbolo, klubas Kauno Žalgiris''', wanda aka fi sani da '''FK Kauno Žalgiris''', Kauno Žalgiris ko kuma kawai Žalgiris, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta [[Lithuania]] da ke [[Kaunas]]. Kulob din yana fafatawa a gasar [[TOPLYGA]], babban wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na [[Lithuania]]. An kafa kulob din a matsayin Spyris a cikin 2004.

Lauyoyin kungiyar kore da fari ne. Kulob din yana buga wasa a filin wasa na [[Dariaus ir Girėno stadionas]] da ke [[Kaunas]] wanda, ke da karfin 15,000.

== Daraja ==
* {{Flagicon|Lithuania}} '''[[A lyga]]'''
** [[File:Gold medal blank.svg|17px]] '''Zakarun gasar''' (2) : 2025, 2026
** [[File:Silver medal blank.svg|17px]] Na biyu (1) : 2022

* '''Kofin Lithuania'''
** [[File:Cup_Winner.png]] (1) : 2026
** [[File:Cup_Finalist.png]] (0) : 

* '''Gasar Kofin'''
** [[File:Cup_Winner.png]] (1) : 2026&lt;ref&gt;[https://toplyga.lt/naujiena/kauno-zalgiris-pirma-karta-laimejo-supertaure/9311 „Kauno Žalgiris“ pirmą kartą laimėjo Supertaurę]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sportas.lt/naujiena/535713/kauno-zalgiris-iskovojo-pirmaji-sezono-trofeju „Kauno Žalgiris“ iškovojo pirmąjį sezono trofėjų]&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[File:Cup_Finalist.png]] (0) :

== Matsayin Lig ==
=== FK Spyris ===
;FK Spyris (''Futbolo klubas Spyris'')
{|  class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;
|-
!Lokaci
!Matakin
!Gasar
!Matsayi
!@
!Bayanin kula
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2013'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[Pirma lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2013.html#1lyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2014'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[Pirma lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2014.html#1lyga&lt;/ref&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2015]]'''
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2015|2015]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2015.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}
=== FK Kauno Žalgiris ===
;FK Kauno Žalgiris (''Futbolo klubas Kauno Žalgiris'')
{|  class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;
|-
!Lokaci
!Matakin
!Gasar
!Matsayi
!@
!Bayanin kula
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2016|2016]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''8.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2016.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2017|2017]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''8.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2017.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2018|2018]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2018.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2019|2019]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2019.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2020|2020]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2020.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2021|2021]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2021.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2022|2022]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#BBBBBB&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2022.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2023'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2023.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2024'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2024.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2025'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#FFDD00&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2025.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2026'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[TOPLYGA]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#FFDD00&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2026.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

== Diddigin bayanai ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Sauran yanar gizo ==
* [https://zalgiris.lt/komandos/fk-kauno-zalgiris Tashar yanar gizo] 
* [https://www.facebook.com/fkkaunozalgiris?locale=lt_LT Facebook]
* [https://us.soccerway.com/teams/lithuania/spyris-kaunas/8413/ SOCCERWAY]
* [https://www.transfermarkt.com/fk-kauno-zalgiris/startseite/verein/40090 Transfermarkt]
* [https://toplyga.lt/komanda/k-zalgiris FK Kauno Žalgiris: toplyga.lt]
* [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/fk-kauno-zalgiris/15855/ Globalsportsarchive]

[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>quh92x6kzm7f666dxku6qjuos5lrb3b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975543</id>
      <parentid>975542</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T12:41:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Makenzis</username>
        <id>8913</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Daraja */</comment>
      <origin>975543</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6616" sha1="fyxu9axgo0o0juj3o4yya8tiazngpy6" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Futbolo, klubas Kauno Žalgiris''', wanda aka fi sani da '''FK Kauno Žalgiris''', Kauno Žalgiris ko kuma kawai Žalgiris, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta [[Lithuania]] da ke [[Kaunas]]. Kulob din yana fafatawa a gasar [[TOPLYGA]], babban wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na [[Lithuania]]. An kafa kulob din a matsayin Spyris a cikin 2004.

Lauyoyin kungiyar kore da fari ne. Kulob din yana buga wasa a filin wasa na [[Dariaus ir Girėno stadionas]] da ke [[Kaunas]] wanda, ke da karfin 15,000.

== Daraja ==
* {{Flagicon|Lithuania}} '''[[TPOLYGA]], A lyga'''
** [[File:Gold medal blank.svg|17px]] '''Zakarun gasar''' (2) : 2025, 2026
** [[File:Silver medal blank.svg|17px]] Na biyu (1) : 2022

* '''Kofin Lithuania'''
** [[File:Cup_Winner.png]] (1) : 2026
** [[File:Cup_Finalist.png]] (0) : 

* '''Gasar Kofin'''
** [[File:Cup_Winner.png]] (1) : 2026&lt;ref&gt;[https://toplyga.lt/naujiena/kauno-zalgiris-pirma-karta-laimejo-supertaure/9311 „Kauno Žalgiris“ pirmą kartą laimėjo Supertaurę]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sportas.lt/naujiena/535713/kauno-zalgiris-iskovojo-pirmaji-sezono-trofeju „Kauno Žalgiris“ iškovojo pirmąjį sezono trofėjų]&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[File:Cup_Finalist.png]] (0) :

== Matsayin Lig ==
=== FK Spyris ===
;FK Spyris (''Futbolo klubas Spyris'')
{|  class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;
|-
!Lokaci
!Matakin
!Gasar
!Matsayi
!@
!Bayanin kula
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2013'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[Pirma lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2013.html#1lyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2014'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[Pirma lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2014.html#1lyga&lt;/ref&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2015]]'''
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2015|2015]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2015.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}
=== FK Kauno Žalgiris ===
;FK Kauno Žalgiris (''Futbolo klubas Kauno Žalgiris'')
{|  class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;
|-
!Lokaci
!Matakin
!Gasar
!Matsayi
!@
!Bayanin kula
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2016|2016]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''8.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2016.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2017|2017]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''8.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2017.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2018|2018]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2018.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2019|2019]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2019.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2020|2020]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2020.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2021|2021]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2021.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2022|2022]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#BBBBBB&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2022.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2023'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2023.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2024'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2024.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2025'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#FFDD00&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2025.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2026'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[TOPLYGA]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#FFDD00&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2026.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

== Diddigin bayanai ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Sauran yanar gizo ==
* [https://zalgiris.lt/komandos/fk-kauno-zalgiris Tashar yanar gizo] 
* [https://www.facebook.com/fkkaunozalgiris?locale=lt_LT Facebook]
* [https://us.soccerway.com/teams/lithuania/spyris-kaunas/8413/ SOCCERWAY]
* [https://www.transfermarkt.com/fk-kauno-zalgiris/startseite/verein/40090 Transfermarkt]
* [https://toplyga.lt/komanda/k-zalgiris FK Kauno Žalgiris: toplyga.lt]
* [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/fk-kauno-zalgiris/15855/ Globalsportsarchive]

[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>fyxu9axgo0o0juj3o4yya8tiazngpy6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975585</id>
      <parentid>975543</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T16:52:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baby juuu</username>
        <id>38856</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>975585</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6627" sha1="lmlsqjb3tjgj2j6ndbi09n0kn3wwh5j" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Futbolo, klubas Kauno Žalgiris''', wanda aka fi sani da '''FK Kauno Žalgiris''', Kauno Žalgiris ko kuma kawai Žalgiris, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta [[Lithuania]] da ke [[Kaunas]]. Kulob din yana fafatawa a gasar [[TOPLYGA]], babban wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na [[Lithuania]]. An kafa kulob din a matsayin Spyris a cikin shekara ta 2004.

Lauyoyin kungiyar kore da fari ne. Kulob din yana buga wasa a filin wasa na [[Dariaus ir Girėno stadionas]] da ke [[Kaunas]] wanda, ke da karfin 15,000.

== Daraja ==
* {{Flagicon|Lithuania}} '''[[TPOLYGA]], A lyga'''
** [[File:Gold medal blank.svg|17px]] '''Zakarun gasar''' (2) : 2025, 2026
** [[File:Silver medal blank.svg|17px]] Na biyu (1) : 2022

* '''Kofin Lithuania'''
** [[File:Cup_Winner.png]] (1) : 2026
** [[File:Cup_Finalist.png]] (0) : 

* '''Gasar Kofin'''
** [[File:Cup_Winner.png]] (1) : 2026&lt;ref&gt;[https://toplyga.lt/naujiena/kauno-zalgiris-pirma-karta-laimejo-supertaure/9311 „Kauno Žalgiris“ pirmą kartą laimėjo Supertaurę]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sportas.lt/naujiena/535713/kauno-zalgiris-iskovojo-pirmaji-sezono-trofeju „Kauno Žalgiris“ iškovojo pirmąjį sezono trofėjų]&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[File:Cup_Finalist.png]] (0) :

== Matsayin Lig ==
=== FK Spyris ===
;FK Spyris (''Futbolo klubas Spyris'')
{|  class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;
|-
!Lokaci
!Matakin
!Gasar
!Matsayi
!@
!Bayanin kula
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2013'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[Pirma lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2013.html#1lyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2014'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F4DC93&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[Pirma lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2014.html#1lyga&lt;/ref&gt;
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2015]]'''
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2015|2015]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2015.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}
=== FK Kauno Žalgiris ===
;FK Kauno Žalgiris (''Futbolo klubas Kauno Žalgiris'')
{|  class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;
|-
!Lokaci
!Matakin
!Gasar
!Matsayi
!@
!Bayanin kula
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2016|2016]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''8.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2016.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2017|2017]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''8.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2017.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2018|2018]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''5.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2018.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2019|2019]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2019.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2020|2020]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#ddffdd&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.'''
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2020.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2021|2021]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2021.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga 2022|2022]]'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#BBBBBB&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2022.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2023'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''4.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2023.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2024'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#DEB678&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''3.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2024.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2025'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[A lyga]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#FFDD00&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2025.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''2026'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.'''
| bgcolor=&quot;#DDFFDD&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[TOPLYGA]]''' 
| bgcolor=&quot;#FFDD00&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''1.''' 
| &lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2026.html#alyga&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

== Diddigin bayanai ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Sauran yanar gizo ==
* [https://zalgiris.lt/komandos/fk-kauno-zalgiris Tashar yanar gizo] 
* [https://www.facebook.com/fkkaunozalgiris?locale=lt_LT Facebook]
* [https://us.soccerway.com/teams/lithuania/spyris-kaunas/8413/ SOCCERWAY]
* [https://www.transfermarkt.com/fk-kauno-zalgiris/startseite/verein/40090 Transfermarkt]
* [https://toplyga.lt/komanda/k-zalgiris FK Kauno Žalgiris: toplyga.lt]
* [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/fk-kauno-zalgiris/15855/ Globalsportsarchive]

[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>lmlsqjb3tjgj2j6ndbi09n0kn3wwh5j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Diane Nukuri</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>43074</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975603</id>
      <parentid>512728</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T19:34:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hauwa'u lawal ardo</username>
        <id>27936</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>975603</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1789" sha1="dwog8saipja9babgsas8mkrbp4v99sv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:IMG 6616 Diane Nukuri (42060069844).jpg|thumb|Hoton yarbtserr nukuri]]
[[Fayil:Diane Nukuri - 2012 Olympic Womens Marathon (cropped).jpg|thumb|Diane nukuri]]
'''Diane Nukuri,''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1984, a [[Kigozi-Mukike]]) 'yar wasan tseren nesa ne 'yar ƙasar Burundi kuma Ba'amurkiya.   Ta fafata ne a [[Burundi|kasar Burundi]] tun tana ‘yar shekara goma sha biyar a gasar Olympics ta bazara a shekara ta 2000 a [[Sydney]] a tseren mita 5,000 da kuma gasar Olympics ta lokacin rani ta shekarar 2012 da aka yi a [[Landan]] a gudun fanfalaki. Nukuri ta gudu zuwa Jami'ar Iowa a kwaleji. Ita ce mai rike da tutar Burundi a gasar Olympics ta bazara a shekarun  2000 da 2012.

== Ƙuruciya ==
Nukuri ta fara gudu tun tana kuruciyarta, tana farawa kadan fiye da shekara guda kafin kwarewarta ta farko ta Olympics (wasannin Olympics na 2000 a Sydney). Ta shiga gasar karamar hukumar IAAF ta duniya sau biyu, inda ta zo ta 18 a shekarar 2000 sannan ta 27 a shekara mai zuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;IAAFBio&quot;&gt;[http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/biographies/country=bdi/athcode=174771/index.html Nukuri Diane]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2012-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe lambar tagulla a tseren mita 10,000 a wasannin 2001 na Francophone a [[Ottawa]], Ontario, Canada. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/fg.htm Francophone Games]. GBR Athletics. Retrieved on 2012-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan wasannin, Nukuri ta gudu zuwa [[Toronto]], tana neman mafaka daga [[Burundi|yakin basasar Burundi]]. A lokacin, Nukuri ta riga ta rasa mahaifinta a rikicin, kuma ta san ba za ta sami aikin gudu ba idan ta zauna a Burundi. An ba ta mafaka, kuma ta zauna tare da dangi a Pickering, Ontario, wani yanki na [[Toronto]].


== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1984]]</text>
      <sha1>dwog8saipja9babgsas8mkrbp4v99sv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975604</id>
      <parentid>975603</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T19:34:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hauwa'u lawal ardo</username>
        <id>27936</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>975604</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1790" sha1="9kl2w7mhb1j35i1s486muewp7diyrmt" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:IMG 6616 Diane Nukuri (42060069844).jpg|thumb|Hoton yarbtserr nukuri]]
[[Fayil:Diane Nukuri - 2012 Olympic Womens Marathon (cropped).jpg|thumb|Diane nukuri]]
'''Diane Nukuri,''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1984, a [[Kigozi-Mukike]]), 'yar wasan tseren nesa ne 'yar ƙasar Burundi kuma Ba'amurkiya.   Ta fafata ne a [[Burundi|kasar Burundi]] tun tana ‘yar shekara goma sha biyar a gasar Olympics ta bazara a shekara ta 2000 a [[Sydney]] a tseren mita 5,000 da kuma gasar Olympics ta lokacin rani ta shekarar 2012 da aka yi a [[Landan]] a gudun fanfalaki. Nukuri ta gudu zuwa Jami'ar Iowa a kwaleji. Ita ce mai rike da tutar Burundi a gasar Olympics ta bazara a shekarun  2000 da 2012.

== Ƙuruciya ==
Nukuri ta fara gudu tun tana kuruciyarta, tana farawa kadan fiye da shekara guda kafin kwarewarta ta farko ta Olympics (wasannin Olympics na 2000 a Sydney). Ta shiga gasar karamar hukumar IAAF ta duniya sau biyu, inda ta zo ta 18 a shekarar 2000 sannan ta 27 a shekara mai zuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;IAAFBio&quot;&gt;[http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/biographies/country=bdi/athcode=174771/index.html Nukuri Diane]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2012-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe lambar tagulla a tseren mita 10,000 a wasannin 2001 na Francophone a [[Ottawa]], Ontario, Canada. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/fg.htm Francophone Games]. GBR Athletics. Retrieved on 2012-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan wasannin, Nukuri ta gudu zuwa [[Toronto]], tana neman mafaka daga [[Burundi|yakin basasar Burundi]]. A lokacin, Nukuri ta riga ta rasa mahaifinta a rikicin, kuma ta san ba za ta sami aikin gudu ba idan ta zauna a Burundi. An ba ta mafaka, kuma ta zauna tare da dangi a Pickering, Ontario, wani yanki na [[Toronto]].


== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1984]]</text>
      <sha1>9kl2w7mhb1j35i1s486muewp7diyrmt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kristian Brix</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>46099</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975784</id>
      <parentid>743985</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T10:25:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>975784</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3323" sha1="exgkdwuoufr4h1lmdgf0g9kq1l3fr79" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Kristian Brix''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1990) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan [[Norway|ƙasar Norway]] kuma ɗan ƙasar Gambiya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vålerenga Fotball&quot; . Archived from the

original on June 8, 2008. Retrieved July 17, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vil ikke dra utenlands | Aftenbladet.no&quot; .

Archived from the original on July 20, 2011.

Retrieved November 1, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahaifiyarsa 'yar kasar Norway ce, kuma mahaifinsa dan Gambia ne. &lt;ref&gt;Hasle, Anders Mehlum (23 May 2011). &quot;Får ikke

spille landskamp&quot; (in Norwegian). Sandefjords Blad.

Retrieved 5 February 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Sana'a ==
Brix shi ne dan wasa na farko da aka haifa a cikin shekarar 1990s da ya fito tare da tawagar farko ta Vålerenga, kuma ya yi fice a gasar cin kofin gida da na UEFA Cup. Ya zura kwallo a ragar kungiyar Ekranas [[Lithuania|ta Lithuania]] a watan Agustan shekarar 2007.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;SoccerFacts UK Player Details&quot; .

Soccerfactsuk.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-05-21.&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya buga wasanni hudu a Tippeligaen 2007.  Ya shafe  rabin farko na kakar 2008 akan aro zuwa kulob ɗin Sogndal. 

A ranar 3 ga watan Disamba 2010 ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kulob ɗin Sandefjord.

A ranar 2 ga watan Janairu 2015 Kristian ya sauya sheka zuwa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Gambia|Gambia]] kuma yana sha'awar taka leda a kulob ɗin Senior Scorpions. &lt;ref&gt;Bah, Sulayman (2015-01-02). &quot;Gambia: Top

Norwegian Footballer Switches Allegiance to

Gambia&quot; . allAfrica.com. Retrieved 2015-05-21.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya samu kiransa na farko a duniya a cikin watan Maris 2017.

14 Janairu 2019, Brix ya sanya hannu tare da kulob ɗin KFUM. &lt;ref&gt;[https://kfum-kam.no/portal/arego/club/424/news/9413935 - Står ikke tilbake for noen i ligaen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124600/https://www.kfum-kam.no/portal/arego/club/424/news/9413935 |date=2019-02-09 }}, kfum-kam.no, 14 January 2019&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kakar 2019 Brix ya yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga kwallon kafa.

== Kididdigar sana'a ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kaka
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kulob
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Rarraba
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kofin
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimlar
|-
! Aikace-aikace
! Manufa
! Aikace-aikace
! Manufa
! Aikace-aikace
! Manufa
|-
| 2007
| Vålerenga
| Tippeligaen
| 4
| 0
| 2
| 0
| 6
| 0
|-
| 2008
| Sogndal
| Adeccoligaen
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 3
| 0
|-
| 2009
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Vålerenga
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Tippeligaen
| 5
| 0
| 2
| 0
| 7
| 0
|-
| 2010
| 5
| 0
| 2
| 0
| 7
| 0
|-
| 2011
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Sandefjord
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Adeccoligaen
| 28
| 5
| 3
| 0
| 31
| 5
|-
| 2012
| 26
| 1
| 4
| 0
| 30
| 1
|-
| 2013
| 26
| 2
| 3
| 0
| 29
| 2
|-
| 2014
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Bodø/Glimt
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Tippeligaen
| 28
| 0
| 4
| 0
| 32
| 0
|-
| 2015
| 19
| 0
| 2
| 0
| 21
| 0
|-
| 2016
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Fredrikstad
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | OBOS-ligaen
| 29
| 1
| 3
| 1
| 32
| 2
|-
| 2017
| 9
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 10
| 1
|-
| 2017
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sandnes Ulf
| 14
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 14
| 0
|-
| 2018
| 25
| 2
| 2
| 0
| 27
| 2
|-
| 2019
| KFUM
| 26
| 3
| 3
| 0
| 29
| 3
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Jimlar Sana'a
! 245
! 15
! 31
! 1
! 276
! 16
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Soccerway|kristian-brix/10324}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
      <sha1>exgkdwuoufr4h1lmdgf0g9kq1l3fr79</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975785</id>
      <parentid>975784</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T10:25:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>975785</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3332" sha1="5p0eu9reormsdvg46wlxrl76nmwrdcr" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Kristian Brix''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1990) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan [[Norway|ƙasar Norway]] kuma ɗan ƙasar Gambiya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vålerenga Fotball&quot; . Archived from the

original on June 8, 2008. Retrieved July 17, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vil ikke dra utenlands | Aftenbladet.no&quot; .

Archived from the original on July 20, 2011.

Retrieved November 1, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahaifiyarsa 'yar kasar Norway ce, kuma mahaifinsa dan Gambia ne. &lt;ref&gt;Hasle, Anders Mehlum (23 May 2011). &quot;Får ikke

spille landskamp&quot; (in Norwegian). Sandefjords Blad.

Retrieved 5 February 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Sana'a ==
Brix shi ne dan wasa na farko da aka haifa a cikin shekarar 1990s da ya fito tare da tawagar farko ta Vålerenga, kuma ya yi fice a gasar cin kofin gida da na UEFA Cup. Ya zura kwallo a ragar kungiyar Ekranas [[Lithuania|ta Lithuania]] a watan Agustan shekarar 2007.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;SoccerFacts UK Player Details&quot; .

Soccerfactsuk.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-05-21.&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya buga wasanni hudu a Tippeligaen 2007.  Ya shafe  rabin farko na kakar shekarar 2008 akan aro zuwa kulob ɗin Sogndal. 

A ranar 3 ga watan Disamba 2010 ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kulob ɗin Sandefjord.

A ranar 2 ga watan Janairu 2015 Kristian ya sauya sheka zuwa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Gambia|Gambia]] kuma yana sha'awar taka leda a kulob ɗin Senior Scorpions. &lt;ref&gt;Bah, Sulayman (2015-01-02). &quot;Gambia: Top

Norwegian Footballer Switches Allegiance to

Gambia&quot; . allAfrica.com. Retrieved 2015-05-21.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya samu kiransa na farko a duniya a cikin watan Maris 2017.

14 Janairu 2019, Brix ya sanya hannu tare da kulob ɗin KFUM. &lt;ref&gt;[https://kfum-kam.no/portal/arego/club/424/news/9413935 - Står ikke tilbake for noen i ligaen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124600/https://www.kfum-kam.no/portal/arego/club/424/news/9413935 |date=2019-02-09 }}, kfum-kam.no, 14 January 2019&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kakar 2019 Brix ya yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga kwallon kafa.

== Kididdigar sana'a ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kaka
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kulob
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Rarraba
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kofin
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimlar
|-
! Aikace-aikace
! Manufa
! Aikace-aikace
! Manufa
! Aikace-aikace
! Manufa
|-
| 2007
| Vålerenga
| Tippeligaen
| 4
| 0
| 2
| 0
| 6
| 0
|-
| 2008
| Sogndal
| Adeccoligaen
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 3
| 0
|-
| 2009
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Vålerenga
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Tippeligaen
| 5
| 0
| 2
| 0
| 7
| 0
|-
| 2010
| 5
| 0
| 2
| 0
| 7
| 0
|-
| 2011
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Sandefjord
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Adeccoligaen
| 28
| 5
| 3
| 0
| 31
| 5
|-
| 2012
| 26
| 1
| 4
| 0
| 30
| 1
|-
| 2013
| 26
| 2
| 3
| 0
| 29
| 2
|-
| 2014
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Bodø/Glimt
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Tippeligaen
| 28
| 0
| 4
| 0
| 32
| 0
|-
| 2015
| 19
| 0
| 2
| 0
| 21
| 0
|-
| 2016
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Fredrikstad
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | OBOS-ligaen
| 29
| 1
| 3
| 1
| 32
| 2
|-
| 2017
| 9
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 10
| 1
|-
| 2017
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sandnes Ulf
| 14
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 14
| 0
|-
| 2018
| 25
| 2
| 2
| 0
| 27
| 2
|-
| 2019
| KFUM
| 26
| 3
| 3
| 0
| 29
| 3
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Jimlar Sana'a
! 245
! 15
! 31
! 1
! 276
! 16
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Soccerway|kristian-brix/10324}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
      <sha1>5p0eu9reormsdvg46wlxrl76nmwrdcr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975786</id>
      <parentid>975785</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T10:25:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
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      <text bytes="3342" sha1="1eg91hq2ujiq331kojtdwzx1h31tkp9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Kristian Brix''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1990) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan [[Norway|ƙasar Norway]] kuma ɗan ƙasar Gambiya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vålerenga Fotball&quot; . Archived from the

original on June 8, 2008. Retrieved July 17, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Vil ikke dra utenlands | Aftenbladet.no&quot; .

Archived from the original on July 20, 2011.

Retrieved November 1, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahaifiyarsa 'yar kasar Norway ce, kuma mahaifinsa dan Gambia ne. &lt;ref&gt;Hasle, Anders Mehlum (23 May 2011). &quot;Får ikke

spille landskamp&quot; (in Norwegian). Sandefjords Blad.

Retrieved 5 February 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Sana'a ==
Brix shi ne dan wasa na farko da aka haifa a cikin shekarar 1990s da ya fito tare da tawagar farko ta Vålerenga, kuma ya yi fice a gasar cin kofin gida da na UEFA Cup. Ya zura kwallo a ragar kungiyar Ekranas [[Lithuania|ta Lithuania]] a watan Agustan shekarar 2007.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;SoccerFacts UK Player Details&quot; .

Soccerfactsuk.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-05-21.&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya buga wasanni hudu a Tippeligaen 2007.  Ya shafe  rabin farko na kakar shekarar 2008 akan aro zuwa kulob ɗin Sogndal. 

A ranar 3 ga watan Disamban shekarar 2010 ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kulob ɗin Sandefjord.

A ranar 2 ga watan Janairu 2015 Kristian ya sauya sheka zuwa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Gambia|Gambia]] kuma yana sha'awar taka leda a kulob ɗin Senior Scorpions. &lt;ref&gt;Bah, Sulayman (2015-01-02). &quot;Gambia: Top

Norwegian Footballer Switches Allegiance to

Gambia&quot; . allAfrica.com. Retrieved 2015-05-21.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya samu kiransa na farko a duniya a cikin watan Maris 2017.

14 Janairu 2019, Brix ya sanya hannu tare da kulob ɗin KFUM. &lt;ref&gt;[https://kfum-kam.no/portal/arego/club/424/news/9413935 - Står ikke tilbake for noen i ligaen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124600/https://www.kfum-kam.no/portal/arego/club/424/news/9413935 |date=2019-02-09 }}, kfum-kam.no, 14 January 2019&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kakar 2019 Brix ya yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga kwallon kafa.

== Kididdigar sana'a ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kaka
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kulob
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Rarraba
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kofin
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimlar
|-
! Aikace-aikace
! Manufa
! Aikace-aikace
! Manufa
! Aikace-aikace
! Manufa
|-
| 2007
| Vålerenga
| Tippeligaen
| 4
| 0
| 2
| 0
| 6
| 0
|-
| 2008
| Sogndal
| Adeccoligaen
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 3
| 0
|-
| 2009
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Vålerenga
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Tippeligaen
| 5
| 0
| 2
| 0
| 7
| 0
|-
| 2010
| 5
| 0
| 2
| 0
| 7
| 0
|-
| 2011
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Sandefjord
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Adeccoligaen
| 28
| 5
| 3
| 0
| 31
| 5
|-
| 2012
| 26
| 1
| 4
| 0
| 30
| 1
|-
| 2013
| 26
| 2
| 3
| 0
| 29
| 2
|-
| 2014
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Bodø/Glimt
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Tippeligaen
| 28
| 0
| 4
| 0
| 32
| 0
|-
| 2015
| 19
| 0
| 2
| 0
| 21
| 0
|-
| 2016
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Fredrikstad
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | OBOS-ligaen
| 29
| 1
| 3
| 1
| 32
| 2
|-
| 2017
| 9
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 10
| 1
|-
| 2017
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sandnes Ulf
| 14
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 14
| 0
|-
| 2018
| 25
| 2
| 2
| 0
| 27
| 2
|-
| 2019
| KFUM
| 26
| 3
| 3
| 0
| 29
| 3
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Jimlar Sana'a
! 245
! 15
! 31
! 1
! 276
! 16
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Soccerway|kristian-brix/10324}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
      <sha1>1eg91hq2ujiq331kojtdwzx1h31tkp9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Impofu Dam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>48182</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975701</id>
      <parentid>966695</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:31:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
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[[Fayil:ISS059-E-67838 - View of South Africa.jpg|thumb|hoton yanda south africa yake]]
'''Dam ɗin Impofu,''' wani dam ne mai haɗe da dutse mai cike da duniya wanda ke kan kogin Kromme, kusa da Humansdorp, Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1983 kuma babban manufarsa shi ne yin aiki don amfanin birni da masana'antu. Hatsarin da ke tattare da gina madatsar ruwan ya kasance a matsayi babba na uku (3).

== Wuri ==
Dam ɗin, tare da masana'antar tsarkake ruwa ta Elandsjagt, ta ta'allaka ne kawai daga kogin Kromme Dam . Dukkan hanyoyin N2 da R102 sun ratsa yammacin yankin dam. Hanyar zuwa bangon dam kanta bai dace da zirga-zirgar fasinjoji ba.

== Tarihi ==
An gina dam ɗin ne daga shekarar 1972 zuwa ta 1982. A cikin watan Yulin 1983, dam ɗin ya doke duk abin da ake tsammani ta cika cikin kwanaki uku.

== Girma ==
Tafkin yana da tsayi, ƙunƙuntar, kuma mai zurfi, tare da ƙofofi da yawa. Matsakaicin iya aiki miliyan 107 m³ kuma ruwan shi ne 6&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;km2&lt;/sup&gt;, 25&amp;nbsp;km tsawo, kuma 65&amp;nbsp;km a kewaye. Tsayin bangon ya kai mita 75 kuma tsayinsa ya kai mita 800.

== Amfani ==
Babban tushen ruwan sha na Fatakwal Elizabeth, dam ɗin yana kuma hana ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye gonaki da gidaje a kusa da bakin kogi. Tafkin yana da farin jini tare da masu kama kifi kamar yadda aka ba da nau'in kifi guda 5 da aka samu a wurin. Ana samun hanyar zamewa ga masu jirgin ruwa.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu
* Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu

== Littafi Mai Tsarki ==

* Logie, Bartle (1999). ''Tafiyar Gwamna.'' ''Tafiya tare da bakin tekun Kouga/Tsitsikamma'' . Mafarauta Retreat: Bluecliff. 
* [[krommerivier.wordpress.com]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230506162029/http://www.bassfishing.co.za/ www.bassfishing.co.za]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Jerin Madatsun Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu] daga Sashen Kula da Ruwa</text>
      <sha1>lp2gkr6bl1udncd7jwovaqqj71elx9r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abdul Sule</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49374</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975790</id>
      <parentid>975024</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T10:26:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="2787" sha1="gwm0eo17cu21jvccbid6bqmx7qgde5g" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} {{stub}}
'''Abdul Kareem Sule''' (an haife shi ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1975, a Kaduna) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya kuma wakilin ɗan wasa na yanzu.{{Stub}}

== Sanaa'a==
Sule ya fara taka leda a shekarar 1993 a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta garinsu mai suna NUB Kaduna (Nigeria Universal Bank), kafin ya koma ƙungiyar Stationery Stores F.C. da ke Legas a shekarar 1994. A watan Yulin 1995, ya koma ƙungiyar BCC Lions. Bayan shafe watanni shida, ya bar BCC Lions ya koma ƙungiyar Qatar SC.

A lokacin da yake taka leda a ƙungiyar da ke Doha, ya kasance cikin manyan ‘yan wasan da suka fi zura ƙwallaye. Wannan bajintar tasa ta sa ƙungiyar Herning Fremad ta ƙasar Denmark ta gano shi a shekarar 1997. Ya shafe shekaru uku yana bugawa Herning Fremad wasa kafin ya koma Akademisk Boldklub a shekarar 2000, kan kuɗin musayar ɗan wasa da ya kafa sabon tarihin Denmark a lokacin, wato DKK miliyan tara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Øivind Henrik von Mehren |title=Nigeria: Nigerian football players in Europe - EUFO |url=http://eufo.de/football/div/africa/nga.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006075417/http://eufo.de/football/div/africa/nga.htm |archive-date=2009-10-06 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=www.eufo.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya shafe shekaru biyar yana bugawa ƙungiyar wasa.
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://msnmand.dk/gallery/38054/171710 |title=Galleri - 10 horrible spiller-indkøb » MSN Mand |access-date=2010-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213032700/http://msnmand.dk/gallery/38054/171710 |archive-date=2010-02-13 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
A shekarar 2004, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da ƙungiyar Køge BK,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.bold.dk/nyt/Abdul-Sule-til-malaysisk-fodbold |title=Abdul Sule til malaysisk fodbold |access-date=2010-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324110508/http://www.bold.dk/nyt/Abdul-Sule-til-malaysisk-fodbold |archive-date=2012-03-24 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;amma ya bar ƙungiyar bayan shekara guda domin komawa AC Horsens.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tipsbladet.dk/nyhed/sas-liga/abdul-sule-vil-vaere-traener-i-danmark Abdul Sule vil være træner i Danmark | Tipsbladet]&lt;/ref&gt;A shekara mai zuwa, ya koma ƙungiyar Lolland-Falster Alliancen. A shekarar 2007 kuma, ya buga wasa a gasar Malaysia Super League tare da ƙungiyar Johor FC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ScandAsia.Com - Striker leaves Denmark for Malaysia |url=http://www.scandasia.com/viewNews.php?coun_code=my&amp;news_id=2924 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529035826/http://www.scandasia.com/viewNews.php?coun_code=my&amp;news_id=2924 |archive-date=2012-05-29 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=www.scandasia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[category:Haifaffun 1975]]
[[category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>gwm0eo17cu21jvccbid6bqmx7qgde5g</sha1>
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      <text bytes="2796" sha1="jt87k83phclztqdc5214f79yno8lh1t" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} {{stub}}
'''Abdul Kareem Sule''' (an haife shi ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1975, a Kaduna) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya kuma wakilin ɗan wasa na yanzu.{{Stub}}

== Sanaa'a==
Sule ya fara taka leda a shekarar 1993 a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta garinsu mai suna NUB Kaduna (Nigeria Universal Bank), kafin ya koma ƙungiyar Stationery Stores F.C. da ke Legas a shekarar 1994. A watan Yulin shekarar 1995, ya koma ƙungiyar BCC Lions. Bayan shafe watanni shida, ya bar BCC Lions ya koma ƙungiyar Qatar SC.

A lokacin da yake taka leda a ƙungiyar da ke Doha, ya kasance cikin manyan ‘yan wasan da suka fi zura ƙwallaye. Wannan bajintar tasa ta sa ƙungiyar Herning Fremad ta ƙasar Denmark ta gano shi a shekarar 1997. Ya shafe shekaru uku yana bugawa Herning Fremad wasa kafin ya koma Akademisk Boldklub a shekarar 2000, kan kuɗin musayar ɗan wasa da ya kafa sabon tarihin Denmark a lokacin, wato DKK miliyan tara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Øivind Henrik von Mehren |title=Nigeria: Nigerian football players in Europe - EUFO |url=http://eufo.de/football/div/africa/nga.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006075417/http://eufo.de/football/div/africa/nga.htm |archive-date=2009-10-06 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=www.eufo.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya shafe shekaru biyar yana bugawa ƙungiyar wasa.
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://msnmand.dk/gallery/38054/171710 |title=Galleri - 10 horrible spiller-indkøb » MSN Mand |access-date=2010-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213032700/http://msnmand.dk/gallery/38054/171710 |archive-date=2010-02-13 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
A shekarar 2004, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da ƙungiyar Køge BK,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.bold.dk/nyt/Abdul-Sule-til-malaysisk-fodbold |title=Abdul Sule til malaysisk fodbold |access-date=2010-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324110508/http://www.bold.dk/nyt/Abdul-Sule-til-malaysisk-fodbold |archive-date=2012-03-24 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;amma ya bar ƙungiyar bayan shekara guda domin komawa AC Horsens.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tipsbladet.dk/nyhed/sas-liga/abdul-sule-vil-vaere-traener-i-danmark Abdul Sule vil være træner i Danmark | Tipsbladet]&lt;/ref&gt;A shekara mai zuwa, ya koma ƙungiyar Lolland-Falster Alliancen. A shekarar 2007 kuma, ya buga wasa a gasar Malaysia Super League tare da ƙungiyar Johor FC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ScandAsia.Com - Striker leaves Denmark for Malaysia |url=http://www.scandasia.com/viewNews.php?coun_code=my&amp;news_id=2924 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529035826/http://www.scandasia.com/viewNews.php?coun_code=my&amp;news_id=2924 |archive-date=2012-05-29 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=www.scandasia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[category:Haifaffun 1975]]
[[category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>jt87k83phclztqdc5214f79yno8lh1t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Akeem Latifu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49521</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975793</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-04T10:28:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
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      <text bytes="5168" sha1="mv0z170sjsm0geoarsx1v7s6vucb4ew" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Akeem Latifu''' (an haife shi ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1989 a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] ) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya mai ritaya.

== Sana'a ==

=== Kulob ===
Latifu ya fara aikinsa na Bussdor United FC kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar Ocean Boys a cikin watan Janairu shekarar  2009. Bayan rabin shekara wanda kuma ya samu kofuna 17 ya bar Ocean Boys FC &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.norskefans.com/norge/artikel.asp?id=39826 Silly Season: Spillere på prøvespill | NorskeFans.com | Norsk fotball]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya rattaba hannu a kan abokiyar hamayyarta ta Premier League Akwa United FC a cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2010.  A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 2013 ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar lamuni tare da Aalesund.

A ranar 21 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2017, Latifu ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru 1.5 tare da kungiyar Azerbaijan Premier League ta Zira FK . 

A ranar 26 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2017, Latifu signed for Budapest Honvéd. His contract expired in November 2017 and he became a free agent.

A ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2018, Latifu ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru 2 tare da kulob din OBOS-ligaen Sogndal .  Ya bar kulob din a ranar 18 ga watan Disamba 2018 ta hanyar dakatar da juna. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sogndalfotball.no/nyheiter/akeem-vil-vidare Akeem vil vidare], sogndalfotball.no, 18 December 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin watan Maris shekarar 2022 an ba da rahoton cewa ya koma kungiyar Hyde United ta Ingila.  Duk da haka, ba a sami ƙarin tabbaci ba.

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Latifu yana cikin [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Maza ta Najeriya ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 20|tawagar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru 20]] a gasar cin kofin duniya na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a Canada a shekara ta 2007 kuma ya buga wasanni hudu a gasar.

An kira Latifu zuwa [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|tawagar kwallon kafar Najeriya]] a ranar 16 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2015.

=== Bayan yin wasa ===
Yana zaune a [[Manchester]], Latifu ya zama wakilin dan wasa. 

== Kididdigar sana'a ==

=== Kulob ===
{{Updated|match played 14 July 2019}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A.Latifu|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/akeem-latifu/141317/ |website=Soccerway|accessdate=9 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Akeem Latifu|url=http://www.nifs.no/personprofil.php?person_id=70967|website=nifs.no|publisher=nifs|accessdate=9 February 2017|language=Norwegian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |National Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Continental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Strømsgodset
|2010
|Tippeligaen
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|2
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Hødd
|2011
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |First Division
|30
|1
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|33
|2
|-
|2012
|29
|1
|7
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|36
|1
|-
|2013
|17
|3
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|21
|3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!76
!5
!13
!1
!-
!-
!1
!0
!-
!-
!90
!6
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Aalesunds (loan)
|2013
|Tippeligaen
|11
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|11
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Aalesunds
|2014
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Tippeligaen
|29
|1
|4
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|33
|2
|-
|2015
|29
|1
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|32
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!58
!2
!7
!1
!-
!-
!-
!-
!-
!-
!65
!1
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Stal Dniprodzerzhynsk
|2015–16
|Ukrainian Premier League
|6
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|7
|0
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Alanyaspor
|2016–17
|Süper Lig
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|0
|0
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Zira
|2016–17
|Azerbaijan Premier League
|11
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|11
|0
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Budapest Honvéd
|2017–18
|Nemzeti Bajnokság I
|14
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|16
|0
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Sogndal
|2017–18
|OBOS-ligaen
|26
|2
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|28
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!204
!9
!25
!2
!-
!-
!1
!0
!-
!-
!230
!11
|}

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|tawagar kasar Najeriya]]
|-
! Shekara
! Aikace-aikace
! Manufa
|-
| 2015
| 2
| 0
|-
! Jimlar
! 2
! 0
|}
''Ƙididdiga daidai kamar wasan da aka buga 29 Maris 2015'' 

== Girmamawa ==

=== Kulob ===

; Hødd

* Kofin Kwallon Kafa na Norway (1): 2012

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Akeem Latifu at UAF and archived FFU page (in Ukrainian)

[[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1989]]</text>
      <sha1>mv0z170sjsm0geoarsx1v7s6vucb4ew</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975794</id>
      <parentid>975793</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T10:28:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
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      <text bytes="5169" sha1="nvzipc0kgdv8x9gp3u17lsarjtb26g5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Akeem Latifu''' (an haife shi ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1989 a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] ) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya mai ritaya.

== Sana'a ==

=== Kulob ===
Latifu ya fara aikinsa na Bussdor United FC kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar Ocean Boys a cikin watan Janairu shekarar  2009. Bayan rabin shekara wanda kuma ya samu kofuna 17 ya bar Ocean Boys FC &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.norskefans.com/norge/artikel.asp?id=39826 Silly Season: Spillere på prøvespill | NorskeFans.com | Norsk fotball]{{Dead link|date=October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya rattaba hannu a kan abokiyar hamayyarta ta Premier League Akwa United FC a cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2010.  A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 2013 ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar lamuni tare da Aalesund.

A ranar 21 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2017, Latifu ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru 1.5 tare da ƙungiyar Azerbaijan Premier League ta Zira FK . 

A ranar 26 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2017, Latifu signed for Budapest Honvéd. His contract expired in November 2017 and he became a free agent.

A ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2018, Latifu ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru 2 tare da kulob din OBOS-ligaen Sogndal .  Ya bar kulob din a ranar 18 ga watan Disamba 2018 ta hanyar dakatar da juna. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sogndalfotball.no/nyheiter/akeem-vil-vidare Akeem vil vidare], sogndalfotball.no, 18 December 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin watan Maris shekarar 2022 an ba da rahoton cewa ya koma kungiyar Hyde United ta Ingila.  Duk da haka, ba a sami ƙarin tabbaci ba.

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Latifu yana cikin [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Maza ta Najeriya ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 20|tawagar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru 20]] a gasar cin kofin duniya na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a Canada a shekara ta 2007 kuma ya buga wasanni hudu a gasar.

An kira Latifu zuwa [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|tawagar kwallon kafar Najeriya]] a ranar 16 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2015.

=== Bayan yin wasa ===
Yana zaune a [[Manchester]], Latifu ya zama wakilin dan wasa. 

== Kididdigar sana'a ==

=== Kulob ===
{{Updated|match played 14 July 2019}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A.Latifu|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/akeem-latifu/141317/ |website=Soccerway|accessdate=9 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Akeem Latifu|url=http://www.nifs.no/personprofil.php?person_id=70967|website=nifs.no|publisher=nifs|accessdate=9 February 2017|language=Norwegian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |National Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Continental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Strømsgodset
|2010
|Tippeligaen
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|2
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Hødd
|2011
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |First Division
|30
|1
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|33
|2
|-
|2012
|29
|1
|7
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|36
|1
|-
|2013
|17
|3
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|21
|3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!76
!5
!13
!1
!-
!-
!1
!0
!-
!-
!90
!6
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Aalesunds (loan)
|2013
|Tippeligaen
|11
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|11
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Aalesunds
|2014
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Tippeligaen
|29
|1
|4
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|33
|2
|-
|2015
|29
|1
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|32
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!58
!2
!7
!1
!-
!-
!-
!-
!-
!-
!65
!1
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Stal Dniprodzerzhynsk
|2015–16
|Ukrainian Premier League
|6
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|7
|0
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Alanyaspor
|2016–17
|Süper Lig
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|0
|0
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Zira
|2016–17
|Azerbaijan Premier League
|11
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|11
|0
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Budapest Honvéd
|2017–18
|Nemzeti Bajnokság I
|14
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|16
|0
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Sogndal
|2017–18
|OBOS-ligaen
|26
|2
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|28
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!204
!9
!25
!2
!-
!-
!1
!0
!-
!-
!230
!11
|}

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|tawagar kasar Najeriya]]
|-
! Shekara
! Aikace-aikace
! Manufa
|-
| 2015
| 2
| 0
|-
! Jimlar
! 2
! 0
|}
''Ƙididdiga daidai kamar wasan da aka buga 29 Maris 2015'' 

== Girmamawa ==

=== Kulob ===

; Hødd

* Kofin Kwallon Kafa na Norway (1): 2012

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Akeem Latifu at UAF and archived FFU page (in Ukrainian)

[[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1989]]</text>
      <sha1>nvzipc0kgdv8x9gp3u17lsarjtb26g5</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ilse Aichinger</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <parentid>346856</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:20:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>13371</id>
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'''Ilse Aichinger''' (1 Nuwamba 1921-11 Nuwamba 2016) marubuciya ce 'yar Austriya wacce aka sani da asusunta na tsananta mata na Nazi saboda zuriyarta ta [[Yahudawa]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/10389/Ilse-Aichinger &quot;Ilse Aichinger&quot;], ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''&lt;/ref&gt; Ta rubuta wakoki,gajerun labarai da wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo,kuma ta sami kyaututtukan adabi da yawa na Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oz&quot;&gt;[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/world-war-ii-saga-gail-wiltshire-revisits-ilse-aichingers-novel/story-fn9n8gph-1227472918780 &quot;World War II saga: Gail Wiltshire revisits Ilse Aichinger’s novel&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104602/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/world-war-ii-saga-gail-wiltshire-revisits-ilse-aichingers-novel/story-fn9n8gph-1227472918780 |date=2016-03-04 }} by Tess Livingstone, ''[[The Australian]]'', 8 August 2015&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Aichinger a 1921 a [[Vienna]],tare da 'yar'uwarta tagwaye,{{Interlanguage link|Helga Michie|de|Helga Michie}},zuwa ga Berta,likita na kabilar Yahudawa,da Ludwig,malami.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oz&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hdg.de/lemo/biografie/ilse-aichinger.html &quot;Ilse Aichinger&quot;] by Meike Fechner and Susanne Wirtz, in ''[[LeMO|Lebendiges Museum Online]]'' {{In lang|de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da dangin mahaifiyarta suka hade,yaran sun girma Katolik .Aichinger ta ciyar da ƙuruciyarta a Linz kuma,bayan iyayenta sun rabu,ta koma Vienna tare da mahaifiyarta da 'yar'uwarta,suna halartar makarantar sakandaren Katolik.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oz&quot; /&gt;  Bayan Anschluss a 1938,danginta sun fuskanci tsanantawa na Nazi.A matsayinta na &quot;Yahudawa rabi&quot; ba a yarda ta ci gaba da karatunta ba kuma ta zama mai aikin bauta a masana'antar maɓalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oz&quot; /&gt; 'Yar'uwarta Helga ta tsere daga Nazism a cikin Yuli 1939 ta hanyar Kindertransport zuwa Ingila inda ta haifi 'ya mace,wanda ya zama ɗan wasan Ingila Ruth Rix. &lt;ref name=&quot;Oz&quot;/&gt; A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], Aichinger ta iya ɓoye mahaifiyarta a cikin ɗakin da aka ba ta,a gaban Hotel Metropol,hedkwatar Viennese Gestapo. {{R|DW}} Amma 'yan uwa da yawa daga bangaren mahaifiyarta,daga cikinsu akwai kakarta Gisela,wacce ta fi sha'awarta,an tura su zuwa sansanin kawar da Maly Trostenets kusa da [[Miniska|Minsk]],kuma aka kashe su.{{R|DW}}

== Sana'a ==
A cikin 1945,Aichinger ta fara karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Vienna,yayin da take rubuce-rubuce a cikin lokacinta.A cikin littafinta na farko,''{{Lang|de|Das vierte Tor}}'' (''Ƙofar ta huɗu''),ta rubuta game da abubuwan da ta samu a ƙarƙashin mulkin Nazi.{{R|DW}} A cikin 1947 ita da mahaifiyarta Berta sun sami damar tafiya zuwa London kuma sun ziyarci tagwayen Aichinger Helga da 'yarta Ruth.Ziyarar ita ce zaburarwa ga ɗan gajeren labari, &quot;Dover&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oz&quot;/&gt;

Ta bar karatun ta a 1948 don kammala littafinta mai ''{{Lang|de|Die größere Hoffnung}}''.(&quot;Babban bege&quot;,an fassara shi azaman ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Ya'yan Hirudus'' ).{{R|DW}} Littafin ya ci gaba da zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan litattafai na harshen Jamusanci na karni na ashirin. Labari ne na gaskiya na zaluncin wani yaro da Nazis ya yi a Vienna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oz&quot;/&gt;

A cikin 1949,Aichinger ya rubuta ɗan gajeren labari &quot;Spiegelgeschichte&quot; (English:).An buga shi a sassa hudu a cikin wata jarida ta Austria,kuma sananne ne a Austria saboda yana cikin jerin littattafan da ake koyarwa a makarantu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;See Resler, W. Michael: &quot;A Structural Approach to Aichinger's 'Spiegelgeschichte'&quot;, in: ''Die Unterrichtspraxis / Teaching German'', Vol. 12, No. 1 (Spring, 1979), pp. 30–37 ([https://www.jstor.org/stable/3529402 jstor-link])&lt;/ref&gt; An rubuta labarin a baya,wanda ya fara da ƙarshen tarihin matar da ba a ambaci sunansa ba, kuma ya ƙare da ƙuruciyarta. &lt;ref&gt;See Stanley, Patricia Haas: &quot;Ilse Aichinger's Absurd 'I'&quot;, in: ''German Studies Review'', Vol. 2, No. 3 (Oct., 1979), pp. 331–350 ([https://www.jstor.org/stable/1429560 jstor-link]).&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1949,Aichinger ya zama mai karatu don wallafe-wallafen gidaje a Vienna da Frankfurt,kuma ta yi aiki tare da Inge Scholl don kafa Cibiyar Rubutun Ƙirƙira a Ulm,Jamus. 

A cikin 1951,an gayyaci Aichinger don shiga ƙungiyar marubuta Gruppe 47,ƙungiyar da ke da nufin yada ra'ayoyin dimokuradiyya a Ostiriya bayan yakin.{{R|DW}} Ta karanta labarinta &quot;Spiegelgeschichte&quot; da ƙarfi a taron ƙungiyar,kuma manyan membobin ƙungiyar irin su Hans Werner Richter sun gamsu da ginin labari da ba a saba gani ba.A shekara mai zuwa,ta sami lambar yabo ta ƙungiyar don mafi kyawun rubutu,ta zama mace ta farko da ta karɓi. A 1956, ta shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Arts,Berlin.Har ila yau, ta kasance bakuwa malami a Cibiyar Jamus a Jami'ar Vienna, inda ta koyar da wallafe-wallafe da nazarin ilimin halin dan Adam. 

Yin bita a 1957 juzu'i na gajerun ayyukanta a cikin fassarar,''The Bound Man da sauran Labarun'', Anthony Boucher ya kwatanta Aichinger a matsayin &quot;wani nau'i na [[Franz Kafka|Kafka]] mai taƙaitaccen bayani,&quot; yana yabon labarin take, &quot; {{Lang|de|Der gefesselte Mann}} &quot;(&quot;The Bound Man&quot;), don &quot;amfani da labari na alamomi masu daraja&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Recommended Reading&quot;, ''[[The Magazine of Fantasy &amp; Science Fiction|F&amp;SF]]'', July 1957, p. 91.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana yin sharhi akai-akai game da kamancen aikin Kafka,duk da haka wasu masu sukar sun bayyana cewa aikin Aichinger ta wuce na Kafka a cikin mahimmancin ta akan Bangaren tunani na wahalar ɗan adam  

Bayan mutuwar mijinta, mawaƙin Jamus Günter Eich, a cikin 1972, Aichinger da sauransu sun gyara ayyukansa kuma suka buga su a matsayin ''Tarin Ayyukan Gunter Eich.''  A cikin 1996, tana da shekaru 75, ta kasance mai masaukin shirye-shiryen rediyon Jamus ''Studio LCB'' don wallafe-wallafen Colloquium Berlin. 

Aichinger ya sadu da mawallafin mawaƙin kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo Günter Eich ta Rukunin 47 kuma sun yi aure a 1953; suna da ɗa {{Interlanguage link|Clemens Eich|de|Clemens Eich}} (1954-1998), kuma a cikin 1958 wata diya, Mirjam. 

== Kyauta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mushaf</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>975658</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Salma Raddah</username>
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      <text bytes="945" sha1="cr5r992wnl8ydswjmrg5lu9bpra8aob" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[File:Opened Qur'an.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Al qur’ani]]
[[Fayil:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf ]]{{Databox}}
A muṣḥaf ( Larabci: مُصْحَفْ‎ &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/link&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; , pronounced [ˈmʊsˤħaf] ; jam'i مَصَاحِف&lt;/link&gt; maṣāḥif ) kalma ce ta Larabci don codex ko tarin zanen gado, amma kuma tana nufin kwafin Alqur'ani a rubuce.  surori na Kur'ani, waɗanda Musulmai suka yi imani an saukar da su a cikin shekaru 23 a rayuwar Muhammadu, an rubuta su a kan takarda daban-daban a zamanin Muhammadu. Shekaru ashirin bayan haka, an tattara waɗannan takardu zuwa juzu'i ɗaya a ƙarƙashin halifa na uku, Uthman ibn Affan, kuma wannan tarin ya zama tushen duk rubutattun kwafin Alqur'ani har zuwa yau.&lt;ref&gt;'''^''' Wheller, Brannon M. ''Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis'', Continuum Books, 2002, p. 5.

'''^''' Quran 2:2, Quran 3:3, Quran 29:48&lt;/ref&gt;

== manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jerin Sunayen Gwamnonin Jihar Kogi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>53023</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975746</id>
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      <text bytes="4596" sha1="2z55fqktlz5a8dk8xm9h1bgg66pz1ms" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Wannan shine jerin Sunayen gwamnoni da masu Gudanarwa na [[jihar Kogi]].  An kirkiri jihar Kogi ne a ranar 27 ga Agusta, 1991 daga [[jihar Benue]] da [[jihar Kwara]].

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto; text-align:left&quot; 
|- 
!Suna
!mukami
!farkon mulki
!karshen mulki
!jam'iyya
!width=&quot;40%&quot;|karin bayani
|--valign=&quot;top&quot;
| [[Danladi Mohammed Zakari]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kogistate.gov.ng/Administration.html|title=Administration to Date|publisher=Kogi State Government|accessdate=18 May 2010|archivedate=23 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623150917/http://kogistate.gov.ng/Administration.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| mai Gudanarwa
| 28 August 1991
| January 1992
| soja
|
|--valign=&quot;top&quot;
| [[Abubakar Audu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-11-22 |title=Things to know about Prince Abubakar Audu (Oct. 1947 - Nov. 2015) |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/11/things-to-know-about-prince-abubakar-audu-oct-1947-nov-2015/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gwamna
| January 1992
| November 1993
| [[National Republican Convention|NRC]]
|Gwamnan farar hula na Farko 
|--valign=&quot;top&quot;
| Colonel [[Paul Omeruo]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kogistate.gov.ng/Administration.html|title=Administration to Date|publisher=Kogi State Government|accessdate=18 May 2010|archivedate=23 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623150917/http://kogistate.gov.ng/Administration.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| mai Gudanarwa
| 9 December 1993
| 22 August 1996
| soja
|
|--valign=&quot;top&quot;
| Colonel [[Bzigu Afakirya]]
| mai Gudanarwa
| 22 August 1996
| August 1998
| soja
|
|--valign=&quot;top&quot;
|[[Augustine Aniebo]]
| mai Gudanarwa
|August 1998
|May 1999
| Soja
|
|--valign=&quot;top&quot;
|[[Abubakar Audu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sani2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Sani|first=Habibu Angulu|title=Rise and fall of a state governor in Nigeria: a case study of the use of power by Abubakar Audu of Kogi State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X6x1AAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Desmon Tutu|page=141}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gwamna
|29 May 1999
|29 May 2003
|[[All People's Party (Nigeria)|APP]]; [[All Nigeria People's Party|ANPP]]
|Gwamnan farar hula na biyu 
|--valign=&quot;top&quot;
|[[Ibrahim Idris]]
| Gwamna
| 29 May 2003
| 6 February 2008
|[[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]]
| Gwamnan farar hula na uku
|--valign=&quot;top&quot;
|[[Clarence Olafemi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web 
 |url=http://www.thenationonlineng.com/dynamicpage.asp?id=44649 
 |title=Kogi Speaker takes over as Idris loses appeal 
 |date=7 February 2008 
 |author=Kunle Olasanmi 
 |publisher=The Nation 
 |accessdate=2009-12-13 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510113356/http://www.thenationonlineng.com/dynamicpage.asp?id=44649 
 |archivedate=2009-05-10 
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200810130601.html
 |title=Kogi Tribunal And an O'level Certificate
 |publisher=Vanguard
 |author=Achem Abdullahi
 |date=13 October 2008
 |accessdate=2009-12-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gwamnan rikon kwarya
| 6 February 2008
| 29 March 2008
| [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] |Ya hau kujerar Gwamba ne bayan da kotun koli ta tsige gwamna Ibrahim Idris da mataimakinsa Philip Salawu.

|--valign=&quot;top&quot;
|[[Ibrahim Idris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sahara Reporters 2008&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=BREAKING NEWS: Alhaji Idris Ibrahim declared winner of Controversial Kogi State Election Re-Runs | website=Sahara Reporters | date=2008-03-29 | url=https://saharareporters.com/2008/03/29/breaking-news-alhaji-idris-ibrahim-declared-winner-controversial-kogi-state-election-re | access-date=2023-06-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gwamna
| 29 March 2008
| January 2011
|[[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]]
|
|--valign=&quot;top&quot;
|[[Idris Wada]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/12/pdp-wins-kogi-state-governorship-election/|title=PDP wins Kogi state governorship election|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]|date=9 December 2011|accessdate=28 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gwamna
| January 2012
| January 2016
|[[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]]
|5th civilian governor 
|--valign=&quot;top&quot;
|[[Yahaya Bello|Alhaji Yahaya Adoza Bello]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://dailypost.ng/2016/01/27th/breaking-yahaya-bello-sworn-in-as-kogi-governor/|title=Yahaya Bello sworn in as Kogi Governor|work=Daily Post Nigeria|last=Adoyi|first=Ali|date=27 January 2016|access-date=27 January 2016}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gwamna
| 27 January 2016
| Incumbent
|[[All Progressives Congress (Nigeria)|APC]]
|
|}
&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;

==Manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Imoh Umoren</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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Imoh Umoren (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1982), ɗan fim ne Na Najeriya wanda ke yin fina-finai na indie . [1] Ya fi shahara a matsayin darektan fim din 2017 Children of Mud . Umoren an dauke shi mai shirya fina-finai na farko da ya yi fim din baki da fari a masana'antar fina-falla ta Nollywood.[2]

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
An haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 1982 a Najeriya. Mahaifinsa ɗan siyasa ne kuma mahaifiyarsa farfesa ce a kwaleji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 April 2019 |title=Interview: Imoh Umoren, African Filmmaker Talks Career Plus &quot;Lagos: Sex, Lies &amp; Traffic&quot; |url=https://www.indieactivity.com/imoh-umoren-interview/ |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=Indie Activity}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umoren ya yaba da tasirin mahaifiyarsa don aikinsa a cikin fim. Iyayensa biyu sun mutu lokacin da yake matashi, kuma dangi ne suka yi renonsa har sai da ya fadi da kansa yana da shekaru 16.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-30 |title=Losing My Parents And Two Siblings Scared Me Shitless — Man Like Imoh Umoren |url=https://www.zikoko.com/man/man-like-imoh-umoren/ |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=Zikoko! |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A lokacin da yake da shekaru 9, Umoren ya fara rubuta jerin wasan kwaikwayo da ake kira The ''Wickeds'' tare da abokinsa mafi kusa Richie . Ya shiga a matsayin ƙaramin furodusa na 'Common Ground Production' kuma ya yi aiki a kan jerin ƙasashen duniya da ake kira The Station .  Daga baya, ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin irin su Project Fame, MTV Advance Warning, Don't Forget The Lyrics da ''Malta Guinness Street Dance'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Imoh Umoren: The rise of a filmmaker |url=https://www.omenkaonline.com/imoh-umoren-the-rise-of-a-filmmaker/ |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=Omenka Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027211620/https://www.omenkaonline.com/imoh-umoren-the-rise-of-a-filmmaker/ |archive-date=27 October 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 26, ya yi fim dinsa na farko ''Lemon Green.'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Fim din ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci. Sa'an nan a cikin 2010, ya ba da umarnin gajeren fim din All Sorts Of Trouble . A cikin 2013, an zabi fim dinsa na TV Have A Nice Day don Mafi Kyawun Cinematography . A shekara ta 2015 ya ba da umarnin fim din baki da fari mai suna Hard Times, wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo ta AMVCA ta farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AMVCA 2015: Imoh Umoren wins Best New Media Online Video |url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/video/amvca-2015-imoh-umoren-wins-best-new-media-online-video_797864 |access-date=2021-01-06 |website=Africa Magic - AMVCA 2015: Imoh Umoren wins Best New Media Online Video |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don fim dinsa mai ban tsoro The Happyness Limited, an zabi dan wasan kwaikwayo Tope Tedela a matsayin Mafi kyawun Actor a Afirka a Afirka Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCA). &lt;ref name=&quot;kweli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Imoh Umoren career |url=https://www.kweli.tv/authors/imoh-umoren |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=kweliTV, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Umoren daga baya ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarnin fim din da aka yaba da shi Children of Mud wanda ya dogara ne akan ainihin labarin. Fim din ya sami gabatarwa 7 a bukukuwan fina-finai daban-daban na kasa da kasa ciki har da: Nigeria Entertainment Awards (NEA) da AMVCA. An nuna fim dinsa na gaba mai ban tsoro Dear Bayo a bukukuwan fina-finai 11 kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka 6 a bikin Nollywood na Burtaniya wasu bukukuwan fim na kasa da kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kweli&quot; /&gt; Umoren ya kuma ba da umarnin fim din Lagos: Sex, Lies &amp; Traffic wanda ya rubuta tare da Gbemisola Afolabi .

Daga nan sai ya kammala samar da wasan kwaikwayo na lokacin The [[Herbert Macaulay]] Affair, fim game da Herbert Macaulay, a cikin 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=From an idea to the big screen: The journey of producing a movie |url=https://www.stearsng.com/premium/article/from-an-idea-to-the-big-screen-the-journey-of-producing-a-movie |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=Stears Business}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2020, ya yi jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Channel 77. 

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Fim din
!Matsayi
!Irin wannan
!Tabbacin.
|-
|2004
|''Lokaci Mai wuya''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2007
|''Tashar''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2007
|''Kashe Bankin''
|Mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2007
|''Kada ku manta da kalmomin''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2008
|''Shahararren aikin''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirin talabijin
|
|-
|2008
|''MTN Xtra Connect Game Show''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2008
|''Gargadi na Ci gaba na MTV''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2009
|''Lemon Green''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I want to take Lemon Green to 22 film festivals says, Imoh Umoren |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/8008/i-want-to-take-lemon-green-to-22-film-festivals-says-imoh-u.html |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=thenigerianvoice}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2009
|''Malta Guinness Street Dance''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirin talabijin
|
|-
|2010
|''Dukkanin Matsala''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2013
|''Yi Rana Mai Kyau''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2015
|''Legas: Jima'i, Ƙarya &amp; Hanyar Hanyar Hoto''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2016
|''Farin Ciki da aka Ƙuntata''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Children of Mud|Yaran Mud]]''
|Darakta, furodusa, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2018
|Kungiyar
|
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[The Herbert Macaulay Affair|Batun Herbert Macaulay]]''
|Darakta, furodusa
|Fim din
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Dear Bayo|ƙaunataccen Bayo]]''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Cisne''' 
Wani qauyene a babbar jihar Illinois dake qasar [[amurka]]</text>
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        <username>Nura Bello</username>
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[[Fayil:Klaus Kleinfeld.jpg|thumb|Klaus Kleinfeld ne adam wata]]
Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld (an haife shi ne 6 ga watan Nuwambar a shekarar 1957 a garin Bremen, ƙasar Jamus) tsohon shugaban ne kuma babban jami'in zartarwa (Shugaba) na Arconic . Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld shugaban zartarwa Arconic Kleinfeld tsohon shugaban ne kuma Shugaba na Alcoa Inc., kuma tsohon shugaban ƙasa da Shugaba na Siemens AG.&lt;ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa&gt;{{cite web|title=Klaus Kleinfeld|url=http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/investment/executive_council/kleinfeld_klaus.asp|publisher=Alcoa|access-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828223911/http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/investment/executive_council/kleinfeld_klaus.asp|archive-date=2013-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/trnewsmaker/2011/02/24/meet-klaus-kleinfeld/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301045328/http://blogs.reuters.com/trnewsmaker/2011/02/24/meet-klaus-kleinfeld/|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2011|title=Meet Klaus Kleinfeld|publisher=Reuters|access-date=8 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Alcoa Inc.| date=28 July 2023 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=5504710&amp;ticker=AA|publisher=Bloomberg}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Shugaban Alcoa Siemens AG Kleinfeld ya sauka a matsayin shugaban da Shugaba na Arconic a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-04-17/arconic-ceo-steps-down-after-battle-with-elliott-management|title=Arconic CEO Exits After 'Poor Judgment'|publisher=Bloomberg. Retrieved 18 April 2017.}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, an naɗa shi darektan shirin Neom na Saudi Arabia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1332281/saudi-arabia|title=Klaus Kleinfeld named adviser to Saudi crown prince, NEOM appoints new CEO|publisher=Arabnews. Retrieved 03 July 2018.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saudi Arabia Neom An sanar da shi a watan Yulin shekarar 2018 cewa za a ƙara Kleinfeld daga darektan Neom zuwa mai ba da shawara ga Yarima Muhammad bin Salman a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2018, kuma cewa Nadhmi Al-Nasr zai gaji shi a matsayin darektan ne na Neom. Yarima Muhammad bin Salman Nadhmi Al-Nasr&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Klaus Kleinfeld named adviser to Saudi crown prince, NEOM appoints new CEO |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1332281/%7B%7B |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Arab News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307174709/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1332281/%7B%7B |archive-date=2022-03-07 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kleinfeld Made Adviser to Crown Prince, Al-Nasr Becomes New NEOM CEO |url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/1319226/kleinfeld-made-adviser-crown-prince-al-nasr-becomes-new-neom-ceo |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Asharq AL-awsat |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Agustan shekarar 2007, an naɗa Kleinfeld a matsayin COO na New York, Alcoa Inc.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/news/news_detail.asp?pageID=20070815005503en&amp;newsYear=2007 Alcoa: News: News Releases: Klaus Kleinfeld Elected Alcoa President and Chief Operating Officer&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, an naɗa Kle infeld a matsayin Shugaba na Alcoa, wanda ya gaji Alain Belda. Alcoa Alain Belda&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/news/news_detail.asp?pageID=20070815005503en&amp;newsYear=2007 Alcoa: News: News Releases: Klaus Kleinfeld Elected Alcoa President and Chief Operating Officer]&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, an naɗa Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban Alcoa kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin Shugaba da shugaban kwamitin har sai da ya yi murabus a watan Afrilun shekarar 2017.&lt;ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa/&gt;&lt;ref name=kleinfeldprofile&gt;{{cite web|title=Executive Profile: Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld Ph.D.|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=5504710&amp;ticker=AA|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kleinfeld ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Munich, Siemens AG na Jamus daga Janairun 2005 har zuwa watan Yulin shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=chairmen&gt;{{cite web|title=Chairmen of the Managing Board, Siemens AG|url=http://www.siemens.com/history/en/personalities/chairmen_of_the_managing_board_siemens_ag.htm#toc-3|publisher=Siemens|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kokarin Kleinfeld na sabunta kamfanin ya haifar da rikici tare da masu kare al'adun kasuwancin gargajiya na Siemens.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing&gt;{{cite book|last1=DK Publishing|title=1000 CEOs|date=2009|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780756661243|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ndAbs5tRmtIC&amp;pg=PT525|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, aikin kuɗi na kamfanin ya bunƙasa.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing/&gt;&lt;ref name=bobtricker&gt;{{cite book|last1=Tricker|first1=Bob|title=Essentials for Board Directors: An A to Z Guide|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9781576603543|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BmwMvYq2_HUC&amp;pg=PA210|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, Kleinfeld ya canza Siemens Management Consulting ya zama abokin tarayya mai tasiri ga kasuwancin duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;chairmen&quot; /&gt; Ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga canjin riba na kasuwancin yankin Siemens a Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;chairmen&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2006, wani bincike na gwamnatin Jamus ya gano kuɗaɗe a cikin asusun banki na sirri wanda Siemens ke kula da shi don samun kwangila.&lt;ref name=bobtricker/&gt;&lt;ref name=sak&gt;{{cite book|last1=Sak Onkvisit, John Shaw|title=International Marketing: Strategy and Theory|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135275471|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXGNAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA142|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; kudade masu lalacewa Masu bincike ba su sami wata hujja game da laifin da Kleinfeld ya yi ba kuma ba a gabatar da wani zargi a kansa ba. A shekara ta 2009, Kleinfeld, tare da wasu tsoffin shugabannin Siemens, sun amince da biyan Siemens kuɗi don warware batun farar hula.&lt;ref name=sak/&gt;&lt;ref name=nicholoson&gt;{{cite news|last1=Nicholson|first1=Chris V.|title=Siemens to Collect Damages From Former Chiefs in Bribery Scandal|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/03/business/global/03siemens.html|work=New York Times|date=2 December 2009 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Conklin|first1=David W.|title=The Global Environment of Business: New Paradigms for International Management|date=2010|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9781412950282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmRPQD8g5tYC&amp;pg=PA31|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2007, Kleinfeld ya bar Siemens, yana mai nuna rashin tabbas game da makomar sa tare da kamfanin bayan rarrabuwa tsakanin mambobin kwamitin Siemens game da tsawaita kwangilarsa ya zama sananne.&lt;ref name=succeedchief&gt;{{cite news|title=Alcoa Hires Former Head of Siemens, and Expects Him to Succeed Its Chief|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/16/business/16alcoa.html?_r=1&amp;|work=New York Times| date=16 August 2007 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ktostepdown/&gt;&lt;ref name=towel&gt;{{cite news|title=Kleinfeld Throws in the Towel: Siemens CEO Undermined by Board|newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=26 April 2007 |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/kleinfeld-throws-in-the-towel-siemens-ceo-undermined-by-board-a-479588.html|publisher=Spiegel|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Klaus Kleinfeld, CEO of Alcoa.jpg|thumb|Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld]]
Kleinfeld ya fara aikinsa a 1982 ta hanyar shiga kamfanin ba da shawara kan talla.&lt;ref name=europeanceo&gt;{{cite web|title=Profile: Klaus Kleinfeld|url=http://www.europeanceo.com/profiles/klaus-kleinfeld/|publisher=European CEO|access-date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld a ranar 6 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1957 a Bremen, Jamus . Bremen Jamus Ya sami digiri na kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Georg August da ke Göttingen, Jamus da Ph.D. a cikin gudanarwa daga Jami'an Würzburg da ke Würzburg, Jamus. Jami'ar Georg August Jami'ar Göttingen Jami'ar Würzburg&lt;ref name=europeanceo/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A shekara ta 1982, Kleinfeld ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan talla.&lt;ref name=kleinfeldprofile/&gt; A shekara ta 1986, ya shiga Ciba-Geigy, kamfanin samar da magunguna na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda ke zaune a Basel, [[Switzerland]], inda ya kasance manajan samfur a sashin magunguna na kamfanin. Ciba-Geigy Basel, Switzerland&lt;ref name=coxusatoday&gt;{{cite web|last1=Cox|first1=James|title=CEO of U.S. unit made Siemens' profile sing|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/companies/management/2004-01-25-exec-klaus_x.htm|publisher=USA Today|access-date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Siemens AG ===
A shekara ta 1987, Kleinfeld ya shiga Siemens AG mai zaman kansa a Munich, kamfanin injiniya da sabis na fasaha na duniya wanda ke zaune a Amurka da Jamus.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing/&gt; Munich Siemens AG Matsayinsa na farko ya kasance a cikin kamfanin tallace-tallace da tallace-tafiye, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan binciken tallace-tsallace.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Siemens' New Boss|newspaper=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2005-01-23/siemens-new-boss|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken tallace-tallace A cikin 1990, ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci Siemens Management Consulting, abokin tarayya na duniya na cikin gida don kasuwancin Siemens tare da babban rawar da ya taka wajen sake fasalin yawancin rukunin kasuwancin Siemens a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Klaus Kleinfeld |url=https://www.swe.siemens.com/belux/portal/en/press/press/releases/cc/Pages/klaus_kleinfeld.aspx |publisher=Siemens |access-date=24 June 2015 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, an ƙara Kleinfeld zuwa babban jami'in aiki (COO) na Siemens USA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://aluminiuminsider.com/aluminium-luminaries-klaus-kleinfeld/|title=Aluminium Luminaries – Klaus Kleinfeld – Aluminium Insider|date=2016-01-21|newspaper=Aluminium Insider|access-date=2017-02-24|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; babban jami'in aiki Rashin tattalin arziki a Amurka ya yi mummunar tasiri ga riba kuma Kleinfeld ya yi la'akari da dabarun gagarumin don inganta aikin kamfanonin Siemens. Ya kuma nemi gyara, siyarwa ko rufe ayyukan kamfanonin da aka samu kwanan nan da ƙirƙirar sabbin damar siyarwa. An rage ayyukan da ba su da riba daga 24 zuwa 8, kuma wasu matakan rage farashin sun adana kimanin dala miliyan 100.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lucks|first1=Kai|title=Transatlantic Mergers and Acquisitions|date=2007|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783895786129|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AaV-Ia6swE0C&amp;pg=PA138|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga Janairu 2005 zuwa Yuni 2007, Kleinfeld ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Siemens USA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.siemens.com/history/en/personalities/chairmen_of_the_managing_board_siemens_ag.htm#toc-3|title=Chairmen of the Managing Board, Siemens AG|website=www.siemens.com|language=en|access-date=2017-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Janairun shekara ta 2004, an naɗa Kleinfeld a kwamitin zartarwa na kamfanonin Siemens. Har ila yau, a shekara ta 2004, an nada Kleinfeld mataimakin shugaban Siemens AG.&lt;ref name=2004annualreport&gt;{{cite web|title=Siemens Annual Report 2004 |url=http://www.siemens.com/investor/pool/en/investor_relations/downloadcenter/e04_00_gb2004_1230305.pdf|publisher=Siemens|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2004, Kleinfeld ya ba da shawarar al'adun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da masu hannun jari, yana matsawa ƙungiyoyin kwadago na Jamus su saki dokokin aiki da kuma tsawaita makon aiki na Jamus daga 35 zuwa 40, ba tare da ƙarin albashi ba.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing/&gt; Kleinfeld ya ce ma'aikatan Jamus &quot;dole ne su daidaita kuma su fahimci yadda duniya take&quot; don ci gaba da yin gasa.&lt;ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Siemens CEO Klaus Kleinfeld: &quot;Nobody's Perfect, but a Team Can Be| url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/siemens-ceo-klaus-kleinfeld-nobodys-perfect-but-a-team-can-be/|publisher=Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Flynn Vencat|first1=Emily|title=The Last Word: Klaus Kleinfeld|date=12 November 2006 |url=http://www.newsweek.com/last-word-klaus-kleinfeld-106593|publisher=Newsweek|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekaru biyu bayan haka, tallace-tallace sun karu da kashi 16, ribar ta karu da kashi 35, kuma hannun jari ta ƙaru da shekaru 40.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing/&gt;&lt;ref name=bobtricker/&gt; A watan Janairun shekara ta 2005 an nada shi Shugaba, wanda ya gaji Heinrich von Pierer. Heinrich von Pierer&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Landler|first1=Mark|title=Siemens Chooses Chief|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/08/business/world-business-briefing-europe-germany-siemens-chooses-chief.html|work=The New York Times|date=8 July 2004 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shirin Kleinfeld na sabunta kamfanin ya haifar da rikici tare da masu kare al'adun kasuwancin gargajiya na Siemens.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;spiegel.de&quot;&gt;[http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,440409,00.html The World from Berlin: Siemens Strikes Back - International - SPIEGEL ONLINE - News&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda tsarin mulkin Jamusanci na gargajiya guda biyu, kwamitin kulawa wanda ya hada da wakilan ƙungiyar kwadago da masu hannun jari sun ki amincewa da tsare-tsaren sake fasalin Kleinfeld.&lt;ref name=bobtricker/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gerardo R. Ungson, Yim-Yu Wong|title=Global Strategic Management|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317469735|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EzfBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=kleinfeld&amp;pg=PA373|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da yake dabarunsa suna kallon da kyau ta hanyar 'yan jaridar kudi na duniya, kafofin watsa labarai na Jamus sun soki Kleinfeld, galibi saboda rashin alhakin zamantakewa game da ma'aikatan Siemens. alhakin zamantakewa&lt;ref name=atlantictimes&gt;{{cite web|last1=Canibol|first1=Hans-Peter|title=Siemens Hit With Bad Publicity. CEO Klaus Kleinfeld takes a few blows.|url=http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=693|publisher=The Atlantic Times|access-date=24 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110211700/http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=693|archive-date=10 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin matsayinsa na Shugaba, Kleinfeld ya jagoranci Siemens Management Consulting a matsayin abokin tarayya ga kasuwancin duniya, yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga canjin riba na kasuwancin yankin Siemens a Amurka. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, duk kungiyoyin Siemens sun kai ko sun wuce iyakokin da aka yi niyya a karon farko.&lt;ref name=chairmen/&gt;

==== Binciken cin hanci ====
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2006, binciken zamba da gwamnatin Jamus ta yi ya zama sananne.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=CHRONOLOGY: Twists in Siemens corruption scandal|date=9 May 2008 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-siemens-chronology-idUSL0937379620080509|work=Reuters|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken daga baya ya gano cewa Siemens yana kula da kudade a cikin asusun banki na sirri a waje da Jamus wanda kamfanin ya yi amfani da shi don samun kwangila.&lt;ref name=bobtricker/&gt;&lt;ref name=sak/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Matthews|first1=Christopher M.|title=Siemens Under Investigation For Payments To Russian Company|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/corruption-currents/2012/04/30/siemens-under-investigation-for-payments-to-russian-company/|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=30 April 2012 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; kudade masu lalacewa Da zarar binciken ya zama na jama'a, Kleinfeld ya hayar masana shari'a da masu binciken waje don gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa da sake fasalin ayyukan lissafi da sarrafawa na cikin gida na kamfanin da kuma kawar da yiwuwar ayyukan da ba su dace ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mark Landler, Carter Dougherty|title=Scandal at Siemens Tarnishes Promising Results|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/28/business/worldbusiness/28siemens.html?adxnnl=1&amp;dlbk=&amp;adxnnlx=1428530562-MjpndtLh1L9th0mm/YJ/IQ|work=New York Times|date=28 February 2007 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken mai zaman kansa daga baya ya gano cewa kamfanin ya biya daruruwan miliyoyin daloli a cikin cin hanci, wanda ya kasance doka a Jamus har zuwa 1999, amma cewa &quot;babu wata alama ta mummunar hali ko kuma cewa Kleinfeld yana da wani ilmi game da abubuwan da suka faru&quot; da suka shafi abin kunya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Sims|first1=G. Thomas|title=Siemens Chief Says He Will Step Down|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/26/business/worldbusiness/26siemens.html|work=New York Times|date=26 April 2007 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; cin hanci SEC ta gabatar da tuhumar cin hanci da rashawa a kan Siemens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=SEC Charges Siemens AG for Engaging in Worldwide Bribery|url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2008/2008-294.htm|publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; SEC Kleinfeld da sauran tsoffin shugabannin Siemens da membobin kwamitin an zarge su da &quot;rashin hana cin hanci da rashawa&quot;.&lt;ref name=muckety&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://news.muckety.com/2009/12/03/klaus-kleinfeld-settles-with-siemens-ag/22601 |title=Klaus Kleinfeld settles with Siemens AG &amp;#124; Muckety - See the news |access-date=19 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102232552/http://news.muckety.com/2009/12/03/klaus-kleinfeld-settles-with-siemens-ag/22601 |archive-date=2 November 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ba a gabatar da wani zargi a kan Kleinfeld ba kuma Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta ambaci haɗin gwiwar Siemens da bincike mai zaman kansa da Kleinfeld ya fara a matsayin dalilai na rage hukuncin kudi na Siemens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=DOJ Sentencing Memorandum|url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/legacy/2008/12/19/siemens-sentencing-memo.pdf|publisher=U.S. District Court for the District Of Columbia|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:2016 photo of Klaus Kleinfeld - tiff.tif|thumb|Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld]]
A watan Yunin 2007, Kleinfeld ya bar Siemens, yana mai nuna rashin tabbas game da makomar sa tare da kamfanin bayan rarrabuwa tsakanin mambobin kwamitin Siemens game da tsawaita kwangilarsa ya zama sananne.&lt;ref name=succeedchief/&gt;&lt;ref name=ktostepdown&gt;{{cite web|title=Siemens' Kleinfeld to step down as CEO|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/apr/26/business/fi-siemens26|work=Los Angeles Times|date=26 April 2007 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=towel/&gt; A watan Satumbar 2009, Siemens ta yi barazanar gurfanar da Kleinfeld da sauran tsoffin shugabannin gudanarwa saboda gazawar kulawa kuma ta ba da tayin sasantawa don biyan kamfanin na miliyoyin daloli a cikin tarar da lalacewar &quot;sunansa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://w1.siemens.com/press/pool/de/pressemitteilungen/2009/corporate_communication/AXX20090984e.pdf Siemens offers former Managing Board members until mid of November 2009 to indicate willingness to settle corruption damages]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Germany: Siemens Plans Suit|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/business/worldbusiness/30fobriefs-SIEMENSPLANS_BRF.html|work=New York Times|date=30 July 2008 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kleinfeld ya amince da warware lamarin na Yuro miliyan 2.&lt;ref name=nicholoson/&gt;&lt;ref name=muckety/&gt;

=== Alcoa da Arconic ===
A shekara ta 2003, Kleinfeld ya shiga kwamitin daraktocin Alcoa,&lt;ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa/&gt; inda ya karɓi dala miliyan 2.3 a hannun jari a ranar farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/how-to-make-millions-on-a-losing-stock-ask-klaus-kleinfeld-2017-05-04|title=How to make millions on a losing stock? Ask Klaus Kleinfeld|website=MarketWatch.com|date=2017-05-04|access-date=2020-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agustan 2007, Alcoa ta naɗa Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Alcoa Hires Former Head of Siemens, and Expects Him to Succeed Its Chief|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/16/business/16alcoa.html?_r=1&amp;|work=New York Times| date=16 August 2007 |access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, an nada shi Shugaba, wanda ya gaji Alain JP Belda.&lt;ref name=kleinfeldprofile/&gt;&lt;ref name=kleinfeldceonytimes&gt;{{cite news|title=Alcoa Names Chief Executive|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/09/business/09alcoa.html|work=New York Times|date=9 May 2008 |access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=europeanceo/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author1=Kris Maher |author2=Mike Esterl |author3=Joann S. Lublin |title=Alcoa Puts Faith in Ex-Siemens CEO|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118718229500198395|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=17 August 2007 |access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alain J. P. Belda A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, an nada Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban Alcoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;klauskleinfeldalcoa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kleinfeldprofile&quot; /&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2012, Kleinfeld ya fara rufe wasu wuraren narkewa masu tsada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Miller|first1=John W.|title=Alcoa to Cut Capacity 12%|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203513604577143152171126134|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=5 January 2012 |access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekara ta 2013, ya ambaci wani baya a cikin masana'antun sararin samaniya da kuma karuwar buƙatar kayayyakin aluminum masu sauƙi a cikin masana-antun motoci da gine-gine saboda &quot;canjin tarihi&quot; zuwa ga man fetur da ingancin makamashi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Maria Bartiromo talks to Alcoa's Klaus Kleinfeld|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/columnist/bartiromo/2013/10/20/alcoa-klaus-kleinfeld-aluminum-ceo-economy/3002045/|publisher=USA Today|access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ginin motar sararin samaniya Kleinfeld ya jagoranci rarraba kamfanin tare da ƙarin fasahar kayan aiki masu yawa, injiniya da masana'antu, kuma ya ba da umarnin sayen kamfanoni uku don sanya Alcoa cikin kasuwancin sararin samaniya.&lt;ref name=metalbulletin&gt;{{cite web|title=INTERVIEW: The Alcoa turnaround|url=http://www.metalbulletin.com/Article/3416284/Search/INTERVIEW-The-Alcoa-turnaround.html?PageId=196010&amp;Keywords=klaus+kleinfeld&amp;OrderType=1#axzz3Sg0oC3F9|publisher=MetalBulletin|access-date=21 June 2015|archive-date=22 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622020036/http://www.metalbulletin.com/Article/3416284/Search/INTERVIEW-The-Alcoa-turnaround.html?PageId=196010&amp;Keywords=klaus+kleinfeld&amp;OrderType=1#axzz3Sg0oC3F9|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=maggiemcgrath&gt;{{cite web|last1=McGrath|first1=Maggie|title=Alcoa Acquiring Titanium Supplier RTI In $1.5 Billion Deal|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maggiemcgrath/2015/03/09/alcoa-acquiring-titanium-supplier-rti-in-1-5-billion-deal/|work=Forbes|access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=abigailstevenson&gt;{{cite web|last1=Stevenson|first1=Abigail|title=Big money about to flow into this stock|date=15 April 2015 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/102590835|publisher=CNBC|access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya aiwatar da dabarun don rage dogaro da kamfanin akan kayayyaki, yana kula da tasowa don zama jagora na duniya a cikin ƙarfe mai sauƙi, da haɓaka sunansa don ƙwarewar masana'antu.&lt;ref name=barrons&gt;{{cite web|last1=Goldwyn Blumenthal|first1=Robin|title=Alcoa's CEO Is Remaking the Industrial Giant|url=http://www.barrons.com/articles/alcoas-ceo-is-remaking-the-industrial-giant-1437806016|publisher=Barron's|access-date=28 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Satumba 2015, Alcoa ta kammala canjin ta tare da sanarwar cewa za ta rabu zuwa kamfanoni biyu na jama'a a shekara mai zuwa - wani mai suna Alcoa Corp., da kuma wani wanda ya ƙunshi mai suna Alcao Inc., Arconic, wanda zai riƙe Alcoa Inc.'s darajar-ƙara tsakiyar- da kuma ƙasa kasuwanci. Alcoa Corp.&lt;ref name=dowjones&gt;{{cite web|last1=Dow Jones Business News|title=Alcoa to Split as Aluminum Glut Pressures Prices|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/09/28/alcoa-to-split-into-two-separate-publicly-traded-companies.html|publisher=CNBC|access-date=28 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2016, Alcoa ta raba aikinta na aluminum daga sassan kasuwanci waɗanda ke ba da kasuwannin sararin samaniya da na motoci.&lt;ref name = theaustralian&gt;{{cite web|last1=Stahl|first1=George|title=Alcoa's official demerger gets mixed market reaction|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/mining-energy/alcoas-official-demerger-gets-mixed-market-reaction/news-story/563e04a669af8389e2da7945aef1f860|publisher=The Australian|access-date=9 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Whiteman|first1=Lou|title=Investors Flock to Alcoa Over Arconic Post-Split|date=November 2016 |url=https://www.thestreet.com/story/13875862/1/investors-flock-to-alcoa-over-arconic-post-split.html|publisher=TheStreet|access-date=9 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kamfanin da aka riƙe shi ne sabon kamfani da aka ƙirƙira Alcoa Corp. Kleinfeld ya kasance a matsayin shugaban Arconic da Shugaba bayan rabuwa. Alcoa Corp. Da farko ya ba da shawarar zama shugaban kamfanin a lokacin canji,&lt;ref name=washpost&gt;{{cite news|author1=Sonja Elmquist|author2=Joe Deaux|title=Alcoa to Split in Two as CEO Kleinfeld's Strategy Takes Hold|url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NVDUU36JIJUP01-6F1TD6D1RD37NE1C5KEDTFALM3|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=29 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930124732/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NVDUU36JIJUP01-6F1TD6D1RD37NE1C5KEDTFALM3|archive-date=30 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma an ƙi tayin; Kleinfeld ba shi da alaƙa da sabon kamfanin.

==== Shirye-shiryen ilimi na STEM ====
A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kleinfeld, Alcoa ta goyi bayan shirye-shiryen ci gaban ma'aikata na STEM (kimiyya, fasaha, injiniya da lissafi) don horar da ilimantar da dalibai da malamai a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Today's CEO Leader in STEM: Klaus Kleinfeld of Alcoa|url=http://blog.stemconnector.org/todays-ceo-leader-stem-klaus-kleinfeld-alcoa|publisher=STEM Connector blog|access-date=21 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622041049/http://blog.stemconnector.org/todays-ceo-leader-stem-klaus-kleinfeld-alcoa|archive-date=22 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; STEM Wani yanki na Yuli 2012 wanda Kleinfeld da Richard Haass, shugaban Majalisar kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje, suka rubuta, sun ba da shawarar haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci da gwamnati don rage gibin ƙwarewar STEM tsakanin kasuwar ma'aikata da masana'antun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Column: Lack of skilled employees hurting manufacturing|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/opinion/forum/story/2012-07-02/public-private-manufacuting/56005466/1|publisher=USA Today|access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Richard Haass kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje A watan Satumbar 2013, Shugaba Obama ya naɗa Kleinfeld a cikin Kwamitin Gudanar da Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Shugaban kasa 2.0 don ci gaba da kokarin Alcoa na kula da jagorancin Amurka a cikin fasahohin da ke tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Obama Taps Alcoa's Klaus Kleinfeld; 3D Printing; China Aluminum Price Up|url=https://agmetalminer.com/2013/09/27/obama-taps-alcoas-klaus-kleinfeld-3d-printing-china-aluminum-price-up/|publisher=MetalMiner|access-date=21 June 2015|archive-date=22 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622024526/https://agmetalminer.com/2013/09/27/obama-taps-alcoas-klaus-kleinfeld-3d-printing-china-aluminum-price-up/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Yin murabus daga Arconic ====
A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, kamfanin Elliott Management Corporation ya kaddamar da gasar wakilai a kan kamfanin. Kamfanin Gudanar da Elliott Elliott ya yi kira ga korar Kleinfeld a fili, yana mai nuna rashin aikin kamfanin, ya rasa hasashen riba, da rashin inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wall Street Journal, April 18&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=BENOIT|first1=DAVID|title=AInside the Activist Battle That Felled Arconic's Klaus Kleinfeld|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/klaus-kleinfeld-steps-down-as-chair-and-ceo-of-arconic-1492435894|website=Wall Street Journal|date=17 April 2017 |access-date=18 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2017, Kleinfeld ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban da Shugaba ta hanyar yarjejeniya tare da kwamitin Arconic, bayan ya aika da wasika ba tare da izini ba ga Elliott.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/17/klaus-kleinfeld-steps-down-as-chair-and-ceo-of-arconic.html | title=Klaus Kleinfeld steps down as chair and ceo of Arconic | publisher=CNBC | date=17 April 2017 | access-date=19 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/17/business/dealbook/even-before-ill-advised-letter-arconics-ceo-had-to-go.html | title=Even Before Ill-Advised Letter, Arconic's C.E.O. Had to Go | work=The New York Times | date=17 April 2017 | access-date=2020-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Klaus Kleinfeld ya kafa tare da Abokan SPAC &quot;Constellation&quot; wanda aka jera a kan NYSE a cikin 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-27 |title=Constellation Acquisition Corp I Announces Pricing of $300 Million Initial Public Offering |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210126006142/en/Constellation-Acquisition-Corp-I-Announces-Pricing-of-300-Million-Initial-Public-Offering |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kafa kamfaninsa na saka hannun jari &quot;K2 Elevation&quot; wanda ke saka hannun jari da haɓaka kamfanoni na duniya a cikin fasahar fasaha da ɓangaren biotech. A halin yanzu fayil ɗin ya ƙunshi ayyukan a Jamus, [[Austriya|Austria]], da Amurka. Yana ba da shawara ga kamfanoni da yawa da kuma ƙungiyoyi daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Innovation-focused SPAC Constellation Acquisition I files for a $300 million IPO |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/innovation-focused-spac-constellation-acquisition-i-files-for-a-%24300-million-ipo-2021-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwamiti ===
Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Gudanar da Ƙungiyar Bilderberg,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Steering Committee|url=http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/steering-committee.html|publisher=Bilderberg Meetings|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140521120713/http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/steering-committee.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin Amintattun Cibiyar Brookings,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Board of Trustees |url=http://www.brookings.edu/about/leadership/trustees |publisher=Brookings Institution |access-date=17 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705030120/http://www.brookings.edu/about/leadership/trustees |archive-date= 5 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin Gidauniyar Tattalin Arziki na Duniya,&lt;ref name=worldeconforum&gt;{{cite web|title=World Economic Forum Announces New Foundation Board Members|url=http://www.weforum.org/news/world-economic-forum-announces-new-foundation-board-members|publisher=World Economic Forum|access-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622031700/http://www.weforum.org/news/world-economic-forum-announces-new-foundation-board-members|archive-date=22 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin Amurka na Tattalin Ruwa na Duniya,&lt;ref name=worldeconforum/&gt; da Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Metropolitan Opera. Kungiyar Bilderberg Brookings Cibiyar Taron Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya Metropolitan Opera&lt;ref name=&quot;worldeconforum&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2009, an nada Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban kwamitin Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka da Rasha (USRBC), wanda ke inganta kasuwanci da saka hannun jari tsakanin Amurka da Rasha. Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka da Rasha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Steering Committee|url=https://www.usrbc.org/aboutus/boardofdirectors/|publisher=U.S.-Russia Business Council|access-date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2013, Kleinfeld ya shiga Kwamitin Daraktocin Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka da China kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Shugaba na Duniya na Firayim Minista na ƙasar Sin. Firayim Ministan kasar Sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=China's Premier Meets Top Business Leaders in Davos|url=http://www.weforum.org/news/china-s-premier-meets-top-business-leaders-davos|publisher=World Economic Forum|access-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615123038/http://www.weforum.org/news/china-s-premier-meets-top-business-leaders-davos|archive-date=15 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A baya, Kleinfeld ya yi aiki a kwamitin kula da Bayer AG daga 2005 zuwa 2014, ya kasance darektan Citigroup Inc. daga 2005 zuwa 2007,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2007-04-26 |title=Siemens CEO resigns, leadership vacuum grows |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-siemens-idUSL2524589120070426 |access-date=2022-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya yi aiki ne a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Siemens AG daga 2004 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Klaus Kleinfeld|url=https://www.alcoa.com/global/en/about_alcoa/corp_gov/directors/Kleinfeld.asp|publisher=Alcoa|access-date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayer AG Citigroup Inc. Siemens AG Mista Kleinfeld ya kuma yi aiki a Kwamitin Daraktoci na Morgan Stanley da Hewlett Packard Enterprise har zuwa Afrilu 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kleinfeld to exit Morgan Stanley Board|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/klaus-kleinfeld-to-exit-morgan-stanleyboard-1492807703|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=21 April 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |last1=Hoffman |first1=Liz }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ousted Arconic CEO Kleinfeld Resigns From HP Enterprise Board|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ousted-arconic-ceo-kleinfeld-resigns-from-hp-enterprise-board-1493042023|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=24 April 2017 |access-date=27 April 2017 |last1=Hufford |first1=Austen }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin Morgan Stanley Hewlett Packard Shi memba ne na allon sa ido na NEOM, Konux da Ferolabs. Kleinfeld shi ne Sanata mai daraja na Lindau Nobel Laureates Taron kuma memba ne na kwamitin Metropolitan Opera, New York .

== Kyaututtuka da karbuwa ==
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Kleinfeld ya sami lambar yabo ta Legend in Leadership daga Cibiyar Nazarin Shugabannin Yale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Yale Chief Executive Leadership Institute to Honor Klaus Kleinfeld, Chairman and CEO of Alcoa, with Legend in Leadership Award|url=http://som.yale.edu/news/2014/12/yale-chief-executive-leadership-institute-honor-klaus-kleinfeld-chairman-and-ceo-alcoa-legend-leadership-award|publisher=Yale School of Management|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Kleinfeld ya sami lambar yabo ta Dwight D. Eisenhower Global Leadership Award daga Majalisar Kasuwanci don Fahimtar Kasa da Kasa. Kwamitin Kasuwanci don Fahimtar Kasa da Kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=BCIU Dwight D. Eisenhower Global Awards Gala|url=http://bciu.org/wip06/public/gala.asp|publisher=Business Council for International Understanding|access-date=24 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613074110/http://bciu.org/wip06/public/gala.asp|archive-date=13 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=The Business Council for International Understanding to Honor Klaus Kleinfeld, Pelè and Maurice Greenberg as 2014 Dwight D. Eisenhower Awards Recipients|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-business-council-for-international-understanding-to-honor-klaus-kleinfeld-pele-and-maurice-greenberg-as-2014-dwight-d-eisenhower-awards-recipients-300007153.html|publisher=Business Council for International Understanding|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014, an naɗa Kleinfeld Shugaba na Shekara a 2014 Platts Global Metals Awards .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2014 Platts Global Metals Awards Winners|url=http://gma.platts.com/Winners/Winners2014|publisher=Platts|access-date=24 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320204025/http://gma.platts.com/Winners/Winners2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=Alcoa Chairman and CEO Klaus Kleinfeld Named Platts CEO of the Year as Company Transformation Accelerates|date=21 May 2014 |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140521006665/en/Alcoa-Chairman-CEO-Klaus-Kleinfeld-Named-Platts#.VSWSIfnF9IF|publisher=Alcoa|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Kleinfeld yana zaune a New York tare da matarsa, Birgit, da yara biyu. Abin sha'awa na Kleinfeld shine wasanni (marathon, tseren ƙanƙara, wasan tennis).&lt;ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa/&gt;&lt;ref name=coxusatoday/&gt;

== Littattafai ==

* ''Samar da Makomar. 'Yan Kasuwancin Siemens 1847-2018.'' [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Cibiyar Tarihi ta Siemens, [[Hamburg]] 2018, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9-783867-746243&lt;/nowiki&gt;. __hau____hau____hau__ ISBN __hau____hau____hau__ 9-783867-746243
* Kamfanin Kasuwanci da dabarun Tarayyar Kasuwanci, Akademie-Verlag München 1994, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-929115-16-6&lt;/nowiki&gt; Kamfanin Kasancewa da dabarun Kasuwanci __hau____hau____hau__ ISBN __hau____hau____hau__ 3-929115-16-6

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}
&lt;references /&gt;

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://new.siemens.com/global/en/company/about/history/people/chairmen-of-the-managing-board-of-siemens-ag.html Shugabannin da Babban Jami'an Siemens AG]
* {{Official website|http://usa.siemens.com|Siemens Corporation USA official website}}
* {{Official website|http://www.alcoa.com|Alcoa official website}}
[[Category:Haihuwan 1957]]
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[[Fayil:Klaus Kleinfeld.jpg|thumb|Klaus Kleinfeld ne adam wata]]
Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld (an haife shi ne 6 ga watan Nuwambar a shekarar 1957 a garin Bremen, ƙasar Jamus) tsohon shugaban ne kuma babban jami'in zartarwa (Shugaba) na Arconic . Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld shugaban zartarwa Arconic Kleinfeld tsohon shugaban ne kuma Shugaba na Alcoa Inc., kuma tsohon shugaban ƙasa da Shugaba na Siemens AG.&lt;ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa&gt;{{cite web|title=Klaus Kleinfeld|url=http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/investment/executive_council/kleinfeld_klaus.asp|publisher=Alcoa|access-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828223911/http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/investment/executive_council/kleinfeld_klaus.asp|archive-date=2013-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/trnewsmaker/2011/02/24/meet-klaus-kleinfeld/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301045328/http://blogs.reuters.com/trnewsmaker/2011/02/24/meet-klaus-kleinfeld/|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2011|title=Meet Klaus Kleinfeld|publisher=Reuters|access-date=8 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Alcoa Inc.| date=28 July 2023 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=5504710&amp;ticker=AA|publisher=Bloomberg}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Shugaban Alcoa Siemens AG Kleinfeld ya sauka a matsayin shugaban da Shugaba na Arconic a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilun na shekarar 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-04-17/arconic-ceo-steps-down-after-battle-with-elliott-management|title=Arconic CEO Exits After 'Poor Judgment'|publisher=Bloomberg. Retrieved 18 April 2017.}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, an naɗa shi darektan shirin Neom na Saudi Arabia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1332281/saudi-arabia|title=Klaus Kleinfeld named adviser to Saudi crown prince, NEOM appoints new CEO|publisher=Arabnews. Retrieved 03 July 2018.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saudi Arabia Neom An sanar da shi a watan Yulin shekarar 2018 cewa za a ƙara Kleinfeld daga darektan Neom zuwa mai ba da shawara ga Yarima Muhammad bin Salman a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2018, kuma cewa Nadhmi Al-Nasr zai gaji shi a matsayin darektan ne na Neom. Yarima Muhammad bin Salman Nadhmi Al-Nasr&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Klaus Kleinfeld named adviser to Saudi crown prince, NEOM appoints new CEO |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1332281/%7B%7B |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Arab News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307174709/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1332281/%7B%7B |archive-date=2022-03-07 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kleinfeld Made Adviser to Crown Prince, Al-Nasr Becomes New NEOM CEO |url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/1319226/kleinfeld-made-adviser-crown-prince-al-nasr-becomes-new-neom-ceo |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Asharq AL-awsat |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Agustan shekarar 2007, an naɗa Kleinfeld a matsayin COO na New York, Alcoa Inc.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/news/news_detail.asp?pageID=20070815005503en&amp;newsYear=2007 Alcoa: News: News Releases: Klaus Kleinfeld Elected Alcoa President and Chief Operating Officer&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, an naɗa Kle infeld a matsayin Shugaba na Alcoa, wanda ya gaji Alain Belda. Alcoa Alain Belda&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/news/news_detail.asp?pageID=20070815005503en&amp;newsYear=2007 Alcoa: News: News Releases: Klaus Kleinfeld Elected Alcoa President and Chief Operating Officer]&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, an naɗa Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban Alcoa kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin Shugaba da shugaban kwamitin har sai da ya yi murabus a watan Afrilun shekarar 2017.&lt;ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa/&gt;&lt;ref name=kleinfeldprofile&gt;{{cite web|title=Executive Profile: Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld Ph.D.|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=5504710&amp;ticker=AA|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kleinfeld ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Munich, Siemens AG na Jamus daga Janairun 2005 har zuwa watan Yulin shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=chairmen&gt;{{cite web|title=Chairmen of the Managing Board, Siemens AG|url=http://www.siemens.com/history/en/personalities/chairmen_of_the_managing_board_siemens_ag.htm#toc-3|publisher=Siemens|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kokarin Kleinfeld na sabunta kamfanin ya haifar da rikici tare da masu kare al'adun kasuwancin gargajiya na Siemens.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing&gt;{{cite book|last1=DK Publishing|title=1000 CEOs|date=2009|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780756661243|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ndAbs5tRmtIC&amp;pg=PT525|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, aikin kuɗi na kamfanin ya bunƙasa.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing/&gt;&lt;ref name=bobtricker&gt;{{cite book|last1=Tricker|first1=Bob|title=Essentials for Board Directors: An A to Z Guide|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9781576603543|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BmwMvYq2_HUC&amp;pg=PA210|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, Kleinfeld ya canza Siemens Management Consulting ya zama abokin tarayya mai tasiri ga kasuwancin duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;chairmen&quot; /&gt; Ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga canjin riba na kasuwancin yankin Siemens a Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;chairmen&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2006, wani bincike na gwamnatin Jamus ya gano kuɗaɗe a cikin asusun banki na sirri wanda Siemens ke kula da shi don samun kwangila.&lt;ref name=bobtricker/&gt;&lt;ref name=sak&gt;{{cite book|last1=Sak Onkvisit, John Shaw|title=International Marketing: Strategy and Theory|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135275471|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXGNAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA142|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; kudade masu lalacewa Masu bincike ba su sami wata hujja game da laifin da Kleinfeld ya yi ba kuma ba a gabatar da wani zargi a kansa ba. A shekara ta 2009, Kleinfeld, tare da wasu tsoffin shugabannin Siemens, sun amince da biyan Siemens kuɗi don warware batun farar hula.&lt;ref name=sak/&gt;&lt;ref name=nicholoson&gt;{{cite news|last1=Nicholson|first1=Chris V.|title=Siemens to Collect Damages From Former Chiefs in Bribery Scandal|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/03/business/global/03siemens.html|work=New York Times|date=2 December 2009 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Conklin|first1=David W.|title=The Global Environment of Business: New Paradigms for International Management|date=2010|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9781412950282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmRPQD8g5tYC&amp;pg=PA31|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2007, Kleinfeld ya bar Siemens, yana mai nuna rashin tabbas game da makomar sa tare da kamfanin bayan rarrabuwa tsakanin mambobin kwamitin Siemens game da tsawaita kwangilarsa ya zama sananne.&lt;ref name=succeedchief&gt;{{cite news|title=Alcoa Hires Former Head of Siemens, and Expects Him to Succeed Its Chief|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/16/business/16alcoa.html?_r=1&amp;|work=New York Times| date=16 August 2007 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ktostepdown/&gt;&lt;ref name=towel&gt;{{cite news|title=Kleinfeld Throws in the Towel: Siemens CEO Undermined by Board|newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=26 April 2007 |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/kleinfeld-throws-in-the-towel-siemens-ceo-undermined-by-board-a-479588.html|publisher=Spiegel|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Klaus Kleinfeld, CEO of Alcoa.jpg|thumb|Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld]]
Kleinfeld ya fara aikinsa a 1982 ta hanyar shiga kamfanin ba da shawara kan talla.&lt;ref name=europeanceo&gt;{{cite web|title=Profile: Klaus Kleinfeld|url=http://www.europeanceo.com/profiles/klaus-kleinfeld/|publisher=European CEO|access-date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld a ranar 6 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1957 a Bremen, Jamus . Bremen Jamus Ya sami digiri na kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Georg August da ke Göttingen, Jamus da Ph.D. a cikin gudanarwa daga Jami'an Würzburg da ke Würzburg, Jamus. Jami'ar Georg August Jami'ar Göttingen Jami'ar Würzburg&lt;ref name=europeanceo/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A shekara ta 1982, Kleinfeld ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan talla.&lt;ref name=kleinfeldprofile/&gt; A shekara ta 1986, ya shiga Ciba-Geigy, kamfanin samar da magunguna na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda ke zaune a Basel, [[Switzerland]], inda ya kasance manajan samfur a sashin magunguna na kamfanin. Ciba-Geigy Basel, Switzerland&lt;ref name=coxusatoday&gt;{{cite web|last1=Cox|first1=James|title=CEO of U.S. unit made Siemens' profile sing|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/companies/management/2004-01-25-exec-klaus_x.htm|publisher=USA Today|access-date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Siemens AG ===
A shekara ta 1987, Kleinfeld ya shiga Siemens AG mai zaman kansa a Munich, kamfanin injiniya da sabis na fasaha na duniya wanda ke zaune a Amurka da Jamus.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing/&gt; Munich Siemens AG Matsayinsa na farko ya kasance a cikin kamfanin tallace-tallace da tallace-tafiye, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan binciken tallace-tsallace.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Siemens' New Boss|newspaper=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2005-01-23/siemens-new-boss|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken tallace-tallace A cikin 1990, ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci Siemens Management Consulting, abokin tarayya na duniya na cikin gida don kasuwancin Siemens tare da babban rawar da ya taka wajen sake fasalin yawancin rukunin kasuwancin Siemens a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Klaus Kleinfeld |url=https://www.swe.siemens.com/belux/portal/en/press/press/releases/cc/Pages/klaus_kleinfeld.aspx |publisher=Siemens |access-date=24 June 2015 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, an ƙara Kleinfeld zuwa babban jami'in aiki (COO) na Siemens USA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://aluminiuminsider.com/aluminium-luminaries-klaus-kleinfeld/|title=Aluminium Luminaries – Klaus Kleinfeld – Aluminium Insider|date=2016-01-21|newspaper=Aluminium Insider|access-date=2017-02-24|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; babban jami'in aiki Rashin tattalin arziki a Amurka ya yi mummunar tasiri ga riba kuma Kleinfeld ya yi la'akari da dabarun gagarumin don inganta aikin kamfanonin Siemens. Ya kuma nemi gyara, siyarwa ko rufe ayyukan kamfanonin da aka samu kwanan nan da ƙirƙirar sabbin damar siyarwa. An rage ayyukan da ba su da riba daga 24 zuwa 8, kuma wasu matakan rage farashin sun adana kimanin dala miliyan 100.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lucks|first1=Kai|title=Transatlantic Mergers and Acquisitions|date=2007|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783895786129|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AaV-Ia6swE0C&amp;pg=PA138|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga Janairu 2005 zuwa Yuni 2007, Kleinfeld ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Siemens USA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.siemens.com/history/en/personalities/chairmen_of_the_managing_board_siemens_ag.htm#toc-3|title=Chairmen of the Managing Board, Siemens AG|website=www.siemens.com|language=en|access-date=2017-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Janairun shekara ta 2004, an naɗa Kleinfeld a kwamitin zartarwa na kamfanonin Siemens. Har ila yau, a shekara ta 2004, an nada Kleinfeld mataimakin shugaban Siemens AG.&lt;ref name=2004annualreport&gt;{{cite web|title=Siemens Annual Report 2004 |url=http://www.siemens.com/investor/pool/en/investor_relations/downloadcenter/e04_00_gb2004_1230305.pdf|publisher=Siemens|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2004, Kleinfeld ya ba da shawarar al'adun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da masu hannun jari, yana matsawa ƙungiyoyin kwadago na Jamus su saki dokokin aiki da kuma tsawaita makon aiki na Jamus daga 35 zuwa 40, ba tare da ƙarin albashi ba.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing/&gt; Kleinfeld ya ce ma'aikatan Jamus &quot;dole ne su daidaita kuma su fahimci yadda duniya take&quot; don ci gaba da yin gasa.&lt;ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Siemens CEO Klaus Kleinfeld: &quot;Nobody's Perfect, but a Team Can Be| url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/siemens-ceo-klaus-kleinfeld-nobodys-perfect-but-a-team-can-be/|publisher=Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Flynn Vencat|first1=Emily|title=The Last Word: Klaus Kleinfeld|date=12 November 2006 |url=http://www.newsweek.com/last-word-klaus-kleinfeld-106593|publisher=Newsweek|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekaru biyu bayan haka, tallace-tallace sun karu da kashi 16, ribar ta karu da kashi 35, kuma hannun jari ta ƙaru da shekaru 40.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing/&gt;&lt;ref name=bobtricker/&gt; A watan Janairun shekara ta 2005 an nada shi Shugaba, wanda ya gaji Heinrich von Pierer. Heinrich von Pierer&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Landler|first1=Mark|title=Siemens Chooses Chief|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/08/business/world-business-briefing-europe-germany-siemens-chooses-chief.html|work=The New York Times|date=8 July 2004 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shirin Kleinfeld na sabunta kamfanin ya haifar da rikici tare da masu kare al'adun kasuwancin gargajiya na Siemens.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;spiegel.de&quot;&gt;[http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,440409,00.html The World from Berlin: Siemens Strikes Back - International - SPIEGEL ONLINE - News&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda tsarin mulkin Jamusanci na gargajiya guda biyu, kwamitin kulawa wanda ya hada da wakilan ƙungiyar kwadago da masu hannun jari sun ki amincewa da tsare-tsaren sake fasalin Kleinfeld.&lt;ref name=bobtricker/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gerardo R. Ungson, Yim-Yu Wong|title=Global Strategic Management|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317469735|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EzfBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=kleinfeld&amp;pg=PA373|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da yake dabarunsa suna kallon da kyau ta hanyar 'yan jaridar kudi na duniya, kafofin watsa labarai na Jamus sun soki Kleinfeld, galibi saboda rashin alhakin zamantakewa game da ma'aikatan Siemens. alhakin zamantakewa&lt;ref name=atlantictimes&gt;{{cite web|last1=Canibol|first1=Hans-Peter|title=Siemens Hit With Bad Publicity. CEO Klaus Kleinfeld takes a few blows.|url=http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=693|publisher=The Atlantic Times|access-date=24 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110211700/http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=693|archive-date=10 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin matsayinsa na Shugaba, Kleinfeld ya jagoranci Siemens Management Consulting a matsayin abokin tarayya ga kasuwancin duniya, yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga canjin riba na kasuwancin yankin Siemens a Amurka. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, duk kungiyoyin Siemens sun kai ko sun wuce iyakokin da aka yi niyya a karon farko.&lt;ref name=chairmen/&gt;

==== Binciken cin hanci ====
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2006, binciken zamba da gwamnatin Jamus ta yi ya zama sananne.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=CHRONOLOGY: Twists in Siemens corruption scandal|date=9 May 2008 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-siemens-chronology-idUSL0937379620080509|work=Reuters|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken daga baya ya gano cewa Siemens yana kula da kudade a cikin asusun banki na sirri a waje da Jamus wanda kamfanin ya yi amfani da shi don samun kwangila.&lt;ref name=bobtricker/&gt;&lt;ref name=sak/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Matthews|first1=Christopher M.|title=Siemens Under Investigation For Payments To Russian Company|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/corruption-currents/2012/04/30/siemens-under-investigation-for-payments-to-russian-company/|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=30 April 2012 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; kudade masu lalacewa Da zarar binciken ya zama na jama'a, Kleinfeld ya hayar masana shari'a da masu binciken waje don gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa da sake fasalin ayyukan lissafi da sarrafawa na cikin gida na kamfanin da kuma kawar da yiwuwar ayyukan da ba su dace ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mark Landler, Carter Dougherty|title=Scandal at Siemens Tarnishes Promising Results|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/28/business/worldbusiness/28siemens.html?adxnnl=1&amp;dlbk=&amp;adxnnlx=1428530562-MjpndtLh1L9th0mm/YJ/IQ|work=New York Times|date=28 February 2007 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken mai zaman kansa daga baya ya gano cewa kamfanin ya biya daruruwan miliyoyin daloli a cikin cin hanci, wanda ya kasance doka a Jamus har zuwa 1999, amma cewa &quot;babu wata alama ta mummunar hali ko kuma cewa Kleinfeld yana da wani ilmi game da abubuwan da suka faru&quot; da suka shafi abin kunya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Sims|first1=G. Thomas|title=Siemens Chief Says He Will Step Down|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/26/business/worldbusiness/26siemens.html|work=New York Times|date=26 April 2007 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; cin hanci SEC ta gabatar da tuhumar cin hanci da rashawa a kan Siemens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=SEC Charges Siemens AG for Engaging in Worldwide Bribery|url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2008/2008-294.htm|publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; SEC Kleinfeld da sauran tsoffin shugabannin Siemens da membobin kwamitin an zarge su da &quot;rashin hana cin hanci da rashawa&quot;.&lt;ref name=muckety&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://news.muckety.com/2009/12/03/klaus-kleinfeld-settles-with-siemens-ag/22601 |title=Klaus Kleinfeld settles with Siemens AG &amp;#124; Muckety - See the news |access-date=19 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102232552/http://news.muckety.com/2009/12/03/klaus-kleinfeld-settles-with-siemens-ag/22601 |archive-date=2 November 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ba a gabatar da wani zargi a kan Kleinfeld ba kuma Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta ambaci haɗin gwiwar Siemens da bincike mai zaman kansa da Kleinfeld ya fara a matsayin dalilai na rage hukuncin kudi na Siemens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=DOJ Sentencing Memorandum|url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/legacy/2008/12/19/siemens-sentencing-memo.pdf|publisher=U.S. District Court for the District Of Columbia|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:2016 photo of Klaus Kleinfeld - tiff.tif|thumb|Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld]]
A watan Yunin 2007, Kleinfeld ya bar Siemens, yana mai nuna rashin tabbas game da makomar sa tare da kamfanin bayan rarrabuwa tsakanin mambobin kwamitin Siemens game da tsawaita kwangilarsa ya zama sananne.&lt;ref name=succeedchief/&gt;&lt;ref name=ktostepdown&gt;{{cite web|title=Siemens' Kleinfeld to step down as CEO|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/apr/26/business/fi-siemens26|work=Los Angeles Times|date=26 April 2007 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=towel/&gt; A watan Satumbar 2009, Siemens ta yi barazanar gurfanar da Kleinfeld da sauran tsoffin shugabannin gudanarwa saboda gazawar kulawa kuma ta ba da tayin sasantawa don biyan kamfanin na miliyoyin daloli a cikin tarar da lalacewar &quot;sunansa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://w1.siemens.com/press/pool/de/pressemitteilungen/2009/corporate_communication/AXX20090984e.pdf Siemens offers former Managing Board members until mid of November 2009 to indicate willingness to settle corruption damages]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Germany: Siemens Plans Suit|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/business/worldbusiness/30fobriefs-SIEMENSPLANS_BRF.html|work=New York Times|date=30 July 2008 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kleinfeld ya amince da warware lamarin na Yuro miliyan 2.&lt;ref name=nicholoson/&gt;&lt;ref name=muckety/&gt;

=== Alcoa da Arconic ===
A shekara ta 2003, Kleinfeld ya shiga kwamitin daraktocin Alcoa,&lt;ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa/&gt; inda ya karɓi dala miliyan 2.3 a hannun jari a ranar farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/how-to-make-millions-on-a-losing-stock-ask-klaus-kleinfeld-2017-05-04|title=How to make millions on a losing stock? Ask Klaus Kleinfeld|website=MarketWatch.com|date=2017-05-04|access-date=2020-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agustan 2007, Alcoa ta naɗa Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Alcoa Hires Former Head of Siemens, and Expects Him to Succeed Its Chief|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/16/business/16alcoa.html?_r=1&amp;|work=New York Times| date=16 August 2007 |access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, an nada shi Shugaba, wanda ya gaji Alain JP Belda.&lt;ref name=kleinfeldprofile/&gt;&lt;ref name=kleinfeldceonytimes&gt;{{cite news|title=Alcoa Names Chief Executive|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/09/business/09alcoa.html|work=New York Times|date=9 May 2008 |access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=europeanceo/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author1=Kris Maher |author2=Mike Esterl |author3=Joann S. Lublin |title=Alcoa Puts Faith in Ex-Siemens CEO|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118718229500198395|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=17 August 2007 |access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alain J. P. Belda A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, an nada Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban Alcoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;klauskleinfeldalcoa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kleinfeldprofile&quot; /&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2012, Kleinfeld ya fara rufe wasu wuraren narkewa masu tsada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Miller|first1=John W.|title=Alcoa to Cut Capacity 12%|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203513604577143152171126134|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=5 January 2012 |access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekara ta 2013, ya ambaci wani baya a cikin masana'antun sararin samaniya da kuma karuwar buƙatar kayayyakin aluminum masu sauƙi a cikin masana-antun motoci da gine-gine saboda &quot;canjin tarihi&quot; zuwa ga man fetur da ingancin makamashi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Maria Bartiromo talks to Alcoa's Klaus Kleinfeld|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/columnist/bartiromo/2013/10/20/alcoa-klaus-kleinfeld-aluminum-ceo-economy/3002045/|publisher=USA Today|access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ginin motar sararin samaniya Kleinfeld ya jagoranci rarraba kamfanin tare da ƙarin fasahar kayan aiki masu yawa, injiniya da masana'antu, kuma ya ba da umarnin sayen kamfanoni uku don sanya Alcoa cikin kasuwancin sararin samaniya.&lt;ref name=metalbulletin&gt;{{cite web|title=INTERVIEW: The Alcoa turnaround|url=http://www.metalbulletin.com/Article/3416284/Search/INTERVIEW-The-Alcoa-turnaround.html?PageId=196010&amp;Keywords=klaus+kleinfeld&amp;OrderType=1#axzz3Sg0oC3F9|publisher=MetalBulletin|access-date=21 June 2015|archive-date=22 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622020036/http://www.metalbulletin.com/Article/3416284/Search/INTERVIEW-The-Alcoa-turnaround.html?PageId=196010&amp;Keywords=klaus+kleinfeld&amp;OrderType=1#axzz3Sg0oC3F9|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=maggiemcgrath&gt;{{cite web|last1=McGrath|first1=Maggie|title=Alcoa Acquiring Titanium Supplier RTI In $1.5 Billion Deal|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maggiemcgrath/2015/03/09/alcoa-acquiring-titanium-supplier-rti-in-1-5-billion-deal/|work=Forbes|access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=abigailstevenson&gt;{{cite web|last1=Stevenson|first1=Abigail|title=Big money about to flow into this stock|date=15 April 2015 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/102590835|publisher=CNBC|access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya aiwatar da dabarun don rage dogaro da kamfanin akan kayayyaki, yana kula da tasowa don zama jagora na duniya a cikin ƙarfe mai sauƙi, da haɓaka sunansa don ƙwarewar masana'antu.&lt;ref name=barrons&gt;{{cite web|last1=Goldwyn Blumenthal|first1=Robin|title=Alcoa's CEO Is Remaking the Industrial Giant|url=http://www.barrons.com/articles/alcoas-ceo-is-remaking-the-industrial-giant-1437806016|publisher=Barron's|access-date=28 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Satumba 2015, Alcoa ta kammala canjin ta tare da sanarwar cewa za ta rabu zuwa kamfanoni biyu na jama'a a shekara mai zuwa - wani mai suna Alcoa Corp., da kuma wani wanda ya ƙunshi mai suna Alcao Inc., Arconic, wanda zai riƙe Alcoa Inc.'s darajar-ƙara tsakiyar- da kuma ƙasa kasuwanci. Alcoa Corp.&lt;ref name=dowjones&gt;{{cite web|last1=Dow Jones Business News|title=Alcoa to Split as Aluminum Glut Pressures Prices|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/09/28/alcoa-to-split-into-two-separate-publicly-traded-companies.html|publisher=CNBC|access-date=28 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2016, Alcoa ta raba aikinta na aluminum daga sassan kasuwanci waɗanda ke ba da kasuwannin sararin samaniya da na motoci.&lt;ref name = theaustralian&gt;{{cite web|last1=Stahl|first1=George|title=Alcoa's official demerger gets mixed market reaction|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/mining-energy/alcoas-official-demerger-gets-mixed-market-reaction/news-story/563e04a669af8389e2da7945aef1f860|publisher=The Australian|access-date=9 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Whiteman|first1=Lou|title=Investors Flock to Alcoa Over Arconic Post-Split|date=November 2016 |url=https://www.thestreet.com/story/13875862/1/investors-flock-to-alcoa-over-arconic-post-split.html|publisher=TheStreet|access-date=9 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kamfanin da aka riƙe shi ne sabon kamfani da aka ƙirƙira Alcoa Corp. Kleinfeld ya kasance a matsayin shugaban Arconic da Shugaba bayan rabuwa. Alcoa Corp. Da farko ya ba da shawarar zama shugaban kamfanin a lokacin canji,&lt;ref name=washpost&gt;{{cite news|author1=Sonja Elmquist|author2=Joe Deaux|title=Alcoa to Split in Two as CEO Kleinfeld's Strategy Takes Hold|url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NVDUU36JIJUP01-6F1TD6D1RD37NE1C5KEDTFALM3|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=29 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930124732/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NVDUU36JIJUP01-6F1TD6D1RD37NE1C5KEDTFALM3|archive-date=30 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma an ƙi tayin; Kleinfeld ba shi da alaƙa da sabon kamfanin.

==== Shirye-shiryen ilimi na STEM ====
A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kleinfeld, Alcoa ta goyi bayan shirye-shiryen ci gaban ma'aikata na STEM (kimiyya, fasaha, injiniya da lissafi) don horar da ilimantar da dalibai da malamai a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Today's CEO Leader in STEM: Klaus Kleinfeld of Alcoa|url=http://blog.stemconnector.org/todays-ceo-leader-stem-klaus-kleinfeld-alcoa|publisher=STEM Connector blog|access-date=21 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622041049/http://blog.stemconnector.org/todays-ceo-leader-stem-klaus-kleinfeld-alcoa|archive-date=22 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; STEM Wani yanki na Yuli 2012 wanda Kleinfeld da Richard Haass, shugaban Majalisar kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje, suka rubuta, sun ba da shawarar haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci da gwamnati don rage gibin ƙwarewar STEM tsakanin kasuwar ma'aikata da masana'antun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Column: Lack of skilled employees hurting manufacturing|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/opinion/forum/story/2012-07-02/public-private-manufacuting/56005466/1|publisher=USA Today|access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Richard Haass kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje A watan Satumbar 2013, Shugaba Obama ya naɗa Kleinfeld a cikin Kwamitin Gudanar da Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Shugaban kasa 2.0 don ci gaba da kokarin Alcoa na kula da jagorancin Amurka a cikin fasahohin da ke tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Obama Taps Alcoa's Klaus Kleinfeld; 3D Printing; China Aluminum Price Up|url=https://agmetalminer.com/2013/09/27/obama-taps-alcoas-klaus-kleinfeld-3d-printing-china-aluminum-price-up/|publisher=MetalMiner|access-date=21 June 2015|archive-date=22 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622024526/https://agmetalminer.com/2013/09/27/obama-taps-alcoas-klaus-kleinfeld-3d-printing-china-aluminum-price-up/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Yin murabus daga Arconic ====
A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, kamfanin Elliott Management Corporation ya kaddamar da gasar wakilai a kan kamfanin. Kamfanin Gudanar da Elliott Elliott ya yi kira ga korar Kleinfeld a fili, yana mai nuna rashin aikin kamfanin, ya rasa hasashen riba, da rashin inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wall Street Journal, April 18&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=BENOIT|first1=DAVID|title=AInside the Activist Battle That Felled Arconic's Klaus Kleinfeld|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/klaus-kleinfeld-steps-down-as-chair-and-ceo-of-arconic-1492435894|website=Wall Street Journal|date=17 April 2017 |access-date=18 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2017, Kleinfeld ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban da Shugaba ta hanyar yarjejeniya tare da kwamitin Arconic, bayan ya aika da wasika ba tare da izini ba ga Elliott.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/17/klaus-kleinfeld-steps-down-as-chair-and-ceo-of-arconic.html | title=Klaus Kleinfeld steps down as chair and ceo of Arconic | publisher=CNBC | date=17 April 2017 | access-date=19 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/17/business/dealbook/even-before-ill-advised-letter-arconics-ceo-had-to-go.html | title=Even Before Ill-Advised Letter, Arconic's C.E.O. Had to Go | work=The New York Times | date=17 April 2017 | access-date=2020-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Klaus Kleinfeld ya kafa tare da Abokan SPAC &quot;Constellation&quot; wanda aka jera a kan NYSE a cikin 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-27 |title=Constellation Acquisition Corp I Announces Pricing of $300 Million Initial Public Offering |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210126006142/en/Constellation-Acquisition-Corp-I-Announces-Pricing-of-300-Million-Initial-Public-Offering |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kafa kamfaninsa na saka hannun jari &quot;K2 Elevation&quot; wanda ke saka hannun jari da haɓaka kamfanoni na duniya a cikin fasahar fasaha da ɓangaren biotech. A halin yanzu fayil ɗin ya ƙunshi ayyukan a Jamus, [[Austriya|Austria]], da Amurka. Yana ba da shawara ga kamfanoni da yawa da kuma ƙungiyoyi daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Innovation-focused SPAC Constellation Acquisition I files for a $300 million IPO |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/innovation-focused-spac-constellation-acquisition-i-files-for-a-%24300-million-ipo-2021-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwamiti ===
Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Gudanar da Ƙungiyar Bilderberg,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Steering Committee|url=http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/steering-committee.html|publisher=Bilderberg Meetings|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140521120713/http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/steering-committee.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin Amintattun Cibiyar Brookings,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Board of Trustees |url=http://www.brookings.edu/about/leadership/trustees |publisher=Brookings Institution |access-date=17 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705030120/http://www.brookings.edu/about/leadership/trustees |archive-date= 5 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin Gidauniyar Tattalin Arziki na Duniya,&lt;ref name=worldeconforum&gt;{{cite web|title=World Economic Forum Announces New Foundation Board Members|url=http://www.weforum.org/news/world-economic-forum-announces-new-foundation-board-members|publisher=World Economic Forum|access-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622031700/http://www.weforum.org/news/world-economic-forum-announces-new-foundation-board-members|archive-date=22 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin Amurka na Tattalin Ruwa na Duniya,&lt;ref name=worldeconforum/&gt; da Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Metropolitan Opera. Kungiyar Bilderberg Brookings Cibiyar Taron Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya Metropolitan Opera&lt;ref name=&quot;worldeconforum&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2009, an nada Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban kwamitin Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka da Rasha (USRBC), wanda ke inganta kasuwanci da saka hannun jari tsakanin Amurka da Rasha. Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka da Rasha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Steering Committee|url=https://www.usrbc.org/aboutus/boardofdirectors/|publisher=U.S.-Russia Business Council|access-date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2013, Kleinfeld ya shiga Kwamitin Daraktocin Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka da China kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Shugaba na Duniya na Firayim Minista na ƙasar Sin. Firayim Ministan kasar Sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=China's Premier Meets Top Business Leaders in Davos|url=http://www.weforum.org/news/china-s-premier-meets-top-business-leaders-davos|publisher=World Economic Forum|access-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615123038/http://www.weforum.org/news/china-s-premier-meets-top-business-leaders-davos|archive-date=15 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A baya, Kleinfeld ya yi aiki a kwamitin kula da Bayer AG daga 2005 zuwa 2014, ya kasance darektan Citigroup Inc. daga 2005 zuwa 2007,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2007-04-26 |title=Siemens CEO resigns, leadership vacuum grows |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-siemens-idUSL2524589120070426 |access-date=2022-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya yi aiki ne a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Siemens AG daga 2004 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Klaus Kleinfeld|url=https://www.alcoa.com/global/en/about_alcoa/corp_gov/directors/Kleinfeld.asp|publisher=Alcoa|access-date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayer AG Citigroup Inc. Siemens AG Mista Kleinfeld ya kuma yi aiki a Kwamitin Daraktoci na Morgan Stanley da Hewlett Packard Enterprise har zuwa Afrilu 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kleinfeld to exit Morgan Stanley Board|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/klaus-kleinfeld-to-exit-morgan-stanleyboard-1492807703|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=21 April 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |last1=Hoffman |first1=Liz }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ousted Arconic CEO Kleinfeld Resigns From HP Enterprise Board|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ousted-arconic-ceo-kleinfeld-resigns-from-hp-enterprise-board-1493042023|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=24 April 2017 |access-date=27 April 2017 |last1=Hufford |first1=Austen }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin Morgan Stanley Hewlett Packard Shi memba ne na allon sa ido na NEOM, Konux da Ferolabs. Kleinfeld shi ne Sanata mai daraja na Lindau Nobel Laureates Taron kuma memba ne na kwamitin Metropolitan Opera, New York .

== Kyaututtuka da karbuwa ==
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Kleinfeld ya sami lambar yabo ta Legend in Leadership daga Cibiyar Nazarin Shugabannin Yale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Yale Chief Executive Leadership Institute to Honor Klaus Kleinfeld, Chairman and CEO of Alcoa, with Legend in Leadership Award|url=http://som.yale.edu/news/2014/12/yale-chief-executive-leadership-institute-honor-klaus-kleinfeld-chairman-and-ceo-alcoa-legend-leadership-award|publisher=Yale School of Management|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Kleinfeld ya sami lambar yabo ta Dwight D. Eisenhower Global Leadership Award daga Majalisar Kasuwanci don Fahimtar Kasa da Kasa. Kwamitin Kasuwanci don Fahimtar Kasa da Kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=BCIU Dwight D. Eisenhower Global Awards Gala|url=http://bciu.org/wip06/public/gala.asp|publisher=Business Council for International Understanding|access-date=24 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613074110/http://bciu.org/wip06/public/gala.asp|archive-date=13 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=The Business Council for International Understanding to Honor Klaus Kleinfeld, Pelè and Maurice Greenberg as 2014 Dwight D. Eisenhower Awards Recipients|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-business-council-for-international-understanding-to-honor-klaus-kleinfeld-pele-and-maurice-greenberg-as-2014-dwight-d-eisenhower-awards-recipients-300007153.html|publisher=Business Council for International Understanding|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014, an naɗa Kleinfeld Shugaba na Shekara a 2014 Platts Global Metals Awards .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2014 Platts Global Metals Awards Winners|url=http://gma.platts.com/Winners/Winners2014|publisher=Platts|access-date=24 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320204025/http://gma.platts.com/Winners/Winners2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=Alcoa Chairman and CEO Klaus Kleinfeld Named Platts CEO of the Year as Company Transformation Accelerates|date=21 May 2014 |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140521006665/en/Alcoa-Chairman-CEO-Klaus-Kleinfeld-Named-Platts#.VSWSIfnF9IF|publisher=Alcoa|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Kleinfeld yana zaune a New York tare da matarsa, Birgit, da yara biyu. Abin sha'awa na Kleinfeld shine wasanni (marathon, tseren ƙanƙara, wasan tennis).&lt;ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa/&gt;&lt;ref name=coxusatoday/&gt;

== Littattafai ==

* ''Samar da Makomar. 'Yan Kasuwancin Siemens 1847-2018.'' [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Cibiyar Tarihi ta Siemens, [[Hamburg]] 2018, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9-783867-746243&lt;/nowiki&gt;. __hau____hau____hau__ ISBN __hau____hau____hau__ 9-783867-746243
* Kamfanin Kasuwanci da dabarun Tarayyar Kasuwanci, Akademie-Verlag München 1994, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-929115-16-6&lt;/nowiki&gt; Kamfanin Kasancewa da dabarun Kasuwanci __hau____hau____hau__ ISBN __hau____hau____hau__ 3-929115-16-6

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}
&lt;references /&gt;

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://new.siemens.com/global/en/company/about/history/people/chairmen-of-the-managing-board-of-siemens-ag.html Shugabannin da Babban Jami'an Siemens AG]
* {{Official website|http://usa.siemens.com|Siemens Corporation USA official website}}
* {{Official website|http://www.alcoa.com|Alcoa official website}}
[[Category:Haihuwan 1957]]
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[[Fayil:Klaus Kleinfeld.jpg|thumb|Klaus Kleinfeld ne adam wata]]
Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld (an haife shi ne 6 ga watan Nuwambar a shekarar 1957 a garin Bremen, ƙasar Jamus) tsohon shugaban ne kuma babban jami'in zartarwa (Shugaba) na Arconic . Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld shugaban zartarwa Arconic Kleinfeld tsohon shugaban ne kuma Shugaba na Alcoa Inc., kuma tsohon shugaban ƙasa da Shugaba na Siemens AG.&lt;ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa&gt;{{cite web|title=Klaus Kleinfeld|url=http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/investment/executive_council/kleinfeld_klaus.asp|publisher=Alcoa|access-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828223911/http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/investment/executive_council/kleinfeld_klaus.asp|archive-date=2013-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/trnewsmaker/2011/02/24/meet-klaus-kleinfeld/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301045328/http://blogs.reuters.com/trnewsmaker/2011/02/24/meet-klaus-kleinfeld/|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2011|title=Meet Klaus Kleinfeld|publisher=Reuters|access-date=8 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Alcoa Inc.| date=28 July 2023 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=5504710&amp;ticker=AA|publisher=Bloomberg}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Shugaban Alcoa Siemens AG Kleinfeld ya sauka a matsayin shugaban da Shugaba na Arconic a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilun na shekarar 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-04-17/arconic-ceo-steps-down-after-battle-with-elliott-management|title=Arconic CEO Exits After 'Poor Judgment'|publisher=Bloomberg. Retrieved 18 April 2017.}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, an naɗa shi darektan shirin Neom na Saudi Arabia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1332281/saudi-arabia|title=Klaus Kleinfeld named adviser to Saudi crown prince, NEOM appoints new CEO|publisher=Arabnews. Retrieved 03 July 2018.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saudi Arabia Neom An sanar da shi a watan Yulin shekarar 2018 cewa za a ƙara Kleinfeld daga darektan Neom zuwa mai ba da shawara ga Yarima Muhammad bin Salman a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2018, kuma cewa Nadhmi Al-Nasr zai gaji shi a matsayin darektan ne na Neom. Yarima Muhammad bin Salman Nadhmi Al-Nasr&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Klaus Kleinfeld named adviser to Saudi crown prince, NEOM appoints new CEO |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1332281/%7B%7B |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Arab News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307174709/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1332281/%7B%7B |archive-date=2022-03-07 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kleinfeld Made Adviser to Crown Prince, Al-Nasr Becomes New NEOM CEO |url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/1319226/kleinfeld-made-adviser-crown-prince-al-nasr-becomes-new-neom-ceo |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Asharq AL-awsat |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Agustan shekarar 2007, an naɗa Kleinfeld a matsayin COO na New York, Alcoa Inc.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/news/news_detail.asp?pageID=20070815005503en&amp;newsYear=2007 Alcoa: News: News Releases: Klaus Kleinfeld Elected Alcoa President and Chief Operating Officer&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, an naɗa Kle infeld a matsayin Shugaba na Alcoa, wanda ya gaji Alain Belda. Alcoa Alain Belda&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/news/news_detail.asp?pageID=20070815005503en&amp;newsYear=2007 Alcoa: News: News Releases: Klaus Kleinfeld Elected Alcoa President and Chief Operating Officer]&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, an naɗa Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban Alcoa kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin Shugaba da shugaban kwamitin har sai da ya yi murabus a watan Afrilun shekarar 2017.&lt;ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa/&gt;&lt;ref name=kleinfeldprofile&gt;{{cite web|title=Executive Profile: Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld Ph.D.|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=5504710&amp;ticker=AA|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kleinfeld ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Munich, Siemens AG na Jamus daga Janairun shekarar 2005 har zuwa watan Yulin shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=chairmen&gt;{{cite web|title=Chairmen of the Managing Board, Siemens AG|url=http://www.siemens.com/history/en/personalities/chairmen_of_the_managing_board_siemens_ag.htm#toc-3|publisher=Siemens|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kokarin Kleinfeld na sabunta kamfanin ya haifar da rikici tare da masu kare al'adun kasuwancin gargajiya na Siemens.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing&gt;{{cite book|last1=DK Publishing|title=1000 CEOs|date=2009|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780756661243|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ndAbs5tRmtIC&amp;pg=PT525|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, aikin kuɗi na kamfanin ya bunƙasa.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing/&gt;&lt;ref name=bobtricker&gt;{{cite book|last1=Tricker|first1=Bob|title=Essentials for Board Directors: An A to Z Guide|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9781576603543|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BmwMvYq2_HUC&amp;pg=PA210|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, Kleinfeld ya canza Siemens Management Consulting ya zama abokin tarayya mai tasiri ga kasuwancin duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;chairmen&quot; /&gt; Ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga canjin riba na kasuwancin yankin Siemens a Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;chairmen&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2006, wani bincike na gwamnatin Jamus ya gano kuɗaɗe a cikin asusun banki na sirri wanda Siemens ke kula da shi don samun kwangila.&lt;ref name=bobtricker/&gt;&lt;ref name=sak&gt;{{cite book|last1=Sak Onkvisit, John Shaw|title=International Marketing: Strategy and Theory|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135275471|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXGNAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA142|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; kudade masu lalacewa Masu bincike ba su sami wata hujja game da laifin da Kleinfeld ya yi ba kuma ba a gabatar da wani zargi a kansa ba. A shekara ta 2009, Kleinfeld, tare da wasu tsoffin shugabannin Siemens, sun amince da biyan Siemens kuɗi don warware batun farar hula.&lt;ref name=sak/&gt;&lt;ref name=nicholoson&gt;{{cite news|last1=Nicholson|first1=Chris V.|title=Siemens to Collect Damages From Former Chiefs in Bribery Scandal|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/03/business/global/03siemens.html|work=New York Times|date=2 December 2009 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Conklin|first1=David W.|title=The Global Environment of Business: New Paradigms for International Management|date=2010|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9781412950282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmRPQD8g5tYC&amp;pg=PA31|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2007, Kleinfeld ya bar Siemens, yana mai nuna rashin tabbas game da makomar sa tare da kamfanin bayan rarrabuwa tsakanin mambobin kwamitin Siemens game da tsawaita kwangilarsa ya zama sananne.&lt;ref name=succeedchief&gt;{{cite news|title=Alcoa Hires Former Head of Siemens, and Expects Him to Succeed Its Chief|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/16/business/16alcoa.html?_r=1&amp;|work=New York Times| date=16 August 2007 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ktostepdown/&gt;&lt;ref name=towel&gt;{{cite news|title=Kleinfeld Throws in the Towel: Siemens CEO Undermined by Board|newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=26 April 2007 |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/kleinfeld-throws-in-the-towel-siemens-ceo-undermined-by-board-a-479588.html|publisher=Spiegel|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Klaus Kleinfeld, CEO of Alcoa.jpg|thumb|Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld]]
Kleinfeld ya fara aikinsa a 1982 ta hanyar shiga kamfanin ba da shawara kan talla.&lt;ref name=europeanceo&gt;{{cite web|title=Profile: Klaus Kleinfeld|url=http://www.europeanceo.com/profiles/klaus-kleinfeld/|publisher=European CEO|access-date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld a ranar 6 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1957 a Bremen, Jamus . Bremen Jamus Ya sami digiri na kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Georg August da ke Göttingen, Jamus da Ph.D. a cikin gudanarwa daga Jami'an Würzburg da ke Würzburg, Jamus. Jami'ar Georg August Jami'ar Göttingen Jami'ar Würzburg&lt;ref name=europeanceo/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A shekara ta 1982, Kleinfeld ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan talla.&lt;ref name=kleinfeldprofile/&gt; A shekara ta 1986, ya shiga Ciba-Geigy, kamfanin samar da magunguna na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda ke zaune a Basel, [[Switzerland]], inda ya kasance manajan samfur a sashin magunguna na kamfanin. Ciba-Geigy Basel, Switzerland&lt;ref name=coxusatoday&gt;{{cite web|last1=Cox|first1=James|title=CEO of U.S. unit made Siemens' profile sing|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/companies/management/2004-01-25-exec-klaus_x.htm|publisher=USA Today|access-date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Siemens AG ===
A shekara ta 1987, Kleinfeld ya shiga Siemens AG mai zaman kansa a Munich, kamfanin injiniya da sabis na fasaha na duniya wanda ke zaune a Amurka da Jamus.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing/&gt; Munich Siemens AG Matsayinsa na farko ya kasance a cikin kamfanin tallace-tallace da tallace-tafiye, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan binciken tallace-tsallace.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Siemens' New Boss|newspaper=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2005-01-23/siemens-new-boss|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken tallace-tallace A cikin 1990, ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci Siemens Management Consulting, abokin tarayya na duniya na cikin gida don kasuwancin Siemens tare da babban rawar da ya taka wajen sake fasalin yawancin rukunin kasuwancin Siemens a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Klaus Kleinfeld |url=https://www.swe.siemens.com/belux/portal/en/press/press/releases/cc/Pages/klaus_kleinfeld.aspx |publisher=Siemens |access-date=24 June 2015 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, an ƙara Kleinfeld zuwa babban jami'in aiki (COO) na Siemens USA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://aluminiuminsider.com/aluminium-luminaries-klaus-kleinfeld/|title=Aluminium Luminaries – Klaus Kleinfeld – Aluminium Insider|date=2016-01-21|newspaper=Aluminium Insider|access-date=2017-02-24|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; babban jami'in aiki Rashin tattalin arziki a Amurka ya yi mummunar tasiri ga riba kuma Kleinfeld ya yi la'akari da dabarun gagarumin don inganta aikin kamfanonin Siemens. Ya kuma nemi gyara, siyarwa ko rufe ayyukan kamfanonin da aka samu kwanan nan da ƙirƙirar sabbin damar siyarwa. An rage ayyukan da ba su da riba daga 24 zuwa 8, kuma wasu matakan rage farashin sun adana kimanin dala miliyan 100.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lucks|first1=Kai|title=Transatlantic Mergers and Acquisitions|date=2007|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783895786129|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AaV-Ia6swE0C&amp;pg=PA138|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga Janairu 2005 zuwa Yuni 2007, Kleinfeld ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Siemens USA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.siemens.com/history/en/personalities/chairmen_of_the_managing_board_siemens_ag.htm#toc-3|title=Chairmen of the Managing Board, Siemens AG|website=www.siemens.com|language=en|access-date=2017-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Janairun shekara ta 2004, an naɗa Kleinfeld a kwamitin zartarwa na kamfanonin Siemens. Har ila yau, a shekara ta 2004, an nada Kleinfeld mataimakin shugaban Siemens AG.&lt;ref name=2004annualreport&gt;{{cite web|title=Siemens Annual Report 2004 |url=http://www.siemens.com/investor/pool/en/investor_relations/downloadcenter/e04_00_gb2004_1230305.pdf|publisher=Siemens|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2004, Kleinfeld ya ba da shawarar al'adun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da masu hannun jari, yana matsawa ƙungiyoyin kwadago na Jamus su saki dokokin aiki da kuma tsawaita makon aiki na Jamus daga 35 zuwa 40, ba tare da ƙarin albashi ba.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing/&gt; Kleinfeld ya ce ma'aikatan Jamus &quot;dole ne su daidaita kuma su fahimci yadda duniya take&quot; don ci gaba da yin gasa.&lt;ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Siemens CEO Klaus Kleinfeld: &quot;Nobody's Perfect, but a Team Can Be| url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/siemens-ceo-klaus-kleinfeld-nobodys-perfect-but-a-team-can-be/|publisher=Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Flynn Vencat|first1=Emily|title=The Last Word: Klaus Kleinfeld|date=12 November 2006 |url=http://www.newsweek.com/last-word-klaus-kleinfeld-106593|publisher=Newsweek|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekaru biyu bayan haka, tallace-tallace sun karu da kashi 16, ribar ta karu da kashi 35, kuma hannun jari ta ƙaru da shekaru 40.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing/&gt;&lt;ref name=bobtricker/&gt; A watan Janairun shekara ta 2005 an nada shi Shugaba, wanda ya gaji Heinrich von Pierer. Heinrich von Pierer&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Landler|first1=Mark|title=Siemens Chooses Chief|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/08/business/world-business-briefing-europe-germany-siemens-chooses-chief.html|work=The New York Times|date=8 July 2004 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shirin Kleinfeld na sabunta kamfanin ya haifar da rikici tare da masu kare al'adun kasuwancin gargajiya na Siemens.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;spiegel.de&quot;&gt;[http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,440409,00.html The World from Berlin: Siemens Strikes Back - International - SPIEGEL ONLINE - News&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda tsarin mulkin Jamusanci na gargajiya guda biyu, kwamitin kulawa wanda ya hada da wakilan ƙungiyar kwadago da masu hannun jari sun ki amincewa da tsare-tsaren sake fasalin Kleinfeld.&lt;ref name=bobtricker/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gerardo R. Ungson, Yim-Yu Wong|title=Global Strategic Management|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317469735|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EzfBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=kleinfeld&amp;pg=PA373|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da yake dabarunsa suna kallon da kyau ta hanyar 'yan jaridar kudi na duniya, kafofin watsa labarai na Jamus sun soki Kleinfeld, galibi saboda rashin alhakin zamantakewa game da ma'aikatan Siemens. alhakin zamantakewa&lt;ref name=atlantictimes&gt;{{cite web|last1=Canibol|first1=Hans-Peter|title=Siemens Hit With Bad Publicity. CEO Klaus Kleinfeld takes a few blows.|url=http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=693|publisher=The Atlantic Times|access-date=24 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110211700/http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=693|archive-date=10 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin matsayinsa na Shugaba, Kleinfeld ya jagoranci Siemens Management Consulting a matsayin abokin tarayya ga kasuwancin duniya, yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga canjin riba na kasuwancin yankin Siemens a Amurka. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, duk kungiyoyin Siemens sun kai ko sun wuce iyakokin da aka yi niyya a karon farko.&lt;ref name=chairmen/&gt;

==== Binciken cin hanci ====
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2006, binciken zamba da gwamnatin Jamus ta yi ya zama sananne.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=CHRONOLOGY: Twists in Siemens corruption scandal|date=9 May 2008 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-siemens-chronology-idUSL0937379620080509|work=Reuters|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken daga baya ya gano cewa Siemens yana kula da kudade a cikin asusun banki na sirri a waje da Jamus wanda kamfanin ya yi amfani da shi don samun kwangila.&lt;ref name=bobtricker/&gt;&lt;ref name=sak/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Matthews|first1=Christopher M.|title=Siemens Under Investigation For Payments To Russian Company|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/corruption-currents/2012/04/30/siemens-under-investigation-for-payments-to-russian-company/|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=30 April 2012 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; kudade masu lalacewa Da zarar binciken ya zama na jama'a, Kleinfeld ya hayar masana shari'a da masu binciken waje don gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa da sake fasalin ayyukan lissafi da sarrafawa na cikin gida na kamfanin da kuma kawar da yiwuwar ayyukan da ba su dace ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mark Landler, Carter Dougherty|title=Scandal at Siemens Tarnishes Promising Results|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/28/business/worldbusiness/28siemens.html?adxnnl=1&amp;dlbk=&amp;adxnnlx=1428530562-MjpndtLh1L9th0mm/YJ/IQ|work=New York Times|date=28 February 2007 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken mai zaman kansa daga baya ya gano cewa kamfanin ya biya daruruwan miliyoyin daloli a cikin cin hanci, wanda ya kasance doka a Jamus har zuwa 1999, amma cewa &quot;babu wata alama ta mummunar hali ko kuma cewa Kleinfeld yana da wani ilmi game da abubuwan da suka faru&quot; da suka shafi abin kunya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Sims|first1=G. Thomas|title=Siemens Chief Says He Will Step Down|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/26/business/worldbusiness/26siemens.html|work=New York Times|date=26 April 2007 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; cin hanci SEC ta gabatar da tuhumar cin hanci da rashawa a kan Siemens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=SEC Charges Siemens AG for Engaging in Worldwide Bribery|url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2008/2008-294.htm|publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; SEC Kleinfeld da sauran tsoffin shugabannin Siemens da membobin kwamitin an zarge su da &quot;rashin hana cin hanci da rashawa&quot;.&lt;ref name=muckety&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://news.muckety.com/2009/12/03/klaus-kleinfeld-settles-with-siemens-ag/22601 |title=Klaus Kleinfeld settles with Siemens AG &amp;#124; Muckety - See the news |access-date=19 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102232552/http://news.muckety.com/2009/12/03/klaus-kleinfeld-settles-with-siemens-ag/22601 |archive-date=2 November 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ba a gabatar da wani zargi a kan Kleinfeld ba kuma Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta ambaci haɗin gwiwar Siemens da bincike mai zaman kansa da Kleinfeld ya fara a matsayin dalilai na rage hukuncin kudi na Siemens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=DOJ Sentencing Memorandum|url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/legacy/2008/12/19/siemens-sentencing-memo.pdf|publisher=U.S. District Court for the District Of Columbia|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:2016 photo of Klaus Kleinfeld - tiff.tif|thumb|Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld]]
A watan Yunin 2007, Kleinfeld ya bar Siemens, yana mai nuna rashin tabbas game da makomar sa tare da kamfanin bayan rarrabuwa tsakanin mambobin kwamitin Siemens game da tsawaita kwangilarsa ya zama sananne.&lt;ref name=succeedchief/&gt;&lt;ref name=ktostepdown&gt;{{cite web|title=Siemens' Kleinfeld to step down as CEO|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/apr/26/business/fi-siemens26|work=Los Angeles Times|date=26 April 2007 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=towel/&gt; A watan Satumbar 2009, Siemens ta yi barazanar gurfanar da Kleinfeld da sauran tsoffin shugabannin gudanarwa saboda gazawar kulawa kuma ta ba da tayin sasantawa don biyan kamfanin na miliyoyin daloli a cikin tarar da lalacewar &quot;sunansa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://w1.siemens.com/press/pool/de/pressemitteilungen/2009/corporate_communication/AXX20090984e.pdf Siemens offers former Managing Board members until mid of November 2009 to indicate willingness to settle corruption damages]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Germany: Siemens Plans Suit|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/business/worldbusiness/30fobriefs-SIEMENSPLANS_BRF.html|work=New York Times|date=30 July 2008 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kleinfeld ya amince da warware lamarin na Yuro miliyan 2.&lt;ref name=nicholoson/&gt;&lt;ref name=muckety/&gt;

=== Alcoa da Arconic ===
A shekara ta 2003, Kleinfeld ya shiga kwamitin daraktocin Alcoa,&lt;ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa/&gt; inda ya karɓi dala miliyan 2.3 a hannun jari a ranar farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/how-to-make-millions-on-a-losing-stock-ask-klaus-kleinfeld-2017-05-04|title=How to make millions on a losing stock? Ask Klaus Kleinfeld|website=MarketWatch.com|date=2017-05-04|access-date=2020-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agustan 2007, Alcoa ta naɗa Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Alcoa Hires Former Head of Siemens, and Expects Him to Succeed Its Chief|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/16/business/16alcoa.html?_r=1&amp;|work=New York Times| date=16 August 2007 |access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, an nada shi Shugaba, wanda ya gaji Alain JP Belda.&lt;ref name=kleinfeldprofile/&gt;&lt;ref name=kleinfeldceonytimes&gt;{{cite news|title=Alcoa Names Chief Executive|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/09/business/09alcoa.html|work=New York Times|date=9 May 2008 |access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=europeanceo/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author1=Kris Maher |author2=Mike Esterl |author3=Joann S. Lublin |title=Alcoa Puts Faith in Ex-Siemens CEO|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118718229500198395|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=17 August 2007 |access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alain J. P. Belda A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, an nada Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban Alcoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;klauskleinfeldalcoa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kleinfeldprofile&quot; /&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2012, Kleinfeld ya fara rufe wasu wuraren narkewa masu tsada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Miller|first1=John W.|title=Alcoa to Cut Capacity 12%|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203513604577143152171126134|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=5 January 2012 |access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekara ta 2013, ya ambaci wani baya a cikin masana'antun sararin samaniya da kuma karuwar buƙatar kayayyakin aluminum masu sauƙi a cikin masana-antun motoci da gine-gine saboda &quot;canjin tarihi&quot; zuwa ga man fetur da ingancin makamashi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Maria Bartiromo talks to Alcoa's Klaus Kleinfeld|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/columnist/bartiromo/2013/10/20/alcoa-klaus-kleinfeld-aluminum-ceo-economy/3002045/|publisher=USA Today|access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ginin motar sararin samaniya Kleinfeld ya jagoranci rarraba kamfanin tare da ƙarin fasahar kayan aiki masu yawa, injiniya da masana'antu, kuma ya ba da umarnin sayen kamfanoni uku don sanya Alcoa cikin kasuwancin sararin samaniya.&lt;ref name=metalbulletin&gt;{{cite web|title=INTERVIEW: The Alcoa turnaround|url=http://www.metalbulletin.com/Article/3416284/Search/INTERVIEW-The-Alcoa-turnaround.html?PageId=196010&amp;Keywords=klaus+kleinfeld&amp;OrderType=1#axzz3Sg0oC3F9|publisher=MetalBulletin|access-date=21 June 2015|archive-date=22 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622020036/http://www.metalbulletin.com/Article/3416284/Search/INTERVIEW-The-Alcoa-turnaround.html?PageId=196010&amp;Keywords=klaus+kleinfeld&amp;OrderType=1#axzz3Sg0oC3F9|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=maggiemcgrath&gt;{{cite web|last1=McGrath|first1=Maggie|title=Alcoa Acquiring Titanium Supplier RTI In $1.5 Billion Deal|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maggiemcgrath/2015/03/09/alcoa-acquiring-titanium-supplier-rti-in-1-5-billion-deal/|work=Forbes|access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=abigailstevenson&gt;{{cite web|last1=Stevenson|first1=Abigail|title=Big money about to flow into this stock|date=15 April 2015 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/102590835|publisher=CNBC|access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya aiwatar da dabarun don rage dogaro da kamfanin akan kayayyaki, yana kula da tasowa don zama jagora na duniya a cikin ƙarfe mai sauƙi, da haɓaka sunansa don ƙwarewar masana'antu.&lt;ref name=barrons&gt;{{cite web|last1=Goldwyn Blumenthal|first1=Robin|title=Alcoa's CEO Is Remaking the Industrial Giant|url=http://www.barrons.com/articles/alcoas-ceo-is-remaking-the-industrial-giant-1437806016|publisher=Barron's|access-date=28 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Satumba 2015, Alcoa ta kammala canjin ta tare da sanarwar cewa za ta rabu zuwa kamfanoni biyu na jama'a a shekara mai zuwa - wani mai suna Alcoa Corp., da kuma wani wanda ya ƙunshi mai suna Alcao Inc., Arconic, wanda zai riƙe Alcoa Inc.'s darajar-ƙara tsakiyar- da kuma ƙasa kasuwanci. Alcoa Corp.&lt;ref name=dowjones&gt;{{cite web|last1=Dow Jones Business News|title=Alcoa to Split as Aluminum Glut Pressures Prices|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/09/28/alcoa-to-split-into-two-separate-publicly-traded-companies.html|publisher=CNBC|access-date=28 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2016, Alcoa ta raba aikinta na aluminum daga sassan kasuwanci waɗanda ke ba da kasuwannin sararin samaniya da na motoci.&lt;ref name = theaustralian&gt;{{cite web|last1=Stahl|first1=George|title=Alcoa's official demerger gets mixed market reaction|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/mining-energy/alcoas-official-demerger-gets-mixed-market-reaction/news-story/563e04a669af8389e2da7945aef1f860|publisher=The Australian|access-date=9 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Whiteman|first1=Lou|title=Investors Flock to Alcoa Over Arconic Post-Split|date=November 2016 |url=https://www.thestreet.com/story/13875862/1/investors-flock-to-alcoa-over-arconic-post-split.html|publisher=TheStreet|access-date=9 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kamfanin da aka riƙe shi ne sabon kamfani da aka ƙirƙira Alcoa Corp. Kleinfeld ya kasance a matsayin shugaban Arconic da Shugaba bayan rabuwa. Alcoa Corp. Da farko ya ba da shawarar zama shugaban kamfanin a lokacin canji,&lt;ref name=washpost&gt;{{cite news|author1=Sonja Elmquist|author2=Joe Deaux|title=Alcoa to Split in Two as CEO Kleinfeld's Strategy Takes Hold|url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NVDUU36JIJUP01-6F1TD6D1RD37NE1C5KEDTFALM3|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=29 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930124732/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NVDUU36JIJUP01-6F1TD6D1RD37NE1C5KEDTFALM3|archive-date=30 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma an ƙi tayin; Kleinfeld ba shi da alaƙa da sabon kamfanin.

==== Shirye-shiryen ilimi na STEM ====
A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kleinfeld, Alcoa ta goyi bayan shirye-shiryen ci gaban ma'aikata na STEM (kimiyya, fasaha, injiniya da lissafi) don horar da ilimantar da dalibai da malamai a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Today's CEO Leader in STEM: Klaus Kleinfeld of Alcoa|url=http://blog.stemconnector.org/todays-ceo-leader-stem-klaus-kleinfeld-alcoa|publisher=STEM Connector blog|access-date=21 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622041049/http://blog.stemconnector.org/todays-ceo-leader-stem-klaus-kleinfeld-alcoa|archive-date=22 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; STEM Wani yanki na Yuli 2012 wanda Kleinfeld da Richard Haass, shugaban Majalisar kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje, suka rubuta, sun ba da shawarar haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci da gwamnati don rage gibin ƙwarewar STEM tsakanin kasuwar ma'aikata da masana'antun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Column: Lack of skilled employees hurting manufacturing|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/opinion/forum/story/2012-07-02/public-private-manufacuting/56005466/1|publisher=USA Today|access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Richard Haass kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje A watan Satumbar 2013, Shugaba Obama ya naɗa Kleinfeld a cikin Kwamitin Gudanar da Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Shugaban kasa 2.0 don ci gaba da kokarin Alcoa na kula da jagorancin Amurka a cikin fasahohin da ke tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Obama Taps Alcoa's Klaus Kleinfeld; 3D Printing; China Aluminum Price Up|url=https://agmetalminer.com/2013/09/27/obama-taps-alcoas-klaus-kleinfeld-3d-printing-china-aluminum-price-up/|publisher=MetalMiner|access-date=21 June 2015|archive-date=22 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622024526/https://agmetalminer.com/2013/09/27/obama-taps-alcoas-klaus-kleinfeld-3d-printing-china-aluminum-price-up/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Yin murabus daga Arconic ====
A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, kamfanin Elliott Management Corporation ya kaddamar da gasar wakilai a kan kamfanin. Kamfanin Gudanar da Elliott Elliott ya yi kira ga korar Kleinfeld a fili, yana mai nuna rashin aikin kamfanin, ya rasa hasashen riba, da rashin inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wall Street Journal, April 18&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=BENOIT|first1=DAVID|title=AInside the Activist Battle That Felled Arconic's Klaus Kleinfeld|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/klaus-kleinfeld-steps-down-as-chair-and-ceo-of-arconic-1492435894|website=Wall Street Journal|date=17 April 2017 |access-date=18 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2017, Kleinfeld ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban da Shugaba ta hanyar yarjejeniya tare da kwamitin Arconic, bayan ya aika da wasika ba tare da izini ba ga Elliott.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/17/klaus-kleinfeld-steps-down-as-chair-and-ceo-of-arconic.html | title=Klaus Kleinfeld steps down as chair and ceo of Arconic | publisher=CNBC | date=17 April 2017 | access-date=19 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/17/business/dealbook/even-before-ill-advised-letter-arconics-ceo-had-to-go.html | title=Even Before Ill-Advised Letter, Arconic's C.E.O. Had to Go | work=The New York Times | date=17 April 2017 | access-date=2020-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Klaus Kleinfeld ya kafa tare da Abokan SPAC &quot;Constellation&quot; wanda aka jera a kan NYSE a cikin 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-27 |title=Constellation Acquisition Corp I Announces Pricing of $300 Million Initial Public Offering |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210126006142/en/Constellation-Acquisition-Corp-I-Announces-Pricing-of-300-Million-Initial-Public-Offering |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kafa kamfaninsa na saka hannun jari &quot;K2 Elevation&quot; wanda ke saka hannun jari da haɓaka kamfanoni na duniya a cikin fasahar fasaha da ɓangaren biotech. A halin yanzu fayil ɗin ya ƙunshi ayyukan a Jamus, [[Austriya|Austria]], da Amurka. Yana ba da shawara ga kamfanoni da yawa da kuma ƙungiyoyi daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Innovation-focused SPAC Constellation Acquisition I files for a $300 million IPO |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/innovation-focused-spac-constellation-acquisition-i-files-for-a-%24300-million-ipo-2021-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwamiti ===
Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Gudanar da Ƙungiyar Bilderberg,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Steering Committee|url=http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/steering-committee.html|publisher=Bilderberg Meetings|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140521120713/http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/steering-committee.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin Amintattun Cibiyar Brookings,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Board of Trustees |url=http://www.brookings.edu/about/leadership/trustees |publisher=Brookings Institution |access-date=17 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705030120/http://www.brookings.edu/about/leadership/trustees |archive-date= 5 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin Gidauniyar Tattalin Arziki na Duniya,&lt;ref name=worldeconforum&gt;{{cite web|title=World Economic Forum Announces New Foundation Board Members|url=http://www.weforum.org/news/world-economic-forum-announces-new-foundation-board-members|publisher=World Economic Forum|access-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622031700/http://www.weforum.org/news/world-economic-forum-announces-new-foundation-board-members|archive-date=22 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin Amurka na Tattalin Ruwa na Duniya,&lt;ref name=worldeconforum/&gt; da Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Metropolitan Opera. Kungiyar Bilderberg Brookings Cibiyar Taron Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya Metropolitan Opera&lt;ref name=&quot;worldeconforum&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2009, an nada Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban kwamitin Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka da Rasha (USRBC), wanda ke inganta kasuwanci da saka hannun jari tsakanin Amurka da Rasha. Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka da Rasha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Steering Committee|url=https://www.usrbc.org/aboutus/boardofdirectors/|publisher=U.S.-Russia Business Council|access-date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2013, Kleinfeld ya shiga Kwamitin Daraktocin Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka da China kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Shugaba na Duniya na Firayim Minista na ƙasar Sin. Firayim Ministan kasar Sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=China's Premier Meets Top Business Leaders in Davos|url=http://www.weforum.org/news/china-s-premier-meets-top-business-leaders-davos|publisher=World Economic Forum|access-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615123038/http://www.weforum.org/news/china-s-premier-meets-top-business-leaders-davos|archive-date=15 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A baya, Kleinfeld ya yi aiki a kwamitin kula da Bayer AG daga 2005 zuwa 2014, ya kasance darektan Citigroup Inc. daga 2005 zuwa 2007,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2007-04-26 |title=Siemens CEO resigns, leadership vacuum grows |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-siemens-idUSL2524589120070426 |access-date=2022-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya yi aiki ne a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Siemens AG daga 2004 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Klaus Kleinfeld|url=https://www.alcoa.com/global/en/about_alcoa/corp_gov/directors/Kleinfeld.asp|publisher=Alcoa|access-date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayer AG Citigroup Inc. Siemens AG Mista Kleinfeld ya kuma yi aiki a Kwamitin Daraktoci na Morgan Stanley da Hewlett Packard Enterprise har zuwa Afrilu 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kleinfeld to exit Morgan Stanley Board|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/klaus-kleinfeld-to-exit-morgan-stanleyboard-1492807703|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=21 April 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |last1=Hoffman |first1=Liz }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ousted Arconic CEO Kleinfeld Resigns From HP Enterprise Board|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ousted-arconic-ceo-kleinfeld-resigns-from-hp-enterprise-board-1493042023|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=24 April 2017 |access-date=27 April 2017 |last1=Hufford |first1=Austen }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin Morgan Stanley Hewlett Packard Shi memba ne na allon sa ido na NEOM, Konux da Ferolabs. Kleinfeld shi ne Sanata mai daraja na Lindau Nobel Laureates Taron kuma memba ne na kwamitin Metropolitan Opera, New York .

== Kyaututtuka da karbuwa ==
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Kleinfeld ya sami lambar yabo ta Legend in Leadership daga Cibiyar Nazarin Shugabannin Yale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Yale Chief Executive Leadership Institute to Honor Klaus Kleinfeld, Chairman and CEO of Alcoa, with Legend in Leadership Award|url=http://som.yale.edu/news/2014/12/yale-chief-executive-leadership-institute-honor-klaus-kleinfeld-chairman-and-ceo-alcoa-legend-leadership-award|publisher=Yale School of Management|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Kleinfeld ya sami lambar yabo ta Dwight D. Eisenhower Global Leadership Award daga Majalisar Kasuwanci don Fahimtar Kasa da Kasa. Kwamitin Kasuwanci don Fahimtar Kasa da Kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=BCIU Dwight D. Eisenhower Global Awards Gala|url=http://bciu.org/wip06/public/gala.asp|publisher=Business Council for International Understanding|access-date=24 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613074110/http://bciu.org/wip06/public/gala.asp|archive-date=13 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=The Business Council for International Understanding to Honor Klaus Kleinfeld, Pelè and Maurice Greenberg as 2014 Dwight D. Eisenhower Awards Recipients|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-business-council-for-international-understanding-to-honor-klaus-kleinfeld-pele-and-maurice-greenberg-as-2014-dwight-d-eisenhower-awards-recipients-300007153.html|publisher=Business Council for International Understanding|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014, an naɗa Kleinfeld Shugaba na Shekara a 2014 Platts Global Metals Awards .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2014 Platts Global Metals Awards Winners|url=http://gma.platts.com/Winners/Winners2014|publisher=Platts|access-date=24 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320204025/http://gma.platts.com/Winners/Winners2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=Alcoa Chairman and CEO Klaus Kleinfeld Named Platts CEO of the Year as Company Transformation Accelerates|date=21 May 2014 |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140521006665/en/Alcoa-Chairman-CEO-Klaus-Kleinfeld-Named-Platts#.VSWSIfnF9IF|publisher=Alcoa|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Kleinfeld yana zaune a New York tare da matarsa, Birgit, da yara biyu. Abin sha'awa na Kleinfeld shine wasanni (marathon, tseren ƙanƙara, wasan tennis).&lt;ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa/&gt;&lt;ref name=coxusatoday/&gt;

== Littattafai ==

* ''Samar da Makomar. 'Yan Kasuwancin Siemens 1847-2018.'' [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Cibiyar Tarihi ta Siemens, [[Hamburg]] 2018, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9-783867-746243&lt;/nowiki&gt;. __hau____hau____hau__ ISBN __hau____hau____hau__ 9-783867-746243
* Kamfanin Kasuwanci da dabarun Tarayyar Kasuwanci, Akademie-Verlag München 1994, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-929115-16-6&lt;/nowiki&gt; Kamfanin Kasancewa da dabarun Kasuwanci __hau____hau____hau__ ISBN __hau____hau____hau__ 3-929115-16-6

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}
&lt;references /&gt;

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://new.siemens.com/global/en/company/about/history/people/chairmen-of-the-managing-board-of-siemens-ag.html Shugabannin da Babban Jami'an Siemens AG]
* {{Official website|http://usa.siemens.com|Siemens Corporation USA official website}}
* {{Official website|http://www.alcoa.com|Alcoa official website}}
[[Category:Haihuwan 1957]]
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[[Fayil:Klaus Kleinfeld.jpg|thumb|Klaus Kleinfeld ne adam wata]]
Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld (an haife shi ne 6 ga watan Nuwambar a shekarar 1957 a garin Bremen, ƙasar Jamus) tsohon shugaban ne kuma babban jami'in zartarwa (Shugaba) na Arconic . Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld shugaban zartarwa Arconic Kleinfeld tsohon shugaban ne kuma Shugaba na Alcoa Inc., kuma tsohon shugaban ƙasa da Shugaba na Siemens AG.&lt;ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa&gt;{{cite web|title=Klaus Kleinfeld|url=http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/investment/executive_council/kleinfeld_klaus.asp|publisher=Alcoa|access-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828223911/http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/investment/executive_council/kleinfeld_klaus.asp|archive-date=2013-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/trnewsmaker/2011/02/24/meet-klaus-kleinfeld/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301045328/http://blogs.reuters.com/trnewsmaker/2011/02/24/meet-klaus-kleinfeld/|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2011|title=Meet Klaus Kleinfeld|publisher=Reuters|access-date=8 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Alcoa Inc.| date=28 July 2023 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=5504710&amp;ticker=AA|publisher=Bloomberg}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Shugaban Alcoa Siemens AG Kleinfeld ya sauka a matsayin shugaban da Shugaba na Arconic a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilun na shekarar 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-04-17/arconic-ceo-steps-down-after-battle-with-elliott-management|title=Arconic CEO Exits After 'Poor Judgment'|publisher=Bloomberg. Retrieved 18 April 2017.}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, an naɗa shi darektan shirin Neom na Saudi Arabia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1332281/saudi-arabia|title=Klaus Kleinfeld named adviser to Saudi crown prince, NEOM appoints new CEO|publisher=Arabnews. Retrieved 03 July 2018.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saudi Arabia Neom An sanar da shi a watan Yulin shekarar 2018 cewa za a ƙara Kleinfeld daga darektan Neom zuwa mai ba da shawara ga Yarima Muhammad bin Salman a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2018, kuma cewa Nadhmi Al-Nasr zai gaji shi a matsayin darektan ne na Neom. Yarima Muhammad bin Salman Nadhmi Al-Nasr&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Klaus Kleinfeld named adviser to Saudi crown prince, NEOM appoints new CEO |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1332281/%7B%7B |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Arab News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307174709/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1332281/%7B%7B |archive-date=2022-03-07 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kleinfeld Made Adviser to Crown Prince, Al-Nasr Becomes New NEOM CEO |url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/1319226/kleinfeld-made-adviser-crown-prince-al-nasr-becomes-new-neom-ceo |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Asharq AL-awsat |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Agustan shekarar 2007, an naɗa Kleinfeld a matsayin COO na New York, Alcoa Inc.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/news/news_detail.asp?pageID=20070815005503en&amp;newsYear=2007 Alcoa: News: News Releases: Klaus Kleinfeld Elected Alcoa President and Chief Operating Officer&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, an naɗa Kle infeld a matsayin Shugaba na Alcoa, wanda ya gaji Alain Belda. Alcoa Alain Belda&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/news/news_detail.asp?pageID=20070815005503en&amp;newsYear=2007 Alcoa: News: News Releases: Klaus Kleinfeld Elected Alcoa President and Chief Operating Officer]&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, an naɗa Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban Alcoa kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin Shugaba da shugaban kwamitin har sai da ya yi murabus a watan Afrilun shekarar 2017.&lt;ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa/&gt;&lt;ref name=kleinfeldprofile&gt;{{cite web|title=Executive Profile: Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld Ph.D.|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=5504710&amp;ticker=AA|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kleinfeld ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Munich, Siemens AG na Jamus daga Janairun shekarar 2005 har zuwa watan Yulin shekarar 2007.&lt;ref name=chairmen&gt;{{cite web|title=Chairmen of the Managing Board, Siemens AG|url=http://www.siemens.com/history/en/personalities/chairmen_of_the_managing_board_siemens_ag.htm#toc-3|publisher=Siemens|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kokarin Kleinfeld na sabunta kamfanin ya haifar da rikici tare da masu kare al'adun kasuwancin gargajiya na Siemens.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing&gt;{{cite book|last1=DK Publishing|title=1000 CEOs|date=2009|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780756661243|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ndAbs5tRmtIC&amp;pg=PT525|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, aikin kuɗi na kamfanin ya bunƙasa.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing/&gt;&lt;ref name=bobtricker&gt;{{cite book|last1=Tricker|first1=Bob|title=Essentials for Board Directors: An A to Z Guide|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9781576603543|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BmwMvYq2_HUC&amp;pg=PA210|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, Kleinfeld ya canza Siemens Management Consulting ya zama abokin tarayya mai tasiri ga kasuwancin duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;chairmen&quot; /&gt; Ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga canjin riba na kasuwancin yankin Siemens a Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;chairmen&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2006, wani bincike na gwamnatin Jamus ya gano kuɗaɗe a cikin asusun banki na sirri wanda Siemens ke kula da shi don samun kwangila.&lt;ref name=bobtricker/&gt;&lt;ref name=sak&gt;{{cite book|last1=Sak Onkvisit, John Shaw|title=International Marketing: Strategy and Theory|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135275471|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXGNAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA142|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; kudade masu lalacewa Masu bincike ba su sami wata hujja game da laifin da Kleinfeld ya yi ba kuma ba a gabatar da wani zargi a kansa ba. A shekara ta 2009, Kleinfeld, tare da wasu tsoffin shugabannin Siemens, sun amince da biyan Siemens kuɗi don warware batun farar hula.&lt;ref name=sak/&gt;&lt;ref name=nicholoson&gt;{{cite news|last1=Nicholson|first1=Chris V.|title=Siemens to Collect Damages From Former Chiefs in Bribery Scandal|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/03/business/global/03siemens.html|work=New York Times|date=2 December 2009 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Conklin|first1=David W.|title=The Global Environment of Business: New Paradigms for International Management|date=2010|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9781412950282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmRPQD8g5tYC&amp;pg=PA31|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2007, Kleinfeld ya bar Siemens, yana mai nuna rashin tabbas game da makomar sa tare da kamfanin bayan rarrabuwa tsakanin mambobin kwamitin Siemens game da tsawaita kwangilarsa ya zama sananne.&lt;ref name=succeedchief&gt;{{cite news|title=Alcoa Hires Former Head of Siemens, and Expects Him to Succeed Its Chief|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/16/business/16alcoa.html?_r=1&amp;|work=New York Times| date=16 August 2007 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ktostepdown/&gt;&lt;ref name=towel&gt;{{cite news|title=Kleinfeld Throws in the Towel: Siemens CEO Undermined by Board|newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=26 April 2007 |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/kleinfeld-throws-in-the-towel-siemens-ceo-undermined-by-board-a-479588.html|publisher=Spiegel|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Klaus Kleinfeld, CEO of Alcoa.jpg|thumb|Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld]]
Kleinfeld ya fara aikinsa a 1982 ta hanyar shiga kamfanin ba da shawara kan talla.&lt;ref name=europeanceo&gt;{{cite web|title=Profile: Klaus Kleinfeld|url=http://www.europeanceo.com/profiles/klaus-kleinfeld/|publisher=European CEO|access-date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld a ranar 6 ga Nuwamban a shekarar 1957 a Bremen, Jamus . Bremen Jamus Ya sami digiri na kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Georg August da ke Göttingen, Jamus da Ph.D. a cikin gudanarwa daga Jami'an Würzburg da ke Würzburg, Jamus. Jami'ar Georg August Jami'ar Göttingen Jami'ar Würzburg&lt;ref name=europeanceo/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A shekara ta 1982, Kleinfeld ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan talla.&lt;ref name=kleinfeldprofile/&gt; A shekara ta 1986, ya shiga Ciba-Geigy, kamfanin samar da magunguna na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda ke zaune a Basel, [[Switzerland]], inda ya kasance manajan samfur a sashin magunguna na kamfanin. Ciba-Geigy Basel, Switzerland&lt;ref name=coxusatoday&gt;{{cite web|last1=Cox|first1=James|title=CEO of U.S. unit made Siemens' profile sing|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/companies/management/2004-01-25-exec-klaus_x.htm|publisher=USA Today|access-date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Siemens AG ===
A shekara ta 1987, Kleinfeld ya shiga Siemens AG mai zaman kansa a Munich, kamfanin injiniya da sabis na fasaha na duniya wanda ke zaune a Amurka da Jamus.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing/&gt; Munich Siemens AG Matsayinsa na farko ya kasance a cikin kamfanin tallace-tallace da tallace-tafiye, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan binciken tallace-tsallace.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Siemens' New Boss|newspaper=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2005-01-23/siemens-new-boss|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken tallace-tallace A cikin 1990, ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci Siemens Management Consulting, abokin tarayya na duniya na cikin gida don kasuwancin Siemens tare da babban rawar da ya taka wajen sake fasalin yawancin rukunin kasuwancin Siemens a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Klaus Kleinfeld |url=https://www.swe.siemens.com/belux/portal/en/press/press/releases/cc/Pages/klaus_kleinfeld.aspx |publisher=Siemens |access-date=24 June 2015 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun na shekara ta 2001, an ƙara Kleinfeld zuwa babban jami'in aiki (COO) na Siemens USA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://aluminiuminsider.com/aluminium-luminaries-klaus-kleinfeld/|title=Aluminium Luminaries – Klaus Kleinfeld – Aluminium Insider|date=2016-01-21|newspaper=Aluminium Insider|access-date=2017-02-24|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; babban jami'in aiki Rashin tattalin arziki a Amurka ya yi mummunar tasiri ga riba kuma Kleinfeld ya yi la'akari da dabarun gagarumin don inganta aikin kamfanonin Siemens. Ya kuma nemi gyara, siyarwa ko rufe ayyukan kamfanonin da aka samu kwanan nan da ƙirƙirar sabbin damar siyarwa. An rage ayyukan da ba su da riba daga 24 zuwa 8, kuma wasu matakan rage farashin sun adana kimanin dala miliyan 100.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lucks|first1=Kai|title=Transatlantic Mergers and Acquisitions|date=2007|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9783895786129|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AaV-Ia6swE0C&amp;pg=PA138|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga Janairu 2005 zuwa Yuni 2007, Kleinfeld ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Siemens USA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.siemens.com/history/en/personalities/chairmen_of_the_managing_board_siemens_ag.htm#toc-3|title=Chairmen of the Managing Board, Siemens AG|website=www.siemens.com|language=en|access-date=2017-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Janairun shekara ta 2004, an naɗa Kleinfeld a kwamitin zartarwa na kamfanonin Siemens. Har ila yau, a shekara ta 2004, an nada Kleinfeld mataimakin shugaban Siemens AG.&lt;ref name=2004annualreport&gt;{{cite web|title=Siemens Annual Report 2004 |url=http://www.siemens.com/investor/pool/en/investor_relations/downloadcenter/e04_00_gb2004_1230305.pdf|publisher=Siemens|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2004, Kleinfeld ya ba da shawarar al'adun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da masu hannun jari, yana matsawa ƙungiyoyin kwadago na Jamus su saki dokokin aiki da kuma tsawaita makon aiki na Jamus daga 35 zuwa 40, ba tare da ƙarin albashi ba.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing/&gt; Kleinfeld ya ce ma'aikatan Jamus &quot;dole ne su daidaita kuma su fahimci yadda duniya take&quot; don ci gaba da yin gasa.&lt;ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Siemens CEO Klaus Kleinfeld: &quot;Nobody's Perfect, but a Team Can Be| url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/siemens-ceo-klaus-kleinfeld-nobodys-perfect-but-a-team-can-be/|publisher=Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Flynn Vencat|first1=Emily|title=The Last Word: Klaus Kleinfeld|date=12 November 2006 |url=http://www.newsweek.com/last-word-klaus-kleinfeld-106593|publisher=Newsweek|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekaru biyu bayan haka, tallace-tallace sun karu da kashi 16, ribar ta karu da kashi 35, kuma hannun jari ta ƙaru da shekaru 40.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing/&gt;&lt;ref name=bobtricker/&gt; A watan Janairun shekara ta 2005 an nada shi Shugaba, wanda ya gaji Heinrich von Pierer. Heinrich von Pierer&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Landler|first1=Mark|title=Siemens Chooses Chief|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/08/business/world-business-briefing-europe-germany-siemens-chooses-chief.html|work=The New York Times|date=8 July 2004 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shirin Kleinfeld na sabunta kamfanin ya haifar da rikici tare da masu kare al'adun kasuwancin gargajiya na Siemens.&lt;ref name=dkpublishing/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;spiegel.de&quot;&gt;[http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,440409,00.html The World from Berlin: Siemens Strikes Back - International - SPIEGEL ONLINE - News&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda tsarin mulkin Jamusanci na gargajiya guda biyu, kwamitin kulawa wanda ya hada da wakilan ƙungiyar kwadago da masu hannun jari sun ki amincewa da tsare-tsaren sake fasalin Kleinfeld.&lt;ref name=bobtricker/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gerardo R. Ungson, Yim-Yu Wong|title=Global Strategic Management|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317469735|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EzfBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=kleinfeld&amp;pg=PA373|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da yake dabarunsa suna kallon da kyau ta hanyar 'yan jaridar kudi na duniya, kafofin watsa labarai na Jamus sun soki Kleinfeld, galibi saboda rashin alhakin zamantakewa game da ma'aikatan Siemens. alhakin zamantakewa&lt;ref name=atlantictimes&gt;{{cite web|last1=Canibol|first1=Hans-Peter|title=Siemens Hit With Bad Publicity. CEO Klaus Kleinfeld takes a few blows.|url=http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=693|publisher=The Atlantic Times|access-date=24 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110211700/http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=693|archive-date=10 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin matsayinsa na Shugaba, Kleinfeld ya jagoranci Siemens Management Consulting a matsayin abokin tarayya ga kasuwancin duniya, yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga canjin riba na kasuwancin yankin Siemens a Amurka. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, duk kungiyoyin Siemens sun kai ko sun wuce iyakokin da aka yi niyya a karon farko.&lt;ref name=chairmen/&gt;

==== Binciken cin hanci ====
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2006, binciken zamba da gwamnatin Jamus ta yi ya zama sananne.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=CHRONOLOGY: Twists in Siemens corruption scandal|date=9 May 2008 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-siemens-chronology-idUSL0937379620080509|work=Reuters|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken daga baya ya gano cewa Siemens yana kula da kudade a cikin asusun banki na sirri a waje da Jamus wanda kamfanin ya yi amfani da shi don samun kwangila.&lt;ref name=bobtricker/&gt;&lt;ref name=sak/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Matthews|first1=Christopher M.|title=Siemens Under Investigation For Payments To Russian Company|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/corruption-currents/2012/04/30/siemens-under-investigation-for-payments-to-russian-company/|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=30 April 2012 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; kudade masu lalacewa Da zarar binciken ya zama na jama'a, Kleinfeld ya hayar masana shari'a da masu binciken waje don gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa da sake fasalin ayyukan lissafi da sarrafawa na cikin gida na kamfanin da kuma kawar da yiwuwar ayyukan da ba su dace ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mark Landler, Carter Dougherty|title=Scandal at Siemens Tarnishes Promising Results|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/28/business/worldbusiness/28siemens.html?adxnnl=1&amp;dlbk=&amp;adxnnlx=1428530562-MjpndtLh1L9th0mm/YJ/IQ|work=New York Times|date=28 February 2007 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken mai zaman kansa daga baya ya gano cewa kamfanin ya biya daruruwan miliyoyin daloli a cikin cin hanci, wanda ya kasance doka a Jamus har zuwa 1999, amma cewa &quot;babu wata alama ta mummunar hali ko kuma cewa Kleinfeld yana da wani ilmi game da abubuwan da suka faru&quot; da suka shafi abin kunya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Sims|first1=G. Thomas|title=Siemens Chief Says He Will Step Down|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/26/business/worldbusiness/26siemens.html|work=New York Times|date=26 April 2007 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; cin hanci SEC ta gabatar da tuhumar cin hanci da rashawa a kan Siemens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=SEC Charges Siemens AG for Engaging in Worldwide Bribery|url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2008/2008-294.htm|publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; SEC Kleinfeld da sauran tsoffin shugabannin Siemens da membobin kwamitin an zarge su da &quot;rashin hana cin hanci da rashawa&quot;.&lt;ref name=muckety&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://news.muckety.com/2009/12/03/klaus-kleinfeld-settles-with-siemens-ag/22601 |title=Klaus Kleinfeld settles with Siemens AG &amp;#124; Muckety - See the news |access-date=19 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102232552/http://news.muckety.com/2009/12/03/klaus-kleinfeld-settles-with-siemens-ag/22601 |archive-date=2 November 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ba a gabatar da wani zargi a kan Kleinfeld ba kuma Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta ambaci haɗin gwiwar Siemens da bincike mai zaman kansa da Kleinfeld ya fara a matsayin dalilai na rage hukuncin kudi na Siemens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=DOJ Sentencing Memorandum|url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/legacy/2008/12/19/siemens-sentencing-memo.pdf|publisher=U.S. District Court for the District Of Columbia|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:2016 photo of Klaus Kleinfeld - tiff.tif|thumb|Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld]]
A watan Yunin 2007, Kleinfeld ya bar Siemens, yana mai nuna rashin tabbas game da makomar sa tare da kamfanin bayan rarrabuwa tsakanin mambobin kwamitin Siemens game da tsawaita kwangilarsa ya zama sananne.&lt;ref name=succeedchief/&gt;&lt;ref name=ktostepdown&gt;{{cite web|title=Siemens' Kleinfeld to step down as CEO|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/apr/26/business/fi-siemens26|work=Los Angeles Times|date=26 April 2007 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=towel/&gt; A watan Satumbar 2009, Siemens ta yi barazanar gurfanar da Kleinfeld da sauran tsoffin shugabannin gudanarwa saboda gazawar kulawa kuma ta ba da tayin sasantawa don biyan kamfanin na miliyoyin daloli a cikin tarar da lalacewar &quot;sunansa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://w1.siemens.com/press/pool/de/pressemitteilungen/2009/corporate_communication/AXX20090984e.pdf Siemens offers former Managing Board members until mid of November 2009 to indicate willingness to settle corruption damages]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Germany: Siemens Plans Suit|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/business/worldbusiness/30fobriefs-SIEMENSPLANS_BRF.html|work=New York Times|date=30 July 2008 |access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kleinfeld ya amince da warware lamarin na Yuro miliyan 2.&lt;ref name=nicholoson/&gt;&lt;ref name=muckety/&gt;

=== Alcoa da Arconic ===
A shekara ta 2003, Kleinfeld ya shiga kwamitin daraktocin Alcoa,&lt;ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa/&gt; inda ya karɓi dala miliyan 2.3 a hannun jari a ranar farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/how-to-make-millions-on-a-losing-stock-ask-klaus-kleinfeld-2017-05-04|title=How to make millions on a losing stock? Ask Klaus Kleinfeld|website=MarketWatch.com|date=2017-05-04|access-date=2020-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agustan 2007, Alcoa ta naɗa Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Alcoa Hires Former Head of Siemens, and Expects Him to Succeed Its Chief|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/16/business/16alcoa.html?_r=1&amp;|work=New York Times| date=16 August 2007 |access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, an nada shi Shugaba, wanda ya gaji Alain JP Belda.&lt;ref name=kleinfeldprofile/&gt;&lt;ref name=kleinfeldceonytimes&gt;{{cite news|title=Alcoa Names Chief Executive|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/09/business/09alcoa.html|work=New York Times|date=9 May 2008 |access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=europeanceo/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author1=Kris Maher |author2=Mike Esterl |author3=Joann S. Lublin |title=Alcoa Puts Faith in Ex-Siemens CEO|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118718229500198395|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=17 August 2007 |access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alain J. P. Belda A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, an nada Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban Alcoa.&lt;ref name=&quot;klauskleinfeldalcoa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kleinfeldprofile&quot; /&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2012, Kleinfeld ya fara rufe wasu wuraren narkewa masu tsada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Miller|first1=John W.|title=Alcoa to Cut Capacity 12%|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203513604577143152171126134|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=5 January 2012 |access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekara ta 2013, ya ambaci wani baya a cikin masana'antun sararin samaniya da kuma karuwar buƙatar kayayyakin aluminum masu sauƙi a cikin masana-antun motoci da gine-gine saboda &quot;canjin tarihi&quot; zuwa ga man fetur da ingancin makamashi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Maria Bartiromo talks to Alcoa's Klaus Kleinfeld|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/columnist/bartiromo/2013/10/20/alcoa-klaus-kleinfeld-aluminum-ceo-economy/3002045/|publisher=USA Today|access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ginin motar sararin samaniya Kleinfeld ya jagoranci rarraba kamfanin tare da ƙarin fasahar kayan aiki masu yawa, injiniya da masana'antu, kuma ya ba da umarnin sayen kamfanoni uku don sanya Alcoa cikin kasuwancin sararin samaniya.&lt;ref name=metalbulletin&gt;{{cite web|title=INTERVIEW: The Alcoa turnaround|url=http://www.metalbulletin.com/Article/3416284/Search/INTERVIEW-The-Alcoa-turnaround.html?PageId=196010&amp;Keywords=klaus+kleinfeld&amp;OrderType=1#axzz3Sg0oC3F9|publisher=MetalBulletin|access-date=21 June 2015|archive-date=22 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622020036/http://www.metalbulletin.com/Article/3416284/Search/INTERVIEW-The-Alcoa-turnaround.html?PageId=196010&amp;Keywords=klaus+kleinfeld&amp;OrderType=1#axzz3Sg0oC3F9|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=maggiemcgrath&gt;{{cite web|last1=McGrath|first1=Maggie|title=Alcoa Acquiring Titanium Supplier RTI In $1.5 Billion Deal|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maggiemcgrath/2015/03/09/alcoa-acquiring-titanium-supplier-rti-in-1-5-billion-deal/|work=Forbes|access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=abigailstevenson&gt;{{cite web|last1=Stevenson|first1=Abigail|title=Big money about to flow into this stock|date=15 April 2015 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/102590835|publisher=CNBC|access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya aiwatar da dabarun don rage dogaro da kamfanin akan kayayyaki, yana kula da tasowa don zama jagora na duniya a cikin ƙarfe mai sauƙi, da haɓaka sunansa don ƙwarewar masana'antu.&lt;ref name=barrons&gt;{{cite web|last1=Goldwyn Blumenthal|first1=Robin|title=Alcoa's CEO Is Remaking the Industrial Giant|url=http://www.barrons.com/articles/alcoas-ceo-is-remaking-the-industrial-giant-1437806016|publisher=Barron's|access-date=28 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Satumba 2015, Alcoa ta kammala canjin ta tare da sanarwar cewa za ta rabu zuwa kamfanoni biyu na jama'a a shekara mai zuwa - wani mai suna Alcoa Corp., da kuma wani wanda ya ƙunshi mai suna Alcao Inc., Arconic, wanda zai riƙe Alcoa Inc.'s darajar-ƙara tsakiyar- da kuma ƙasa kasuwanci. Alcoa Corp.&lt;ref name=dowjones&gt;{{cite web|last1=Dow Jones Business News|title=Alcoa to Split as Aluminum Glut Pressures Prices|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/09/28/alcoa-to-split-into-two-separate-publicly-traded-companies.html|publisher=CNBC|access-date=28 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2016, Alcoa ta raba aikinta na aluminum daga sassan kasuwanci waɗanda ke ba da kasuwannin sararin samaniya da na motoci.&lt;ref name = theaustralian&gt;{{cite web|last1=Stahl|first1=George|title=Alcoa's official demerger gets mixed market reaction|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/mining-energy/alcoas-official-demerger-gets-mixed-market-reaction/news-story/563e04a669af8389e2da7945aef1f860|publisher=The Australian|access-date=9 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Whiteman|first1=Lou|title=Investors Flock to Alcoa Over Arconic Post-Split|date=November 2016 |url=https://www.thestreet.com/story/13875862/1/investors-flock-to-alcoa-over-arconic-post-split.html|publisher=TheStreet|access-date=9 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kamfanin da aka riƙe shi ne sabon kamfani da aka ƙirƙira Alcoa Corp. Kleinfeld ya kasance a matsayin shugaban Arconic da Shugaba bayan rabuwa. Alcoa Corp. Da farko ya ba da shawarar zama shugaban kamfanin a lokacin canji,&lt;ref name=washpost&gt;{{cite news|author1=Sonja Elmquist|author2=Joe Deaux|title=Alcoa to Split in Two as CEO Kleinfeld's Strategy Takes Hold|url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NVDUU36JIJUP01-6F1TD6D1RD37NE1C5KEDTFALM3|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=29 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930124732/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NVDUU36JIJUP01-6F1TD6D1RD37NE1C5KEDTFALM3|archive-date=30 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma an ƙi tayin; Kleinfeld ba shi da alaƙa da sabon kamfanin.

==== Shirye-shiryen ilimi na STEM ====
A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kleinfeld, Alcoa ta goyi bayan shirye-shiryen ci gaban ma'aikata na STEM (kimiyya, fasaha, injiniya da lissafi) don horar da ilimantar da dalibai da malamai a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Today's CEO Leader in STEM: Klaus Kleinfeld of Alcoa|url=http://blog.stemconnector.org/todays-ceo-leader-stem-klaus-kleinfeld-alcoa|publisher=STEM Connector blog|access-date=21 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622041049/http://blog.stemconnector.org/todays-ceo-leader-stem-klaus-kleinfeld-alcoa|archive-date=22 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; STEM Wani yanki na Yuli 2012 wanda Kleinfeld da Richard Haass, shugaban Majalisar kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje, suka rubuta, sun ba da shawarar haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci da gwamnati don rage gibin ƙwarewar STEM tsakanin kasuwar ma'aikata da masana'antun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Column: Lack of skilled employees hurting manufacturing|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/opinion/forum/story/2012-07-02/public-private-manufacuting/56005466/1|publisher=USA Today|access-date=21 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Richard Haass kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje A watan Satumbar 2013, Shugaba Obama ya naɗa Kleinfeld a cikin Kwamitin Gudanar da Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Shugaban kasa 2.0 don ci gaba da kokarin Alcoa na kula da jagorancin Amurka a cikin fasahohin da ke tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Obama Taps Alcoa's Klaus Kleinfeld; 3D Printing; China Aluminum Price Up|url=https://agmetalminer.com/2013/09/27/obama-taps-alcoas-klaus-kleinfeld-3d-printing-china-aluminum-price-up/|publisher=MetalMiner|access-date=21 June 2015|archive-date=22 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622024526/https://agmetalminer.com/2013/09/27/obama-taps-alcoas-klaus-kleinfeld-3d-printing-china-aluminum-price-up/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Yin murabus daga Arconic ====
A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, kamfanin Elliott Management Corporation ya kaddamar da gasar wakilai a kan kamfanin. Kamfanin Gudanar da Elliott Elliott ya yi kira ga korar Kleinfeld a fili, yana mai nuna rashin aikin kamfanin, ya rasa hasashen riba, da rashin inganci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wall Street Journal, April 18&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=BENOIT|first1=DAVID|title=AInside the Activist Battle That Felled Arconic's Klaus Kleinfeld|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/klaus-kleinfeld-steps-down-as-chair-and-ceo-of-arconic-1492435894|website=Wall Street Journal|date=17 April 2017 |access-date=18 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2017, Kleinfeld ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban da Shugaba ta hanyar yarjejeniya tare da kwamitin Arconic, bayan ya aika da wasika ba tare da izini ba ga Elliott.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/17/klaus-kleinfeld-steps-down-as-chair-and-ceo-of-arconic.html | title=Klaus Kleinfeld steps down as chair and ceo of Arconic | publisher=CNBC | date=17 April 2017 | access-date=19 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/17/business/dealbook/even-before-ill-advised-letter-arconics-ceo-had-to-go.html | title=Even Before Ill-Advised Letter, Arconic's C.E.O. Had to Go | work=The New York Times | date=17 April 2017 | access-date=2020-11-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Klaus Kleinfeld ya kafa tare da Abokan SPAC &quot;Constellation&quot; wanda aka jera a kan NYSE a cikin 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-27 |title=Constellation Acquisition Corp I Announces Pricing of $300 Million Initial Public Offering |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210126006142/en/Constellation-Acquisition-Corp-I-Announces-Pricing-of-300-Million-Initial-Public-Offering |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kafa kamfaninsa na saka hannun jari &quot;K2 Elevation&quot; wanda ke saka hannun jari da haɓaka kamfanoni na duniya a cikin fasahar fasaha da ɓangaren biotech. A halin yanzu fayil ɗin ya ƙunshi ayyukan a Jamus, [[Austriya|Austria]], da Amurka. Yana ba da shawara ga kamfanoni da yawa da kuma ƙungiyoyi daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Innovation-focused SPAC Constellation Acquisition I files for a $300 million IPO |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/innovation-focused-spac-constellation-acquisition-i-files-for-a-%24300-million-ipo-2021-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwamiti ===
Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Gudanar da Ƙungiyar Bilderberg,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Steering Committee|url=http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/steering-committee.html|publisher=Bilderberg Meetings|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140521120713/http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/steering-committee.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin Amintattun Cibiyar Brookings,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Board of Trustees |url=http://www.brookings.edu/about/leadership/trustees |publisher=Brookings Institution |access-date=17 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705030120/http://www.brookings.edu/about/leadership/trustees |archive-date= 5 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin Gidauniyar Tattalin Arziki na Duniya,&lt;ref name=worldeconforum&gt;{{cite web|title=World Economic Forum Announces New Foundation Board Members|url=http://www.weforum.org/news/world-economic-forum-announces-new-foundation-board-members|publisher=World Economic Forum|access-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622031700/http://www.weforum.org/news/world-economic-forum-announces-new-foundation-board-members|archive-date=22 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin Amurka na Tattalin Ruwa na Duniya,&lt;ref name=worldeconforum/&gt; da Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Metropolitan Opera. Kungiyar Bilderberg Brookings Cibiyar Taron Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya Metropolitan Opera&lt;ref name=&quot;worldeconforum&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2009, an nada Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban kwamitin Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka da Rasha (USRBC), wanda ke inganta kasuwanci da saka hannun jari tsakanin Amurka da Rasha. Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka da Rasha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Steering Committee|url=https://www.usrbc.org/aboutus/boardofdirectors/|publisher=U.S.-Russia Business Council|access-date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2013, Kleinfeld ya shiga Kwamitin Daraktocin Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka da China kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Shugaba na Duniya na Firayim Minista na ƙasar Sin. Firayim Ministan kasar Sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=China's Premier Meets Top Business Leaders in Davos|url=http://www.weforum.org/news/china-s-premier-meets-top-business-leaders-davos|publisher=World Economic Forum|access-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615123038/http://www.weforum.org/news/china-s-premier-meets-top-business-leaders-davos|archive-date=15 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A baya, Kleinfeld ya yi aiki a kwamitin kula da Bayer AG daga 2005 zuwa 2014, ya kasance darektan Citigroup Inc. daga 2005 zuwa 2007,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2007-04-26 |title=Siemens CEO resigns, leadership vacuum grows |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-siemens-idUSL2524589120070426 |access-date=2022-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya yi aiki ne a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Siemens AG daga 2004 zuwa 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Klaus Kleinfeld|url=https://www.alcoa.com/global/en/about_alcoa/corp_gov/directors/Kleinfeld.asp|publisher=Alcoa|access-date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayer AG Citigroup Inc. Siemens AG Mista Kleinfeld ya kuma yi aiki a Kwamitin Daraktoci na Morgan Stanley da Hewlett Packard Enterprise har zuwa Afrilu 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kleinfeld to exit Morgan Stanley Board|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/klaus-kleinfeld-to-exit-morgan-stanleyboard-1492807703|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=21 April 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |last1=Hoffman |first1=Liz }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ousted Arconic CEO Kleinfeld Resigns From HP Enterprise Board|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ousted-arconic-ceo-kleinfeld-resigns-from-hp-enterprise-board-1493042023|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=24 April 2017 |access-date=27 April 2017 |last1=Hufford |first1=Austen }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin Morgan Stanley Hewlett Packard Shi memba ne na allon sa ido na NEOM, Konux da Ferolabs. Kleinfeld shi ne Sanata mai daraja na Lindau Nobel Laureates Taron kuma memba ne na kwamitin Metropolitan Opera, New York .

== Kyaututtuka da karbuwa ==
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Kleinfeld ya sami lambar yabo ta Legend in Leadership daga Cibiyar Nazarin Shugabannin Yale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Yale Chief Executive Leadership Institute to Honor Klaus Kleinfeld, Chairman and CEO of Alcoa, with Legend in Leadership Award|url=http://som.yale.edu/news/2014/12/yale-chief-executive-leadership-institute-honor-klaus-kleinfeld-chairman-and-ceo-alcoa-legend-leadership-award|publisher=Yale School of Management|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Kleinfeld ya sami lambar yabo ta Dwight D. Eisenhower Global Leadership Award daga Majalisar Kasuwanci don Fahimtar Kasa da Kasa. Kwamitin Kasuwanci don Fahimtar Kasa da Kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=BCIU Dwight D. Eisenhower Global Awards Gala|url=http://bciu.org/wip06/public/gala.asp|publisher=Business Council for International Understanding|access-date=24 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613074110/http://bciu.org/wip06/public/gala.asp|archive-date=13 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=The Business Council for International Understanding to Honor Klaus Kleinfeld, Pelè and Maurice Greenberg as 2014 Dwight D. Eisenhower Awards Recipients|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-business-council-for-international-understanding-to-honor-klaus-kleinfeld-pele-and-maurice-greenberg-as-2014-dwight-d-eisenhower-awards-recipients-300007153.html|publisher=Business Council for International Understanding|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014, an naɗa Kleinfeld Shugaba na Shekara a 2014 Platts Global Metals Awards .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2014 Platts Global Metals Awards Winners|url=http://gma.platts.com/Winners/Winners2014|publisher=Platts|access-date=24 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320204025/http://gma.platts.com/Winners/Winners2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=Alcoa Chairman and CEO Klaus Kleinfeld Named Platts CEO of the Year as Company Transformation Accelerates|date=21 May 2014 |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140521006665/en/Alcoa-Chairman-CEO-Klaus-Kleinfeld-Named-Platts#.VSWSIfnF9IF|publisher=Alcoa|access-date=24 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Kleinfeld yana zaune a New York tare da matarsa, Birgit, da yara biyu. Abin sha'awa na Kleinfeld shine wasanni (marathon, tseren ƙanƙara, wasan tennis).&lt;ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa/&gt;&lt;ref name=coxusatoday/&gt;

== Littattafai ==

* ''Samar da Makomar. 'Yan Kasuwancin Siemens 1847-2018.'' [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Cibiyar Tarihi ta Siemens, [[Hamburg]] 2018, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9-783867-746243&lt;/nowiki&gt;. __hau____hau____hau__ ISBN __hau____hau____hau__ 9-783867-746243
* Kamfanin Kasuwanci da dabarun Tarayyar Kasuwanci, Akademie-Verlag München 1994, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 3-929115-16-6&lt;/nowiki&gt; Kamfanin Kasancewa da dabarun Kasuwanci __hau____hau____hau__ ISBN __hau____hau____hau__ 3-929115-16-6

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}
&lt;references /&gt;

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://new.siemens.com/global/en/company/about/history/people/chairmen-of-the-managing-board-of-siemens-ag.html Shugabannin da Babban Jami'an Siemens AG]
* {{Official website|http://usa.siemens.com|Siemens Corporation USA official website}}
* {{Official website|http://www.alcoa.com|Alcoa official website}}
[[Category:Haihuwan 1957]]
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    <title>Jerin hukumomin gwamnatin Najeriya</title>
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Ga jerin sunayen '''hukumomi''' a cikin [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|gwamnatin '''Najeriya''']] .

== Noma ==

* [[Cibiyar Bincike ta Cocoa ta Najeriya|Cibiyar Nazarin Cocoa ta Najeriya]] (CRIN) [https://crin.gov.ng/]
* [[National Agricultural Extension, Research and Liaison Services|Tsawaita Aikin Noma na Ƙasa, Bincike da Sabis na Sadarwa]] (NAERLS) [http://www.naerls.gov.ng/site2/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114202753/http://www.naerls.gov.ng/site2/ |date=2017-01-14 }}
* Cibiyar Nazarin Dabbobi ta Ƙasa (NVRI) [http://www.nvri.gov.ng/]
* [[Nigerian Agricultural Insurance Corporation|Kamfanin Inshorar Noma ta Najeriya]] (NAIC) [http://www.naic.org]
* [[Cibiyar Binciken Tushen Amfanin Gona ta ƙasa|Cibiyar Nazarin Tushen amfanin gona ta ƙasa]] (NCRI) [http://www.nrcri.gov.ng/]
* [[Majalisar Binciken Aikin Noma ta Najeriya|Majalisar Binciken Noma ta Najeriya]] [https://iart.gov.ng/IT/agricultural-research-council-of-nigeria/]
* [[Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research|Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa da Nazarin Ruwa ta Najeriya]]
* Cibiyar Binciken Dabino ta Najeriya (NIFOR) [http://nifor.gov.ng]
* [[Nigeria Agricultural Quarantine Service|Sabis na keɓe masu aikin gona na Najeriya]] (NAQS) [http://www.naqs.gov.ng]
* [[National Horticultural Research Institute|Cibiyar Nazarin Horticultural Research]] (NIHORT) [http://www.nihort.gov.ng/]

== Jirgin sama ==

* [[Hukumar kula da filayen jiragen sama ta Najeriya]] (FAAN) [http://www.faannigeria.org/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324090947/http://www.faannigeria.org/ |date=2022-03-24 }}
* [[Nigerian Airspace Management Agency|Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Najeriya]] (NAMA) [https://www.nama.gov.ng]
* [[Hukumar kula da sufurin jiragen sama ta Najeriya|Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Najeriya]] (NCAA) [https://www.ncaa.gov.ng]
* [[Ofishin Binciken Tsaron Najeriya]] (NSIB) [https://www.aib.gov.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806124513/https://aib.gov.ng/ |date=2023-08-06 }}
* [[Nigerian Meteorological Agency|Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Najeriya]] (NIMET) [http://nimet.gov.ng/]
* [[Kwalejin Fasahar Jiragen Sama ta Najeriya]] (NCAT) [https://web.archive.org/web/20231129100810/https://ncat.gov.ng/]

== Sadarwa ==

* Hukumar Bunkasa Fasahar Sadarwa ta Kasa (NITDA) [http://www.nitda.gov.ng/]
* Nigeria Communications Satellite Limited (NIGCOMSAT) [http://www.nigcomsat.gov.ng/] 
* Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Najeriya (NBC) [http://www.nbc.gov.ng/home] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709134733/https://www.nbc.gov.ng/home |date=2020-07-09 }}
* [[Hukumar Sadarwa ta Najeriya]] (NCC) [http://www.ncc.gov.ng/]
* [[Ofishin Gidan Waya na Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Wasikun Najeriya]] (NIPOST) [http://www.nipost.gov.ng/]
* [[National Frequency Management Council|Majalisar Gudanar da Mitoci ta Kasa]]
* [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] (NTA) [https://nta.ng/]
* [[Galaxy Backbone|Kashin baya na Galaxy]] (GBB) 

== Tattalin Arziki ==

* Kamfanin Kula da Kadarori na Najeriya (AMCON) [http://www.amcon.com.ng/]
* [[Social Security Administration of Nigeria]] (SSA) [http://www.ssa.org.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817110045/http://ssa.org.ng/ |date=2019-08-17 }}
* [[Budget Office of the Federation|Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Tarayya]] (BOF) [http://www.budgetoffice.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202204854/https://budgetoffice.gov.ng/ |date=2023-12-02 }}
* Ofishin Kamfanonin Gwamnati (BPE) [https://web.archive.org/web/20100831180817/http://www.bpeng.org/]
* [[Bureau of Public Procurement|Ofishin Kasuwancin Jama'a]] (BPP) [http://www.bpp.gov.ng]
* [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] (CBN) [http://www.cbn.gov.ng]
* Hukumar Harkokin Kasuwanci (CAC) [http://new.cac.gov.ng/]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Ofishin Kula da Bashi (DMO) [http://www.dmo.gov.ng/]
* [[Hukumar tara kuɗaɗen shiga ta ƙasa (FIRS)|Ma'aikatar Harajin Cikin Gida ta Tarayya]] (FIRS) [http://www.firs.gov.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210134451/https://www.firs.gov.ng/ |date=2023-12-10 }}
* Bankin jinginar gidaje na Najeriya (FMBN) [http://www.fmbn.gov.ng]
* [[Fiscal Responsibility Commission|Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi]] (FRC) - '''ta ƙare''' 
* Hukumar Kula da Rarraba Kayan Aiki (ICRC) [http://www.icrc.gov.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513194843/http://www.icrc.gov.ng/ |date=2018-05-13 }}
* Hukumar Kididdiga ta Kasa (NBS) [http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128024151/https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/ |date=2020-11-28 }}
* Majalisar kan harkokin kasuwanci ta kasa (NCP)
* [[National Insurance Commission (Nigeria)|Hukumar inshora ta kasa]] (NAICOM) [http://naicom.gov.ng/]
* Hukumar Fansho ta kasa (PenCom) [http://www.pencom.gov.ng/]
* [[Ma'aikatar Kasafin Kuɗi da Tsare-Tsare ta Tarayya (Najeriya)|Hukumar Tsare-tsare ta Kasa]] (NPC) [http://www.nationalplanning.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127200810/https://nationalplanning.gov.ng/ |date=2023-11-27 }}
* Hukumar Bunkasa Ciwon sukari ta kasa (NSDC) [http://www.nsdc.gov.ng]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [[Hukumar Raya Neja Delta]] (NDDC) [http://www.nddc.gov.ng/]
* [[Nigerian Customs Service|Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya]] (NCS) [http://www.customs.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110032825/https://customs.gov.ng/ |date=2023-11-10 }}
* [[Kamfanin Inshora na Najeriya|Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation]] (NDIC) [http://www.ndic.org.ng]
* Hukumar Bunkasa Zuba Jari ta Nijeriya (NIPC) [http://www.nipc.gov.ng/]
* [[Nigerian Export - Import Bank|Fitar da Najeriya - Bankin shigo da kaya]] (NEXIM Bank) [http://www.neximbank.com.ng/]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Hukumar inganta fitar da kayayyaki ta Najeriya (NEPC) [http://www.nepc.gov.ng/]
* [[Oil and Gas Free Zones Authority|Hukumar Kula da Yankunan Mai da Gas]] (OGFZA) [http://www.ogfza.gov.ng/]
* [[Nigeria Export Processing Zones Authority|Hukumar Kula da Shigo da Fitarwa ta Najeriya]] (NEPZA) [http://www.nepza.gov.ng]
* Rarraba Tattaunawar Haraji da Hukumar Kuɗi (RMAFC) [http://www.nepza.gov.ng]
* Hukumar Tsaro da Musanya (SEC) [http://sec.gov.ng/]
* Ƙungiyar Ƙididdiga ta Najeriya (SON) [http://son.gov.ng/]
* Hukumar Bunkasa Kanana da Matsakaici ta Najeriya (SMEDAN) [http://www.smedan.gov.ng/]

== Ilimi ==

* [[National Board for Arabic And Islamic Studies|National Board for Arabic and Islamic Studies]] (NBAIS) 
* Hukumar Shirya Jarrabawar Shiga da Matriculation (JAMB) [http://www.jamb.gov.ng/home.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426105153/https://www.jamb.gov.ng/home.aspx |date=2020-04-26 }}
* [[Hukumar Jarabawa ta Kasa (Nijeriya)|Majalisar Jarabawa ta Kasa]] (NECO) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140322123124/http://www.neconigeria.org/]
* [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|National Budaddiyar Jami'ar Najeriya]] (NOUN) [http://www.noun.edu.ng]
* Cibiyar Malamai ta Kasa (NTI) [http://www.nti-nigeria.org/]
* [[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa]] (NUC) [http://nuc.edu.ng/]
* [[Asusun Tallafawa Manyan Makarantun Ilimi|Asusun Tallafawa Manyan Ilimi]] (TETFUND) [http://www.tetfund.gov.ng]
* [[Teachers Registration Council of Nigeria|Hukumar Rajistar Malamai ta Najeriya]] (TRCN) [http://www.trcn.gov.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410215058/http://www.trcn.gov.ng/ |date=2012-04-10 }}
* Hukumar Jarrabawar Kasuwanci da Fasaha (NABTEB) [http://www.nabtebnigeria.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129083621/https://nabtebnigeria.org/ |date=2023-11-29 }}
* [[Hukumar Ilimi ta bai ɗaya (Najeriya)|Hukumar Ilimi ta Duniya]] (UBEC) [https://ubeconline.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129083619/https://ubeconline.com/ |date=2023-11-29 }}
* Hukumar Jarrabawar Afirka ta Yamma (WAEC) [https://www.waecdirect.org]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Hukumar Kwalejojin Ilimi ta Kasa (NCCE) [http://www.ncce.edu.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113073907/http://www.ncce.edu.ng/ |date=2006-11-13 }}
* [[Laburari na kasa, Najeriya|National Library of Nigeria]] (NLN) [https://www.nln.gov.ng/]

== Makamashi ==

* [[Nigerian Midstream and Downstream Petroleum Regulatory Authority|Nigerian Midstream and Downstream Regulatory Authority]] (NMDPRA) [http://www.nmdpra.gov.ng/]
* [[Sashen Albarkatun man Fetur|Hukumar Kula da Man Fetur ta Najeriya]] (NUPRC) [http://www.nuprc.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113094702/https://www.nuprc.gov.ng/ |date=2023-11-13 }}
* [[Electricity Management Services Limited]] (EMSL) [http://www.emsl.com.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129083619/http://www.emsl.com.ng/ |date=2023-11-29 }}
* [[Energy Commission of Nigeria|Hukumar Makamashi ta Najeriya]] (ECN) [http://www.energy.gov.ng/]
* [[National Power Training Institute of Nigeria|Cibiyar Koyar da Wutar Lantarki ta Najeriya]] (NAPTIN) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160707190409/http://www.naptin.org.ng/]
* Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Najeriya (NERC) [http://www.nercng.org/]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [[Nigerian Content Monitoring and Development Board|Hukumar Kula da Abubuwan Cikin Gida ta Najeriya]] (NCMDB) [https://www.ncdmb.gov.ng/]
* [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya]] (NNPC) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110225204508/http://nnpcgroup.com/]
* Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya ta Najeriya (NNRA) [http://www.nnra.gov.ng/]
* Hukumar Kula da Farashin Man Fetur (PPPRA) [http://pppra.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127170935/https://pppra.gov.ng/ |date=2021-11-27 }}
* Kamfanin Samar da Wutar Lantarki na Najeriya (PHCN) - '''ya lalace''' 
* [[Rural Electrification Agency|Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Karkara]] (REA) [http://www.rea.gov.ng/]
* Kamfanin Sadarwa na Najeriya (TCN) [http://www.tcnorg.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129083619/http://www.tcnorg.com/ |date=2023-11-29 }}

== Muhalli ==

* [[Federal Environmental Protection Agency|Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Tarayya]] (FEPA) - '''ta ƙare'''
* Cibiyar Binciken Gandun Daji ta Najeriya (FRIN) [http://www.frin.gov.ng/]
* Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Halittu ta Kasa (NBMA) [http://www.nbma.gov.ng/]
* [[Hukumar Kula da Muhalli da Ƙa'idoji ta Ƙasa|Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kasa]] (NESREA) [http://www.nesrea.gov.ng]
* Hukumar gano zubewar mai ta kasa (NOSDRA) [http://nosdra.gov.ng/]
* [[Environmental Health Officers Registration Council of Nigeria|Hukumar Rijistar Ma'aikatan Lafiya ta Najeriya]] (EHORECON) [http://www.ehorecon.gov.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426110527/https://www.ehorecon.gov.ng/ |date=2023-04-26 }}

== Lafiya ==

* Tsarin Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHIS) [http://www.nhis.gov.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203151856/https://www.nhis.gov.ng/ |date=2023-12-03 }}
* Cibiyar Bincike da Ci Gaban Magunguna ta Ƙasa (NIPRD) [http://www.niprd.net/]
* [[National Agency for the Control of AIDS|Hukumar Yaki da Cutar Kanjamau ta Kasa]] (NACA) [http://www.naca.gov.ng/]
* Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Kasa (NAFDAC) [http://www.nafdac.gov.ng/]
* [[National Primary Health Care Development Agency|Hukumar Kula da Lafiya a matakin farko ta kasa]] (NPHCDA) [http://www.nphcda.gov.ng/]
* Cibiyar Nazarin Likita ta Najeriya (NIMR) [http://nimr.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129092338/https://nimr.gov.ng/ |date=2023-11-29 }}
* [[Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Najeriya]] (NCDC) [https://www.ncdc.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127152226/https://ncdc.gov.ng/ |date=2023-11-27 }}
* [[Hukumar hana sha da fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi ta ƙasa (NDLEA)|Hukumar Yaki da Sha da Muggan Kwayoyi ta Kasa]] (NDLEA) [https://ndlea.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503190642/https://ndlea.gov.ng/ |date=2022-05-03 }}

== Hankali ==

* Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsaro (DIA) [http://www.dia.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806161413/http://www.dia.gov.ng/ |date=2023-08-06 }}
* [[State Security Service (Nijeriya)|Hukumar Tsaro ta Jiha]] (SSS) [http://www.dss.gov.ng/]
* Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Kasa (NIA)
* Sashen Leken Asirin Kuɗi na Najeriya (NFIU) [http://www.nfiu.gov.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207161749/https://nfiu.gov.ng/ |date=2023-12-07 }}

== Ma'aikatar shari'a ==

* [[Majalisar Shari'a ta Ƙasa (Najeriya)|Majalisar Shari'a ta Kasa (NJC)]]
* [[Hukumar Shari'a ta Tarayya|Hukumar Ma'aikatan Shari'a ta Tarayya]] (FJSC)
* [[Cibiyar Shari'a ta Kasa (Nigeria)|Cibiyar Shari'a ta Kasa]] (NJI)

*

== Harkar sufuri ta ruwa ==

* [[Hukumar Kula da Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya|Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya]] (NIMASA) [http://www.nimasa.gov.ng/]
* [[Hukumar Tashar Jirgin ruwa ta Nijeriya|Hukumar Tashoshin Ruwa ta Najeriya]] (NPA) [http://www.nigerianports.org/]
* Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya (NSC) [http://shipperscouncil.gov.ng/]

== Ɓangaren Jarida ==

* Kungiyar Watsa Labarai ta Najeriya (BON) [http://bonorg.net/home.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824162126/http://bonorg.net/home.php |date=2017-08-24 }}
* [[Hukumar Labarai ta Najeriya|Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Najeriya]] (NAN) [http://nannewsnigeria.com/]
* Majalisar Jarida ta Najeriya (NPC) [http://www.presscouncil.gov.ng/]
* [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya]] (NTA) [http://www.nta.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501123701/http://www.nta.ng/ |date=2017-05-01 }}

== Kimiyya da Fasaha ==

* Hukumar Kimiyya da Injiniya ta Kasa (NASENI) [http://naseni.org]
* Hukumar Bunkasa Fasaha ta Kasa (NABDA) [http://www.nabda.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210093131/https://nabda.gov.ng/ |date=2023-02-10 }}
* [[National Centre for Remote Sensing|Cibiyar Hannun nesa ta ƙasa]] (NCRS)
* Sheda Kimiyya da Fasaha Complex (SHESTCO) [http://www.shesctco.gov.ng]{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [[National Office for Technology Acquisition and Promotion|Ofishin Kasa don Samun Fasaha da haɓakawa]] (NOTAP) [http://www.notap.gov.ng]
* [[Hukumar Binciken Sararin Samaniya ta Kasa|Hukumar Bincike da Ci gaban Sararin Samaniya]] (NASRDA) [http://www.nasrda.gov.ng/]
* Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya ta Najeriya (NNRA) [http://www.nnra.gov.ng/]
* Majalisar Bincike da Ci Gaban Raw Materials (RMRDC) [http://rmrdc.gov.ng/]
* [http://www.nigcomsat.gov.ng/ Nigerian Communications Satellite Ltd] (NIGCOMSAT)
* [[National Centre for Technology Management|Cibiyar Kula da Fasaha ta Kasa]] (NACETEM)

== Albarkatun Ruwa ==

* Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Najeriya (NIHSA) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160302170350/http://www.nihydro.gov.ng/]
* Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Najeriya
* Cibiyar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa (NWRI) [http://www.niwrmc.gov.ng/]
* Hukumomin Raya Basin Raba (RBDA)

== Saura ==

* [[Centre for Black and African Arts and Civilization|Cibiyar Baƙi da Fasaha da Wayewa ta Afirka]] (CBAAC) [https://cbaac.org/]
* [[National Automotive Design and Development Council|Majalisar Kera Motoci ta Kasa]] (NADDC) [https://naddc.gov.ng/]
* [[Code of Conduct Bureau]] (CCB) [http://www.ccb.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707004015/https://ccb.gov.ng/ |date=2023-07-07 }}
* [[Computer Professionals Registration Council of Nigeria|Majalisar Rijistar Kwamfuta ta Najeriya]] (CPN) [http://www.cpn.gov.ng/metro/#sthash.Z3KID7hl.dpbs]
* [[Consumer Protection Council|Majalisar Kare Masu Amfani]] (CPC) [http://www.cpc.gov.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327043246/http://cpc.gov.ng/ |date=2019-03-27 }}
* [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa|Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati]] (EFCC) [https://efccnigeria.org/efcc/]
* [[Federal Character Commission|Hukumar Halayen Tarayya]] (FCC) [http://www.federalcharacter.gov.ng/]
* [[Federal Housing Authority (Nigeria)|Hukumar Kula da Gidaje ta Tarayya]] (FHA) [http://www.fha.gov.ng/]
* Hukumar Yaki da Laifuka Mai Zaman Kanta (ICPC) [http://icpc.gov.ng/]
* [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta]] (INEC) [http://www.inecnigeria.org/]
* [[Industrial Training Fund|Asusun Horar da Masana'antu]] (ITF) [http://itf.gov.ng/]
* [[Legal Aid Council of Nigeria]] (LACoN) [http://www.legalaidcouncil.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129182311/https://legalaidcouncil.gov.ng/ |date=2023-11-29 }}
* [[Hukumar hana fataucin Bil-Adama ta Ƙasa|Hukumar hana fataucin mutane ta kasa]] (NAPTIP) [http://www.naptip.gov.ng/]
* [[National Boundary Commission|Hukumar kan iyakoki ta kasa]]
* [[National Council of Arts and Culture|Majalisar Fasaha da Al'adu ta ƙasa]] (NCAC) [http://www.ncac.gov.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827225839/http://www.ncac.gov.ng/ |date=2008-08-27 }}
* Asusun Sake Gina Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasa (NERFUND) [http://www.nerfund.com.ng/NERFUND] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310021431/http://nerfund.com.ng/NERFUND |date=2018-03-10 }}
* [[Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Kasa (Najeriya)|Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Kasa]] (NEMA) [http://nema.gov.ng/]
* [[National Hajj Commission of Nigeria|Hukumar Alhazai ta Najeriya]] (NaHCON) [http://Nigeriahajjcom.gov.ng]
* [[Hukumar kare hakkin ɗan Adam|Hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa]] (NHRC) [http://www.nigeriarights.gov.ng/]
* [[Hukumar Kula da Shaida ta Kasa]] (NIMC) [http://www.nimc.gov.ng]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [[National Institute for Hospitality Tourism|Cibiyar Yawon shakatawa ta ƙasa]] (NIHOTOUR) [http://www.nihotour.gov.ng/]
* Hukumar Kula da Lottery ta Kasa
* Hukumar Wayar da Kai ta Ƙasa (NOA) [http://www.noa.gov.ng/]
* Hukumar kidaya ta kasa
* Shirin Kawar da Talauci na Ƙasa (NAPEP) - '''ya ƙare'''
* [[National Salaries, Incomes and Wages Commission|Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta Kasa]] (NSIWC) [http://nsiwc.gov.ng/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129083625/https://nsiwc.gov.ng/ |date=2023-11-29 }}
* Hukumar wasanni ta kasa (NSC)
* [[Nigeria Extractive Industries Transprency Initiative|Najeriya Extractive Industries Transprency Initiative]] (NEITI) [http://www.neiti.org.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723081305/http://www.neiti.org.ng/ |date=2019-07-23 }}
* [[Hukumar shige da fice ta Nijeriya|Hukumar Shige da Fice ta Najeriya]] (NIS) [http://www.immigration.gov.ng/]
* [[Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-Gine da Hanya ta Najeriya|Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine da Hanya ta Najeriya]] (NBRRI) [http://www.nbrri.gov.ng/sites/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717180753/http://www.nbrri.gov.ng/sites/index.php |date=2018-07-17 }}
* [[Nigeria Institute of Building|Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Najeriya]] (NIOB) [http://niobnat.org.ng/Portal/FrontEnd/]
* [[Nigerian Christian Pilgrim Commission|Hukumar Alhazai ta Najeriya]] (NCPC) [http://www.ncpc.gov.ng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205062929/https://ncpc.gov.ng/ |date=2023-12-05 }}
* Hukumar kare hakkin mallaka ta Najeriya (NCC) [http://www.copyright.gov.ng/]
* [[Hukumar Bunkasa Yawon Buɗe Ido Ta Najeriya|Kamfanin Raya Bugawa na Najeriya]] (NTDC)
* Hukumar Korafe-korafen Jama'a, Najeriya
* [[Surveyors Council Of Nigeria|Majalisar Safiyo ta Najeriya]]
* [[National Lottery Trust Fund]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Najeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Baban Asiya</title>
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        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
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      <text bytes="458" sha1="j5v2egisj7m3t21ntt6n6vck28c2n3i" xml:space="preserve">Sunana Auwalu Babangida Gwanki (Baban Asiya). Ina zaune a nan Najeriya. Sannan Matakin Karatuna a yanzu shi ne Digiri a kan harshen Hausa gami da Dabarun koyarwa. Wato, BA (ed) Hausa. Haka kuma, na koyar da harshen na Hausa makarantun Primary, Secondary da kuma matakin gaba da Sakandire.

Hakka kuma, ina daya daga cikin masu ba wa Wikipedia Hausa gudunmawa tun daga waje. Watau, tun kafin na yi Rijista da wanan kafa ta Wikipedia da kuma bayan yin rijisar.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jing Liu (mai gini)</title>
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'''Jing Liu,''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1980) masaniyar gine-gine ce, malama kuma, mai haɗin gwiwa na kamfanin ƙirar ƙira mai nasara wadda ta ci lambar yabo Solid Objectives - Idenburg Liu ( SO-IL ) a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;ftcurve&quot;&gt;Julie Belcove, [http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/6f8fb020-685d-11e1-a6cc-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2rBSKKdqN &quot;Ahead of the curve&quot;], ''Financial Times'', 9 March 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Jing Liu a birnin Nanjing na kasar Sin. Liu ta je matakai  sosai a lokacin budurci, kuma ta yi karatunta a China, Japan, Burtaniya da Amurka. Daga shekara 1999-zuwa 2004, Liu ya karanci Architecture a Makarantar Gine-gine na Jami'ar Tulane a New Orleans, kuma ta koma New York a  shekara 2004.

A cikin shekara 2008 Liu ya kafa SO - IL tare da masanin fasahar Dutch Florian Idenburg . &lt;ref name=&quot;ftcurve&quot;/&gt; A cikin shekara 2010, kamfanin ya ci MoMA PS1 Young Architects Program tare da [http://poledance.so-il.org/ ''Pole Dance''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830141607/http://poledance.so-il.org/ |date=2010-08-30 }} na gwaji sosai da tsarin shigarwa.  Sun ci gaba da zana Hotunan Kukje Gallery wanda ya sami lambar yabo a [[Seoul]] . Zane na Kukje Gallery yana nuna wani muhimmin lokaci a cikin gine-gine a yau wanda &quot;mutum ya sami tsarin gine-gine masu yawa a mataki tare da yanayin da ba a sani ba na zamanin dijital,&quot; in ji wani masanin gine-ginen Birtaniya Sam Jacob a Domus .&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/2012/05/14/between-matter-and-meaning.html Sam Jacob, &quot;Between Matter And Meaning&quot;, Domus Magazine, 14 May 2012]&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekara 2012 da shekara 2013, SO - IL an ba da izini don tsara kasancewar ta na  farko don Frieze Art Fair a birnin New York. &lt;ref name=&quot;ftcurve&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;wsjgetaway&quot;&gt;Sameer Reddy, [https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304746604577380082049183356 &quot;Scoping Art at a Four-Day Island Getaway&quot;], ''The Wall Street Journal'', May 3, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Yin aiki tare da tsarin tanti da aka riga aka kera ya tilasta musu zama masu ƙirƙira tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙamus. Yankakken sashin tanti mai siffar Pie suna lankwasa tanti madaidaiciyar in ba haka ba ta zama madaidaici, supple, siffa. Siffar iska tana rayar da shi akan wurin da ba a saba gani a bakin ruwa ba, da kuma kafa tsarin wucin gadi a matsayin tambari a gefen ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;ftcurve&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;wsjgetaway&quot; /&gt; A cikin bazara shekara 2013, SO - IL ya lashe gasar don tsara sabon Jan Shrem da Maria Manetti Shrem Museum of Art a Jami'ar California, Davis .&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wired.com/design/2013/07/so-il-university-of-california-davis-museum/ Joseph Flaherty, &quot;A New Art Museum Whose Ceiling Creates Inspiring Outdoor Spaces&quot;, Wired, 2 July 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319235014/http://www.wired.com/design/2013/07/so-il-university-of-california-davis-museum/ |date=19 March 2014 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Liu ya kasance mamba a jami'ar Columbia ta GSAPP tun daga shekara 2009, kuma ta koyar a Jami'ar Syracuse, Makarantar Gine-gine, da kuma Parsons Sabuwar Makarantar Zane .

A cikin shekara 2015, Liu da Florian Idenburg sun ba da guraben wurare na Hyperreal: Ábalos&amp;Herreros wanda SO - IL ya zaɓa a Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Kanada .

== Ganewa ==
Liu ya kasance dan takarar karshe na [[Moira Gemmill Prize for Emerging Architecture]] a cikin shekara 2017 kuma a cikin 2018, Liu ta sami lambar yabo ta Vilcek don Ƙirƙirar Alƙawari a cikin gine-gine.

== Nassoshi ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1980]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Marbar</title>
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'''Marbar''' ( Persian , kuma Romanized a matsayin '''Marbar''' da '''Mār Bor''' ; wanda kuma aka sani da '''Mālbor''', '''Mār Boz''', da '''Mār Bur''' )  ƙauye ne a gundumar Sardshir Rural, a cikin tsakiyar gundumar Buin va Miandasht, [[Isfahan (Lardi)|Lardin Isfahan]], [[Iran]]. A ƙidayar shekarar 2006, yawan jama'ar ƙauyen ya kai 286, ga iyalai 85 mazauna kauyen. 

== Nassoshi ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jefferson Parish, Louisiana</title>
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[[Fayil:Jefferson Highway Old Jefferson, Jefferson Parish Louisiana 25 Sept 2020 16.jpg|thumb|Jefferson Parish, Louisiana gurin ajiye motar]]
[[Fayil:Highway and Railroad, Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, 1951 cropped.jpg|thumb|Babban titin garin Jefferson Parish, Louisiana]]
'''Jefferson Parish''' Ikklesiya ce a cikin jihar Louisiana ta kasar Amurka. Ya zuwa ƙidayar 2020, yawan jama'a ya kai 440,781.[1] Wurin zama na Ikklesiya ita ce Gretna, babbar al'ummarta ita ce Metairie,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N29357330.htm |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208034211/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N29357330.htm |archive-date=2007-02-08 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma babban birni mafi girma shine Kenner. An haɗa Jefferson Parish a cikin Babban New Orleans yankin.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/jeffersonparishlouisiana/POP010220&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nazari ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Harvest: 3,000 Years (fim)</title>
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[[Fayil:The Bombay Gazette, 27 July 1869 (IA dli.granth.24370).pdf|thumb|Jarida]]
'''''Mirt Sost Shi Amit''''' '''( ''Harvest: 3,000 Years'' )''' fim ɗin kasar [[Itofiya|Habasha]] ne na shekarar 1976 wanda Haile Gerima ya ba da Umarni.

== Shiryawa ==
''Girbi: Harvest: 3,000 Years'' fim ne da aka shirya mai launin baki da fari. An yi amfani da wadanda ba 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ba, kuma an ɗauki shirin fim din a tsakiyar yakin basasa bayan hambarar da [[Haile Selassie]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Harvest 3000 Years {{!}} Tribeca Film Festival|url=https://tribecafilm.com/filmguide/archive/512cfeeb1c7d76e046002311-harvest-3000-years|website=Tribeca|accessdate=16 October 2016}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Haile Gerima ya ce:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Decolonizing the Filmic Mind: An Interview with Haile Gerima|url=http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1377&amp;context=asc_papers|website=repository.upenn.edu|accessdate=16 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925204448/http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1377&amp;context=asc_papers|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{quote|Fim ɗin farko da na yi a Habasha, Girbi: Shekaru 3000, yana nuna muku ainihin sawun ƙuruciyata, inda na girma tare da mahaifina da sauran dangina}}.
 — John L. Jackson Jr, Decolonizing the Fim Mind: Hira da Haile Gerima, CALLALOO: A Journal of African Diaspora Arts and Letters (2010)

== Yan wasan shirin ==
* Kasu Yigzaw...  Uwa
* Gebru Kasa
* Worke Kasa ...  Ɗiya
* Melaku Makonen ...  Uba
* Adane Melaku ...  Ɗa
* Harege-Weyn Tafere ...  Kaka ta wurin Uwa

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ife</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''''Ìfé''''' kuma  ana rubuta shi da '''''Ife''''' (Turanci: ) shi ne mai gudanar da fina-finai na soyayya na LGBT na Najeriya na 2020 wanda sanannen mai fafutukar kare hakkin LGBTQ na Najeriya [[Pamela Adie]] ya samar kuma [[Uyaiedu Ikpe-Etim]] ya ba da umarni. An yi la'akari da fim din a matsayin fim na farko na 'yan mata a tarihin [[Nollywood]]. Koyaya wasu kafofin sun bayyana cewa shi  fim na LGBT na farko na Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Olowoyo|first=Ghaniyah|date=2020-07-08|title=Nigerian's First LGBTQ Movie, 'Ife', Set for Release|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202007080109.html|access-date=2020-08-28|website=allAfrica.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fim din  kewaye da rayuwar ma'aurata mata masu jima'i guda ɗaya waɗanda kuma ke fuskantar ƙalubale ta hanyar kasancewa 'yan mata a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Salaudeen|first=Aisha|title=Nollywood film about two women in love tackles homophobia|url=https://www.phillytrib.com/entertainment/movies/nollywood-film-about-two-women-in-love-tackles-homophobia/article_055371f4-6ad3-51c0-bbb6-6bd94026cce8.html|access-date=2020-08-28|website=The Philadelphia Tribune|date=3 August 2020|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803173951/https://www.phillytrib.com/entertainment/movies/nollywood-film-about-two-women-in-love-tackles-homophobia/article_055371f4-6ad3-51c0-bbb6-6bd94026cce8.html|archive-date=2021-08-03|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the release of the official trailer of the film on [[YouTube]] in July 2020, the film is expected to be released via internet possibly at the end of the year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-08-21|title=Nigerian lesbian love film to go online to avoid censorship board|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-lgbt-film-idUSKBN25H0ZU|access-date=2020-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigerian lesbian love film to go online to avoid censorship board|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/nigerian-lesbian-love-film-go-online-avoid-censorship-board-n1237853|access-date=2020-08-28|website=NBC News|date=24 August 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Fim din sakin trailer na hukuma na fim din a [[YouTube]] a watan Yulin 2020, ana sa ran za a saki fim din ta hanyar intanet mai yiwuwa a ƙarshen shekara. Fim din ya haifar da damuwa da tallace-tallace tsakanin 'yan Najeriya don nau'in fim ɗin tare da karɓar trailer.

== Masu ba da labari ==

* Cindy Amadi
* [[Uzoamaka Aniunoh]]

== Fitarwa ==
An bayyana cewa an rubuta rubutun ne a matsayin labarin soyayya tsakanin mata biyu kuma Uyai Ikpe-Etim da Pamela Adie ne suka fara aikin tare da hadin gwiwar Equality Hub, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke aiki a Najeriya da ke mai da hankali kan haƙƙin LGBT.  shirya fim din ne don karya ra'ayoyin da masana'antar Nollywood ke fuskanta wanda a tarihi ya kasa cika tsammanin nuna abubuwan LGBTQ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ike|first=Joanne|date=2020-08-24|title=Nigeria's first lesbian movie, Ìfé, is set to change stereotypes » YNaija|url=http://ynaija.com/nigerias-first-lesbian-movie-ife-is-set-to-change-stereotypes/|access-date=2020-08-28|website=YNaija|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Censorship ==
Fim din ya yi magana ne game da batutuwan tantancewa a lokacin samar da shi saboda nau'in da ya shafi LGBTQ.samar  fim da Babban daukar hoto ba a nufin ya zama mai santsi ga masu shirya fim ba saboda tsangwama daga Hukumar Kula da Fim da Bidiyo ta Kasa wacce ta yi barazana kuma ta ki amincewa da fim din don rarraba wasan kwaikwayo. Kafin fitowar tirela ta hukuma a watan Yulin 2020, an lura cewa masu shirya fim din ba su gabatar da fim din ga NFVCB ba.

Fassarar wasan kwaikwayo na LGBT a Najeriya ana ɗaukarsa mai rikitarwa. Ana ɗaukar dangantakar jima'i iri ɗaya a matsayin babban laifi a Najeriya kuma ana ba da hukuncin shekaru 14 a kurkuku idan aka same shi da laifi. Dokar Aure  Jima'i (Hakkatarwa) ta 2014 ta wuce ta tsohon Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] wanda ya bayyana auren jinsi ɗaya da LGBT a matsayin ba bisa ka'ida ba.

Thomas, babban darakta na NFVCB a cikin wata hira da ''[[CNN]]'' ya nace cewa Hukumar ba za ta amince da fina-finai da ke inganta jigogi da nuna abubuwan da ba su dace da dabi'un Najeriya ba, imani, ɗabi'a, hadisai da kundin tsarin mulki. NFVCB  kuma bayar da gargadi da barazanar da ke nuna cewa za ta bi diddigin masu shirya fina-finai na LGBT a Nollywood bayan samar da ''Ife''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-08|title=NFVCB threatens to track LGBT filmmakers in Nollywood|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/nfvcb-threatens-to-track-lgbt-filmmakers-in-nollywood/z2whgzw|access-date=2020-08-28|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saki ==
Kodayake NFVCB  ta haramta fim din a hukumance ba, an shirya za a saki fim din ta hanyar dandamali na kan layi maimakon sakin wasan kwaikwayo don kauce wa batutuwan tantancewa kuma saboda rashin tabbas saboda annobar COVID-19 a Najeriya. Mai shir fim din Adie ya bayyana cewa ba za a watsa fim din ta hanyar YouTube ba kuma ya bayyana cewa za a watsa fina-finai ta hanyar dandamali na kansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-14|title=The official trailer for 'ÌFÈ' is here!|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-official-trailer-for-ife-is-here/3wvpn8d|access-date=2020-08-28|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716093720/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-official-trailer-for-ife-is-here/3wvpn8d|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Inale</title>
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      <text bytes="15261" sha1="cjtf82gfqq58nmay6e519websyme03a" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''''Inale''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2010 wanda Keke Bongos ya samar kiɗa [[Jeta Amata]] ya ba da umarni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Inale - An African Musical fairytale |url=http://www.nollywoodwatch.com/inale-%E2%80%93-african-musical-fairytale/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906225155/http://www.nollywoodwatch.com/inale-%E2%80%93-african-musical-fairytale/ |archive-date=6 September 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=Nollywood Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din wanda taurari [[Caroline Chikezie]] da [[Hakeem Kae-Kazim]] suka taka rawa,  an saita shi a [[Otukpo]] kuma yana ba da labarin Inale da Ode, waɗanda suke ƙaunar juna amma al'ada ce ke barazanar ƙaunarsu yayin da Ode dole ne ya lashe gasar kokawa ta al'ada kafin ya iya ɗaukar hannun Inale a aure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ikeji, Linda |date=4 August 2010 |title=Jeta Amata's new movie, Inale |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/31660/4/jeta-amatas-new-movie-inale.html |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=The Nigerian Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fim din ya fara ne a Legas a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba 2010 &lt;ref name=&quot;Rozay, Teefah&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rozay, Teefah |date=26 October 2010 |title=Inale Premieres in Lagos |url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2010/10/26/red-carpet-inale-premieres-in-lagos/#sthash.UlHzlCk6.dpbs |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=that1960chick.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an sadu da shi tare da karɓar karɓa. Ya sami gabatarwa biyar a 7th Africa Movie Academy Awards kuma daga ƙarshe ya lashe rukunin don Achievement in Soundtrack . &lt;ref name=&quot;AMAA Nominations 2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 February 2011 |title=AMAA Nominations 2011 |url=http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominations-2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302124149/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominations-2011 |archive-date=2 March 2011 |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=Africa Film Academy |publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ce ''Inale'' yayi kama da wani labari game da [[Mutanen Idoma|Idomaland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elthan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=John, Elnathan |date=3 November 2010 |title=MOVIE REVIEW: INALE by Jeta Amata |url=http://elnathanjohn.blogspot.com/2010/11/movie-review-inale-by-jeta-amata.html |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=Elnathan's Dark Corner |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105134212/http://elnathanjohn.blogspot.com/2010/11/movie-review-inale-by-jeta-amata.html |archive-date=5 November 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Makirci ==
Odeh da Gimbiya Inale suna cikin soyayya.Koyaya, bisa ga al'adun ƙasar, Odeh dole ne ya yi gwagwarmaya da wasu masu neman Inale don ya sami hannun Inale a cikin aure.Odeh ya yi gwagwarmaya da mutane da yawa kuma ya ci nasara a duk fadace-fadace; Sarki Oche, Sarkin Otukpo da mahaifin Inale sun ayyana Odeh a matsayin mai nasara.Kafin bikin kokawa ya ƙare, wani baƙo mai rufe fuska ya bayyana kuma ya kalubalanci Odeh zuwa yaƙi; Baƙo ya ci nasara kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin Yarima Agaba, Yarima daga Apah, ƙauyen da ke kusa, wanda ya kasance cikin dogon rikici tare da Otukpo.Sarkin ya bayyana sabon mai nasara kuma ya gaya wa Yarima Agaba cewa za a raka matarsa zuwa ƙauyensa washegari.

Inale ya jefa cikin baƙin ciki cikin dare, amma sarki ya ki yin sulhu duk da rokon Sarauniya, Ochanya da sauran mutanen fadar.Kashegari, Inale ta gaya wa Odeh da tabbaci cewa za ta dawo masa, yayin da 'yar'uwarta, Princess Omei da baiwarta, Omada suka raka ta zuwa Apah.A lokacin hutu a cikin tafiyarsu, a lokacin da Omei ba ya nan Omada ya tura Inale cikin kogi don nutsar kuma ya yi wa Omei ƙarya cewa Inale ya kashe kansa.Daga ƙarshe matan sun kammala cewa Omada ya yi kamar shi Inale ne ga Yarima Agaba da mutanen Apah, waɗanda ba su san yadda yarima take ba, don kauce wa yaƙi tsakanin al'ummomin biyu.Duo ɗin sun isa Apah, tare da Omada da aka yi amfani da ita a matsayin Inale da Ome a matsayin baiwa; Da zaran Omada ta zama Sarauniya, sai ta fara wulakanta Omei.A sakamakon haka Omei ta yi ƙoƙari ta buɗe wa mutane game da yanayin abubuwa, amma babu wanda zai yarda da ita.

Ɗaya daga cikin masu gadi a Apah ya gane Omei a matsayin gimbiya kuma ya 'yantar da ita daga gidan kurkuku da Omada ya sanya ta.Omei ta koma kogi inda Inale ta nitse, kuma Inale wanda yanzu ya zama mermaid ya bayyana mata; Inale ta gaya mata duk abin da Omada ya yi mata kuma ta bayyana cewa ba za ta iya barin kogi ba, don kada ta mutu.A wani lokaci, Odeh a cikin baƙin cikinsa ya yi yawo zuwa wannan kogi, kuma ya ga Inale.Ta gaya masa cewa don ta iya kasancewa tare da shi, dole ne ya kalubalanci Yarima Agaba don sakewa kuma ya ci shi; sai dai a wannan lokacin ne za a iya 'yantar da ita, kuma idan ba a yi wannan ba kafin faɗuwar rana ta gaba, Inale za ta tafi har abada.Odeh ya sake duels tare da Agaba kuma an ci shi sau biyu, kafin Odeh ya ci Agaba.Agaba ya mika Omada ga Odeh, kuma Odeh ya sanar da kowa ainihin Omada.Odeh da Agaba sun gudu zuwa kogi kuma sun ceci Inale, yayin da Omada ya shiga cikin gandun daji kuma ba a sake ganinsa ba.Inale da Odeh sun yi aure, yayin da Yarima Agaba ya auri Omei, kuma ƙauyuka biyu sun haɗu don zama babbar ƙasa ɗaya.

== Masu ba da labari ==

* [[Caroline Chikezie]] a matsayin Inale
* [[Hakeem Kae-Kazim]] a matsayin Ode
* Dede Mabiaku a matsayin Sarki Oche
* [[Ini Edo]] a matsayin Omada
* [[Keppy Ekpenyong|Keppy Ekpeyong]] a matsayin Yarima Agaba
* Lola Shokeye a matsayin Gimbiya Omei
* Eunice Philips a matsayin Sarauniya Ochanya
* [[Mbong Amata]] a matsayin Keke
* [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]] a matsayin Ori
* [[Omawumi|Omawumi Megbele]] a matsayin Ene

== Fitarwa ==
An harbe fim din a wurin da ke Benue da [[Los Angeles]], [[California]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 May 2011 |title=INALE shines at Monaco International Charity Film Festival |url=http://www.wetinhappen.com.ng/inale-shines-at-monaco-international-charity-film-festival/ |access-date=29 August 2014 |publisher=wetinhappen.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Waƙoƙi da sauti ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Joel Goffin ne ya kirkiro waƙoƙin ''Inale'' kuma ya zira kwallaye.Fim din ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin asali daga Bongos Ikwue, wanda ya kirkiro waƙoƙinsa.Jeta Amata ta rubuta wasu waƙoƙi.Dukkanin waƙoƙin an rubuta su ne a BIK Studios, Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 October 2010 |title=Caroline Chikezie Stars In Nigerian Movie &quot;Inale&quot; |url=http://www.star1960.com/movies-tv/caroline-chikezie-stars-in-nigerian-movie-inale/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227031900/http://www.star1960.com/movies-tv/caroline-chikezie-stars-in-nigerian-movie-inale/ |archive-date=27 February 2015 |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=star1960}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jerin waƙoƙi ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Track listing/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

== Saki ==
An saki wasan kwaikwayo na ''Inale'' a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Deji |date=28 March 2011 |title=&quot;Inale&quot;- theatrical trailer |url=http://www.gidilounge.com/movies/inale-theatrical-trailer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907020118/http://www.gidilounge.com/movies/inale-theatrical-trailer/ |archive-date=7 September 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=Gidilounge}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara shi ne a Legas a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2010  kuma an fara shi a Abuja a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rozay, Teefah&quot; /&gt; An fitar da shi a wasan kwaikwayo a watan Nuwamba a cikin fina-finai da aka zaɓa a duk faɗin Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2010 |title=INALE – in Theatres! |url=http://www.goldenicons.com/inale-in-theatres/ |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=Golden Icons Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, an sake shi a lokacin bikin Kirsimeti da Sabuwar Shekara ta 2011 ta hanyar 2012.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2011 |title=Movie: INALE Hits National Theatre |url=http://olorisupergal.com/movie-inale-hits-national-theatre/ |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=Olori Supergal}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki fim din daga baya a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 26 ga Yulin 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Akitobi, Emmanuel |date=15 July 2012 |title=Nigerian Musical 'Inale' To Make South Africa Big-Screen Debut (Starring Caroline Chikezie, Hakeem Kae-Kazim, Ini Edo) |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/nigerian-musical-inale-to-make-south-africa-big-screen-premiere-starring-caroline-chikezie-hakeem-kae-kazim |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906223645/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/nigerian-musical-inale-to-make-south-africa-big-screen-premiere-starring-caroline-chikezie-hakeem-kae-kazim |archive-date=6 September 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=[[IndieWire]] |publisher=Shadow and Act}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karɓar baƙi ==

=== Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci ===
''Inale'' ta sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa; yayin da aka yaba da ita saboda kyawawan abubuwan da ta samar, an soki ta saboda labarun ta.Victor Olatoye na Nollywood Critics ya ba shi taurari 4 kuma ya ce: &quot;Idan kun yi sha'awar fim din gargajiya na Nollywood da aka samar da kyau ina ba da shawarar ganin Inale. Wannan fim ne na Nollywood wanda kowa zai iya jin daɗi. Abubuwan gani sun kasance masu kyau, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo sun yi aiki ba tare da ƙoƙari ba&quot;.Ya yaba da fim din, gyare-gyare da sauti na fim din, amma ya yi magana a kan kiɗa, wanda yake jin ba na gargajiya ba ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olatoye, Victor O. |title=Inale |url=http://www.nollywoodcritics.com/Archives_Display.aspx?Videoid=302 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906224027/http://www.nollywoodcritics.com/Archives_Display.aspx?Videoid=302 |archive-date=6 September 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=Nollywood Critics}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Elnathan John]], a gefe guda, ya yaba da kiɗa amma ya yi kuskuren rubutun da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na rawa da fada.Ya kammala da cewa: &quot;Yana da babban yunkuri na samar da kiɗa. Kokarin yana da yabo; duk da haka burinsa ya zama kamar lalacewarsa. Yawancin lokaci da albarkatu sun zama kamar ana zuba su cikin samarwa don cutar da ainihin tushen fim din - rubutun Lazy, samarwa mai kyau, rashin kulawa ga muhimman bayanai; Wasu bayanai marasa mahimmanci sun zama kamar dai darektan yana so [] don burge masu sauraron Najeriya fiye da yin fim mai kyau. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Elthan&quot; /&gt; {{Sic}}Osugo Joshua-Karis ya ba shi 7 daga 10, yana mai cewa: &quot;''Inale'' yana taɓa labarin soyayya, yaƙi da al'ada. A cikin duka, ''Inale'' babban fim ne don shakatawa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Joshua-Karis, Osugo |date=19 October 2013 |title=Inale |url=http://movieevolution.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/index.php/inale/#sthash.DevOeBCO.Am6IGmTx.dpbs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906223031/http://movieevolution.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/index.php/inale/#sthash.DevOeBCO.Am6IGmTx.dpbs |archive-date=6 September 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=[[Covenant University]] |publisher=Movie Evolution}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Godiya gaisuwa ===
''Inale'' ta sami gabatarwa biyar a 7th Africa Movie Academy Awards; gami da kyaututtuka don [[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Nigerian Film|Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya]], [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Fim Mafi Kyawun Soundtrack|Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Soundtrack]], Nasarar a cikin Tasirin Kayayyaki, Nasarar A cikin Makeup da Nasarar da Aka samu a cikin Tsarin Kayan Kayan Kashi.Daga ƙarshe ya lashe kyautar don Achievement a Soundtrack .Har ila yau, ta sami gabatarwa biyar a 2011 Best of Nollywood Awards kuma ta lashe rukunin &quot;Best Soundtrack of the Year&quot;.Fim din ya sami gabatarwa hudu a 2011 Nigeria Entertainment Awards kuma ya lashe &quot;Mafi yawan Fim mai nishaɗi&quot; a 2011 Monaco Charity Film Festival Awards .
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%&quot;
|+Cikakken jerin kyaututtuka
!Kyautar
!Sashe
!Masu karɓa da waɗanda aka zaba
!Sakamakon
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] (7th Africa Movie Academy Awards) &lt;ref name=&quot;AMAA Nominations 2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Nigerian Film|Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya]]
|[[Jeta Amata]]| {{Nom}}
|-
|[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Fim Mafi Kyawun Soundtrack|Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Soundtrack]]
|Joel Goffin, Bongos Ikwue| {{Won}}
|-
|[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka|Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Tasirin Bayani]]
|Thomas R. Dickens, Clint Nitkiewicz Hernandez| {{Nom}}
|-
|[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Mafi Kyawun Makeup|Nasarar da aka samu a cikin kayan shafawa]]
|Temisan Etsede| {{Nom}}
|-
|[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Kyakkyawan Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawa|Nasarar da aka samu a cikin zane-zane]]
|Jane Unogwu| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi kyawun Mujallar Nollywood]] ([[2011 Best of Nollywood Awards|2011 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 September 2011 |title=BON Awards Nominees |url=http://www.jaguda.com/2011/09/15/the-2011-best-of-nollywood-b-o-n-award-nominees/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306170624/http://jaguda.com/2011/09/15/the-2011-best-of-nollywood-b-o-n-award-nominees/ |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=Jaguda.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|Cinematography na Shekara
|James M. Costello| {{Nom}}
|-
|Amfani da Kayan Kayan Kwarewa
|Jane Unogwu| {{Nom}}
|-
|Daraktan Shekara
|[[Jeta Amata]]| {{Nom}}
|-
|Soundtrack na Shekara
|Joel Goffin, Bongos Ikwue| {{Won}}
|-
|Mafi Kyawun Sauti a Fim
|Martin Kittappa, Justin Scott Dixon| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]] (2011 Kyautar Nishiri ta Najeriya) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 May 2011 |title=NIGERIA ENTERTAINMENT AWARDS: NOMINEES |url=http://nollywoodmindspace.blogspot.com/2011/05/nominees-for-nigerian-entertainment.html |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=Nollywood Mindspace |publisher=Nollywood by Mindspace}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|Mafi kyawun Actor A Fim
|[[Hakeem Kae-Kazim]]| {{Nom}}
|-
|Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fim
|[[Caroline Chikezie]]| {{Nom}}
|-
|Hoton da ya fi dacewa
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Jeta Amata]]| {{Nom}}
|-
|Mafi kyawun Gudanarwa A Fim| {{Nom}}
|-
|Bikin Fim na Monaco (Monaco Charity Film Festival Awards na 2011) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=26 May |date=26 May 2011 |title='INALE' MOST ENTERTAINING MOVIE IN 2011…Monaco Charity Film Festival |url=http://www.olamildent.com/2011/05/inale-most-entertaining-movie-in.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906223552/http://www.olamildent.com/2011/05/inale-most-entertaining-movie-in.html |archive-date=6 September 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=Olamildent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MONACO CHARITY FILM FESTIVAL AWARDS 2011 |url=http://www.monacofilmfestival.de/100-0-Awards-2011.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719045719/http://www.monacofilmfestival.de/100-0-Awards-2011.html |archive-date=19 July 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |publisher=Monaco Film Festival}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|Fim mafi ban sha'awa| {{Won}}
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2010|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2010]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Charlie Charlie (fim)</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Salma Raddah</username>
        <id>45959</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348147495|Charlie Charlie (film)]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1641" sha1="kfni04arcogcqqcv2tu9aje6fixndsw" xml:space="preserve">Charlie Charlie fim ne na Najeriya na 2021 wanda Charles Uwagbai da Monica Swaida suka samar, kuma Charles Uwag Bai ne ya ba da umarni.[1][2][3] Yana bincika jigogi na fataucin mutane da karkatar da kuɗi.[4][5][6] Tauraron fim din Omoni Oboli, Monica Swaida, Mary Remmy Njoku, Alexx Ekubo, Chioma Akpotha, Etinosa Idemudia, da Yarima David Osei. [1][2]

== Bayani game da shi ==
Fim din ya kewaye mutane biyu iri ɗaya; memba na ƙungiyar miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma mutumin da ba shi da laifi.Mutumin da ba shi da laifi ya yi kuskure ga dillalin miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma an kama shi a cikin ayyukan miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi da ke gudana ta Najeriya ta Ghana, Morocco zuwa Turai.Wannan kuskuren ainihi ya sa kungiyar ta rasa kudi wanda ya dawo kan su biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muaz |first=Hassan |date=2021-06-14 |title=Omoni Oboli, Alexx Ekubo, Chioma Akpotha tackle human trafficking with Charlie Charlie movie - |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/omoni-oboli-alexx-ekubo-chioma-akpotha-tackle-human-trafficking-with-charlie-charlie-movie/ |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu ba da labari ==

* [[Femi Adebayo]]
* [[Chioma Chukwuka|Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha]]
* Sani Danja
* Alexx Ekubo
* [[Daidaitaccen Yanayi]]
* Abimbola Kazeem
* Funky Mallam
* [[Omoni Oboli]]
* [[Prince David Osei|Yarima David Osei]]
* Mary Remmy
* Monica Swaida
* Oluwatoyin Albert Tomama

== Fitarwa ==
An harbe fim din a Legas, Ghana, da Turai.

== Saki ==
An nuna fim din a asirce a Cibiyar Fim ta PEFTI a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] kafin a fitar da shi a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 2021. 

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Charlie Charlie fim ne na Najeriya na 2021 wanda Charles Uwagbai da Monica Swaida suka samar, kuma Charles Uwag Bai ne ya ba da umarni.[1][2][3] Yana bincika jigogi na fataucin mutane da karkatar da kuɗi.[4][5][6] Tauraron fim din Omoni Oboli, Monica Swaida, Mary Remmy Njoku, Alexx Ekubo, Chioma Akpotha, Etinosa Idemudia, da Yarima David Osei. [1][2]

== Bayani game da shi ==
Fim din ya kewaye mutane biyu iri ɗaya; memba na ƙungiyar miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma mutumin da ba shi da laifi.Mutumin da ba shi da laifi ya yi kuskure ga dillalin miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma an kama shi a cikin ayyukan miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi da ke gudana ta Najeriya ta Ghana, Morocco zuwa Turai.Wannan kuskuren ainihi ya sa kungiyar ta rasa kudi wanda ya dawo kan su biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muaz |first=Hassan |date=2021-06-14 |title=Omoni Oboli, Alexx Ekubo, Chioma Akpotha tackle human trafficking with Charlie Charlie movie - |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/omoni-oboli-alexx-ekubo-chioma-akpotha-tackle-human-trafficking-with-charlie-charlie-movie/ |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu ba da labari ==

* [[Femi Adebayo]]
* [[Chioma Chukwuka|Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha]]
* Sani Danja
* Alexx Ekubo
* [[Daidaitaccen Yanayi]]
* Abimbola Kazeem
* Funky Mallam
* [[Omoni Oboli]]
* [[Prince David Osei|Yarima David Osei]]
* Mary Remmy
* Monica Swaida
* Oluwatoyin Albert Tomama

== Fitarwa ==
An harbe fim din a Legas, Ghana, da Turai.

== Saki ==
An nuna fim din a asirce a Cibiyar Fim ta PEFTI a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] kafin a fitar da shi a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 2021. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Imperfect Journey</title>
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'''''Imperfect Journey''''' shine [[Documentary film|fim ɗin da aka shirya shi a shekarar]]  1994 [[Itofiya|na Habasha]] wanda Haile Gerima ya jagoranta kuma ya bada umarni.

== Takaitaccen labari ==
''Imperfect Journey'' fim ne da BBC ta shirya, wanda ke binciko yadda al'ummar Habasha suka farfaɗo a siyasance da tunani bayan ta'asar da ta'addanci na siyasa da ta'addanci na gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Mengistu Haile Mariam.

Haile Gerima ya yi tafiya zuwa Habasha tare da Ryszard Kapuściński. A cikin wannan tafiya suna ganawa da mutane daga kowane mataki na al'ummar Habasha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Notes by Michael Dembrow|title=IMPERFECT JOURNEY-directed by Haile Gerima with Richard Kapuscinski|url=http://www.zehabesha.com/imperfect-journey-directed-by-haile-gerima-with-richard-kapuscinski/|website=Zehabesha|access-date=1 October 2015|date=24 March 2015|archive-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001235536/http://www.zehabesha.com/imperfect-journey-directed-by-haile-gerima-with-richard-kapuscinski/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Imperfect Journey|url=http://africa-archive.com/et/657|website=African Film Database|access-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006201610/http://africa-archive.com/et/657|archive-date=6 October 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Mai shirya fina-finan ya yi tambaya kan alkiblar gwamnati mai ci da kuma muradin al’umma wajen samar da cibiyoyi da ke tabbatar da ‘yantar da su.

Haile Gerima ya bayyana ra'ayinsa kan fim ɗin&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor-last1=Pfaff|editor-first1=Françoise|title=Focus on African films|date=2004|publisher=Ind.|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0253216687|pages=209|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjqh7O99pv0C&amp;q=imperfect+journey+film&amp;pg=PA209|access-date=16 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
{{Blockquote|text=The title meant something incomplete. I made a film that was incomplete. Due to the political and cultural climate in which it was done, I made an &quot;imperfect film&quot;. The journey was an imperfect journey, and the film is really about how young people's future is determined by a dysfunctional, underdeveloped African reality-a global reality but as it manifests itself in one country.|author=Françoise Pfaff|source=Focus on African Films (2004)}}

== Manazarta ==
[[Category:fim]]</text>
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    <title>In Rwanda We Say…The Family That Does Not Speak Dies</title>
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[[Fayil:State 1988-01- Iss 307 (IA sim state-magazine 1988-01 307).pdf|thumb]]
'''''In Rwanda We Say...The Family That Does Not Speak Dies''''' fim ne wanda ke nazarin tsarin adalci na Gacaca bayan Kisan kare dangi na Rwanda a kan [[Tutsi]] a shekarar 1994. Anne Aghion ce ta ba da umarni kuma Gacaca Productions ce ta samar da shi, wannan [[Film|fim]] din na 2004 ya lashe Kyautar Emmy don &quot;Kyakkyawan Shirye-shiryen Bayanai&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=PBS wins six news and doc Emmys |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/pbs-wins-six-news-doc-emmys-wbna9417799 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=2005-09-20 |accessdate=2008-07-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi fim a Rwanda, harshen A Rwanda shine Kinyarwanda tare da subtitles na [[Turanci]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/iff/2004/london/printable.pdf |title=International Film Festival |accessdate=2008-07-27 |work=Human Rights Watch |pages=4 |year=2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724151434/http://hrw.org/iff/2004/london/printable.pdf |archive-date=2008-07-24 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Bayani game da shi ==
[[Fayil:State Magazine July-August 1998- Iss 427 (IA sim state-magazine july-august-1998 427).pdf|thumb]]
An kafa shi a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], Anne Aghion, [[Darakta|darektan]], ya yi hira da wani mai aikata kisan kare dangi wanda aka sake shi cikin al'ummarsa, da kuma wadanda kisan kare. [[Film|fim]] din ya biyo bayan yadda da farko, haɗin kai tsakanin mutanen da suka haifar da kisan kare dangi da mutanen da aka azabtar ba za a iya jurewa ba. Yawancin waɗanda abin ya shafa suna jin fushi ga tsoffin masu zaluntar su. Amma a hankali, waɗanda abin ya shafa da masu zalunci sun fara magana da kyamara, sannan kuma da juna yayin da suka fara aiki mai wuya na rayuwa tare da juna. Shirin ya nuna yadda [[Rwanda]]_genocide&quot; id=&quot;mwIA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Rwandan genocide&quot;&gt;Kisan kare dangi na Rwanda ba zai iya murkushe ruhun mutane ba, kisan kiyashi na 1994 na daruruwan dubban 'yan tsirarun Rwanda [[Tutsi]] da masu matsakaici na mafi rinjaye na [[Hutu]] da [[Interahamwe]] da [[Impuzamugambi]].

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website|http://www.gacacafilms.com}}
* {{IMDb title|0419841}}
* A Rwanda Muna cewa... Iyalin da ba sa magana ya mutuaAllMovie
[[Category:Fim]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Harsuna na Turai</title>
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[[Fayil:Europe on the globe (red).svg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Indo-European languages (HY).svg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Image depicting competing theories of the development of the Proto-Indo-European language's voiced aspirates.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Languages of Europe.svg|alt=color-coded map of languages used throughout Europe|thumb|500x500px|A color-coded map of languages used throughout Europe.]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}

Akwai harsuna sama da kimanin 250 na asali na Turai, kuma galibi suna cikin dangin harshen Indo-Turai. Daga cikin jimillar yawan jama'ar [[Turai]] kimanin miliyan 744 kamar na 2018, wasu 94% 'yan asalin harshen 0Indo-Turai ne. Manyan phyla uku mafi girma na dangin harshen Indo-Turai a Turai sune Romance, Jamusanci, da Slavic; suna da masu magana sama da miliyan 200 kowanne, kuma tare da kusan kashi 90% na mutanen Turai. 

Ƙananan phyla na Indo-Turai da aka samu a Turai sun hada da Hellenic (Girkanci, c. 13 miliyan), Baltic (kimanin miliyan 7), Albaniya (kimanin miliyan 5), Celtic (kimanin miliyan 4), da Armeniya (c. 4). miliyan). Indo-Aryan, ko da yake babban dangi ne na Indo-Turai, yana da ƙananan adadin harsuna a Turai, da ƙananan adadin masu magana (Romani, c. 1.5 miliyan). Koyaya, yawancin harsunan Indo-Aryan waɗanda ba na asali ba a Turai ana magana da su a Turai a yau.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=European Day of Languages &gt; Facts &gt; Language Facts|url=https://edl.ecml.at/Facts/LanguageFacts/tabid/1859/language/en-GB/Default.aspx|access-date=2023-12-23|website=edl.ecml.at}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga cikin kusan turawa miliyan 45 da ke magana da yarukan da ba na Indo-Turai ba, yawancinsu suna magana da yarukan cikin dangin Uralic ko Turkawa. Har yanzu ƙananan ƙungiyoyi - irin su Basque (keɓanta harshe), harsunan Semitic (Maltese, miliyan 0.5), da harsuna daban-daban na Caucasus - suna da ƙasa da 1% na yawan jama'ar Turai a cikinsu. Shige da fice ya kara yawan al'ummomin masu magana da harsunan Afirka da Asiya, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 4% na yawan jama'a.,&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=International migrant stock: By destination and origin|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimatesorigin.shtml|publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da Larabci da aka fi magana da su.

Harsuna biyar suna da fiye da masu magana da yaren asali miliyan 50 a Turai: Rashanci, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Italiyanci, da Jamusanci. Rashanci shine yaren asali da aka fi magana a Turai,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Emery |first=Chad |date=2022-12-15 |title=34 of the Most Spoken Languages in Europe: Key Facts and Figures |url=https://www.langoly.com/most-spoken-languages-in-europe/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Langoly |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Turanci yana da mafi yawan adadin masu magana a cikin duka, ciki har da wasu masu magana da Ingilishi miliyan 200 a matsayin harshe na biyu ko na waje. (Duba harshen Ingilishi a Turai.)

== Harsunan Indo-Turai ==
{{See also|Indo-European languages|List of Indo-European languages}}

Iyalin harshen Indo-Turai sun fito ne daga Proto-Indo-Turai, wanda aka yi imanin an yi magana da shi shekaru dubbai da suka wuce. Masu iya magana na farko na yaren Indo-Turai da alama sun faɗaɗa cikin Turai tare da farkon shekarun Bronze, kusan shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata (al'adun Bell-Beaker).

=== Germanic ===
[[File:Germanic languages in Europe.png|300px|thumb|right|
The present-day distribution of the Germanic languages in Europe:{{parabreak}}
North Germanic languages
{{legend|#02FDFF|[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]}}
{{legend|#1FC5FC|[[Faroese language|Faroese]]}}
{{legend|#0080FF|[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]}}
{{legend|#003F80|[[Swedish language|Swedish]]}}
{{legend|#0433FF|[[Danish language|Danish]]}}
West Germanic Languages
{{legend|#FCA502|[[English language|English]]}}
{{legend|#FD7B24|[[Scots language|Scots]]}}
{{legend|#E2BD00|[[Frisian languages|Frisian]]}}
{{legend|#FFF435|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]}}
{{legend|#ADFF2F|[[Low German]]}}
{{legend|#018000|[[High German]]}}
Dots indicate areas where [[multilingualism]] is common.]]

The [[Germanic languages]] make up the predominant language family in Western, [[Northern Europe|Northern]] and [[Central Europe]]. It is estimated that over 500 million Europeans are speakers of Germanic languages{{fact|date=January 2024}}, the largest groups being [[German-speaking Europe|German]] ({{circa}} 95 million), [[English language in Europe|English]] ({{circa}} 400 million){{fact|date=January 2024}}, [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ({{circa}} 24 million), [[Swedish language|Swedish]] ({{circa}} 10 million), [[Danish language|Danish]] ({{circa}} 6 million), [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ({{circa}} 5 million)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sipka |first=Danko |date=2022 |title=The Geography of Words |url=https://assets.cambridge.org/97811088/41658/index/9781108841658_index.pdf |access-date=December 23, 2023 |website=Cambridge University Press |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223231247/https://assets.cambridge.org/97811088/41658/index/9781108841658_index.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Limburgish]] (c. 1.3 million).{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

There are two extant major sub-divisions: ''[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]'' and ''[[North Germanic languages|North Germanic]]''. A third group, [[East Germanic languages|East Germanic]], is now extinct; the only known surviving East Germanic texts are written in the [[Gothic language]]. West Germanic is divided into [[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian]] (including [[English language|English]]), [[Low German]], [[Low Franconian languages|Low Franconian]] (including [[Dutch language|Dutch]]) and [[High German]] (including [[Standard German]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Versloot |first1=Arjen |last2=Adamczyk |first2=Elzbieta |date=2017-01-01 |title=The Geography and Dialects of Old Saxon: River-basin communication networks and the distributional patterns of North Sea Germanic features in Old Saxon |url=https://www.academia.edu/19757571 |journal=Frisians and Their North Sea Neighbours |pages=125}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Anglo-Frisian====
{{Main|Anglo-Frisian languages|English language in Europe}}

The [[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian language family]] is now mostly represented by [[Anglic languages|English (Anglic)]], descended from the [[Old English language]] spoken by the [[Anglo-Saxons]]:

* [[English language|English]], the main language of the [[United Kingdom]] and the most widespread language in the [[Republic of Ireland]], also spoken as a [[European English|second or third language by many Europeans]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Evolution of English: Contribution of European Languages |url=https://www.98thpercentile.com/blog/the-evolution-of-english-contributions-of-european-languages/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.98thpercentile.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Scots language|Scots]], spoken in [[Scotland]] and [[Ulster]], recognized by some as a language and by others as a dialect of English.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=Scots language {{!}} History, Examples, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Scots-language |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Not to be confused with [[Scottish Gaelic|Scots-Gaelic]] of the [[Languages of Europe#Others|Celtic language family]].)
The [[Frisian languages]] are spoken by about 400,000 ({{as of|2015|lc=y}}) [[Frisians]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Kuipers-Zandberg |first1=Helga |last2=Kircher |first2=Ruth |date=2020-11-01 |title=The Objective and Subjective Ethnolinguistic Vitality of West Frisian: Promotion and Perception of a Minority Language in the Netherlands |journal=Sustainable Multilingualism |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.2478/sm-2020-0011|s2cid=227129146 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Winter |first=Christoph |title=Frisian |date=2022-12-21 |url=https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-938 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |access-date=2023-05-21 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.938 |isbn=978-0-19-938465-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; who live on the southern coast of the [[North Sea]] in the [[Netherlands]] and [[Germany]]. These languages include [[West Frisian languages|West Frisian]], [[East Frisian language|East Frisian]] (of which the only surviving dialect is [[Saterlandic]]) and [[North Frisian language|North Frisian]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

====Dutch====
{{Main|Dutch language#Europe{{!}}Dutch-speaking Europe|Dutch language|Low Franconian}}

[[Dutch language|Dutch]] is spoken throughout the [[Netherlands]], the northern half of [[Belgium]], as well as the [[Nord-Pas de Calais]] region of [[France]]. The traditional dialects of the [[Lower Rhine region|Lower Rhine]] region of Germany are linguistically more closely related to Dutch than to modern German. In Belgian and French contexts, Dutch is sometimes referred to as [[Flemish dialects|Flemish]]. [[Dutch dialects]] are numerous and varied.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-15 |title=Dutch language {{!}} Definition, Origin, History, Countries, Examples, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dutch-language |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====German====
{{Main|German language|Geographical distribution of German speakers}}

[[German language|German]] is spoken throughout [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[Liechtenstein]], much of [[Switzerland]] (including the northeast areas bordering on Germany and Austria), northern [[Italy]] ([[South Tyrol]]), [[Luxembourg]], the [[East Cantons of Belgium]] and the [[Alsace]] and [[Lorraine]] regions of [[France]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=German, Standard {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/deu/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are several groups of German dialects:

* [[High German]] includes several dialect families:
** [[Standard German]]
** [[Central German]] dialects, spoken in central Germany and including [[Luxembourgish]]
** [[High Franconian]], a family of transitional dialects between Central and Upper High German
** [[Upper German]], including [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]] and [[Swiss German]]
** [[Yiddish]] is a [[Jewish languages|Jewish language]] developed in Germany and Eastern Europe. It shares many features of High German dialects and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Origins of Yiddish |url=https://sites.santafe.edu/~johnson/articles.yiddish.html |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=sites.santafe.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====[[Low German]]==== 
Low German is spoken in various regions throughout Northern Germany and the northern and eastern parts of the Netherlands. It is an official language in Germany. It may be separated into [[West Low German]] and [[East Low German]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Russ |first=Charles |date=2013-09-13 |title=The Dialects of Modern German |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315001777 |doi=10.4324/9781315001777|isbn=9781315001777 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====North Germanic (Scandinavian)====
The ''[[North Germanic languages]]'' are spoken in [[Nordic countries]] and include 
[[Swedish language|Swedish]] ([[Sweden]] and parts of [[Finland]]), 
[[Danish language|Danish]] ([[Denmark]]), 
[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ([[Norway]]), 
[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] ([[Iceland]]),
[[Faroese language|Faroese]] ([[Faroe Islands]]), 
and [[Elfdalian]] (in a small part of central Sweden).{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

English has a long history of contact with Scandinavian languages, given the immigration of Scandinavians early in the history of Britain, and shares various features with the Scandinavian languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/11/121127094111.htm|title=Linguist makes sensational claim: English is a Scandinavian language|website=ScienceDaily|access-date=2016-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even so, especially Dutch and Swedish, but also Danish and Norwegian, have strong vocabulary connections to the [[German language]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-21 |title=Linguistic variety in the Nordics |url=https://nordics.info/show/artikel/linguistic-variety-in-the-nordic-region |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=nordics.info |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Gooskens |first1=Charlotte |last2=Kürschner |first2=Sebastian |last3=Heuven |first3=Vincent J. van |date=August 4, 2021 |title=The role of loanwords in the intelligibility of written Danish among Swedes |journal=[[Nordic Journal of Linguistics]] |language=en |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=4–29 |doi=10.1017/S0332586521000111 |issn=0332-5865|doi-access=free |hdl=1887/3205273 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Gooskens |first1=Charlotte |last2=van Heuven |first2=Vincent J. |last3=Golubović |first3=Jelena |last4=Schüppert |first4=Anja |last5=Swarte |first5=Femke |last6=Voigt |first6=Stefanie |date=2018-04-03 |title=Mutual intelligibility between closely related languages in Europe |journal=International Journal of Multilingualism |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=169–193 |doi=10.1080/14790718.2017.1350185 |issn=1479-0718|doi-access=free |hdl=1887/79190 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Limburgish====
[[Limburgish]] (also called Limburgan, Limburgian, or Limburgic) Is a [[West Germanic]] language spoken in the province of [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]] in the [[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]] and neighboring regions of [[Germany]]. It is distinct from German and Dutch, but originates from areas near where both are spoken.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Limburgish- Limburgse taal &amp; Limburgs dialect {{!}} Limburgs.org |url=https://limburgs.org/en/limburgish/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Limbörgse Academie |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Romance ===
{{Further|Romance languages|Italic languages}}

[[File:Romance 20c en.png|thumb|300px|The Distribution of the Romance languages, 20th century.]]

Roughly 215 million Europeans (primarily in [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Western Europe|Western]] Europe) are native speakers of [[Romance languages]], the largest groups including:{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

[[French language|French]] ({{circa}} 72 million),
[[Italian language|Italian]] ({{circa}} 65 million),
[[Spanish language|Spanish]] ({{circa}} 40 million), 
[[Romanian language|Romanian]] ({{circa}} 24 million),
[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ({{circa}} 10 million),
[[Catalan language|Catalan]] ({{circa}} 7 million),
[[Sicilian language|Sicilian]] ({{circa}} 5 million, also subsumed under Italian), 
[[Venetian language|Venetian]] ({{circa}} 4 million),
[[Galician language|Galician]] ({{circa}} 2 million),
[[Sardinian language|Sardinian]] ({{circa}} 1 million),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Ti Alkire |title=Romance languages: a Historical Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/romancelanguages0000alki |author2=Carol Rosen |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/romancelanguages0000alki/page/3 3]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lubello&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Sergio Lubello |title=Manuale Di Linguistica Italiana, Manuals of Romance linguistics |publisher=De Gruyter |year=2016 |page=499}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;This includes all of the varieties of Sardinian, written with any [[orthography]] (the [[Limba Sarda Comuna|LSC]], used for all of Sardinian, or the [[Logudorese Sardinian|Logudorese]], Nugorese and [[Campidanese Sardinian|Campidanese]] orthographies, only used for some dialects of it) but does not include [[Gallurese]] and [[Sassarese language|Sassarese]], that even though they have sometimes been included in a supposed Sardinian &quot;macro-language&quot; are actually considered by all Sardinian linguists two different transitional languages between Sardinian and [[Corsican language|Corsican]] (or, in the case of Gallurese, are sometimes classified as a variant of Corsican). For Gallurese: [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/medias/files/atti-def-2015.compressed.pdf ATTI DEL II CONVEGNO INTERNAZIONALE DI STUDI Ciurrata di la Linga Gadduresa, 2014] , for Sassarese: {{cite book|last=Maxia|first=Mauro|title=Studi sardo-corsi. Dialettologia e storia della lingua tra le due isole|year=2010|location=Sassari|publisher=Taphros|page=58|language=it|quote=La tesi che individua nel sassarese una base essenzialmente toscana deve essere riesaminata alla luce delle cospicue migrazioni corse che fin dall'età giudicale interessarono soprattutto il nord della Sardegna. In effetti, che il settentrione della Sardegna, almeno dalla metà del Quattrocento, fosse interessato da un forte presenza corsa si può desumere da diversi punti di osservazione. Una delle prove più evidenti è costituita dall'espressa citazione che di questo fenomeno fa il cap. 42 del secondo libro degli Statuti del comune di Sassari, il quale fu aggiunto nel 1435 o subito dopo. Se si tiene conto di questa massiccia presenza corsa e del fatto che la presenza pisana nel regno di Logudoro cessò definitivamente entro il Duecento, l'origine del fondo toscano non andrà attribuita a un influsso diretto del pisano antico ma del corso che rappresenta, esso stesso, una conseguenza dell'antica toscanizzazione della Corsica}}). They are legally considered two different languages by the Sardinian Regional Government too ({{cite web |author=Autonomous Region of Sardinia |date=1997-10-15 |title=Legge Regionale 15 ottobre 1997, n. 26 |url=http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&amp;c=72&amp;s=1&amp;file=1997026 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301195804/http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&amp;c=72&amp;s=1&amp;file=1997026 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=2008-06-16 |pages=Art. 2, paragraph 4 |language=it}}).&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Occitan language|Occitan]] ({{circa}} 500,000), besides numerous smaller communities.

The Romance languages evolved from varieties of [[Vulgar Latin]] spoken in the various parts of the [[Roman Empire]] in [[Late Antiquity]]. [[Latin]] was itself part of the (otherwise extinct) [[Italic languages|Italic]] branch of Indo-European.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
Romance languages are divided phylogenetically into ''[[Italo-Western]]'', ''[[Eastern Romance]]'' (including [[Romanian language|Romanian]]) and ''[[Sardinian language|Sardinian]]''. The Romance-speaking area of Europe is occasionally referred to as ''[[Latin Europe]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Friedman |first1=Lawrence |last2=Perez-Perdomo |first2=Rogelio |date=2003 |title=Legal Culture in the Age of Globalization: Latin America and Latin Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEMUKyPTE9AC&amp;q=%22latin+europe%22 |publisher=Stanford University Press |page=1 |isbn=0-8047-6695-9 |author-link1=Lawrence M. Friedman }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Italo-Western can be further broken down into the ''[[Italo-Dalmatian languages]]'' (sometimes grouped with Eastern Romance), including the Tuscan-derived [[Italian language|Italian]] and numerous [[Languages of Italy|local Romance languages in Italy]] as well as [[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]], and the ''[[Western Romance languages]]''. The Western Romance languages in turn separate into the [[Gallo-Romance languages]], including [[Langues d'oïl]] such as [[French language|French]], the Francoprovencalic languages [[Franco-Provençal|Arpitan]] and [[Faetar language|Faetar]], the [[Rhaeto-Romance languages]], and the [[Gallo-Italic languages]]; the [[Occitano-Romance languages]], grouped with either Gallo-Romance or East Iberian, including Occitanic languages such as [[Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[Vivaro-Alpine dialect|Gardiol]], and [[Catalan language|Catalan]]; [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]], grouped in with either Occitano-Romance or West Iberian, and finally the [[West Iberian languages]], including the [[Astur-Leonese languages]], the [[Galician-Portuguese|Galician-Portuguese languages]], and the [[Castilian languages]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

=== Slavic ===
{{See also|Slavic languages|Slavs}}

[[File:Slavic europe (Kosovo unshaded).svg|thumb|300px|Political map of Europe with countries where the national language is Slavic:
{{legend|#7cdc87|West Slavic languages}}
{{legend|#008000|East Slavic languages}}
{{legend|#004040|South Slavic languages}}]]

[[Slavic languages]] are spoken in large areas of Southern, Central and [[Eastern Europe]]. An estimated 315 million people speak of Slavic languages,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-02 |title=Slavic languages {{!}} List, Definition, Origin, Map, Tree, History, &amp; Number of Speakers {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Slavic-languages |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; the largest groups being 
[[Russian language|Russian]] ({{circa}} 110 million in [[European Russia]] and adjacent parts of Eastern Europe, Russian forming the largest linguistic community in Europe),
[[Polish language|Polish]] ({{circa}} 40.6 million&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Polish {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pol/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;),
[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] ({{circa}} 33 million&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ukrainian {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ukr/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;), 
[[Serbo-Croatian]] ({{circa}} 21 million),&lt;!--includes Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin--&gt;
[[Czech language|Czech]] ({{circa}} 12 million&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Czech {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ces/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;),
[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] ({{circa}} 7.7 million&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bulgarian {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bul/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;), 
[[Slovak language|Slovak]] ({{circa}} 5 million&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Slovak {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/slk/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] (c. 3.7 million&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Belarusian {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bel/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;) and [[Slovene language|Slovene]] ({{circa}} 2.3 million&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Slovene {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/slv/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
and [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] ({{circa}} 2 million).{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Phylogenetically, Slavic is divided into three subgroups:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Slavic {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroup/4249/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''[[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]]'' includes [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Polabian language|Polabian]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Knaanic language|Knaanic]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]], [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]], [[Silesian language|Silesian]] and [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]].
* ''[[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]]'' includes [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]], and [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]].
* ''[[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]]'' includes [[Slovene language|Slovene]] and [[Serbo-Croatian]] in the southwest and [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and [[Church Slavonic]] (a [[liturgical language]]) in the southeast, each with numerous distinctive dialects. South Slavic languages constitute a [[Dialect continuum#South Slavic continuum|dialect continuum]] where standard Slovene, Macedonian and Bulgarian are each based on a distinct dialect, whereas [[pluricentric language|pluricentric]] Serbo-Croatian boasts four [[mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] [[Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian|national standard varieties]] all based on a single dialect, [[Shtokavian dialect|Shtokavian]].

=== Wasu ===
* [[Greek language|Greek]] ({{circa}} 13 million) is the official language of [[Greece]] and [[Cyprus]], and there are Greek-speaking enclaves in [[Albania]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Italy]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Romania]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Ukraine]], [[Lebanon]], [[Egypt]], [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], and [[Turkey]], and in [[Greek diaspora|Greek communities]] around the world. Dialects of modern Greek that originate from [[Attic Greek]] (through [[Koine Greek|Koine]] and then [[Medieval Greek]]) are [[Cappadocian Greek|Cappadocian]], [[Pontic Greek|Pontic]], [[Cretan Greek|Cretan]], [[Cypriot Greek|Cypriot]], [[Katharevousa]], and [[Yevanic]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
** [[Greek-Bovesian|Italiot Greek]] is, debatably, a [[Doric Greek|Doric]] dialect of Greek. It is spoken in southern Italy only, in the [[Province of Reggio Calabria|southern Calabria]] region (as [[Greek-Bovesian|Grecanic]])&lt;ref&gt;F. Violi, ''Lessico Grecanico-Italiano-Grecanico'', Apodiafàzzi, [[Reggio Calabria]], 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Paolo Martino, ''L'isola grecanica dell'Aspromonte. Aspetti sociolinguistici'', 1980. Risultati di un'inchiesta del 1977&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Filippo Violi, ''Storia degli studi e della letteratura popolare grecanica'', C.S.E. Bova ([[Province of Reggio Calabria|RC]]), 1992&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Filippo Condemi, ''Grammatica Grecanica'', Coop. Contezza, [[Reggio Calabria]], 1987;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/magazine/lingua_italiana/speciali/minoranze/Romano.html|title=In Salento e Calabria le voci della minoranza linguistica greca|website=Treccani, l'Enciclopedia italiana}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in the [[Salento]] region (as [[Griko]]). It was studied by the German linguist [[Gerhard Rohlfs]] during the 1930s and 1950s.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
** [[Tsakonian language|Tsakonian]] is a Doric dialect of the Greek language spoken in the lower [[Arcadia (regional unit)|Arcadia]] region of the [[Peloponnese]] around the village of [[Leonidio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dansby 2020 f130&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Dansby | first=Angela | title=The last speakers of ancient Sparta | website=BBC Home | date=December 16, 2020 | url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20201215-the-last-speakers-of-ancient-sparta | access-date=February 6, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
[[File:Baltic languages.png|thumb|200px|Historic distribution of the Baltic languages in the Baltic (simplified).]]

* The [[Baltic languages]] are spoken in [[Lithuania]] ([[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] ({{circa}} 3 million), [[Samogitian language|Samogitian]]) and [[Latvia]] ([[Latvian language|Latvian]] ({{circa}} 2 million), [[Latgalian language|Latgalian]]). Samogitian and Latgalian used to be considered dialects of Lithuanian and Latvian respectively.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
** There are also several extinct Baltic languages, including: [[Curonian language|Curonian]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Pronk_2017&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Pronk |first=Tijmen |date=2017 |title=USQUE AD RADICES Indo-European studies in honour of Birgit Anette Olsen: Curonian accentuation |url=https://www.academia.edu/35480576/Curonian_accentuation |location=Copenhagen, Denmark  |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |page=659 |isbn=9788763545761}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vaba_2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Vaba |first1=Lembit |date=July 2014 |title=Curonian linguistic elements in Livonian |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286371765_Curonian_linguistic_elements_in_Livonian |journal=Eesti ja Soome-Ugri Keeleteaduse Ajakiri |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=173 |doi=10.12697/jeful.2014.5.1.09 |access-date=2024-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Galindian language|Galindian]],  Jatvingian,  [[Old Prussian language|Old Prussian]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Nomachi_2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nomachi |first1=Motoki |date=2019 |title=Placing Kashubian in the Circum-Baltic (CB) area |url=https://www.journals.polon.uw.edu.pl/index.php/pf/article/view/470 |journal=Prace Filologiczne |volume=LXXIV |issue=2019 |pages=315-328 |doi=10.32798/pf.470 |access-date=2024-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Selonian language|Selonian]], [[Semigallian language|Semigallian]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Mažiulis 1999 w528&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Mažiulis | first=Vytautas J. | title=Baltic Languages | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=July 26, 1999 | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baltic-languages | access-date=February 18, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Sudovian language|Sudovian]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Szatkowski_2022&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Szatkowski |first1=Piotr |date=January 2022 |title=Language Practices in a Family of Prussian Language Revivalists: Conclusions Based on Short-Term Participant Observation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358448619_Language_Practices_in_a_Family_of_Prussian_Language_Revivalists_Conclusions_Based_on_Short-Term_Participant_Observation |journal=Adeptus |issue=2626 |pages=173 |doi=10.11649/a.2626 |access-date=2024-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Albanian language|Albanian]] ({{circa}} 5 million) has two major dialects, [[Tosk Albanian]] and [[Gheg Albanian]]. It is spoken in [[Albania]] and [[Kosovo]], neighboring [[North Macedonia]], [[Serbia]], [[Italy]], and [[Montenegro]]. It is also widely spoken in the [[Albanian diaspora]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* [[Armenian language|Armenian]] ({{circa}} 7 million) has two major forms, [[Western Armenian]] and [[Eastern Armenian]]. It is spoken in [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] ([[Samtskhe-Javakheti]]) and [[Abkhazia]], also [[Russia]], [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Turkey]], [[Greece]], and [[Cyprus]]. It is also widely spoken in the [[Armenian Diaspora]]. {{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* There are six living [[Celtic languages]], spoken in areas of northwestern Europe dubbed the &quot;[[Celtic nations]]&quot;. All six are members of the [[Insular Celtic languages|Insular Celtic]] family, which in turn is divided into:
** [[Brittonic languages|Brittonic family]]: [[Welsh language|Welsh]] ([[Wales]], {{circa}} 462,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welsh {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/cym/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;), [[Cornish language|Cornish]] ([[Cornwall]], {{circa}} 500&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cornish {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/cor/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;) and [[Breton language|Breton]] ([[Brittany]], {{circa}} 206,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Breton {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bre/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
** [[Goidelic languages|Goidelic family]]: [[Irish language|Irish]] ([[Ireland]], {{circa}} 1.7 million&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Irish {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/gle/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;), [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] ([[Scotland]], {{circa}} 57,400&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scottish Gaelic {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/gla/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;), and [[Manx language|Manx]] ([[Isle of Man]], 1,660&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manx {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/glv/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
: [[Continental Celtic languages]] had previously been spoken across Europe from Iberia and Gaul to Asia Minor, but became extinct in the first millennium CE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic |url=https://www.asnc.cam.ac.uk/spokenword/texts_cc.php |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=www.asnc.cam.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-22 |title=Celtic languages {{!}} History, Features, Origin, Map, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Celtic-languages |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The [[Indo-Aryan languages]] have one major representative: [[Romani language|Romani]] ({{circa}} 1.5 million speakers), introduced in Europe during the late medieval period. Lacking a nation state, Romani is spoken as a minority language throughout Europe.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* The [[Iranian languages]] in Europe are natively represented in the North Caucasus, notably with [[Ossetic language|Ossetian]] ({{circa}} 600,000).{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

== Harsunan da ba Indo-Turai ba ==

=== Turkic ===
{{Main|Turkic languages}}

[[File:Carte peuples turcs.png|thumb|right|340px|Distribution of Turkic languages in Eurasia]]

* [[Oghuz languages]] in Europe include [[Turkish language|Turkish]], spoken in [[East Thrace]] and by immigrant communities; [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] is spoken in [[Azerbaijan|Northeast Azerbaijan]] and parts of [[Southern Russia]] and [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]] is spoken in [[Gagauzia]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* [[Kipchak languages]] in Europe include [[Karaim language|Karaim]], [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] and [[Krymchak language|Krymchak]], which is spoken mainly in [[Crimea]]; [[Tatar language|Tatar]], which is spoken in [[Tatarstan]]; [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]], which is spoken in [[Bashkortostan]]; [[Karachay-Balkar language|Karachay-Balkar]], which is spoken in the [[North Caucasus]], and [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], which is spoken in [[Kazakhstan|Northwest Kazakhstan]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* [[Oghur languages]] were historically indigenous to much of Eastern Europe; however, most of them are extinct today, with the exception of [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]], which is spoken in [[Chuvashia]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

=== Uralic ===
{{Main|Uralic languages}}

[[File:Uralic languages ( ALL LANGUAGES ).png|alt=|thumb|271x271px|Distribution of Uralic languages in Eurasia]]

Uralic language family is native to northern Eurasia.
[[Finnic languages]] include [[Finnish language|Finnish]] ({{circa}} 5 million) and [[Estonian language|Estonian]] ({{circa}} 1 million), as well as smaller languages such as [[Kven language|Kven]] ({{circa}} 8,000). Other languages of the [[Finno-Permic]] branch of the family include e.g. [[Mari language|Mari]] (c. 400,000), and the [[Sami languages]] ({{circa}} 30,000).{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The [[Ugric]] branch of the language family is represented in Europe by the [[Hungarian language]] ({{circa}} 13 million), historically introduced with the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin]] of the 9th century.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
The Samoyedic [[Nenets language]] is spoken in [[Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] of Russia, located in the far northeastern corner of Europe (as [[Extreme points of Europe#Mainland Europe|delimited]] by the [[Ural Mountains]]).{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

=== Wasu ===
* The [[Basque language]] (or ''Euskara'', {{circa}} 750,000) is a [[language isolate]] and the ancestral language of the [[Basque people]] who inhabit the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]], a region in the western [[Pyrenees]] mountains mostly in northeastern [[Spain]] and partly in southwestern [[France]] of about 3&amp;nbsp;million inhabitants, where it is spoken fluently by about 750,000 and understood by more than 1.5&amp;nbsp;million people. Basque is directly related to [[Aquitanian language|ancient Aquitanian]], and it is likely that an early form of the Basque language was present in Western Europe before the arrival of the Indo-European languages in the area in the [[Bronze Age Europe|Bronze Age]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* [[North Caucasian languages]] is a geographical blanket term for two unrelated [[Language family|language families]] spoken chiefly in the north [[Caucasus]] and [[Turkey]]—the [[Northwest Caucasian languages|Northwest Caucasian]] family (including [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] and [[Adyghe language|Circassian]]) and the [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]] family, spoken mainly in the border area of the southern [[Russian Federation]] (including [[Dagestan]], [[Chechnya]], and [[Ingushetia]]).{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* [[Kalmyk language|Kalmyk]] is a [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic language]], spoken in the [[Republic of Kalmykia]], part of the [[Russian Federation]]. Its speakers entered the Volga region in the early 17th century.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* [[Kartvelian languages]] (also known as Southwest Caucasian languages), the most common of which is [[Georgian language|Georgian]] ({{circa}} 3.5 million), others being [[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] and [[Svan language|Svan]], spoken mainly in the Caucasus and Anatolia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kartvelian languages {{!}} Kartvelian, Georgian, Svan &amp; Laz |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kartvelian-languages |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=Britannica  |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Maltese language|Maltese]] ({{circa}} 500,000) is a [[Semitic language]] with [[Romance language|Romance]] and [[Germanic language|Germanic]] influences, spoken in [[Malta]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Alexander |first=Marie |title=2nd International Conference of Maltese Linguistics: Saturday, September 19&amp;nbsp;– Monday, September 21, 2009 |url=http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/maltese/abstracts.aspx |year=2009 |publisher=International Association of Maltese Linguistics |access-date=2 November 2009 |display-authors=etal |archive-date=23 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623195959/http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/maltese/abstracts.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first=J. |last=Aquilina |title=Maltese as a Mixed Language |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-semitic-studies_1958-01_3_1/page/58 |journal=Journal of Semitic Studies |year=1958 |volume=3 |number=1 |pages=58–79 |doi=10.1093/jss/3.1.58}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=The Structure of Maltese |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_july-september-1960_80_3/page/267 |first=Joseph |last=Aquilina |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=80 |number=3 |date=July–September 1960 |pages=267–68 |doi=10.2307/596187|jstor=596187 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Europe's New Arabic Connection |first1=Louis |last1=Werner |first2=Alan |last2=Calleja |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200406/europe.s.new.arabic.connection.htm |journal=Saudi Aramco World |date=November–December 2004 |access-date=2016-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929195459/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200406/europe.s.new.arabic.connection.htm |archive-date=2012-09-29 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is based on [[Sicilian Arabic]], with influences from [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[French language|French]] and, more recently, [[English language|English]]. It is the only Semitic language whose [[standard language|standard form]] is written in [[Latin script]]. It is also the second smallest official language of the [[European Union|EU]] in terms of speakers (after Irish), and the only official Semitic language within the EU.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* [[Cypriot Maronite Arabic]] (also known as Cypriot Arabic) is a [[varieties of Arabic|variety of Arabic]] spoken by [[Maronite]]s in [[Cyprus]]. Most speakers live in [[Nicosia]], but others are in the communities of [[Kormakiti]] and [[Limassol|Lemesos]]. Brought to the island by Maronites fleeing [[Lebanon]] over 700 years ago, this variety of Arabic has been influenced by [[Greek language|Greek]] in both [[phonology]] and [[vocabulary]], while retaining certain unusually archaic features in other respects. 
* Dialects of [[Eastern Aramaic]] are spoken by [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] communities in the Caucasus and southern Russia who fled the Assyrian Genocide during World War I.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Assyrian Neo-Aramaic {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/aii/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Harsunan alamar ===
{{Main|List of sign languages#Europe}}

Harsunan hannu dozin da yawa sun wanzu a duk faɗin Turai, tare da dangin yaren kurame mafi yaɗuwa shine harsunan Francosign, tare da harsunan da ake samu a ƙasashe daga Iberia zuwa Balkans da Baltic. Ingantattun bayanai na tarihi na yarukan alamomi da na tactile yana da wahala a samu, tare da tarihin al'umma da ke lura da wanzuwar al'ummomin da ke sanya hannu a cikin Turai ɗaruruwan shekaru da suka wuce. Harshen Alamar Biritaniya (BSL) da Harshen Alamar Faransanci (LSF) tabbas sune mafi dadewa da aka tabbatar, ana ci gaba da amfani da yarukan kurame. Tare da Harshen Alamar Jamus (DGS) bisa ga Ethnologue, waɗannan ukun suna da mafi yawan adadin masu sa hannun, kodayake ƙananan cibiyoyi kaɗan ne ke ɗaukar ƙididdiga masu dacewa kan yawan sa hannu na zamani, suna sa ingantattun bayanai da wuya a samu. [Ana bukatan hujja]

Musamman ma, ƙananan harsunan alamar turai suna da alaƙa kai tsaye tare da yawancin yarukan gida/na baka, baya ga daidaitaccen tuntuɓar harshe da aro, ma'ana a nahawu da harsunan kurame da na baka na Turai sun bambanta da juna. Saboda bambance-bambancen yanayi (na gani/ji), yawancin harsunan alamar suna suna don babbar ƙabila da ake magana da su, tare da kalmomin &quot;harshen alamar&quot;, suna mai da abin da ake magana a yawancin Faransanci, Wallonia da Romandy a matsayin Harshen Alamar Faransanci. ko LSF don: langue des alamun française.

Gane harsunan da ba na baka ba ya bambanta sosai daga yanki zuwa yanki. Wasu ƙasashe suna ba da izini na doka, har ma da hukuma a matakin jiha, yayin da wasu ke ci gaba da danne su.

Ko da yake &quot;akwai imani da yawa - a tsakanin Kurma da masu ilimin harshe - cewa akwai iyalai na harshe,&quot; ainihin dangantakar da ke tsakanin harsunan kurame yana da wuyar ganewa. Ka'idoji da hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ilimin harshe na tarihi don kwatanta iyalai na harshe don rubuce-rubuce da harsunan magana ba su da sauƙi a tsara su zuwa harsunan sa hannu. Wasu daga cikin fahimtar dangantakar harshen kurame na yanzu, duk da haka, suna ba da wasu ƙididdiga masu ma'ana game da yuwuwar iyalai na yaren kurame:

Harshen Francosign, kamar LSF, ASL, Harshen Alamar Holland, Harshen Alamar Flemish, da Harshen Alamar Italiyanci.

Harshen BANZSL, gami da Harshen Alamar Biritaniya (BSL), Harshen Alamar New Zealand (NZSL), Harshen Alamar Australiya (Auslan), da Harshen Kura na Sweden.

Yaren da ke ware, irin su Harshen Alamar Albaniya, Harshen Kurman Armeniya, Harshen Kurame na Caucasian, Harshen Alamar Sipaniya (LSE), Harshen Alamar Turkiyya (TİD), da wataƙila Harshen Kura na Ghardaia.

Yawancin sauran harsunan alamar, kamar Harshen Alamar Irish (ISL), ba su da tushe
* .&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |chapter=Chapter 2. The Linguistic Setup of Sign Languages – The Case of Irish Sign Language (ISL) |date=2014-07-28 |pages=4–30 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |language=de |doi=10.1515/9781614514978.4 |isbn=978-1-61451-497-8 |title=Mouth Actions in Sign Languages |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin daidaitawa ==
{{further|Ethnic groups in Europe#History|Vernacular|De vulgari eloquentia}}

=== Harshe da ainihi, matakan daidaitawa ===
In the Middle Ages the two most important defining elements of Europe were ''Christianitas'' and ''Latinitas''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mark |first=Joshua |date=28 June 2019 |title=Religion in the Middle Ages |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1411/religion-in-the-middle-ages/ |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The earliest dictionaries were glossaries: more or less structured lists of lexical pairs (in alphabetical order or according to conceptual fields). The Latin-German (Latin-Bavarian) ''[[Abrogans]]'' was among the first. A new wave of [[lexicography]] can be seen from the late 15th century onwards (after the introduction of the printing press, with the growing interest in standardisation of languages).{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The concept of the [[nation state]] began to emerge in the [[early modern period]]. Nations adopted particular dialects as their national language. This, together with improved communications, led to official efforts to standardise the [[national language]], and a number of language academies were established: 1582 ''[[Accademia della Crusca]]'' in Florence, 1617 ''[[Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft]]'' in Weimar, 1635 ''[[Académie française]]'' in Paris, 1713 ''[[Real Academia Española]]'' in Madrid. Language became increasingly linked to nation as opposed to culture, and was also used to promote religious and ethnic identity: e.g. different [[Bible translations]] in the same language for Catholics and Protestants.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The first languages whose standardisation was promoted included Italian (''[[questione della lingua]]'': Modern Tuscan/Florentine vs. Old Tuscan/Florentine vs. Venetian → Modern Florentine + archaic Tuscan + Upper Italian), French (the standard is based on Parisian), English (the standard is based on the London dialect) and (High) German (based on the dialects of the chancellery of Meissen in Saxony, Middle German, and the chancellery of Prague in Bohemia (&quot;Common German&quot;)). But several other nations also began to develop a standard variety in the 16th century.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

=== Lingua franca ===
Europe has had a number of languages that were considered [[linguae francae]] over some ranges for some periods according to some historians. Typically in the rise of a national language the new language becomes a lingua franca to peoples in the range of the future nation until the consolidation and unification phases. If the nation becomes internationally influential, its language may become a lingua franca among nations that speak their own national languages. Europe has had no lingua franca ranging over its entire territory spoken by all or most of its populations during any historical period. Some linguae francae of past and present over some of its regions for some of its populations are:
&lt;!-- in national and chronological order --&gt;
* [[Ancient Greek language|Classical Greek]] and then [[Koine Greek]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean Basin]] from the [[Athenian Empire]] to the [[Eastern Roman Empire]], being replaced by [[Modern Greek]].
* [[Koine Greek]] and [[Modern Greek]], in the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire]] and other parts of the Balkans south of the [[Jireček Line]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Review [untitled] of Ariadna Camariano-Cioran, Les Academies Princieres de Bucarest et de Jassy et leur Professeurs |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_church-history_1976-03_45_1/page/115 |journal=Church History |volume=45 |number=1 |date = March 1976|pages=115–116 |quote=...Greek, the ''lingua franca'' of commerce and religion, provided a cultural unity to the Balkans...Greek penetrated Moldavian and Wallachian territories as early as the fourteenth century.... The heavy influence of Greek culture upon the intellectual and academic life of Bucharest and [[Iaşi|Jassy]] was longer termed than historians once believed. |first=James Steve |last=Counelis |doi=10.2307/3164593|jstor=3164593 |s2cid=162293323 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Vulgar Latin]] and [[Late Latin]] among the uneducated and educated populations respectively of the [[Roman Empire]] and the states that followed it in the same range no later than 900&amp;nbsp;AD; [[Medieval Latin]] and [[Renaissance Latin]] among the educated populations of western, northern, central and part of eastern Europe until the rise of the national languages in that range, beginning with the first language academy in Italy in 1582/83; [[Neo-Latin]] written only in scholarly and scientific contexts by a small minority of the educated population at scattered locations over all of Europe; [[ecclesiastical Latin]], in spoken and written contexts of liturgy and church administration only, over the range of the [[Roman Catholic Church]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* [[Mediterranean Lingua Franca|Lingua Franca]] or Sabir, the original of the name, an Italian-based [[pidgin]] language of mixed origins used by maritime commercial interests around the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages and early Modern Age.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Lingua Franca in the Mediterranean |first=John E. |last=Wansbrough |chapter=Chapter&amp;nbsp;3: Lingua Franca |year=1996 |publisher=Routledge}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Old French]] in continental western European countries and in the [[Crusader states]].&lt;ref name=calvet175-176&gt;{{cite book |title=Language wars and linguistic politics |url=https://archive.org/details/languagewarsling0000calv |first=Louis Jean |last=Calvet |location=Oxford [England]; New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/languagewarsling0000calv/page/175 175]–76}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Czech language|Czech]], mainly during the reign of [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles&amp;nbsp;IV]] (14th century) but also during other periods of Bohemian control over the Holy Roman Empire.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* [[Middle Low German]], around the 14th–16th century, during the heyday of the [[Hanseatic League]], mainly in Northeastern Europe across the Baltic Sea.
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]] as Castilian in Spain and [[New Spain]] from the times of [[the Catholic Monarchs]] and [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]], c.&amp;nbsp;1492; that is, after the [[Reconquista]], until established as a national language in the times of [[Louis XIV]], c.&amp;nbsp;1648; subsequently multinational in all nations in or formerly in the [[Spanish Empire]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |page=[https://archive.org/details/decolonizinginte00jone/page/n55 98] |title=Decolonizing international relations |url=https://archive.org/details/decolonizinginte00jone |url-access=limited |first=Branwen Gruffydd |last=Jones |location=Lanham, MD|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Polish language|Polish]], due to the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] (16th–18th centuries).{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* [[Italian language|Italian]] due to the [[Renaissance]], the [[opera]], the [[Italian Empire]], the [[Italian fashion|fashion industry]] and the influence of the [[Roman Catholic church]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kahane |first=Henry |date=September 1986 |title=A Typology of the Prestige Language |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language_1986-09_62_3/page/495 |journal=Language |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=495–508 |doi=10.2307/415474 |jstor=415474}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[French language|French]] from the golden age under [[Cardinal Richelieu]] and [[Louis&amp;nbsp;XIV]] c.&amp;nbsp;1648; i.e.,&amp;nbsp;after the [[Thirty Years' War]], in France and the [[French colonial empire]], until established as the national language during the [[French Revolution]] of 1789 and subsequently multinational in all nations in or formerly in the various [[French colonial empire|French Empires]].&lt;ref name=calvet175-176/&gt;
* [[German language|German]] in Northern, Central, and Eastern Europe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Jeroen |last1=Darquennes |first2=Peter |last2=Nelde |title=German as a Lingua Franca |journal=Annual Review of Applied Linguistics |volume=26 |pages=61–77 |year=2006 |doi=10.1017/s0267190506000043|s2cid=61449212 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[English language|English]] in [[Great Britain]] until its consolidation as a national language in the [[Renaissance]] and the rise of [[Modern English]]; subsequently internationally under the various states in or formerly in the [[British Empire]]; globally since the victories of the predominantly English speaking countries ([[United States]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and others) and their allies in the two world wars ending in 1918 ([[World War&amp;nbsp;I]]) and 1945 ([[World War&amp;nbsp;II]]) and the subsequent rise of the United States as a [[superpower]] and major [[United States#Culture|cultural influence]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* [[Russian language|Russian]] in the former [[Soviet Union]] and [[Russian Empire]] including [[Northern Asia|Northern]] and [[Central Asia]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

=== Yan tsirarun harshe ===
Historical attitudes towards linguistic diversity are illustrated by two French laws: the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts|Ordonnance de Villers-Cotterêts]] (1539), which said that every document in France should be written in French (neither in Latin nor in Occitan) and the [[Toubon Law|Loi Toubon]] (1994), which aimed to eliminate anglicisms from official documents. States and populations within a state have often resorted to war to settle their differences. There have been attempts to prevent such hostilities: two such initiatives were promoted by the [[Council of Europe]], founded in 1949, which affirms the right of minority language speakers to use their language fully and freely.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: Strasbourg, 5.XI.1992|url=http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/148.htm|publisher=Council of Europe|year=1992|access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=26 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226052008/http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/HTML/148.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Council of Europe is committed to protecting linguistic diversity. Currently all European countries except [[France]], [[Andorra]] and [[Turkey]] have signed the [[Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities]], while [[Greece]], [[Iceland]] and [[Luxembourg]] have signed it, but have not ratified it; this framework entered into force in 1998. Another European treaty, the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]], was adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the [[Council of Europe]]: it entered into force in 1998, and while it is legally binding for 24 countries, [[France]], [[Iceland]], [[Italy]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Moldova]] and [[Russia]] have chosen to sign without ratifying the convention.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

=== Scripts ===
[[File:Scripts of European national languages.png|thumb|320px|Alphabets used in European national languages:
{{legend|#008000|[[Greek alphabet|Greek]]}}
{{legend|#008080|[[Greek alphabet|Greek]] &amp; [[Latin alphabet|Latin]]}}
{{legend|#000080|[[Latin alphabet|Latin]]}}
{{legend|#800080|[[Latin alphabet|Latin]] &amp; [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]}}
{{legend|#FF0000|[[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]}}
{{legend|#FF6600|[[Georgian script|Georgian]]}}
{{legend|#FFCC00|[[Armenian script|Armenian]]}}]]
&lt;!--[[File:Scripts in Europe (1901).jpg|thumb|250px|Main alphabets used in Europe around 1900:
{{legend|#84CFEE|outline=#ccc|[[Latin script]]: [[Fraktur (script)|Fraktur]] variant}}
{{legend|#F8D2D1|outline=#ccc|Latin script: [[Antiqua (typeface class)|Antiqua]] variant}}
{{legend|#DAF6D0|outline=#ccc|[[Cyrillic script]]}}
{{legend|#D4CAA7|outline=#ccc|[[Greek alphabet]]}}
{{legend|#FEFF88|outline=#ccc|[[Arabic script]]}}
{{legend|#ffffff|outline=#ccc|[[Clear script|Kalmyk]]–[[Mongolian script]]}}
]]--&gt;

The main scripts used in Europe today are the [[Latin script|Latin]] and [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dimitrov |first=Bogoya |date=2023-05-19 |title=Book Exhibition Dedicated to the Day of the Cyrillic Alphabet |url=https://blogs.eui.eu/library/cyrillic-alphabet/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=The EUI Library Blog |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Greek alphabet]] was derived from the [[Phoenician alphabet]], and Latin was derived from the Greek via the [[Old Italic alphabet]]. In the Early Middle Ages, [[Ogham]] was used in Ireland and [[runes]] (derived from Old Italic script) in Scandinavia. Both were replaced in general use by the Latin alphabet by the Late Middle Ages. The Cyrillic script was derived from the Greek with the first texts appearing around 940&amp;nbsp;AD.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

{{See also|Antiqua–Fraktur dispute}}
Around 1900 there were mainly two typeface variants of the [[Latin alphabet]] used in Europe: [[Antiqua (typeface class)|Antiqua]] and [[Fraktur]]. Fraktur was used most for German, Estonian, Latvian, Norwegian and Danish whereas Antiqua was used for Italian, Spanish, French, Polish, Portuguese, English, Romanian, Swedish and Finnish. The Fraktur variant was banned by [[Hitler]] in 1941, having been described as &quot;[[Schwabacher]] Jewish letters&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ligaturix.de/bormann.htm Facsimile of Bormann's Memorandum (in German)]&lt;br /&gt;
The memorandum itself is typed in Antiqua, but the [[NSDAP]] [[letterhead]] is printed in Fraktur.&lt;br /&gt;&quot;For general attention, on behalf of the Führer, I make the following announcement:&lt;br /&gt;It is wrong to regard or to describe the so‑called Gothic script as a German script. In reality, the so‑called Gothic script consists of Schwabach Jew letters. Just as they later took control of the newspapers, upon the introduction of printing the Jews residing in Germany took control of the printing presses and thus in Germany the Schwabach Jew letters were forcefully introduced.&lt;br /&gt;Today the Führer, talking with Herr Reichsleiter Amann and Herr Book Publisher Adolf Müller, has decided that in the future the Antiqua script is to be described as normal script. All printed materials are to be gradually converted to this normal script. As soon as is feasible in terms of textbooks, only the normal script will be taught in village and state schools.&lt;br /&gt;The use of the Schwabach Jew letters by officials will in future cease; appointment certifications for functionaries, street signs, and so forth will in future be produced only in normal script.&lt;br /&gt;On behalf of the Führer, Herr Reichsleiter Amann will in future convert those newspapers and periodicals that already have foreign distribution, or whose foreign distribution is desired, to normal script&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Other scripts have historically been in use in Europe, including Phoenician, from which modern Latin letters descend, Ancient [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] on Egyptian artefacts traded during Antiquity, various runic systems used in Northern Europe preceding Christianisation, and Arabic during the era of the Ottoman Empire.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

[[Old Hungarian alphabet|Hungarian rovás]] was used by the Hungarian people in the early Middle Ages, but it was gradually replaced with the Latin-based Hungarian alphabet when Hungary became a kingdom, though it was revived in the 20th century and has certain marginal, but growing area of usage since then.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

=== European Union ===
{{main|Languages of the European Union}}
The [[European Union]](ya zuwa 2021) yana da ƙasashe mambobi 27 waɗanda ke lissafin yawan jama'a miliyan 447, ko kusan kashi 60% na yawan mutanen Turai. [Ana bukatan hujja]

Tarayyar Turai ta ayyana ta hanyar yarjejeniya tare da kasashe membobin yaruka 24 a matsayin &quot;hukumance da aiki&quot;: Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estoniya, Finnish, Faransanci, Jamusanci, Girkanci, Hungarian, Irish, Italiyanci, Latvia, Lithuanian, Maltese, Yaren mutanen Poland, Fotigal, Romanian, Slovak, Sloveniya, Sifen da Yaren mutanen Sweden. Wannan nadi yana ba ƙasashe membobi “hakkoki” guda biyu: ƙasa memba na iya sadarwa da EU a cikin kowane yaren da aka keɓe, kuma su duba “dokokin EU da sauran takaddun dokoki” a cikin wannan yaren.

Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai da Majalisar Turai sun kasance suna haɗin gwiwa a cikin ilimin jama'a a cikin harsuna don &quot;ingancin ilimin harsuna&quot; a tsakanin ƙasashe membobin EU. Daftarin hadin gwiwa, &quot;Tsarin Magana na gama-gari na Turai don Harsuna: Koyo, Koyarwa, Ƙimar (CEFR)&quot;, ƙa'idar ilimi ce da ke bayyana &quot;ƙwararrun da ake buƙata don sadarwa&quot; da ilimin da ke da alaƙa don fa'idar malamai wajen kafa shirye-shiryen ilimi. A cikin wani bincike mai zaman kansa na shekara ta 2005 wanda Babban Darakta Janar na Ilimi da Al'adu na EU ya nema dangane da yadda ake magana da manyan harsunan Turai a cikin ƙasashe mambobi. An buga sakamakon a cikin takardar 2006, &quot;Turawa da Harsunansu&quot;, ko &quot;Eurobarometer 243&quot;. A cikin wannan binciken, ƙididdiga dacewaTemplate:Clarify[Shin kuna nufin &quot;mahimmanci&quot;?] samfurori na yawan jama'a a kowace ƙasa an nemi su cika fom na bincike game da harsunan da suke magana da isassun ƙwarewa &quot;don samun damar yin magana&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Europeans and Their Languages|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf|publisher=European Commission|year=2006|access-date=5 November 2009|page=8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jerin Harsuna ==
{{Further|List of European languages by number of speakers|List of endangered languages in Europe|List of extinct languages of Europe}}

The following is a table of European languages. The number of speakers as a first or second language (L1 and L2 speakers) listed are speakers in Europe only;{{refn|&quot;Europe&quot; is taken as a geographical term, [[Definition of Europe|defined]] by the conventional [[Europe-Asia boundary]] along the Caucasus and the Urals. Estimates for populations geographically in Europe are given for [[transcontinental countries]].|group=nb}} see [[list of languages by number of native speakers]] and [[list of languages by total number of speakers]] for global estimates on numbers of speakers.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The list is intended to include any language variety with an [[ISO 639]] code. However, it omits sign languages. Because the ISO-639-2 and ISO-639-3 codes have different definitions, this means that some communities of speakers may be listed more than once. For instance, speakers of [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]] are listed both under &quot;Bavarian&quot; (ISO-639-3 code ''bar'') as well as under &quot;German&quot; (ISO-639-2 code ''de'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Relationships to other parts of ISO 639 {{!}} ISO 639-3 |url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/about/relationships |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=iso639-3.sil.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! rowspan=2|Name
! rowspan=2|[[ISO-639|ISO-&lt;br /&gt;639]]
! rowspan=2|Classification
! colspan=2|Speakers in Europe
! colspan=2|Official status
|-
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:90pt;&quot;|Native
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot;|Total
!National{{refn|[[List of sovereign states|Sovereign states]], defined as [[United Nations]] member states and observer states. 'Recognised minority language' status is not included.|group=nb}}
!Regional
|-
| [[Abaza language|Abaza]] || abq || Northwest Caucasian, Abazgi || 49,800&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|abq|Abaza}}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || [[Karachay-Cherkessia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || ady || Northwest Caucasian, Circassian || 117,500&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|ady|Adyghe }}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || [[Adygea]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Aghul language|Aghul]] || agx || Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic || 29,300&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|agx|Aghul}}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Akhvakh language|Akhvakh]] || akv || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 210&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|akv|Akhvakh}}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || 
|-
| [[Albanian language|Albanian]] (Shqip)&lt;br /&gt;[[Arbëresh]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Arvanitika]]&lt;br /&gt; || sq || Indo-European || {{sort|5,367,000|5,367,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|sqi|Albanian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5,877,100&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sqi|title=Albanian|website=[[Ethnologue]]|access-date=12 December 2018}} Population total of all languages of the Albanian [[ISO 639 macrolanguage|macrolanguage]].&lt;/ref&gt; (Balkans)}} || || [[Albania]], [[Kosovo]]{{refn|The [[Republic of Kosovo]] is a [[International recognition of Kosovo|partially recognized state]] (recognized by 111 out of 193 UN member states as of 2017).|group=nb|name=Kosovo}}, [[North Macedonia]] || [[Italy]], Arbëresh dialect: [[Sicily]], [[Calabria]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.consiglioregionale.calabria.it/upload/testicoordinati/LR%2015-2003%28TC%29.doc |title=Norme per la tutela e la valorizzazione della lingua e del patrimonio culturale delle minoranze linguistiche e storiche di Calabria |access-date=2020-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806193843/http://www.consiglioregionale.calabria.it/upload/testicoordinati/LR%2015-2003%28TC%29.doc |archive-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Apulia]], [[Molise]], [[Basilicata]], [[Abruzzo]], [[Campania]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Montenegro]] ([[Ulcinj Municipality|Ulcinj]], [[Tuzi Municipality|Tuzi]])
|-
| [[Andi language|Andi]] || ani || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 5,800&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|ani|Andi}}&lt;/ref&gt; || || ||  
|-
| [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] || an || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 25,000&lt;ref&gt;https://zaguan.unizar.es/record/60448 Report about Census of population 2011 of Aragonese Sociolinguistics Seminar and University of Zaragoza&lt;/ref&gt; || 55,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://historico.aragondigital.es/noticia.asp?notid=126286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101002219/http://www.aragondigital.es/noticia.asp?notid=126286|url-status=dead|title=Más de 50.000 personas hablan aragonés|archive-date=1 January 2015|website=Aragón Digital}}&lt;/ref&gt;||  || Northern [[Aragon]] (Spain){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}  
|-
| [[Archi language|Archi]] || acq || Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic || 970&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|acq|Archi}}&lt;/ref&gt; || || ||  
|-
| [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]] || rup || Indo-European, Romance, Eastern || 114,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|rup|Aromanian }}&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || || [[North Macedonia]] ([[Kruševo]])
|-
| [[Asturian language|Asturian]] ([[Astur-Leonese languages|Astur-Leonese]]) || ast || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 351,791&lt;ref name=&quot;ehu.eus&quot;&gt;[https://www.ehu.eus/documents/1457190/1547454/Avance+III+Encuesta+Sociolling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+Asturias.pdf/aba19c6f-4dab-470c-8a33-157248373072 III Sociolinguistic Study of Asturias (2017)]. Euskobarometro.&lt;/ref&gt; || 641,502&lt;ref name=&quot;ehu.eus&quot;/&gt; ||  || [[Asturias]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}
|-
| [[Avar language|Avar]] || av || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 760,000 || || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] || az || Turkic, Oghuz || 500,000&lt;ref&gt;c. 130,000 in Dagestan&lt;!--, c. 400,000 in Azerbaijan's [[Quba-Khachmaz economic region|Quba-Khachmaz Region]] region, technically in Europe (being north of the [[Caucasus]] watershed)--&gt;. In addition, there are about 0.5 million speakers in immigrant communities in Russia, see [[#Immigrant communities]]. {{e18|aze|Azerbaijani }}&lt;/ref&gt; || || [[Azerbaijan]] || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Bagvalal language|Bagvalal]] || kva || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 1,500&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|kva|Bagvalal}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || 
|-
| [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]] || ba || Turkic, Kipchak || 1,221,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|bak|Bashkort }}&lt;/ref&gt;||  || || [[Bashkortostan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Basque language|Basque]] || eu || Basque || 750,000&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.mintzaira.fr/fileadmin/documents/Aktualitateak/015_VI_ENQUETE_PB__Fr.pdf VI° Enquête Sociolinguistique en Euskal herria (Communauté Autonome d'Euskadi, Navarre et Pays Basque Nord)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821114111/http://www.mintzaira.fr/fileadmin/documents/Aktualitateak/015_VI_ENQUETE_PB__Fr.pdf |date=21 August 2018 }} (2016).&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || || [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]]: [[Basque Autonomous Community]], [[Navarre]] (Spain), [[Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Basque|French Basque Country]] (France){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}} 
|-
| [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]]||bar|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Bavarian ||14,000,000&lt;ref&gt;[[German dialect]], {{e18|bar|Bavarian}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || [[Austria]] (as [[German language|German]]) || [[South Tyrol]]
|-
| [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] || be || Indo-European, Slavic, East || 3,300,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|bel|Belarusian }}&lt;/ref&gt; || || [[Belarus]] ||
|-
| [[Bezhta language|Bezhta]] || kap || Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic || 6,800&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|kap|Bezhta}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || 
|-
| [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] || bs || Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian|| 2,500,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|bos|Bosnian}}&lt;/ref&gt; || || [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] || ''[[Kosovo]]{{refn|The [[Republic of Kosovo]] is a [[International recognition of Kosovo|partially recognized state]] (recognized by 111 out of 193 UN member states as of 2017).|group=nb|name=Kosovo}}'', [[Montenegro]]
|-
| [[Botlikh language|Botlikh]] || bph || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 210&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|bph|Botlikh}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || 
|-
| [[Breton language|Breton]] || br || Indo-European, Celtic, Brittonic || 206,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|bre|Breton}}&lt;/ref&gt;||  || || None, de facto status in [[Brittany]] (France)
|-
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]|| bg || Indo-European, Slavic, South, Eastern || 7,800,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|bul|Bulgarian }}&lt;/ref&gt; || || [[Bulgaria]] || [[Mount Athos]] (Greece)
|-
| [[Catalan language|Catalan]] || ca|| Indo-European, Romance, Western, Occitano-Romance || 4,000,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/cat/|title=Catalan|date=19 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 10,000,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blogs.iec.cat/cruscat/publicacions/informe/|title=Informe sobre la Situació de la Llengua Catalana &amp;#124; Xarxa CRUSCAT. Coneixements, usos i representacions del català.|website=blogs.iec.cat|access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216135331/http://blogs.iec.cat/cruscat/publicacions/informe/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Andorra]] || [[Balearic Islands]] (Spain), [[Catalonia]] (Spain), [[Valencian Community]] (Spain), easternmost [[Aragon]] (Spain){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Pyrénées-Orientales]] (France){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Alghero]] (Italy)
|-
| [[Chamalal language|Chamalal]] || cji || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 500&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|cji|Chamalal}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || 
|-
| [[Chechen language|Chechen]] || ce || Northeast Caucasian, Nakh ||1,400,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|che|Chechen }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || [[Chechnya]] &amp; [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] || cv || Turkic, Oghur || 1,100,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|chv|Chuvash }}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || [[Chuvashia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Cimbrian language|Cimbrian]]||cim|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Bavarian || 400&lt;ref&gt;[[German dialect]], {{e18|cim|Cimbrian}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| ||  || 
|-
| [[Cornish language|Cornish]] || kw || Indo-European, Celtic, Brittonic || 563&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Main language (detailed) |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS024/editions/2021/versions/3 |website=Office for National Statistics |access-date=31 July 2023}} (UK 2021 Census)&lt;/ref&gt; || || || [[Cornwall]] (United Kingdom){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}
|-
| [[Corsican language|Corsican]] || co || Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian || 30,000&lt;ref name=Corsican&gt;{{e18|cos|Corsican }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| 125,000&lt;ref name=Corsican/&gt; || || [[Corsica]] (France), [[Sardinia]] (Italy)
|-
| [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] || crh || Turkic, Kipchak || 480,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|crh|Crimean Tatar }}&lt;/ref&gt; || ||  || [[Crimea]] (Ukraine)
|-
| [[Croatian language|Croatian]] || hr || Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian || 5,600,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|hrv|Croatian }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]] || [[Burgenland]] (Austria), [[Vojvodina]] ([[Serbia]])
|-
| [[Czech language|Czech]] || cs || Indo-European, Slavic, West, Czech–Slovak || 10,600,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|ces|Czech }}&lt;/ref&gt; || || [[Czech Republic]] ||
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] ||da || Indo-European, Germanic, North || 5,500,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|dan|Danish }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || [[Denmark]] || [[Faroe Islands]] (Denmark), [[Schleswig-Holstein]] (Germany)&lt;ref&gt;recognized as official language in Nordfriesland, Schleswig-Flensburg, Flensburg and Rendsburg-Eckernförde ([http://www.lexsoft.de/cgi-bin/lexsoft/justizportal_nrw.cgi?xid=148815,381 § 82b LVwG] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803163533/http://www.lexsoft.de/cgi-bin/lexsoft/justizportal_nrw.cgi?xid=148815,381 |date=3 August 2018 }})&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Dargwa language|Dargwa]] ||dar||Northeast Caucasian, Dargin||490,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|dar|Dargwa}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || nl|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Franconian || 22,000,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|nld|Dutch }}&lt;/ref&gt; || || [[Belgium]], [[Netherlands]] ||
|-
| [[Elfdalian]] || ovd || Indo-European, Germanic, North || 2000 || || || ||
|-
| [[Emilian dialects|Emilian]] || egl || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic || || || 
|-
| [[English language|English]] || en || Indo-European, Germanic, West, Anglo-Frisian, Anglic || 63,000,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|eng|English }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| 260,000,000&lt;ref name=EU2012&gt;[http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf Europeans and their Languages] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |date=6 January 2016 }}, [http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf Data for EU27] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429224902/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf |date=29 April 2013 }}, published in 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Malta]], [[United Kingdom]] || 
|-
| [[Erzya language|Erzya]] || myv || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Mordvinic || 120,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|myv|Erzya}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || [[Mordovia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]] || et || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 1,165,400&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|est|Estonian }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || [[Estonia]] ||
|-
| [[Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]] || ext || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 200,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|ext|Extremaduran}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || ||
|-
| [[Fala language|Fala]] || fax || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 11,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|fax|Fala}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || 
|-
| [[Faroese language|Faroese]] || fo || Indo-European, Germanic, North || 66,150&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|fao|Faroese }}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || [[Faroe Islands]] (Denmark)
|-
| [[Finnish language|Finnish]] || fi || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 5,400,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|fin|Finnish }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || [[Finland]] || [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Republic of Karelia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Franco-Provençal language|Franco-Provençal (Arpitan)]] || frp || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance || 140,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|frp|Franco-Provençal}}&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || || [[Aosta Valley]] (Italy)
|-
| [[French language|French]] || fr || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl || 81,000,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|fra|French }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| 210,000,000&lt;ref name=EU2012/&gt; || [[Belgium]], [[France]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Monaco]], [[Switzerland]], [[Jersey]]|| [[Aosta Valley]]&lt;ref name=statut&gt;{{cite book|title=Le Statut spécial de la Vallée d'Aoste, Article 38, Title VI |publisher=Region Vallée d'Aoste |url=http://www.regione.vda.it/amministrazione/autonomia/statutospeciale/titolo6_f.asp |access-date=2 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104223214/http://www.regione.vda.it/amministrazione/autonomia/statutospeciale/titolo6_f.asp |archive-date= 4 November 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (Italy
|-
| [[Frisian languages|Frisian]] || fry&lt;br /&gt;frr&lt;br /&gt; stq || Indo-European, Germanic, West, Anglo-Frisian || 470,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|fry|Frisian}}&lt;/ref&gt;||  || || [[Friesland]] (Netherlands), [[Schleswig-Holstein]] (Germany)&lt;ref&gt;recognized as official language in the Nordfriesland district and in Helgoland 
 ([http://www.lexsoft.de/cgi-bin/lexsoft/justizportal_nrw.cgi?xid=148815,381 § 82b LVwG] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803163533/http://www.lexsoft.de/cgi-bin/lexsoft/justizportal_nrw.cgi?xid=148815,381 |date=3 August 2018 }}).&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Friulan language|Friulan]] || fur || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic || 600,000&lt;ref&gt;e18|fur|Friulan&lt;/ref&gt; || || || [[Friuli]] (Italy)
|-
| [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]] || gag || Turkic, Oghuz || 140,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|gag|Gagauz}}&lt;/ref&gt;||  || || [[Gagauzia]] (Moldova)
|-
| [[Galician language|Galician]] || gl || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 2,400,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|glg|Galician }}&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || || [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] (Spain), [[Eo-Navia (comarca)|Eo-Navia]] ([[Asturias]]){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Bierzo]] ([[Province of León]]){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}} and [[Sanabria (comarca)|Western Sanabria]] ([[Province of Zamora]]){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}
|-
| [[German language|German]] || de || Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German || 97,000,000&lt;ref&gt;
includes:
bar [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]],
cim [[Cimbrian language|Cimbrian]],
ksh [[Colognian dialect|Kölsch]],
sli [[Silesian German|Lower Silesian]],
vmf [[East Franconian German|Mainfränkisch]],
pfl [[Palatine German language|Palatinate German]],
swg [[Swabian German]],
gsw [[Swiss German]],
sxu [[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]],
wae [[Walser German]],
wep [[Westphalian language|Westphalian]],
wym [[Wymysorys language|Wymysorys]],
yec [[Yenish language|Yenish]],
yid [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]];
see [[German dialects]].
&lt;/ref&gt;|| 170,000,000&lt;ref name=EU2012/&gt; || [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Germany]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Switzerland]] || [[South Tyrol]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.regione.taa.it/normativa/statuto_speciale.pdf Statuto Speciale Per Il Trentino-Alto Adige] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126033052/http://www.regione.taa.it/normativa/statuto_speciale.pdf |date=26 November 2018 }} (1972), Art. 99–101.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;regione.fvg.it&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.regione.fvg.it/rafvg/cms/RAFVG/cultura-sport/patrimonio-culturale/comunita-linguistiche/FOGLIA7/| title = Official website of the Autonomous Region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Italy)
|-
| [[Godoberi language|Godoberi]] || gin || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 130&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|gdo|Godoberi}}&lt;/ref&gt;||  || || 
|-
| [[Greek language|Greek]] || el || Indo-European, Hellenic || 13,500,000&lt;ref&gt;11 million in Greece, out of 13.4 million in total. {{e18|ell|Greek }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || [[Cyprus]], [[Greece]] || [[Albania]] (Himara, Finiq, Dervican and other southern townships)
|-
| [[Hinuq language|Hinuq]] || gin || Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic || 350&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|gin|Hinuq}}&lt;/ref&gt;||  || || 
|-
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] || hu || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Ugric || 13,000,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|hun|Hungarian }}&lt;/ref&gt; || || [[Hungary]] || [[Burgenland]] (Austria), [[Vojvodina]] (Serbia), [[Romania]], [[Slovakia]], [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Subcarpathia]] ([[Ukraine]]), [[Prekmurje]], ([[Slovenia]])
|-
| [[Hunzib language|Hunzib]] || bph || Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic || 1,400&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|huz|Hunzib}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || 
|-
| [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || is || Indo-European, Germanic, North || 330,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|isl|Icelandic }}&lt;/ref&gt; || || [[Iceland]] ||
|-
| [[Ingrian language|Ingrian]] || izh || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 120&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|izh|Ingrian }}&lt;/ref&gt;||  || || 
|-
| [[Ingush language|Ingush]] || inh || Northeast Caucasian, Nakh || 300,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|inh|Ingush }}&lt;/ref&gt;||  || || [[Ingushetia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Irish language|Irish]] || ga || Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic || 240,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|gle|Irish }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| 2,000,000 || [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]|| [[Northern Ireland]] (United Kingdom)
|-
| [[Istriot language|Istriot]] || ist || Indo-European, Romance || 900&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|ist|Istriot }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || 
|-
| [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]] || ruo || Indo-European, Romance, Eastern || 1,100&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|ruo|Istro-Romanian }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || 
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]] || it || Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian || 65,000,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|ita|Italian }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| 82,000,000&lt;ref name=EU2012/&gt; || [[Italy]], [[San Marino]], [[Switzerland]], [[Vatican City]] || [[Istria County]] (Croatia), [[Slovenian Istria]] (Slovenia)
|-
| [[Greek-Bovesian|Italiot Greek]] || mis || Indo-European, Hellenic, Greek, Attic-Ionic||20,000 native speakers in 1981&lt;ref&gt;N. Vincent, Italian, in B. Comrie (ed.) The world's major languages, London, Croom Helm, 1981. pp. 279–302.&lt;/ref&gt; || 50,000 ||  || [[Calabria]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.consiglioregionale.calabria.it/|title=Consiglio regionale della Calabria|website=www.consiglioregionale.calabria.it}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Bovesia]]), [[Apulia]]{{CN|date=October 2023}} ([[Salento]]), (Italy)
|-
| [[Judeo-Italian languages|Judeo-Italian]] || itk || Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian|| 250&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|itk|Judeo-Italian }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || 
|-
| [[Judaeo-Spanish|Judaeo-Spanish (Ladino)]] || lad || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 320,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|lad|Judaeo-Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| few&lt;ref&gt;[[SIL Ethnologue]]:
&quot;Not the dominant language for most. Formerly the main language of Sephardic Jewry. Used in literary and music contexts.&quot;
ca. 100k speakers in total, most of them in Israel, small communities in the Balkans, Greece, Turkey and in Spain.&lt;/ref&gt;|| || [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[France]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}
|-
| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] || kbd ||Northwest Caucasian, Circassian || 530,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|kbd|Kabardian }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || [[Kabardino-Balkaria]] &amp; [[Karachay-Cherkessia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Kaitag language|Kaitag]] || xdq || Northeast Caucasian, Dargin || 30,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|xdq|Kaitag}}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || 
|-
| [[Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk]] || xal || Mongolic || 80,500&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|xal|Oirat}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || [[Kalmykia]] (Russia) 
|-
| [[Karata language|Karata]] || kpt || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 260&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|kpt|Karata}}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || 
|-
| [[Karelian language|Karelian]] || krl || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 36,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|krl|Karelian}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || [[Republic of Karelia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Karachay-Balkar language|Karachay-Balkar]] || krc || Turkic, Kipchak || 300,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|krc|Karachay-Balkar}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || [[Kabardino-Balkaria]] &amp; [[Karachay-Cherkessia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]] || csb || Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic || 50,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|csb|Kashubian }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || [[Poland]]
|-
| [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] || kk || Turkic, Kipchak || 1,000,000&lt;ref&gt;About 10 million in Kazakhstan. {{e18|kaz|Kazakh}}. [[Border between Europe and Asia|Technically]], the westernmost portions of Kazakhstan ([[Atyrau Region]], [[West Kazakhstan Region]]) are in Europe, with a total population of less than one million.&lt;/ref&gt;|| || [[Kazakhstan]] || [[Astrakhan Oblast]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Khwarshi language|Khwarshi]] || khv || Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic || 1,700&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|khv|Khwarshi}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || 
|-
| [[Komi language|Komi]] || kv || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Permic || 220,000&lt;ref&gt;220,000 native speakers out of an ethnic population of 550,000. 
Combines Komi-Permyak (koi) with 65,000 speakers and Komi-Zyrian (kpv) with 156,000 speakers. {{e18|kom|Komi}}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || [[Komi Republic]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Kubachi language|Kubachi]] || ugh || Northeast Caucasian, Dargin || 7,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|ugh|Kubachi}}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || 
|-
| [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]] || kum || Turkic, Kipchak || 450,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab6.xls |title=2010 Russian Census |access-date=27 May 2022 |archive-date=6 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006173252/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab6.xls |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Kven language|Kven]] || fkv || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 2000-8000 || || || [[Norway]]
|-
| [[Lak language|Lak]] || lbe || Northeast Caucasian, Lak || 152,050&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|lbe|Lak}}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Latin language|Latin]] || la || Indo-European, Italic, Latino-Faliscan|| extinct || few&lt;ref&gt;[[Contemporary Latin]]: People fluent in Latin as a second language are probably in the dozens, not hundreds. [[Reginald Foster (Latinist)|Reginald Foster]] (as of 2013) estimated &quot;no more than 100&quot; according to Robin Banerji, [https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21412604 Pope resignation: Who speaks Latin these days?], BBC News, 12 February 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;|| [[Vatican City]] ||
|-
| [[Latvian language|Latvian]] || lv || Indo-European, Baltic || 1,750,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|lav|Latvian }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || [[Latvia]] ||
|-
| [[Lezgin language|Lezgin]] || lez || Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic || 397,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|lez|Lezgic}}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]] || lij || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic || 500,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|lij|Ligurian}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || [[Monaco]] ([[Monégasque dialect]] is the &quot;national language&quot;)|| [[Liguria]] (Italy), [[Carloforte]] and [[Calasetta]] ([[Sardinia]], Italy)&lt;ref name=&quot;sardegna&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Legge Regionale 15 ottobre 1997, n. 26|url=http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&amp;c=72&amp;file=1997026|publisher=Regione autonoma della Sardegna – Regione Autònoma de Sardigna|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226213750/http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&amp;c=72&amp;file=1997026|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sardegna2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Legge Regionale 3 Luglio 2018, n. 22|url=http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/2604?s=374982&amp;v=2&amp;c=93175&amp;t=1&amp;anno=|publisher=Regione autonoma della Sardegna – Regione Autònoma de Sardigna|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=5 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305131152/http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/2604?s=374982&amp;v=2&amp;c=93175&amp;t=1&amp;anno=|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Limburgish]] || li&lt;br /&gt;lim || Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Franconian || 1,300,000 (2001)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2019-11-19|title=Redirected|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/archive-redirect|access-date=2021-03-12|website=Ethnologue|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || [[Limburg (Belgium)|Limburg]] (Belgium), [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]] (Netherlands)
|-
| [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] || lt || Indo-European, Baltic || 3,000,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|lit|Lithuanian }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || [[Lithuania]] ||
|-
| [[Livonian language|Livonian]] || liv || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=&quot;Kūldaläpš. Zeltabērns&quot; – izdota lībiešu valodas grāmata bērniem un vecākiem|url=https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/dzive--stils/vecaki-un-berni/kuldalaps-zeltaberns--izdota-libiesu-valodas-gramata-berniem-un-vecakiem.a478524/|date=2022-10-18|publisher=Latvijas Sabiedriskie Mediji (LSM.lv)|accessdate=2022-10-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 210&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.livones.net/valoda/?raksts=8701 |title=LĪBIEŠU VALODAS SITUĀCIJA |access-date=2012-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202235047/http://www.livones.net/valoda/?raksts=8701 |archive-date=2014-02-02 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ||[[Latvia]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}} || ||
|-
| [[Lombard language|Lombard]] || lmo || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic || 3,600,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|lmo|Lombard }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || [[Lombardy]] (Italy)
|-
| [[Low German|Low German (Low Saxon)]] || nds&lt;br /&gt;wep|| Indo-European, Germanic, West || 1,000,000&lt;ref name=nds&gt;2.6 million cited as estimate of all Germans who speak Platt &quot;well or very well&quot; (including L2; 4.3 million cited as the number of all speakers including those with &quot;moderate&quot; knowledge) in 2009. [http://www.taz.de/1/archiv/print-archiv/printressorts/digi-artikel/?ressort=ra&amp;dig=2009%2F02%2F21%2Fa0171&amp;cHash=e05509f6d9/ Heute in Bremen. „Ohne Zweifel gefährdet&quot;]. Frerk Möller im Interview, taz, 21.&amp;nbsp;Februar 2009.
However, Wirrer (1998) described Low German as &quot;moribund&quot;.Jan Wirrer: ''Zum Status des Niederdeutschen.'' In: ''Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik.'' 26, 1998, S.&amp;nbsp;309. The number of native speakers is unknown, estimated at 1 million by SIL Ethnologue. {{e18|nds|Low German}}, {{e18|wep|Westphalian}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| 2,600,000&lt;ref name=nds/&gt; || || [[Schleswig-Holstein]] (Germany)&lt;ref&gt;The question whether Low German should be considered as subsumed under &quot;German&quot; as the official language of Germany has a complicated legal history. In the wake of the ratification of the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]] (1998), Schleswig-Holstein has explicitly recognized Low German as a regional language with official status ([http://www.lexsoft.de/cgi-bin/lexsoft/justizportal_nrw.cgi?xid=148815,381 § 82b LVwG] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803163533/http://www.lexsoft.de/cgi-bin/lexsoft/justizportal_nrw.cgi?xid=148815,381 |date=3 August 2018 }}).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--allegedly also [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], [[Niedersachsen]], but found no source--&gt;

|-
| [[Ludic language|Ludic]] || lud || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 300&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|lud|Ludic}}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || 
|-
| [[Luxembourgish]] || lb || Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German || 336,000&lt;ref name=ltz&gt;{{e18|ltz|Luxembourgish }}&lt;/ref&gt; || 386,000&lt;ref name=ltz/&gt; || [[Luxembourg]] || [[Wallonia]] (Belgium)
|-
| [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] || mk || Indo-European, Slavic, South, Eastern || 1,400,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|mkd|Macedonian }}&lt;/ref&gt; || || [[North Macedonia]] ||
|-
| [[East Franconian German|Mainfränkisch]]||vmf|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper || 4,900,000&lt;ref&gt;[[German dialect]], {{e18|vmf|Main-Franconian}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| ||  ||
|-
| [[Maltese language|Maltese]] || mt || Semitic, Arabic || 520,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|mlt|Maltese }}&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || [[Malta]] ||
|-
| [[Manx language|Manx]] || gv || Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic || 230&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|glv|Manx }}&lt;/ref&gt; || 2,300&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/apr/02/how-manx-language-came-back-from-dead-isle-of-man |title=How the Manx language came back from the dead |last1=Whitehead |first1=Sarah |date=2 April 2015 |website=[[theguardian.com]]|access-date=4 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || [[Isle of Man]]
|-
| [[Mari language|Mari]] || chm&lt;br /&gt;mhr&lt;br /&gt;mrj || Uralic, Finno-Ugric || 500,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|chm|Mari }}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || [[Mari El]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]] || ruq || Indo-European, Romance, Eastern || 3,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|ruq|Megleno-Romanian }}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || 
|-
| [[Minderico language|Minderico]] || drc || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 500&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|drc|Minderico}}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || 
|-
| [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]] || mwl || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 15,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|mwl|Mirandese }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || [[Miranda do Douro]] (Portugal)
|-
| [[Moksha language|Moksha]] || mdf || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Mordvinic || 2,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|mdf|Moksha}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || [[Mordovia]] (Russia)
|-
|[[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]] || cnr || Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian || 240,700&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ME/languages|title=Montenegro|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-04-29|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; || || [[Montenegro]] ||
|-
| [[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]] || nap || Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian || 5,700,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|nap|Neapolitan }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| ||  || [[Campania]] (Italy)&lt;ref&gt;In 2008, law was passed by the Region of Campania, stating that the Neapolitan language was to be legally protected. {{cite web |url=http://www.denaro.it/VisArticolo.aspx?IdArt=548026 |title=Tutela del dialetto, primo via libera al Ddl campano |work=Il Denaro |date=15 October 2008 |access-date=22 June 2013 |language=it |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727043316/http://www.denaro.it/VisArticolo.aspx?IdArt=548026 |archive-date=27 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| [[Nenets language|Nenets]] || yrk || Uralic, Samoyedic || 4,000&lt;ref&gt;total 22,000 native speakers (2010 Russian census) out of an ethnic population of 44,000. Most of these are in Siberia, with about 8,000 ethnic Nenets in European Russia (2010 census, mostly in [[Nenets Autonomous Okrug]])&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || [[Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Nogai language|Nogai]] || nog || Turkic, Kipchak || 87,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|nog|Nogai}}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Norman language|Norman]] || nrf || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl || 50,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|nrf|Jèrriais }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || [[Guernsey]] (United Kingdom), [[Jersey]] (United Kingdom)
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || no || Indo-European, Germanic, North || 5,200,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nor|title=Norwegian|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-08-06|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;||  || [[Norway]] ||
|-
| [[Occitan language|Occitan]] || oc || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Occitano-Romance|| 500,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|oci|Occitan}}.
Includes Auvergnat, Gascon, Languedocien, Limousin, Provençal, Vivaro-Alpine. Most native speakers are in France; their number is unknown, as varieties of Occitan are treated as French dialects with no official status.&lt;/ref&gt; || || || [[Catalonia]] (Spain){{refn|The [[Aranese dialect]], in [[Val d'Aran]] county.|group=nb|name=Aranese}}
|-
| [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] || os || Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern || 450,000&lt;ref&gt;Total 570,000, of which 450,000 in the Russian Federation. {{e18|oss|Ossetian}}&lt;/ref&gt; ||  ||  || [[North Ossetia-Alania]] (Russia), [[South Ossetia]]
|-
| [[Palatine German language|Palatinate German]]||pfl|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central ||1,000,000&lt;ref&gt;[[German dialect]], {{e18|pfl|Palatinate German}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| ||  || 
|-
| [[Picard language|Picard]] || pcd || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl || 200,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|pcd|Picard }}&lt;/ref&gt;||  || || [[Wallonia]] (Belgium)
|-
| [[Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]] || pms || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic || 1,600,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|pms|Piedmontese }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || [[Piedmont]] (Italy)&lt;ref&gt;Piedmontese was recognised as Piedmont's regional language by the regional parliament in 1999. [http://www.consiglioregionale.piemonte.it/mzodgint/jsp/AttoSelezionato.jsp?ATTO=61118 Motion 1118 in the Piedmontese Regional Parliament, ''Approvazione da parte del Senato del Disegno di Legge che tutela le minoranze linguistiche sul territorio nazionale – Approfondimenti'', approved unanimously on 15 December 1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011061228/http://www.consiglioregionale.piemonte.it/mzodgint/jsp/AttoSelezionato.jsp?ATTO=61118 |date=11 October 2017 }}, [http://www.gioventurapiemonteisa.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/odg1118.pdf Text of motion 1118 in the Piedmontese Regional Parliament, ''Consiglio Regionale del Piemonte, Ordine del Giorno 1118''].&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| [[Polish language|Polish]] || pl || Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic || 38,500,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|pol|Polish }}&lt;/ref&gt; || || [[Poland]] ||
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || pt || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 10,000,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|por|Portuguese }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || [[Portugal]] ||
|-
| [[Rhaeto-Romance languages|Rhaeto-Romance]] || fur&lt;br /&gt;lld&lt;br /&gt;roh || Indo-European, Romance, Western || 370,000&lt;ref&gt;Includes [[Friulian language|Friulian]], [[Romansh language|Romansh]], [[Ladin language|Ladin]]. {{e18|fur|Friulian}} {{e18|lld|Ladin}} {{e18|roh|Romansch}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || [[Switzerland]] || [[Veneto]] [[Province of Belluno|Belluno]], [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]], [[South Tyrol]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.regione.taa.it/normativa/statuto_speciale.pdf Statuto Speciale Per Il Trentino-Alto Adige] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126033052/http://www.regione.taa.it/normativa/statuto_speciale.pdf |date=26 November 2018 }} (1972), Art. 102.&lt;/ref&gt; &amp; [[Trentino]] (Italy)
|-
| [[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian (Platt)]] || ksh || Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central || 900,000&lt;ref&gt;[[German dialect]], {{e18|ksh|Kölsch}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| ||  ||
|-
| [[Romagnol dialects|Romagnol]] || rgn || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic || || || ||
|-
| [[Romani language|Romani]] || rom || Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western || 1,500,000&lt;ref&gt;
{{e18|rmn|Romani, Balkan}}
{{e18|rml|Romani, Baltic}}
{{e18|rmc|Romani, Carpathian}}
{{e18|rmf|Romani, Finnish}}
{{e18|rmo|Romani, Sinte}}
{{e18|rmy|Romani, Vlax }}
{{e18|rmw|Romani, Welsh}}&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || || [[Kosovo]]{{refn|group=nb|name=Kosovo}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Constitution of Kosovo]], [http://kushtetutakosoves.info/repository/docs/Constitution.of.the.Republic.of.Kosovo.pdf p. 8] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011113028/http://www.kushtetutakosoves.info/repository/docs/Constitution.of.the.Republic.of.Kosovo.pdf|date=11 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]] || ro || Indo-European, Romance, Eastern ||24,000,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|ron|Romanian }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| 28,000,000&lt;ref name=&quot;28mil&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Româna|url=http://unilat.org/DPEL/Promotion/L_Odyssee_des_langues/Roumain/ro|website=unilat.org|publisher=[[Latin Union]]|access-date=2 April 2018|language=ro|archive-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029141605/http://unilat.org/DPEL/Promotion/L_Odyssee_des_langues/Roumain/ro|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Moldova]], [[Romania]] || [[Mount Athos]] (Greece), [[Vojvodina]] (Serbia)
|-
| [[Russian language|Russian]] || ru || Indo-European, Slavic, East || 106,000,000&lt;ref name=&quot;rus&quot;&gt;L1: 119 million in the Russian Federation (of which c. 83 million in [[European Russia]]), 14.3 million in Ukraine, 6.67 million in Belarus, 0.67 million in Latvia, 0.38 million in Estonia, 0.38 million in Moldova. 
L1+L2: c. 100 million in European Russia, 39 million in Ukraine, 7 million in Belarus, 7 million in Poland, 2 million in Latvia, c. 2 million in the European portion of Kazakhstan, 1.8 million in Moldova, 1.1 million in Estonia. {{e18|rus|Russian}}.&lt;/ref&gt;|| 160,000,000&lt;ref name=rus/&gt; || [[Belarus]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Russia]] || [[Mount Athos]] (Greece), [[Gagauzia]] (Moldova), [[Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester|Left Bank of the Dniester]] (Moldova), [[Ukraine]]
|-
| [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]] || rue || Indo-European, Slavic, East || 70,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|rue|Rusyn}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || 
|-
|[[Rutul language|Rutul]] || rut || Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic || 36,400&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|rut|Rutul}}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Sami languages|Sami]] || se || Uralic, Finno-Ugric || 23,000&lt;ref&gt;mostly [[Northern Sami]] (sma), ca. 20,000 speakers; smaller communities of [[Lule Sami]] (smj, c. 2,000 speakers) and other variants. {{e18|sme|Northern Sami}}, {{e18|smj|Lule Sami}}
{{e18|sma|Southern Sami}}, {{e18|sjd|Kildin Sami}}, {{e18|sms|Skolt Sami}}, {{e18|smn|Inari Sami}}.&lt;/ref&gt;|| || [[Norway]] || [[Sweden]], [[Finland]]
|-
| [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]] || sc || Indo-European, Romance || 1,350,000&lt;ref&gt;AA. VV. ''Calendario Atlante De Agostini 2017'', Novara, Istituto Geografico De Agostini, 2016, p. 230&lt;/ref&gt;||  || || [[Sardinia]] (Italy)
|-
| [[Scots language|Scots]] || sco || Indo-European, Germanic, West, Anglo-Frisian, Anglic ||110,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|sco|Scots }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || [[Scotland]] (United Kingdom), [[County Donegal]] (Republic of Ireland), [[Northern Ireland]] (United Kingdom)
|-
| [[Scottish Gaelic]] || gd || Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic ||57,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|gla|Gaelic, Scottish }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || [[Scotland]] (United Kingdom)
|-
| [[Serbian language|Serbian]] || sr || Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian ||9,000,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|srp|Serbian }}&lt;/ref&gt; || || [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Kosovo]]{{refn|group=nb|name=Kosovo}}, [[Serbia]] || [[Croatia]], [[Mount Athos]] (Greece), [[North Macedonia]], [[Montenegro]]
|-
| [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]] || scn || Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian ||4,700,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|scn|Sicilian }}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || [[Sicily]] (Italy)
|-
| [[Silesian language|Silesian]] || szl || Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic ||522,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e19|szl|Silesian }}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || 
|-
| [[Silesian German]]||sli|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central || 11,000&lt;ref&gt;[[German dialect]], {{e18|sli|Lower Silesian}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| ||  ||
|-
| [[Slovak language|Slovak]] || sk || Indo-European, Slavic, West, Czech–Slovak ||5,200,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|slk|Slovak }}&lt;/ref&gt; || || [[Slovakia]] || [[Vojvodina]] (Serbia), [[Czech Republic]]
|-
| [[Slovene language|Slovene]] || sl || Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western ||2,100,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|slv|Slovene }}&lt;/ref&gt; || || [[Slovenia]] || [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;regione.fvg.it&quot;/&gt; (Italy)
|-
| [[Sorbian languages|Sorbian (Wendish)]] || wen || Indo-European, Slavic, West||20,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|hsb|Sorbian, Upper }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || [[Brandenburg]] &amp; [[Sachsen]] (Germany)&lt;ref&gt;GVG § 184 Satz 2; VwVfGBbg § 23 Abs. 5; SächsSorbG § 9, right to use Sorbian in communication with the authorities guaranteed for the &quot;Sorbian settlement area&quot; (''Sorbisches Siedlungsgebiet'', [[Lusatia]]).&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || es || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian ||47,000,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|spa|Spanish }}&lt;/ref&gt; ||76,000,000&lt;ref name=EU2012/&gt; || [[Spain]] || [[Gibraltar]] (United Kingdom)
|-
| [[Swabian German]]||swg|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Alemannic || 820,000&lt;ref&gt;[[German dialect]], {{e18|swg|Swabian German}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| ||  || 
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || sv || Indo-European, Germanic, North ||11,100,000&lt;ref name=sv&gt;{{e18|swe|Swedish }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| 13,280,000&lt;ref name=sv/&gt; || [[Sweden]], [[Finland]], [[Åland]] and [[Estonia]] ||
|-
| [[Swiss German]]||gsw|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Alemannic || 5,000,000&lt;ref&gt;[[German dialect]], {{e18|swg|Swiss German}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || [[Switzerland]] (as [[German-speaking Switzerland|German]]) || 
|-
| [[Tabasaran language|Tabasaran]] || tab || Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic || 126,900&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|tab|Tabassaran }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]] || ttt || Indo-European, Iranian, Western || 30,000&lt;ref&gt;
{{e18|ttt|Tat}}, {{e18|jdt|Judeo-Tat}}
2,000 speakers in the Russian Federation according to the 2010 census (including [[Judeo-Tat]]). About 28,000 speakers in Azerbaijan; most speakers live along or just north of the Caucasus ridge (and are thus technically in Europe), with some also settling just south of the Caucasus ridge, in the [[South Caucasus]].&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Tatar language|Tatar]] || tt || Turkic, Kipchak ||4,300,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|tat|Tatar}}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || [[Tatarstan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Tindi language|Tindi]] || tin || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 2,200&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|tin|Tindi}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || 
|-
| [[Tsez language|Tsez]] || ddo || Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic || 13,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|ddi|Tsez}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || 
|-
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]] || tr || Turkic, Oghuz||15,752,673&lt;ref&gt;c. 12 million in [[European Turkey]], 0.6 million in Bulgaria, 0.6 million in Cyprus and Northern Cyprus; and 2,679,765 L1 speakers in other countries in Europe according to a [[Eurobarometer]] survey in 2012: https://languageknowledge.eu/languages/turkish&lt;/ref&gt;|| || [[Turkey]], [[Cyprus]] || [[Northern Cyprus]]
|-
| [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] || udm || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Permic ||340,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|udm|Udmurt}}&lt;/ref&gt; || ||  || [[Udmurtia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] || uk || Indo-European, Slavic, East||32,600,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|ukr|Ukrainian }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || [[Ukraine]] || [[Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester|Left Bank of the Dniester]] (Moldova)
|-
| [[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]]||sxu|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central || 2,000,000&lt;ref&gt;[[German dialect]], {{e18|sxu|Upper Saxon German}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| ||  || 
|-
| [[Veps language|Vepsian]] || vep || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic ||1,640&lt;ref&gt;Russian Census 2010. {{e18|vep|Veps}}&lt;/ref&gt;||  || || [[Republic of Karelia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Venetian language|Venetian]] || vec || Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian ||3,800,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|vec|Venetian }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| || || [[Veneto]] (Italy)&lt;ref&gt;A motion to recognise Venetian as an official regional language has been approved by the [[Regional Council of Veneto]] in 2007. {{cite web |title=Consiglio Regionale Veneto – Leggi Regionali |url=http://www.consiglioveneto.it/crvportal/leggi/2007/07lr0008.html?numLegge=8&amp;annoLegge=2007&amp;tipoLegge=Alr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ILc8Mb9J?url=http://www.consiglioveneto.it/crvportal/leggi/2007/07lr0008.html?numLegge=8 |archive-date=24 July 2013 |access-date=2009-05-06 |publisher=Consiglioveneto.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Võro language|Võro]] || vro || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic ||87,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|vro|Võro }}&lt;/ref&gt; ||  || || [[Võru County]] (Estonia)
|-
| [[Votic language|Votic]] || vot || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 21&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 года. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку. |trans-title=Results of the All-Russian population census 2020. Table 6. population according to native language. |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=rosstat.gov.ru |archive-date=24 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124160257/http://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || 
|-
| [[Walloon language|Walloon]] || wa || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl ||600,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|wln|Walloon }}&lt;/ref&gt;||  || || [[Wallonia]] (Belgium)
|-
| [[Walser German]]||wae|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Alemannic || 20,000&lt;ref&gt;[[Highest Alemannic]] dialects, {{e18|wae|Walser German}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| ||  || 
|-
| [[Welsh language|Welsh]] || cy || Indo-European, Celtic, Brittonic ||562,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|cym|Welsh }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| 750,000 ||  || [[Wales]] (United Kingdom)
|-
| [[Wymysorys language|Wymysorys]]||wym|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German || 70&lt;ref&gt;Moribund German dialect spoken in [[Wilamowice]],
 Poland. 70 speakers recorded in 2006. {{e18|wym|Wymysorys}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| ||  || 
|-
| [[Yenish language|Yenish]]||yec|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German || 16,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|yec|Yenish}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| ||  || [[Switzerland]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}
|-
| [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] || yi || Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German ||600,000&lt;ref&gt;Total population estimated at 1.5 million as of 1991, of which c. 40% in the Ukraine. {{e18|yid|Yiddish }}, {{e18|ydd| Eastern Yiddish }}, {{e18|yih|Western Yiddish }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| ||  || [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Netherlands]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Poland]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Romania]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Sweden]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Ukraine]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}
|-
| [[Zeelandic]] || zea || Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Franconian	|| 220,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|zea|Zeelandic}}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || 
|}

=== Harsuna da ake magana da su a Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Jojiya, da Turkiyya ===
There [[Definition of Europe|are various definitions of Europe]], which may or may not include all or parts of Turkey, Cyprus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. For convenience, the languages and associated statistics for all five of these countries are grouped together on this page, as they are usually presented at a national, rather than subnational, level.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! rowspan=2|Name
! rowspan=2|[[ISO-639|ISO-&lt;br /&gt;639]]
! rowspan=2|Classification
! colspan=2| Speakers in expanded geopolitical Europe 
! colspan=2|Official status
|-
!data-sort- type=&quot;number&quot; style=&quot;width:90pt;&quot;|L1
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot;|L1+L2
!National{{refn|[[List of sovereign states|Sovereign states]], defined as [[United Nations]] member states and observer states. 'Recognised minority language' status is not included.|group=nb}}
!Regional
|-
| [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] || ab || Northwest Caucasian, Abazgi || Abkhazia/Georgia:&lt;ref&gt;Abkhazia is a de facto state recognized by Russia and a handful of other states, but considered by Georgia to be ruling over a Georgian region&lt;/ref&gt; 191,000&lt;ref&gt;{{e18|abk|Abkhazian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Turkey: 44,000&lt;ref name=Lewis&gt;{{cite web
  | editor-last = Lewis
  | editor-first = M. Paul 
  | title = Ethnologue report for Turkey (Asia)
  | work = Ethnologue: Languages of the World
  | publisher = SIL International
  | year = 2009
  | url = http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=TRA
  | access-date = 2009-09-08
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100707065422/http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=TRA
  | archive-date = 2010-07-07
  | url-status = dead
  }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| ||Abkhazia||Abkhazia 
|-
| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] (West Circassian) || ady || Northwest Caucasian, Circassian || Turkey: 316,000&lt;ref name=Lewis/&gt;|| || || 
|-
| [[Albanian language|Albanian]] || sq || Indo-European, Albanian || Turkey: 66,000 (Tosk)&lt;ref name=Lewis/&gt; || || || 
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || ar || Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, West || Turkey: 2,437,000 &lt;small&gt;Not counting post-2014 Syrian refugees&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lewis&quot;/&gt; || || || 
|-
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || hy || Indo-European, Armenian || [[Armenia]]: 3 million&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/file/article/1._bajin_5_583-664.pdf|title=Armenian 2011 census data, chapter 5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Azerbaijan: 145,000 {{citation needed|date=June 2020}}&lt;br /&gt;Georgia: around 0.2 million ethnic Armenians &lt;small&gt;(Abkhazia: 44,870&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/rnabkhazia.html| title = Ethno-Caucasus – Население Кавказа – Республика Абхазия – Население Абхазии}}&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Turkey: 61,000&lt;ref name=Lewis/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cyprus: 668&lt;ref name=&quot;CoE 2014&quot;&gt;{{cite report |author=Council of Europe|date=2014-01-16|title=European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Fourth periodical presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 15 of the Charter. CYPRUS|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/Report/PeriodicalReports/CyprusPR4_en.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|3}} || || Armenia&lt;br /&gt;Azerbaijan|| Cyprus
|-
| [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] || az || Turkic, Oghuz || Azerbaijan 9 million{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}&lt;ref&gt;Azeri community in Dagestan excluded&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Turkey: 540,000&lt;ref name=Lewis/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] 0.2 million|| || Azerbaijan ||
|-
| [[Bats language|Batsbi]] || bbl || Northeast Caucasian, Nakh || [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]: 500&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1041.html|title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger|website=www.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2018-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update inline|date=June 2020}} || || || 
|- 
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || bg || Indo-European, Slavic, South || [[Turkey]]: 351,000&lt;ref name=Lewis/&gt; || || || 
|-
| [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] || crh || Turkic, Kipchak || [[Turkey]]: 100,000&lt;ref name=Lewis/&gt; || || ||
|-
| [[Georgian language|Georgian]] || ka || Kartvelian, Karto-Zan || [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]: 3,224,696&lt;ref name=GeorgiaCensus/&gt; &lt;br /&gt; [[Turkey]]: 151,000&lt;ref name=Lewis/&gt; &lt;br /&gt; [[Azerbaijan]]: 9,192 ethnic Georgians&lt;ref name=&quot;Azer2009&quot;&gt;[http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls Censuses of Republic of Azerbaijan 1979, 1989, 1999, 2009]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130101713/http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls|date=30 November 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; || || [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] || 
|-
| [[Greek language|Greek]] || el || Indo-European, Hellenic || Cyprus: 679,883&lt;ref name=&quot;Euromosaic&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Cyprus|work=Euromosaic III|url=http://ec.europa.eu/languages/documents/cy_en.pdf|access-date=3 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2.2}} &lt;br /&gt; Turkey: 3,600&lt;ref name=Lewis/&gt; || || Cyprus || 
|-
| [[Juhuri language|Juhuri]] || jdt || Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Southwest || Azerbaijan: 24,000 (1989)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tedsnet.de/georgien/Azer.html |title=Ethnologue: Azerbaijan |publisher=Tedsnet.de |date= |accessdate=2021-12-03 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922172424/http://tedsnet.de/georgien/Azer.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update inline|date=June 2020}} || || || 
|-
| [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] || kur || Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Northwest || Turkey: 15 million&lt;ref name=&quot;pop&quot;&gt;[[SIL Ethnologue|SIL ''Ethnologue'']] gives estimates, broken down by dialect group, totalling 31 million, but with the caveat of &quot;Very provisional figures for Northern Kurdish speaker population&quot;. ''Ethnologue'' estimates for dialect groups:
Northern: 20.2M (undated; 15M in Turkey for 2009),
Central: 6.75M (2009),
Southern: 3M (2000),
Laki: 1M (2000).
The Swedish ''[[Nationalencyklopedin]]'' listed Kurdish in its &quot;Världens 100 största språk 2007&quot; (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), citing an estimate of 20.6 million native speakers.
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Azerbaijan: 9,000{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}&lt;!-- number is for ethnic Kurds--&gt; || || ||
|-
| [[Kurdish language|Kurmanji]] || kmr || Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Southwest || Turkey: 8.13 million&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal| title=Mutual intelligibility of a Kurmanji and a Zazaki dialect spoken in the province of Elazığ, Turkey | publisher=De Gruyter academic publishing | date= 1 December 2021 | doi=10.1515/applirev-2020-0151 | last1=Ozek | first1=Fatih | last2=Saglam | first2=Bilgit | last3=Gooskens | first3=Charlotte | journal=Applied Linguistics Review | volume=14 | issue=5 | pages=1411–1449 | s2cid=244782650 | doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Armenia: 33,509&lt;ref name=&quot;armstat.am&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://armstat.am/file/article/sv_03_13a_520.pdf|title=Article|website=armstat.am}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Georgia: 14,000 {{citation needed|date=June 2020}} &lt;!-- number is for ethnic Kurds--&gt; || || || Armenia
|-
| [[Laz language|Laz]] || lzz || Kartvelian, Karto-Zan, Zan || Turkey: 20,000&lt;ref name=&quot;laz_ethnologue&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lzz |title=Laz |work=[[Ethnologue]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Georgia: 2,000&lt;ref name=&quot;laz_ethnologue&quot;/&gt; || || || 
|-
| [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]] || ruq || Indo-European, Italic, Romance, East || Turkey: 4–5,000&lt;ref&gt;[[Thede Kahl]] (2006): The islamisation of the Meglen Vlachs (Megleno-Romanians): The village of Nânti (Nótia) and the &quot;Nântinets&quot; in present-day Turkey, Nationalities Papers, 34:01, p80-81: &quot;Assuming that nearly the total population of Nânti emigrated, then the number of emigrants must have been around 4,000. If the reported number of people living there today is added, the whole Meglen Vlachs population is c. 5,000. Although that number is only a rough estimate and may be exaggerated by the individual interviewees, it might correspond to reality.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- note this is ethnic population, not speakers. Fix when possible--&gt;|| || || 
|-
| [[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] || xmf || Kartvelian, Karto-Zan, Zan || Georgia (including Abkhazia): 344,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10906| title = Endangered Languages Project: Mingrelian| access-date = 25 February 2024| archive-date = 23 May 2024| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240523050619/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10906| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; || || || 
|-
| [[Pontic Greek language|Pontic Greek]] || pnt || Indo-European, Hellenic || Turkey: greater than 5,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Özkan&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Özkan|first=Hakan|title=The Pontic Greek spoken by Muslims in the villages of Beşköy in the province of present-day Trabzon|journal=Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies|year=2013|volume=37|issue=1|pages=130–150|doi=10.1179/0307013112z.00000000023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Armenia: 900 ethnic [[Caucasus Greeks]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://armstat.am/file/article/sv_03_13a_520.pdf| title = 2011 Armenian Census}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Georgia: 5,689 [[Caucasus Greeks]]&lt;ref name=GeorgiaCensus&gt;{{cite web |url = http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf |title = 2014 Georgian census |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205175903/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; || || ||
|-
| [[Romani language]] and [[Domari language]] || rom, dmt || Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indic || Turkey: 500,000&lt;ref name=Lewis/&gt; || || ||
|-
| [[Russian language|Russian]] || ru || Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic || Armenia: 15,000&lt;ref name=&quot;demoscope251&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema01.php|script-title=ru:Падение статуса русского языка на постсоветском пространстве|publisher=Demoscope.ru|access-date=2016-08-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025204352/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema01.php|archive-date=2016-10-25|title= }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Azerbaijan: 250,000&lt;ref name=&quot;demoscope251&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Georgia: 130,000&lt;ref name=&quot;demoscope251&quot;/&gt; || Armenia: about 0.9 million&lt;ref name=&quot;demoscope329&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0329/tema03.php|script-title=ru:Русскоязычие распространено не только там, где живут русские|website=demoscope.ru|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023011719/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0329/tema03.php|archive-date=2016-10-23|title= }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Azerbaijan: about 2.6 million&lt;ref name=&quot;demoscope329&quot;/&gt;&lt;!-- 26% fluent in Russian--&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Georgia: about 1 million&lt;ref name=&quot;demoscope329&quot;/&gt;&lt;!-- 27% fluent in Russian--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cyprus: 20,984&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/548284B11BF2A3B1C2257A06003204B2?OpenDocument&amp;print |script-title=el:Στατιστική Υπηρεσία – Πληθυσμός και Κοινωνικές Συνθήκες – Απογραφή Πληθυσμού – Ανακοινώσεις – Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού, 2011 |language=el |publisher=Demoscope.ru |access-date=2013-06-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507080606/http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/548284B11BF2A3B1C2257A06003204B2?OpenDocument&amp;print |archive-date=2013-05-07 |title= }}&lt;/ref&gt; || Abkhazia&lt;br /&gt;South Ossetia || Armenia &lt;br /&gt; Azerbaijan
|-
| [[Svan language|Svan]] || sva || Kartvelian, Svan || Georgia (incl. Abkhazia): 30,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3042| title = Endangered Languages Project: Svan| access-date = 25 February 2024| archive-date = 22 February 2024| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240222234936/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3042| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; || || ||
|-
| [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]] || ttt || Indo-European, Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Southwest || Azerbaijan: 10,000&lt;ref name=&quot;John M. Clifton 2005&quot;&gt;John M. Clifton, Gabriela Deckinga, Laura Lucht, Calvin Tiessen, [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.487.2395&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf &quot;Sociolinguistic Situation of the Tat and Mountain Jews in Azerbaijan,&quot;] In Clifton, ed., Studies in Languages of Azerbaijan, vol. 2 (Azerbaijan &amp; St Petersburg, Russia: Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan &amp; SIL International 2005). Page 3.&lt;/ref&gt;{{update inline|date=June 2020}} || || || 
|-
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]] || tr || Turkic, Oghuz || Turkey: 66,850,000&lt;ref name=Lewis/&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Cyprus: 1,405&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book |date=June 2013 |chapter=Population enumerated by age, sex, language spoken and district (1.10.2011) (sheet D1A) |title=Population – Country of Birth, Citizenship Category, Country of Citizenship, Language, 2011 |publisher=CYstat |url=http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/8B96E149FE049F49C2257AD90055559F/$file/POP_CEN_11-POP_FOREIGN_LANG-EN-140613.xls?OpenElement}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; + 265,100 in the North&lt;ref name=census2006&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nufussayimi.devplan.org/Census%202006.pdf |title=Census.XLS |access-date=14 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116120824/http://nufussayimi.devplan.org/Census%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- it is known that 99.9% of North Cypriots speak Turkish but it would be nice if we had a source actually counting number of speakers here--&gt;|| || Turkey &lt;br /&gt; Cyprus &lt;br /&gt; Northern Cyprus ||
|}

== Al'ummomin ƙaura ==
Recent (post–1945) [[immigration to Europe]] introduced substantial communities of speakers of non-European languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt;

The largest such communities include [[Arabic language|Arabic]] speakers (see [[Arabs in Europe]])
and [[Turkish language|Turkish]] speakers (beyond [[European Turkey]] and the historical sphere of influence of the [[Ottoman Empire]], see [[Turks in Europe]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Cole 2011 loc=367&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Cole|first=Jeffrey|author-link=Jeffrey Cole|year=2011|title=Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-302-6|page=367}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Armenian diaspora|Armenians]], [[Berbers]], and [[Kurds]] have diaspora communities of {{circa}} 1–2,000,000 each. The various [[languages of Africa]] and [[languages of India]] form numerous smaller diaspora communities.

;List of the largest immigrant languages 
&lt;!--Only NON-European languages [special case: transcontinental countries, mostly concerns Turkish and Azeri]. 
Distinguish the size of the ethnic diaspora from the number of actual native speakers according to national censuses. --&gt;
&lt;!-- atm, list communities with more than 200k native speakers in Europe]--&gt;
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Name !! ISO 639 !! Classification !! Native !! Ethnic diaspora
|-
|[[Arabic language|Arabic]] ||ar ||Afro-Asiatic, Semitic || 5,000,000&lt;ref&gt;
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/FR France]: 4,000,000, 
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/DE Germany]: 500k (2015),
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ES Spain]: 200k
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GB UK]: 159k (2011 census)
&lt;/ref&gt;|| 12,000,000&lt;ref&gt;[[Arab diaspora]], mostly in France, Italy, Spain, Germany, UK, Sweden, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, 
current size unknown due to the [[European migrant crisis]] of 2015–present.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Turkish language|Turkish]] ||tr || Turkic, Oghuz || 3,000,000&lt;ref&gt;
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/DE Germany]: 1,510k,
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/FR France]: 444k,
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NL Netherlands]: 388k,
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/AT Austria]: 197k,
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/RU Russia]: 146k,
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GB UK]: 99k,
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/CH Switzerland]: 44k,
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SE Sweden]: 44.&lt;/ref&gt; || 7,000,000&lt;ref&gt;See [[Turks in Europe]]: only counting recent (post-Ottoman era) immigration:
[[Turks in Germany|Germany]]: 4,000,000,
[[Turks in France|France]]: 1,000,000, 
[[Turks in the United Kingdom|UK]]: 500,000,
[[Turks in the Netherlands|Netherlands]]: 500,000,
[[Turks in Austria|Austria]]: 400,000,
[[Turks in Switzerland|Switzerland]], [[Turks in Sweden|Sweden]] and [[Turks in Russia|Russia]]: 200,000 each. 
&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Armenian language|Armenian]] || hy || Indo-European || 1,000,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Armenian_L1&quot;&gt;830k [[Languages of Russia#Migrant languages|in Russia]] (2010 census), 100k in Ukraine ([https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/hye/ SIL Ethnologue 2015]).
&lt;/ref&gt;|| 3,000,000&lt;ref&gt;2,000,000 [[Armenians in Russia]].
[[Armenians in France|France]] 750k,
[[Armenians in Ukraine|Ukraine]] 100k,
[[Armenians in Germany|Germany]] 100k,
[[Armenians in Greece|Greece]] 60-80k,
[[Armenians in Spain|Spain]] 40k,
[[Armenians in Belgium|Belgium]] 30k,
[[Armenians in the Czech Republic|Czechia]] 12k,
[[Armenians in Sweden|Sweden]] 12k,
[[Armenians in Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] 10-22k,
[[Armenians in Belarus|Belarus]] 8k, 
[[Armenians in Austria|Austria]] 6k,
[[Armenians in Poland|Poland]] 3-50k,
[[Armenians in Hungary|Hungary]] 3-30k,
[[Armenian-Dutch|Netherlands]] 3-9k,
[[Armenians in Switzerland|Switzerland]] 3-5k,
[[Armenians in Cyprus|Cyprus]] 3k,
[[Armenians in Moldova|Moldova]] 1-3k,
[[Armenians in the United Kingdom|UK]] 1-2k.
&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] || ku || Indo-European, Iranian, Western || 600,000&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/DE Germany]: 541k&lt;/ref&gt; || 1,000,000&lt;ref&gt;[[Kurdish population]]: mostly [[Kurds in Germany]], [[Kurds in France]], [[Kurds in Sweden]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]] || bn as syl || Indo-European, Indo-Aryan ||600,000&lt;ref&gt;Sylheti: 300k in the UK, Bengali: 221k in the UK.&lt;/ref&gt; || 1,000,000&lt;ref&gt;see [[British Indian]], [[Bangladeshi diaspora]], [[Bengali diaspora]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] || az || Turkic, Oghuz || 500,000&lt;ref&gt;515k [[Languages of Russia#Migrant languages|in Russia]] (2010 census)&lt;/ref&gt;|| 700,000&lt;ref&gt;[[Azerbaijani diaspora]]: Russia 600k, Ukraine 45k, not counting 400,000 in Azerbajian's [[Quba-Khachmaz economic region|Quba-Khachmaz Region]] ([[Shabran District]], [[Khachmaz District]], [[Quba District (Azerbaijan)|Quba District]], [[Qusar District]], [[Siazan District|Siyazan District]]) technically in Europe (being north of the [[Caucasus]] watershed).&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Kabyle language|Kabyle]] || kab || Afro-Asiatic, Berber || 500,000&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/FR France]: 500k&lt;/ref&gt; || 1,000,000&lt;ref&gt;[[Kabyle people]] in France: 1,000,000.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Chinese language|Chinese]]||zh ||Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic || 300,000&lt;ref&gt;Germany 120k, Russia: 70k, UK 66k, Spain 20k.&lt;/ref&gt; || 2,000,000&lt;ref&gt;[[Overseas Chinese]]: France 700,000, UK: 500,000, Russia: 300,000, Italy: 300,000, Germany: 200,000, Spain: 100,000.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Urdu]]||ur||Indo-European, Indo-Aryan|| 300,000&lt;ref&gt;[[Languages of the United Kingdom|UK]]: 269k (2011 census).&lt;/ref&gt;||1,800,000&lt;ref&gt;[[Pakistani diaspora]], the majority [[Pakistanis in the UK]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-

|[[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] || uz|| Turkic, Karluk ||300,000&lt;ref&gt;Russia: 274k (2010 census)&lt;/ref&gt; ||2,000,000&lt;ref&gt;see [[Uzbeks in Russia]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Persian language|Persian]] || fa || Indo-European, Iranian, Western || 300,000&lt;ref&gt;UK: 76k, Sweden: 74k, Germany: 72k, France 40k.&lt;/ref&gt; || 400,000&lt;ref&gt;[[Iranian diaspora]]: Germany: 100k, Sweden: 100k, UK: 50k, Russia: 50k, Netherlands: 35k, Denmark: 20k.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || pa || Indo-European, Indo-Aryan ||300,000&lt;ref&gt;UK: 280k&lt;/ref&gt; ||700,000&lt;ref&gt;see [[British Punjabis]]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] || gu|| Indo-European, Indo-Aryan ||200,000&lt;ref&gt;UK: 213k&lt;/ref&gt; ||600,000&lt;ref&gt;see [[Gujarati people#Diaspora|Gujarati diaspora]]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || ta || Dravidian || 200,000&lt;ref&gt;[[Languages of the United Kingdom|UK]]: 101k, [https://www.ethnologue.com/country/DE Germany]: 35k, [[Languages of Switzerland|Switzerland]]: 22k.&lt;/ref&gt;|| 500,000&lt;ref&gt;[[Tamil diaspora]]: UK 300k, [[Tamils in France|France]] 100k, Germany 50k, Switzerland 40k,u Netherlands, 20k, Norway 10k.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Somali language|Somali]] || so || Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic || 200,000&lt;ref&gt;
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GB UK]: 86k, 
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SE Sweden]: 53k,
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IT Italy]: 50k&lt;/ref&gt; || 400,000&lt;ref&gt;[[Somali diaspora]]:
UK: 114k, Sweden: 64k, Norway: 42k, Netherlands: 39k, Germany: 34k, Denmark: 21k, Finland: 19k.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Don Karatu ==
{{Portal|Europe|Language}}
* [[Ethnic groups in Europe]]
* [[Eurolinguistics]]
* [[European Day of Languages]]
* [[Greek East and Latin West|''Greek East'' and ''Latin West'']]
* [[List of endangered languages in Europe]]
* [[Multilingual countries and regions of Europe|List of multilingual countries and regions of Europe]]
* [[Standard Average European]]
* [[Travellingua]]

== Duba ==
{{reflist|group=nb|30em}}

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Mahadan Waje ==
{{Commons category|Languages of Europe}}
* {{cite web |title=The Alphabets of Europe |url=http://www.evertype.com/alphabets |first=Michael |last=Everson |publisher=evertype.com |year=2001 |access-date=19 March 2010}}
* {{cite web |title=Europe's Mosaic of Languages|url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011081855 |first=Harald |last=Haarmann |publisher=[[Institute of European History]] |year=2011 |language=en |access-date=2 November 2011}}
* {{cite web |title=Scpraaxoi in Europa |first1=Stefan |last1=Reissmann |first2=Urion |last2=Argador |url=http://www.argador.info/skope/tero/Regioi/Europa/kultur/scpraaxoi/index.html |language=eo, en, de |publisher=Reissmann &amp; Argador |year=2006 |access-date=2 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622183043/http://www.argador.info/skope/tero/Regioi/Europa/kultur/scpraaxoi/index.html |archive-date=22 June 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}
* [http://www.map.language-diversity.eu/ Map of Minorities &amp; Regional and Minority Languages of Europe, Language Diversity (2017)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409044913/http://www.map.language-diversity.eu/ |date=9 April 2022 }}
* {{cite web |title=Europako Mapa linguistikoa |url=http://www.muturzikin.com/carteseurope/europe.htm |first=Mutur |last=Zikin |publisher=muturzikin.com |date=2007 |language=eu |access-date=2 November 2009}}

{{Languages of Europe}}
{{Countries and languages lists}}
{{Eurasian languages}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Languages Of Europe}}
[[Category:Languages of Europe| ]]</text>
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    <title>IK Ogbonna</title>
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'''Ikechukwu Mitchel Ogbonna''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1984), wanda aka fi sani da '''IK Ogbonna''', ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na fina-finai da talabijin [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], samfurin, darektan, kuma ɗan wasan talabijin. Shi Darakta ne, Model da kuma Mutumin Talabijin.&lt;ref name=&quot;eduprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--staff writer--&gt; |date=2022-10-17 |title=Education Profile of IK Ogbonna |url=https://presspay.ng/news/education-profile-of-ik-ogbonna/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=PressPayNg Blog |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance a cikin fim din Playing Safe tare da Tonto Dikeh da [[Ini Edo]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--staff writer--&gt; |date=11 May 2013 |title=Playing Safe 'Review' |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2013/05/playing-safe.html |website=Nollywood REinvented}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Ik ya sami karatun firamare da sakandare a Jihar Legas, inda ya sami takardar shaidarsa ta farko da takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare ta Yammacin Afirka bi da bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;eduprofile&quot; /&gt; Ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a fannin zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Jos a Jihar Plateau . &lt;ref name=&quot;eduprofile&quot; /&gt;

Mai wasan kwaikwayo ya sami digiri na Doctorate na Arts a cikin Jagora da Ci gaba daga Institut Supérieur De Management et de Technologie (ISMT). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-01-12 |title=Institut Supérieur De Management et de Technologie (ISMT) - Le Grand Frère |url=https://legrandfrere.bf/etablissement/institut-superieur-de-management-et-detechnologie-ismt/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211093623/https://legrandfrere.bf/etablissement/institut-superieur-de-management-et-detechnologie-ismt/ |archive-date=11 December 2024 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=legrandfrere.bf/ |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ogbonna ya shiga cikin sauraron shirin talabijin na Amstel Malta Box Office a shekara ta 2005 kuma an zaba shi. Ya kasance abin koyi na dogon lokaci. Yayinda yake makarantar sakandare ya lashe lambar yabo ta Milo don Fine Arts &lt;ref name=&quot;eduprofile&quot; /&gt;

Farkonsa a masana'antar fina-finai ya fara ne a shekarar 2013 lokacin da ya fito a Love Lorn . &lt;ref name=&quot;eduprofile&quot; /&gt;

A halin yanzu Alkalin ne a ''De9jaspirit Talent Hunt'' show . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--staff writer--&gt; |date=2023-07-06 |title=Season 3 De9jaspirit Talent Hunt 2023 returns with 4 Judges, Host of incredible prizes |url=https://nigerianpilot.news/2023/07/06/season-3-de9jaspirit-talent-hunt-2023-returns-with-4-judges-host-of-incredible-prizes/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802140905/https://nigerianpilot.news/2023/07/06/season-3-de9jaspirit-talent-hunt-2023-returns-with-4-judges-host-of-incredible-prizes/ |archive-date=2023-08-02 |access-date=2023-08-02 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Ogbonna ya gaya wa The Vanguard a cikin 2023 cewa dangantakarsa ta fara ne da abota saboda bai san yadda za a nemi mace ba. Ya taɓa auren Sonia Morales  kuma suna da ɗa, Ace Ogbonna.  Bugu da ƙari, yana da 'yar mai suna Makayla daga dangantakar da ta gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Black |first=Henry |date=2018-12-30 |title=The Revelation: IK Ogbonna First Child Surface and Trouble Begins Again! |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/the-revelation-ik-ogbonna-first-child-surface-and-trouble-begins-again/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Nigeriafilms |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

* Ajiye Rai (2007) a matsayin Dauda
* Abin sha'awa (2012) 
* ''Lovelorn'' (2012) 
* ''Yin wasa lafiya'' (2013) a matsayin Laporsche
* ''An sace Gobe'' (2013) 
* ''A cikin Takalmanta'' (2013) a matsayin Ben
* The Wrong Selfie (2014) a matsayin Alex
* Hustlers (2014) a matsayin Cliff
* Golden Diggin (2014) a matsayin Ik
* ''Lines da ba su da tabbas'' (2014) 
* ''Otal din Honeymoon'' (2014) 
* ''Abokina Mai arziki'' (2014) 
* ''Ikogosi'' (2015) a matsayin George
* Open Marriage (2015) a matsayin Kelvin
* ''Black Bird'' (2015) a matsayin Chuks
* A Week to My Wedding (2016) a matsayin Pedro
* ''Ghana Dole ne ta tafi'' (2016) 
* Ɗauki Mutum (2017) a matsayin Benjamin
* Fitar da Ƙauna (2017) Gilbert
* Kayan aiki da yawa (2017) a matsayin Enyinna
* Disguise (2018) a matsayin Belinda/Lambo
* The Washerman (2018) a matsayin Boniface
* ''SHOWBIZ'' (2019) 
* The Confessor (2019) a matsayin Rev. Frank
* Unroyal (2020) a matsayin Yarima Leonard
* Ayyuka masu laushi (2020) a matsayin Dr. J.
* ''Hanyar Komawa Gida'' (2021) a matsayin George
* ''[[Kirsimeti a Miami]]'' (2021) a matsayin Nite Club PR
* Ni Nazzy ne (2022) 
* ''Kuskuren'' (2022) a matsayin Jasper
* The Switch (2023) a matsayin Pablo
* Loving Belinda (2023) a matsayin Chucks
* ''Babban Ranar Teni'' (2023) a matsayin Benjamin
* Ta Dukkanin (2024) a matsayin Nonso
* ''Yadda nake son a ƙaunace ni'' (2024) a matsayin Olisa
* Dukkanin da ke Haskakawa (2024) a matsayin Chuks
* ''[[Move like a Boss|Ka yi tafiya kamar shugaba]]'' (2024) 

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Kyautar
!Sashe
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
|2015
|[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]]
|Mai wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa a Abuja|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|2017
|[[2017 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]
|Mafi Kyawun Mai Taimako - Turanci|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|2018
|[[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|Kyautar Fim ta Jama'a]]
|Mafi kyawun Actor na Shekara|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;vanguard&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]
|Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin rawar jagora - Turanci|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
|Mafi Kyawun Kiss a cikin Fim|{{Won}}
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Harshen Bambara</title>
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      <text bytes="14875" sha1="hyu0cbdvtydts4rgfyq0b6973pmm9j9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}}
'''Bambara''', {{Lang|bm-nkoo|ߓߡߊߣߊ߲}} aka fi sani da '''Bamana''' (N'Ko script) ko '''Bamanankan''' (N' Ko script; Larabci script), yare ne na gari da harshen ƙasa na [[Mali]] wanda kimanin mutane miliyan 14 ke magana da shi, asalin Mutanen Bambara miliyan 4.1 da kimanin masu amfani da Harshe na biyu miliyan 10. &lt;ref name=&quot;e26&quot;&gt;[[ethnologue:bam|Bambara]] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (26th ed., 2023) &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; top: -2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg|link=Paywall|alt=Closed access icon|14x14px|closed access publication – behind paywall]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na yawan mutanen Mali suna magana da Bambara a matsayin yare na farko ko na biyu. Yana da tsarin sashi na batun-abu-kalma da sautuna biyu.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2023}}

== Rarraba ==
Bambara wani rukuni  na harsuna masu alaƙa da juna da ake kira Manding, waɗanda masu magana da su na asali suka gano tarihin al'adunsu zuwa [[Daular Mali]] ta zamani.  ɗaukar nau'ikan Manding gabaɗaya (a tsakanin masu magana da asali) don fahimtar juna - ya dogara da fallasawa ko saba da yaruka tsakanin masu magana - kuma mutane miliyan 30 zuwa 40 ne ke magana a cikin ƙasashen [[Burkina Faso]], [[Senegal]], [[Guinea]]-Bissau&quot; id=&quot;mwMA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Guinea-Bissau&quot;&gt;Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, [[Laberiya]], [[Ivory Coast]] da [[Gambiya]]. Manding wani bangare ne na manyan dangin Mandé na harsuna.

== Yankin rarraba ==
Ana magana da Bambara a ko'ina cikin Mali a matsayin harshen magana. Ana magana da yaren a yankunan gabas, kudu, da arewacin Bamako, inda masu magana da asali da / ko waɗanda ke nuna kansu a matsayin membobin ƙabilar Bambara suka fi yawan jama'a. Wadannan yankuna galibi ana daukar  a matsayin asalin tarihin mutanen Bambara, musamman Ségou, bayan sun rabu da sauran kungiyoyin Manding.

== Harsuna ==
Babban yaren shine Standard Bamara, wanda ke da tasiri mai mahimmanci daga Maninkakan.   Bambara tana da yaruka da yawa na gida: Kaarta, Tambacounda (yamma); Beledugu, Bananba, Mesekele (arewa); Jitumu, Jamaladugu, Segu (cibiyar); Cakadugu, Keleyadugu, Jalakadougu, Kurulamini, Banimɔn, Cɛmala, Penovndugu, Baninkɔ, Shɛndugu (kudu); Kala, Kuruma, Saro, yaruka zuwa arewa maso gabashin Mopugu (musamman, Zegka).

== Rubuce-rubuce ==
[[File:Delaforge_-_Grammaire_et_méthode_Bambara_-_p184.jpg|thumb|Shafi daga Grammaire da hanyar Bambara ta Francis Delaforge (1949) ]]
Tun daga shekara ta 1967, an rubuta Bambara galibi a cikin Rubutun Latin, ta amfani da wasu ƙarin haruffa. Sa''u'' sun''E.C.E.'' a, e, ɛ (tsohon è&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:3px&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:3px&quot;&gt;) &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;, i, o, ɔ (tsohon ''ò''), u&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:2px&quot;&gt;;&lt;/span&gt; ana iya amfani da ƙamus don nuna sautin. Tsohon digraph ''''ny'''' yanzu an rubuta shi ''ɲ'' lokacin da ya nuna alamar hanci; ana adana rubutun ny don haɗuwa da wasula ta hanci tare da sautin baki na gaba. Bayan taron rubutun Bamako na 1966, an rubuta fasalin hanci &quot;nk&quot; data-linkid=&quot;178&quot; href=&quot;./ŋ&quot; id=&quot;mwXg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Ŋ&quot;&gt;ŋ&quot; a matsayin &quot;ŋ&quot;, kodayake a cikin wallafe-wallafen farko ana rubuta shi sau da yawa a matsayin ''ng'' ko nk.

The N'Ko ({{lang-nqo|ߒߞߏ}}) alphabet is a script devised by Solomana Kante in 1949 as a writing system for the Manding languages of West Africa; N’Ko means 'I say' in all Manding languages. Kante created N’Ko in response to what he felt were beliefs that Africans were a &quot;cultureless people&quot; since prior to this time there had been no indigenous African writing system for his language. N'ko first gained a strong user base around the Maninka-speaking area of Kante's hometown of Kankan, Guinea and disseminated from there into other Manding-speaking parts of West Africa. N'ko and the Arabic script are still in use for Bambara, although only the Latin-based orthography is officially recognized in Mali.

=== Rubutun Latin ===
Yana amfani da wasula bakwai a, e, ɛ, i, o, ɔ da u, kowannensu ana iya sa shi nasalized, pharyngealized da murmured, yana ba da jimlar wasula 21 (haruffa suna kusa da kwatankwacin IPA).  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2018}}[ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Rubuta tare da haruffa na Latin ya fara ne a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, kuma an gabatar da rubutun farko a cikin 1967. Ilimi yana da iyaka, musamman a yankunan karkara. Kodayake rubuce-rubucen rubuce-aikacen suna canzawa ne kawai a hankali (saboda rinjaye na Faransanci a matsayin &quot;harshe na masu ilimi&quot;), akwai wadataccen wallafe-wallafen baki, wanda sau da yawa tatsuniyoyin sarakuna da jarumawa ne. Wannan wallafe-wallafen baki galibi ana ba da shi ta hanyar griots (''Jeliw'' a Bambara) waɗanda suka haɗu da Masu ba da labari, mawaƙa masu yabo, da littattafan tarihin ɗan adam waɗanda suka yi nazarin kasuwancin waka da karatun shekaru da yawa. Yawancin waƙoƙinsu tsofaffi ne kuma an ce sun koma tsohuwar daular Mali.

=== Harshen haruffa ===

* A - a - [a]
* B - zama - [b]
* C - wannan - [t͡ʃ]
* D - daga - [d]
* E - da - [e]
* Ɛ - ɛ - [ɛ]
* F - ef - [f]
* G - ge - [g]
* H - ha - [h]
* I - i - [i]
* J - ni - [d͡ʒ]
* K - ka - [k]
* L - ɛl - [l]
* M - Queen - [m]
* N - ya yi la'akari da shi
* Йы - ɲe - [ɲ]
* Ŋ - ɛŋ - [ŋ]
* O - o - [o]
* O - ɔ - [ɔ]
* P - pe - [p]
* R - ɛr - [r]
* S - 167 - [s]
* T - ka - ka [t]
* U - u - [u]
* W - wa - [w]
* Y - kai - [j]
* Z - ze - [z]

=== Sauran ===

* kh - [ɣ] (an yi amfani da shi don kalmomin aro daga wasu harsunan Afirka) 
* -n - sautin hanci
* sh - ita - [ʃ] (bambancin yanki na s) 

=== Rubuce-rubucen N'ko ===

==== Sautin sautin ====

* An yi amfani da ita a - [a]
* An yi amfani da ita a matsayin
* Sanya - da - [i]
* An yi amfani da ita a matsayin
* An yi amfani da shi a matsayin
* An yi amfani da shi a matsayin
* An yi amfani da shi a matsayin

==== Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi ====

* An ba - [b]
* Sanya - [p]
* An yi amfani da ita a matsayin
* Sanya - ja - [d͡ʒ]
* Sanya - ca - [t͡ʃ]
* An yi amfani da ita a matsayin
* Sanya - ra - [r]
* Sanya - sa - [s]
* Wannan shi ne? - ga - [g/ʀ/ɣ]
* Sanya - [ɡ͡b]
* An yi amfani da ita a matsayin [f]
* Ka - [k]
* An yi amfani da ita a matsayin
* An yi amfani da ita a matsayin
* Za a yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai suna &quot;Shay&quot;
* An yi amfani da shi ko kuma ya yi amfani da su
* An yi amfani da shi a matsayin
* An yi amfani da shi a matsayin [w]
* Sanya - ya - [j]
* Sanya - ha - [h]
* Sashin sautin hanci - [-̃]

==== Sauti ====

* An yi amfani da shi a takaice
* An yi taƙaice - ƙasa
* Tsawon tsawo - tsawo
* Tsawon - ƙasa

== Fasahar sauti ==

=== Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Labari
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Alveolar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Palatal
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Velar
!Gishiri
|-
!Hanci
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |m
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |n
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |ɲ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |ŋ
|
|-
!Plosive
| style=&quot;border-right:0&quot; |p
| style=&quot;border-left:0&quot; |b
| style=&quot;border-right:0&quot; |t
| style=&quot;border-left:0&quot; |d
| style=&quot;border-right:0&quot; |SashenYanayinSanya
| style=&quot;border-left:0&quot; |d͡ʒ ShaanYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya
| style=&quot;border-right:0&quot; |k
| style=&quot;border-left:0&quot; |ɡ
|
|-
!Fricative
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |f
| style=&quot;border-right:0&quot; |s
| style=&quot;border-left:0&quot; |z
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | (ʃ) 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | (ɣ) ƘasashenYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya
|h
|-
!Kusanci
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |w
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |l
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |j zama hakaYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|
|-
!Trill
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |r
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|
|}
Kowane ma'anar tana wakiltar sauti guda ɗaya tare da wasu banbanci:

* &quot;W&quot; ana furta shi kamar yadda yake a Turanci (misali jira) sai dai a ƙarshen kalma, lokacin da alama ce ta jam'i kuma ana furta ta a matsayin [u].
* &quot;S&quot; ana furta shi sau da yawa kamar yadda yake a cikin kalmar Ingilishi &quot;duba&quot; amma wani lokacin ana furta su a matsayin &quot;sh&quot; [ʃ] kamar yadda yake cikin kalmar &quot;takalma&quot; ko kuma a matsayin [z].
* &quot;G&quot; ana furta shi sau da yawa kamar yadda yake a cikin kalmar Ingilishi &quot;go&quot; amma a tsakiyar kalma, ana iya furta shi kamar yadda yake cikin kalmar Mutanen Espanya &quot;abogado&quot; ([ɣ]) kuma wani lokacin a farkon kalma kamar [gw].

=== Sautin sautin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!
!A gaba
!Tsakiya
!Komawa
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
!Kusa
|i iː ĩYa kasance
|
|u uː ũA cikin su
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
!Tsakanin Tsakiya
|eːda kuma: ẽSai dai
|
|oːo õYankin
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
!Bude-tsakiya
|ɛ ɛː ɛ̃
|
|O.A.ɔː ɔ̃
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
!Bude
|
|a aː ã
|
|}

== Harshen harshe ==
Tsarin jumla na asali shine batun-abu-kalma (SOV). Ɗauki jumlar, n t'a lon (Ban sani ba). ''a''&quot;&gt;n shine batun (I), a shine abu (shi), kuma ''[ta] lon'' shine aikatau ([to] sani). T' ya fito ne daga alamar halin yanzu mara kyau té, bé ''ka'' alamar halin yanzu mai tabbatarwa (n b'a don zai nufin &quot;Na san ''shayi''&quot;). Kamar yawancin harsunan SOV, Bambara yana amfani da postpositions maimakon prepositions - rawar da suke takawa tana kama da prepositions na Turanci amma an sanya ta bayan sunan.

Harshen yana da &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAXk&quot;&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAXo&quot;&gt;sa&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; biyu (tsakiyar / daidaitattun da kuma sama); misali sa 'mutuwa' vs. sá 'macijin.' Tsarin jayayya na harshe ya ƙunshi batun, wanda ya biyo bayan taimakon aspectival, wanda ya bi abu kai tsaye, kuma a ƙarshe kalma mai wucewa. 

Bambara ba ya canzawa ga jinsi. Za'a iya ƙayyade jinsi don suna ta hanyar ƙara adjective, - Turi ko ''-kɛ'' don namiji da -muso don mace. An kafa jam'i ta hanyar haɗa ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ''-u'', galibi tare da sautin ƙasa (a cikin orthography, ''-w'') zuwa sunaye ko adjectives.

=== Kalmomin aro ===
A cikin birane, an maye gurbin haɗin Bamanankan da yawa a cikin amfani na yau da kullun ta hanyar aro na Faransanci wanda sau da yawa ke nuna sauya lambar. Yaren [[Bamako]] yana amfani da jimloli kamar: N tara Kita amma babu wanda yake can.''N tara Kita amma babu wanda yake a can.'': Na tafi Kita [Bamanankan ] amma babu wanda a can [Faransanci].  Hukuncin a cikin Bamanankan kadai zai zama tara Kita nka mɔkɔ si tun tɛ yen. Ana amfani da ra'ayin Faransanci &quot;est-ce que&quot; a cikin Bamanankan; duk da haka, ana furta shi a hankali kuma a matsayin sashi uku, {{IPA|[ɛsikə]}}. 

Bamanankan yana amfani da kalmomin aro na Faransanci da yawa. Misali, wasu mutane na iya cewa: I ka kurusi ye nere ye: &quot;Kafãku yana da ''rawaya''&quot; (ta amfani da fitowar rawaya, kalmar Faransanci don rawaya, galibi suna amfani da ''joni''.) 

Koyaya, mutum zai iya cewa: ''I ka kulosi ya ''nɛrɛ''muku'''' ye'', wanda ke nufin &quot;kayanka yana da rawaya&quot;. Kalmar Bamanankan ta asali don rawaya ta fito ne daga &quot;nɛrɛmuku,&quot; kasancewa gari (muku) da aka yi daga néré (ya'yan itace), iri daga doguwar iri. Ana amfani da Nɛrɛmuku sau da yawa a cikin sauces a Kudancin Mali.

Most French loan words are suffixed with the sound 'i'; this is particularly common when using French words which have a meaning not traditionally found in Mali. For example, the Bamanankan word for snow is ''niegei'', based on the French word for snow ''neige''. As there has never been snow in Mali, there was no unique word in Bamanankan to describe it.

=== Misalan ===
  {{Reflist}}
Masu zane-zane na Mali kamar su [[Oumou Sangaré]], Sidiki Diabaté, [[Fatoumata Diawara]], Rokia Traoré, Ali Farka Touré, Habib Koité da ma'aurata Amadou &amp; Mariam galibi suna raira waƙa a Bambara. Kalmomin a cikin Bambara sun faru ne a kan Stevie Wonder's Journey Through &quot;The Secret Life of Plants&quot;.

Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 2010, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta [[Ispaniya|Mutanen Espanya]] Dover ta fitar da kundi na 7 na I Ka Kené tare da mafi yawan kalmomin a cikin harshen. Har ila yau, rapper na Amurka [[Nas]] ya fitar da waƙar da ake kira &quot;Sabali&quot; a cikin 2010, wanda ya ƙunshi Damian Marley . ''Sabali'' kalma ce ta Bambara wacce ke nufin haƙuri.

== Matsayi na Shari'a ==
Bambara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=248}}&lt;/ref&gt; kasance har zuwa 2023 ɗaya daga cikin harsuna da yawa da Mali ta sanya a matsayin harshen ƙasa.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

=== Bayani ===
 

=== Tushen ===

== Haɗin waje ==

=== Bayani ===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160115094600/http://mali.pwnet.org/history/history_language.htm Mali - Tarihi - Harshe]

=== Littattafan ƙamus ===

* [https://www.maliyiri.com/ Maliyiri.com] shafin yanar gizo ne wanda ke ba da fassarorin Turanci-Bambara-Faransa kuma aikin al'umma ne inda masu amfani zasu iya ƙara sabbin kalmomi, sharhi, samar da ra'ayoyi da bin juna.
* Corpus Bambara de Référence - Etiquetage online da saukewa Bambara-French Dictionary (kimanin shigarwa 11,500 a ƙarshen 2014), tare da lissafin Faransanci-Bambara, wanda ke da alaƙa da Corpus B Barbara de Référence
* Wani ka taa's Mobile-friendly Bambara-English dictionary wanda ya hada da Faransanci da Jula.
* [[wiktionary:fr:Catégorie:bambara|Rubutun Bambara (&gt;2300) a cikin Wiktionary na Faransanci]]
* Bambara-Faransa-Turanci ƙamus a kan layi da ƙamus masu saukewa don masu koyon harshe
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081108005847/http://www.bisharat.net/Demos/jiriwso.htm Sunayen bishiyoyin Bambara (sunan kimiyya -&gt; sunan gama gari)]

=== Kayan ilmantarwa ===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181226225516/http://www.iub.edu/~celtie/bambara.html Shirin Bambara na kan layi daga Jami'ar Indiana]
* &quot;AN Ƙaddamarwa zuwa BAMBARA&quot; (PDF). An adana shi daga asali (PDF) a 2011-07-21.  {{Small|(168&amp;nbsp;KB)}} a kan peacecorps.gov &amp;nbsp;

=== Sauran haruffa ===

* Corpus Bambara de Référence Corpus Bamba de Référence, wani nau'in lantarki na [http://cormand.huma-num.fr/ Bayani na Bambara] (kimanin kalmomi 2,000,000 ƙarshen 2014) 
* [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ml.maliyiri.bambaradictionary&amp;hl=en_US Aikace-aikacen Android] na Maliyiri.com, tare da dubban masu amfani na yau da kullun, yana ba da fassarorin Turanci-Bambara-Faransa kuma masu amfani na iya zaɓar samun sanarwa na yau da kullum / mako-mako don ci gaba da koyo.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170617224934/http://cormand.huma-num.fr/biblio/index.jsp Bambara Electronic Library, AMALAN - LLACAN]
* An [http://www.ankataa.com Ka taa]: shafin yanar gizo tare da ƙamus, albarkatu da kafofin watsa labarai don koyon Bambara da Manding gabaɗaya.
* Bambara a Wikibooks na Faransanci ya ƙunshi ƙarin kayan
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140703141254/http://www.vjf.cnrs.fr/clt/php/va/Page_revue.php?ValCodeRev=MDK Jaridar Mandenkan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130516204859/http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Manding Shafin PanAfriL10n akan Manding] (ya haɗa da bayanai akan Bambara) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090916112516/http://www.maneno.org/bam/ Maneno a cikin Bambara] (dandalin rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo tare da cikakken Bambara) 
[[Category:Harsunan Mali]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Harshen Dinka</title>
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'''Dinka''' (Na asali {{Lang|din|Thuɔŋjäŋ}}&lt;/link&gt; , {{Lang|din|Thoŋ ë Jieng}}&lt;/link&gt; ko kuma kawai {{Lang|din|Jieng}}&lt;/link&gt; ) gungu ne na yaren [[Harshen Nilotic|Nilotic]] da ƴan ƙabilar Dinka, wata babbar kabila ce ta [[Sudan ta Kudu]] . Akwai manyan nau'ikan iri da yawa, irin su Padang, Rek, Agaar, Ciec, Apaak, Aliep, Bor, Hol, Nyarweng, Twic East da Twic Mayardit,   waɗanda suka bambanta sosai (ko da yake ana fahimtar juna) don buƙatar rarrabewa. matsayin adabi. Ana amfani da Jaang, Jieng ko Muonyjieng azaman jumla gabaɗaya don rufe duk harsunan Dinka. Kwanan nan ''Akutmɛ̈t Latueŋ Thuɔŋjäŋ'' (Ƙungiyar Cigaban Harshen Dinka) ta ba da shawarar rubutaccen nahawu na Dinka.

Harshen da ya fi dacewa da Dinka shine yaren Nuer . Harshen Luo ma suna da alaƙa da juna. Kalmomin Dinka suna nuna kusanci sosai  Nubian, wanda kuma mai yiwuwa ne saboda hulɗar zamani tsakanin mutanen Dinka da masarautar Alodia..{{Sfn|Beswick|2004}}

Ana samun Dinka galibi a gefen Nilu, musamman a yammacin White Nile, babban kogi da ke gudana a arewa daga Uganda, arewa da kudancin Sudd marsh a jihar Kordofan ta Kudu ta Sudan da kuma yankin Bahr el Ghazal da Upper Nile na Sudan ta Kudu.

== Abubuwan harshe. ==

== Fasahar sauti ==

== Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi ==
Akwai alamomi guda 20:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Labari
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Dental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Alveolar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Palatal
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Velar
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Hanci&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; width=&quot;20px&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; width=&quot;20px&quot; |m
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; width=&quot;20px&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; width=&quot;20px&quot; |n̪
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; width=&quot;20px&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; width=&quot;20px&quot; |n
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; width=&quot;20px&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; width=&quot;20px&quot; |ɲ
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; width=&quot;20px&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; width=&quot;20px&quot; |ŋ
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Dakatar da&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; |p
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; |b
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; |t̪
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; |d̪
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; |t
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; |d
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; |c
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; |ɟ
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; |k
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; |ɡ
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Fricative&lt;/small&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; |ɣ
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Kusanci (Lateral) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; |j
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; |w
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; |l
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Rhotic&lt;/small&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; |ɾ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|}

==== Sautin sautin ====
Dinka yana da tsarin wasula mai wadata, tare da goma sha uku na gajerun wasula masu banbanci. Akwai halaye bakwai na wasali tare da bambancin hanyoyi biyu a cikin sauti. Ƙananan, suna nuna jerin muryoyin numfashi, wanda aka wakilta a cikin rubutun Dinka ta hanyar diaereses, . Sautin da ba a san su ba suna da salo ko murya mai ƙarfi.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |A gaba
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Komawa
|-
!&lt;small&gt;fili&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt; numfashi&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;fili&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;numfashi&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!Kusa
|i
|{{IPA|i̤}}
|u
|
|-
!Tsakanin Tsakiya
|da kuma
|{{IPA|e̤}}
|o
|{{IPA|o̤}}
|-
!Bude-tsakiya
|ɛ
|{{IPA|ɛ̤}}
|Owu
|{{IPA|ɔ̤}}
|-
!Bude
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|a
|{{IPA|a̤}}
|}
An bayyana sauti huɗu a cikin wasula na Dinka: muryar modal, muryar numfashi, muryar faucalized, da murya mai tsanani. Jerin modal yana da murya mai ƙarfi ko murya mai tsanani a wasu mahalli, yayin da wasula masu numfashi suna tsakiya kuma an bayyana su a matsayin murya mai zurfi (mai zurfi). Wannan &lt;ref name=&quot;Remijsen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=297–327}}&lt;/ref&gt; shi da alaƙa da sautin.

&lt;ref name=&quot;Remijsen&quot;/&gt; saman wannan, akwai nau'ikan wasula guda uku, fasalin da aka samu a cikin harsuna kalilan.Yawancin tushen aikatau na Dinka guda ɗaya ne, ƙayyadaddun kalmomi tare da gajeren ko dogon wasali. Wasu jujjuyawar suna tsawaita wannan wasali:

* {{IPA|/lèl/}} 'keɓe\2sg'
* {{IPA|/lèːl/}} 'keɓewa\3sg'
* /{{IPA|/léːl/}}/ 'haɓaka\2sg'
* {{IPA|/lèːːl/}} 'haɓaka\3sg'

{|
|gajeren lokaci
|''ràaan ā-lèl''
|&quot;Kana ware mutum (ràaan).&quot;
|-
|Tsawon Lokaci
|''ràaan ā-léel''
|&quot;Yana ware mutum&quot;.
|-
|Tsawon lokaci
|''Lràaan ā-léeel''
|&quot;Yana tayar da mutum&quot;.
|}

==== Sauti ====
Amfani mai yawa da sautin da hulɗarsa da yanayin jiki alama ce ta dukkan yarukan Dinka. Harsunan Bor duk suna &lt;ref name=&quot;Remijsen&quot;/&gt; nau'o'i huɗu a matakin syllable: Low, High, Mid, da Fall.

A cikin Bor da ya dace, sautin da ke fadowa ba a samo shi a kan gajerun wasula sai dai a matsayin juyawa don mai wucewa a cikin halin yanzu.  Nyaarweng da Twïc  ba a samu kwata-kwata ba. A cikin Bor da ya dace, kuma watakila a wasu yaruka, Fall an gane shi ne kawai a ƙarshen kalma. A wani wuri ya zama Babban.

A cikin Bor da ya dace kuma watakila wasu yaruka, sautin Low yana da ƙarancin sauti kawai bayan wani sautin low. A wani wuri yana fadowa, amma ba daidai da Fall ba: Ba ya zama High a tsakiyar jumla, kuma masu magana na iya rarrabe sautunan fadowa guda biyu duk da gaskiyar cewa suna da nau'ikan farar iri ɗaya. Bambancin ya bayyana a cikin lokaci: tare da Fall mutum yana jin sautin matakin da ya fadi, yayin da falling allophone na Low ya fara faduwa sannan ya tashi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=473–92}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Wato, daya ya fadi a kan mora na farko na wasali, yayin da ɗayan ya fadi a cikin mora na biyu.) Wannan ba sabon abu ba ne saboda an yi la'akari da cewa irin waɗannan bambance-bambance na lokaci ba su da sauti.

=== Yanayin Yanayi ===
Wannan harshe yana nuna sautin sautin ko apophony, canjin sautin ciki (kamar Turanci ''goose / geese''): &lt;ref&gt;After Bauer 2003:35&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!Mai banbanci
!Yawancin mutane
!gloss
!sauya sautin
|-
|{{IPA|dom}}
|{{IPA|dum}}
|'Yankin / filayen'
| ({{IPA|o–u}}) 
|-
|{{IPA|kat}}
|{{IPA|kɛt}}
|'Frams/Frams'
| ({{IPA|a–ɛ}}) 
|}

== Harsuna ==
Masana ilimin harshe sun raba Dinka zuwa harsuna biyar ko tarin yaruka daidai da wurin da suke dangane da juna: 

Arewa maso gabas da yamma:

* Padaŋ na Ayuël jiel (Abiliang, Nyiël, Ageer, D Disney).
* Luäc (Akook, Wieu, Aguer) 
* Ŋɔŋ na Jok (Upper Nile) 
* Rut
* Thoi

Yammacin Turai:

* Ŋɔŋ daga Jok Athuorkok (Abiei) 
* Ŋ da Jok de Awet
* Kuel na Ruweeng (Panaru, Aloor ku Paweny) 

Kudancin Tsakiya:

* Aliap
* Ciëc (Jang) 
* Rubuce-rubuce
* Agaar
* Yirol ya yamma.

Kudu maso gabas:

* Bor
* Twic (Biyu) 
* Nyarweng
* Hol

Kudu maso yamma:

* Malual-Jinyaaɛrŋ (Abiëm, Pali %, Aroyo, Paliëupiny ku Pajok) 

* Luänyjäŋ
* Twic Bol

'''Rek'''

* Ruwa da kuma
* Apuk
* Awan Cän ku Awan Mɔ̈u
* Kwac Aiki
* Abiëm Mayar
* Abubuwan da suka faru
* Nöi Ayii
* Nyaŋ Aköc
* Atok Buk
* Ler Akën
* Awan Parek
* Lɔn Ariik
* LON LOKWAN
* Kɔŋgör Arop
* Apuk Padɔc
* Muɔk Aköt Wut
* Yär Ayiɛɛi
* Apuk Jurwiir
* Ya yi amfani da shi
* Luäny Malek
* Ya kamata ya zama mai suna &quot;Kyakkyawan&quot;
* Thïïk / Thïŋ Majɔk
* Kɔŋ-ŋör Akuëcbɛ̈ny
* Birni ya kasance
* Adöör Mabior
* Bäc


Wadannan za su kasance masu fahimta da juna idan ba don muhimmancin sautin a cikin juyin halittar ba, kamar yadda aikin sautin ya bambanta daga iri zuwa wani.

Dubi taswirar kan layi na Ethnologue na Sudan don wuraren yaruka.

== Tsarin rubuce-rubuce ==
An rubuta Dinka tare da haruffa Latin da yawa tun farkon karni na 20. Harshen haruffa na yanzu shine:

: a ä b c d dh e ë ɛ̈ g ɣ i ï j k l m n nh ny ŋ t th u w o ö ɔ̈ p r y

Bambance-bambance a wasu haruffa sun hada da:
{|
|'''Harafin yanzu'''
|'''Sauran hanyoyin'''
|-
|{{Center|ɛ}}
|ė (&quot;e&quot; ''tare da maɓalli a saman'') 
|-
|{{Center|ɣ}}
|h, x, q
|-
|{{Center|ŋ}}
|ng
|-
|{{Center|ɔ}}
|Xi (&quot;o&quot; ''tare da maɓalli a saman'') 
|}
Aleu Majok Aleu  ya kirkiro haruffa na Dinka wanda ya danganci [[Nilerian script|Rubutun Nilerian]]. 

A cikin 2020 Deng Chol ya gabatar da sabon tsarin rubuce-rubucen Dinka (Nilotic Script), an haɓaka sabon rubutun daga tsohuwar tsarin rubucewar Meroëtic,

== Rubutun samfurin ==
Mataki na 1 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights 

Dinka: Rana a cikin N'Abin da ke cikin N'abin da ke da alaƙa da N'afin da ke cikin n'abin.''&amp;nbsp;''

Turanci: Dukkanin 'yan adam an haife su da 'yanci kuma daidai da mutunci da haƙƙoƙi. ''&amp;nbsp;''Suna da hankali da lamiri kuma ya kamata suyi aiki da juna cikin ruhun 'yan uwantaka.

== Dubi kuma ==
 

* Mutanen Dinka
* Harsunan Nilo-Sahara

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://pioockuthuongjangda.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/the-new-muonyjang-dinka-script.pdf Harshen Dinka na Nilerian]
* [http://www.kasahorow.org/dinka shafi na kasahorow akan Dinka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203070930/https://www.kasahorow.org/dinka |date=2023-02-03 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140621194355/http://openroad.net.au/languages/dinka Shafin OpenRoad akan Dinka]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070331203959/http://home.vicnet.net.au/~agamlong/index.en.html Cibiyar Harshen Dinka (Australia) (DLIA) shafin yanar gizo na harsuna da yawa akan Dinka, gami da Dinka]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070328220456/http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Dinka Shafin PanAfrican L10n akan Dinka]
* [http://www.answers.com/topic/dinka-alphabet Harshen Dinka a kan Answer.com]
* Daga 1963 Littafin Addu'a tare da Hymns, a cikin yaren Dinka, Bor (1956) wanda Richard Mammana ya tsara a cikin 2015
* din:Wikipedia:Apam kë ya yi Wikipedia a cikin Dinka
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>g7bzgewtg7vmujn3x12lewu9riys7be</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975617</id>
      <parentid>975616</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T19:53:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abubakar Kaddi</username>
        <id>24783</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>975617</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9937" sha1="3fwr6pj9kt9zedgovcy2b948c6q691h" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}{{Gyara mukala}}
'''Dinka''' (Na asali {{Lang|din|Thuɔŋjäŋ}}&lt;/link&gt; , {{Lang|din|Thoŋ ë Jieng}}&lt;/link&gt; ko kuma kawai {{Lang|din|Jieng}}&lt;/link&gt; ) gungu ne na yaren [[Harshen Nilotic|Nilotic]] da ƴan ƙabilar Dinka, wata babbar kabila ce ta [[Sudan ta Kudu]] . Akwai manyan nau'ikan iri da yawa, irin su Padang, Rek, Agaar, Ciec, Apaak, Aliep, Bor, Hol, Nyarweng, Twic East da Twic Mayardit,   waɗanda suka bambanta sosai (ko da yake ana fahimtar juna) don buƙatar rarrabewa. matsayin adabi. Ana amfani da Jaang, Jieng ko Muonyjieng azaman jumla gabaɗaya don rufe duk harsunan Dinka. Kwanan nan ''Akutmɛ̈t Latueŋ Thuɔŋjäŋ'' (Ƙungiyar Cigaban Harshen Dinka) ta ba da shawarar rubutaccen nahawu na Dinka.

Harshen da ya fi dacewa da Dinka shine yaren Nuer . Harshen Luo ma suna da alaƙa da juna. Kalmomin Dinka suna nuna kusanci sosai  Nubian, wanda kuma mai yiwuwa ne saboda hulɗar zamani tsakanin mutanen Dinka da masarautar Alodia..{{Sfn|Beswick|2004}}

Ana kuma samun Dinka galibi a gefen Nilu, musamman a yammacin White Nile, babban kogi da ke gudana a arewa daga Uganda, arewa da kudancin Sudd marsh a jihar Kordofan ta Kudu ta Sudan da kuma yankin Bahr el Ghazal da Upper Nile na Sudan ta Kudu.

== Abubuwan harshe. ==

== Fasahar sauti ==

== Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi ==
Akwai alamomi guda 20:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Labari
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Dental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Alveolar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Palatal
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Velar
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Hanci&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; width=&quot;20px&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; width=&quot;20px&quot; |m
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; width=&quot;20px&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; width=&quot;20px&quot; |n̪
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; width=&quot;20px&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; width=&quot;20px&quot; |n
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; width=&quot;20px&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; width=&quot;20px&quot; |ɲ
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; width=&quot;20px&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; width=&quot;20px&quot; |ŋ
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Dakatar da&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; |p
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; |b
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; |t̪
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; |d̪
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; |t
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; |d
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; |c
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; |ɟ
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; |k
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; |ɡ
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Fricative&lt;/small&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; |ɣ
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Kusanci (Lateral) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; |j
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; |w
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; |l
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Rhotic&lt;/small&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-right: 0;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 0;&quot; |ɾ
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|}

==== Sautin sautin ====
Dinka yana da tsarin wasula mai wadata, tare da goma sha uku na gajerun wasula masu banbanci. Akwai halaye bakwai na wasali tare da bambancin hanyoyi biyu a cikin sauti. Ƙananan, suna nuna jerin muryoyin numfashi, wanda aka wakilta a cikin rubutun Dinka ta hanyar diaereses, . Sautin da ba a san su ba suna da salo ko murya mai ƙarfi.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |A gaba
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Komawa
|-
!&lt;small&gt;fili&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt; numfashi&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;fili&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;numfashi&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!Kusa
|i
|{{IPA|i̤}}
|u
|
|-
!Tsakanin Tsakiya
|da kuma
|{{IPA|e̤}}
|o
|{{IPA|o̤}}
|-
!Bude-tsakiya
|ɛ
|{{IPA|ɛ̤}}
|Owu
|{{IPA|ɔ̤}}
|-
!Bude
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|a
|{{IPA|a̤}}
|}
An bayyana sauti huɗu a cikin wasula na Dinka: muryar modal, muryar numfashi, muryar faucalized, da murya mai tsanani. Jerin modal yana da murya mai ƙarfi ko murya mai tsanani a wasu mahalli, yayin da wasula masu numfashi suna tsakiya kuma an bayyana su a matsayin murya mai zurfi (mai zurfi). Wannan &lt;ref name=&quot;Remijsen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=297–327}}&lt;/ref&gt; shi da alaƙa da sautin.

&lt;ref name=&quot;Remijsen&quot;/&gt; saman wannan, akwai nau'ikan wasula guda uku, fasalin da aka samu a cikin harsuna kalilan.Yawancin tushen aikatau na Dinka guda ɗaya ne, ƙayyadaddun kalmomi tare da gajeren ko dogon wasali. Wasu jujjuyawar suna tsawaita wannan wasali:

* {{IPA|/lèl/}} 'keɓe\2sg'
* {{IPA|/lèːl/}} 'keɓewa\3sg'
* /{{IPA|/léːl/}}/ 'haɓaka\2sg'
* {{IPA|/lèːːl/}} 'haɓaka\3sg'

{|
|gajeren lokaci
|''ràaan ā-lèl''
|&quot;Kana ware mutum (ràaan).&quot;
|-
|Tsawon Lokaci
|''ràaan ā-léel''
|&quot;Yana ware mutum&quot;.
|-
|Tsawon lokaci
|''Lràaan ā-léeel''
|&quot;Yana tayar da mutum&quot;.
|}

==== Sauti ====
Amfani mai yawa da sautin da hulɗarsa da yanayin jiki alama ce ta dukkan yarukan Dinka. Harsunan Bor duk suna &lt;ref name=&quot;Remijsen&quot;/&gt; nau'o'i huɗu a matakin syllable: Low, High, Mid, da Fall.

A cikin Bor da ya dace, sautin da ke fadowa ba a samo shi a kan gajerun wasula sai dai a matsayin juyawa don mai wucewa a cikin halin yanzu.  Nyaarweng da Twïc  ba a samu kwata-kwata ba. A cikin Bor da ya dace, kuma watakila a wasu yaruka, Fall an gane shi ne kawai a ƙarshen kalma. A wani wuri ya zama Babban.

A cikin Bor da ya dace kuma watakila wasu yaruka, sautin Low yana da ƙarancin sauti kawai bayan wani sautin low. A wani wuri yana fadowa, amma ba daidai da Fall ba: Ba ya zama High a tsakiyar jumla, kuma masu magana na iya rarrabe sautunan fadowa guda biyu duk da gaskiyar cewa suna da nau'ikan farar iri ɗaya. Bambancin ya bayyana a cikin lokaci: tare da Fall mutum yana jin sautin matakin da ya fadi, yayin da falling allophone na Low ya fara faduwa sannan ya tashi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=473–92}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Wato, daya ya fadi a kan mora na farko na wasali, yayin da ɗayan ya fadi a cikin mora na biyu.) Wannan ba sabon abu ba ne saboda an yi la'akari da cewa irin waɗannan bambance-bambance na lokaci ba su da sauti.

=== Yanayin Yanayi ===
Wannan harshe yana nuna sautin sautin ko apophony, canjin sautin ciki (kamar Turanci ''goose / geese''): &lt;ref&gt;After Bauer 2003:35&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
!Mai banbanci
!Yawancin mutane
!gloss
!sauya sautin
|-
|{{IPA|dom}}
|{{IPA|dum}}
|'Yankin / filayen'
| ({{IPA|o–u}}) 
|-
|{{IPA|kat}}
|{{IPA|kɛt}}
|'Frams/Frams'
| ({{IPA|a–ɛ}}) 
|}

== Harsuna ==
Masana ilimin harshe sun raba Dinka zuwa harsuna biyar ko tarin yaruka daidai da wurin da suke dangane da juna: 

Arewa maso gabas da yamma:

* Padaŋ na Ayuël jiel (Abiliang, Nyiël, Ageer, D Disney).
* Luäc (Akook, Wieu, Aguer) 
* Ŋɔŋ na Jok (Upper Nile) 
* Rut
* Thoi

Yammacin Turai:

* Ŋɔŋ daga Jok Athuorkok (Abiei) 
* Ŋ da Jok de Awet
* Kuel na Ruweeng (Panaru, Aloor ku Paweny) 

Kudancin Tsakiya:

* Aliap
* Ciëc (Jang) 
* Rubuce-rubuce
* Agaar
* Yirol ya yamma.

Kudu maso gabas:

* Bor
* Twic (Biyu) 
* Nyarweng
* Hol

Kudu maso yamma:

* Malual-Jinyaaɛrŋ (Abiëm, Pali %, Aroyo, Paliëupiny ku Pajok) 

* Luänyjäŋ
* Twic Bol

'''Rek'''

* Ruwa da kuma
* Apuk
* Awan Cän ku Awan Mɔ̈u
* Kwac Aiki
* Abiëm Mayar
* Abubuwan da suka faru
* Nöi Ayii
* Nyaŋ Aköc
* Atok Buk
* Ler Akën
* Awan Parek
* Lɔn Ariik
* LON LOKWAN
* Kɔŋgör Arop
* Apuk Padɔc
* Muɔk Aköt Wut
* Yär Ayiɛɛi
* Apuk Jurwiir
* Ya yi amfani da shi
* Luäny Malek
* Ya kamata ya zama mai suna &quot;Kyakkyawan&quot;
* Thïïk / Thïŋ Majɔk
* Kɔŋ-ŋör Akuëcbɛ̈ny
* Birni ya kasance
* Adöör Mabior
* Bäc


Wadannan za su kasance masu fahimta da juna idan ba don muhimmancin sautin a cikin juyin halittar ba, kamar yadda aikin sautin ya bambanta daga iri zuwa wani.

Dubi taswirar kan layi na Ethnologue na Sudan don wuraren yaruka.

== Tsarin rubuce-rubuce ==
An rubuta Dinka tare da haruffa Latin da yawa tun farkon karni na 20. Harshen haruffa na yanzu shine:

: a ä b c d dh e ë ɛ̈ g ɣ i ï j k l m n nh ny ŋ t th u w o ö ɔ̈ p r y

Bambance-bambance a wasu haruffa sun hada da:
{|
|'''Harafin yanzu'''
|'''Sauran hanyoyin'''
|-
|{{Center|ɛ}}
|ė (&quot;e&quot; ''tare da maɓalli a saman'') 
|-
|{{Center|ɣ}}
|h, x, q
|-
|{{Center|ŋ}}
|ng
|-
|{{Center|ɔ}}
|Xi (&quot;o&quot; ''tare da maɓalli a saman'') 
|}
Aleu Majok Aleu  ya kirkiro haruffa na Dinka wanda ya danganci [[Nilerian script|Rubutun Nilerian]]. 

A cikin 2020 Deng Chol ya gabatar da sabon tsarin rubuce-rubucen Dinka (Nilotic Script), an haɓaka sabon rubutun daga tsohuwar tsarin rubucewar Meroëtic,

== Rubutun samfurin ==
Mataki na 1 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights 

Dinka: Rana a cikin N'Abin da ke cikin N'abin da ke da alaƙa da N'afin da ke cikin n'abin.''&amp;nbsp;''

Turanci: Dukkanin 'yan adam an haife su da 'yanci kuma daidai da mutunci da haƙƙoƙi. ''&amp;nbsp;''Suna da hankali da lamiri kuma ya kamata suyi aiki da juna cikin ruhun 'yan uwantaka.

== Dubi kuma ==
 

* Mutanen Dinka
* Harsunan Nilo-Sahara

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://pioockuthuongjangda.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/the-new-muonyjang-dinka-script.pdf Harshen Dinka na Nilerian]
* [http://www.kasahorow.org/dinka shafi na kasahorow akan Dinka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203070930/https://www.kasahorow.org/dinka |date=2023-02-03 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140621194355/http://openroad.net.au/languages/dinka Shafin OpenRoad akan Dinka]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070331203959/http://home.vicnet.net.au/~agamlong/index.en.html Cibiyar Harshen Dinka (Australia) (DLIA) shafin yanar gizo na harsuna da yawa akan Dinka, gami da Dinka]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070328220456/http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Dinka Shafin PanAfrican L10n akan Dinka]
* [http://www.answers.com/topic/dinka-alphabet Harshen Dinka a kan Answer.com]
* Daga 1963 Littafin Addu'a tare da Hymns, a cikin yaren Dinka, Bor (1956) wanda Richard Mammana ya tsara a cikin 2015
* din:Wikipedia:Apam kë ya yi Wikipedia a cikin Dinka
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jana Strydom</title>
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'''Jana Strydom''' (an Haife shi 12 Yuni 1980) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta [[Afirka]] ta Kudu, mai gabatar da talabijin, muryar mai fasaha da MC. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jana&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jana Strydom: :Talent Finders |url=https://www.talentfinders.com/profiles/view/31/jana_strydom |access-date=2021-11-17 |website=www.talentfinders.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117181409/https://www.talentfinders.com/profiles/view/31/jana_strydom |archive-date=2021-11-17 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin kamar; ''7de Laan'', ''Egoli: Wurin Zinariya'', ''Swartwater'', ''Erfsondes'' da ''Arendsvlei'' .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nkosi |first=Joseph |last2=MA |title=Jana Strydom biography - The Nation |url=https://thenation.co.za/bio/jana-strydom-biography/ |access-date=2021-11-17 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117181416/https://thenation.co.za/bio/jana-strydom-biography/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;netwerk24.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Foto's uit aktrise Jana Strydom se album |url=https://www.netwerk24.com/sarie/Bekendes/Ons-Praat-Met/fotos-uit-aktrise-jana-strydom-se-album-20170914 |access-date=2021-11-17 |website=Sarie |language=af-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haifi Strydom a ranar 12 ga Yuni 1980 a Afirka ta Kudu.  Bayan kammala matric dinta, Strydom ya tafi ya yi aiki a Turai na tsawon shekaru biyu. Sannan ta koma Afirka ta Kudu ta shiga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tshwane . Daga baya ta sauke karatu Cum Laude da difloma ta B-Tech Drama.&lt;ref name=&quot;TVSA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jana Strydom : TVSA |url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=7326&amp;sr=1 |access-date=2021-11-17 |website=www.tvsa.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ta fara wasan kwaikwayo tare da shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da yawa daga 2001 zuwa 2003 ciki har da; Medea .​​​​​​ A shekara ta 2004, ta lashe lambar yabo ta Crystal Magazine ta Mujallar Jama'a don Mafi kyawun sabon shiga wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu. A halin yanzu, ta yi aiki da Franz Marx Films na 'yan shekaru. A 2009, ta shiga tare da simintin gyare-gyare na kakar 10 na M-Net sabulu opera Egoli: &lt;ref name=&quot;career&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jana Strydom career |url=https://talent-etc.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/JANA-STRYDOM-KRUGER-CV.pdf |access-date=2021-11-17 |website=talent-etc.co.za |archive-date=2021-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117181408/https://talent-etc.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/JANA-STRYDOM-KRUGER-CV.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;Place of Gold, inda ta taka rawar &quot;Marcelle Crafford&quot;.  Rawar ta samu karbuwa sosai a tsakanin jama'a, inda ta ci gaba da taka rawa har zuwa kakar wasa ta goma. A halin yanzu, ta gabatar kuma ta dauki nauyin shirin Tattaunawar Rayuwa . &lt;ref name=&quot;career&quot;/&gt;

A cikin 2007, ta taka rawar &quot;Kate Ferreira&quot; a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na SABC2 ''Erfsondes'' .  Ta ci gaba da taka rawa tsawon shekaru shida a jere na yanayi shida har zuwa 2017.  A cikin 2010 da 2013, an zabe ta don Kyautar Kyautar Jaruma a sashen wasan kwaikwayo na TV a [[Kyautar Gasan Fina-finai ta Afurka ta kudu.|Kyautar Fina-Finan Afirka ta Kudu da Talabijin]] (SAFTA).  A halin yanzu, ta shiga tare da Danie Odendal Produksies. A karkashin tutarsu, ta taka rawar &quot;Helena Moolman&quot; a cikin SABC1 opera sabulu ''7de Laan'' . A cikin 2013, ta fito a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na lokacin kykNET ''Donkerland'' tare da rawar &quot;Thea de Jager&quot;.  Sannan ta ba da gudummawar kamfen na Samsung na duniya. A cikin wannan shekarar, ta lashe lambar yabo ga mafi kyawun yar wasan kwaikwayo a 2013 Silwerskerm Film Festival saboda rawar da ta taka a cikin gajeren fim ''Vashou Ding'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;TVSA&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Jana&quot; /&gt; Ta kuma sami lambobin yabo na ATKeertjie guda uku don aikinta a 2010, 2011 da 2013.

== Fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Fim
! Matsayi
! Salon
! Ref.
|-
| 2007
| ''Erfsondes''
| Kate Ferreira
| jerin talabijan
|
|-
| 2009
| ''Egoli: Wurin Zinare''
| Marcelle
| jerin talabijan
|
|-
| 2012
| ''Taxi na kowa''
| Take-away uwargida
| Fim
|
|-
| 2013
| ''Vashou-ding''
| Mace
| Short film
|
|-
| 2013
| ''Donkerland''
| Da Jager
| jerin talabijan
|
|-
| 2013
| ''Geramtes in die Kas''
| Emma
| jerin talabijan
|
|-
| 2009
| ''7 da Lan''
| Helena Mulman
| jerin talabijan
|
|-
| 2014
| ''Swartwater''
| Karen da Roux
| jerin talabijan
|
|-
| 2014
| ''Konfetti''
| Martine Voste
| Fim
|
|-
| 2014
| ''Uwargidan jagora''
| Linda van der Merwe
| Fim
|
|-
| 2014
| ''Alles Wat Mal Is''
| Esme Steyn
| Fim
|
|-
| 2015
| ''Treurgrond''
| Helena Schoeman
| Fim
|
|-
| 2015
| ''Sunan mahaifi ma'anar Ster''
| Mariya Schuman
| Fim
|
|-
| 2015
| ''Hartloop''
| Janke
| Short film
|
|-
| 2016
| ''Geroud ya hadu da rugby''
| Gasspeler
| jerin talabijan
|
|-
| 2017
| ''Sunan mahaifi Boland Morde''
| Katinka
| jerin talabijan
|
|-
| 2017
| ''Dokar Tawakkali''
| Shirley Hepple
| Fim
|
|-
| 2018
| ''Suidooster''
| Vivienne Venter
| jerin talabijan
|
|-
| 2019
| ''Arendsvlei''
| Eloise de Villiers ne adam wata
| jerin talabijan
|
|-
| 2019
| ''Sunan mahaifi Spreeus''
| Debra
| jerin talabijan
|
|-
| 2020
| ''Fynskrif''
| Retha
| jerin talabijan
|
|-
| 2020
| ''Projek Dina''
| Karen
| jerin talabijan
|
|-
| 2021
| ''Afgrond''
| Julia Cilliers
| jerin talabijan
|
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1980]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Islamiyat Yusuf</title>
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[[Fayil:2018-10-11 Clean &amp; Jerk (Weightlifting Girls' 58kg) at 2018 Summer Youth Olympics by Sandro Halank–208.jpg|thumb|Islamiyat Yusuf]]
[[Fayil:2018-10-11 Snatch (Weightlifting Girls' 58kg) at 2018 Summer Youth Olympics by Sandro Halank–084.jpg|thumb|Islamiyat Yusuf]]
[[Fayil:2018-10-11 Snatch (Weightlifting Girls' 58kg) at 2018 Summer Youth Olympics by Sandro Halank–099.jpg|thumb|Islamiyat Yusuf]]
[[Fayil:2018-10-11 Clean &amp; Jerk (Weightlifting Girls' 58kg) at 2018 Summer Youth Olympics by Sandro Halank–168.jpg|thumb|Islamiyat Yusuf]]
[[Fayil:2018-10-11 Snatch (Weightlifting Girls' 58kg) at 2018 Summer Youth Olympics by Sandro Halank–102.jpg|thumb|Islamiyat Yusuf]]
[[Fayil:2018-10-11 Clean &amp; Jerk (Weightlifting Girls' 58kg) at 2018 Summer Youth Olympics by Sandro Halank–206.jpg|thumb|Islamiyat Yusuf]]
{{MedalTableTop|image=2018-10-11_Clean_&amp;_Jerk_(Weightlifting_Girls'_58kg)_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_by_Sandro_Halank–208.jpg|image_size=220px|caption=Yusuf at 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|medals={{MedalSport|Women's [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{NGR}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Weightlifting at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Weightlifting at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Weightlifting at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's 64 kg|64 kg]]}}}}'''Islamiyat Adebukola Yusuf''' (an haife ta a ranar 3 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2003) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Islamiyat Adebukola Yusuf |url=https://www.birmingham2022.com/athletes/islamiyat-adebukola-yusuf/9ed5907b-8900-40fe-a75a-dbc5044557c4 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Birmingham2022.com |publisher=[[Birmingham Organising Committee for the 2022 Commonwealth Games Limited]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ƴar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce na ƙasar Najeriya, wanda ke fafatawa a rukunin 63/64 kg kuma yana wakiltar ƙasar Najeriya a gasa ta duniya. A watan Agustan shekarar 2022, ta lashe tagulla a Wasannin Commonwealth na 2022  .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eludini |first=Tunde |date=2022-08-01 |title=19-year-old wins another medal for Nigeria at Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/546227-just-in-19-year-old-wins-another-medal-for-nigeria-at-commonwealth-games.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-01 |title=CWG 2022: Weightlifter Islamiyat wins fourth medal for Nigeria |url=https://www.thecable.ng/cwg-2022-weightlifter-islamiyat-wins-fourth-medal-for-nigeria |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Popoola |first=Oluwadare |date=2022-07-31 |title=Team Nigeria Preview - 2022 Commonwealth Games Day 4 |url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2022/07/31/team-nigeria-preview-2022-commonwealth-games-day-4/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=MAKING OF CHAMPIONS |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805163008/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2022/07/31/team-nigeria-preview-2022-commonwealth-games-day-4/ |archive-date=2022-08-05 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin Haɗin waje ==

* Islamiyat Adebukdu Yusufa cikinƘungiyar Ɗauki Ƙasashen Duniya 
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Sibiu</title>
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[[Fayil:SibiuCollage2020 (3).png|thumb|garin Sibiu]]
[[Fayil:Sibiu jud Sibiu.svg|thumb|tasbiran garin sibiu]]
[[Fayil:ROM Sibiu, Turnul Sfatului, View 0021.jpg|thumb|hutuna gidajan Sibiu]]


'''Sibiu''' birni ne, da ke a ƙasar Transylvania, a tsakiyar ƙasar Romania. An san shi da gine-ginen Jamusanci a cikin tsohon garinsa, gadon mazauna Saxon na ƙarni na 12. A kewayen birnin akwai ragowar ganuwar da hasumiya na zamanin da, gami da Hasumiyar Majalisa ta ƙarni na 13. A cikin babban birni, fadar Brukenthal yanzu tana da gidan kayan tarihi na Brukenthal, tare da zane-zane na yankin Turai. Cathedral na Ikklesiyoyin bishara na kusa yana da kaburbura a bangonta.&lt;ref&gt; Heck, Pete (11 August 2014). &quot;The Romania Eyes&quot;Hecktic Travels. Retrieved 2 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Stub}} 

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Sudan</title>
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'''Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Sudan''' (abbreviated SUST) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=SUST |url=https://www.4icu.org/reviews/4309.htm |access-date= |website= |archive-date=2024-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529050410/https://www.4icu.org/reviews/4309.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan jami'o'in jama'a a Sudan, tare da ɗakunan karatu goma a Jihar Khartoum. Babban harabar tana cikin abin da ake kira [[:ar:المقرن (الخرطوم)|Al Mugran]] yankin [[Khartoum]], inda White Nile da Blue Nile suka haɗu.

== Tarihi ==
An kafa SUST a cikin mulkin mallaka na Sudan a matsayin Makarantar Fasaha ta Khartoum da Makarantar Kasuwanci a cikin 1902. Daga baya, Makarantar Radiology (1932) da Makarantar Zane (1946) da Makarantar Kasuwanci sun haɗu da Makarantar Fasaha ta Khartoum don kafa '''Cibiyar Fasaha ta Khartoum'''('''KTI''') a cikin 1950. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Establishment |url=https://www.4icu.org/reviews/4309.htm |access-date= |website= |archive-date=2024-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529050410/https://www.4icu.org/reviews/4309.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Shambat (1954),  Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Khartoum (1962), Cibiyar Kiɗa da Wasan kwaikwayo da Cibiyar Ilimi ta Jiki (1969) an kuma kara su kuma an sake masa suna a matsayin Cibiyar Khartoom Polytechnic (KP) a 1975. A cikin 1990, wannan ya zama Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Sudan.

== Kolejoji da Makarantu ==

* Kwalejin Nazarin Digiri
* Kwalejin Injiniya
* Kwalejin Injiniyan man fetur da Fasaha
* Kwalejin [[Ruwa]] da Injiniyan muhalli
* Kwalejin Masana'antu Injiniya da Fasaha
* Kwalejin [[Karatun gine-gine|Gine-gine]] da Shirye-shiryen
* Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasahar Bayanai
* Kwalejin Kiwon LafiyaMagunguna
* Kwalejin Kula da HakkiLikitan hakora
* Kwalejin MagungunaGidan magani
* Kwalejin Kwalejin Likitoci KimiyyaKimiyyar Gidajen Lafiya
* Kwalejin Kimiyya ta RadiologicKimiyya ta Radiologic ta Kiwon Lafiya
* Kwalejin Kimiyya
* Kwalejin Nazarin Aikin GonaNazarin Noma
* Kwalejin Kiwon LafiyaMagungunan dabbobi
* Kwalejin Samar da dabbobi Kimiyya da Fasaha
* Kwalejin Kula da dazuzzuka da KimiyyaKimiyya ta Range
* Kwalejin Nazarin [[Kasuwanci]]
* Kwalejin [[Harshe (yare)|Harsuna]]
* Kwalejin Ilimi
* [[Kwalejin Fine da Applied Art (Khartoum)|Kwalejin Fine da Applied Arts]]
* Kwalejin Kiɗa da Wasan kwaikwayo
* Kwalejin Ilimin Jiki da [[Wasanni]]
* Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Sadarwa
* Kwalejin [[Fasaha|Fasahar]]

== Cibiyoyin karatu ==
SUST tana da makarantun 10 da ke [[Khartoum]], babban birnin Sudan kuma birni mafi girma, da kuma Jihar Khartoum. Babban harabar tana cikin yankin [[:ar:المقرن (الخرطوم)|Al Mugran]] na [[Khartoum]] .

== Gidajen ==

=== Ɗakunan karatu ===
Gidajen karatu na SUST suna daga cikin kowane harabar kuma Deanship of Libraries Affairs ne ke sarrafawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Deanship of Libraries Affairs |url=https://library.sustech.edu/ |access-date=2022-02-25 |publisher=Sudan University of Science and Technology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526222219/https://library.sustech.edu/ |archive-date=2024-05-26 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tarin ɗakunan karatu sun haɗa da littattafai, littattafan eBooks, bugawa da kayan lantarki na biyan kuɗi na mujallar ilimi, microforms, rikodin kiɗa, tarin taswira mai yawa da sashen takardun shaida. Musamman, ɗakunan karatu na SUST sun haɗa da wurare 12 daban-daban:

* Laburaren Magungunan dabbobi da samar da dabbobi
* Laburaren Nazarin Aikin Gona
* Laburaren gandun daji da Kimiyya
* Laburaren Injiniya
* Laburaren Injiniyan Masana'antu
* Laburaren Kimiyya na Radiological na Kiwon Lafiya
* Laburaren Kimiyya da Fasaha na Ruwa
* Laburaren Ilimin Jiki
* Laburaren Injiniyan Man Fetur da Fasaha
* Laburaren Kimiyya na Sadarwa
* Laburaren Kimiyya da Fasahar Bayanai
* Laburaren Kimiyya na Kiwon Lafiya

Har ila yau, SUST tana da ajiyar dijital mai ban sha'awa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SUST Digital Repository |url=http://repository.sustech.edu/ |access-date=2022-02-26 |publisher=Sudan University of Science and Technology |archive-date=2024-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203180712/https://repository.sustech.edu/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gidajen wasanni ===
SUST ita ce kawai kwalejin don ilimin jiki da wasanni a Sudan. Yawancin waɗannan wuraren suna samuwa ga ɗalibai, ma'aikata da membobin jama'a.

== Matsayi ==
SUST ya kasance na farko na jami'o'in Sudan a cikin rarrabawar Webometrics na jami'ai da cibiyoyin duniya a jere a watan Yulin 2021 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sudan University is First among Sudanese Universities, and Progresses in Africa, the Arab World, and Globally |url=https://www.sustech.edu/2021/07/4038/ |access-date=2022-02-25 |publisher=Sudan University of Science and Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a watan Janairun 2022 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sudan-Ranking Web of Universities: Webometrics ranks 30000 institutions |url=https://www.webometrics.info/en/Africa/Sudan |access-date=2022-02-25 |publisher=Webometrics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An jera SUST a cikin goma sha takwas QS World University Rankings a watan Mayu 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Congratulations to SUST: QS and Webometrics Rankings |url=https://www.sustech.edu/2021/06/3660/ |access-date=2022-02-25 |publisher=Sudan University of Science and Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayu 2021, SUST ta kasance ta farko a cikin jami'o'in Sudan a watan Mayu na 2021 na Webometrics rankings na wuraren adana dijital, inda ta kasance 190 daga cikin wuraren adana bayanai 4,403 kuma ta kasance 205 daga cikin wuraren ajiya 4,579 a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Progressing Globally, Sudan University is Ranked first among Sudanese universities in Webometrics Ranking of Repositories |url=https://www.sustech.edu/2021/06/3331/ |access-date=2022-02-25 |publisher=Sudan University of Science and Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shugaban UNESCO ==
Jami'ar ta dauki bakuncin Shugaban UNESCO na Mata a Kimiyya da Fasaha &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNESCO Chair for Women in Science and Technology Official page |url=https://unesco.sustech.edu/ |access-date=2021-12-21 |publisher=Sudan University of Science and Technology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526224200/https://unesco.sustech.edu/ |archive-date=2024-05-26 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;, wanda aka kafa a kan shirin Farfesa Fatima Abdel Mahmoud, wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban farko.

== Shahararrun mutane ==

=== Shahararrun malamai ===

* [[Abdul Hakim Al-Tahir|Abdul Hakim Al-Taher]]: Daraktan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sudan kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo
* [[Ahmed Shibrain]]: Mai zane-zane na zamani na Sudan, tsofaffi kuma tsohon shugaban [[Kwalejin Fine da Applied Art (Khartoum)|Kwalejin Fine da Applied Art]]
* [[:ar:الفاتح حسين|Elfatih Hussien]]: mawaƙin Sudan, marubuci kuma mai sukar. Ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙan kiɗa a Sudan kuma Dean na kwalejin kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo
* [[:ar:فيصل أحمد سعد|Faisal Ahmed Saad]]: Dan wasan kwaikwayo na Sudan kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.

=== Shahararrun ɗalibai ===

* Abdel Aziz El Mubarak: mawaƙin Sudan
* Adil Babikir: mai sukar wallafe-wallafen Sudan da kuma mai fassara
* [[:ar:عفاف الصادق|Afaf Al-Sadiq]]: Mawallafin Sudan, ɗan jarida, kuma masanin kimiyya
* [[Ali Madhi Nouri]]: ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Sudan, darektan mataki wanda aka sanya shi mai zane-zane na [[UNESCO]] don zaman lafiya a watan Oktoba 2012 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ali Mahdi NOURI - Unesco |url=https://en.unesco.org/goodwill-ambassadors/ali-mahdi-nouri |access-date=2021-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*
* [[:ar:أشرف الضباعين|Ashraf Al-Dabain]]: Marubucin Jordan kuma marubucin littafi
* [[Hadi Eltigani|Hadi Mohamed Ahmed Eltigani]]: Farfesa na Sudan, ƙwararren ƙwararren masani, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Harrington-Ishikawa sau biyu kuma ya ba da lambar yabo ta Shugaban kasa don nuna kyakkyawan aiki ta [[Asia Pacific Quality Organization (APQO)|Kungiyar Ingancin Asiya ta Pacific (APQO)]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Global Organisational Excellence Congress |url=https://www.globalorganisationalexcellencecongress.com/speakers/ |access-date=2022-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hassan Musa: Sudanese majagaba a cikin fasahar zamani da kuma zoomorphic calligraphy.
* Ibrahim Mursal: Daraktan fina-finai na Norway na asalin Sudan da Somaliya
* Kamala Ibrahim Ishaq: Mai zane-zane na Sudan
* [[Mazahir Salih]]: Mai fafutukar al'ummar Sudan da Amurka kuma memba na Majalisar Birnin Iowa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pro Tem Mazahir Salih won't seek reelection to Iowa City Council |url=https://www.press-citizen.com/story/news/local/eastern-iowa/2021/06/24/iowa-city-council-mazahir-salih-wont-seek-reelection-iowa- |access-date=2021-12-21 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mohammed Abbaro ko Mo Abdalla masanin tukwane ne kuma [[Tukwane|mai tukwane]] na Sudan
* Mohamed Nureldin Abdallah: ɗan jarida mai daukar hoto na Sudan, ya yi aiki ga Reuters, Agence France-Presse, Oxford Analytica .
* [[Saeed Zaki]]: Masanin sadarwa na Sudan, diflomasiyya, jakadan matasa na farko da Kwamitin Wasannin Olympics na Duniya (IOC)  ya nada &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=H.E. Saeed ZAKI |url=https://www.iyfweb.org/p/he-saeed-zaki.html |access-date=2022-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sharhabil Ahmed: Mawakin Sudan, an kira shi &quot;Sarkin Jazz na Sudan&quot;
* Stephen Dhieu Dau: Dan siyasar [[Sudan ta Kudu]], ma'aikacin banki, Ministan Man Fetur da Ma'adinai na farko a Sudan ta Kudu
* Taysir El Nourani: Ministan kwadago da gyare-gyaren gudanarwa na Sudan

== Haɗin kai da jami'o'in kasa da kasa ==

* Jami'ar Multimedia, [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]]
* Jami'ar Fasaha ta Limkokwing, Malaysia
* Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Duniya (ICTP), Italiya
* Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Norway
* Jami'ar Tromsø, [[Norway]]
* Jami'ar Oslo, Norway
* Jami'ar Tennessee, Amurka
* Jami'ar Boston, Amurka
* Cibiyar Fasaha ta California, Amurka

== Takaddun shaida ==

* Tsarin Rarraba Ingancin Afirka (AQRM), 2017 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AQRM Institutional evaluations |url=https://haqaa.aau.org/activities/aqrm-institutional-evaluations/ |access-date=2022-02-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Binciken Kimiyya, Sudan
* Ƙungiyar Jami'ar Fasaha ta Duniya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Members List |url=https://wtua.dhu.edu.cn/MembersList/list.htm |access-date=2022-02-26 |publisher=WTUA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Afirka (AUU) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Members |url=https://www.aau.org/subs/membership/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |publisher=Association of African Universities |archive-date=2020-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518003051/https://www.aau.org/subs/membership/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dalilin Ilimi memba na Cibiyoyin Duniya

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Jami'o'i a Sudan]]
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'''Jami'ar Makerere'''' (/məˈkɛrəri/; &lt;ref&gt;Peter Roach, Jane Setter, John Esling, eds.&lt;/ref&gt; Mak) ita ce babbar jami'ar ilimi mafi girma a Uganda, da farko an kafa ta a matsayin Makarantar fasaha a 1922, kuma tsohuwar jami'a mai aiki a halin yanzu a Gabashin Afirka.  Ya zama jami'a mai zaman kanta a shekarar 1970. A yau, Jami'ar Makerere ta ƙunshi kwalejoji tara da kuma makarantar da ke ba da shirye-shirye ga kimanin dalibai 36,000 da dalibai 4,000. Wadannan kwalejoji sun hada da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Halitta (CONAS), Kwalejin Kimiyyar Lafiya (CHS), Kwaleji na Injiniya Art &amp; Design (CEDAT), Kwalejii Aikin Gona da Nazarin Muhalli (CAES), Kwalecin Kasuwanci da Kimiyya na Jama'a (CHUSS), Kwaলjin Kwamfuta da Kimiyya ta Bayanai (COCIS), Kwalejarin Magunguna da Kayan Kayan Kimiyyar Kayan Kwarewar Kayan Kyakkyawan Kayan Kariya (COVAB), Kwalejojin Ilimi da Nazarin waje (CEES) da Makarantar Kasuwancin Jami'ar Makerere (MUBS). Bugu da kari, Makerere tana da wani harabar a Gabashin Uganda Jinja City.

Babban bangaren gudanarwa ya lalace ta hanyar wuta a watan Satumbar 2020 kuma har yanzu ba a kafa dalilin gobarar ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;FireR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=BBC News |date=20 September 2022 |title=Uganda Makerere University fire: 'Ivory Tower' gutted |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54225111 |access-date=30 April 2020 |website=[[British Broadcasting Company]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sake gina ginin.

Jami'ar Makerere ita ce alma mater na shugabannin Afirka da yawa bayan 'yancin kai, ciki har da shugaban Uganda Milton Obote &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=State House of Uganda |title=Past Presidents of Uganda |url=https://www.statehouse.go.ug/ |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=State House of Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt; da shugabannin Tanzania Julius Nyerere da Benjamin Mkapa .  Tsohon shugaban [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], Joseph Kabila, da tsohon shugaban Kenya marigayi Mwai Kibaki su ma tsoffin ɗaliban Makerere ne.

A cikin shekaru nan da nan bayan samun 'yancin kai na Uganda, Jami'ar Makerere ta kasance cibiyar aiki na wallafe-wallafen da ke da mahimmanci ga al'adun kishin kasa na Afirka. Yawancin fitattun marubuta, ciki har da Nuruddin Farah, Ali Mazrui, David Rubadiri, Okello Oculi, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, John Ruganda, Paul Theroux, wanda ya lashe Kyautar Nobel V. S. Naipaul, da Peter Nazareth, sun kasance a Jami'ar Makerere a wani lokaci a cikin rubuce-rubucen su da ayyukan ilimi.

Saboda tashin hankali na dalibai da rashin jin daɗi na malamai, an rufe jami'ar sau uku tsakanin 2006 da 2016. Lokaci na karshe ya kasance a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2016 lokacin da Shugaba [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya bayyana cewa an rufe shi har abada. An sake buɗe jami'ar a watan Janairun 2017. 

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Department_of_Chemistry,_Makerere_University.jpg|thumb|Ma'aikatar ilmin sunadarai, CONAS, 2018; hoto na Gyagenda Marvin Paul]]
[[Fayil:Faculdade_de_Informática_(4106655764).jpg|thumb|Faculty of Information Technology Building, Jami'ar Makerere]]

An kafa ta a shekarar 1922 a matsayin kwalejin fasaha, kafin daga bisani ta zama cibiyar ilimi mai zaman kanta a shekarar 1970.

Tarihin Jami’ar Makerere ya kunshi gudummawa mai yawa ga ilimi da ci gaban al’umma a Uganda da ma Afirka baki daya. Ta samar da shugabanni da dama a fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da siyasa, ilimi, da kiwon lafiya. Jami’ar ta yi fice wajen bincike da koyarwa a fannoni kamar kiwon lafiya, noma, injiniyanci, da sauran su.

A cikin 1928, an raba darussan kasuwanci da fasaha daga Makerere zuwa sabuwar Makarantar Fasaha ta Kampala, wanda daga baya ya kai ga kafa Jami’ar Kyambogo. Makerere ta ci gaba da bunkasa, inda ta zama cibiyar ilimi da bincike ta duniya, tana jawo dalibai da malamai daga sassa daban-daban na duniya.

Jami’ar Makerere ta yi suna wajen samar da yanayi mai kyau na ilimi da bincike, inda take da cibiyoyi da dama da suka hada da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasangati, wacce ke karkashin Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama’a ta Jami’ar. Har ila yau, jami’ar ta yi fice wajen samar da ilimi ga mata, inda ta samar da likitoci mata na farko a yankin Gabashin Afirka.

== Shahararrun masu gudanar da kwaleji na yanzu ==

* [[Venansius Baryamureeba]], masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta, tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban kasa
* Charles Barugahare, Sakataren Jami'ar har zuwa 2020
* William Bazeyo, tsohon Dean na Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Jami'ar Makerere (2009-2017); Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar makerere, wanda ke da alhakin Kudi da Gudanarwa, tun Satumba 2017 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Philimon Badagawa |date=18 September 2017 |title=Prof. William Bazeyo takes over as Makerere university Deputy Vice Chancellor |url=https://www.campustimesug.com/prof-william-bazeyo-takes-over-as-makerere-university-deputy-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=26 August 2018 |publisher=Campus Times Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hugh Dinwiddy, malami a cikin adabi, mai kula da Northcote Hall
* George Kirya, masanin ilimin halittu, diflomasiyya, masanin kimiyya, tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Makerere kuma tsohon Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Uganda
* Mahmood Mamdani, masanin kimiyyar siyasa kuma masanin tarihi
* Harriet Mayanja-Kizza, shugabar dalibai ta yanzu, Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Makerere
* Ali Mazrui, masanin kimiyya, masanin tarihi da kuma masanin kimiyyar siyasa
* Barnabas Nawangwe, masanin gine-gine, masanin kimiyya kuma Mataimakin Shugaban kasa na yanzu  
* Apolo Nsibambi, tsohon Firayim Minista na Uganda kuma tsohon Shugaba Jami'ar Makerere
* Joe Oloka-Onyango, tsohon Dean na Shari'a kuma masanin kare hakkin dan adam
* Okot p'Bitek, mawaki
* [[John Ssebuwufu]], masanin sunadarai, tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Makerere, Shugaban Jami'an Kyambogo na yanzu[[Jami'ar Kyambogo]]
* David Serwadda, tsohon dean, Makarantar Lafiya ta Jama'a
* Nelson Sewankambo, shugaban, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya
* John Ddumba Ssentamu, masanin tattalin arziki, masanin kimiyya da banki, tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban kasa
* Sylvia Tamale, lauya, malami, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata
* Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, marubuci &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Celebrating Ngugi wa Thiong'o at 70 |url=http://www.african-writing.com/hol/emiliailieva.htm |access-date=15 January 2012 |publisher=African-Writing Online.com |archive-date=12 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212012434/http://www.african-writing.com/hol/emiliailieva.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Timothy Wangusa, marubuci, mawaki, tsohon ministan ilimi
* David Wasawo, masanin ilimin dabbobi da kuma malami, tsohon mataimakin shugaban

== Shahararrun ɗalibai ==

=== Mutanen siyasa da ma'aikatan gwamnati ===

* Lucy Akello, 'yar siyasar Uganda, zababben memba na majalisa dokoki na Gundumar Amuru, a majalisar dokoki ta 10.
* Anita Annet Among, Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Uganda ta 11 (2021-2026); Mataimakin Kakakin 2021-2022 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maurice Muhwezi |date=25 March 2022 |title=Breaking: NRM's Anita Among Wins Speakership Race |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2022/03/breaking-nrms-anita-among-wins-speakership-race/ |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=[[Red Pepper (newspaper)|Red Pepper]] |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325120640/https://www.redpepper.co.ug/2022/03/breaking-nrms-anita-among-wins-speakership-race/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Samuel Awich (1973), mai shari'a na Kotun Koli ta Belize 
* Kizza Besigye, likita, mai ritaya a cikin Sojojin Tsaro na Jama'ar Uganda; ɗan siyasa na adawa; tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar Forum for Democratic Change; ɗan takarar shugaban kasa a 2001, 2006, da 2011
* Godfrey Binaisa, tsohon shugaban kasar Uganda
* Gilbert Bukenya, tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasar Uganda
* Dora Byamukama, tsohon memba na majalisa na Mwenge ta Kudu,  tsohon memba na Majalisar Dokokin Gabashin Afirka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Dora Byamukama - Uganda |url=http://www.eala.org/interact/contact-members/426-hon-dora-byamukama-uganda.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091524/http://www.eala.org/interact/contact-members/426-hon-dora-byamukama-uganda.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=31 March 2015 |publisher=EALA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kanyama Chiume, [[Malawi]] wanda ya yi aiki don samun 'yancin kai na Nyasaland (yanzu Malawi) 
* Moses Ebuk, likita, neurophyiologist, tsohon malami da kuma malami a sashen ilimin lissafi a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta Jami'ar Makerere, diflomasiyya; Jakadan Uganda a [[Rasha|Tarayyar Rasha]]
* Daphrosa Gahakwa, Ministan Ilimi na Rwanda
* Aloisea Inyumba, Ministan Rwanda na jinsi da inganta iyali
* Joseph Kabila, ɗan siyasan Kongo kuma shugaban [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]]
* Allen Kagina, mai gudanar da gwamnati
* Filemona F. Indire, tsohon jakadan Kenya, babban malami kuma memba na majalisa
* Patrick Karegeya, tsohon shugaban leken asiri na Rwanda
* Andrew Felix Kaweesi, Mataimakin Sufeto Janar na 'yan sanda (AIGP) [[Uganda]], jami'in soja da' yan sanda; Kakakin rundunar' yan sanda ta [[Uganda]], 2016-2017
* [[Specioza Kazibwe]], tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasar Uganda
* Mwai Kibaki, shugaban Kenya na uku, 2002-2013; ya kammala karatu a saman aji (''summa cum laude'') a 1955 tare da Bachelor of Arts a tattalin arziki &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ainebyoona |first=Emmanuel |date=15 February 2015 |title=Makerere Gets Mwai Kibaki Presidential Library |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Makerere-gets-Mwai-Kibaki-Presidential-Library/-/688334/2623824/-/weg97wz/-/index.html |access-date=15 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Samson Kisekka, tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasar Uganda
* Benedicto Kiwanuka, Firayim Minista na farko kuma babban alƙali na farko na Uganda
* Crispus Kiyonga, likita, ministan tsaro na Uganda
* Sam Kutesa, ministan harkokin waje na Uganda; shugaban taron 69 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
* Henry Kyemba, ministan lafiya a karkashin [[Idi Amin]] &lt;ref&gt;Kyemba, Henry. &lt;/ref&gt;
* Catherine Kyobutungi, babban darakta na Cibiyar Binciken Jama'a da Lafiya ta Afirka
* Erias Lukwago, lauya, Ubangiji Magajin garin Kampala
* Yusuf Lule, tsohon shugaban kasar Uganda
* Norbert Mao, tsohon shugaban kungiyar na Jami'ar Makerere kuma shugaban jam'iyyar Democrat na yanzu
* Amama Mbabazi, tsohon sakatare janar na National Resistance Movement kuma tsohon Firayim Minista na Uganda
* Benjamin Mkapa, tsohon ɗan siyasan Tanzania kuma tsohon shugaban Tanzaniashugaban kasar Tanzania
* Jennifer Musisi, lauya kuma mai gudanar da gwamnati
* Jehoash Mayanja Nkangi, ministan gwamnati kuma tsohon Katikkiro na Buganda (1964-1966, 1993-1994) 
* Apolo Nsibambi, tsohon Firayim Minista na Uganda kuma tsohon Shugaba Jami'ar Makerere
* Kayumba Nyamwasa, tsohon shugaban rundunar sojin Rwanda kuma jakadan Indiya
* Julius Nyerere, ɗan siyasan Tanzania kuma shugaban farko na Tanzania
* Milton Obote, tsohon shugaban kasar Uganda sau biyu
* Anthony Ochaya, Ministan Shirye-shiryen da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Uganda a karkashin mulkin UNLF, jami'in Bankin Duniya
* Oginga Odinga, ɗan siyasan Kenya, mataimakin shugaban Kenya na farko
* Ruhakana Rugunda, Firayim Minista na Uganda, likita, kuma tsohon wakilin dindindin na Uganda a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
* Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile, gwamnan, Bankin Uganda
* Bobi Wine (Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu), ɗan siyasan Uganda, ɗan kasuwa, ɗan kasuwa، mai ba da agaji, mawaƙi, mai fafutukar 'yanci da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo

=== Fim, talabijin da rediyo ===

* [[Akite Agnes]], 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da kuma 'yar wasan Uganda
* Hannington Bugingo, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Uganda
* Anne Kansiime, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da kuma 'yar wasan Uganda
* [[Cleopatra Koheirwe]], 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Uganda, mawaƙa da kuma jaridar kafofin watsa labarai
* [[Malam Mpamire|Malamin Mpamire]], aka Herbert Mendo Ssegujja, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Uganda
* [[Morris Mugisha]], ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, furodusa da darektan
* [[Alex Muhangi]], ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Uganda
* Housen Mushema, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma samfurin Uganda
* Edwin Musiime, mai gabatar da talabijin
* [[Rehema Nanfuka]], 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Uganda, darekta da furodusa
* Crystal Newman, mai watsa labarai na Uganda, MC da mai magana mai motsawa
* [[Gladys Oyenbot]], 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da kuma furodusa ta Uganda
* Mowzey Rediyo, aka Moses Nakintije Ssekibogo, mawaƙin Uganda

=== Mutanen wasanni ===

* Moses Muhangi, shugaban kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Uganda
* Henry Osinde, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Uganda, a halin yanzu ɗan wasan ƙwanƙwasawa na Kanada

=== Marubutan da 'yan jarida ===

* Christopher Henry Muwanga Barlow
* [[Paul Busharizi]], ɗan jarida, masanin tattalin arziki da siyasa, masanin dabarun sadarwa; tsohon wakilin Reuters na Uganda, Rwanda da DRC; marubucin The House that Museveni Built''Gidan da Museveni ya gina''
* Jane Kaberuka, marubuciya
* Daniel Kalinaki, ɗan jarida
* Barbie Kyagulanyi, marubuciya kuma mai fafutuka
* Micere Githae Mugo, marubucin littafin Kenya, mawaki, mai fafutuka
* John Nagenda, marubuci, mai sharhi game da siyasa kuma mai ba da shawara ga shugaban Uganda, [[Yoweri Museveni]]
* Peter Nazareth, marubuci, mai sukar
* Michael Nsimbi, &quot;mahaifin wallafe-wallafen Ganda&quot;
* Okello Oculi, marubuci, mawaki
* Charles Onyango-Obbo, ɗan jarida kuma mai sharhi na siyasa
* Mark Ouma, ɗan jaridar wasanni kuma tsohon malamin falsafa a Makerere
* David Rubadiri, mawaki, marubuci, diflomasiyya
* Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, marubucin littafin Kenya
* Hilda Twongyeirwe, edita, mawaki, marubucin gajeren labari
* Timothy Wangusa, marubuci, mawaki, tsohon ministan ilimi
* Elvania Namukwaya Zirimu, mawaki kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo

=== Masana kimiyya ===

* Andrew Kambugu, likita, Babban Darakta na Sande-McKinnell a Cibiyar Cututtukan Cututtuka ta Uganda
* Robert Kezaala, likita, Babban Mai ba da shawara kan Lafiya a [[UNICEF]]
* John William Kibukamusoke, masanin ilimin likitanci kuma mai bincike, kuma likitan mutum na [[Idi Amin]]
* Matthew Lukwiya, likita a Gulu a lokacin barkewar cutar [[Ƙwayoyin cuta na Ebola|Ebola]] ta 2000
* Etheldreda Nakimuli-Mpungu, likitan kwakwalwa kuma masanin yaduwar cututtuka
* Christine Obbo, masanin ilimin zamantakewa da al'adu
* [[Joshua Sikhu Okonya]], masanin ilimin noma da ƙwayoyin cuta.
* Thereza Piloya, likitan yara da masanin ilimin likitanci, ƙwararre a cikin ilimin endocrinology na yara da HIV / AIDS

=== Sauran ===

* Iddah Asin, lauya da kuma Johnson &amp;amp;amp; Johnson zartarwa &lt;ref name=&quot;asin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Business Daily Africa |date=2017 |title=Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya |url=http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |access-date=11 November 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111152014/http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2017 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nkulanga Enock, mai fafutukar kare hakkin yara
* Busingye Kabumba, mawaki, lauya kuma malami a shari'a
* Laeticia Kikonyogo, lauya kuma alƙali
* Patrick Mazimhaka, mataimakin shugaban Hukumar [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]][[Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka|Hukumar Afirka]]
* Andrew Mwenda, manajan darektan jaridar Independent a Uganda
* Lilian Mary Nabulime, mai zane-zane
* Harry Nkumbula, shugaba a lokacin gwagwarmayar samun 'yancin kai a [[Zambiya|Zambia]]
* Olara Otunnu, tsohon mataimakin sakatare janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma wakilin musamman ga yara da rikice-rikicen makamai
* John Sentamu, Babban Bishop na Anglican na York, Ingila, Babban Bishop baƙar fata na farko na Cocin Ingila
* Martin Ssempa, fasto mai rikitarwa na Uganda kuma mai fafutukar cutar kanjamau

== Gidajen zama ==
Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 2015, dakunan zama a Jami'ar Makerere sun hada da wadannan: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grace Kenganzi |first=and Rose Rukundo |date=20 February 2014 |title=The stories behind Makerere University halls of residence |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/The-stories-behind-Makerere-University-halls-of-residence/-/691232/2214534/-/item/0/-/3igmub/-/index.html |access-date=2 September 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ga maza ===
[[Fayil:The_Gongom_monument_at_Lumumba_hall_at_Makerere_University_Kampala.jpg|thumb|Abin tunawa da Gongom a Lumumba Hall]]

* Gidan shakatawa na Livingstone
* Lumumba Hall (ya mutu 2022) 
* Mitchell Hall
* Gidan Nkrumah
* Gidan wasan Nsibirwa
* Gidan Jami'ar

=== Ga mata ===

* Gidan Afirka
* Mary Stuart Hall
* Gidan Gida Mai Rikici

== Cibiyoyin da ke cikin ƙasa ==
A watan Janairun 2010, jami'ar ta ba da sanarwar bude sabbin makarantun biyu, daya a cikin garin Fort Portal, kimanin {{Convert|310|km|mi}} , ta hanyar hanya, yammacin [[Kampala]], kuma wani a cikin garin Jinja, kimanin {{Convert|85|km|mi}} , ta hanya, gabashin Kampala. Za a ba da darussan da ke biyowa a makarantun sama: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Haywood |first=Katherine |date=5 January 2010 |title=Makerere VC Rolls Out 2010 Plan for Varsity |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/836228/-/wgqx33/-/index.html |access-date=30 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
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'''Jami'ar Fasaha ta [[Mombasa]]''' ('''TUM''') jami'a ce ta jama'a da ke cikin garin Mombasa da ke bakin teku . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Commission for University Education – Status of Universities (Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya) – Status of Universities (Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya) |url=http://www.cue.or.ke/index.php/status-of-universities-universities-authorized-to-operate-in-kenya-1 |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=cue.or.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TUM – Historical Background |url=https://www.tum.ac.ke/about/history |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=tum.ac.ke |archive-date=2021-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128002831/https://www.tum.ac.ke/about/history |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana daga cikin tsofaffin ma'aikatar ilimi mafi girma a Kenya. Yana daya daga cikin National Polytechnics da aka ɗaukaka kwanan nan zuwa cikakken Jami'ar a Kenya. An ba shi takardar shaidarsa a shekarar 2013 ta shugaban kasar Mwai Kibaki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TUM Acquires ISO 9001:2008 Certification {{!}} Technical University of Mombasa |url=http://www.tum.ac.ke/topstory/157 |access-date=2018-05-10 |website=tum.ac.ke |language=en |archive-date=2017-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606123047/http://www.tum.ac.ke/topstory/157 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TUM – Historical Background |url=https://www.tum.ac.ke/about/history |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=tum.ac.ke |archive-date=2021-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128002831/https://www.tum.ac.ke/about/history |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mukhongo |first=Dr Lawrence |title=How Technical University of Mombasa is transforming its TVET programmes |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001312446/how-technical-university-of-mombasa-is-transforming-its-tvet-programmes |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=The Standard |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Makarantu ==

* Makarantar Injiniya da Fasaha &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Courses offered at Technical University of Mombasa |url=https://www.kenyaplex.com/universities/courses/technical-university-of-mombasa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TUM – School of Engineering |url=https://tum.ac.ke/academics/engineering |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=tum.ac.ke }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Makarantar Kimiyya da Lafiya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://tum.ac.ke/faculties/3/dean |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-06-09 |archive-date=2018-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618181742/http://www.tum.ac.ke/faculties/3/dean |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TUM – School of Applied &amp; Heath Sciences |url=https://tum.ac.ke/academics/applied |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=tum.ac.ke }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Makarantar Kasuwanci  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://tum.ac.ke/faculties/5 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-06-09 |archive-date=2018-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618182720/http://www.tum.ac.ke/faculties/5 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TUM – School of Applied &amp; Heath Sciences |url=https://tum.ac.ke/academics/business |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=tum.ac.ke }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cibiyar Kwamfuta da Ilimin Bayanai  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://tum.ac.ke/departments/computer-science-and-information-technology |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-06-09 |archive-date=2018-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618175929/http://www.tum.ac.ke/departments/computer-science-and-information-technology |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TUM – School of Applied &amp; Heath Sciences |url=https://tum.ac.ke/academics/ici |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=tum.ac.ke }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Makarantar Humanities da Kimiyya ta Jama'a  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://tum.ac.ke/faculties/6 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-06-09 |archive-date=2018-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618182718/http://www.tum.ac.ke/faculties/6 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TUM – School of Applied &amp; Heath Sciences |url=https://tum.ac.ke/academics/sohss |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=tum.ac.ke }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home &amp;#124; TUM Medicine |url=https://medicine.tum.ac.ke/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116131436/https://medicine.tum.ac.ke/ |archive-date=16 January 2018 |access-date=22 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cibiyar Bincike, Innovation da Extension (ARIE) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TUM - Login |url=https://tum.ac.ke/research |access-date=2024-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618175841/http://www.tum.ac.ke/research |archive-date=2018-06-18 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin TUM ==
TUM za a iya gano shi zuwa ƙarshen 1940s lokacin da Sir Philip Mitchell, Aga Khan III, Sultan na Zanzibar, da Sakataren Gwamnati na yankuna, Sir Bernard Reilly ya fara Cibiyar Ilimi ta Musulmi ta Mombasa (MIOME).  Bayan da aka kafa shi, MIOME ya fara ba da ilimin fasaha ga ɗaliban Musulmai na Gabashin Afirka. A watan Mayu 1951, MIOME ta yi rajistar rukunin ɗalibai na farko don yin shirin ilimi na fasaha wanda ya ba da fifiko na musamman kan Injiniyan Injiniya, Injiniyan Lantarki, Jirgin Ruwa da Kewayawa, da Woodwork.

A cikin shekarar 1966 MIOME ta zama Cibiyar Fasaha ta Mombasa (MTI) kuma ta fara shigar da dukkan mutane daga wurare daban-daban na rayuwa ba tare da la'akari da addini ko launin fata ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TUM – Historical Background |url=https://www.tum.ac.ke/about/history |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=tum.ac.ke |archive-date=2021-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128002831/https://www.tum.ac.ke/about/history |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 1976, MTI ya zama Mombasa Polytechnic . Mombasa Polytechnic ya ci gaba da bunkasa ƙarin shirye-shiryen da aka gudanar da kasuwa, wanda aka kafa a kan Sashen Nazarin Kasuwanci guda biyar, Injiniyan Lantarki da Injiniyan lantarki, Injiniya da Injiniya, Injiniyin Injiniya Da Kimiyya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TUM – Historical Background |url=https://www.tum.ac.ke/about/history |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=tum.ac.ke |archive-date=2021-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128002831/https://www.tum.ac.ke/about/history |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;A ranar 23 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2007, ta hanyar Sanarwar Shari'a an ɗaga Mombasa Polytechnic zuwa Kwalejin Jami'ar don haka sunan Kwalejin Kwalejin Mombasa (MPUC). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TUM – Historical Background |url=https://www.tum.ac.ke/about/history |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=tum.ac.ke |archive-date=2021-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128002831/https://www.tum.ac.ke/about/history |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2013 bayan an ɗaukaka shi zuwa Kwalejin Jami'ar Mombasa Polytechnic (MPUC) ya zama Jami'ar Fasaha ta Mombasa (TUM). TUM ta bude makarantun tauraron dan adam guda biyu a Kwale da [[Lamu]] County.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TUM – Historical Background |url=https://www.tum.ac.ke/about/history |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=tum.ac.ke |archive-date=2021-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128002831/https://www.tum.ac.ke/about/history |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2013 |title=Coast Region Gets First Chartered University |url=http://www.jkuat.ac.ke/coast-region-gets-first-chartered-university/ |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=jkuat.ac.ke |archive-date=2023-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004165420/https://www.jkuat.ac.ke/coast-region-gets-first-chartered-university/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraktan gudanarwa ==

* Daraktan TVET
* Daraktan Tabbatar da Inganci &lt;ref&gt;http://www.tum.ac.ke/#&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TUM – Quality Policy Statement |url=https://www.tum.ac.ke/about/policy-statement |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=tum.ac.ke }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* TUM Enterprises (TUMEL) 
* Makarantar Nazarin Digiri &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TUM – School of Graduate Studies |url=https://www.tum.ac.ke/academics/sgs |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=tum.ac.ke }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cibiyoyin karatu ==

* Babban Cibiyar, Tudor, Mombasa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.tum.ac.ke/ |website=tum.ac.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cibiyar Lamu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.tum.ac.ke/satellite/2 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-06-09 |archive-date=2016-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514180426/http://www.tum.ac.ke/satellite/2 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwale Campus &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.tum.ac.ke/satellite/3 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-06-09 |archive-date=2016-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827140231/http://www.tum.ac.ke/satellite/3 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://tum.ac.ke/ Jami'ar Fasaha]
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[[Fayil:Kenyatta University Library View from the Central Adminstration Complex.jpg|thumb|dakin karatun Jami'ar Kenyatta]]
[[Fayil:Physics Lab Kenyatta Univ Nairobi May19 R1600590.jpg|thumb|dakin binciken physic na Jami'ar Kenyatta]]
[[Fayil:Cars parked at Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.jpg|thumb|gurin ajiye motar a Jami'ar Kenyatta]]
[[Fayil:KenyattaUnivEducationBd.jpg|thumb|Jami'ar Kenyatta]]
[[Fayil:Jomo Kenyatta University Juja Campus Main Library.JPG|thumb|Jami'ar Kenyatta]]


'''Jami'ar [[Kenya]]''' ('''KU''') [[Jami'ar American University of Nigeria|jami'ar]] [[bincike]] ce ta jama'a tare da [[Babban cocin Bitrus|babban]] harabarta a [[Nairobi]], Kenya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Commission for University Education - Status Of Universities (Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya) - Status Of Universities (Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya) |url=http://www.cue.or.ke/index.php/status-of-universities-universities-authorized-to-operate-in-kenya-1 |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=www.cue.or.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sami matsayin jami'a a 1985, kasancewar jami'a ta uku bayan [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] (1970) da Jami'ar Moi (1984). Ya zuwa Oktoba 2014, yana ɗaya daga cikin jami'o'in jama'a 23 a ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nganga |first=Gilbert |date=2 October 2011 |title=Kenya: Double Student Intake Kicks Off At Kenyatta |url=http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20110930191006499 |access-date=1 December 2014 |publisher=University World News (UWN)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wurin da yake ==
Babban harabar Jami'ar Kenyatta tana zaune a kan kadada 1,000 (1.6 sq , a Kahawa, a cikin Kasarani Sub-county, arewacin [[Nairobi]] City County, kusan kilomita 17.5 (10.9 , ta hanya, arewa maso gabashin Gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya ta Nairobi, babban birnin Kenya, daga titin Nairobi-Thika . 

Jerin makarantun KU sun hada da wurare masu zuwa: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=KU |date=25 March 2016 |title=The Campuses of Kenyatta University |url=http://www.ku.ac.ke/index.php/explore/all-themes/ku-campuses |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321140552/http://www.ku.ac.ke/index.php/explore/all-themes/ku-campuses |archive-date=March 21, 2016 |access-date=25 March 2016 |publisher=Kenyatta University (KU)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Babban Cibiyar - Kahawa, [[Nairobi]]
# Ruiru Campus - Ruiru
# Cibiyar Parklands - ParklandsYankunan shakatawa
# Cibiyar Kitui - Kwa Vonza
# Cibiyar [[Mombasa]] - Mombasa
# Cibiyar Cibiyar - [[Nairobi|Gundumar Kasuwanci ta Tsakiya ta Nairobi]]
# Cibiyar Nyeri - Nyeri
# Cibiyar Nakuru - Nakuru
# Kericho Campus - Kericho - An rufe
# Cibiyar Dadaab -Dadaab
# Cibiyar Embu - Embu

An sake sunan harabar Ruiru a matsayin Makarantar Misali ta Kenyatta don kungiyoyin wasa, masu karatun firamare da firamare a 2024. An rufe makarantun Arusha da Kigali a Tanzania da Rwanda bi da bi a cikin 2018.

== Tarihi ==
A shekara ta 1965, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta mika Templar Barracks a Kahawa, ga sabuwar gwamnatin Kenya da aka kafa. Yankin kudancin wurin ya kasance a cikin amfani da soja, kamar yadda barikin Kahawa. Sauran ɓangaren barikin an canza su zuwa kwalejin da ake kira Kwalejin Kenyatta, wanda ke ba da Advanced Level (A-Level) ilimin sakandare a matakin Form 5 da 6, da kuma wasu darussan digiri na farko. A shekara ta 1978 an sauya dukkan Faculty of Education na [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] zuwa Kwalejin Kenyatta, kuma an canza sunanta zuwa Kwalejiyar Jami'ar Kenyatta, biyo bayan Dokar Majalisar. Makarantar ta zama kawai ma'aikata a Kenya da ke horar da malamai a matakin digiri, kuma ta dakatar da duk sauran darussan. Digiri da aka bayar a Kenyatta sun kasance a cikin sunan Jami'ar Nairobi.

A shekara ta 1985, an ba ta cikakken matsayin jami'a kuma an sake masa suna Jami'ar Kenyatta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=KU |date=25 March 2016 |title=Short History of Kenyatta University |url=http://www.ku.ac.ke/index.php/contacts/87-about-ku/177-about-ku |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405140222/http://www.ku.ac.ke/index.php/contacts/87-about-ku/177-about-ku |archive-date=5 April 2016 |access-date=25 March 2016 |publisher=Kenyatta University (KU)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]], wanda marigayi mahaifinsa, Barack Obama, Sr. (masanin tattalin arziki) da danginsa sun fito ne daga Kenya, sun ziyarci Kenya a shekarar 2015; yayin da yake can, ya ziyarci babban harabar jami'ar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Peter |date=26 July 2015 |title=Obama Delivers Tough-Love Message to End Kenya Trip |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/27/world/africa/obama-calls-on-kenya-to-confront-its-problems.html?hp&amp;action=click&amp;pgtype=Homepage&amp;module=first-column-region&amp;region=top-news&amp;WT.nav=top-news&amp;_r=1 |access-date=25 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Malamai ==
Ya zuwa watan Maris na shekara ta 2016, jami'ar tana da makarantun 12 da ke ba da digiri na farko, digiri na biyu, da digiri na digiri. Digirin da aka bayar sun hada da wadanda ke cikin magani da doka. Jami'ar tana da ilmantarwa mai budewa, ilmantarwa ta e-learning wanda aka sani da makarantar dijital, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 May 2024 |title=Kenyatta University Digital School of Virtual and Open Learning |url=https://www.ku.ac.ke/dsvol/ |access-date=25 May 2024 |website=ku.ac.ke |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525203917/https://www.ku.ac.ke/dsvol/ |archive-date=25 May 2024 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; makarantar makaranta, na ɗan lokaci da kuma koyarwa ta cikakken lokaci. Jami'ar Kenyatta ta sami amincewar Hukumar Ilimi ta Jami'o'i ta Kenya, Majalisar Jami'o-Jami'o'in Gabashin Afirka, Ƙungiyar Jami'oʼi ta Duniya da Jami'o&quot; na Commonwealth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=KU |date=7 June 2013 |title=Accreditation of Kenyatta University |url=http://www.ku.ac.ke/index.php/about-ku/about-ku/accreditation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428155535/http://www.ku.ac.ke/index.php/about-ku/about-ku/accreditation |archive-date=April 28, 2015 |access-date=25 March 2016 |publisher=Kenyatta University (KU)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Laburaren karatu ===
[[Fayil:Kenyatta_University_Library_View_from_the_Central_Adminstration_Complex.jpg|alt=Kenyatta University Post Modern Library|thumb|Ra'ayi na Laburaren Jami'ar Kenyatta daga Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Tsakiya.]]
Laburaren Jami'ar Kenyatta yana daya daga cikin mafi girma a Afirka kuma yana ba da albarkatun bayanai da sabis ga ɗalibai da masu bincike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-11-23 |title=The 10 most beautiful universities in Africa |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/10-most-beautiful-universities-africa-0 |access-date=2020-07-02 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga ayyukan rance, ɗakin karatu yana ba da sabis na E kuma yana da rassa a cikin makarantun tauraron dan adam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Library |url=https://library.ku.ac.ke/about-library/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703022947/https://library.ku.ac.ke/about-library/ |archive-date=3 July 2020 |access-date=2 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Makarantu da cibiyoyi ===
Ya zuwa watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, jami'ar tana kula da makarantu masu zuwa:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+
|Makarantar Aikin Gona da Kimiyya ta Muhalli
|-
|Makarantar Kasuwanci, Tattalin Arziki da Yawon Bude Ido
|-
|Makarantar Ilimi
|-
|Makarantar Kimiyya Mai Tsarki da Aikace-aikace
|-
|Makarantar Shari'a, Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jama'a
|-
|Makarantar Kimiyya ta Lafiya
|-
|Makarantar Digital ta Virtual &amp; Open Learning
|-
|Makarantar Injiniya da Gine-gine
|-
|Makarantar Digiri
|}

=== Cibiyoyin cibiyoyin ===
Jami'ar ta dauki bakuncin cibiyoyi da cibiyoyi kamar;

# Cibiyar Confucius a Jami'ar Kenyatta
# Cibiyar Afirka don Canji da Jagora (ACTIL) 
# Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwanci da Kulawa ta Chandaria (CBIIC) 
# Cibiyar Nazarin 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Karfafawa
# Cibiyar Nazarin Cibiyar sadarwa ta Cisco
# Cibiyar Kasuwanci da Ci gaban Kasuwanci
# Cibiyar Shirye-shiryen Kasa da Kasa da Haɗin gwiwa (CIPC) 
# Cibiyar Daidaita Jima'i da Karfafawa
# Cibiyar Binciken Magungunan Kasa

=== Digiri da darussan ===
Jami'ar tana ba da digiri na 14 da PhD, digiri na digiri na 94, digiri na farko 117 da kuma digiri na digiri 12 kamar yadda [http://www.cue.or.ke/index.php/accredited-universities Hukumar Ilimi ta Jami'a] Kenya (CUE) ta amince da su &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Programmes developed and mounted by Universities in Kenya in accordance with the Universities Act |url=http://www.cue.or.ke/index.php/accredited-universities |access-date=2017-10-20 |website=www.cue.or.ke |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalibai ==
Wadannan mutane sune wasu daga cikin &quot;mashahuran tsofaffi&quot; a shafin yanar gizon Jami'ar Kenyatta: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=KU |date=25 March 2016 |title=Kenyatta University: Alumni Board Members |url=http://alumni.ku.ac.ke/ |access-date=25 March 2016 |publisher=Kenyatta University (KU) |archive-date=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318114651/http://alumni.ku.ac.ke/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Dokta Eddah Gachukia - darektan ilimi, Riara Group of Schools
* Dokta Geoffrey William Griffin - wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Yara da Makarantar Starehe

* Daudi Kabaka - mawaƙi kuma shugaban ƙungiyar ƙungiyar Jami'ar Kenyatta
* Mwai Kibaki - tsohon Shugaban kasar Kenya, 2002 zuwa 2013
* Jakaya Kikwete - Shugaban [[Tanzaniya|Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania]], 2005 zuwa 2015
* Benjamin Mkapa - tsohon shugaban kasar Tanzania, 1995 zuwa 2005
* Daniel arap Moi - tsohon shugaban kasar Kenya, 1978 zuwa 2002
* Farfesa Joseph Maina Mungai - tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Nairobi
* [[Kalonzo Musyoka]] - tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Kenya
* Dokta James Mwangi - manajan darektan kuma babban jami'in zartarwa, Equity Bank GroupKungiyar Bankin Kasuwanci
* [[Esther Ngumbi]] - masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta kuma wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta shugaban kasa ta 2018 Society for Experimental Biology
* [[Mostafa Kamal Tolba|Dokta Mostafa Tolba]] - tsohon babban darakta na Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya

== Shahararrun ma'aikata da furofesoshi ==

* Farfesa Mike Boit - kimiyyar wasanni, tsohon ɗan wasa. Ya sami lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Science (DSc) daga Jami'ar Glasgow don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga binciken ilimi na wasanni da ci gabanta a Kenya 2014
* Jakadan Joseph Magutt Jakadan Kenya a Jamhuriyar Jamus
* Farfesa [[Olive Mugenda]] - tsohon mataimakin shugaban jami'a (2009-2016), Shugaban Hukumar KU asibitin

== Gudanarwa ==
[[Fayil:Kenyatta_University_Central_Adminstration_Parking_Lot-The_Junior_Library_and_Education_building_can_be_seen_in_the_background.jpg|alt=KU Central Administration block|thumb|Jami'ar Kenyatta Babban Gudanarwa Parking Lot- Za'a iya ganin Ginin Junior Library da Ilimi a bango]]
Shugaban shi ne Benson Wairegi . Mataimakin Shugaban kasa shine Farfesa Paul Wainaina wanda aka sake dawowa a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2022, bayan an dakatar da shi a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 2022, saboda rikici da gwamnati game da ƙasar jami'ar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=KU VC Prof Paul Wainaina who was suspended after tiff with Uhuru set to return |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/suspended-vc-prof-paul-wainaina-set-to-return-to-ku-4006634 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Nation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin dakatarwarsa, an nada Farfesa Waceke Wanjohi ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-13 |title=Uhuru-KU land drama: Prof Waceke Wanjohi appointed Acting VC |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/uhuru-ku-land-drama-prof-waceke-wanjohi-appointed-acting-vc-3877836 |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=Nation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Farfesa Wainaina ta gaji [[Olive Mugenda|Farfesa Olive Mugenda]], mataimakiyar shugabar jami'ar jama'a ta farko a Kenya, wacce ta yi ritaya bayan karshen aikinta a watan Janairun 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mugambi Mutegi |first=and Kiarie Njoroge |date=25 March 2016 |title=My track record speaks for itself, says Prof Mugenda |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/My-track-record-speaks-for-itself--says-Prof-Mugenda/-/539444/3132468/-/y6kmk6z/-/index.html |access-date=8 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa guda hudu da Masu Rijista guda hudu, don taimakawa Mataimakin Shugaba wajen aiwatar da aikinsa.
 
== Hotuna ==
&lt;Gallery&gt;
File:Kenyatta University Entrance.jpg|Babbar ƙofar shiga
File:KenyattaUnivLibrary.jpg|Babban ɗakin karatu 
File:KenyattaUnivCampanile.jpg|Campanile
File:KenyattaUnivAdmin.jpg|Ofisoshi
File:KenyattaUnivComputerCentre.jpg|Cibiyar ɗalibai 
File:KenyattaUnivEducationBd.jpg|Ginin Education 
&lt;/Gallery&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

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    <title>Jami'ar Covenant University</title>
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'''Jami'ar Covenant University''' ''' (CU) ''' jami'ar kirista ce mai zaman kanta a [[Ota, Ogun|Ota]], dake jihar Ogun, Najeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;ranking3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Apata |first=Oyeniran |date=November 29, 2017 |title=Covenant Leads In Computer Science, Engineering, Others In Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/covenant-leads-computer-science-engineering-others-nigeria/ |access-date=2017-12-14 |website=[[The Daily Independent (Lagos newspaper)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Private Universities In Nigeria |url=https://www.ranksng.com/top-10-private-universities-nigeria/ |access-date=2018-01-04 |website=Rankings Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wahab |first=Akinbayo |date=January 14, 2018 |title=CU emerges Africa's third best in Computer Science Publication |url=http://www.pulse.ng/communities/student/covenant-university-is-africas-3rd-best-in-computer-science-id7843681.html |access-date=2018-01-16 |website=Pulse |archive-date=2018-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117014902/http://www.pulse.ng/communities/student/covenant-university-is-africas-3rd-best-in-computer-science-id7843681.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da alaƙa da Ikilisiyar Bangaskiya ta Duniya kuma memba ne na Ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Commonwealth, Ƙungiyar Jamiʼo'in Afirka, da Hukumar Jami'oʼi ta Kasa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of Members – AAU |url=https://www.aau.org/subs/membership/ |access-date=2024-06-09 |archive-date=2020-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518003051/https://www.aau.org/subs/membership/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://sundaytrust.com.ng/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=9477:covenant-university-partners-usaid-on-health-leadership-skills&amp;catid=41:latest-news&amp;Itemid=26 Covenant University partners USAID on health, leadership skills]&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Shekara ta 2019, Jami'ar Alkawari ta zama jami'ar Najeriya ta farko da za a sanya ta a cikin manyan jami'o'i na duniya ta hanyar Times Higher Education. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2019 |title=Covenant University remains best as three Nigerian varsities make top 1000 |url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/covenant-university-remains-best-as-three-nigerian-varsities-make-top-1000/ |access-date=2020-10-21 |website=The Cable}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Covenant Takes Big Leap in World University Rankings, Ranks 401-500 |url=https://www.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/News/Covenant-Takes-Big-Leap-in-World-University-Rankings-Ranks-401-500#.X5BYc53ngxQ |access-date=2020-10-21 |website=Covenant University |archive-date=2021-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202004942/https://www.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/News/Covenant-Takes-Big-Leap-in-World-University-Rankings-Ranks-401-500#.X5BYc53ngxQ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Covenant_University_Campus_View.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar jami'a]]

== Tarihi da shugabanci ==
Shirin kafa Jami'ar Alkawari (CU) ya fara ne a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1999, wata daya bayan keɓewar Alkawari na Bangaskiya a [[Ota, Ogun|Ota]]. Jami'ar ta samo asali ne daga Hukumar 'Yanci kuma Hukumar Jakadancin Duniya da Ikilisiyar Addini ta Duniya ne suka kafa ta. Jami'ar Alkawari ta buɗe a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2002 &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Covenant University FACTSHEET |url=http://m.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/content/download/36924/252939/file/covenant |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126074956/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:luL8g5PO4zEJ:m.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/content/download/36924/252939/file/covenant%2Buniversity%2Bfact%2Bcard%2B2015.pdf+&amp;cd=5&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;gl=ng |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |website=Covenant University}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Kan'ana, Ota, tare da aikin Kirista na Pentecostal. David Oyedepo ne ya kafa shi, shugaban Bishop na Living Faith Church Worldwide, wanda shine shugaban jami'ar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-01-15 |title=Living Faith Church Odedepo react video Urging members to kill |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/01/living-faith-church-oyedepo-react-video-urging-members-kill/ |website=www.vanguardngr.com |publisher=Vanguard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fasto Abraham Ojeme an nada shi shugaban jami'ar a ranar 23 ga Satumba, shekarar 2013 . 

== Shirye-shiryen ilimi da wasanni ==
[[Fayil:CZkewNoWAAAWGs6.jpg|thumb|Gidajen mazauna]]
Shirye-shiryen ilimi na Jami'ar Alkawari suna gudana a kwalejoji huɗu: Kwalejin Gudanarwa da Kimiyya ta Jama'a (CMSS), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=College of Business and Social Sciences |url=https://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/Colleges/CMSS#.XtBNtjBKjDc |access-date=May 29, 2020 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803174532/https://www.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/Colleges/CMSS#.XtBNtjBKjDc |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwalejin Nazarin Ci gaban Jagora (CLDS), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2002 |title=College of Leadership Development Studies |url=https://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/Colleges/CLDS#.XtBM2TBKjDc |access-date=May 29, 2020 |website=Covenant University |archive-date=June 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610185202/https://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/Colleges/CLDS#.XtBM2TBKjDc |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwalejin Injiniya (COE) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=College of Engineering |url=https://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/Colleges/COE#.XtBQbDBKjDc |access-date=May 29, 2020 |website=Covenant University |archive-date=June 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610144952/https://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/Colleges/COE#.XtBQbDBKjDc |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha (CST).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=College of Science and Technology |url=https://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/Colleges/CST#.XtBOKTBKjDc |access-date=May 29, 2020 |website=Covenant University |archive-date=June 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610123459/https://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/Colleges/CST#.XtBOKTBKjDc |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar Alkawari tana gudanar da shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu  a cikin dukkan tsarin karatun da aka jera a sama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=School of Postgraduate Studies |url=https://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/Colleges/PGS#.XtBPKzBKjDc |access-date=May 29, 2020 |website=Covenant University |archive-date=June 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610170322/https://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/Colleges/PGS#.XtBPKzBKjDc |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar ta mallaki filin wasa tare da tafkin yin iyo da wasan tennis, wasan tennis na tebur, wasan kwando da kotunan volleyball. Jami'ar Alkawari tana ɗaya daga cikin jami'o'in da ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Wasannin Jami'ar Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NPUGA: About us |url=http://npuga.org/about_us.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117012217/http://npuga.org/about_us.php |archive-date=2018-01-17 |access-date=2018-01-16 |website=npuga.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NPUGA Names Covenant Private Varsity with Best Sports Facilities |url=https://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/News/NPUGA-Names-Covenant-Private-Varsity-with-Best-Sports-Facilities#.XtBR4jBKjDc |website=Covenant University |access-date=2024-06-09 |archive-date=2018-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902111106/http://www.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/News/NPUGA-Names-Covenant-Private-Varsity-with-Best-Sports-Facilities#.XtBR4jBKjDc |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Post_Graduate_Halls..jpg|thumb|Gidajen zama na digiri na biyu]]
[[Fayil:Covenant_University_Halls_of_residence.jpg|alt=Two of CU's ten halls|thumb|Gidajen mata na zama.]]

== Laburaren Jami'ar (Center for Learning Resources) ==
Cibiyar Nazarin Jami'ar Alkawari, wanda aka fi sani da ɗakin karatu na jami'a, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Centre for Learning Resources (CLR) |url=https://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/Library |access-date=2024-06-09 |archive-date=2021-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412070724/https://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/Library |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; tana tsakanin dakunan zama na mata, Dorcas Hall da Esther Hall na harabar, kuma kai tsaye a gaban ɗakin sujada na jami'ar. Jimlar filin bene na hadaddun shine 11,300 m{{Sup|2}}. {{Spaces}}Gidan ɗakin karatu gini ne mai hawa uku, wanda ake zaton yana daya daga cikin mafi girma a Afirka.[1] An tsara shi azaman tsarin gilashi. Tana cikin gine-ginen kwaleji, ɗakin sujada na jami'a da dakunan zama.[1] Yana iya saukar da masu karatu 3000 da kimanin ma'aikatan bincike 500 da daliban digiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Preamble |url=https://clrmain.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/preamble/ |access-date=2020-02-07 |website=Centre for Learning Resources |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207000805/https://clrmain.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/preamble/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yusuf |first=Felicia |last2=Iwu |first2=Juliana I |date=2010 |title=Use of Academic Library: A Case Study of Covenant University, Nigeria. |url=http://www.iclc.us/cliej/cl30YI.pdf |journal=Chinese Librarianship: An International Electronic Journal |access-date=2024-06-09 |archive-date=2024-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716092804/http://www.iclc.us/Cliej/Cl30Yi.Pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Buga bugawa ===
A watan Janairun shekara ta 2011, Jami'ar Alkawari ta karɓi manufofin da suka ba da umarnin duk littattafan da aka ambata a cikin mujallu, taro da littattafai da za a ajiye su a cikin ajiyar buɗewa ta jami'ar. Wannan ya shafi malamai da ɗaliban digiri na biyu.

== Makarantar sakandare ==
An kafa Makarantar Sakandare ta Jami'ar Alkawari a ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 2010, don kula da matasa a cikin yanayin jami'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 8, 2017 |title=Youth group holds summit on exceptional leadership |url=https://guardian.ng/appointments/youth-group-holds-summit-on-exceptional-leadership/ |website=Guardian |access-date=June 9, 2024 |archive-date=November 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121224028/https://guardian.ng/appointments/youth-group-holds-summit-on-exceptional-leadership/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shahararrun ɗalibai ==

* [[Baaj Adebule]], ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, samfurin kuma mai yin fim
* [[Teniola Aladese]], 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, furodusa, da kuma darektan jefawa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ogidan |first=Kore |date=2018-12-23 |title=I've a beautiful car but driving scares me to death– Teni Aladese |url=https://punchng.com/ive-a-beautiful-car-but-driving-scares-me-to-death-teni-aladese/ |website=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Dolapo Adeleke|Dolapo 'LowlaDee' Adeleke]], mai shirya fina-finai &lt;ref name=&quot;bellanaija&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |date=August 20, 2015 |title=8 Years After an Accident that Left Her with Permanent Facial Scars, Filmmaker LowlaDee Tells Her Inspiring Story |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/08/8-years-after-an-accident-that-left-her-with-permanent-facial-scars-filmmaker-lowladee-tells-her-inspiring-story/ |website=Bellanaija.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Bimbo Ademoye]], 'yar wasan kwaikwayo &lt;ref name=&quot;Nigeria 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=2022-10-01 |title=Bimbo Ademoye: I'm not a comedian, I'm just funny |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/bimbo-ademoye-im-not-a-comedian-im-just-funny/ |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |archive-date=2023-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601145528/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/bimbo-ademoye-im-not-a-comedian-im-just-funny/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Anthonia Adenike Adeniji]], mataimakin farfesa na alakar masana'antu da kuma kula da albarkatun ɗan adam[[Albarkatun dan'adam|Gudanar da albarkatun ɗan adam]]
* Ayo Akínwándé, mai zane, mai tsarawa kuma marubuci  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=Ayọ̀ Akínwándé |url=https://www.tique.art/artists/ayo-akinwande/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Tique {{!}} publication on contemporary art |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Page |url=https://www.thegallowgate.art/kobionyameversus |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=The Gallow Gate |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810153644/https://www.thegallowgate.art/kobionyameversus |archive-date=2021-08-10 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nonso Amadi, mawaƙi, marubucin waƙa kuma furodusa &lt;ref name=&quot;Nonso Amadi 2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-04-06 |title=About |url=https://www.nonsoamadi.com/about/ |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=Nonso Amadi}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ayola Ayola|Ayoola Ayolola]], mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2014 |title=Project Fame Winner, Ayoola: 'I wouldn't have been where I am today without Covenant University. |url=https://www.informationng.com/2014/04/project-fame-winner-ayoola-i-wouldnt-have-been-where-i-am-today-without-covenant-university.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Africa |first=Channel |title=Ayobami Ayoola Ayolola, Actor (Nollywood), Speaker, Singer and 5th Winner of the Project Fame West Africa. |url=https://iono.fm/e/711375 |via=iono.fm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ife Durosinmi-Etti]], babban jami'in kasuwanci kuma marubuci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2021 |title=Ifedayo Durosinmi-Etti: Self-doubt is the biggest quencher of creativity |url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/ifedayo-durosinmi-etti-self-doubt-is-the-biggest-quencher-of-creativity/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208173518/https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/ifedayo-durosinmi-etti-self-doubt-is-the-biggest-quencher-of-creativity/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ishaya Bako]], darektan fim kuma marubucin allo  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Two filmmakers and a poet for AWF July Guest Writer Session |url=http://tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/news/item/17461-two-filmmakers-and-a-poet-for-awf-july-guest-writer-session.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194058/http://tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/news/item/17461-two-filmmakers-and-a-poet-for-awf-july-guest-writer-session.html |archive-date=2014-01-02 |access-date=2014-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-05-18 |title=Interview With Ishaya Bako – AMAA Film Award Winner |url=http://www.ventures-africa.com/2012/05/interview-with-ishaya-bako-amaa-film-award-winner/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109110929/http://www.ventures-africa.com/2012/05/interview-with-ishaya-bako-amaa-film-award-winner/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |access-date=2014-08-02 |publisher=Ventures Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nonso Bassey, mawaƙi, marubucin waƙa, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma samfurin &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 July 2016 |title=Eagles On A Mission; Beacon Set 5 Years Anniversary – #CFSlocal in Nigeria |url=https://changeforsociety.com/eagles-on-mission-beacon-set-5-years-anniversary-covenant-university-alumni/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031231659/https://changeforsociety.com/eagles-on-mission-beacon-set-5-years-anniversary-covenant-university-alumni/ |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=17 September 2019 |website=Change for Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bez, mai kida da yawa kuma mawaƙi  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2012 |title=BN Saturday Celebrity Interview: It's Show Time! Soul Singer, Bez dishes on Love, Fame &amp; Music as he Counts Down to His &quot;Super Sun Concert&quot; |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/12/01/bn-saturday-celebrity-interview-its-show-time-soul-singer-bez-dishes-on-love-fame-music-as-he-counts-down-to-his-super-sun-concert// |access-date=2014-08-02 |publisher=Bellanaija.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I wait to be inspired by music -Bez |url=http://tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/2012-10-22-10-18-34/item/13732-i-wait-to-be-inspired-by-music-bez.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194104/http://tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/2012-10-22-10-18-34/item/13732-i-wait-to-be-inspired-by-music-bez.html |archive-date=2014-01-02 |access-date=2014-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Chike, mawaƙi
* [[Ini Dima-Okojie]], 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da kuma salon salon
* [[Odunayo Eweniyi]], shugaban kasuwanci
* Gbubemi Fregene, shugaban
* Ric Hassani, mawaƙi
* [[Chiamaka Obuekwe]], 'yar kasuwa kuma mai tallata yawon bude ido
* [[Adebukola Oladipupo]], ɗan wasan kwaikwayo&lt;ref name=&quot;onwikitoday&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Adebukola Oladipupo |url=https://live.worldbank.org/experts/adebukola-oladipupo |access-date=2020-02-09 |website=World Bank Live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gloria Oloruntobi, mai wasan kwaikwayo  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporter |date=2018-10-06 |title=20 Top Instagram Comedians Making Waves Online |url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/20-top-instagram-comedians-making-waves-online/ |access-date=2020-03-30 |website=City People Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Nigerian comedians who became popular on Instagram - P.M. News |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/12/11/10-nigerian-comedians-who-became-popular-on-instagram/ |access-date=2020-03-30 |website=www.pmnewsnigeria.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mimi Onalaja, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, mai gabatarwa, marubuci da kuma samfurin
* [[Anny Robert]], mai daukar hoto&lt;ref name=&quot;Nigeria 2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=2019-10-28 |title=Covenant university student wins architecture competition |url=https://guardian.ng/property/covenant-university-student-wins-architecture-competition/ |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |archive-date=2023-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601211304/https://guardian.ng/property/covenant-university-student-wins-architecture-competition/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Emmanuel Iren, mai wa'azi da marubucin waƙoƙin bishara.
* [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]], mawaƙi da injiniyan sauti 
* Spellz, mai samar da kiɗa (ya fita a cikin shekara ta ƙarshe) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Spellz |url=http://notjustok.com/artists/spellz/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427023638/http://notjustok.com/artists/spellz/ |archive-date=2016-04-27 |access-date=2017-06-25 |website=[[NotJustOk]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Aiwanose Odafen (Mai lissafi da marubuci) 

== Shahararrun malamai ==

* [[Anthonia Adenike Adeniji]], mataimakin farfesa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Anthonia Adenike Adeniji |url=https://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/Profiles/Adeniji-Anthonia-Adenike#.XtFBGDpKiCp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124175108/https://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/Profiles/Adeniji-Anthonia-Adenike#.XtFBGDpKiCp |archive-date=24 November 2020 |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=Covenant University}}&lt;/ref&gt; na alaƙar masana'antu da kuma kula da albarkatun ɗan adam[[Albarkatun dan'adam|alaƙar masana'antu da kula da albarkatun ɗan adam]]
* Farfesa Eric Maskin, mai karɓar kyautar Nobel ta 2007 (farfesa mai ziyara) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nobel laureate joins Covenant varsity |url=http://newtelegraphonline.com/nobel-laureate-joins-covenant-varsity/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811055122/http://newtelegraphonline.com/nobel-laureate-joins-covenant-varsity |archive-date=11 August 2014 |access-date=12 August 2014 |publisher=newtelegraphonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Farfesa Ezekiel Adebiyi, farfesa na farko na Bioinformatics a Yammacin Afirka; Mataimakin shugaban kasa (2007-2011) da kuma sakatare (2011-date) na African Society for Bioinformates and Computational Biology &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-04-06 |title=Covenant varsity don discovers way to eradicate malaria |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/04/covenant-varsity-don-discovers-way-to-eradicate-malaria/ |access-date=12 August 2014 |publisher=vanguardngr.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Farfesa [[Emmanuel Ndubisi Maduagwu|Emmanuel Maduagwu]], farfesa a fannin ilmin sunadarai kuma ɗan'uwan [[Makarantar Kimiyya ta Najeriya|Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Najeriya]] da Royal Society of Chemistry.
* Farfesa [[Taiwo Abioye]], tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban kasaMataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa
* Farfesa [[Creating Ekundayo Adeyinka Adeyemi|Ekundayo Adeyinka Adeyemi]], farfesa na farko na gine-gine a Najeriya da Afirka ta Kudu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adelaja |first=Bose |date=March 22, 2012 |title=Where are the Ekiti professors? |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/03/where-are-the-ekiti-professors/ |access-date=2017-11-29 |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Farfesa Kayode Soremekun, tsohon Dean, Kwalejin Nazarin Ci Gaban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Soremekun: Life of a Legend |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/05/17/soremekun-life-of-a-legend/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Farfesa Samuel Ibiyemi, tsohon Dean, Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha.
* Farfesa Sheriff Folarin, tsohon farfesa na Harkokin Kasashen Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oluwasanmi |first=Dupe |date=29 January 2024 |title=Sheriff Folarin: Life of a genius |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/sheriff-folarin-life-of-a-genius/ |access-date=3 February 2024 |website=The Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mataimakin Shugabannin ==

* Farfesa [[Bola Ayeni]] (Mayu 2002 - Satumba 2004) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2012 |title=Covenant University Honours Professors Ayeni, Obayan |url=http://m.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/News/Covenant-University-Honours-Professors-Ayeni-Obayan#.VyjS1oQrLIU |access-date=3 May 2016 |publisher=Covenant University |archive-date=2 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602134122/http://m.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/News/Covenant-University-Honours-Professors-Ayeni-Obayan#.VyjS1oQrLIU |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dokta [[Jonathan Aremu]] (2005)  (Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Covenant University appoints Dr. Jonathan Aremu Professor of International Economic Relations |url=http://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/News/Covenant-University-appoints-Dr.-Jonathan-Aremu-Professor-of-International-Economic-Relations#.WYRV6oTyvIU |access-date=2017-08-04 |website=Covenant University |archive-date=2017-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806023229/http://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/News/Covenant-University-appoints-Dr.-Jonathan-Aremu-Professor-of-International-Economic-Relations#.WYRV6oTyvIU |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Farfesa [[Aize Obayan]] (Fabrairu 2005 - Oktoba 31, 2012) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Covenant University gets New Vice-Chancellor / News / Home - Covenant University |url=http://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/News/Covenant-University-gets-New-Vice-Chancellor#.VSl8h_nF-b5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205223917/http://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/News/Covenant-University-gets-New-Vice-Chancellor#.VSl8h_nF-b5 |archive-date=2017-12-05 |access-date=2015-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Farfesa [[Charles Ayo]] (1 ga Nuwamba, 2012 - Yuli 2016) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Atayero Succeeds Ayo as Covenant University Vice-Chancellor |url=http://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/News/Atayero-Succeeds-Ayo-as-Covenant-University-Vice-Chancellor#.V41cX_krLIU |access-date=19 July 2016 |publisher=covenantuniversity.edu.ng |archive-date=20 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720184802/http://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/News/Atayero-Succeeds-Ayo-as-Covenant-University-Vice-Chancellor#.V41cX_krLIU |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-11-08 |title=Covenant University Appoints New Vice Chancellor, DVCS |url=https://www.dailyschoolnews.com.ng/covenant-university-appoints-new-vice-chancellor-dvcs/ |access-date=2024-06-09 |archive-date=2023-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122224415/https://www.dailyschoolnews.com.ng/covenant-university-appoints-new-vice-chancellor-dvcs/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Farfesa AAA Atayero (Yuli 15, 2016 - Satumba 22, 2020) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CU Unveils Professor A.A.A. Atayero as New Vice-Chancellor |url=http://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/content/view/full/22789/(all)/1#.V4tU2fkrLIU |access-date=17 July 2016 |publisher=covenantuniversity.edu.ng |archive-date=15 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815220518/http://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/content/view/full/22789/(all)/1#.V4tU2fkrLIU |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-19 |title=Institution gets new VC |url=http://www.pulse.ng/student/covenant-university-institution-gets-new-vc-id5281854.html |access-date=2024-06-09 |archive-date=2017-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806021115/http://www.pulse.ng/student/covenant-university-institution-gets-new-vc-id5281854.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Farfesa Akan Williams (22 ga Satumba, 2020 - 10 ga Nuwamba, 2020) (Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-24 |title=Covenant University appoints Prof Williams Acting VC |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/covenant-university-appoints-prof-williams-acting-vc/ |access-date=2020-10-13 |website=Vanguard}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Farfesa Abiodun Humphrey Adebayo (10 ga Nuwamba, 2020 - Yanzu) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 November 2020 |title=Covenant Appoints Professor Abiodun Humphrey Adebayo seventh Vice- Chancellor |url=http://m.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/News/Covenant-Appoints-Professor-Abiodun-Humphrey-Adebayo-7th-Vice-Chancellor#.YH8GMOhKiCp |website=Covenant University |access-date=9 June 2024 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422184040/http://m.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/News/Covenant-Appoints-Professor-Abiodun-Humphrey-Adebayo-7th-Vice-Chancellor#.YH8GMOhKiCp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan da nasarorin da aka samu ==
{{Gyara Fassara}}
* Covenant University is a leading private institution in Nigeria based on number of prospective students/applicants that seeks to get admitted;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Iruonagbe |first=Charles |last2=Imhonopi |first2=D |last3=Egharevba |first3=Matthew Etinosa |date=2015 |title=Higher Education in Nigeria and the Emergence of Private Universities |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273699592 |journal=International Journal of Education and Research |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=49–64}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its admission requirements, cited scholarly journals and annual rankings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=1stConvocation CeremonySpecial Lecturesand Speeches |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/129903467.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121224028/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/129903467.pdf |archive-date=November 21, 2023 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=core.ac.uk |publisher=Covenant University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ranking1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2017 |title=NUC 2017 Ranking: UI Best In Nigeria; LASU Best State University; Covenant Best Private University + Full List Of Ranking |url=http://www.thegazellenews.com/2017/01/30/nuc-2017-ranking-ui-best-nigeria-lasu-best-state-university-covenant-best-private-university-full-list-ranking/ |access-date=2017-11-12 |website=thegazellenews.com |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113112803/http://www.thegazellenews.com/2017/01/30/nuc-2017-ranking-ui-best-nigeria-lasu-best-state-university-covenant-best-private-university-full-list-ranking/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ranking2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2017 |title=EDUCATIONJAMB: UNILORIN, LASU, Covenant Universities top applicants' choice in 2017 [Full list] |url=http://dailypost.ng/2017/08/30/jamb-unilorin-lasu-covenant-universities-top-applicants-choice-2017-full-list/ |access-date=2017-11-12 |website=Dailypost}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* On September 26, 2018, it became the highest ranked Nigerian university&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-11-20 |title=Covenant University |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/covenant-university |access-date=2018-12-11 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the world universities ranking of the Times Higher Education (THE).
* Covenant was also recently selected&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Covenant Tops List of 10 Africa Centres of Excellence in Nigeria / News / Home - Covenant University |url=https://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/News/Covenant-Tops-List-of-10-Africa-Centres-of-Excellence-in-Nigeria#.XA-m1Sco_RY |access-date=2018-12-11 |website=covenantuniversity.edu.ng }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; as one of the Africa Centres of Excellence for Development Impact (ACE Impact).
* Earlier in November, 2018, Covenant entered the Subject Rankings of the Times Higher Education (THE) for the first time in the Business and Economics subject category ranking 501+ globally.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://eprints.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/12182/1/THEWUR2019-Engrg-Tech-Covenant%20p85.pdf |access-date=2018-12-11 |website=eprints.covenantuniversity.edu.ng }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, in the recently released Engineering subject ranking, Covenant emerged in the 501-600 category.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://eprints.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/12182/1/THEWUR2019-Engrg-Tech-Covenant%20p85.pdf |access-date=2018-12-11 |website=eprints.covenantuniversity.edu.ng }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* In January 2015, it was ranked as the best university in [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] according to Webometrics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2014 |title=Latest Webometrics Ranking of Nigerian Universities, OAU Tops |url=http://www.ngscholars.com/2014/08/latest-webometrics-ranking-of-nigerian-universities-oau-tops/ |access-date=10 August 2014 |publisher=ngscholars.com |archive-date=4 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104190214/http://www.ngscholars.com/2014/08/latest-webometrics-ranking-of-nigerian-universities-oau-tops/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kukogho Iruesiri |first=Samson |date=February 16, 2015 |title=Oyedepo's Covenant University named best in Nigeria, 15th in Africa ...beats UNILORIN, OAU, others |url=http://www.pulse.ng/communities/student/webometrics-ranking-oyedepos-covenant-university-named-best-in-nigeria-15th-in-africa-beats-unilorin-oau-others-id3487325.html |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=Pulse |archive-date=2017-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110132706/http://www.pulse.ng/communities/student/webometrics-ranking-oyedepos-covenant-university-named-best-in-nigeria-15th-in-africa-beats-unilorin-oau-others-id3487325.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A publication by [[Vanguard (Nijeriya)|Vanguard]], that segregated universities in Nigeria into Grade A, B, etc. based on [[Hukumar shirya jarabawar shiga makarantun gaba da sakandire ( JAMB)|JAMB]] score ceiling; categorized Covenant University as a &quot;Grade A&quot; university.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 11, 2017 |title=Grade 'A' university cut-off marks: OAU, UNN 41 others lead with 180-200 – Investigations |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/09/grade-university-cut-off-marks-oau-unn-41-others-lead-180-200-investigations/ |access-date=2017-11-12 |website=Vanguard}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The [[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|National Universities Commission]] in 2016, listed Covenant University as the best private school in Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Idegu |first=Yusufu |date=January 14, 2016 |title=NUC ranks UNIJOS second best |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/nuc-ranks-unijos-2nd-best/ |access-date=2017-11-12 |website=[[The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2017, the university retained its position as Nigeria's best private institution according to the same government agency.&lt;ref name=&quot;ranking1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Covenant University wins best private university 2017 |url=http://www.nigeriatoday.ng/2017/08/covenant-university-wins-best-private-university-2017-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113112844/http://www.nigeriatoday.ng/2017/08/covenant-university-wins-best-private-university-2017-award/ |archive-date=2017-11-13 |access-date=2017-11-12 |website=Nigeria Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Again, in August 2017, [[Cibiyar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta Legas|Lagos Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] awarded Covenant University with the best private university in Nigeria award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 August 2017 |title=Lagos oldest serving teacher, principal bag awards |url=http://punchng.com/lagos-oldest-serving-teacher-principal-bag-awards/ |access-date=2017-11-12 |website=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; These feat was also reported in 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-04-20 |title=Top 50 Universities in Nigeria 2013- Ranking Published by National University Commission (NUC) |url=http://www.informationng.com/2013/04/top-50-universities-in-nigeria-2013-ranking-published-by-national-university-commission-nuc.html |access-date=2017-11-12 |website=Information Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-01-22 |title=Covenant University emerges best private university |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/covenant-varsity-emerges-2013-best-private-varsity-nigeria/ |access-date=2017-11-12 |website=Vanguard}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2013 &amp; 2014: Best Private University in Nigeria &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;
* 2014: Best Vice Chancellor of Private University in Nigeria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* 2014: The Centenary ICT Driven University of the Year.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* 2014: The Best Private University in Nigeria &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Covenant University has been statistically rated as the most preferred private university in Nigeria among university seekers since the public availability of [[Hukumar shirya jarabawar shiga makarantun gaba da sakandire ( JAMB)|Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board]] data in 2014. It was the most sought-after private school in 2014,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-05-06 |title=Official JAMB Statistics of university candidates |url=https://students.com.ng/official-jamb-statistics-of-university-candidates-with-200-scores/ |access-date=2017-11-12 |website=school.com.ng |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113061730/https://students.com.ng/official-jamb-statistics-of-university-candidates-with-200-scores/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=JAMB UTME 2014 Registration Statistics with List of Universities |url=https://myschool.com.ng/school/news/24778/jamb-utme-2014-registration-statistics-with-list-of-universities.html |access-date=2017-11-12 |website=myschool.com.ng |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003858/https://myschool.com.ng/school/news/24778/jamb-utme-2014-registration-statistics-with-list-of-universities.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Most Sought after universities in Nigeria |url=https://www.myschoolgist.com/ng/most-sought-after-universities-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2017-11-12 |website=myschoolgist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oni |first=Olamide |date=2016-06-15 |title=Here is a list of the top ten most sought-after institutions in Nigeria |url=http://www.pulse.ng/communities/student/best-university-here-is-a-list-of-the-top-ten-most-sought-after-institutions-in-nigeria-id5151026.html |access-date=2017-11-12 |website=Pulse |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113061615/http://www.pulse.ng/communities/student/best-university-here-is-a-list-of-the-top-ten-most-sought-after-institutions-in-nigeria-id5151026.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;ranking2&quot; /&gt;
* According to Elsevier, data from 2011 to 2015 show that Covenant University publications was rated number one in Wind power, Wind and turbine,  Corrosion inhibitors, Carbon steel; and the second best in trade, Remittance, Effect and housing; Residential satisfaction, satisfaction among all universities worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atueyi |first=Ujunwa |date=May 18, 2017 |title=Covenant tops in research endeavours among universities |url=https://guardian.ng/features/education/covenant-tops-in-research-endeavours-among-universities/ |access-date=2017-11-12 |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]] |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003652/https://guardian.ng/features/education/covenant-tops-in-research-endeavours-among-universities/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Another report by Daily Independent newspaper which analyzed Elsevier Scival metrics showed that publications in Computer Science, Engineering, Business Management and Accounting from Covenant University ranked tops in Nigeria.&lt;ref name=&quot;ranking3&quot;/&gt;
* In 2016, ''Africa Leadership Magazine'' listed Covenant University as one of the universities of excellence to be honoured in South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oni |first=Olamide |date=2016-03-17 |title=Varsities honoured in South Africa |url=http://www.pulse.ng/communities/student/babcock-covenant-universities-varsities-honoured-in-south-africa-id4815543.html |access-date=2017-11-12 |website=Pulse |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113004848/http://www.pulse.ng/communities/student/babcock-covenant-universities-varsities-honoured-in-south-africa-id4815543.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* At the Presidential Special Scholarship Scheme for Innovation and Development (PRESSID), which is an annual initiative by the [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Federal government of Nigeria]] to provide scholarship abroad to students that graduated with first class degrees from Nigerian universities, Covenant University had the highest number of students that scaled through the aptitude examination among all universities in Nigeria during the 2013, 2014 and 2015 academic sessions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 24, 2015 |title=Covenant University's first class graduates dominate scheme |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/covenant-universitys-first-class-graduates-dominate-scheme/ |access-date=2017-10-20 |website=[[The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A 2017 collaborative study by Stutern, Jobberman and BudgIT reveal that graduates from Covenant University are the &quot;most employable&quot; in Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-05-04 |title=Top 20 Nigerian universities with most EMPLOYABLE graduates |url=https://www.naij.com/1102905-top-20-nigerian-universities-employable-graduates.html |access-date=2017-08-04 |website=Naij.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 May 2017 |title=THERE IS WIDESPREAD UNDER-COMPENSATION OF NIGERIAN GRADUATES AT LOCAL COMPANIES |url=http://venturesafrica.com/widespread-under-compensation-of-nigerian-graduates/ |access-date=2017-08-04 |website=Ventures Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 May 2017 |title=Why this private school produces the most employable graduates |url=http://www.pulse.ng/student/covenant-university-why-this-private-school-produces-the-most-employable-graduates-id6628633.html |access-date=2017-08-04 |website=Pulse Nigeria |archive-date=2017-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805014918/http://www.pulse.ng/student/covenant-university-why-this-private-school-produces-the-most-employable-graduates-id6628633.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 May 2017 |title=Covenant University makes Top 10 in Research |url=http://punchng.com/covenant-university-makes-top-10-list-in-research/ |access-date=2017-08-04 |website=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The study was criticized by some stakeholders for not having a large sample size.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 May 2017 |title=Expert sees bias in Stutern Report on Varsities that produce most employable graduates |url=http://businesshilights.com.ng/expert-sees-bias-in-stutern-report-on-varsities-that-produce-most-employable-graduates/ |access-date=2017-08-04 |archive-date=2017-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804213809/http://businesshilights.com.ng/expert-sees-bias-in-stutern-report-on-varsities-that-produce-most-employable-graduates/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Techcabal'' rated Covenant University as having the best software developers in Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Popoola |first=Bolade |date=June 11, 2015 |title=Seven Top Nigerian Universities Where Nigerian Developers Come From |url=http://techcabal.com/2015/06/11/seven-top-nigerian-universities-where-nigerian-developers-come-from/ |access-date=2017-11-12 |website=Techcabal}}&lt;/ref&gt; The school was also listed as having one of the best five postgraduate schools in Nigeria by ''Nigeria Bulletin''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top 5 Universities In Nigeria For Postgraduate Studies |url=https://www.nigerianbulletin.com/threads/top-5-universities-in-nigeria-for-postgraduate-studies.109616/ |access-date=2024-06-09 |archive-date=2022-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518001543/https://nigerianbulletin.com/threads/top-5-universities-in-nigeria-for-postgraduate-studies.109616/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2018, a Covenant University student, Ubani Peculiar Chinaemerem was awarded the best marketing student by the [https://nimn.com.ng/ National Institute of Marketing of Nigeria] among all students in Nigerian universities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-12-12 |title=Expert Tasks Marketing Practitioners, Students To Identify Core Competences |url=https://independent.ng/expert-tasks-marketing-practitioners-students-to-identify-core-competences/ |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=Independence Newspaper}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* In 2018, Covenant University won the Nigerian round of the CFA Institute Research Challenge, defeating the [[Jami'ar Lagos|University of Lagos]] and Obafemi Awolowo University to become Nigeria's first representative in the global competition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-02-03 |title=Covenant University Wins Maiden CFA Institute Research Competition |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/covenant-university-wins-maiden-cfa-institute-research-competition/ |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=Eagle online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-02-04 |title=Covenant University to represent Nigeria at global CFA Institute Research competition |url=https://guardian.ng/news/covenant-university-to-represent-nigeria-at-global-cfa-institute-research-competition/ |access-date=2018-02-06 |website=Guardian.ng |archive-date=2018-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207010049/https://guardian.ng/news/covenant-university-to-represent-nigeria-at-global-cfa-institute-research-competition/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, [[Ma'aikatar Kimiyya, Fasaha da Ƙirƙira ta Tarayya|Federal Ministry of Science and Technology]] awarded the school first position in innovative technology among all universities in Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-03-09 |title=FG Urges Nigerians To Value, Use Made In Nigeria Products |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/fg-urges-nigerians-to-value-use-made-in-nigeria-products/ |access-date=2018-03-25 |website=Eagle Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; The school was placed third in the 2017 edition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-04-09 |title=Onu: Why We Organised 2017 Technology and Innovation Expo |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/04/09/onu-why-we-organised-2017-technology-and-innovation-expo/ |access-date=2018-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nasarorin kungiyar dalibai ===

* Alkawari ita ce Gasar Enactus ta Kasa ta 2019 .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Covenant Wins National Enactus Tourney, to Represent Nigeria at Global Event |url=https://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/News/Covenant-Wins-National-Enactus-Tourney-to-Represent-Nigeria-at-Global-Event#.XtBijzBKjDd |access-date=May 29, 2020 |archive-date=October 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025071518/https://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/News/Covenant-Wins-National-Enactus-Tourney-to-Represent-Nigeria-at-Global-Event#.XtBijzBKjDd |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Finally, Covenant University Wins Enactus National Competition |url=https://www.theavalondaily.com/blog/2019/7/12/finally-covenant-university-wins-enactus-national-competition |access-date=July 10, 2019 |website=The Avalon Daily }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Covenant Enactus ya fito a matsayi na biyu a Gasar Kasa ta 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 13, 2018 |title=Covenant Enactus Promises to Win Coveted National Competition Gold |url=https://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/News/Covenant-Enactus-Promises-to-Win-Coveted-National-Competition-Gold#.XtBvbzBKjDc |access-date=May 29, 2020 |website=Covenant University |archive-date=February 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202004942/https://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/News/Covenant-Enactus-Promises-to-Win-Coveted-National-Competition-Gold#.XtBvbzBKjDc |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A cikin 2017 ƙungiyar Enactus ta Jami'ar Alkawari ta fito ta biyu mafi kyau a duk ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Covenant University Enactus Team Emerges Second Best Nationwide |url=https://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/News/Covenant-University-Enactus-Team-Emerges-Second-Best-Nationwide#.XtBohDBKjDc |access-date=May 29, 2020 |website=Covenant University |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204092122/https://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/News/Covenant-University-Enactus-Team-Emerges-Second-Best-Nationwide#.XtBohDBKjDc |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tattaunawa ==
Jami'ar ta sami zargi da yawa da karar shari'a dangane da ka'idojin halayenta masu tsauri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-02-28 |title=Student Expelled from Covenant University for Watching Pornography drags School to Court |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/02/28/student-expelled-from-covenant-university-for-watching-pornography-drags-school-to-court/ |access-date=2014-08-02 |publisher=Bellanaija.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-12-29 |title=Covenant University expels 200 students for not attending Church service - Vanguard News |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/12/covenant-university-expels-200-students-for-not-attending-church-service/ |access-date=2014-08-02 |publisher=Vanguardngr.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-01-17 |title=NANS condemns Covenant University for students' expulsion &amp;#124; Premium Times Nigeria |url=http://premiumtimesng.com/news/115699-nans-condemns-covenant-university-for-students-expulsion.html |access-date=2014-08-02 |publisher=Premiumtimesng.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

* {{Cite journal |last=Yusuf |first=Felicia |last2=Iwu |first2=Juliana I |date=2010 |title=Use of Academic Library: A Case Study of Covenant University, Nigeria. |url=http://www.iclc.us/cliej/cl30YI.pdf |journal=Chinese Librarianship: An International Electronic Journal |access-date=2024-06-09 |archive-date=2024-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716092804/http://www.iclc.us/Cliej/Cl30Yi.Pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ifijeh |first=Goodluck |last2=Adebayo |first2=Promise |last3=Ilogho |first3=Julie |last4=Asaolu |first4=Aderonke |last5=Michael-Onuoha |first5=Happiness Chijioke |date=2016 |title=Nigerian university libraries and the question of marketing: reconciling the salient issues |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43010143.pdf |journal=Journal of Information and Knowledge Management |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=101–114}}
*  
* {{Cite journal |last=Olusegun |first=Okeniyi |last2=Okeniyi |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Atayero |first3=Aderemi |date=2015-09-18 |title=Programming Development of Kolmogorov-Smirnov Goodness-of-Fit Testing of Data Normality as a Microsoft Excel® Library Function |journal=Journal of Software &amp; Systems Development |pages=1–15 |doi=10.5171/2015.238409 |issn=2166-0824 |doi-access=free}}
*  

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
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    <title>Jami'ar Akenten Appiah-Menka ta Kwarewa Horar da Kasuwanci</title>
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'''Jami'ar Akenten Appiah-Menka ta Horar da Kwarewa da Ci gaban Kasuwanci''', wacce aka fi sani da AAMUSTED jami'a ce ta jama'a da ke [[Kumasi]], [[Yankin Ashanti]], [[Ghana]] . An kafa jami'ar ne a karkashin Dokar 1026 ta 2020 na Majalisar Dokokin [[Ghana|Jamhuriyar Ghana]] don tallafawa hanyar fasaha mafi girma, sana'a da ilimi na kasuwanci a kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-23 |title=More than 800 students denied admission to AAMUSTED due to inadequate staff and facilities - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/more-than-800-students-denied-admission-to-aamusted-due-to-inadequate-staff-and-facilities/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa jami'ar ne daga hadewar Kwalejin Ilimi ta Fasaha, Kumasi (COLTEK) da Kwalejin Aikin Gona (CAGRIC), Asante- Mampong waɗanda duka biyu sun kasance makarantun Kwalejin Jami'ar Ilimi, Winneba (UCEW).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How Asantehene Influenced Establishment Of AAMUSTED – Manhyia Palace |url=https://manhyiapalace.org/how-asantehene-influenced-establishment-of-aamusted/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529160436/https://manhyiapalace.org/how-asantehene-influenced-establishment-of-aamusted/ |archive-date=2024-05-29 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Academic Calender |url=https://aamusted.edu.gh/about/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=AAMUSTED |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, 2020, Kwalejin Ilimi ta Fasaha, Kumasi da Kwalejin Aikin Gona, Asante-Mampong sun canza zuwa kafa Jami'ar Horar da Kwarewar Akenten Appiah-Menka da Ci gaban Kasuwanci. Sunan yana girmama Mista Akenten Appiah-Menka lauyan Ghana, ɗan siyasa kuma ɗan kasuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-04 |title=Asantehene reiterates need for more investments in TVET education - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/asantehene-reiterates-need-for-more-investments-in-tvet-education/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Donald |first=Ato Dapatem |date=25 May 2018 |title=Ghanaians pay last respects to Appiah-Menka |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghanaians-pay-last-respects-to-appiah-menka.html |website=Graphic online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=annan |first=e |date=2018-02-14 |title=NPP stalwart Appiah Menka dies |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/rip-npp-stalwart-appiah-menka-dies/3hpslgv |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529154928/https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/rip-npp-stalwart-appiah-menka-dies/3hpslgv |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa Kwalejin Ilimi na Fasaha, Kumasi (COLTEK) a cikin shekara ta 1966 a matsayin Kwalejin Malamai na Fasaha (TTC), daga baya an canza shi zuwa Kwalejin Koyarwa ta Fasaha ta Kumasi (KATTC) a cikin 1978. Kwalejin Ilimi ta Aikin Gona (CAGRIC), Asante - Mampong a gefe guda tana da shi daga Kwalejin Horar da St. Andrews a Akropong-Akwapim wanda Ikilisiyar Presbyterian ta Ghana da Ofishin Jakadancin Scotland suka kafa a 1946.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Enoch |first=Darfa Frimpong |date=27 November 2020 |title=UEW Kumasi and Mampong campuses changes name to AAM-USTED; gets own governing council |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/uew-kumasi-and-mampong-campuses-changes-name-to-aam-usted-gets-own-governing-council.html |website=Graphic online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Florence |first=Afriyie Mensah |date=27 May 2023 |title=Gov't must commit to resourcing AAMUSTEED to achieve it mandate-Asantehene |url=https://gna.org.gh/2023/05/govt-must-commit-to-resource-aamusted-in-achieving-mandate-asantehene/ |website=Ghana news agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dukkanin kwalejojin sun haɗu tare da wasu cibiyoyin ilimi guda bakwai (7) don kafa Jami'ar Ilimi ta Kwalejin a 1992 a ƙarƙashin Dokar PNDC 322.

Farfesa Frederick Kwaku Sarfo shine Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar na farko kuma na yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GTonline |date=2022-10-13 |title=AAMUSTED launches 'Technovate' to enhance students' skills |url=https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/aamusted-launches-technovate-to-enhance-students-skills/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Ghanaian Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cibiyoyin karatu ==

=== Cibiyar Kumasi ===
Cibiyar Kumasi wacce ke cikin Tanoso ita ce babbar harabar jami'ar. Wannan harabar kadai tana da ƙwarewa 5 tare da Sashen 12 na jami'ar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kweku |first=Zurek |date=3 September 2023 |title=AAMUSTED student dies following tragic fire ritual |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/video-aamusted-student-dies-following-tragic-fire-ritual.html |website=Graphic Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cibiyar Mampong ===
Cibiyar Asante-Mampong tana da nisan kilomita 63 daga babban harabar. Tana cikin Asante-Mampong wanda shine babban birnin Majalisar Majalisa ta Mampong . Kwalejin tana da fannoni 4 da Sashen 11.

== Ilimi ==

=== Kwalejin - Kumasi ===

* Faculty of Applied Science and Mathematics Education
* Kwalejin Ilimi na Kasuwanci
* Kwalejin Ilimi na Fasaha
* Kwalejin Ilimi da Kimiyya ta Sadarwa
* Kwalejin Ilimi na Kwarewa

=== Kwalejin - Mampong ===

* Kwalejin Ilimin Kimiyya ta Noma
* Kwalejin Ilimi na Kimiyya
* Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Lafiya
* Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Nazarin Gabaɗaya.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Jami'o'i]]</text>
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    <title>Jami'ar Minya</title>
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'''Jami'ar Minia''' jami'a ce ta jama'a a Minia, [[Misra|Misira]] . An kafa shi a shekara ta 1976 ta hanyar Dokar Jamhuriyar Republican No. (93), wanda ya raba shi daga [[Jami'ar Assiut]] . Cibiyar tana arewacin Minia. Alamarta ita ce Nefertiti Bust.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Minia University|url=https://www.minia.edu.eg/Minia/Ehistory2.aspx|access-date=2020-06-23|website=www.minia.edu.eg|archive-date=2020-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919182044/https://www.minia.edu.eg/Minia/Ehistory2.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Minia University|url=https://www.minia.edu.eg/Minia/Edeputy4.aspx|access-date=2020-06-23|website=www.minia.edu.eg|archive-date=2020-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805020826/https://www.minia.edu.eg/minia/Edeputy4.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=جامعة المنيا|url=https://www.minia.edu.eg/Minia/#explore|access-date=2020-06-23|website=www.minia.edu.eg|archive-date=2014-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313200231/http://www.minia.edu.eg/Arabic/PG/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9/News/Pages/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%89-%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B9-%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9%29.aspx#explore|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-07|title=Association of Arab Universities (AARU) {{!}} UNESCO NGO - db|url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/r/or/en/1100041756|access-date=2020-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907211815/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/r/or/en/1100041756|archive-date=2015-09-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamar jami'a ==
An zaɓi hoton Sarauniya Nefertiti a cikin wani littafi mai buɗewa a matsayin tambarin jami'ar. Bust din Nefertiti kuma shine taken Gwamnatin Minya saboda rawar da ta taka a tarihin Masar ta dā. An sami shugaban Nefertiti a yankin Tel Amarna, a kudancin Gwamnatin Minya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Minia University - www.minia.edu.eg |url=https://miniauniversity.webs.com/ |access-date=2020-06-23 |website=Minia University - www.minia.edu.eg |archive-date=2020-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623221458/https://miniauniversity.webs.com// |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsangayu ==
Jami'ar tana da fannoni 17:&lt;ref name=&quot;woes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Zohny |first1=Hazem |title=The woes of Egyptian PhD students |url=http://www.natureasia.com/en/nmiddleeast/article/10.1038/nmiddleeast.2011.48 |access-date=18 October 2018 |work=Nature Asia |date=20 April 2011 |doi=10.1038/nmiddleeast.2011.48 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019040917/http://www.natureasia.com/en/nmiddleeast/article/10.1038/nmiddleeast.2011.48 |archive-date=19 October 2018 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;


* Kwalejin Aikin Gona 
* Ma'aikatar Ilimi
* Kwalejin Kimiyya
* Faculty of Arts (a waje da harabar) 
* Kwalejin Fine Arts
* Kwalejin Injiniya (a waje da harabar) 
* Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya
* Ma'aikatar Ilimin Jiki
* Faculty of Dentistry (a waje da harabar) 
* Faculty of Dar Al-Uloom (koyarwar Islama) 
* Ma'aikatar Nursing
* Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido da Otal
* Kwalejin Al-Alsun (harsuna) 
* Kwalejin Magunguna
* Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta
* Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Musamman
* Kwalejin Jariri

== Ayyuka ==
A cikin 2018, jami'ar, tare da Ma'aikatar Ilimi mafi girma da Binciken Kimiyya, sun jagoranci taron wasanni na mako-mako ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. Ita ce ta farko a tarihin Masar.&lt;ref name=&quot;AMAY_1st_Disability&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Start of First Disability Challenge |url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1260332 |access-date=18 October 2018 |work=Al Masry Al Youm |date=17 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
[[Category: Jami'o'i a Misira]]</text>
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    <title>Jami'ar Kabianga</title>
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'''Jami'ar Kabianga''' tana cikin Kabianga, mazabar Belgut, Gundumar Kericho a Kenya. Jami'ar tana cikin Kabianga Complex, tare da Makarantar Sakandare ta Kabianga da Makarantar Firamare da Kabanga Tea Farm. Kabanga Complex yana da dogon tarihi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Kabianga {{!}} Innovation and Excellence {{!}} |url=http://kabianga.ac.ke/main/ |access-date=2020-05-24 |website=kabianga.ac.ke |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305164422/http://kabianga.ac.ke/main/ |archive-date=2024-03-05 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 November 2016 |title=University of Kabianga (UoK) wins Sh303m in grants |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/education/article/2000223176/kabianga-university-wins-sh303m-in-grants |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Nikko Tanui |publisher=Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cibiyar tana da makarantun uku &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=University of Kabianga |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-kabianga |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ciki har da harabar Kapkatet, harabar Kericho Town da Babban harabar. 

== Tarihi ==
An fara Makarantar Gwamnati, Kabianga, a 1925. Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Kabianga ta wanzu tsakanin 1929 da 1963, lokacin da aka tura Kwalejin zuwa Kwalejin Koyar da Malamain Kericho ta yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History &amp; Accreditation {{!}} University of Kabianga {{!}} Innovation and Excellence |url=http://kabianga.ac.ke/main/history-accreditation |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=kabianga.ac.ke }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan sake komawa, an kafa Cibiyar Horar da Manoma ta Kabianga a 1959 a wurin. Manufarta ita ce ta zama cibiyar horar da aikin gona ga manoma daga Kudancin Rift da kuma bayan. Cibiyar Horar da Manoma ta Kabianga ta zama Cibiyar Kabianga ta Jami'ar Moi a watan Mayu 2007. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, an ɗaga harabar jami'a zuwa kwalejin jami'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History &amp; Accreditation {{!}} University of Kabianga {{!}} Innovation and Excellence |url=http://kabianga.ac.ke/main/history-accreditation |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=kabianga.ac.ke }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 1 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2013, H.E, Hon. Mwai Kibaki ya ba shi takardar shaidar kuma ya zama cikakkiyar jami'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History &amp; Accreditation {{!}} University of Kabianga {{!}} Innovation and Excellence |url=http://kabianga.ac.ke/main/history-accreditation |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=kabianga.ac.ke }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wurin da yake ==
Jami'ar tana cikin tsaunuka masu shuka shayi na Kericho a ƙarshen kudu maso yammacin lardin Rift Valley na Kenya kuma a cikin kusanci da kamfanonin shuka shayi, Unilever, James Finlay, da George Williamson. Yana da kusan kilomita 26 daga garin Kericho kuma yana da kusan kilomita 6.2 daga hanya mai suna Kabianga Dairies, tsohon 'Premier Dairies' a kan hanyar Kericho-Kisii. 

Cibiyoyin cin kasuwa da ke kusa da su sune kasuwar Chepnyogaa da kasuwar Kabianga. Wadannan kasuwanni an san su da sayar da shanu masu daraja da sauran kasuwanni.

Al'ummar da ke kewaye da su sun kunshi masu magana da Kipsigis. Wannan al'umma sananne ne ga aikin gona. Babban aikin noma shine noma, tare da wurin Kabianga Dairy  kimanin kilomita uku daga jami'ar.

== Matsayi na yanzu ==
Jami'ar Kabiange ta shiga cikin jerin jami'o'in da aka kafa kwanan nan tare da ra'ayin samar da ƙarin damar ilmantarwa. A halin yanzu, jami'ar tana da kimanin dalibai 8000 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=University of Kabianga |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-kabianga |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Jami'ar Kabianga tana cikin Kericho a [[Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Status of Universities. Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya, 2013 |url=http://www.cue.or.ke/services/accreditation/status-of-universities |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707022546/http://www.cue.or.ke/services/accreditation/status-of-universities |archive-date=7 July 2013 |access-date=12 July 2013 |publisher=Commission for University Education}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cibiyar ta kasance &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://kabianga.ac.ke/uok-shines-latest-times-higher-education-ranking |title=ranked |access-date=2024-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322191359/https://kabianga.ac.ke/uok-shines-latest-times-higher-education-ranking |archive-date=2024-03-22 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar ta biyar mafi kyau a cikin ƙasa kuma ta 51 mafi kyau a Afirka ta Kudu ta Times Higher Education a cikin 2023.

== Malamai ==
Jami'ar Kabianga tana ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi a matakin digiri da digiri. Makarantu sun hada da:

* Makarantar Kimiyya da Fasaha &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=School of Science &amp; Technology {{!}} University of Kabianga {{!}} Innovation and Excellence |url=http://kabianga.ac.ke/main/school/sst |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=kabianga.ac.ke }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kimiyya da Gudanar da Ilimi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=School of Information Science &amp; Knowledge Management {{!}} University of Kabianga {{!}} Innovation and Excellence |url=http://kabianga.ac.ke/main/school/siskm |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=kabianga.ac.ke |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ilimi, Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jama'a &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=School of Education {{!}} University of Kabianga {{!}} Innovation and Excellence |url=https://seass.kabianga.ac.ke/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=kabianga.ac.ke |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321142916/https://seass.kabianga.ac.ke/ |archive-date=2024-03-21 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kasuwanci &amp; Tattalin Arziki &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=School of Business &amp; Economics |url=http://kabianga.ac.ke/main/school/sobe |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=kabianga.ac.ke |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510204017/http://kabianga.ac.ke/main/school/sobe |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kimiyya ta Aikin Gona da Albarkatun Halitta &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources |url=https://sasnr.kabianga.ac.ke/ |access-date=21 March 2024 |website=kabianga.ac.ke |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321142914/https://sasnr.kabianga.ac.ke/ |archive-date=21 March 2024 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website|http://www.kabianga.ac.ke/}}
[[Rukuni:Jami'o'i a Afrika]]
[[Rukuni:Jami'o'i]]</text>
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[[Fayil:Library by salih.jpg|thumb|Dakin karatun ]]
'''Jami'ar AlMughtaribeen,''' ( a hukumance an taƙaita shi zuwa MU) ko '''Jami'ar Baƙi''' (Arabic), Jami'ar ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]]. 'Yan kasashen waje na Sudan ne suka kafa shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=جامعة المغتربين |url=http://www.mohe.gov.sd/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=272:2013-10-21-09-50-51&amp;catid=8:2012-02-21-10-15-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030120206/http://www.mohe.gov.sd/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=272:2013-10-21-09-50-51&amp;catid=8:2012-02-21-10-15-31 |archive-date=2013-10-30 |access-date=2014-01-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gabatarwa ==
[[Fayil:Hasan_Abu-Aisha.jpg|thumb|[[Hasan Abu-Aisha]] wanda ya kafa shugaban Jami'ar AlMughtaribeen]]
Da farko, wani rukuni na baƙi ne ya fara ra'ayin kafa MU a [[Saudi Arebiya|Masarautar Saudi Arabia]] kuma taron baƙi na 4 ya karbe shi a cikin 2000 - a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kungiyar 'yan gudun hijira ta Sudan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AlMughtaribeen University |url=https://www.mu.edu.sd/DisplayMainArticle.xhtml?art_cat1=about |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=www.mu.edu.sd |archive-date=2021-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805182610/https://mu.edu.sd/DisplayMainArticle.xhtml?art_cat1=about |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar Sa kai ta Kasa don tallafawa Ilimi mafi girma a Sudan - wanda ke cikin [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] - wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar masana Sudan da furofesoshi na jami'a - sun shirya cikakken binciken da ke da niyyar kafa kamfanin da ba na riba ba don fara jami'a. Shugaban Sudan Marshal Omer Al-Bashir a lokacin taron na 5th Expatriates a shekara ta 2005 ya ba da yardarsa da amincewarsa ga aikin yayin da ya cika bukatun babban bangare na 'yan gudun hijirar Sudan.

== Tsarin karatu ==
Tsarin sa'a-sa'a da aka gyara da kuma tsarin karatun ilimi.

== Tsawon karatun ==

* Shekaru 4 a kwalejojin Harsuna da Gudanarwa.
* Shekaru 5 a kwalejojin Medicine da Injiniya.

== Shirye-shiryen karatu ==
1.Kwalejin Kimiyya ta gudanarwa: a cikin manyan:

** Bachelor of Business administration.
** Bachelor na Lissafi.
** Bachelor na [[Banki|Bankin]] &amp; Finance.
** Bachelor na Kasuwanci.
** Bachelor of Office management.

2.Kwalejin Injiniya: B.Sc.  (Godiya) a cikin manyan:

** B.Sc. a cikin Injiniyan sadarwa.
** B.Sc. a cikin Injiniyan lantarki (Industrial Electronics).
** B.Sc. a cikin Injiniyan lantarki (Tsarin Kulawa + Tsarin Wutar Lantarki).
** B.Sc. a cikin aikin injiniya.
** B.Sc. a cikin injiniyan Biomedical .
** B.Sc. a cikin [[Karatun gine-gine|Gine-gine]].

3.Kwalejin [[Harshe (yare)|Harsuna]] BA a cikin manyan:

** BA a cikin [[Turanci|Harshen Ingilishi]].
** BA a cikin [[Larabci|Harshen Larabci]].

4.Kwalejin Magunguna:

** MB BS a cikin Magunguna.

** BPharm a cikin Pharmacy.

** BSc. a cikin Kimiyya ta Nursing .

7.Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasahar Bayanai:

** BSc. a cikin Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta.
** BSc. a cikin Fasahar Bayanai.
** BSc. a cikin Injiniyan Software.
** BSc. a cikin Tsarin Bayanai.

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191221175123/http://www.mu.edu.sd/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

* جامعة ناوتڕڕ - وزارةليم العالي واللمي . [http://www.mohe.gov.sd/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=272:2013-10-21-09-50-51&amp;catid=8:2012-02-21-10-15-31] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030120206/http://www.mohe.gov.sd/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=272:2013-10-21-09-50-51&amp;catid=8:2012-02-21-10-15-31 |date=2013-10-30 }} An adana shi2013-10-30 a cikinWayback Machine
* &quot;Gwamna&quot; ya zama &quot;Rehang&quot; - &quot;Rehing&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140202133635/http://www.sswa.sd/ar/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1068:goal&amp;catid=106:2010-11-23-09-58-48 , burin Jami'ar]
* __hau____hau____hau__ Finfinne جامع 199 199 199 199) [https://archive.today/20131106114741/http://alintibaha.net/portal/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9/35811-%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%80%D9%80%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86 , jaridar AlEntibaha]
* رسالة جامعة sunan Angu. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131225110052/http://mu.edu.sd/about , saƙon Jami'ar]
* جامعة ya zama mai girma. Halitta, AlMadina jarida[http://www.al-madina.com/node/453510 , jaridar AlMadina]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jami'ar Pwani</title>
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      <text bytes="8412" sha1="glysbrly3bfue2jfa2gg93chosvix9x" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
&lt;mapframe latitude=&quot;-3.616388888888889&quot; longitude=&quot;39.84388888888889&quot; zoom=&quot;5&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; /&gt;'''Jami'ar Pwani''' [[jami'a]] ce ta jama'a &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Commission for University Education - Status Of Universities (Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya) - Status Of Universities (Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya) |url=http://www.cue.or.ke/index.php/status-of-universities-universities-authorized-to-operate-in-kenya-1 |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=www.cue.or.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin gundumar Kilifi a yankin bakin teku na [[Kenya]],tana da &amp;nbsp;kilomita 60 a arewaci da [[Mombasa]] a cikin wurin shakatawa na Kilifi, a cikin babban gundumar Kilifi. Kafin ba da lambar yabo, jami'ar ta kasance babbar kwalejin [[jami'ar Kenyatta]] . Kwalejin, wacce a da a matsayin Cibiyar Aikin Noma ta Kilifi, an kafa ta ne a ranar 23 ga Agusta shekara ta 2007 bisa umarnin da shugaban ƙasa Mwai Kibaki ya sanya wa hannu. 

== Wurin da yake ==
Jami'ar Pwani tana kusa da bakin Kilifi kusa da babbar hanyar Mombasa-Malindi. Ta mamaye kusan hekta 239 na fadin ƙasa, tana da damar samun karin faɗaɗawa a nan gaba. &amp;nbsp;An kafa Jami'ar Pwani a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta 2007. An yi rajistar rukunin farko na kimanin dalibai 200 a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2007, galibi a fagen Ilimi (Kimiyyar Kimiyya) da Ilimi (Fasaha). 

== Makarantu ==

* Sashin darusan Ilimi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://soe.pu.ac.ke/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=soe.pu.ac.ke |archive-date=2020-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611230746/http://soe.pu.ac.ke/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sashin darusan Yan Adam da Kimiyya ta Jama'a &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SHHS |url=http://shhs.pu.ac.ke/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=shhs.pu.ac.ke |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513134331/http://shhs.pu.ac.ke/ |archive-date=2020-05-13 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sashin darusan Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziki &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=School of Business and Economics |url=https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/academics/schools-at-pu/sbe |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=www.pu.ac.ke |archive-date=2024-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622102328/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/academics/schools-at-pu/sbe |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sashin darusan Kimiyya Mai Tsarki da Aikace-aikace (SPAS) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SPAS |url=http://spas.pu.ac.ke/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=spas.pu.ac.ke |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602185058/http://spas.pu.ac.ke/ |archive-date=2020-06-02 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sashin darusan Kimiyya ta Aikin Gona da Nazarin Kasuwanci &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SASA |url=http://sasa.pu.ac.ke/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=sasa.pu.ac.ke |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513115049/http://sasa.pu.ac.ke/ |archive-date=2020-05-13 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sashin darusan Muhalli da Kimiyya ta Duniya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SEES |url=http://sees.pu.ac.ke/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=sees.pu.ac.ke |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611230730/http://sees.pu.ac.ke/ |archive-date=2020-06-11 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sashin darusan Nazarin Digiri (SGS) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=School of Graduate Studies |url=https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/academics/schools-at-pu/sgs |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=www.pu.ac.ke |archive-date=2024-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622102318/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/academics/schools-at-pu/sgs |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sashin darusan Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Dan Adam &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pwani University |url=https://www.pu.ac.ke/ |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=www.pu.ac.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Jami'ar Pwani ta sanya hannu kan MOUs, ta shafi wurare daban-daban na sha'awa a matsayin hanyar inganta hulɗa mai fa'ida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strategic plan |url=https://www.pu.ac.ke/forms/Strategic%20Plan%202014%20-%202024%20(RE2020).pdf |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=Pwani University |archive-date=15 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115214207/http://mailto:j.chege@pu.ac.ke/forms/Strategic%20Plan%202014%20-%202024%20(RE2020).pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar tana da haɗin gwiwa da cibiyoyin bincike na Kenya da kuma na duniya baki daya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Collaborations |url=https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/research/others/collaborations |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=www.pu.ac.ke |archive-date=2024-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620231920/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/research/others/collaborations |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan sun hada da:

* [https://www.kari.org Cibiyar Binciken Aikin Gona ta Kenya],
* [https://www.kemri.org Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kenya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118052206/http://www.kemri.org/ |date=2022-11-18 }},
* [https://www.nacosti.go.ke Majalisar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kasa],
* [https://www.fsu.edu Jami'ar Jihar Florida],
* Jami'ar Dortmund &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 September 2023 |title=Collaborations |url=https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/research/others/collaborations/technische-universitat-dortmund |access-date=20 September 2023 |website=Pwani University |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622102317/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/research/others/collaborations/technische-universitat-dortmund |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia,
* Cibiyar John Innes a Burtaniya,
* Jami'ar Glasgow,
* Cibiyar Nazarin Dabbobi ta Duniya
* Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kenya.
* [[Jami'ar Eldoret]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 September 2023 |title=Collaborations |url=https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/research/others/collaborations/university-of-eldoret |access-date=20 September 2023 |website=Pwani University |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622102326/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/research/others/collaborations/university-of-eldoret |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jami'ar Sun Yet Sen &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 September 2023 |title=Collaboration |url=https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/research/others/collaborations/sun-yet-sen-university |access-date=20 September 2023 |website=Pwani University |archive-date=24 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624112804/https://www.pu.ac.ke/index.php/research/others/collaborations/sun-yet-sen-university |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da hadin gwiwar Majalisar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kasa, jami'ar ta taru da wani taron masu ruwa da tsaki don magance matsalar rashin aiki a cikin batutuwan kimiyya a jarrabawar KSCE da ƙananan juyawa daga firamare zuwa sakandare da matakin Jami'a a Coastal Kenya.

Don isa ga karin mutane tare da saƙon ci gaba a yankin, jami'ar tana shiga cikin Nunin Aikin Gona na Duniya na Mombasa tun 2008. A cikin wannan baje kolin kasuwanci, jami'ar tana nuna binciken bincike na kimiyya da fasahar da aka yi amfani da ita wanda manoma za su iya amfani da ita don magance ƙalubalen aikin gona, rashin tsaro na abinci da kasuwancin gona.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pwani University |url=https://www.pu.ac.ke/ |access-date=2020-05-24 |website=www.pu.ac.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shirye-shiryen Musamman ==
Yankin bakin teku kamar sauran sassan kasar yana da ƙalubale kan [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]] da barasa da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Yawancin ɗalibai a jami'ar matasa ne, shekarun da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau ko fada cikin tarkon masu amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Sanin wannan haɗarin, jami'ar ta kafa sashin kula da cutar kanjamau (ACU) wanda ke daidaita shirye-shirye da ayyukan don yaki da ƙalubalen HIV / AIDS. Kwamitin ACU yana tallafawa wanda ke magance kalubalen shan giya da miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin Jami'ar. ACU tana horar da Malamai / masu ba da shawara da aka samo daga ɗalibai kuma aka rarraba su a cikin dakunan zama da shirye-shiryen karatu. Suna gano shari'o'in da ke tasowa kuma suna ba da tallafi kafin su tura shari'oʼin ga masu ba da shawara. Kowace semester ACU ta shirya makonni na HIV / AIDS don samar da shawarwari da ayyukan gwaji.Ma'aikatar kimiyyar halittu tana horar da dalibai kan ƙwarewar gabatarwa mai laushi don taimakawa dalibai a cikin ayyukan bincike na shekara ta ƙarshe a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin karatun. Wannan horo cikakke ne na ɗalibai kuma haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Jami'ar Pwani da Cibiyar John Innes . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jami'ar Jamus a Alkahira</title>
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[[Fayil:Opening_GUC.jpg|thumb|Bikin kaddamar da GUC a shekara ta 2003, wanda shugaban kasar [[Hosni Mubarak]] da Shugaban Jamusanci Gerhard Schröder suka halarta.]]
'''Jami'ar Jamus da ke birnin Alkahira''' (wanda ake wa lakabi da GUC; {{Lang-ar|الجامعة الألمانية بالقاهرة}} ''{{Transl|arz|El Gam‘a El Almāniya Bel Qāhira}}'') jami'a ce mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta a New Alkahira, [[Misra|Masar]] . An kafa GUC a cikin 2002 ta dokar shugaban kasa 27/2002 kuma bisa ga lambar dokar Masar 101/1992. Jami'ar Stuttgart, Jami'ar Ulm, Jami'ar Tübingen, Jami'ar Mannheim, Kwalejin Fine Arts Leipzig, Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Jamusanci (DAAD), Jihar Baden-Württemberg, [[Jamus]], da Ma'aikatar Tarayya Ilimi da Bincike, [[Jamus]], suna cikin manyan masu goyon bayan ilimi na GUC. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=German University in Cairo - About GUC |url=http://www.guc.edu.eg/en/about_guc/ |access-date=2020-06-29 |website=www.guc.edu.eg |archive-date=2017-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721222806/http://www.guc.edu.eg/en/about_guc/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

GUC tana ba da shirye-shiryen karatu sama da 70 da ke kaiwa ga digiri na B.Sc., M.Sc. da Ph.D. bisa ga Tsarin Bologna. Harshen koyarwa shine Turanci. An tsara shirye-shiryen binciken bisa ga ka'idodin Jamusanci kuma an amince da su a Misira da Jamus (ta hanyar ACQUIN). Fiye da dalibai 10,000 ne suka yi rajista a GUC, wanda ya zama babbar cibiyar ilimi ta kasa da kasa daga hangen nesa na Jamus.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Transnational, Bi-national, International? The German approach.&quot; ''https://www.daad.de/medien/hochschulen/projekte/studi{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}enangebote/eaie-summer_forum_2014_tne_the_german_approach_sg__sk.pdf''&lt;/ref&gt;

GUC tana cikin kudu maso gabashin Alkahira. Cibiyar ta 577,000 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ta haɗa da wurare daban-daban na wasanni, wurin shakatawa na masana'antu, wurin shakata na hasken rana da kuma dakunan gwaje-gwaje na zamani don haɗa ilimi, bincike da aikace-aikace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=German University in Cairo - About GUC |url=http://www.guc.edu.eg/en/about_guc/ |access-date=2020-06-29 |website=www.guc.edu.eg |archive-date=2017-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721222806/http://www.guc.edu.eg/en/about_guc/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; GUC kuma tana aiki da gidan baƙi a [[Ulm]] da harabar a [[Berlin]] da kuma ofisoshin tallafin dalibai da yawa a Jamus tare da manufar inganta motsi na dalibai, masu bincike da malamai zuwa Jamus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GUC Berlin |url=http://www.guc-berlin.de/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324101547/http://guc-berlin.de/ |archive-date=2019-03-24 |access-date=2020-06-29 |website=www.guc-berlin.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GUC Ulm |url=https://www.guc.uni-ulm.de/en/about-the-guc/contact/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629152755/https://www.guc.uni-ulm.de/en/about-the-guc/contact/ |archive-date=2020-06-29 |access-date=2020-06-29 |website=www.guc.uni-ulm.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanarwa ==
Jami'ar Jamus da ke Alkahira ta ƙunshi fannoni na Injiniya da Fasaha, Injiniya &amp; Fasaha, injiniya &amp; Kimiyya, Fasahar Gudanarwa, Pharmacy &amp; Biotechnology, Kimiyya da Fasaha da Fasaha ta Aikace-aikace, Shari'a da Nazarin Shari'a gami da Nazarin Postgraduate &amp; Binciken Kimiyya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=German University in Cairo - Faculties |url=http://www.guc.edu.eg/en/academic_programs/faculties/ |access-date=2020-06-29 |website=www.guc.edu.eg |archive-date=2020-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714024633/https://www.guc.edu.eg/en/academic_programs/faculties/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa ga takardar shaidarta jami'ar tana da 'yanci kuma tana da ikon cin gashin kanta: kwamitin amintattu yana kula da kulawa ta asali, kuma da kansa, Majalisar Jami'ar tana ba da shawara ga shugaban jami'a da mataimakin shugabanni kan al'amuran ilimi. Mutane daga Jamus da Masar suna aiki a kwamitocin biyu. Mambobin Kwamitin Amintattun sun hada da: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=German University in Cairo - President's Cabinet |url=http://www.guc.edu.eg/en/about_guc/trustees_council_deans/president_cabinet.aspx |access-date=2020-06-29 |website=www.guc.edu.eg |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504183727/http://www.guc.edu.eg/en/about_guc/trustees_council_deans/president_cabinet.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Ashraf Mansour]] (shugaban; Babban Wanda ya kafa GUC) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof. Dr. Ashraf Mansour |url=https://www.daad.de/der-daad/unsere-aufgaben/alumniarbeit/alumni-galerie/portraits/en/39272-prof-dr-ashraf-mansour/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829000329/https://www.daad.de/der-daad/unsere-aufgaben/alumniarbeit/alumni-galerie/portraits/en/39272-prof-dr-ashraf-mansour/ |archive-date=2019-08-29 |access-date=2019-03-20 |website=www.daad.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dieter Fritsch (Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Amintattun Harkokin Ilimi &amp; Tsohon Rector, Jami'ar Stuttgart) 
* Peter Frankenberg (tsohon Ministan Kimiyya, Bincike da Fasaha, Baden-Württemberg) 
* Cyril Nunn (Jamusanci a Misira) 
* Annette Schavan (tsohuwar Ministan Ilimi da Bincike na Tarayya, Jamus) 
* Wolfram Ressel (Rector, Jami'ar Stuttgart) 
* Michael Weber (Rector, Jami'ar Ulm) 
* Karl Joachim Ebeling (tsohon Rector, Jami'ar Ulm) 
* Dorothea Rüland (Janar Sakatare, DAAD (Sashe na Musayar Ilimi na Jamus)) 
* Ibrahim El-Dimeery (tsohon Ministan Sufuri na Masar &amp; Dean na Faculty of Postgraduate Studies) 
* Gamal Nada (Alkalin, Tsohon Shugaban Majalisar Gwamnatin Masar) 
* Ulrich Zürn (Aboki a Dr. Horn Economic Consultancy &amp; Chartered Accountant, Ulm) 

== Ra'ayi na Jama'a ==
Gwamnatin Jamus tana tallafawa ci gaban shirye-shiryen karatun Jamusanci da kuma kafa jami'o'i a kasashen waje bisa ga tsarin Jamusanci. Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Tarayya ya lissafa GUC na farko daga cikin cibiyoyin ilimi goma da ake ingantawa a halin yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=German Universities Abroad |url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aussenpolitik/themen/kulturdialog/deutschehochschulenausland/228862 |access-date=2020-06-29 |website=Federal Foreign Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Bincike ta Tarayyar Jamus tana ganin GUC, sama da duka, a ci gaba da hadin gwiwar ilimi na Jamus da Masar. &quot;Jami'ar farko 'Jamusanci' mai zaman kanta a kasashen waje (wanda aka kafa a matsayin cibiyar mai zaman kanta karkashin dokar Masar) tana da muhimmancin siyasa a cikin al'adar hadin gwiwar ilimi ta Jamus da Masar, wanda ya fara fiye da shekaru ɗari da suka gabata lokacin da aka kafa makarantun parish na Jamus a Alkahira da Alexandria&quot;.

Ofishin musayar ilimi na Jamus ya amince da GUC a matsayin daya daga cikin &quot;matsayin ayyukan ilimi na kasa da kasa&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=90 Years DAAD: Festive evening in Berlin |url=https://www.daad.de/der-daad/daad-aktuell/en/35645-0-years-daad-festive-evening-in-berlin-with-federal-foreign-minister-steinmeier/ |access-date=2020-06-29 |website=www.daad.de}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya kiyasta cewa wasu 250 zuwa 300 masu digiri na GUC suna yin digiri na biyu ko digiri a Jamus. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Transnational Education in Germany.&quot; DAAD Position Paper. https://www.daad.de/medien/der-daad/analysen-studien/tne-position_paper.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260701210434/https://www2.daad.de/medien/der-daad/analysen-studien/tne-position_paper.pdf |date=2026-07-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
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    <title>Jamil Jan Kochai</title>
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'''Jamil Jan Kochai''' (an haife shi a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da biyu 1992) marubucin [[Pakistan]]&quot; id=&quot;mwCA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Afghans in Pakistan&quot;&gt;Afghanistan ne wanda aka haife shi a Peshawar, Pakistan kuma yana zaune a Sacramento, California . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jamil Kochai – Texas Book Festival |url=https://www.texasbookfestival.org/ft_author/jamil-kochai/ |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=www.texasbookfestival.org |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705145749/https://www.texasbookfestival.org/ft_author/jamil-kochai/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe lambar yabo ta O. Henry tare da littattafai biyu da aka buga na fiction.&lt;ref name=&quot;3Q4: Jamil Jan Kochai&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=3Q4: Jamil Jan Kochai |url=http://thesewaneereview.com/articles/3q4-jamil-jan-kochai |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=The Sewanee Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Jamil reading.webp|thumb|Jamil Jan Kochai]]
== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Kochai a [[Pakistan]] kuma an kawo shi [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] tun yana jariri kuma an haife shi a California. Harshensa na farko shine Pashto kuma danginsa suna magana da [[Farisawa|Farisa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Saleem |first=Rabeea |date=2019-04-07 |title=INTERVIEW: 'I WANTED THE READER TO EXPERIENCE THE IMMENSITY |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1474319 |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan [[September 11 attacks|9/11]], an zalunta shi, kuma yana da shekaru 12, iyalinsa suka yi tafiya zuwa [[Afghanistan]], wanda ya zama wahayi ga littafinsa na farko.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Day |first=Jeffrey |date=2019-11-14 |title=Tales of Afghanistan |url=https://lettersandscience.ucdavis.edu/alumni-profiles/tales-afghanistan-novel-jamil-kochai |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=UC Davis College of Letters and Science |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621025232/https://lettersandscience.ucdavis.edu/alumni-profiles/tales-afghanistan-novel-jamil-kochai |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Jamil reading.webp|thumb|Jamil Jan Kochai]]
Yayinda yake girma a West Sacramento, California, malami a makarantar sakandare ta River City ya ƙarfafa shi ya dauki aji na rubuce-rubuce, ya kai shi cikin fiction, sannan ya ci gaba da rubutu yayin da yake aiki don samun digiri na farko a Jami'ar Jihar California, Sacramento, yana karatun Turanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Daga nan ya sami digiri na biyu a rubuce-rubuce masu kirkiro, na farko daga Jami'ar California, Davis a cikin 2017 sannan daga Iowa Writers' Workshop a cikin 2019, inda ya kasance Truman Capote Fellow . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Littafinsa na farko, wani labari mai taken ''99 Nights in Logar,'' an buga shi ta Viking Press a cikin 2019 kuma ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙarshe na 2020 PEN / Hemingway Award for Debut Novel kuma an sanya shi cikin jerin sunayen 2019 DSC Prize for South Asian Literature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-03-23 |title=Novelist Ruchika Tomar Wins 2020 PEN/Hemingway Award for Her Debut Novel 'A PRAYER FOR TRAVELERS' |url=https://pen.org/press-release/novelist-ruchika-tomar-wins-2020-pen-hemingway-award-for-her-debut-novel-a-prayer-for-travelers/ |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=PEN America |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Maha |date=2019-11-08 |title=Sadia Abbas and Jamil Jan Kochai shortlisted for the DSC Prize for South Asian Literature 2019 |url=https://cutacut.com/2019/11/08/sadia-abbas-and-jamil-jan-kochai-shortlisted-for-the-dsc-prize-for-south-asian-literature-2019/ |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=cutacut |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Farkon ya lashe lambar yabo ta John C. Zacharis Book Award daga Ploughshares . Dina Nayeri ta sake dubawa a matsayin &quot;mai ban dariya&quot; da &quot;mai tsayi&quot; a cikin The New York Times Book Review  kuma ta kira shi &quot;mai ban sha'awa da rashin tabbas&quot; ta ''[[The Guardian]]'', da kuma &quot;mai ban mamaki&quot; ta Mohammed Hanif .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-01-27 |title=99 Nights in Logar by Jamil Jan Kochai – review |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jan/27/99-nights-in-logar-jamil-jan-kochai-review |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-03-21 |title=99 Nights in Logar by Jamil Jan Kochai review – a journey to the heart of Afghanistan |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/mar/21/99-nights-in-logar-jamil-jan-kochai-review-afghanistan |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya masa suna littafi ne da ''BuzzFeed'',  Time,  The New Yorker,  da ''New York,''  kuma Harper's Magazine sun rubuta cewa littafin &quot;mai ban dariya&quot; da &quot;mai ban sha'awa&quot; &quot;yana motsawa da tarin tatsuniyoyi a cikin tatsuniyoyi&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obaro |first=Arianna Rebolini, Tomi |title=66 Books Coming In 2019 That You'll Want To Keep On Your Radar |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ariannarebolini/books-2019-rachel-cusk-ian-mcewan-most-anticipated |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=BuzzFeed News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kachka |first=Boris |date=2019-01-03 |title=8 New Books You Should Read This January |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/01/best-new-books-january-2019.html |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Vulture |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kochai ya bayyana cewa matani da wallafe-wallafen Islama sun kasance muhimmiyar tasiri a kan littafin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Ya aro daga tsarin The Arabian Nights . &lt;ref name=&quot;3Q4: Jamil Jan Kochai&quot;/&gt; Wani bangare na littafin yana cikin Pashto ba tare da fassara ba, wanda ya ce saboda &quot;yana so ya ɓata wannan ra'ayi cewa, don wannan labarin ya sami darajar, ana buƙatar a cinye shi ga masu karatun Ingilishi. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 2022, Kochai ya buga wani ɗan gajeren labari, littafinsa na biyu, mai suna The Haunting of Hajji Hotak and Other Stories from Penguin Random House . Wani mai bita ya bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;tattaraccen tarin da aka kafa ta hanyar fahimtar rashin bambanci tsakanin mutum da siyasa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shamima Noor |date=2023 |title=Review of ''The Haunting of Hajji Hotak and Other Stories'' |journal=[[Wasafiri]] |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=88–89 |doi=10.1080/02690055.2023.2133866}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wata hira da The New Yorker, ya bayyana cewa labarin taken, wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar bayan an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi da taken daga The Onion, yana wakiltar jigogi da yawa a cikin tarin. A wata hira da ta gabata tare da The New Yorker, Kochai ya tattauna rubuta labarin da ya danganci wasan bidiyo da aka kafa a Afghanistan da ake kira Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain . 

An buga labaransa a cikin Ploughshares, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jamil Jan Kochai {{!}} Ploughshares |url=https://www.pshares.org/authors/jamil-jan-kochai |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=www.pshares.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Public Space, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nights in Logar : Magazine : A Public Space |url=https://apublicspace.org/magazine/detail/nights_in_logar |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=apublicspace.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; da The Sewanee Review. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=#34 - Jamil Jan Kochai |url=http://thesewaneereview.com/articles/corona-correspondences-34 |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=The Sewanee Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan littattafai ==
 

=== Littattafai ===

*  

=== Takaitaccen labari ===

; Tarin abubuwa

*  

; Labarai[ƙasa-alpha 1]&lt;ref group=&quot;lower-alpha&quot;&gt;Short stories unless otherwise noted.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;25%&quot; |Taken
!Shekara
!An buga shi da farko
!An sake buga / an tattara
!Bayani
|-
|Yin wasa da Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain
|2020
|The New Yorker, Janairu 6, 2020
|Mafi kyawun Labaran Amurka na 2020
|
|-
|Hadarin aiki
|2022
|{{Cite journal |last=Kochai, Jamil Jan |date=May 23, 2022 |title=Occupational hazards |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/05/23/occupational-hazards &lt;!--|access-date=2023-06-21--&gt; |journal=The New Yorker |volume=98 |issue=13 |pages=50–55}}
|
|
|-
|}
- - - -

; Bayani
{{Reflist|40em|group=lower-alpha}}

== Dubi kuma ==

* Yakubu Geller

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kochai, Jamil Jan}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pierre Kanstrup</title>
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'''Pierre Kanstrup''' (An haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta alif 1989) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Denmark]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya.

Kanstrup yana jin daɗi yana wasa kusan dukkanin matsayi na tsaro. Ya buga wa ƙungiyoyin matasa daban-daban, na Denmark, gami da Ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Denmark.

== Ayyukan kulob ==

=== Brøndby ===
Kanstrup ya buga wa Brøndby wasa tun yana saurayi. A ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2008, ya fara aikinsa na farko lokacin da ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Mike Jensen a minti na 82 a cikin nasarar 3-1 a kan AC Horsens . A cikin kakar shekarar 2007-2008, ya buga wasanni uku. A cikin kakar shekarar 2008-2009, an inganta shi har abada zuwa tawagar farko kuma ya buga wasa sau ɗaya a cikin Danish Superliga kuma a zagaye na biyu na cancanta don Kofin UEFA, kuma ya kuma buga sau uku a Kofin Danish.&lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|pierre-kanstrup/44340}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2009, Kanstrup ya zira kwallaye na farko a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru a nasarar 6-1 a kan HB Køge .

Kanstrup ya buga wa Lyngby Boldklub aro na watanni shida daga Brøndby a lokacin rabi na biyu na kakar shekarar 2010-11.  Bayan jimlar wasanni huɗu, ya koma Brøndby.

=== Brønshøj da Fredericia ===
Bayan watanni shida a Brøndby kuma ba tare da bayyanar ba, an sake ba da rancen Kanstrup, a wannan lokacin ga ƙungiyar Brønshøj Boldklub ta biyu ta 1st Division. A ranar 20 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, ya fara bugawa ''Hvepsene'' wasa a wasan 1-1 da ya yi da FC Fyn . A ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2011, ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Brønshøj a nasarar 2-0 a kan Hobro IK . An yi amfani da Kanstrup a duk wasannin kulob ɗin. Don sabon kakar, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dindindin tare da kulob ɗin kuma ya buga wasanni 24 a kakar shekarar 2011-2012, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu. A cikin kakar shekarar 2012-2013 ya sake buga wa Brønshøj wasa sau uku kuma an kira shi Kyaftin din tawagar, kafin ya koma abokan hamayyar Fredericia. Ya zo wasanni 28 a gasar, inda ya zira kwallaye uku. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya buga wasanni 17 a gasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|pierre-kanstrup/44340}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== SønderjyskE ===
A rabi na biyu na kakar shekarar 2013-14, ƙungiyar Superliga SønderjyskE ta ba da rancen Kanstrup kuma nan da nan ya zama mai farawa na yau da kullun a cikin tsaro, inda ya fara bugawa a cikin nasarar 0-4 a kan Vestsjælland.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Superligakamp FC Vestsjælland-SønderjyskE, 21.02.2014 - SuperStats |url=https://www.superstats.dk/kampe/4411 |access-date=23 January 2021 |website=superstats.dk}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya yarjejeniyar ta dindindin a ranar 11 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2014, yayin da ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. A watan Yulin shekarar 2015, an naɗa shi sabon kyaftin ɗin bayan Henrik Hansen da mataimakin kyaftin din Niels Lodberg sun bar kulob ɗin. A ranar 2 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, ya zira kwallaye na farko a kulob ɗin a wasan da aka yi da Copenhagen 3-1. Kanstrup ya bayyana a duk wasannin Superliga a kakar shekarar 2015-2016,  yayin da SønderjyskE ta kammala matsayi na biyu a gasar kuma ta cancanci shiga zagaye na biyu na UEFA Europa League. &lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|pierre-kanstrup/44340}}&lt;/ref&gt; A can, kulob din ya ci gaba bayan ya kori kulob din [[Norway|Norwegian]] Strømsgodset da kungiyar [[Poland]] Zagłębie Lubin,  kafin a kawar da su a zagaye na play-off bayan da Sparta Prague ta ci kwallo.  An yi amfani da Kanstrup a duk wasannin; a zagaye na farko na Superliga kuma a zagaye ya zo jimlar wasanni 36.&lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot; /&gt;

=== AGF ===
A ranar 11 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2017, Kanstrup ya koma AGF kan kwangilar shekaru biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 June 2017 |title=Stærk forsvarsspiller til AGF |url=https://www.agf.dk/klubben/nyhedsarkiv/2017/juni/staerk-forsvarsspiller-til-agf/ |access-date=23 January 2021 |website=agf.dk |publisher=[[Aarhus Gymnastikforening]] |language=Danish |archive-date=11 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911204510/http://www.agf.dk/klubben/nyhedsarkiv/2017/juni/staerk-forsvarsspiller-til-agf/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da ƙungiyar da ke [[Aarhus]] da sauri ya yi yaƙi don farawa na yau da kullun kuma an yi amfani da shi a wasanni 25 a kakar wasa ta yau da kullun.&lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway|pierre-kanstrup/44340}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zira kwallaye na farko ga kulob din a wasan da aka yi a gida 1-4 ga Nordsjælland a ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AGF 1-4 FC Nordsjælland |url=https://www.superstats.dk/kampe/5238 |access-date=23 January 2021 |website=superstats.dk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan watanni shida kawai a kulob din, an nada shi kyaftin din tawagar bayan tashiwar Morten &quot;Duncan&quot; Rasmussen, wanda shine &quot;zaɓin halitta&quot; a cewar kocin David Nielsen. A cikin zagaye na sakewa da kuma a cikin wasannin da suka biyo baya ya taka leda a dukkan wasanni goma.&lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot; /&gt;

=== BB Erzurumspor da Vålerenga ===
A watan Janairun shekarar 2019, ya bar Denmark kuma ya shiga kungiyar Super Lig ta Turkiyya Büyükşehir Belediye Erzurumspor. Bayan rabin shekara a kulob din, ya koma Scandinavia don sanya hannu tare da kulob din Norwegian Vålerenga kan kwangilar watanni shida.

=== Komawa zuwa SønderjyskE ===
A ranar 27 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2019, an sanar da cewa Kanstrup ya koma SønderjyskE Fodbold kan kwangilar shekaru uku.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.soenderjyske.dk/fodbold/tidligere-soenderjyske-anfoerer-vender-retur/ Tidligere SønderjyskE-anfører vender retur], soenderjyske.dk, 27 December 2019&lt;/ref&gt; A kakar wasa ta farko da ya dawo kulob din, ya kasance daga cikin tawagar da ta lashe kofin Danish.

=== Fremad Amager ===
A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2021, an ba da rancen Kanstrup ga kungiyar Danish 1st Division ta Fremad Amager don sauran kakar.&lt;ref&gt;[https://soenderjyske.dk/fodbold/soenderjyske-udlejer-pierre-kanstrup/ SØNDERJYSKE UDLEJER PIERRE KANSTRUP]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, soenderjyske.dk, 27 August 2021&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa a wannan rana a kan FC Fredericia . Ba da daɗewa ba bayan isowarsa, an nada shi kyaftin din tawagar. A ranar 26 ga watan Mayu  shekarar 2022 Fremad Amager ya tabbatar, cewa sun sanya hannu kan Kanstrup har abada har zuwa watan Yuni shekarar 2024.&lt;ref&gt;[https://fremadamagerelite.dk/nyheder/anfoereren-skifter-lejeaftalen-ud-med-en-permanent-aftale-i-fremad/ ANFØREREN SKIFTER LEJEAFTALEN UD MED EN PERMANENT AFTALE I FREMAD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815080350/https://fremadamagerelite.dk/nyheder/anfoereren-skifter-lejeaftalen-ud-med-en-permanent-aftale-i-fremad/ |date=2024-08-15 }}, fremadamagerelite.dk, 26 May 2022&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2023, bayan da aka sake tura Fremad Amager zuwa kungiyar ta biyu ta Danish ta shekarar 2023-2024, kulob din ya tabbatar da cewa Kanstrup ya bar kulob din, yayin da aka dakatar da kwangilarsa ta hanyar yardar juna.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/fremadamagerelite/posts/850905683209856 PIERRE KANSTRUP FORLADER FREMAD AMAGER...]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Brønshøj ===
Bayan barin Fremad Amager, Kanstrup ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Denmark Series Brønshøj Boldklub a watan Yulin shekarar 2023: kulob din da ya riga ya buga a baya, a cikin shekarar 2011-2012.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bronshojboldklub.dk/nyheder/hveps-vender-tilbage/ Hveps vender tilbage], bronshojboldklub.dk, 24 July 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan shekara guda a kulob din, Kanstrup ya yi ritaya a watan Agustan shekarar 2024.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bronshojboldklub.dk/nyheder/divisionsholdet/hurtig-spiller-ind/ Hurtig spiller ind], bronshojboldklub.dk, 9 August 2024&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja ==
'''SønderjyskE'''

* Kofin Danish: shekarar 2019-2020

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Pierre KanstrupBayanan ƙungiyar ƙasa aKungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Denmark  (a cikin Danish) 
* Pierre Kanstrupa FootballDatabase.eu
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Alexander Munksgaard</title>
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'''Alexander Munksgaard Nielsen''' (An haife shi ne a ranar 13 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta alif 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Denmark wanda ke buga wa ƙungiyar Croatian SuperSport HNL HNK Gorica . &lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|alexander-munksgaard/316060}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya wakilci Denmark a matakin ƙasa da shekara 21.

Wani samfurin makarantar matasa ta Midtjylland, Munksgaard ya fara aikinsa na farko a watan Yuli na shekarar 2015. Ya yi ɗan gajeren aro tare da Lyngby a lokacin kakar shekarar 2016-17 kafin ya koma Midtjylland . Ya shiga AGF a shekarar 2019.

== Ayyukan kulob ==
A matsayinsa na ɗan wasan matasa, Munksgaard ya fara buga wa Vind IF, sannan Vinding UIF, kuma a ƙarshe a Vildbjerg SF, kafin a tura shi makarantar matasa ta Midtjyland a shekara ta 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;fcm-solgt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Linnebjerg |first=Flemming |date=4 January 2019 |title=Alexander Munksgaard solgt til AGF |url=https://www.fcm.dk/nyheder/superliga/alexander-munksgaard-solgt-til-agf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224123/https://www.fcm.dk/nyheder/superliga/alexander-munksgaard-solgt-til-agf |archive-date=21 February 2019 |publisher=FC Midtjylland |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt; Munksgaard ya fara buga wasan farko a Danish Superliga a ranar 24 ga watan Yulin 2015, inda ya buga dukkan wasan a cikin nasara 1-2 a kan SønderjyskE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=danskfodbold.com - DBU's Officielle Statistikere |url=https://www.danskfodbold.com/kamp.php?ID=58158 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=www.danskfodbold.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Superligakamp SønderjyskE-FC Midtjylland, 24.07.2015 - SuperStats |url=https://www.superstats.dk/kampe/4704 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=superstats.dk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2016, an ba da sanarwar cewa Munksgaard ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro ta kakar wasa daya tare da Lyngby Boldklub mai inganci don kakar 2016-17.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maimann |first=Kristian |date=31 August 2016 |title=Alexander Munksgaard i Lyngby sæsonen ud - Lyngby Boldklub |url=https://lyngby-boldklub.dk/2016/08/31/alexander-munksgaard-i-lyngby-saesonen-ud/ |publisher=Lyngby Boldklub |language=da-DK}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasan farko a Lyngby a wasan 1-0 a kan Brøndby IF.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Superligakamp Lyngby BK-Brøndby IF, 22.09.2016 - SuperStats |url=https://www.superstats.dk/kampe/4958 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=superstats.dk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan karshen rancen, Munksgaard ya koma Midtjylland.

A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2019, Munksgaard ya sanya hannu tare da AGF kan kwangilar shekaru biyar, inda ya sake haɗuwa da manajansa a Lyngby, David Nielsen.  &lt;ref name=&quot;fcm-solgt&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2019 |title=AGF styrker forsvaret med U21-landsholdsspiller |url=https://www.agf.dk/klubben/nyhedsarkiv/2019/januar/agf-styrker-forsvaret-med-u21-landsholdsspiller/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119122736/https://www.agf.dk/klubben/nyhedsarkiv/2019/januar/agf-styrker-forsvaret-med-u21-landsholdsspiller/ |archive-date=19 January 2019 |publisher=AGF |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara bugawa kulob ɗin wasa a ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairu a nasarar 2-0 a kan Esbjerg fB .  Ya zira kwallaye na farko ga kulob ɗin a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba shekarar 2019 a cikin nasarar 4-2 a kan SønderjyskE.

A ranar 2 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2023, AGF ta ba da sanarwar cewa sun sayar da Munksgaard ga kulob ɗin Croatian Gorica . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 August 2023 |title=Alexander Munksgaard fortsætter karrieren i Kroatien |trans-title=Alexander Munksgaard continues his career in Croatia |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/alexander-munksgaard-fortsaetter-karrieren-i-kroatien |publisher=Bold.dk |language=da }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Munksgaard ya taka leda a dukkan ƙungiyoyin matasa na ƙasar Denmark daga ƙasa da shekara 21 zuwa ƙasa da shekaru 21, inda har zuwa watan Janairun shekarar 2019 ya buga wasanni 36 na matasa. Ya fara bugawa tawagar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 a wasan sada zumunci da kasar Ingila a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwambar shekarar 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alexander Munksgaard – Landsholdsdatabasen |url=https://www.dbu.dk/landshold/Landsholdsdatabasen/LBasePlayerInfo.aspx?playerid=7274&amp;teamtypeid=1889#match |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=DBU |language=DA |archive-date=19 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119132608/https://www.dbu.dk/landshold/Landsholdsdatabasen/LBasePlayerInfo.aspx?playerid=7274&amp;teamtypeid=1889#match |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja ==
'''Midtjylland'''

* Danish Superliga: 2017-18 
* Kofin Danish: 2018-19 

'''AGF'''

* Kofin Atlantic: 2020 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fixtures and Results {{!}} The Atlantic Cup 2020 |url=http://www.theatlanticcup.com/fixtures/2020 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=www.theatlanticcup.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]
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    <title>Mika'el Uhre</title>
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'''Mikael Brandhof Uhre''' (  ; An haife shi ne a ranar 30 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta alif 1994) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Denmark wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa ta Philadelphia Union of Major League . 

Wani samfurin matasa na SønderjyskE, Uhre ya ji daɗin nasararsa a matakin na biyu na Skive a lokacin kakar shekarun  2015-16, wanda ya sa ya koma SønderjiskE. A can, ya zama sananne saboda ƙarfin jiki, saurin da iyawarsa a cikin iska, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okstrøm |first=Oliver |date=9 December 2018 |title=Matchvinder Uhre: Der blev gået til vaflerne |url=https://www.tipsbladet.dk/nyhed/superliga/matchvinder-uhre-der-blev-gaaet-til-vaflerne |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=tipsbladet.dk |publisher=[[Tipsbladet]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Brøndby ya sanya hannu a kansa a cikin shekarar 2018. Bayan 'yan shekaru a matsayin ajiya, Uhre ya girma ya zama mai farawa kuma ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye na gasar da Danish Superliga Player of the Season yayin da Brøndby ya lashe a shekarun 2020-21 Danish Super League . A cikin shekarar 2022, ya sanya hannu ga Philadelphia Union a kasar Amurka.

== Ayyukan kulob ==

=== SønderjyskE ===
Yayinda yake matashi, Uhre ya buga wa Skovlund IF wasa kafin ya koma Grindsted GIF yana da shekaru 12. A wani lokaci, yana da gwajin matasa tare da Midtjylland, inda bai yi nasarar burgewa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;vestjylland-til-vestegnen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 October 2020 |title=FRA VESTJYLLAND TIL VESTEGNEN: MIKAEL UHRES HISTORIE |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9C3CYFQ5Aw&amp;t=295s |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=3point.dk |language=Danish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya kwashe shekara guda a ''efterskole'' tsakanin karatun firamare da sakandare, a Sportsefterskolen SINE a Løgumkloster, ɗaya daga cikin malamansa ya ƙarfafa shi ya shiga cikin gwaji tare da ƙungiyar Danish Superliga SønderjyskE,  inda daga baya ya shiga makarantar matasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;vestjylland-til-vestegnen&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;se180118&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Haugaard |first=Kell |date=18 January 2018 |title=SønderjyskE sælger Uhre til Brøndby |url=https://www.soenderjyske.dk/fodbold/soenderjyske-saelger-uhre-broendby/ |access-date=21 September 2020 |publisher=[[SønderjyskE Fodbold]] |language=Danish}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 28 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2013, Uhre ya fara bugawa SønderjyskE . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 March 2013 |title=Silkeborg vs. SønderjyskE 0-5 |url=http://www.scoresway.com/?sport=soccer&amp;page=match&amp;id=1289559 |publisher=scoresway.com }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Uhre ya fara ne a kan benci, amma ya maye gurbin Nicolaj Madsen a minti na 88 a cikin nasara 5-0 a kan Silkeborg IF. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, Uhre ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arsa ta farko tare da kulob ɗin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anker-Møller |first=Kristian |date=24 May 2013 |title=SønderjyskE skriver med ung angriber |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/SoenderjyskE-skriver-med-ung-angriber/ |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=www.bold.dk |language=Danish |quote=SønderjyskE har skrevet en toårig kontrakt med Mikael Uhre. Den 18-årige angriber er noteret for fem Superliga-indhop for sønderjyderne.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Skive IK ===
A ranar 15 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, an tura Uhre kan yarjejeniyar aro na watanni shida ga Skive IK . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Blond |first=Mikael |date=15 August 2014 |title=SønderjyskE-angriber tager til Skive |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/soenderjyske-angriber-tager-til-skive/ |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=www.bold.dk |language=Danish |quote=Skive har lejet SønderjyskE's unge angriber Mikael Uhre frem til årsskiftet.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya taka leda a kan yarjejeniyar mai son yayin da yake Skive, yana aiki a ranakun mako a ofis.&lt;ref name=&quot;vestjylland-til-vestegnen&quot;/&gt; Ya buga wasanni 13 a gasar kuma ya zira kwallaye uku a lokacin aro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=M. Uhre |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/mikael-uhre/290506/ |access-date=10 March 2020 |website=int.soccerway.com |publisher=Perform Group}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan yarjejeniyar aro ta kare a watan Janairun shekarar 2015, ya buga wa SønderjyskE wasa na karin watanni shida, kafin ya shiga Skive a hukumance a lokacin rani na 2015 a kan kwangilar shekara guda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 July 2015 |title=Mikael Uhre på kontrakt hos SIK |url=https://www.skive-her.dk/nyheder/fodbold/mikael-uhre-p-kontrakt.htm |access-date=21 September 2020 |publisher=Skive Her |language=Danish |quote=SIKs Sportschef Jesper Larsen oplyser:Det er en fornøjelse at kunne berette, at den 20 årige angriber Mikael Uhre netop har sat sin signatur på en 1 årig kontrakt med Skive Ik.}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin da ya yi kwangila a Skive, Uhre ya zira kwallaye 15 a wasanni 33, kwallaye biyu ne kawai a bayan mai zira kwallayen Kjartan Finnbogason.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NordicBet Liga 15/16: Tabel og kampprogram |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/danmark/nordicbet-liga/2015-2016/ |access-date=10 March 2020 |website=bold.dk |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806124719/https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/danmark/nordicbet-liga/2015-2016/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Komawa zuwa SønderjyskE ===
Uhre ya koma SønderjyskE a ranar 5 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2016, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kulob ɗin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Blond |first=Mikael |date=5 June 2016 |title=SønderjyskE henter Uhre tilbage |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/soenderjyske-henter-uhre-tilbage/ |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=www.bold.dk |language=Danish}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 14 ga watan Yulin, Uhre ya fara buga gasar Europa League a matsayin mai maye gurbinsa a nasarar 2-1 a kan kungiyar Norwegian Strømsgodset, ya bayyana a cikin minti 27 da suka gabata a madadin Troels Kløve. A ranar 17 ga watan Yulin, ya buga wasan Superliga na farko bayan ya koma SønderjyskE, wasan da ya yi da AGF. Da yake zuwa a matsayin mai maye gurbin minti na 59, SønderjyskE ya rasa wasan 2-1 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 July 2016 |title=Superligakamp SønderjyskE-AGF, 17.17.2016 - Superstats |url=https://www.superstats.dk/kampe/4896 |publisher=superstats.dk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uhre ya buga wasanni 75 a lokacin da ya yi wasanni biyu a SønderjyskE inda ya zira kwallaye 13.&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot;/&gt;

=== Brøndby ===

==== 2018–20 ====
A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2018, an ba da sanarwar cewa an amince da yarjejeniya tare da SønderjyskE don Uhre don shiga Brøndby IF a ranar 15 ga watan Yunin 2018 a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu da rabi.  &lt;ref name=&quot;se180118&quot;/&gt; Daga baya aka bayyana kudin canja wurin ya kasance kusan DKK miliyan 3. A ranar 16 ga watan Yulin, Uhre ya fara bugawa Brøndby wasa a Superliga da Randers FC. Wasan ya ƙare a cikin nasarar 2-0 ga Brøndby.

A ranar 29 ga watan Yulin, Uhre ya sauka daga benci a kan Hobro IK wanda ya maye gurbin Ante Erceg a minti na 68. Daga baya, ya sami nasarar 2-1 a waje ga Brøndby, inda ya zira kwallaye masu nasara a cikin lokacin rauni. Ya gama kakar shekarar 2018-19 tare da kwallaye 6 a wasanni 28 na gasar. A lokacin manyan sassan kakar shekarar 2018-19, an fi amfani da Uhre a matsayin mai maye gurbin masu bugawa na yau da kullun Kamil Wilczek da Simon Hedlund.

A ranar 21 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2020, ya zira kwallaye 1-1 a kan mummunan kwallon da ya dawo don rufe raga a kan FC Copenhagen a minti na 89.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jensen |first=Anders |date=21 June 2020 |title=Målscorer Uhre: Det var en speciel oplevelse |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/maalscorer-uhre-det-var-en-speciel-oplevelse/ |access-date=22 June 2020 |website=bold.dk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wehlast |first=Mads Glenn |date=21 June 2020 |title=Reddede Brøndby: Første mål i 11 måneder |url=https://ekstrabladet.dk/sport/fodbold/dansk_fodbold/superligaen/broendby/reddede-broendby-foerste-maal-i-11-maaneder/8173178 |access-date=22 June 2020 |website=ekstrabladet.dk |publisher=[[Ekstra Bladet]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya nuna burinsa na farko a cikin watanni 11, kuma ya zo bayan shi ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Sigurd Rosted a minti na 84.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nøhr |first=Mikkel |date=21 June 2020 |title=SLUT: BIF - FCK minut for minut |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/slut-bif--fck-minut-for-minut/ |access-date=22 June 2020 |website=bold.dk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan zai kasance a matsayin mai farawa a wasannin Brøndby masu zuwa, bayan da aka gwada Hedlund da Mráz da COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot;/&gt; A ranar 9 ga watan Yulin, Uhre ya ba da taimako kuma ya zira kwallaye a nasarar da kulob din ya samu 4-0 a kan FC Nordsjælland.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 July 2020 |title=Mikael Uhre-show sænker FC Nordsjælland |url=https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/superliga/mikael-uhre-show-saenker-fc-nordsjaelland |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=dr.dk |publisher=[[Danmarks Radio]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 July 2020 |title=Hattrick-helten Uhre: Rigtig, rigtig fedt |url=https://brondby.com/nyhed/2020/07/09/hattrick-helten-uhre-rigtig-rigtig-fedt |access-date=10 July 2020 |website=brondby.com |publisher=[[Brøndby IF]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, ya zama mai farawa ga Brøndby.

==== 2020-21: Babban mai zira kwallaye ====
A ranar wasa ta biyu ta kakar 2020-21, a ranar 20 ga Satumba 2020, Uhre ya zira kwallaye a cikin lokacin dakatarwa a wasan da aka yi da Copenhagen yayin da Brøndby ya ci 2-1 .&lt;ref name=&quot;derbysejr20&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ritzau |author-link=Ritzau |date=20 September 2020 |title=Dramatisk derby: Brøndby tager sejren med overtidsscoring |url=https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/superliga/dramatisk-derby-broendby-tager-sejren-med-overtidsscoring |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=www.dr.dk |publisher=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]] |language=Danish |quote=Mikael Uhre blev matchvinder for Brøndby mod FCK, i et opgør hvor Kamil Wilczek også scorede.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma ba da taimako ga Jesper Lindstrøm wanda ya zira kwallaye bayan tsohon dan wasan Brøndby Kamil Wilczek ya zira kwallan budewa ga Copenhagen.&lt;ref name=&quot;derbysejr20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nielsen |first=Jonas |date=20 September 2020 |title=Lindstrøm efter derby: Det er sindssygt |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/lindstroem-efter-derby-det-er-sindssygt/ |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=www.bold.dk |language=Danish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ci gaba da karfi a duk lokacin faduwa, kuma ya hau jerin 'yan wasa a Superliga tare da mafi yawan burin da taimakon da aka haɗu a ƙarshen Nuwamba. An zabe shi dan wasa na watan a watan Disamba na 2020 daga magoya bayan Brøndby, bayan ya zira kwallaye uku a wasanni hudu a cikin watan.&lt;ref name=&quot;december2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 December 2020 |title=Fansene har talt: Mikael Uhre er månedens spiller for december |url=https://brondby.com/nyhed/2020/12/28/fansene-har-talt-mikael-uhre-er-maanedens-spiller-for-december |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228123841/https://brondby.com/nyhed/2020/12/28/fansene-har-talt-mikael-uhre-er-maanedens-spiller-for-december |archive-date=28 December 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=brondby.com |publisher=[[Brøndby IF]] |language=Danish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 14 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2021, Uhre ya zira kwallaye a rabi na farko na wasan Superliga da Odense Boldklub - duk daga taimakon Jesper Lindstrøm - inda ya ci Brøndby 0-3 da kuma matsayi na farko a teburin league a gaban zagaye na zakarun. Ayyukansa sun kai ga an ba shi suna Superliga Player of the Month na Maris. Yayin da Brøndby ya cancanci zagaye na zakarun, Uhre ya ci gaba da zira kwallaye a kan Copenhagen, Nordsjælland, Randers, Midtjylland da kuma wasan da aka yi da AGF a ranar 20 ga Mayu, wanda ya sa kulob din ya zama na farko a teburin league tare da wasa daya da zai tafi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mikkel Uhre » Superliga 2020/2021 Meisterschaft |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/mikkel-uhre/den-superliga-2020-2021-meisterschaft/broendby-if/3/ |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=worldfootball.net |language=en |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521151331/https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/mikkel-uhre/den-superliga-2020-2021-meisterschaft/broendby-if/3/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun da farko a wannan rana, manajojin Superliga sun zabe shi dan wasan Tipsbladet na bazara. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, yayin da Brøndby ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko a cikin shekaru 16 bayan nasarar 2-0 a kan Nordsjælland, Uhre ya zama babban mai zira kwallaye na Superliga tare da kwallaye 19 ga sunansa.

A ƙarshen kakar, an ba Uhre kyautar Danish Superliga Player of the Season.

==== 2021–22 ====
Uhre ya zira kwallaye na farko a kakar 2021-22 a ranar wasa ta uku da Vejle Boldklub. A ranar 17 ga watan Agustan 2021, Uhre ya zira kwallaye a wasan da Red Bull Salzburg ta yi a wasan farko na zagaye na wasa zakarun Turai ta UEFA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Salzburg vs. Brøndby - 17 August 2021 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/08/17/europe/uefa-champions-league/fc-red-bull-salzburg/brondby-if/3603231/ |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=int.soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma zira kwallaye a kan OB da kuma kwallaye da Midtjylland don kawo jimlar kakar wasa ta biyar a wasanni tara.

=== Ƙungiyar Philadelphia ===
A watan Janairun 2022, Uhre ya sanya hannu ga Philadelphia Union da ke fafatawa a Major League Soccer a matsayin dan wasan da aka zaba ta hanyar kakar 2024, tare da zaɓi na kulob din don 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tom Bogert |date=27 January 2022 |title=Philadelphia Union sign Danish Superliga Player of the Year winner Mikael Uhre |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/philadelphia-union-sign-danish-superliga-player-of-the-year-winner-mikael-uhre |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=MLSsoccer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ruwaito cewa Philadelphia ta biya kudin canja wurin kulob din dala miliyan 2.8 don samun Uhre.

A ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2023, Uhre ya zira kwallaye a cikin nasara 4-2 a gida a kan Toronto FC, karo na farko kuma kawai irin wannan lokacin da ya sami irin wannan nasara a cikin aikinsa. Daga nan aka zabe shi dan wasan MLS na ranar wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 April 2023 |title=Philadelphia Union Forward Mikael Uhre Voted MLS Player of the Matchday presented by Continental Tire for Matchday 9 |url=https://www.philadelphiaunion.com/news/philadelphia-union-mikael-uhre-mls-player-of-the-matchday-continental-tire#:~:text=NEW%20YORK%20(Monday%2C%20April%2024,FC%20on%20Saturday%2C%20April%2022. |access-date=27 April 2023 |website=PhiladelphiaUnion.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa ==
A ranar 27 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, Uhre ya samu lambar yabo guda daya ga tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara 21 ta Denmark a cikin nasara 0-4 a Randers zuwa Ingila.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 March 2017 |title=Danmark - England 0 - 4 |url=https://www.dbu.dk/landshold/landsholdsdatabasen/MatchInfo/8893 |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=www.dbu.dk |publisher=[[Danish Football Association]] (DBU)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uhre ya karbi kiransa na farko zuwa Babban ƙungiyar Denmark a watan Nuwamba shekarar 2021 don wasan cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekarar 2022 da Scotland.Uhre ya fara bugawa tawagar kasar Denmark wasa da Scotland, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 72 na shan kashi 2-0 na Denmark a Hampden Park.

== Kididdigar aiki ==
{{Updated|match played 2 June 2024}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lokacin
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Danish Cup]] and [[U.S. Open Cup]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Yankin nahiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sauran
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
!Rarraba
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |SønderjyskE
|2012–13
|Superliga
|5
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|5
|0
|-
|2013–14
|Superliga
|12
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|12
|1
|-
|2014–15
|Superliga
|2
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|2
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!19
!1
!0
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!19
!1
|-
|Skive (rashin bashi) 
|2014–15
|Sashe na 1
|13
|3
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|15
|3
|-
|Skive
|2015–16
|Sashe na 1
|31
|14
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|34
|15
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |SønderjyskE
|2016–17
|Superliga
|34
|5
|2
|0
|6 {{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]|name=UEL}}
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|42
|8
|-
|2017–18
|Superliga
|29
|5
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|4{{Efn|Appearance in Danish Superliga relegation play-offs|name=SRPO}}
|0
|35
|5
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!63
!10
!4
!0
!6
!3
!4
!0
!77
!13
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Brøndby
|2018–19
|Superliga
|27
|6
|4
|2
|3{{Efn|name=UEL}}
|0
|1 {{Efn|Appearance in Danish Superliga Europa League play-off|name=EUR}}
|0
|35
|8
|-
|2019–20
|Superliga
|24
|6
|2
|0
|3{{Efn|name=UEL}}
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|29
|6
|-
|2020–21
|Superliga
|32
|19
|1
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|33
|20
|-
|2021–22
|Superliga
|16
|11
|3
|1
|7[ƙasa-alpha 5]{{Efn|Two appearances and one goal in [[UEFA Champions League]], five appearances and one goal in UEFA Europa League}}
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|27
|14
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!99
!42
!10
!4
!14
!2
!1
!0
!124
!48
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Ƙungiyar Philadelphia
|2022
|Babban Kwallon Kafa
|27
|13
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|3[ƙasa-alpha 6]{{Efn|Appearance in [[MLS Cup Playoffs]]|name=MLSPO}}
|0
|30
|13
|-
|2023
|Babban Kwallon Kafa
|33
|9
|1
|0
|5 {{Efn|Appearance in [[CONCACAF Champions Cup|CONCACAF Champions Cup]]|name=CONCACAF}}
|0
|10[ƙasa-alpha 8]{{Efn|Seven appearances and one goal in [[Leagues Cup]], three appearances and one goal in MLS Cup Playoffs}}
|2
|49
|11
|-
|2024
|Babban Kwallon Kafa
|15
|5
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|4[ƙasa-alpha 7]{{Efn|name=CONCACAF}}
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|19
|6
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!75
!27
!1
!0
!9
!1
!13
!2
!98
!30
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Cikakken aikinsa
!294
!93
!20
!5
!28
!6
!18
!2
!360
!106
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==
'''Brøndby'''

* Danish Superliga: 2020-21 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title=Soccer-Brondby beat Nordsjaelland to clinch Danish league title |url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/soccer-brondby-beat-nordsjaelland-clinch-173325878.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=Yahoo Sports |agency=Reuters |archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203161806/https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/soccer-brondby-beat-nordsjaelland-clinch-173325878.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ƙungiyar Philadelphia'''

* Wanda ya ci gaba da cin Kofin MLS: 2022 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sigal |first=Jonathan |date=5 November 2022 |title=Hollywood ending! LAFC win legendary MLS Cup 2022 over Philadelphia Union |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/hollywood-ending-lafc-win-legendary-mls-cup-2022-over-philadelphia-union |access-date=27 April 2023 |website=[[Major League Soccer]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mutumin da ya fi so'''

* Dan wasan Superliga na Watan: Maris shekarar 2021 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Månedens spiller - Marts 2021 |url=https://www.superliga.dk/maanedens-spiller |access-date=28 March 2021 |website=3F Superliga |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Danish Superliga Golden Boot: 2020-21 
* Danish Superliga Player of the Season: 2020-21 
* Brøndby Player of the Month: Disamba shekarar 2020 &lt;ref name=&quot;december2020&quot;/&gt;
* Mai kunnawa na Spring: 2021

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Mikael Uhrea filin wasan kwallon kafa
* [https://brondby.com/spillere/spillerprofil/?playerid=453926 Mika'el Uhre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417231547/https://brondby.com/spillere/spillerprofil/?playerid=453926 |date=2021-04-17 }} a brondby.com
* Mikael UhreBayanan ƙungiyar ƙasa aKungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Denmark  (a cikin Danish) 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]]
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      <sha1>8hejv3t9is5uj0gg1px0utupbfpuk8f</sha1>
    </revision>
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    <title>Tafkin kivu</title>
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'''Tabkin Kivu''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-NDAHIMANA FRANK (NDAHIMANA FRANK PORTER)-KIVU.wav|pronunciation}}) yana daya daga cikin Manyan Tabkunan Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt; Yana kan iyaka tsakanin Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Kongo da Ruwanda, kuma yana cikin Albertine Rift, reshen yamma na Rift din Gabashin Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |doi-access=free |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |issn=0956-540X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa cikin Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudu zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tabkin Tanganyika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 
[[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|alt=|thumb|Gabar tafkin Kivu a Gisenyi, Ruwanda]]

A baya, Tabkin Kivu yana malala ne zuwa arewa, yana ba da gudummawa ga Farar Nile. Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, ayyukan aman wuta sun toshe mashikin Tafkin Kivu zuwa madatsar ruwan Nile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Danley|first1=Patrick D.|title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids|journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=2012|pages=1–20|doi=10.1155/2012/574851|pmid=22888465|pmc=3408716|year=2012|last2=Husemann|first2=Martin|last3=Ding|first3=Baoqing|last4=Dipietro|first4=Lyndsay M.|last5=Beverly|first5=Emily J.|last6=Peppe|first6=Daniel J.|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aman wutar ya samar da duwatsu, ciki har da Duwatsun Virunga, waɗanda suka taso tsakanin Tafkin Kivu da Tafkin Edward, zuwa arewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA35|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1969|page=34|access-date=16 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa daga Tafkin Kivu sai aka tursasa shi zuwa kudu ta cikin Ruzizi. Wannan, bi da bi, ya daga matakin Tafkin Tanganyika, wanda ya ambaliya ta Kogin Lukuga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot;/&gt;
Tafkin Kivu yana daya daga cikin tabkuna uku a duniya, tare da Tabkin Nyos da Tafkin Monoun, wadanda ke fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa (CO2)). Kasan tafkin kuma yana dauke da iskar gas ta methane (CH4). Idan fashewar limnic ta faru, rayuwar mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a kusa za ta kasance cikin hadari.

==Yanayin ƙasa==
Tabkin Kivu yana da tsayin kusan 42 km kuma faɗinsa ya kai 50 km a mafi faɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Siffarsa maras daidaituwa tana sa auna madaidaicin faɗin samansa ya zama mai wahala; an kiyasta cewa ya mamaye fadin saman kusan 2700 km2, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tafki na takwas mafi girma a Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html|title=The Largest Lakes in Africa|website=WorldAtlas|date=15 June 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Saman tabkin yana zaune ne a tsayin 1460 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan tabki yana da damar fuskantar fashewar limnic duk bayan shekaru 1000.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt; Tabkin yana da zurfin mita 475 a mafi zurfi da kuma matsakaicin zurfi na mita 220, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tafki na ashirin mafi zurfi a duniya ta fuskar mafi zurfi, kuma na sha uku ta fuskar matsakaicin zurfi.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt;
Kasan tabkin yana kan kwarin rift wanda ke rabe a hankali, yana haifar da ayyukan aman wuta a yankin.

Tsibiri na goma mafi girma a duniya a cikin tabki, Idjwi, yana cikin Tabkin Kivu.

=== Yanayin zaman jama'a ===
Kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,370 ko kashi 58 na ruwan tabkin yana cikin iyakokin DRC.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Garuruwan da ke gabar tabkin sun hada da Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake da Goma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, sai kuma Gisenyi, Kibuye, da Cyangugu a Ruwanda.

A farkon shekara ta (2025), yayin yakin M23, dakarun sojin Ruwanda da Kungiyar M23 sun mamaye dukkan garuruwan da ke gefen tabkin na Kongo, inda aka kwace babban birnin lardin Goma a watan Janairu kuma dukkan garuruwan suna karkashin ikon M23 tun daga farkon watan Maris.&lt;ref name=&quot;:015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Actualite.cd |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, M23 ta sauka a tsibirin Idjwi, inda ta mamaye shi ba tare da wani juriya ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kemistri==
Tabkin Kivu tabki ne na meromictic wanda ke dauke da ruwa mai dadi a samansa kuma yake kara gishiri yayin da ake zurfafa gudanarwa, tare da gishiri da ke kusantar 6 g/kg kusa da kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |issn=1939-5590}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da Tabkin Nyos na Kamaru da Tabkin Monoun, Tabkin Kivu yana daya cikin tabkuna uku da aka sani da fuskantar fashewar limnic (inda juyawar sassan ruwa mai zurfi ke sakin carbon dioxide mai narkewa). Kewaye da tabkin, masu bincike sun gano shaidar bacewar halittu masu yawa a cikin gida kusan kowane shekaru dubu, wanda ake kyautata zaton yana faruwa ne sakamakon fitar iskar gas. Dalilin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwa a Tabkin Kivu ba a sani ba, amma ana zargin ayyukan aman wuta da sauyin yanayi duka biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sinadaran iskar gas na tabkuna masu fashewa sun bambanta ga kowane tabki. A yanayin Tabkin Kivu, ya hada da methane (CH4) da carbon dioxide (CO2), sakamakon mu'amalar ruwan tabkin da magudanar ruwan zafi na aman wuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wenz&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1|title=The danger lurking in an African lake|year=2020|last1=Wenz|first1=John|journal=Knowable Magazine|s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adadin methane da ke kasan tabkin an kiyasta ya kai 65 km3. Idan aka kona shi a masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani ta hadin gwiwa (combined-cycle), wannan adadin na methane zai iya samar da kusan megawatt 40,000 na tsawon shekara guda, wanda ya yi daidai da karfin wutar lantarki har sau shida na madatsar ruwa ta Grand Coulee Dam a lokacin kololuwar ruwan bazara. Tabkin kuma yana dauke da kimanin 256 km3 na carbon dioxide wanda, idan aka sake shi a lokacin fashewa, zai iya shake dukkan mazauna gabar tabkin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/|title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake|work=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zafin ruwan ya kai 24 °C, kuma ma'auninsa na pH yana kusa da 7 a yankin da ba shi da iskar oxygen, da kuma kusa da 9 a ruwan da ke da iskar oxygen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840|hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana cewa kwayoyin cuta ne ke samar da methane ta hanyar rage CO2 na aman wuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Nayar | first1 = Anjali | year = 2009 | title = A lakeful of trouble | journal = Nature | volume = 460 | issue = 7253| pages = 321–323 | doi=10.1038/460321a| pmid = 19606123 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Juyawar ruwa a gaba da sakin iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwan Tabkin Kivu zai haifar da mummunan bala'i, wanda zai sha gaban tarihin juyawar ruwa da aka gani a tabkunan Nyos da Monoun wadanda suka fi kankanta. Rayuwar kusan mutane miliyan biyu da ke zaune a yankin kwatami na tabkin za ta kasance cikin barazana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wenz&quot;/&gt;
Samfuran kasa da aka debo daga yankin Bukavu Bay na tabkin sun nuna cewa kasan yana da shimfidar ma'adanai na monohydrocalcite da ke hade da diatoms, a saman lallaken sapropelic mai dauke da sinadarin pyrite mai yawa. Ana samun wadannan a matakai guda uku daban-daban. An yi amanna cewa lallaken sapropelic yana da alaka da fitar ruwan zafi na karkashin kasa kuma diatoms suna da alaka da yaduwar tsiro wanda ya rage matakin carbon dioxide har ya sa monohydrocalcite ya yi kwasfa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.&lt;/ref&gt;
Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa isasshen haduwar aman wuta da kasan ruwan tabkin mai dauke da iskar gas mai yawa zai dumama ruwan, ya tursasa methane fitowa daga ruwan, ya haifar da fashewar methane, sannan ya janyo sakin carbon dioxide kusan a lokaci guda, koda yake shigar mita cubic miliyan 1 na danyen aman wuta (lava) lokacin fashewar watan Janairu na shekarar 2002 bai yi wani tasiri ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=solidarites&gt;
{{cite web
| url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf
| title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability
| publisher=Solidarities
| author=Halbwachs| date=2002-03-09
| access-date=2012-12-21
|display-authors=etal}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]
&lt;/ref&gt;  Carbon dioxide din zai shake dimbin mutane a yankin kwatami na tabkin yayin da iskar gas din ke shawagi a saman ruwan. Hakanan yana yiwuwa tabkin zai iya haifar da tsunamin tabki yayin da iskar gas din ke fashewa daga cikinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Killer Lakes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ &quot;In the Shadow of Doom&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ |date=2007-09-28 }}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

An fara fahimtar hadarin da Tabkin Kivu ke fuskanta ne yayin nazarin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan a Tabkin Nyos. Da farko an dauki methane na Tabkin Kivu a matsayin arha na albarkatun kasa kawai don fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje da samar da wutar lantarki mai sauki. Da zarar an fara fahimtar hanyoyin da ke haifar da juyawar ruwan tabkin, sai kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin da tabkin ke haifarwa ga mazauna yankin ya karu.

An sanya bututun iska na gwaji a Tabkin Nyos a shekarar 2001 don fitar da iskar gas daga zurfafan ruwa, amma irin wannan mafita ga Tabkin Kivu wanda ya fi girma nesa ba kusa ba zai kasance mai tsada sosai. Kimanin tan miliyan 500 na carbon dioxide da ke cikin tabkin yana kasa da kashi 2 cikin dari na adadin da bil'adam ke sakewa duk shekara ta hanyar kona man fetur. Don haka, tsarin sakin sa na iya haifar da farashi fiye da ginin tsarin da sarrafa shi kawai.

Wannan matsalar da ke da alaka da yaduwar methane ita ce ta mazuku, kalmar Swahili da ke nufin &quot;mummunar iska&quot; don fitar da methane da carbon dioxide da ke kashe mutane da dabbobi, kuma tana iya kashe shuke-shuke lokacin da take da yawa.

===Hakar Methane===
[[File:Methane extraction platform at Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|Wani dandamalin hakar methane a Tabkin Kivu, Gisenyi, Ruwanda.|alt=]]

Kwanan nan an gano cewa Tabkin Kivu yana dauke da kusan mita cubic biliyan 55 na iskar gas mai narkewa a zurfin mita 300. Har zuwa shekarar 2004, ana gudanar da aikin hakar iskar gas ne a kan karamin sikeli, inda ake amfani da iskar gas din da aka hako wajen gudanar da tukunyar jirgi a kamfanin giya na Bralirwa a Gisenyi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm &quot;Case Studies : Recovery of Gas from Lake Kivu – The Goats of Rwanda&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224004457/http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm|date=2006-02-24}}, Added Value Engineering Consultants, accessed 4 May 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=powerhouse&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6624395.stm |title=Rwanda's Underwater Powerhouse |date=May 4, 2007 |access-date=2008-02-05 |author=Adam Mynott |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da yin amfani da wannan albarkatun a kan babban sikeli, gwamnatin Ruwanda ta tattauna da bangarori da dama don hakar methane daga tabkin.

A shekarar 2011 ContourGlobal, wani kamfanin makamashi na kasar Burtaniya da ke mayar da hankali kan kasuwanni masu tasowa, ya sami tallafin kudi don kaddamar da babban aikin hakar methane. Ana gudanar da aikin ne ta hanyar wata kungiyar Ruwanda ta cikin gida mai suna KivuWatt Power Station, ta yin amfani da dandamalin jirgin ruwa na teku don hako, rabuwa, da tsabtace iskar gas da aka samu daga kasan tabkin kafin a tura methane mai tsafta ta bututun karkashin ruwa zuwa injinan gas na kan gaba. An kammala matakin farko na aikin, wanda ke sarrafa injina guda uku a gabar tabkin da kuma samar da MW 26 na wutar lantarki ga grid na cikin gida. Mataki na gaba yana da nufin tura ƙarin injina guda tara a 75 MW don samar da jimillar ƙarfin 101 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;contourglobal&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.contourglobal.com/asset/kivuwatt|title=Assets: KivuWatt|publisher=ContourGlobal|access-date=2018-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da kari, an bai wa Symbion Power Lake Kivu Limited yarjejeniyar rangwame da yarjejeniyar samar da wutar lantarki (PPA) a shekarar 2015, don samar da MW 50 na wutar lantarki ta amfani da methane na Tabkin Kivu. Ana sa ran za a fara aikin gine-gine a shekarar 2019, tare da samar da wutar lantarki ta farko (Mataki na 1 - 14 MW) a cikin kwata na farko na shekarar 2020. An tsara masana'antar ta fara aiki sosai a shekarar 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=19&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=129&amp;cHash=127294a548d8a3eb621a32c693938624 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-05-04 |archive-date=2018-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505065702/http://www.mininfra.gov.rw/rw/index.php?id=19&amp;tx_ttnews&amp;#91;tt_news&amp;#93;=129&amp;cHash=127294a548d8a3eb621a32c693938624 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mininfra.gov.rw/digital-transformation-1-1 |title=Energy Division |website=MININFRA |access-date=July 14, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Update inline|date=June 2023}}

Symbion Power ya sayi wani rangwame na karin MW 25 kuma a halin yanzu suna tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar PPA tare da Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwanda wanda zai iya ganin an aika MW 8 na wutar lantarki zuwa Grid watanni shida bayan an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar PPA. Wannan rangwame yana kan rukunin masana'antar gwaji ta farko da aka sani da KP1.{{Update inline|date=June 2023}}

Baya ga kula da hakar iskar gas, KivuWatt kuma zai kula da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki da kuma sayar da wutar lantarki ga gwamnatin Ruwanda a karkashin sharuddan yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki na dogon lokaci (PPA). Wannan yana bawa KivuWatt damar sarrafa hadakar makamashi na tsaye daga wurin hakar zuwa wurin sayarwa zuwa cikin grid na cikin gida. An ce hakar tana da tasiri sosai kuma mai sauki ce saboda da zarar an tura ruwan mai dauke da iskar gas sama, iskar gas din da ke narke (musamman carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide da methane) suna fara kumfa yayin da matsin ruwan ke raguwa. Ana sa ran wannan aikin zai kara karfin samar da makamashi na Ruwanda har sau 20, kuma zai bai wa Ruwanda damar sayar da wutar lantarki ga kasashen Afirka makwabta.&lt;ref name=powerhouse /&gt; An ba kamfanin kyautar yarjejeniyar samar da wutar lantarki ta Afirka ta shekarar 2011 saboda kirkire-kirkire a cikin tsare-tsaren samar da kudi da ta samu daga kafofi daban-daban don aikin KivuWatt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Methane gas project gets global award|url= http://rwandaenergy.com/2012/02/rwanda-methane-gas-project-gets-global-award/|publisher= www.rwandaenergy.com|access-date= 7 March 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= African power deal of the year 2011 KivuWatt |url=http://www.projectfinancemagazine.com/Article/2974654/Search-Results/African-Power-Deal-of-the-Year-2011-KivuWatt.html?PartialFields=(CATEGORY_448_IDS%3a).(CATEGORY_904_IDS%3a14673)&amp;OrderType=1&amp;DisplaySearchTerms=true|publisher=www.projectfinancemagazine.com|access-date=7 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masana'antar wutar lantarki ta dala miliyan 200 tana aiki a 26 MW a shekarar 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2016/05/16/160192/rwanda-inaugurates-groundbreaking-methane-power-project/|title=Rwanda Inaugurates Groundbreaking Methane Power Project|website=MIT Technology Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ilimin Halittu da Kamun Kifi==
[[Image:Lake Kivu, boats.jpg|thumb|Jiragen kamun kifi a Tabkin Kivu, 2009]]
[[File:An aerial of Paradis Malahide island in Lake Kivu with the area of 2,700 km². Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb|Tsibirin Paradis Malahide a cikin tabkin]]
[[File:View of the sky and its reflection on Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|Hasken sararin samaniya yana bayyana a saman Tabkin Kivu]]
Kifin da ke cikin Tabkin Kivu yana da karanci sosai tare da nau'ikan nau'o'i 28 da aka bayyana, ciki har da nau'ikan nau'o'i hudu da aka shigo da su.&lt;ref name=FishSnoeks&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Snoeks |first1=J |last2=De Vos |first2=L. |last3=Thys van den Audenaerde |first3=D. |date=1997 |title=The ichthyogeography of lake Kivu |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=93 |pages=579–584}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kifin na asali sune kifin minnow na Tabkin Rukwa (Raiamas moorii), nau'ikan kifin barb guda hudu (ripon barbel, Barbus altianalis, kifin barb mai jan fika na Gabashin Afirka, Enteromius apleurogramma, kifin barb mai jan digo, E. kerstenii da kifin barb na Pellegrin, E. pellegrini), kifin kifi na Amphilius, nau'ikan kifin kifi na Clarias guda biyu (C. liocephalus da C. gariepinus), kifin tilapiar Nile (Oreochromis niloticus) da kuma nau'ikan kifin Haplochromis cichlids guda 15 dake yankin kawai.&lt;ref name=FishSnoeks/&gt; Kimanin wasu nau'ikan cichlids 20 da watakila ba a riga tsara bayanansu ba an san su a tabkin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=J. |year=2013 |title=How many species are there in Lake Kivu? |url=https://www.eawag.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/tx_userprofiles/upload/walkerjo/Bachelor_Thesis_Jonas_Walker_August_2013_Lake_Kivu.pdf |publisher=University of Bern|journal=Institute of Ecology and Evolution}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nau'ikan da aka shigo da su sun hada da cichlids guda uku, tilapiar longfin (Oreochromis macrochir), tilapiar mai dagon shudi (O. leucostictus) da tilapiar mai jan gaba (Coptodon rendalli), sai kuma kifin clupeid, sardine na Tabkin Tanganyika (Limnothrissa miodon).&lt;ref name=FishSnoeks/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Collart&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Collart |first=A. |title=L'introduction du 'Stolothrissa tanganicae' (Ndagala) au lac Kivu |language=French |journal=Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge |volume=51 |issue=4 |date=1960 |url=https://ineac.africamuseum.be./catalog/11887 |series=Hosted at Agricultural Research Archive for DRC, Rwanda and Burundi, 1885-1960 |access-date=2026-07-03 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124004823/https://ineac.africamuseum.be./catalog/11887 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Capart&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Capart |first=A. |title=A propos de l'introduction du Ndakala (Stolothrissa tanganikae) dans le lac Kivu |language=French |journal=Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Burundi |volume=50 |issue=4 |date=1959 |url=https://ineac.africamuseum.be./catalog/11546 |access-date=2026-07-03 |archive-date=2024-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509133121/https://ineac.africamuseum.be./catalog/11546 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana kiran sardine din a cikin gida da 'Ndagala' ko 'Isambaza'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collart 1989&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=Alphonse |last=Collart |date=June 1989 |chapter=Introduction et acclimatation de l'Isambaza du lac Tanganyika au lac Kivu |title=Compte rendu du seminaire trente ans apres l'introduction de l'Isambaza au lac Kivu (RWA/87/012/DOC/TR/16) |url=https://www.fao.org/3/AD174F/AD174F00.htm#TOC |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |language=French |place=Gisenyi, Rwanda}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adadin sardine na Tabkin Tanganyika da za a iya kamawa an kiyasta ya kai tan 2000 zuwa 4000 duk shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Marshall|first=B. E.|title=Seasonal and annual variations in the abundance of the clupeid Limnothrissa miodon in lake Kivu|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-fish-biology_1991-11_39_5/page/641|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|year=1991|volume=39|issue=5|pages=641–648|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04394.x|bibcode=1991JFBio..39..641M }}&lt;/ref&gt; Masanin aikin gona na kasar Belgium Alphonse Collart ne ya shigar da shi Tabkin Kivu a karshen shekarar 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collart&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Capart&quot; /&gt; Kokarin shigar da irin kifin sprat na Tabkin Tanganyika (Stolothrissa tanganicae) a lokaci guda bai yi nasara ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collart 1989&quot; /&gt;

A halin yanzu, Tabkin Kivu ne kadai tabki na halitta wanda aka shigar da L. miodon, wato sardine wanda asali ya takaitu a Tabkin Tanganyika, da farko don cike gurbi da babu kowa a ciki. Kafin shigarwar, babu kifin planktivorous da ke cikin ruwan pelagic na Tabkin Kivu. A farkon shekarun 1990, yawan masunta a tabkin ya kai 6,563, wadanda 3,027 daga cikinsu ke da alaka da kamun kifi na pelagic sune kuma 3,536 ke da alaka da kamun kifi na gargajiya. Mummunan rikicin makami da ya bazu a yankin tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990 ya haifar da raguwar abun da ake samu na kamun kifi.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 2001 |title=INFORMATION ON FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO |url=https://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060315065154/https://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |archive-date=March 15, 2006 |access-date=June 26, 2023 |website=fao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan wannan shigarwa, sardine din ya sami gagarumin muhimmanci na tattalin arziki da abinci ga mazauna gabar tabkin amma ta fuskar tsarin halitta, shigar da kifin planktivorous na iya haifar da gagaruman canje-canje na tsarin al'ummar plankton. Abubuwan da aka lura kwanan nan sun nuna bacewar babban mai kiwo, Daphnia curvirostris, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, da kuma mamaye al'ummar mesozooplankton ta nau'ikan copepod na cyclopoid guda uku: Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis da Tropocyclops confinis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Isumbisho|first=M|title=Zooplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (Eastern Africa)|year=2006|publisher=University of Namur|location=Belgium|isbn=978-2-87037-534-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Isumbisho |first1=M. |last2=Sarmento |first2=H. |last3=Kaningini |first3=B. |last4=Micha |first4=J.-C. |last5=Descy |first5=J.-P. |date=2006 |title=Zooplankton of Lake Kivu, East Africa, half a century after the Tanganyika sardine introduction |journal=Journal of Plankton Research |doi=10.1093/plankt/fbl032 |volume=28 |issue=11 |pages=971–989 |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Isumbisho%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Zooplankton%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |doi-access=free |archive-date=2012-03-12 |access-date=2011-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312092135/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Isumbisho%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Zooplankton%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An fitar da cikakken binciken farko na phytoplankton a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sarmento 2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Sarmento|first=H.|title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (Eastern Africa)|year=2006|publisher=University of Namur|location=Belgium|isbn=978-2-87037-532-7|url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Thesis_Sarmento_Lake%20Kivu.pdf|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-date=2016-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117042508/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Thesis_Sarmento_Lake%20Kivu.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da matsakaicin chlorophyll na shekara-shekara a cikin gaurayawan Layer na 2.2 mg m−3 da ƙananan matakan gina jiki a cikin yankin euphotic, tabkin a fili yake na oligotrophic. Diatoms sune rukunin da suka mamaye tabkin, musamman a lokacin rani na haduwar ruwa mai zurfi. Lokacin damina, rukunin ruwan da ke da haske mai yawa da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki, yana ba da fifiko ga mamaye cyanobacteria tare da adadi mai yawa na picoplankton phototrophic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sarmento 2006&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Sarmento|first=H.|author2=Isumbisho, M|author3=Descy, JP|title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (eastern Africa)|journal=Journal of Plankton Research|year=2006|volume=28|issue=9|pages=815–829|doi=10.1093/plankt/fbl017|url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Phytoplankton%20ecology%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf|doi-access=free|archive-date=2015-09-24|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032642/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Phytoplankton%20ecology%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Sarmento|first=H.|title=Abundance and distribution of picoplankton in tropical, oligotrophic Lake Kivu, eastern Africa|journal=Freshwater Biology|year=2008|volume=53|issue=4|pages=756–771|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01939.x|bibcode=2008FrBio..53..756S |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202008_Freshwater%20Biol_Tropical%20picoplankton.pdf|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Sarmento|first=H.|title=Species diversity of pelagic algae of Lake Kivu (East Africa)|journal=Cryptogamie-Algologie|year=2007|volume=28|issue=3|pages=245:269|url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202007_Cryptogamie%20Algologie_Phyto%20diversity%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf|display-authors=etal|archive-date=2015-09-24|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032655/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202007_Cryptogamie%20Algologie_Phyto%20diversity%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haƙiƙanin samarwa na farko shine 0.71 g C m−2 d−1 (≈ 260 g C m−2 a−1).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Sarmento|first=H.|title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (eastern Africa): biomass, production and elemental ratios|journal=International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology, Vol 30, Pt 5, Proceedings|year=2009|volume=30|issue=5|pages=709–713|doi=10.1080/03680770.2009.11902221|bibcode=2009SILP...30..709S|hdl=2268/139009|url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202009_SIL.pdf|display-authors=etal|archive-date=2015-09-24|access-date=2011-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032734/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202009_SIL.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike na kwayoyin halitta na juyin halitta ya nuna cewa cichlids daga tabkuna a arewacin Virunga (misali, Edward, George, Victoria) sun samo asali ne a cikin &quot;proto-lake Kivu&quot;, wanda ya fi girma fiye da tsananin ayyukan aman wuta (shekaru 20,000-25,000 da suka gabata) wanda ya katse alakar. Daga tsayin duwatsun yammacin tabkin (wanda a halin yanzu yake shi ne Kahuzi-Biega National Park, daya daga cikin manyan wuraren ajiyar birai na gorillas na gabas a duniya), haɗe da tsayin daka na gabashin rift (wanda yake a gabashin Ruwanda) zai kasance da alakar magudanar ruwa daga tsakiyar Ruwanda zuwa ainihin Tabkin Kivu na yanzu. Wannan ra'ayi na &quot;proto-lake Kivu&quot; an kalubalance shi ta hanyar rashin daidaiton shaidar kasa, kodayake agogon kwayoyin halitta na cichlid yana nuna wanzuwar tabki da ya fi tsufa fiye da shekaru 15,000 da aka saba ambata.

Tabkin Kivu gida ne ga nau'ikan kaguwar ruwa mai dadi guda hudu, ciki har da guda biyu wadanda ba na yankin ba (Potamonautes lirrangensis da P. mutandensis) da guda biyu na yankin (Potamonautes bourgaultae da P. idjwiensis). A tsakanin tabkunan Kwarin Rift, Tabkin Tanganyika da Tabkin Victoria sune kadai sauran tabkuna masu kaguwar ruwa mai dadi na yankin.&lt;ref name=crabs&gt;Cumberlidge, N., and Meyer, K. S. (2011). ''[http://commons.nmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1029&amp;context=facwork_journalarticles A revision of the freshwater crabs of Lake Kivu, East Africa.]'' Journal Articles. Paper 30.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=crabs/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Cumberlidge | first1=Neil | last2=Clark | first2=Paul F. | title=Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) | journal=European Journal of Taxonomy | date=2017 | issue=371 | doi=10.5852/ejt.2017.371 | doi-access=free | hdl=10141/622400 | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba===
A shekarar 2018, an rubuta fiye da shari'o'i 400 na yiwuwar kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba a Tabkin Kivu. A cewar Hukumar Binciken Dabbobi da Canja wurin Fasaha ta Hukumar Aikin Gona ta Ruwanda, samar da kifi a Tabkin Kivu ya ragu daga tan 24,199 a lokacin kamun kifi na 2017-2018 zuwa tan 16,194 a 2019-2020, wanda Mataimakiyar Darakta Solange Uwituze ta dora alhakinsa a kan hanyoyin kamun kifi da ke shafar haifuwar kifi. Tsakanin Mayu da Yuli 2020, ayyukan Rundunar 'Yansandan Ruwa ta Ruwanda sun ba da rahoton shari'o'i 27 da suka hada da kama barayin kifi 10 saboda kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba a tabkin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|access-date=2023-06-23|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/183562/News/illicit-fishing-threatens-biodiversity-in-lake-kivu|title=Illicit fishing threatens biodiversity in Lake Kivu|date=26 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ENACTAfrica.org |date=2022-01-31 |title=Tipping the scales of illicit fishing in Lake Kivu |url=https://enactafrica.org/enact-observer/tipping-the-scales-of-illicit-fishing-in-lake-kivu |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=ENACT Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |date=2022-02-02 |title=Tipping the scales of illicit fishing in Lake Kivu |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/tipping-the-scales-of-illicit-fishing-in-lake-kivu |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tsibiri==

* [[Idjwi]] (ɓangaren [[Idjwi]], [[South Kivu Province]])
* [[Nyamunini]] (an Kuma sanshi da tsibirin Napoleon)
* [[Amahoro]]
* [[Iwawa]]

==Hotuna==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;175&quot; heights=&quot;120&quot;&gt;
File:Lake Kivu 2021.jpg|Tafkin Kivu daga Sake, Goma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango
File:Goma, Lake Kivu, DRC (Zaire - Congo), Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu with [[Goma]] in the background, Congo
File:Img Lake Kivu100222 2.jpg|Lake Kivu separating Bukavu (In the foreground) and Cyangugu (In the background) as seen from Tumbimbi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{reflist|2}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jamia Binoria</title>
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      <text bytes="3189" sha1="n3j3901iif1b5m44o4dwwhcwni6tvji" xml:space="preserve">'''Jamia Binoria Aalamia''' cibiyar ilimi ce ta Musulunci a [[Karachi|Karachi, Sindh]] kasar Pakistan . An dauke ta  daya daga cikin [[Makarantar Islamiyya|madrassa]] na zamani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-20 |title=Renowned religious scholar Mufti Naeem passes away in Karachi |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2246856/renowned-religious-scholar-mufti-naeem-passes-away-karachi |access-date=2021-07-12 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Terror' school turns out to be moderate madrassa - CNN.com |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/30/karachi.boys/ |access-date=2021-07-12 |website=edition.cnn.com |archive-date=2021-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712010008/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/30/karachi.boys/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 May 2012 |title=Inside a madrassa in Pakistan {{!}} Pakistan Today |url=https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/05/13/inside-a-madrassa-in-pakistan/ |access-date=2021-07-12 |website=archive.pakistantoday.com.pk |archive-date=2021-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712010011/https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/05/13/inside-a-madrassa-in-pakistan/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Noman Naeem]] shine shugaban (chancellor) na seminary.

== Tarihi ==
Mufti Muhammed Naeem shine wadda ya assa jami’ar jamia Binoria a shekara ta 1978 (Rajab 1398 AH). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Introduction to Jamia Binoria |url=http://www.binoria.org/TheJamia/intro.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040808104107/http://binoria.org/TheJamia/intro.asp |archive-date=8 August 2004 |website=Jamia Binoria}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da alaƙa da Ittehad Tanzeematul Madaris-e-Deeniya (ITMD), ƙungiyar ilimi ta addini guda biyar. A wani lokaci, an ce Jamiah Binoria ta  sami mafi girman rajistar ɗaliban ƙasashen waje a kasar Pakistan. Rubuce-rubucen kasa da kasa sun ragu bayan [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11, 2001]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc_madrassas_ask&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4739605.stm 'Madrassas ask for foreign support'] ''BBC News'', 2 September 2005&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta alif dubu biyu da biyar 2005, tana da kimanin maza 3,000 da dalibai mata 500, gami da dalibai daga kasar Amurka, da kasar Kanada, da kuma kasar Ingila, da kasar Faransa, da kasar Jamus da Gabashin kasar Asiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc_madrassas_ask&quot; /&gt;Jamia Binoria kuma tana da darussan ifta ga mata, bayan haka tana kiransu &quot;muftia&quot; (Muftis mata). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 2020 |title=Remembering Mufti Naeem of Jamia Binoria |url=https://muslimmatters.org/2020/07/01/remembering-mufti-naeem-jamia-binoria/ |access-date=2024-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012022317/https://muslimmatters.org/2020/07/01/remembering-mufti-naeem-jamia-binoria/ |archive-date=2025-10-12 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta alif dubu da a shirin 2020, an nada Noman Naeem a matsayin shugaban (ko Shugaban) na makarantar sakandare bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa Mufti Muhammad Naeem ranar 20 ga watan a shekara ta alif dubu biyu da a shirin Yulin 2020. 
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
==Manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hassan bin Attash</title>
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'''Hassan Muhammad Salih bin Attash'''  ɗan ƙasar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] ne, wanda ƙasar  [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ke riƙe da shi a sansanin tsare-tsare na Guantanamo Bay a [[Cuba]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;DoDList2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[OARDEC]] |date=May 15, 2006 |title=List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006 |url=http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf |access-date=2007-09-29 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184034/http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;Masu sharhi kan ta'addanci na Guantanamo sun kiyasta cewa an haifi bin Attash a shekara ta 1985, a [[Jeddah|Jedda]] kasar Saudi Arabia.

Har zuwa watan Janairun shekara ta alif dubu biyu da a shirin 2020, an gudanar da Hassan Muhammad Salih bin Attash a Guantanamo sama da shekaru goma sha biyar 15 .

Attash yana da shekaru goma sha bakwai (17)lokacin da aka kama shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WikiLeaks and the 22 Children of Guantánamo &amp;#124; Andy Worthington |url=http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2011/06/11/wikileaks-and-the-22-children-of-guantanamo/ |access-date=July 21, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;Hassan ɗan'uwan Walid bin Attash ne, wanda aka kuma bayyana shi a matsayin [[CIA]] a cikin cibiyar sadarwa ta CIA ta kurkuku ta sirri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hrw051201&quot;&gt;[http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/11/30/usdom12109.htm List of “Ghost Prisoners” Possibly in CIA Custody], ''[[Human Rights Watch]]'', December 1, 2005&lt;/ref&gt; Hassan, ma, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya kwashe tsawan lokaci a  kurkuku, gami da &quot; a cikin wata kurkukun mai duhu&quot;, kafin a tsare shi a Guantanamo Bay, [[Cuba]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Reuter051219&quot;&gt;[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/HRW/05bee6d5f916310a6f68909e2e67ecf7.htm U.S. Operated Secret 'Dark Prison' in Kabul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313023956/http://news.trust.org//humanitarian/ |date=2020-03-13 }}, ''[[Reuters]]'', December 19, 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

== Damuwa da 'Yancin Dan Adam ==
Yanayin da Hassan ya ciki bin Attash ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin dan adam da yawa, ciki har da [[Amnesty International]], Reprieve da Human Rights Watch.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hrw051201&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AmnestyInternationalPainAndDistress&quot;&gt;
[http://web.amnesty.org/pages/stoptorture-061120-features-eng Guantánamo: pain and distress for thousands of children], ''[[Amnesty International]]''
&lt;/ref&gt;A cewar asusun su Hassan bin Attash an kama shi a ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta alif dubu biyu da biyu 2002, ya kwashe lokaci a cikin wata kurkuku mai duhu, ya kwashe watanni goma sha shida a [[Jodan|kasar Jordan]], inda aka rataye shi a  fuska, kuma aka buge shi a kan ƙafafunsa, wanda aka nutse cikin wani ruwan gishiri. Sun tabbatar da cewa ya fuskanci irin wannan tambaya har sai ya yarda ya sanya hannu kan komai. Sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba a tambaye shi game da wani abu da ya yi ba, amma game da aikin ɗan'uwansa. Sun tabbatar da cewa mahaifinsa mai shekaru 70 ya fuskanci irin wannan tambaya. An kai Bin Attash zuwa Guantanamo a watan Maris a shekara ta alif dubu biyu da ukku 2003.

Jaridar ''Boston Globe'' ta yi nuni da masu magana da yawun Guantanamo Lieutenant commander [[Chito Peppler]], wanda ya nace, &quot;Manufofin Amurka suna buƙatar a bi da duk wadanda aka tsare da mutunci, &quot;[1]''&quot;Manufofin Amurka suna buƙatar a bi da duk waɗanda aka tsare da su da mutunci, &quot;''
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
==Manazarta==</text>
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    <title>Jaysuma Saidy Ndure</title>
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'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure''' (An haifeshi ranar 1 ga watan Janairu a shekarar alif 1984) ɗan tseren [[Gambiya]]-[[Norway]]. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin shekarar 2002, ya tafi [[Oslo]], yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda kuma ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan ya canza ɗan ƙasa daga Gambiya zuwa Norway a cikin shekarar 2006, yana riƙe da bayanan Norwegian a cikin  100 da 200 mita,[3][4]  kuma shine Bature na bakwai da na huɗu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci akan nisa biyu.&lt;ref&gt;Mirko Jalava, Tilastopaja Oy (6 January 2008). &quot;European Alltime Top 30&quot;. Retrieved 2008-01-07.&lt;/ref&gt;Yana da lambar tagulla daga Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka da kuma matsayi na sama-uku a gasar IAAF Golden League da kuma Gasar Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe na Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;Farshchian, Aslân W.A. (22 September 2007). &quot;Da Jaysuma kom til Norge, løp jentene fra ham. I dag er han i verdenstoppen...&quot; ''Aftenposten'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko data sirri ==
An kuma haifi Saidy a Bakau, yammacin Gambiya, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta rene shi. Kwarewarsa ta farko a wasannin tsere ya zo ne a makarantar sakandare a garinsu.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya ɗauki gasar tseren mita 200 ne domin gudun kada abokinsa ya doke shi, wanda tuni ya ɗauki nauyin gasar mita 100.A watan Yunin 2001 Saidy ya shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta Yamma a Lagos, kuma ya lashe tseren mita 200 a cikin 21.27. Sakamakon ya kasance sabon lokacin rikodin Gambia. Koyaya, kafa tarihin ƙasa bai ƙarfafa shi ya fara horo mai mahimmanci ba, saboda har yanzu ya fi son buga ƙwallon kwando da wasan kwallon raga don nishaɗi tare da abokan karatunsa.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A cikin 2002, Saidy ya ƙaura zuwa Oslo, Norway. Yawancin dangi sun riga sun zauna a kusa,[6] mafi mahimmanci mahaifin Saidy wanda ya zauna a Norway tun shekarun 1970.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake neman abubuwan nishadi, Saidy ya yanke shawarar sake shiga wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle kuma ya shiga daya daga cikin kungiyoyin wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle a babban birnin kasar Norway, IL i BUL, wanda aka gudanar da zaman horo a filin wasa na Bislett na duniya. Anan, ba da daɗewa ba aka gano gwanintarsa ​​kuma aka sa Saidy ya sadu da kocin Olav Magne Tveitå, wanda har yanzu yana horar da shi. 

Saidy daga baya ya kulla dangantaka da Heidi Trollsås, mai murabus 400m mai gudun hijira daga birnin Sandefjord na Norway wanda ya fafata a matakin kasa. A ƙarshe ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Blystadlia a wajen Oslo, inda har yanzu suke zaune.[2] Har ila yau, Trollsås ya yi aiki a matsayin manaja har zuwa 2008. Jin cewa ana buƙatar ƙwararren wakili don gudanar da aikin Saidy, sai suka ɗauki hayar fitaccen manajan wasannin motsa jiki na [[Sweden]] Daniel Westfeldt.[8] Jim kadan bayan haka Saidy ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar mai kayatarwa tare da Nike.&lt;ref&gt;Parr, Odd Steinar (24 April 2008). &quot;Norsk sprinter kan bli søkkrik&quot;. ''Hegnar Online'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2008-05-04.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 
[[Category:Haifaffun  1984]]</text>
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'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure''' (An haifeshi ranar 1 ga watan Janairu a shekarar alif 1984) ɗan tseren [[Gambiya]]-[[Norway]]. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin shekarar 2002, ya tafi [[Oslo]], yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda kuma ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan ya canza ɗan ƙasa daga Gambiya zuwa Norway a cikin shekarar 2006, yana riƙe da bayanan Norwegian a cikin  100 da 200 mita,[3][4]  kuma shine Bature na bakwai da na huɗu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci akan nisa biyu.&lt;ref&gt;Mirko Jalava, Tilastopaja Oy (6 January 2008). &quot;European Alltime Top 30&quot;. Retrieved 2008-01-07.&lt;/ref&gt;Yana da lambar tagulla daga Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka da kuma matsayi na sama-uku a gasar IAAF Golden League da kuma Gasar Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe na Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;Farshchian, Aslân W.A. (22 September 2007). &quot;Da Jaysuma kom til Norge, løp jentene fra ham. I dag er han i verdenstoppen...&quot; ''Aftenposten'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko data sirri ==
An kuma haifi Saidy a Bakau, yammacin Gambiya, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta rene shi. Kwarewarsa ta farko a wasannin tsere ya zo ne a makarantar sakandare a garinsu.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya ɗauki gasar tseren mita 200 ne domin gudun kada abokinsa ya doke shi, wanda tuni ya ɗauki nauyin gasar mita 100.A watan Yunin 2001 Saidy ya shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta Yamma a Lagos, kuma ya lashe tseren mita 200 a cikin 21.27. Sakamakon ya kasance sabon lokacin rikodin Gambia. Koyaya, kafa tarihin ƙasa bai ƙarfafa shi ya fara horo mai mahimmanci ba, saboda har yanzu ya fi son buga ƙwallon kwando da wasan kwallon raga don nishaɗi tare da abokan karatunsa.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A cikin shekarar 2002, Saidy ya ƙaura zuwa Oslo, Norway. Yawancin dangi sun riga sun zauna a kusa,[6] mafi mahimmanci mahaifin Saidy wanda ya zauna a Norway tun shekarun 1970.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake neman abubuwan nishadi, Saidy ya yanke shawarar sake shiga wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle kuma ya shiga daya daga cikin kungiyoyin wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle a babban birnin kasar Norway, IL i BUL, wanda aka gudanar da zaman horo a filin wasa na Bislett na duniya. Anan, ba da daɗewa ba aka gano gwanintarsa ​​kuma aka sa Saidy ya sadu da kocin Olav Magne Tveitå, wanda har yanzu yana horar da shi. 

Saidy daga baya ya kulla dangantaka da Heidi Trollsås, mai murabus 400m mai gudun hijira daga birnin Sandefjord na Norway wanda ya fafata a matakin kasa. A ƙarshe ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Blystadlia a wajen Oslo, inda har yanzu suke zaune.[2] Har ila yau, Trollsås ya yi aiki a matsayin manaja har zuwa 2008. Jin cewa ana buƙatar ƙwararren wakili don gudanar da aikin Saidy, sai suka ɗauki hayar fitaccen manajan wasannin motsa jiki na [[Sweden]] Daniel Westfeldt.[8] Jim kadan bayan haka Saidy ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar mai kayatarwa tare da Nike.&lt;ref&gt;Parr, Odd Steinar (24 April 2008). &quot;Norsk sprinter kan bli søkkrik&quot;. ''Hegnar Online'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2008-05-04.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 
[[Category:Haifaffun  1984]]</text>
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'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure''' (An haifeshi ranar 1 ga watan Janairu a shekarar alif 1984) ɗan tseren [[Gambiya]]-[[Norway]]. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin shekarar 2002, ya tafi [[Oslo]], yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda kuma ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan ya canza ɗan ƙasa daga Gambiya zuwa Norway a cikin shekarar 2006, yana riƙe da bayanan Norwegian a cikin  100 da 200 mita,[3][4]  kuma shine Bature na bakwai da na huɗu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci akan nisa biyu.&lt;ref&gt;Mirko Jalava, Tilastopaja Oy (6 January 2008). &quot;European Alltime Top 30&quot;. Retrieved 2008-01-07.&lt;/ref&gt;Yana da lambar tagulla daga Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka da kuma matsayi na sama-uku a gasar IAAF Golden League da kuma Gasar Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe na Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;Farshchian, Aslân W.A. (22 September 2007). &quot;Da Jaysuma kom til Norge, løp jentene fra ham. I dag er han i verdenstoppen...&quot; ''Aftenposten'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko data sirri ==
An kuma haifi Saidy a Bakau, yammacin Gambiya, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta rene shi. Kwarewarsa ta farko a wasannin tsere ya zo ne a makarantar sakandare a garinsu.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya ɗauki gasar tseren mita 200 ne domin gudun kada abokinsa ya doke shi, wanda tuni ya ɗauki nauyin gasar mita 100.A watan Yunin 2001 Saidy ya shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta Yamma a Lagos, kuma ya lashe tseren mita 200 a cikin 21.27. Sakamakon ya kasance sabon lokacin rikodin Gambia. Koyaya, kafa tarihin ƙasa bai ƙarfafa shi ya fara horo mai mahimmanci ba, saboda har yanzu ya fi son buga ƙwallon kwando da wasan kwallon raga don nishaɗi tare da abokan karatunsa.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A cikin shekarar 2002, Saidy ya ƙaura zuwa Oslo, Norway. Yawancin dangi sun riga sun zauna a kusa,[6] mafi mahimmanci mahaifin Saidy wanda ya zauna a Norway tun shekarun 1970.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake neman abubuwan nishadi, Saidy ya yanke shawarar sake shiga wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle kuma ya shiga daya daga cikin kungiyoyin wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle a babban birnin kasar Norway, IL i BUL, wanda aka gudanar da zaman horo a filin wasa na Bislett na duniya. Anan, ba da daɗewa ba aka gano gwanintarsa ​​kuma aka sa Saidy ya sadu da kocin Olav Magne Tveitå, wanda har yanzu yana horar da shi. 

Saidy daga baya ya kulla dangantaka da Heidi Trollsås, mai murabus 400m mai gudun hijira daga birnin Sandefjord na Norway wanda ya fafata a matakin kasa. A ƙarshe ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Blystadlia a wajen Oslo, inda har yanzu suke zaune.[2] Har ila yau, Trollsås ya yi aiki a matsayin manaja har zuwa shekarar 2008. Jin cewa ana buƙatar ƙwararren wakili don gudanar da aikin Saidy, sai suka ɗauki hayar fitaccen manajan wasannin motsa jiki na [[Sweden]] Daniel Westfeldt.[8] Jim kadan bayan haka Saidy ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar mai kayatarwa tare da Nike.&lt;ref&gt;Parr, Odd Steinar (24 April 2008). &quot;Norsk sprinter kan bli søkkrik&quot;. ''Hegnar Online'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2008-05-04.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 
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'''siege of jadotville'''

Wani yaƙin Duniya a yakin Kongo(1960_1964) sige na jadotville [ʒa.do.vil]Ya fara ne a ranar 13 ga watan satumba shekara ta alif 1961 Har tsawon kwana biyar(5)&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jadotville#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill2002135-15&lt;/ref&gt; (Opération des Nations Unies au Congo, ONUC), wani ƙaramin tawaga na Bataliya ta 35 na Sojojin Ireland, wanda aka nada &quot;A&quot; Company, an kewaye shi a (sansanin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke kusa da garin Jadotville. Likasi na zamani) na sojojin Katanga masu biyayya ga jihar Katanga mai ballewa. An yi wa kawanya ne a lokacin da aka shafe kwanaki bakwai ana gwabza ƙazamin faɗa tsakanin ONUC da dakarun Katanga a lokacin Operation Morthor.Duk da cewa rundunar sojojin Ireland 156 sun dakile hare-hare da dama da kuma wata babbar runduna ta yi, amma daga karshe sun mika wuya ga dakarun Katanga bayan sun kare da harsashi da ruwa. Kamfanin na Irish ya kashe kusan mutane 1,300 (ciki har da, bisa ga wasu ƙididdiga, har zuwa 300 da aka kashe) a kan sojojin Katangase, ba tare da mutuwa a cikin Kamfanin &quot;A&quot; na Irish ba. Rukunin agaji na kusan 500 na Indiya, Irish, da sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Sweden, waɗanda aka aika don karya kewayen, bai yi nasara ba kuma sun sami raunuka da yawa (ciki har da aƙalla kashe biyar). An kama kamfanin na Irish da aka kama a matsayin fursunoni na yaki na kusan wata guda, kafin a sake shi a ranar 15 ga Oktoba a matsayin wani bangare na musayar fursunoni.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jadotville#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill2002139-16&lt;/ref&gt;
==Manazarta==
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    <title>James Buchanan</title>
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'''James Buchanan Jr.''' (/bjuːˈkænən/ bew-KAN-ən; &lt;ref&gt;Olausson, Lena; Sangster, Catherine (2006). Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation. Oxford University Press. p. 56. ISBN 0-19-280710-2&lt;/ref&gt; an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu , shekara ta alif ɗari bakwai da cassa'in da daya 1791 zuwa ranar 1 ga watan Yuni shekara ta alif 1868) shi ne shugaban Amurka na 15, wanda ya yi aiki daga shekarar 1857 zuwa 1861. Buchanan kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren gwamnati daga 1845 zuwa 1849 kuma ya wakilci Pennsylvania a cikin gidaje biyu na U.S. Majalisa. Ya kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin jihohi, musamman game da bauta, kuma ya rage rawar da gwamnatin tarayya ta taka kafin yakin basasa.

Buchanan lauya ne a Pennsylvania kuma ya lashe zaɓensa na farko zuwa Majalisar Wakilai ta jihar a matsayin dan Majalisar Tarayya. An zabe shi zuwa Amurka. Majalisar Wakilai a 1820 kuma ta riƙe wannan matsayi na tsawon sharuɗɗa biyar, tare da Andrew Jackson's Democratic Party. Buchanan ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan Jackson zuwa Rasha a 1832. Ya ci zabe a 1834 a matsayin U.S. Sanata daga Pennsylvania kuma ya ci gaba da wannan matsayi na tsawon shekaru 11. An nada shi a matsayin sakataren gwamnati na Shugaba James K. Polk a shekara ta 1845, kuma bayan shekaru takwas aka nada shi a matsayin ministan Shugaba Franklin Pierce a Burtaniya.

Tun daga shekara ta 1844, Buchanan ya zama dan takara na yau da kullum don zaben shugaban kasa na Jam'iyyar Democrat. An zabe shi kuma ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1856. A matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa, Buchanan ya shiga tsakani don tabbatar da mafi rinjayen hukuncin Kotun Koli a cikin hukuncin da aka yanke na bautar a cikin shari'ar Dred Scott. Ya yarda da yunƙurin kudanci na injiniya Kansas shiga cikin Ƙungiyar a matsayin bawa a ƙarƙashinKundin Tsarin Mulki na Lecompton, kuma ya fusata ba kawai 'yan Republican ba har ma da Democrats na Arewa. Buchanan ya girmama alkawarinsa na yin aiki guda ɗaya kawai kuma ya goyi bayan takarar Breckinridge wanda bai yi nasara ba a zaben shugaban kasa na 1860. Ya ƙasa dai-daita jam'iyyar Dimokaradiyyar da ta samu karyewa a cikin tsangwama ga Stephen Douglas, wanda ya kai ga zaben dan Republican kuma tsohon dan majalisa Abraham Lincoln.

Shugabancin Buchanan a lokacin gurguwar agwagi, kafin yakin basasar Amurka, ya sha suka sosai. A lokaci guda kuma ya fusata Arewa ta hanyar hana ballewa da kuma Kudu ta hanyar kin biyan bukatarsu. Ya goyi bayan canjin Corwin a kokarin sulhunta kasar. Ya yi ƙoƙari mara nasara don ƙarfafa Fort Sumter, amma in ba haka ba ya hana shirya sojoji. A cikin rayuwarsa na sirri, Buchanan bai taɓa yin aure ba kuma shi kaɗai ne U.S. shugaban ya ci gaba da zama dalibin digiri na tsawon rayuwarsa, wanda ya jagoranci wasu masana tarihi da marubuta don tambayar yanayin jima'i. An bayyana gazawarsa wajen dakile yakin basasa a matsayin rashin iya aiki, kuma ya shafe shekarunsa na ƙarshe yana kare mutuncinsa. Masana tarihi da masana sun sanya Buchanan a matsayin mafi munin shugabanni a tarihin Amurka.

==Rayuwar farko==


￼ Wurin haihuwar Buchanan

===Yarantaka da ilimi===


James Buchanan Jr. an haife shi a cikin dangin Scotland-Irish a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1791, a cikin gidan katako a wani gona mai suna Stony Batter, kusa da Cove Gap, Peters Township, a cikin tsaunin Allegheny na kudancin Pennsylvania. Shi ne shugaban kasa na ƙarshe da aka haife shi a ƙarni na 18 kuma, har zuwa zaɓen [[Joe Biden]] a cikin 2020, wanda kaɗai aka haifa a Pennsylvania.&lt;ref&gt;The Presidents Timeline&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Buchanan shi ne na biyu a cikin yara goma sha ɗaya da kanne mata shida da ƴan'uwa huɗu, kuma babban ɗan James Buchanan Sr. (1761-1821) da matarsa ​​Elizabeth Speer (1767-1833).&lt;ref&gt;Baker 2004, pp. 9–12&lt;/ref&gt; James Buchanan Sr., dan Ulster-Scot ne daga wajen Ramelton, wani karamin gari a arewa maso gabas na County Donegal a arewa maso yamma na Ulster, lardin arewa a Ireland, wanda ya yi hijira zuwa sabuwar Amurka da aka kafa a 1783. , Bayan ya tashi daga Derry. ref&gt;Discover Ulster-Scots: Emigration &amp; Influence - Ulster and the White House. https://discoverulsterscots.com/emigration-influence/america/1718-migration-east-donegal/ulster-and-white-house&lt;/ref&gt; Ulster-Scots Agency: News - The 'Buchanan Clan Gathering' in Co Donegal (30 June 2010). https://web.archive.org/web/20250925175639/https://www.ulsterscotsagency.com/news/article/39/the-buchanan-clan-gathering-in-co-donegal/&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance na Clan Buchanan, wanda mambobinsa sun yi hijira da yawa daga tsaunukan Scotland zuwa Ulster a arewacin Ireland a lokacin dashen Ulster a karni na sha bakwai kuma, daga baya, saboda talauci da tsanantawa daga Crown saboda su. Imani na Presbyterian, ya kara yin hijira da yawa daga Ulster zuwa Amurka tun daga farkon karni na sha takwas zuwa gaba. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haihuwar Buchanan, iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa wata gona kusa da Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, kuma daga baya suka zauna a garin a shekara ta 1794. Mahaifinsa ya zama mazaunin yankin mafi arziƙi, yana aiki a matsayin ɗan kasuwa, manomi, da mai saka jari. Buchanan ya danganta iliminsa na farko ga mahaifiyarsa, yayin da mahaifinsa ya fi tasiri a kan halinsa.Mahaifiyarsa ta tattauna batun siyasa da shi tun yana yaro kuma tana da sha'awar sha'awar waƙa, tana ambaton John Milton da William Shakespeare ga Buchanan.&lt;ref&gt;Baker 2004, pp. 9–12&lt;/ref&gt;

Buchanan ya halarci Old Stone Academy a Mercersburg sannan Dickinson College a Carlisle, Pennsylvania.&lt;ref&gt;Baker 2004, pp. 12.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1808, an kusan fitar da shi saboda rashin daidaituwa; shi da ’yan uwansa dalibai sun jawo hankulan marasa kyau ga shaye-shaye a gidajen abinci, suna dagula zaman lafiya da daddare, da aikata barna, &lt;ref&gt;Baker 2004, pp. 13–16&lt;/ref&gt; amma ya roki a ba shi dama na biyu kuma daga karshe ya kammala karatunsa da daraja a 1809.[10Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya koma babban birnin jihar a Lancaster, don horar da lauya na tsawon shekaru biyu da rabi tare da sanannen James Hopkins. Bayan salon zamani, Buchanan ya yi nazarin Lambobin Amurka da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka da kuma hukumomin shari'a irin su William Blackstone a lokacin karatunsa.&lt;ref&gt;Baker 2004, pp. 13–16&lt;ref&gt;

==Dokar farko da kuma Majalisar Wakilai ta Pennsylvania==


A 1812, Buchanan ya ci jarrabawar mashaya kuma bayan an shigar da shi a mashaya, ya kasance a Lancaster, ko da lokacin da Harrisburg ya zama sabon babban birnin Pennsylvania. Buchanan da sauri ya kafa kansa a matsayin fitaccen wakilin doka a birnin. Kudin shiga ya tashi da sauri bayan ya kafa aikinsa, kuma zuwa 1821 yana samun sama da $11,000 a kowace shekara (daidai da $250,000 a cikin 2023).&lt;ref&gt;Baker 2004, pp. 13–16&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, Buchanan ya zama Freemason, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Jagora mai Bauta na Masonic Lodge No. 43 a Lancaster kuma a matsayin Mataimakin Babban Jagora na Grand Lodge na Pennsylvania.&lt;ref&gt;Klein 1962, p. 27&lt;/ref&gt;

Buchanan ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban reshen Lancaster na Jam'iyyar Tarayya. Kamar mahaifinsa, ya tallafa wa shirinsu na siyasa, wanda ya ba da kuɗin tarayya don gine-gine da ayyukan shigo da kaya da kuma sake kafa babban bankin bayan lasisin bankin farko na Amurka ya kare a 1811. Ya zama babban mai suka. ko Shugaban Jamhuriyar Demokiradiyya James Madison a lokacin yakin 1812.&lt;ref&gt;Baker 2004, pp. 17–18&lt;/ref&gt; Ko da yake shi kansa bai yi aikin soja ba a lokacin yakin 1812, a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya ya shiga cikin gungun samarin da suka saci dawakai ga sojojin Amurka a yankin Baltimore.&lt;ref&gt;Klein 1962, p. &lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne shugaban kasa na karshe da ya shiga yakin 1812.&lt;ref&gt;Moody, Wesley (2016). The Battle of Fort Sumter: The First Shots of the American Civil War. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-3176-6718-6 – via Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1814, an zabe shi don 'yan Tarayyar Tarayya zuwa Majalisar Wakilai ta Pennsylvania, &lt;ref&gt;Curtis 1883, p. 22&lt;/ref&gt; inda ya kasance mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma ya riƙe wannan kujera har zuwa 1816. Tun da zaman da aka yi a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Pennsylvania ya kasance watanni uku kawai, Buchanan ya ci gaba da aiki da doka. yana samun riba ta hanyar biyan kuɗi masu yawa, kuma hidimarsa ta taimaka masa ya sami ƙarin abokan ciniki&lt;ref&gt;Baker 2004, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1815, Buchanan ya kare Alkalin Kotun Walter Franklin a cikin shari'ar tsige shi a gaban Majalisar Dattijai ta Pennsylvania, bisa zargin rashin da'a na shari'a. An fi samun yawaitar tsige shi a lokacin domin an fi samun alakar cin mutuncin mukami da yanke hukuncin da bai dace ba bisa ga abin da jam’iyyu ke so da kuma farin jinin hukuncin da alkali ya yanke. Buchanan ya rinjayi Sanatocin cewa laifukan shari’a da keta doka ne kawai suka tabbatar da tsige shi.&lt;ref&gt;Moody, Wesley (2016). The Battle of Fort Sumter: The First Shots of the American Civil War. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-3176-6718-6 – via Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Aikin majalisa==


Babban labarin: Tarihin zaben James Buchanan

===U.S. Majalisar wakilai===


A cikin zaɓen majalisa na 1820, Buchanan ya nemi kujera a majalisar wakilai. Jim kadan bayan nasarar zabensa, mahaifinsa ya rasu a wani hatsarin mota.&lt;ref&gt;Baker 2004, p. 22&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinsa na matashin Wakili, Buchanan ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun jagororin bangaren &quot;Jam'iyyar Amalgamator&quot; na siyasar Pennsylvania, mai suna saboda ta kunshi 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat-Republican da tsoffin 'yan Tarayyar Tarayya, wadanda suka sauya sheka daga Tsarin Jam'iyyar Farko zuwa Era. ko Kyawun Ji. A wannan zamanin, Demokradiyya-Jamhuriya ta zama jam'iyya mafi tasiri. Hukunce-hukuncen Tarayya na Buchanan sun kasance masu rauni, kuma ya sauya jam’iyyu bayan ya yi adawa da wani dan kishin kasa.lissafin.&lt;ref&gt;Nicole Etcheson, &quot;General Jackson Is Dead: James Buchanan, Stephen A. Douglas, and Kansas Policy&quot;, in James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 88–90.&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin zaben shugaban kasa na 1824, Buchanan da farko ya goyi bayan Henry Clay, amma ya koma Andrew Jackson (tare da Clay a matsayin zabi na biyu) lokacin da ya bayyana cewa jama'ar Pennsylvania sun fi son Jackson.&lt;ref&gt;Klein, Philip Shriver; Hoogenboom, Ari (1980). A History of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-0-271-01934&lt;ref&gt; Bayan Jackson ya fadi zaben 1824, ya shiga kungiyarsa, amma Jackson ya raina Buchanan saboda kuskuren fassararsa na kokarinsa na sasanta tsakanin sansanin Clay da Jackson.&lt;ref&gt;Nicole Etcheson, &quot;General Jackson Is Dead: James Buchanan, Stephen A. Douglas, and Kansas Policy&quot;, in James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War, ed. by John W. Quist and Michael J. Birkner, (2013) pp 88–90.&lt;/ref&gt;Baker 2004, p. 24–27&lt;/ref&gt;

A Washington, Buchanan ya zama mai kare haƙƙin jihohi, kuma ya kasance kusa da yawancin 'yan majalisar kudu, yana kallon wasu 'yan majalisar New England a matsayin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Kusancin da Buchanan yake da shi da mazabarsa ya ba shi damar kafa haɗin gwiwar Demokaradiyya a Pennsylvania, wanda ya ƙunshi tsoffin manoman Tarayya, masu sana'a na Philadelphia, da Ulster-Scots-Amurka. A cikin zaben shugaban kasa na 1828, ya tabbatar da Pennsylvania, yayin da &quot;Jackson Democrats&quot;, jam'iyya mai cin gashin kanta bayan da ta balle daga Jam'iyyar Republican Party, ta sami nasara cikin sauki a zaben 'yan majalissar da aka yi.&lt;ref&gt;

Buchanan ya sami kulawa sosai a lokacin da ake shari'ar tsige shi inda ya zama mai gabatar da kara ga alkalin gundumar tarayya James H. Peck; duk da haka, Majalisar Dattawa ta ki amincewa da bukatar Buchanan tare da wanke Peck da kuri'u mafi rinjaye. An nada shi kwamitin noma a shekararsa ta farko, kuma daga baya ya zama shugaban kwamitin shari’a. A shekara ta 1831, Buchanan ya ki amincewa da takarar Majalisar Wakilan Amurka ta 22 daga mazabarsa da ta hada da Dauphin, Lebanon, da Lancaster. Har yanzu yana da buri na siyasa kuma wasu 'yan Democrat na Pennsylvania sun gabatar da shi a matsayin dan takarar mataimakin shugaban kasa a zaben 1832.[21].

Hoton 1834 na Buchanan yana da shekaru 42-43 na Jacob Eichholtz

===Ministan Rasha===


Bayan da aka sake zabar Jackson a 1832, ya ba Buchanan mukamin jakadan Amurka a Rasha. Buchanan ya yi jinkirin barin ƙasar, kamar yadda mai nisa na St. Petersburg wani nau'i ne na gudun hijirar siyasa, wanda shine manufar Jackson, wanda ya ɗauki Buchanan a matsayin &quot;mai aiki marar aiki&quot; kuma marar aminci, amma a ƙarshe ya yarda.[18]. Ayyukansa sun mayar da hankali kan kulla yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da jigilar kayayyaki da Rasha. Yayin da Buchanan ya yi nasara tare da tsohon, yin shawarwarin yarjejeniya kan jigilar kaya kyauta tare da Ministan Harkokin Waje Karl Nesselrode ya kasance mai wahala.[22] Ya yi Allah wadai da Tsar Nicholas I a matsayin wanda ba shi da tushe bare makama ne kawai shekara guda kafin lokacin da yake rike da mukamin a Majalisa; Amurkawa da yawa sun mayar da martani mara kyau game da martanin da Rasha ta yi game da boren Poland na 1830.[23]

==U.S. Sanata==

Buchanan ya koma gida ya sha kaye a zaben majalisar dokokin jihar na tsawon shekaru shida a majalisa ta 23, amma majalisar dokokin jihar Pennsylvania ta nada shi ya gaji William Wilkins a Amurka. Majalisar Dattawa. Wilkins, ya maye gurbin Buchanan a matsayin jakadan Rasha. Jasonian Buchanan, wanda aka sake zaɓe a 1836 da 1842, ya yi adawa da sake ba da izini na Babban Bankin Amurka na Biyu kuma ya nemi ya kawar da zargi na majalisa na Jackson daga yakin Bankin.[24]. Buchanan ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawa har zuwa Maris 1845 kuma sau biyu an tabbatar da shi a ofis.[2Domin hada kan 'yan Democrats na Pennsylvania a taron Jiha, an zabe shi a matsayin dan takararsu na babban taron kasa. Buchanan ya ci gaba da bin ƙa'idodin Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Pennsylvania kuma wani lokaci ya ƙi amincewa da mukamai a Majalisa wanda ya inganta a cikin jawabansa, duk da buɗaɗɗen buri na Fadar White House.[26]

An san Buchanan ne saboda jajircewarsa ga haƙƙin jihohi da akidar bayyana ƙaddara[27]. Ya yi watsi da tayin da shugaba Martin Van Buren ya yi masa na zama babban mai shari’a na Amurka kuma ya jagoranci manyan kwamitocin majalisar dattijai kamar kwamitin shari’a da kwamitin hulda da kasashen waje[28]. Buchanan na daya daga cikin 'yan majalisar dattawa da suka kada kuri'ar kin amincewaYarjejeniyar Webster-Ashburton don &quot;mika kai&quot; ga Ƙasar Ingila, kamar yadda ya bukaci dukan Aroostook Valley Valley ga Amurka. A cikin Rigimar iyaka ta Oregon, Buchanan ya karɓi matsakaicin buƙatun 54°40′ a matsayin iyakar arewa kuma ya yi magana game da haɗa Jamhuriyar [[Texas]].[26] A lokacin zaɓen gwamna na Pennsylvania na 1838 mai cike da cece-kuce, Buchanan ya zaɓi ya goyi bayan ɗan takarar Demokraɗiyya, David Rittenhouse Porter, [29] wanda aka zaɓa da ƙasa da kuri'u 5,500 a matsayin gwamna na farko na Pennsylvania a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1838.[30][31]

Buchanan ya kuma yi adawa da dokar gag da John C. Calhoun ya dauki nauyi wanda da zai danne koke-koke na adawa da bauta. Ya bi sahun masu rinjaye wajen toshe wannan doka, inda galibin ‘yan majalisar dattawa suka yi imanin cewa hakan zai yi tasiri wajen karfafa masu ruguzawa[32]. Ya ce, “Muna da ‘yancin yin katsalandan a kan bauta a Kudu, kamar yadda ya kamata mu taba ‘yancin yin koke.”[25] Buchanan ya yi tunanin cewa batun bautar shi ne yankin jihohin, kuma ya zargi masu kawar da kai. don sha'awar sha'awa game da batun. A cikin jagorancin 1844 Democratic National Convention, Buchanan ya sanya kansa a matsayin mai yiwuwa madadin tsohon shugaban kasar Martin Van Buren, amma nadin ya tafi James K. Polk, wanda ya lashe zaben.[26]

==Aikin diflomasiyya==


===Sakataren Gwamnati===


Buchanan (na biyu daga hagu) a cikin majalisar ministocin Polk, 1849

An bai wa Buchanan mukamin Sakataren Gwamnati a gwamnatin Polk ko kuma, a matsayin madadin, zama a Kotun Koli, don biya shi diyya don goyon bayansa a yakin neman zabe amma kuma don kawar da shi a matsayin abokin hamayyar jam'iyyar cikin gida. Ya karɓi mukamin Ma'aikatar Jiha kuma ya yi aiki na tsawon wa'adi ɗaya na Polk a ofis. A lokacin aikinsa, {asar Amirka ta yi rikodin ribar yanki mafi girma a tarihi ta hanyar yarjejeniyar Oregon da yerjejeniyar Guadalupe Hidalgo, wanda ya haɗa da yanki wanda yanzu ya zama Texas, California, Nevada, [[New Mexico]], Arizona, Utah, da Colorado.[33] A cikin tattaunawa da Biritaniya kan Oregon, da farko Buchanan ya fifita daidaici na 49 a matsayin iyakar yankin Oregon, yayin da Polk ya yi kira da a samar da ƙarin layin iyakar arewa. Lokacin da 'yan Democrat na Arewa suka haɗu a kusa da sanannen taken hamsin da huɗu da arba'in ko Fight (&quot;54 ° 40 'ko yaki&quot;) a yakin neman zaben 1844, Buchanan ya karbi wannan matsayi, amma daga baya ya bi jagorancin Polk, wanda ya kai ga Oregon Compromise na 1846, wanda ya kafa daidaici na 49 a matsayin iyaka a cikin Pacific Northwest.[34]

Game da Mexico, Buchanan ya ci gaba da kallon ra'ayi mai ban mamaki cewa harin da ya kaiwa sojojin Amurka a wani gefen Rio Grande a watan Afrilu 1846 ya zama cin zarafi da kuma dalilin da ya dace na yaki. A lokacin yakin Mexican-American, Buchanan ya fara ba da shawara game da ikirarin yankin kudancin Rio Grande, yana jin tsoron yaki da Birtaniya da Faransa. Duk da haka, yayin da yakin ya ƙare, Buchanan ya canza ra'ayinsa kuma ya yi jayayya game da ƙaddamar da wani yanki na gaba, yana jayayya cewa Mexico ce ke da alhakin yakin kuma cewa diyya da aka yi shawarwari don asarar da Amurka ta yi ba ta da yawa. Buchanan ya nemi nadin a babban taron Dimokuradiyya na 1848, kamar yadda Polk ya yi alkawarin yin hidimar wa'adi daya kawai, amma ya sami goyon bayan wakilan Pennsylvania da Virginia, don haka aka zabi Sanata Lewis Cass na Michigan.[35]

==Rayuwar farar hula da zaben shugaban kasa na 1852==


￼Bust na James Buchanan na Henry Dexter a Gidan Hoto na Kasa

Tare da zaben 1848 na Whig Zachary Taylor, Buchanan ya koma rayuwa ta sirri. Buchanan ya ci gaba da yin shekaru kuma har yanzu yana sanye da salon zamani na samartaka, wanda hakan ya sa 'yan jarida suka yi masa lakabi da &quot;Tsohuwar Ayyukan Jama'a&quot;. Masu adawa da bauta a Arewa sun yi masa ba'a a matsayin wani abin tarihi na mutum kafin tarihi sabodako kuma kyawawan dabi’unsa[36]. Ya sayi gidan Wheatland da ke wajen birnin Lancaster kuma ya nishadantar da maziyartai daban-daban yayin da yake lura da al'amuran siyasa.[37] A cikin wannan lokacin, Buchanan ya zama cibiyar sadarwar iyali wanda ya ƙunshi 22 'ya'ya, 'ya'yansu da zuriyarsu, bakwai daga cikinsu marayu ne. Ya samo wa wasu ayyukan yi wa jama’a ayyukan yi ta hanyar ba da goyon baya, kuma ga waɗanda ke goyon bayansa, ya ɗauki matsayin uba. Ya kulla zumunci mai karfi da 'yar uwarsa Harriet Lane, wacce daga baya ta zama uwargidan shugaban kasa ga Buchanan a fadar White House.[36]

A cikin 1852, an nada shi shugaban kwamitin amintattu na Franklin da Kwalejin Marshall a Lancaster, kuma ya yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa 1866.[38] Buchanan bai bar siyasa gaba daya ba. Ya yi niyyar wallafa tarin jawabai da tarihin rayuwarsa, amma zaben shugaban kasa na 1852 ya ci tura. Buchanan ya tafi Washington don tattaunawa game da siyasar Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Pennsylvania, wanda aka raba zuwa sansani biyu karkashin jagorancin Simon Cameron da George Dallas.[39] Ya yi kamfen cikin natsuwa don zaben shugaban kasa na Demokradiyya na 1852. Dangane da Yarjejeniya ta 1850, wanda ya haifar da shigar da California a cikin Ƙungiyar a matsayin ƙasa mai 'yanci da kuma Dokar Bawan Fugitive, yanzu Buchanan ya ƙi amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Missouri kuma ya yi maraba da kin amincewa da Majalisa na Wilmot Proviso, wanda ya haramta bauta a cikin duka. yankunan da aka samu a yakin Mexico da Amurka. Buchanan ya soki abolitionism a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata majalisar dokoki ta yanke shawarar bautar, ba Majalisa ba. Ya ki son kawar da ’yan Arewa saboda jam’iyyarsa, kuma ya zama sananne a matsayin “fuskar kullu” saboda tausayinsa ga Kudu. Buchanan ya fito ne a matsayin dan takara mai ban sha'awa na takarar shugaban kasa na Democrat, tare da Lewis Cass, Stephen Douglas, da William L. Marcy; duk da haka, babban taron Pennsylvania bai kada kuri’ar amincewa da shi ba, inda wakilai sama da 30 suka yi zanga-zangar adawa da shi.[40] A 1852 Democratic National Convention, ya sami goyon bayan da yawa kudancin wakilan amma ya kasa samun nasarar kashi biyu bisa uku na goyon bayan da ake bukata na zaben shugaban kasa, wanda ya tafi zuwa ga Franklin Pierce. Buchanan ya ƙi ya zama ɗan takarar mataimakin shugaban ƙasa, kuma taron ya zaɓi abokinsa na kud da kud, William R. King.[41]

==Ministan Burtaniya==

Pierce ya lashe zaben a shekara ta 1852, kuma bayan watanni shida, Buchanan ya karbi mukamin ministan Amurka a Burtaniya, matsayin da ke wakiltar koma baya a aikinsa kuma ya yi watsi da shi sau biyu a baya.[41] Buchanan ya yi tafiya zuwa Ingila a lokacin rani na 1853, kuma ya kasance a kasashen waje na shekaru uku masu zuwa. A shekara ta 1850, Amurka da Birtaniya sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Clayton-Bulwer, wadda ta ba wa kasashen biyu damar sarrafa duk wani magudanar ruwa na gaba wanda zai hade Tekun Atlantika da Pacific ta Tsakiyar Amurka. Buchanan ya gana akai-akai da Lord Clarendon, ministan harkokin wajen Biritaniya, da fatan matsawa Burtaniya lamba ta janye daga Amurka ta tsakiya. Ya sami damar rage tasirin Birtaniyya a Honduras da Nicaragua yayin da yake kara wayar da kan masarauta kan muradun Amurkawa a yankin.[42] Ya kuma mai da hankali kan yuwuwar shigar da kasar Cuba, wadda ta dade tana sha'awarsa.[43]

A yunkurin Pierce, Buchanan ya sadu a Ostend, Belgium, tare da U.S. Ambasada a Spain Pierre Soulé da U.S. Ambasada a Faransa John Mason, don tsara tsarin sayan Cuba. Wani daftarin takarda ya haifar, wanda ake kira Ostend Manifesto, wanda ya ba da shawarar siyan Cuba daga Spain, sannan a tsakiyar juyin juya hali da kuma kusa da fatara. Takardar ta ayyana tsibirin &quot;kamar yadda ya zama dole ga jamhuriyar Arewacin Amurka kamar kowace danginta na yanzu&quot;. Sabanin shawarar Buchanan, daftarin ƙarshe na ma'anarya ba da shawarar cewa &quot;komo shi daga Spain&quot;, idan Spain ta ƙi sayar da ita, za ta zama barata &quot;ta kowace doka, ɗan adam da Allahntaka&quot;[44]. An gamu da ra'ayin da aka raba tare da raba ra'ayi kuma ba a taɓa yin aiki da shi ba. Ya raunana gwamnatin Pierce kuma ya rage goyon baya ga Ƙaddamar Ƙaddamarwa.[44] [45] A cikin 1855, yayin da Buchanan ke son komawa gida ya girma, Pierce ya nemi ya rike katanga a Landan bisa la'akari da ƙaura da wani jirgin ruwa na Burtaniya zuwa Caribbean.[42]

==Zaben 1856==


Babban labarin: 1856 zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka

1856 Taswirar kuri'un zabe

Sabis na Buchanan a ƙasashen waje ya ba shi damar gujewa muhawarar kan dokar Kansas-Nebraska sannan kuma ya lalata ƙasar a cikin rikicin bautar.[46] Duk da cewa bai fito fili ya nemi shugabancin kasar ba, amma ya amince da kungiyar a madadinsa[47]. Yayin da yake Ingila, ya yi kamfen ta wurin yabon John Joseph Hughes, wanda shi ne Archbishop na New York, ga wani babban limamin Katolika. Na karshen ya yi kamfen ga Buchanan a cikin manyan Katolika da zarar ya ji labarin.[46] Lokacin da Buchanan ya isa gida a ƙarshen Afrilu 1856, ya jagoranci jefa kuri'a na farko, goyon bayan manyan Sanatoci John Slidell, Jesse Bright, da Thomas F. Bayard, waɗanda suka gabatar da Buchanan a matsayin gogaggen shugaba mai kira ga Arewa da Kudu. Yarjejeniyar Dimokuradiyya ta 1856 ta hadu a watan Yuni 1856, ta samar da wani dandamali wanda ke nuna ra'ayoyin Buchanan, gami da goyon bayan Dokar Bawan Fugitive, wanda ke buƙatar dawo da bayin da suka tsere. Dandalin ya kuma yi kira da a kawo karshen zanga-zangar adawa da bauta da kuma Amurka. &quot;hawa a cikin Tekun Mexico&quot;.[48] Shugaba Pierce ya yi fatan sake tsayawa takara, yayin da Sanata Stephen A. Douglas shi ma ya yi kaurin suna a matsayin dan takara mai karfi. Ya lashe zaben ne bayan kuri'u goma sha bakwai bayan murabus din Douglas. John C. Breckinridge na Kentucky ne ya haɗa shi a kan tikitin don ci gaba da wakilci na yanki, yana sanya magoya bayan Pierce da Douglas, kuma abokan Breckinridge.[49]

Buchanan ya fuskanci 'yan takara guda biyu a babban zaben: tsohon shugaban Whig Millard Fillmore ya yi takara a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar Katolika na Anti-Catholic, anti-igrant American Party (ko &quot;Know-Nothing&quot;), yayin da John C. Frémont ya yi takara a matsayin dan takarar Republican. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin Buchanan da Frémont ya kasance mai ma'ana sosai, tare da 'yan caricaturists masu adawa da juna suna zana ɗan takarar Demokraɗiyya a matsayin dattijo mai ban tsoro.[50] Buchanan bai yi yaƙin neman zaɓe ba, amma ya rubuta wasiƙu kuma ya yi alƙawarin tabbatar da tsarin dimokuradiyya. A zaben, ya dauki kowace kasa bayi sai dai Maryland, da kuma jihohi biyar marasa bauta, ciki har da jiharsa ta Pennsylvania[49]. Ya lashe kashi 45 cikin 100 na yawan kuri'un da aka kada, kuma ya lashe kuri'un zaben, inda ya samu kuri'u 174 cikin 296. Zaben nasa ya sanya shi zama shugaban kasa na farko daga Pennsylvania. A cikin jawabin nasara na gwagwarmaya, Buchanan ya yi tir da 'yan Republican, yana mai kiran su &quot;jam'iyya mai haɗari&quot; da &quot;jam'iyya&quot; wadda ta kai hari ga Kudu ba bisa ka'ida ba.[50] Ya kuma bayyana cewa, “Abin da gwamnatina za ta yi shi ne ruguza jam’iyyu, Arewa ko Kudu, da kuma maido da jituwa a cikin kungiyar a karkashin gwamnatin kasa da kuma masu ra’ayin rikau.” nadin majalisarsa[52].

==Shugaban kasa (1857-1861)==


===Babban labarin: Shugabancin James Buchanan

Kaddamarwa===


Babban labarin: rantsar da James Buchanan

An kaddamar da Buchanan a ranar 4 ga Maris, 1857, yana karbar rantsuwar ofis daga babban alkalin alkalai Roger B. Taney. A cikin dogon jawabinsa na rantsar da shi, Buchanan ya sadaukar da kansa ga yin hidimar wa'adi daya kacal, kamar yadda wanda ya gabace shi ya yi. Ya kyamaci rarrabuwar kawuna dangane da bauta da matsayinta a yankunan, yana mai cewa bai kamata Majalisa ta taka rawar gani ba wajen tantance matsayin bauta a jihohi ko yankuna[53]. Ya ba da shawarar mafita dangane da Dokar Kansas-Nebraska, wanda ya bayyana cewaKa'idar ikon mallakar jama'a ta kasance mai yanke hukunci, kuma Majalisa ba ta da ta cewa a cikin lamarin. Buchanan ya ba da shawarar a kafa dokar bautar tarayya don kare haƙƙin masu bayi a yankunan tarayya. Ya yi ishara da shari'ar Kotun Koli da ke kan shari'ar, Dred Scott v. Sandford, wanda ya ce zai warware batun bautar har abada. Dred Scott bawa ne wanda mai gidansa John Sanford ya ɗauke shi na ɗan lokaci daga ƙasar bawa zuwa yanki mai 'yanci. Bayan da Scott ya koma ƙasar bawa, sai ya shigar da ƙarar neman 'yancinsa dangane da lokacinsa a cikin ƙasa mai 'yanci.[53]

Mataimakin mai shari'a Robert C. Grier ya leka shawarar a cikin shari'ar &quot;Dred Scott&quot; da wuri ga Buchanan. A cikin jawabinsa na farko, Buchanan ya bayyana cewa batun bautar da ake yi a yankunan zai kasance &quot;cikin sauri kuma a karshe&quot; Kotun Koli za ta warware shi.[54] A cewar masanin tarihi Paul Finkelman:

Buchanan ya riga ya san abin da Kotun za ta yanke. A cikin wani babban keta da'a na Kotun, Mai Shari'a Grier, wanda, kamar Buchanan, ya fito daga Pennsylvania, ya ba da cikakken bayani ga zababben shugaban kasa game da ci gaban shari'ar da muhawarar cikin gida a cikin Kotun. Lokacin da Buchanan ya bukaci al'ummar kasar da su goyi bayan shawarar, ya riga ya san abin da Taney zai ce. Zaton 'yan jam'iyyar Republican na rashin adalci ya zama cikakke.[55]

Masana tarihi sun yarda cewa hukuncin kotun babban bala'i ne saboda ya haifar da tashin hankali sosai, wanda ya kai ga yakin basasa.[56][57][58] A cikin 2022, ɗan tarihi David W. Blight ya yi iƙirarin cewa shekara ta 1857 ita ce, &quot;babban jigon hanyar rabuwar kai ... galibi saboda shari'ar Dred Scott, wanda ya haifar da tsoro, rashin amincewa da ƙiyayyar ƙiyayya da ta riga ta zama ruwan dare a cikin duka Arewa. da Kudu zuwa sabon matakan tsanani.”[59]

==Ma'aikata==


===Majalisar ministoci da gudanarwa===


The Buchanan cabinetOfficeNameTermShugaba James Buchanan1857-1861Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa John C. Breckinridge1857-1861Sakataren JihaLewis Cass1857-1860Jeremiah S. Black1860-1861Sakataren Baitulmali18585761 s Dix1861 Sakataren WarJohn B. Floyd1857–1860 1861Attorney GeneralJeremiah S. Black1857–1860Edwin Stanton1860– 1861Master JanarAaron V. Brown1857–1859Joseph Holt1859–1860Horatio King1861Sakataren NavyIsaac Toucey1857–1861Sakataren Cikin GidaJacob Thompson1857–1861 859).
Daga hagu zuwa dama: Jacob Thompson, Lewis Cass, John B. Floyd, James Buchanan, Howell Cobb, Isaac Toucey, Joseph Holt da Jeremiah S. Black

Yayin da rantsar da shi ke gabatowa, Buchanan ya nemi kafa majalisar ministoci mai biyayya, mai jituwa don gujewa fadan da ya addabi gwamnatin Andrew Jackson.[60] Majalisar ministocin ta zama dole ta yi adalci wajen samun daidaito a cikin jam’iyyar da kuma tsakanin yankunan kasar. Buchanan ya fara yin wannan aiki a Wheatland har sai da ya yi tafiya zuwa babban birnin kasar a watan Janairun 1857. A can, kamar sauran baƙi da ke National Hotel, ya kamu da cutar zazzaɓi mai tsanani, wanda bai gama warkewa ba sai bayan watanni da yawa. Da dama daga cikin wadanda suka kamu da rashin lafiya sun mutu, ciki har da dan uwan ​​Buchanan da sakatare mai zaman kansa Eskridge Lane.[52]

Zaɓin majalisar ministocin ya kasance bala'i, tare da ministocin Kudu guda huɗu waɗanda manyan bayi ne waɗanda daga baya suka zama masu biyayya ga Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Amurka [61]. An dauki Sakataren Baitulmali Howell Cobb a matsayin babban hazakar siyasa a majalisar ministoci, [62] yayin da shugabannin sassan uku daga jihohin arewa duk ana daukar su a matsayin kullu.[63] Manufarsa ita ce ta mamaye majalisar ministoci, kuma ya zabi mazaje da za su yarda da ra'ayinsa[64]. Buchanan ya samu matsala da mataimakinsa tun daga farko, lokacin da bai tarbe shi ba a ziyararsa ta farko, amma ya mika shi ga ‘yar uwansa da uwargidan shugaban kasa, waddaBreckinridge bai gafarta masa ba kuma yana ganin rashin mutunci[65]. Ya bar mai tasiri Stephen A. Douglas, wanda ya sanya Buchanan nadin zai yiwu ta hanyar yin murabus a taron kasa a shekarar da ta gabata, lokacin da ya cika mukamin.[66] Da yake mai da hankali kan manufofin ketare, ya nada Lewis Cass tsoho a matsayin Sakataren Gwamnati. Nadin da Buchanan ya yi wa ’yan Kudu da abokan zamansu ya sanya jama’a da dama a Arewa saniyar ware, kuma rashin nada kowane mabiya Douglas ya raba jam’iyyar.[52] A wajen majalisar ministocin, ya bar mukaman da Pierce ya yi da yawa amma ya cire adadin ‘yan Arewa da ke da alaka da abokan hamayyar Demokradiyya Pierce ko Douglas.[65]

===Nadin na shari'a===


Babban labarin: Jerin alkalan tarayya da James Buchanan ya nada

Buchanan ya nada mai shari’a daya, Nathan Clifford, zuwa Kotun Koli ta Amurka.[67] Ya nada wasu alkalai bakwai na tarayya a kotunan gundumomi ta Amurka. Ya kuma nada alkalai guda biyu a kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka.[68]

===Tsangwama a cikin shari'ar Dred Scott===


Matsalar Dred Scott v. Sandford, wanda Buchanan ya ambata a cikin jawabinsa na farko, kwanan wata zuwa 1846. Scott ya kai ƙarar a sake shi a Missouri, yana mai da'awar cewa ya rayu a hidima ga mai mallakar a Illinois da Wisconsin Territory. Shari'ar ta kai Kotun Koli kuma ta sami kulawa ta kasa a shekara ta 1856. Buchanan ya tuntubi Alkali John Catron a cikin Janairu 1857, yana tambaya game da sakamakon shari'ar kuma yana ba da shawarar cewa yanke shawara mafi girma, fiye da takamaiman shari'ar, zai zama mai hankali. 69] Buchanan ya yi fatan cewa yanke shawara mai zurfi na kare bauta a yankunan zai iya sa batun ya huta, ya ba shi damar mai da hankali kan wasu batutuwa.[70]

Catron ya amsa a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, yana mai cewa mafi rinjaye na Kotun Koli na Kudancin za su yanke hukunci a kan Scott, amma za su iya buga hukuncin a kan kunkuntar filaye sai dai idan Buchanan zai iya shawo kan dan uwansa Pennsylvania, Justice Robert Cooper Grier, don shiga yawancin kotun. [71] Buchanan sannan ya rubuta wa Grier kuma ya rinjaye shi, yana ba da mafi yawan damar don ba da shawarar yanke shawara mai fa'ida wanda ya isa ya sanya Yarjejeniyar Missouri ta 1820 ta sabawa kundin tsarin mulki.[72][73]

Kwanaki biyu bayan an rantsar da Buchanan a matsayin shugaban kasa, babban alkalin kotun Taney ya ba da shawarar Dred Scott, wanda ya ki amincewa da bukatar mai shigar da kara na a 'yantar da shi daga bauta. Hukuncin ya kara tabbatar da cewa Majalisa ba ta da ikon da kundin tsarin mulki ya ba da ikon cire bauta a yankunan.[74] Bisa ga wannan shawarar, bayi sun kasance mallakin masu su har abada ba tare da hakki ba, kuma babu wani Ba’amurke ɗan Afirka da zai taɓa zama cikakken ɗan ƙasar Amurka, ko da kuwa yana da cikakken yancin ɗan adam a wata jiha.[75] Ba a bayyana wasikun Buchanan a bainar jama'a ba a lokacin, amma an gan shi yana tattaunawa cikin nutsuwa da babban alkalin yayin rantsar da shi. Lokacin da aka yanke shawarar, 'yan Republican sun fara yada kalmar cewa Taney ya sanar da Buchanan sakamakon da ke tafe. Maimakon rusa tsarin jam’iyyar Republican kamar yadda Buchanan ya yi fata, shawarar ta harzuka ‘yan Arewa, inda suka yi Allah-wadai da shi.[76]

==Farkon 1857==


Tsoron 1857 ya fara ne a lokacin rani na waccan shekarar, lokacin da reshen New York na Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa da Amintacciya ta Ohio ya sanar da rashinsa.[77] Rikicin ya bazu cikin sauri, kuma a faɗuwar rana, bankunan jihohi 1,400 da kasuwanci 5,000 sun yi fatara. Rashin aikin yi da yunwa sun zama ruwan dare a garuruwan arewa, amma kudancin noma ya fi jurewa. Buchanan ya yarda da mutanen kudu wadanda suka danganta tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin da yawan hasashe.[78]

Buchanan ya yi aiki daidai da ka'idodin dimokuradiyya na Jacksonian, wanda ya hana ba da kuɗin takarda, da kuma daskarar da kudaden tarayya don ayyukan ayyukan jama'a, wanda ya haifar da fushi a tsakanin wasu daga cikin jama'a saboda kin aiwatar da shirin bunkasa tattalin arziki.[79] Yayin dagwamnati ta kasance &quot;ba tare da ikon tsawaita agaji ba&quot;,[78] za ta ci gaba da biyan basussukan ta musamman, kuma yayin da ba za ta rage ayyukan jama'a ba, ba za a kara ba. Da fatan rage kudin takarda da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, ya bukaci jihohi da su takaita bankunan da basussukan dala dala 3 zuwa dala 1 na musamman da kuma hana amfani da lamuni na tarayya ko na jiha a matsayin tsaro ga al’amuran banki. Tattalin arzikin ya farfado cikin shekaru da dama, ko da yake Amurkawa da yawa sun sha wahala sakamakon firgici.[80] Buchanan ya yi fatan rage gibin da aka samu, amma a lokacin da ya bar mulki kasafin kudin tarayya ya karu da kashi 15%[78].

===Utah war===


Manyan labarai: Yaƙin Utah da Jami'an Runaway na 1851

A cikin bazara na 1857, Waliyai na Ƙarshe da shugabansu Brigham Young sun kasance suna ƙalubalantar wakilan tarayya a yankin Utah, suna haifar da tsangwama da tashin hankali ga waɗanda ba Mormons ba. Matasa sun tursasa jami'an tarayya tare da hana mutanen waje daga zama a yankin Salt Lake City. A cikin Satumba 1857, Utah Territorial Militia, da ke da alaƙa da Waliyyai na Ƙarshe, sun yi kisan kiyashi a Dutsen Meadows, inda 'yan bindigar Young suka kai hari kan jirgin karu kuma suka kashe mazauna 125. Buchanan ya fusata da tsaurin kai da kuma halin auren mata fiye da daya na matasa[81]. Tare da rahotannin tashin hankali ga waɗanda ba Mormons ba, Buchanan ya ba da izinin balaguron soji zuwa yankin Utah a ƙarshen Maris 1857 don maye gurbin Young a matsayin gwamna. Rundunar ta ƙunshi mutane 2,500, ciki har da Alfred Cumming da mukarrabansa, kuma Janar William S. Harney ne ya ba shi umarni. Abubuwa masu rikitarwa, sanarwar matashin game da maye gurbinsa ba a isar da shi ba saboda gwamnatin Pierce ta soke kwangilar wasiƙar ta Utah, kuma Matashi ya kwatanta sojojin da ke gabatowa a matsayin hambare mara izini.[82][74]

Shawarar ma'aikatan Buchanan ta tunzura juriya daga Mormons a kusa da Young, kamar yadda Harney ya kasance sananne saboda rashin ƙarfi da rashin tausayi. A cikin Agusta 1857, Albert S. Johnston ya maye gurbinsa saboda dalilai na kungiya.[83] Matashin ya mayar da martani game da matakin soja ta hanyar yin balaguro na makonni biyu, tare da lalata jiragen karusai, shanu, da sauran kadarori na Sojoji. Buchanan sai ya aika Thomas L. Kane a matsayin wakili mai zaman kansa don yin shawarwarin zaman lafiya. Manufar ta yi nasara, an cimma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya don maye gurbin Gwamna Young tare da Cumming, kuma yakin Utah ya ƙare. Shugaban ya yi afuwa ga mazauna garin da ke tabbatar da biyayya ga gwamnati, kuma ya sanya sojojin tarayya a wuri mai nisa don daidaita tsarin mulkinsa.[84]

Buchanan bai sake yin sharhi game da rikicin ba har sai da Adireshinsa na Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai a watan Disamba 1857, ya bar tambayar ko tawaye ne a Utah. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan hukuma na ƙarshe na Buchanan a cikin Maris 1861 shine rage girman yankin Utah don goyon bayan Nevada, Colorado, da Nebraska.[85] Yayin da Waliyyan Ƙarshen Ƙarshe suka saba wa ikon tarayya akai-akai, wasu masana tarihi sun yi la'akari da matakin Buchanan martani ne da bai dace ba ga rahotannin da ba a tabbatar ba.[74]

==Transatlantic telegraph na USB==


Buchanan shine farkon mai karɓar sakon waya na hukuma wanda aka watsa a cikin Tekun Atlantika. Bayan aika da gwajin gwaji da na'urorin telegram, a ranar 16 ga Agusta, 1858 Sarauniya Victoria ta aika sako mai kalmomi 98 zuwa Buchanan a gidansa na bazara a Otal din Bedford Springs a Pennsylvania, yana mai bayyana fatan cewa sabuwar kebul ɗin da aka shimfida zai tabbatar da &quot;ƙarin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin. kasashen da kawancensu ya ginu ne bisa maslaharsu da kimar juna”. Saƙon Sarauniya Victoria ya ɗauki awanni 16 don aikawa.[86][87]

Buchanan ya amsa da cewa: &quot;Wannan nasara ce mafi daukaka, domin ya fi amfani ga bil'adama, fiye da yadda mai nasara ya taba cin nasara a fagen yaki. Bari Atlantic telegraph, a karkashin albarkar sama, ya tabbatar da zama haɗin kai na zaman lafiya na dindindin kuma abota tsakanin al'ummomi na dangi, da kayan aikin da Ubangiji ya tsara don yada addini.wayewa, 'yanci, da shari'a a duk duniya.&quot; [88].

Jinin Kansas da rigingimun tsarin mulki

[gyara tushe]

Babban labarin: Jinin Kansas

Ma'auni na jihohi da yankuna masu 'yanci da bayi a cikin 1858, bayan shigar da Minnesota

Dokar Kansas-Nebraska ta 1854 ta kirkiro yankin Kansas kuma ta ba wa mazauna wurin damar yanke shawarar ko za su ba da izinin bauta. Wannan ya haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin &quot;Ƙasa mai 'Yanci&quot; (maganin bauta) da kuma masu zaman bayi, waɗanda suka haɓaka zuwa lokacin &quot;Bleeding Kansas&quot;. Mazauna yaki da bauta, tare da taimakon ’yan Arewa, suka shirya nasu gwamnatin yankin a Topeka. Mazaunan da suka fi zama bayi, da yawa daga jihar bawan da ke makwabtaka da Missouri, sun kafa gwamnati a Lecompton, suna ba yankin gwamnatoci daban-daban guda biyu na wani lokaci, tare da tsarin mulki daban-daban guda biyu, kowannensu yana da'awar halacci. Shiga Kansas a matsayin jiha yana buƙatar ƙaddamar da tsarin mulki ga Majalisa tare da amincewar yawancin mazaunanta. A karkashin Shugaba Pierce, jerin tarzoma ta kaure kan wanda ke da 'yancin kada kuri'a a Kansas. Lamarin dai ya ja hankalin al'ummar kasar, kuma wasu a Jojiya da Mississippi sun bada shawarar ballewa idan Kansas ta zama kasa mai 'yanci. Buchanan ya zaɓi ya amince da gwamnatin Lecompton ta bauta.[89]

Buchanan ya nada Robert J. Walker don maye gurbin John W. Geary a matsayin Gwamna na Yanki, kuma an gudanar da kuri'ar raba gardama mai cin karo da juna daga Topeka da Lecompton, inda aka yi magudin zabe. A cikin Oktoba 1857, gwamnatin Lecompton ta tsara tsarin mulkin Lecompton na bautar da ya amince da kuri'ar raba gardama ta iyakance ga tambayar bautar. Koyaya, kuri'ar adawa da bautar, kamar yadda yarjejeniyar Lecompton ta tanada, har yanzu za ta ba da izinin bayin da ke wanzuwa, da duk batunsu, su zama bayi, don haka babu wani ƙuri'ar raba gardama da ta ba da izinin yawancin mazauna yaƙi da bautar da su haramta bautar a Kansas. A sakamakon haka, mazauna masu adawa da bautar sun kaurace wa kuri'ar raba gardama tun da bai samar da zabi mai ma'ana ba[90].

Duk da zanga-zangar Walker da tsoffin gwamnonin Kansas guda biyu, Buchanan ya yanke shawarar yarda da Tsarin Mulki na Lecompton. A cikin watan Disamba na 1857 tare da Stephen A. Douglas, shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattijai akan yankuna, Buchanan ya bukaci duk 'yan Democrat su goyi bayan matsayin gwamnati na shigar da Kansas a karkashin kundin tsarin mulki na Lecompton. A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, ya aika da Tsarin Mulki na Lecompton zuwa Majalisa. Ya kuma aika da sakon da ya kai hari ga &quot;gwamnatin juyin juya hali&quot; a Topeka, yana hada su da Mormons a Utah. Buchanan ya yi ƙoƙari don tabbatar da amincewar majalisa, yana ba da tagomashi, alƙawura, har ma da tsabar kuɗi don ƙuri'a. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Lecompton ya sami amincewar Majalisar Dattawa a watan Maris, amma haɗin gwiwar Know-Nothings, Republican, da Democrats na Arewa sun kayar da kudirin a majalisar.[91]

Buchanan bai taɓa gafartawa Douglas ba, saboda kin amincewar 'yan Democrat na Arewa shine yanke shawara a cikin shawarar House, kuma ya cire duk magoya bayan Douglas daga ikonsa a Illinois da Washington, D.C., yana girka 'yan Democrat masu goyon bayan gudanarwa, gami da masu kula da gidan waya.[92][93] ] Maimakon karɓar shan kashi, Buchanan ya goyi bayan Dokar Ingilishi na 1858, wanda ya ba da jihar Kansas da kuma kafaffen filayen jama'a don musanya yarda da Tsarin Mulki na Lecompton. A cikin Agusta 1858, Kansans ta hanyar kuri'ar raba gardama sun yi watsi da Tsarin Mulki na Lecompton sosai.[91] Yankin ya sami kundin tsarin mulki, wanda wakilai da 'yan majalisar dattijai daga jihohin kudu suka yi adawa da shi sosai a Majalisa har sai da aka shigar da Kansas a cikin Tarayyar a cikin Janairu 1861.[92].

Rikicin kan Kansas ya zama fagen fama don kula da Jam'iyyar Democrat. A gefe guda akwai Buchanan, yawancin 'yan Democrat na Kudu, da &quot;fuskan kullu&quot;. A daya bangaren kuwa Douglas da mafi yawan 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat na arewa.da kuma wasu ‘yan Kudu kadan. Bangaren Douglas ya ci gaba da goyan bayan koyarwar mashahuran ikon mallaka, yayin da Buchanan ya nace cewa 'yan Democrat suna mutunta shawarar Dred Scott da kuma watsi da shisshigin tarayya na bauta a yankuna.[94]

===1858 zaben tsakiyar wa'adi===


Lokacin da Douglas na Majalisar Dattijai ya ƙare a 1859, tare da majalisar dokokin Illinois, wanda aka zaba a 1858, yana ƙayyade ko Douglas zai sake lashe zabe. Kujerar majalisar dattijai ita ce batun farko na zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki, wanda shahararren muhawarar da aka yi tsakanin Douglas da abokin hamayyarsa na jam'iyyar Republican, Abraham Lincoln ya nuna. Buchanan, wanda ke aiki ta hanyar wakilai na tarayya da aka nada a Illinois, ya jagoranci 'yan takara na majalisar dokoki a gasar tare da 'yan Republican da Douglas Democrats. Wannan zai iya jefa zaben ga ‘yan Republican cikin sauki, kuma ya nuna zurfin kiyayyar Buchanan ga Douglas.[95] A ƙarshe, Douglas Democrats ya lashe zaɓen majalisa kuma an sake zaɓe Douglas a majalisar dattawa. A zaben na wannan shekarar, sojojin Douglas sun mamaye yankin Arewa, sai dai a jihar Pennsylvania ta Buchanan. In ba haka ba an rage tallafin Buchanan zuwa ƴan ƴan kudu kaɗan.[96][97]

Rabe-raben da ke tsakanin arewaci da kudancin dimokuradiyya ya bai wa ‘yan Republican damar samun rinjaye na majalisar a zabukan 1858, kuma ya ba su damar toshe mafi yawan ajandar Buchanan. Buchanan, bi da bi, ya ƙara da ƙiyayya tare da veto na wasu muhimman dokoki guda shida na Republican.[98] Daga cikin wadannan matakan akwai dokar Homestead, wanda zai ba da kadada 160 na filayen jama'a ga mazaunan da suka zauna a filin har tsawon shekaru biyar, da Dokar Morrill, da ta ba da filayen jama'a don kafa kwalejoji na ba da filaye. Buchanan ya bayar da hujjar cewa waɗannan ayyukan sun saba wa tsarin mulki. A yammaci da arewa maso yammacin Amurka, inda dokar Homestead ta shahara sosai, har ma da yawa daga cikin 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat sun yi Allah wadai da manufofin shugaban, yayin da yawancin Amurkawa da suka dauki ilimi a matsayin muhimmiyar kadara sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da matakin Buchanan na kwalejojin aikin gona.[99]

==Manufar harkokin waje==


Buchanan ya karbi mulki tare da manufofin ketare mai kishi, wanda aka tsara don kafa U.S. mulkin mallaka sama da Amurka ta tsakiya a kan kuɗin Burtaniya.[100] Buchanan ya nemi ya sake farfado da Kaddara mai bayyanawa da kuma aiwatar da koyarwar Monroe, wacce ta kasance karkashin farmaki daga Mutanen Espanya, Faransanci, da kuma Birtaniya a cikin 1850s.[101] Ya yi fatan sake tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar Clayton-Bulwer don magance mulkin mallaka na Turai a Yammacin Yammacin Turai, wanda ya yi tunanin iyakance Amurka. tasiri a yankin. Ya kuma nemi kafa kariyar Amurka a kan jihohin Chihuahua da Sonora na Mekziko don tabbatar da 'yan Amurka da zuba jari, kuma mafi mahimmanci, yana fatan cimma burinsa na dogon lokaci na samun Cuba. Duk da haka, Majalisar Wakilai ta hana burin Buchanan a Cuba da Mexico. Bayan doguwar tattaunawa da turawan Ingila, ya shawo kansu su mika tsibirin Bay ga Honduras da kuma gabar sauro ga Nicaragua.[102]

A cikin 1858, Buchanan ya ba da umarnin balaguron Paraguay don azabtar da Paraguay don harbe-harbe a kan USS Water Witch, yana ba da umarnin jiragen ruwa 2,500 da jiragen ruwa 19 a can. Wannan balaguron mai tsada ya ɗauki watanni kafin ya isa Asunción, wanda ya yi nasarar samun gafarar Paraguay da biyan diyya.[102] Shugabannin Raiatea da Tahaa a Kudancin Pacific, sun ƙi yarda da mulkin Sarki Tamatoa V, ba su yi nasara ba, suka roƙi Amurka da ta karɓi tsibiran da ke ƙarƙashin wata mamaya a watan Yuni 1858.[103]. Buchanan ya kuma yi la'akari da sayen Alaska daga Daular Rasha, kamar yadda kifin kifi a cikin ruwa ya zama babban mahimmancin tattalin arziki ga Amurka. Buchanan ya ƙarfafa wannan ta hanyar yada jita-jita ga jakadan Rasha Eduard de Stoeckl a cikin Disamba 1857 cewa yawancin Mormons sun yi niyyar yin hijira zuwaRasha Alaska. A cikin hunturu na 1859, an yi tayin siyan farko na $5,000,000 (daidai da $169,560,000 a 2023). Ko da yake a ƙarshe aikin bai yi nasara ba saboda tanadin Ministan Harkokin Wajen Alexander Gorchakov, tattaunawar ta haifar da ginshiƙi na tattaunawar da aka yi don siyan Alaska.[104]

Buchanan ya nemi yarjejeniyar kasuwanci tare da daular Qing da Japan. A kasar Sin, wakilinsa William Bradford Reed ya yi nasarar shigar da Amurka cikin yarjejeniyar Tianjin. A cikin Mayu 1860, Buchanan ya karɓi tawagar Japan wanda ya ƙunshi sarakuna da yawa waɗanda suka ɗauki yarjejeniyar Harris wanda Townsend Harris ya sasanta don amincewa da juna.[105] Sarki Rama IV na Siam ya ba Buchanan garken giwaye, ko da yake wasikar ta zo ne bayan tafiyar Buchanan daga ofis kuma magajin Buchanan Abraham Lincoln ya ki amincewa da tayin yana mai cewa Amurka. yana da yanayin da bai dace ba[106]. Sauran dabbobin gidan shugaban ƙasa sun haɗa da mikiya guda biyu da karen Newfoundland.[107]

===Kwamitin Covode===


A cikin Maris 1860, Majalisar ta tsige Kwamitin Covode don bincikar tsarin kulawa na gwamnatin Buchanan saboda zargin da ake yi na tsige shi, kamar cin hanci da karbar wakilai. Magoya bayan Buchanan sun zargi kwamitin, wanda ya kunshi ‘yan Republican uku da ‘yan Democrat biyu, da nuna bangaranci a fili, kuma sun yi ikirarin shugabansa, Rep Rep. John Covode, ya kasance yana aiki ne da ɓacin rai wanda ya samo asali daga tallafin ƙasar da ake takaddama a kai wanda aka tsara don cin gajiyar kamfanin layin dogo na Covode.[108] Membobin kwamitin Dimokuradiyya, da kuma shaidun Demokradiyya, sun himmatu wajen la'antar Buchanan.[109][110]

Kwamitin ya kasa kafa dalilan tsige Buchanan; sai dai mafi rinjayen rahoton da aka fitar a ranar 17 ga watan Yunin da ya gabata, na zargin almundahana da cin zarafi a tsakanin mambobin majalisar ministocinsa. Kwamitin ya tattara shaidun da ke nuna cewa Buchanan ya yi ƙoƙarin ba da cin hanci ga 'yan majalisa a cikin yardarsa ta hanyar masu shiga tsakani a cikin bazara na 1858 dangane da tsarin mulkin Lecompton na Kansas na bautar bautar, kuma ya yi barazana ga danginsu da rasa mukaminsu idan ba su zabe su ba. na kundin tsarin mulki na Lecompton.[110] Shaidu sun kuma shaida cewa gwamnatin tarayya ta yi amfani da kudaden jama’a wajen karfafa bangaren ‘yan adawar Douglas a Illinois.[111] 'Yan jam'iyyar Democrat sun yi nuni da cewa shaida ba ta da yawa, amma ba ta musanta zargin ba; daya daga cikin 'yan jam'iyyar Democrat, Rep. James Robinson, ya bayyana cewa ya amince da ‘yan jam’iyyar Republican, duk da cewa bai sanya hannu ba[110].

Jama’a sun kadu matuka da irin yadda cin hancin ya shafi dukkan matakai da hukumomin gwamnati[112]. Buchanan ya yi iƙirarin cewa &quot;ya ci nasara cikin nasara ta wannan wahala&quot; tare da cikakkiyar kuɓuta. 'Yan jam'iyyar Republican sun rarraba dubban kofe na rahoton kwamitin Covode a duk fadin kasar a matsayin kayan yakin neman zabe a zaben shugaban kasa na wannan shekarar.[113][114]

==Zaben 1860==


Babban labarin: 1860 zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka

￼John C. Breckinridge, mataimakin shugaban Amurka a karkashin Buchanan

Kamar yadda ya yi alkawari a jawabinsa na farko, Buchanan bai nemi sake tsayawa takara ba. Ya yi nisa har ya gaya wa magajinsa na ƙarshe cewa: &quot;Idan kun kasance cikin farin ciki da shiga Fadar White House kamar yadda zan ji lokacin dawowa Wheatland, kai mutum ne mai farin ciki&quot; [115].

A 1860 Democratic National Convention a Charleston, jam'iyyar ta rabu kan batun bautar a cikin yankuna, da lalata sunan Buchanan a matsayin babban mutumin da ke da alhakin wannan batu. Duk da cewa Douglas ya jagoranci bayan kowace kuri'a, ya kasa samun rinjayen kashi biyu bisa uku da ake bukata. An dage taron bayan kuri'u 53, kuma an sake zama a Baltimore a watan Yuni. Bayan da Douglas ya lashe zaben, 'yan Kudu da dama sun ki amincewa da sakamakon, kuma suka zabi mataimakin shugaban kasa Breckinridge a matsayin dan takarar su. Douglas daBreckinridge ya amince da mafi yawan batutuwa sai dai kariyar bauta. Buchanan, yana jin haushin Douglas, ya kasa sulhunta jam'iyyar, kuma ya goyi bayan Breckinridge. Tare da ɓarkewar jam'iyyar Democrat, ɗan takarar Republican Abraham Lincoln ya lashe zaɓe na hanyoyi huɗu wanda ya haɗa da John Bell na Jam'iyyar Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Taimakon Lincoln a Arewa ya isa ya ba shi rinjayen Kwalejin Zabe. Buchanan ya zama dan Democrat na karshe da ya ci zaben shugaban kasa har zuwa Grover Cleveland a 1884.[116]

Tun a watan Oktoba, Babban Kwamandan rundunar, Winfield Scott, abokin hamayyar Buchanan, ya gargade shi cewa zaben Lincoln zai sa akalla jihohi bakwai su fice daga kungiyar. Ya ba da shawarar a tura dakaru masu tarin yawa da manyan bindigogi zuwa wadancan jihohin domin kare kadarorin gwamnatin tarayya, ko da yake ya kuma yi gargadin cewa ba a samu karin wasu karin sojoji ba. Tun daga shekara ta 1857, Majalisa ta kasa kunnen uwar shegu da kiraye-kirayen da aka yi na samar da sojoji masu karfi kuma ta bar sojojin su fada cikin mummunan yanayi.[117] Buchanan ya ƙi yarda da Scott kuma ya yi watsi da shawarwarinsa.[118] Bayan zaben Lincoln, Buchanan ya umurci Sakataren Yakin John B. Floyd da ya karfafa rundunonin kudanci da irin wannan tanadi, makamai, da maza kamar yadda suke; duk da haka, Floyd ya lallashe shi ya soke wannan umarni[117].

==Rabuwa==


Tare da nasarar Lincoln, zancen rabuwa da rabuwa ya kai matsayi mai zafi, wanda ya dora wa Buchanan nauyi don yin jawabi a cikin jawabinsa na karshe ga Majalisa a ranar 10 ga Disamba. A cikin sakonsa, wanda bangarorin biyu suka yi tsammani, Buchanan ya ki amincewa da 'yancin jihohi. sun balle amma gwamnatin tarayya ba ta da ikon hana su. Ya dora laifin rikicin ne kawai kan “tsangwama tsakanin ‘yan Arewa da batun bautar da ake yi a jihohin Kudu,” ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa idan ba za su “ soke dokar da suka saba wa kundin tsarin mulki ba... Jihohin da suka ji rauni, bayan sun yi. na farko ya yi amfani da duk wata hanyar lumana da tsarin mulki don samun gyara, zai zama barata a cikin juriya na juyin juya hali ga Gwamnatin Tarayyar.&quot;[119] [120] Shawarar Buchanan kawai don magance rikicin shine &quot;gyaran bayani&quot; yana mai tabbatar da tsarin mulkin bautar a cikin. jihohi, dokokin bautar da ke gudun hijira, da mulkin mallaka na farin jini a cikin yankuna[119]. Jawabin nasa ya sha suka da kakkausar murya daga Arewa duka, da kin dakatar da ballewa, da kuma Kudu saboda tauye hakkinsu na ballewa.[121] Kwanaki biyar bayan gabatar da jawabin, Sakataren Baitulmali Howell Cobb ya yi murabus, saboda ra'ayinsa ya yi rashin jituwa da na shugaban.[122] Ko a lokacin da kafuwar kungiyar ‘yan aware ta jihohin ‘yan aware ke kara fitowa fili a cikin hunturu na shekarar 1860, shugaban ya ci gaba da kewaye kansa da ‘yan kudu yana watsi da ‘yan Republican[123].

￼

Matsayin jihohi, 1861

   Jihohin da suka balle kafin 15 ga Afrilu, 1861

   Jihohin da suka balle bayan 15 ga Afrilu, 1861

   Kungiyar ta ce ta halatta bautar

   Kungiyar ta bayyana cewa ta haramta bauta

   Yankuna

South Carolina, wadda ta dade tana da tsattsauran ra'ayi a Kudancin kasar, ta balle daga Tarayyar a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1860. Duk da haka, ra'ayin 'yan kungiyar ya kasance mai karfi a tsakanin yawancin mutanen Kudu, kuma Buchanan ya nemi yin kira ga masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Kudancin da za su iya hana ballewa a wasu jihohi. Ya gana da kwamishinonin Kudancin Carolinian a ƙoƙarin warware halin da ake ciki a Fort Sumter, wanda dakarun tarayya suka ci gaba da iko da shi duk da wurin da yake a Charleston, South Carolina.[124] Buchanan ya ga Majalisa, ba kansa ba ne, ke da alhakin samar da mafita ga rikicin ballewa. A matsayin sasantawa ga jihohin kudanci, Buchanan ya yi hasashen amincewa da gyare-gyare ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka wanda zai ba da tabbacin yancin bautar a jihohin kudu da yankuna da kuma karfafa 'yancin masu bayi na kwato wadanda suka tsere.bayi a matsayin dukiya a jihohin arewa[123].

Ya ki korar sakataren harkokin cikin gida Jacob Thompson bayan da aka zabi na biyu a matsayin wakilin Mississippi don tattauna batun ballewa daga kasar, kuma ya ki korar sakataren yakin kasar John B. Floyd duk da badakalar satar dukiyar kasa. Floyd dai ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa, amma ba kafin ya aike da bindigogi da dama zuwa jihohin Kudancin kasar ba, inda daga karshe suka fada hannun jam'iyyar Confederacy. Duk da murabus din Floyd, Buchanan ya ci gaba da neman shawarwarin masu ba da shawara daga Deep South, ciki har da Jefferson Davis da William Henry Trescot.[124] Abokin Buchanan Rose O'Neal Greenhow ya yi amfani da damar kusanci da shugaban kasar kuma ya yi leken asiri ga kungiyar Confederacy, wadda ta riga ta kafa hanyar sadarwa mai zurfi don tattara bayanai daga abokin hamayyarta na ƙarshe kafin kafa ta.[123].

Kokarin da Sen. John J. Crittenden, Rep. Thomas Corwin, da tsohon shugaban kasa John Tyler don yin sulhu don dakatar da ballewa, tare da goyon bayan Buchanan. Wasu gungun gwamnonin da suka yi taro a birnin New York ma sun yi rashin nasara. Buchanan ya roki zababben shugaban kasar Lincoln a asirce da ya yi kira ga zaben raba gardama na kasa kan batun bauta, amma Lincoln ya ki yarda.[125] A cikin watan Disamba na 1860, lokacin da aka yi taro na biyu na majalisa na 36, ​​majalisar wakilai ta kafa kwamitin na talatin da uku don hana wasu jihohi ballewa. Sun ba da shawarar Canjin Corwin, wanda zai hana Majalisa shiga tsakani da bautar a cikin jihohi. Duk da adawar da ‘yan jam’iyyar Republican suka yi masa, ya zarce majalisun biyu, kuma aka gabatar da shi ga jahohi don amincewa, amma ba a taba amincewa da adadin jihohin da ake bukata ba[126].

Duk da ƙoƙarin Buchanan da sauransu, wasu ƙasashe shida na bayi sun balle a ƙarshen Janairu 1861. Buchanan ya maye gurbin membobin majalisar ministocin Kudancin da suka bar John Adams Dix, Edwin M. Stanton, da Joseph Holt, waɗanda dukansu sun himmatu don kiyaye ƙungiyar. . Lokacin da Buchanan yayi la'akari da mika wuya ga Fort Sumter, sababbin mambobin majalisar sun yi barazanar yin murabus, kuma Buchanan ya tuba. Ranar 5 ga Janairu, Buchanan ya yanke shawarar ƙarfafa Fort Sumter, ya aika da Star of West tare da mutane 250 da kayayyaki. Duk da haka, ya kasa neman Manjo Robert Anderson don samar da wuta ga jirgin, kuma an tilasta shi komawa Arewa ba tare da isar da sojoji ko kayayyaki ba. Buchanan ya zabi kada ya mayar da martani ga wannan aiki na yaki, a maimakon haka ya nemi sasantawa don kaucewa ballewa. Ya sami sako a ranar 3 ga Maris daga Anderson, cewa kayayyaki sun yi ƙasa, amma amsa ya zama na Lincoln don yin, yayin da na ƙarshe ya yi nasara a kan kujerar shugabancin washegari.[127].

===Jihohin da aka shigar a cikin Ƙungiyar==


Sabbin jihohi uku an shigar da su cikin Ƙungiyar yayin da Buchanan ke ofis:

Minnesota - Mayu 11, 1858[128]

Oregon - Fabrairu 14, 1859[129]

Kansas - Janairu 29, 1861

==Shekaru na ƙarshe da mutuwa (1861-1868)==


￼Buchanan a shekarun baya. c. tsakiyar 1860s

Bayan ya bar ofis, Buchanan ya yi ritaya zuwa rayuwa ta sirri a Wheatland, inda ya shafe mafi yawan lokutansa a cikin karatunsa, karanta littattafai da rubuta wasiƙa. Yakin basasa ya barke a cikin watanni biyu da Buchanan ya yi ritaya. Ya goyi bayan kungiyar da yunkurin yaki, yana rubutawa ga tsoffin abokan aikinsu cewa, &quot;harin da aka kaiwa Sumter shine farkon yakin da jihohin Confederate suka yi, kuma ba a bar wani madadin ba face a tuhume shi da karfi a bangarenmu.&quot;[130] Buchanan ya goyi bayan shigar da Lincoln na shiga aikin soja na duniya a jahohin arewa, amma ya kasance mai adawa da shelarsa ta 'yantar da shi. Ko da yake ya amince da take hakkin tsarin mulki a wasu daga cikin umarnin shugaban kasa, bai taba sukar su a bainar jama'a ba[131]. Ya kuma rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ga ’yan uwansa ‘yan jam’iyyar Democrat na Pennsylvania a Harrisburg, yana roƙon su da dukan samari da su shiga cikin rundunar sojan tarayya kuma su “haɗa da dubban masu ba da agaji masu jaruntaka da masu kishin ƙasa waɗanda suka riga sun shiga.filin.&quot;[130].

Buchanan ya sadaukar da kansa wajen kare ayyukansa kafin yakin basasa, wanda wasu ke kiransa da &quot;Yakin Buchanan&quot;[130]. Ya sami wasiƙun ƙiyayya da wasiƙu na barazana kullum, kuma shaguna a Lancaster sun nuna kamannin Buchanan tare da jajayen idanu, an zana hanci a wuyansa da kalmar &quot;MATSAYI&quot; da aka rubuta a goshinsa. Majalisar dattijai ta ba da shawarar yanke hukunci wanda a karshe ya gaza, kuma jaridu sun zarge shi da hada baki da Confederacy. Tsoffin mambobin majalisarsa, biyar daga cikinsu an ba su ayyukan yi a gwamnatin Lincoln, sun ki kare Buchanan a fili.[132]

Buchanan ya damu da hare-haren vitriolic da aka yi masa, kuma ya yi rashin lafiya da tawayar. A cikin Oktoba 1862, ya kare kansa a musayar wasiƙa da Winfield Scott, wanda aka buga a cikin National Intelligencer.[133] Ba da daɗewa ba ya fara rubuta cikakkiyar kariyarsa ta jama'a, a cikin sigar tarihinsa na Mr. Buchanan's Administration on the Eve of Rebellion, wanda aka buga a 1866, shekara guda bayan yakin basasa ya ƙare. Buchanan ya danganta ballewa da &quot;mummunan tasiri&quot; na 'yan Republican da yunkurin kawar da shi. Ya tattauna irin nasarorin da ya samu a manufofin ketare, ya kuma nuna gamsuwa da matakin da ya dauka, ko da a lokacin rikicin ballewa. Ya zargi Robert Anderson, Winfield Scott, da Majalisa kan batun da ba a warware ba.[131] Shekaru biyu bayan wallafa littafin, Buchanan ya kamu da sanyi a watan Mayun 1868, wanda ya kara tsanantawa da sauri saboda yawan shekarunsa. Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1868, saboda gazawar numfashi yana da shekaru 77 a gidansa a Wheatland. An shigar da shi a makabartar Woodward Hill a Lancaster.[131]

==Ra'ayin Siyasa==


James Buchanan (1859) na George Healy kamar yadda aka gani a cikin National Portrait Gallery a Washington, D.C.

Sau da yawa 'yan arewa masu adawa da bautar Buchanan suna ɗaukar &quot;fuska kullu&quot;, ɗan arewa mai ra'ayin kudu.[134]. Tausayin Buchanan ga jihohin Kudu ya wuce amfanin siyasa don hanyarsa zuwa Fadar White House. Ya gano dabi'u na al'adu da zamantakewa waɗanda ya gano suna nunawa a cikin ka'idodin girmamawa da salon rayuwar mai shuka wanda kuma da hakan ya ƙara shiga cikin jama'ar da ya yi ritaya tun daga 1834.[135] Jim kadan bayan zabensa, ya ce “babban abin da gwamnatinsa za ta yi shi ne a kamo, in ya yiwu, tada fitinar Bauta a Arewa, a ruguza jam’iyyu”.[134]. Ko da yake Buchanan ya kasance da kansa yana adawa da bautar, [24] ya yi imanin cewa masu lalata suna hana mafita ga matsalar bautar. Ya ce, “Kafin [masu kawo karshen] su fara wannan hargitsi, akwai wata babbar jam’iyya mai girma da kuma girma a yawancin jihohin bayi da ke goyon bayan kawar da bautar a hankali, kuma a yanzu ba a jin wata murya a wurin da ke goyon bayan irin wannan matakin. Masu shafewa sun jinkirta ‘yantar da bayi a jihohi uku ko hudu na akalla rabin karni.”[136] Dangane da manufar mai bautar, ya kasance a shirye ya ba da fa’idar kokwanto. A cikin sakonsa na shekara-shekara na uku zuwa ga Majalisa, shugaban ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi wa bayi da alheri da mutuntaka ... Dukan masu ba da taimako da kuma son kai na ubangiji sun haɗu don samar da wannan sakamako na ɗan adam. &quot;[137].

Buchanan ya yi tunanin kamewa shine ainihin kyakkyawan mulkin kai. Ya yi imani da kundin tsarin mulkin ya kunshi “... takurawa, ba bisa ga ka’ida ba, amma jama’a suka dora wa kansu da wakilansu... A faffadan ra’ayi, muradun jama’a na iya zama kamar iri daya, amma a idon gida da na yanki. son zuciya, kodayaushe suna bayyana suna cin karo da juna... kuma kishi da za su taso har abada ba za a iya danne su ba sai da hakurin juna da ya mamaye kundin tsarin mulki.”[138] Dangane da bauta da tsarin mulki, ya ce: “Ko da yake a Pennsylvania muduk suna adawa da bautar a zahiri, ba za mu taba karya yarjejeniyar tsarin mulki da muka yi da 'yan uwanmu jihohi ba. Mu za mu kiyaye hakkinsu. A karkashin kundin tsarin mulkin, tambayar tasu ce; Kuma a can sai ya wanzu.” [136]

Gidan James Buchanan, Wheatland

Daya daga cikin fitattun al’amura na wannan rana shi ne haraji[139]. Buchanan ya ci karo da ciniki cikin 'yanci da kuma harajin da aka haramta, tun da ko dai zai amfani wani yanki na kasar don cutar da ɗayan. A matsayinsa na dan majalisar dattijai daga Pennsylvania, ya ce: “Ana kallona a matsayin mai bayar da kariya ga wasu jihohi, alhali kuwa ana la’antar ni a matsayin makiyinta a Pennsylvania.”[140]

Buchanan ya kuma shiga tsakanin muradinsa na fadada kasar don jin dadin al'ummar kasa baki daya, da kuma tabbatar da 'yancin mutanen da ke tsugunar da wasu yankuna. A kan fadada yankuna, ya ce, &quot;Yallabai? Hana mutane daga tsallaka tsaunukan Duwatsu? Kuna iya ba da umarnin Niagara kada ta kwarara. Dole ne mu cika makomarmu.&quot; [141] A sakamakon yaduwar bauta. ta hanyar faɗaɗa ba tare da wani sharadi ba, ya ce: &quot;Ina jin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙin duk wani aiki nawa don tsawaita iyakokin ƙungiyar a halin yanzu akan sabon yanki na mallakar bayi.&quot; Alal misali, ya yi fatan samun Texas &quot;zai zama hanyar iyakancewa, ba daɗaɗawa, mulkin bauta ba.&quot; [141]

==Rayuwa ta sirri==


Buchanan ya sha wahala daga esotropia. Bugu da kari, ido daya ba shi da hangen nesa, dayan kuma mai hangen nesa. Don rufe wannan sai ya sunkuyar da kansa gaba ya karkata gefe guda yayin mu’amalar jama’a[142]. Wannan ya haifar da izgili, wanda Henry Clay da sauransu suka yi amfani da shi ba tare da tausayi ba yayin muhawarar majalisa.[143]

A cikin 1818, Buchanan ya sadu da Anne Caroline Coleman a babban ball a Lancaster, kuma su biyun sun fara zawarci. Anne diya ce ga attajiri mai kera ƙarfe Robert Coleman; Robert, kamar mahaifin Buchanan, daga County Donegal ne a Ulster. Anne kuma ita ce kanwar alkali Philadelphia Joseph Hemphill, ɗaya daga cikin abokan aikin Buchanan. A shekara ta 1819, su biyun sun yi alkawari, amma sun yi ɗan lokaci tare. Buchanan ya shagaltu da kamfaninsa na lauya da ayyukan siyasa a lokacin tashin hankali na 1819, wanda ya dauke shi daga Coleman na tsawon makonni a lokaci guda. Jita-jita ta yi yawa, kamar yadda wasu ke cewa yana da hannu da wasu mata (ba a san ko su waye ba)[144]. Wasiku daga Coleman sun bayyana cewa tana sane da jita-jita da yawa, kuma ta zarge shi da neman kudinta kawai. Ta fasa alkawari, kuma ba da daɗewa ba, a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 1819, ta mutu ba tare da fa'ida ba saboda &quot;maƙarƙashiya&quot; sakamakon yawan shan laudanum, tana da shekaru 23. Ba a taɓa kafa ba idan an sha maganin ta hanyar koyarwa, ta hanyar haɗari. , ko kuma da niyya.[131][145] Buchanan ya rubuta wa mahaifinta izinin halartar jana'izar, wanda aka ki yarda da shi[146]. A lokacin jana’izar ta, ya ce: “Ina jin farin ciki ya gudu daga gare ni har abada.” [147] Bayan haka, Buchanan ya yi iƙirarin cewa bai yi aure ba saboda sadaukar da kai ga ƙaunatacciyar ƙaunatacciyarsa, wadda ta mutu yana ƙarami.[131]

￼William Rufus DeVane King, abokin zama na Buchanan kuma mai hasashe.

A cikin 1833 da 1840s, ya yi magana game da shirye-shiryen yin aure, amma waɗannan ba su da komai kuma suna iya kasancewa kawai saboda burinsa na zama a Majalisar Dattijai ko Fadar White House. A cikin al'amarin na ƙarshe, mai neman ta kasance 'yar shekara 19 Anna Payne, 'yar uwar tsohuwar uwargidan shugaban kasa Dolley Madison.[131] A lokacin shugabancinsa, wata ’yar uwa marayu, Harriet Lane, wadda ya karbe ta, ta kasance mai masaukin baki a fadar White House.[148] Akwai jita-jita da ba ta da tushe cewa yana da alaka da matar shugaban Polk, Sarah Childress Polk.[149]

Buchanan yana da dangantaka ta kud da kud da William Rufus King, wanda ya zama sanannen manufa na tsegumi. Sarki kamar Buchanan bai taba yin aure ba.[150] King ɗan siyasan Alabama ne wanda ya ɗan yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Franklin Pierce. Buchanan da King sun zauna tare a cikin waniGidan kwana na Washington kuma ya halarci ayyukan zamantakewa tare daga 1834 har zuwa 1844. Irin wannan tsarin rayuwa ya kasance gama gari, kodayake Buchanan ya taɓa kiran dangantakar a matsayin &quot;sadarwa&quot; [149]. Andrew Jackson ya kira su da izgili da “Miss Nancy” da “Aunt Fancy”, wanda tsohon ya kasance jigon layya na ƙarni na 19 ga ɗan adam.[151][152] Buchanan's Postmaster General, Aaron V. Brown, kuma ya kira Sarki a matsayin &quot;Aunt Fancy&quot;, da kuma &quot;mafi kyawun rabi&quot; na Buchanan, da &quot;matarsa&quot;.[153][154][155]. Sarki ya mutu sakamakon cutar tarin fuka jim kadan bayan rantsar da Pierce, shekaru hudu kafin Buchanan ya zama shugaban kasa. Buchanan ya siffanta shi a matsayin &quot;daga cikin mafi kyawu, mafi tsarki kuma mafi daidaito mazajen jama'a da na sani&quot;[149]. Marubucin tarihin rayuwa Baker ya yi nuni da cewa watakila yayan mazan biyu sun lalata wasikun da ke tsakanin mutanen biyu. Duk da haka, ta yi imanin cewa haruffan da suka tsira suna kwatanta kawai &quot;ƙaunar abota ta musamman&quot;[156].

Buchanan na rayuwarsa na zama na farko bayan mutuwar Anne Coleman ya jawo sha'awa da hasashe.[156] Wasu zato cewa mutuwar Anne kawai ta yi aiki don karkatar da tambayoyi game da jima'i da Buchanan.[147] Ɗaya daga cikin mawallafin tarihinsa, Jean Baker, ya nuna cewa Buchanan ya kasance marar aure, idan ba jima'i ba.[157] Marubuta da yawa sun ɗauka cewa ɗan luwadi ne, ciki har da James W. Loewen, [158] Robert P. Watson, da Shelley Ross.[159][160] Loewen ya nuna cewa Buchanan, a ƙarshen rayuwarsa, ya rubuta wasiƙa yana mai tabbatar da cewa zai iya auren macen da za ta iya yarda da &quot;rashin ƙwazo ko soyayya&quot;[161][162].

==Gado==


===Sunan tarihi===


Duk da cewa Buchanan ya yi hasashen cewa “tarihi zai tabbatar da abin tunawa na,” [163] masana tarihi sun soki Buchanan saboda rashin sonsa ko gazawarsa wajen fuskantar ballewa. Matsayin tarihi na shugabannin Amurka ba tare da togiya ba ya sanya Buchanan a cikin mafi ƙarancin shugabanni.[164] Idan aka yi nazari akan malamai, yana da matsayi a kasa ko kusa da shi ta fuskar hangen nesa/tsari,[165] jagoranci cikin gida, shugabancin manufofin kasashen waje,[166] halayya,[167] da ingantaccen mahimmin tarihi na gadonsu.[168] [1] [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata] Bisa binciken da masanan Amurka da masana kimiyyar siyasa suka yi tsakanin 1948 da 1982, Buchanan yana matsayi a kowane lokaci a cikin mafi munin shugabannin Amurka, tare da Harding, Fillmore da Nixon.[169].

Mawallafin tarihin Buchanan Philip S. Klein ya mayar da hankali a cikin 1962, a lokacin ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a, kan ƙalubalen da Buchanan ya fuskanta:

Buchanan ya karbi jagoranci...lokacin da zafin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba ya mamaye al'ummar kasar. Cewa ya rike sassan makiya a wadannan lokutan juyin juya hali, shi kansa babban nasara ne. ’Yan bangar Arewa da Kudu da suka fusata ne suka kara girman rauninsa a cikin guguwar shekarun da ya yi na shugabancin kasar. Halayensa masu yawa, waɗanda a cikin lokacin da ya fi natsuwa zai iya ba shi matsayi a cikin manyan shuwagabanni, da sauri abubuwan bala'i na yaƙin basasa da kuma babban Abraham Lincoln suka mamaye shi.[170]

Mawallafin tarihin rayuwar Jean Baker ba shi da kyauta ga Buchanan, yana cewa a cikin 2004:

Amurkawa sun yi daidai da yaudarar kansu game da shugabancin James Buchanan, sun gwammace su sanya shi a matsayin mara azanci da rashin aiki...Hakika gazawar Buchanan a lokacin rikicin Tarayyar ba aiki ba ne, sai dai nuna son kai ga Kudu, fifikon da ya yi iyaka da shi. rashin aminci a cikin wani jami'in ya yi alkawarin kare duk Amurka. Shi ne wanda ya fi hatsarin manyan shuwagabannin zartarwa, mai taurin kai, kuskuren akidar da ka'idojinsu ba su da wata damar yin sulhu. Kwarewarsa a gwamnati ta sa ya zama mai dogaro da kansa don yin la'akari da wasu ra'ayoyi. A cikin cin amanar kasa, Buchanan ya matso kusa da aikata cin amanar kasa fiye da kowane shugaba a tarihin Amurka.[171]

Wasu masana tarihi, irin su Robert May, sun yi jayayya cewa nasasiyasa ta kasance &quot;komai ne face bautar&quot;,[172][173] [174] duk da haka, ana samun ra'ayi mara kyau a cikin ayyukan Michael Birkner game da Buchanan.[175] [176] Ga Lori Cox Han, ya yi matsayi a tsakanin malamai &quot;a matsayin ko dai mafi munin shugaban kasa a tarihin [Amurka] ko kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na mafi ƙasƙanci matakin rashin nasara&quot;.[177]

===Abubuwan tunawa==


Wani abin tunawa da tagulla da granite kusa da kusurwar kudu maso gabas na Washington, DC's Meridian Hill Park an tsara shi ta hanyar injiniya William Gorden Beecher kuma mai zanen Maryland Hans Schuler ya sassaƙa. An ba da izini a cikin 1916 amma Amurka ba ta amince da shi ba. Majalisa har zuwa 1918, kuma ba a kammala ba kuma ba a bayyana ba har sai Yuni 26, 1930. Tunawa yana nuna wani mutum-mutumi na Buchanan, wanda maza da mata na gargajiya suka yi wakilta da doka da diflomasiyya, tare da rubutaccen rubutu: &quot;Mai mulki marar lalacewa wanda tafiya ya kasance a kan dutsen. jeri na shari'a,&quot; abin da wani memba na majalisar ministocin Buchanan, Jeremiah S. Black.[178]

Buchanan memorial, Washington, D.C.

An gina wani abin tunawa a baya a cikin 1907–1908 kuma an keɓe shi a cikin 1911, akan wurin haifuwar Buchanan a Stony Batter, Pennsylvania. Wani yanki na asali mai girman eka 18.5 (75,000 m2) wurin tunawa shine tsarin dala mai nauyin ton 250 wanda ke tsaye a kan rukunin gidan asali inda aka haifi Buchanan. An ƙera wannan abin tunawa ne don nuna ainihin yanayin ƙanƙara da turmi na asali.[179]

An sanya sunayen kananan hukumomi uku a cikin girmamawarsa, a Iowa, Missouri, da Virginia. Wani kuma a Texas an yi masa baftisma a cikin 1858 amma ya sake masa suna Stephens County, bayan sabon zababben mataimakin shugaban jam’iyyar Confederate States of America, Alexander Stephens, a 1861.[180]. An kuma sanya wa birnin Buchanan, Michigan sunan sa.[181] Wasu al'ummomi da yawa ana kiran su da sunan sa: al'ummar Buchanan, Indiana, birnin Buchanan, Jojiya, garin Buchanan, Wisconsin, da garuruwan Buchanan Township, Michigan, da Buchanan, Missouri.

Makarantar Sakandaren James Buchanan ƙaramar makarantar sakandare ce ta karkara wacce ke bayan garinsu na ƙuruciya, Mercersburg, Pennsylvania.

===Shahararrun hotunan al'adu==


Buchanan da gadonsa sune tsakiyar fim ɗin Raising Buchanan (2019). Yi


==Manazarta==</text>
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'''Henry James Nowak''' (Fabrairu 21, 1935 - Yuli 21, 2024) lauyan Ba'amurke ne, ɗan siyasa, kuma ɗan Democrat na Majalisar Wakilan Amurka daga New York tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1993.

==Farkon rayuwa==
Nowak an haife shi a Buffalo, New York, a cikin 1935.Ya halarci makarantun firamare na jama'a a Buffalo kuma ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Riverside, Buffalo, a 1953.Ya sami B.A. daga Canisius College, Buffalo a 1957.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress&lt;/ref&gt;A lokacin aikinsa na kwaleji, Nowak ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Golden Griffs. Lokacin da ya kammala karatunsa, shi ne shugaban kwalejin Canisius wanda ya fi zira kwallaye a kowane lokaci.A cikin shekaru uku a matsayin dan wasa, ya ci maki 1,449 kuma ya samu maki 18.6 a wasa. A yau, har yanzu yana matsayi na farko a cikin ƙwallo da kuma na uku a kowane lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;https://gogriffs.com/documents/2017/5/24//HistoryBook_100120.pdf?id=3530&lt;/ref&gt;A matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando, Nowak ana yi masa lakabi da &quot;Hammerin' Hank&quot; saboda ƙaƙƙarfan playstyle ɗin sa.&lt;ref&gt;https://gogriffs.com/news/2024/7/22/mens-basketball-canisius-mourns-the-passing-of-henry-nowak-57.aspx&lt;/ref&gt;Nowak ya jagoranci Griffs zuwa wasanni uku cikin hudu a gasar kwallon kwando ta NCAA.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20220404213750/https://buffalonews.com/news/local/erik-brady-henry-nowak-remembers-when-his-little-school-from-buffalo-was-an-ncaa-tournament/article_cbad5ca4-b415-11ec-a040-23aefcc851c2.html&lt;/ref&gt;Louis Hawks daga baya ya zana shi da zaɓi na 28 a cikin daftarin NBA na 1957.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.basketball-reference.com/draft/NBA_1957.html&lt;/ref&gt;Daga 1957 zuwa 1958 Nowak ya yi aikin sojan Amurka, sannan ya sami digiri na J.D a makarantar koyon aikin lauya ta Buffalo a shekarar 1961. Sannan ya sake yin aikin soja daga 1961 zuwa 1962.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry J. Nowak&quot;. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved July 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
==Sana'ar siyasa==
An shigar da shi mashaya na New York a cikin 1963, ya fara aiki a Buffalo, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin lauya na gundumar Erie, New York a 1964.Erie County Comptroller daga 1966 zuwa 1974, shi ma wakili ne zuwa babban taron jam'iyyar Democrat na jihar New York a shekarar 1970, da kuma babban taron jam'iyyar Democrat a 1972 da 1988.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry J. Nowak&quot;. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved July 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
'''Majalisa'''
An zabi Nowak a matsayin dan jam'iyyar Democrat a 1974 - a cikin gungun 'yan Democrat masu sassaucin ra'ayi da aka zaba a waccan shekarar da aka fi sani da Watergate Babies - don wakiltar gundumar majalisa ta 37 ta New York a cikin Majalissar ta 94th, bayan wa'adin 4 Nowak an sake shi zuwa gunduma ta 33, wacce ya wakilta. na sharuddan 5. Ya yi aiki daga Janairu 3, 1975, zuwa Janairu 3, 1993.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Henry J. Nowak&quot;. Govtrack US Congress. Retrieved July 30, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;Zabar ba don gwadawa da komawa gidan ba bayan an soke gunduma ta 33 yayin sake rarrabawa.A duk tsawon aikinsa na majalisa, ya kasance memba na kwamitin majalisar dokokin Amurka kan ayyukan jama'a da sufuri.An bayyana shi a cikin The Buffalo News a matsayin &quot;mutumin da ya kai dala biliyan Buffalo&quot;, dan majalisa mai son kai wanda aka fi sani da samun tallafi don ayyukan more rayuwa a yankin Buffalo, gami da gina Interstate 990.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://buffalonews.com/news/local/government-politics/henry-nowak-longtime-buffalo-congressman-and-canisius-basketball-star-has-died/article_64994930-8af9-11ee-8f2a-370fee0bc8f0.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202234316/https://buffalonews.com/news/local/government-politics/henry-nowak-longtime-buffalo-congressman-and-canisius-basketball-star-has-died/article_64994930-8af9-11ee-8f2a-370fee0bc8f0.html |archive-date=2024-12-02 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;A lokacin Majalisa na 103, Nowak ya zaɓi kada ya sake tsayawa takara a 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://buffalonews.com/news/local/government-politics/henry-nowak-longtime-buffalo-congressman-and-canisius-basketball-star-has-died/article_64994930-8af9-11ee-8f2a-370fee0bc8f0.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202234316/https://buffalonews.com/news/local/government-politics/henry-nowak-longtime-buffalo-congressman-and-canisius-basketball-star-has-died/article_64994930-8af9-11ee-8f2a-370fee0bc8f0.html |archive-date=2024-12-02 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Tare da sabbin membobin da ake tsammani a cikin 1995 saboda babban canji, an ba da rahoton cewa Nowak bai so ya ci gaba da zama a Majalisa ba har tsawon lokacin da magajinsa ya fara aikin House tare da babban rashin nasara, kodayake shawarar da ya yanke na yin ritaya ya haifar da rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin shugabannin Democrat a cikin Buffalo da Albany. , babban birnin jihar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://buffalonews.com/news/local/government-politics/henry-nowak-longtime-buffalo-congressman-and-canisius-basketball-star-has-died/article_64994930-8af9-11ee-8f2a-370fee0bc8f0.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202234316/https://buffalonews.com/news/local/government-politics/henry-nowak-longtime-buffalo-congressman-and-canisius-basketball-star-has-died/article_64994930-8af9-11ee-8f2a-370fee0bc8f0.html |archive-date=2024-12-02 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa==
Wani mazaunin Buffalo, New York, Nowak yana da 'ya, Diane (Nowak) Kent, wanda kuma yana cikin Gidan Wasannin Canisius na Fame, wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2002.An zaɓi ɗansa, Henry Joseph Nowak, a matsayin mai shari'a na gundumar shari'a ta 8 ta Kotun Koli ta New York a cikin 2010 kuma ya zama alkali na Kotun Gidajen Buffalo daga 2003 zuwa 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://buffalonews.com/2010/12/30/nowak-sworn-in-as-state-judge/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625070335/https://buffalonews.com/2010/12/30/nowak-sworn-in-as-state-judge/ |archive-date=2020-06-25 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Nowak ya mutu a Pompano Beach, Florida, a ranar 21 ga Yuli, 2024, yana da shekaru 89.&lt;ref&gt;https://voterrecords.com/voter/7824848/henry-nowak&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Haifaffun 1935]]
[[Category:Mutuwan 2024]]</text>
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'''Tashar Kragerø''' (Yaren mutanen Norway: Kragerø stasjon) tashar jirgin ƙasa ce da ke Kragerø, Norway akan Layin Kragerø.

== Tarihi ==
An buɗe tashar a ranar 2 ga Disamban shekarar 1927,&lt;ref&gt;Bjerke, Thor; Holom, Finn (2004). Banedata 2004: data om infrastrukturen til jernbanene i Norge [Rail Data 2004: Data on Railway Infrastructure in Norway] (in Norwegian Bokmål). Norsk Jernbaneklubb. p. 262. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 82-90286-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; lokacin da aka buɗe layin Sørlandet zuwa Kragerø daga tashar Lunde. Tashar ita ce ƙarshen layin Sørlandet, amma bayan tsawaita layin daga Neslandsvatn zuwa Nelaug, ya zama layin reshe.&lt;ref&gt;Aspenberg, Nils Carl (1994). &quot;Kragerøbanen | Neslandsvatn-Kragerø&quot;. Glemte spor: boken om sidebanenes tragiske liv [Forgotten Tracks: The Book on the Tragic Lives of the Branch Lines] (in Norwegian Bokmål). Baneforlaget. pp. 180–185. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9788291448008&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; An dakatar da zirga-zirga a cikin 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Bjerke, Thor; Holom, Finn (2004). ''Banedata 2004: data om infrastrukturen til jernbanene i Norge'' [''Rail Data 2004: Data on Railway Infrastructure in Norway''] (in Norwegian Bokmål). Norsk Jernbaneklubb. p. 262. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;82-90286-28-7&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1994, an yi amfani da tashar a matsayin wurin ajiye motoci.&lt;ref&gt;Aspenberg, Nils Carl (1994). &quot;Kragerøbanen | Neslandsvatn-Kragerø&quot;. ''Glemte spor: boken om sidebanenes tragiske liv'' [''Forgotten Tracks: The Book on the Tragic Lives of the Branch Lines''] (in Norwegian Bokmål). Baneforlaget. pp. 180–185. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9788291448008&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma gama ginin tashar a cikin 1925, kuma Gudmund Hoel da Eivind Gledisch ne suka tsara shi.&lt;ref&gt;Dahl, Aasmund (June 1984). NSBs Bygninsregistering, Kristiansand distrikt: (Lunde)-(Nelaug) | (Neslandsvatn)-Kragerø (Report) (in Norwegian Bokmål). Oslo: NSB. p. 217-218.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2020, majalisar gundumar ta sayar da ginin ga ƙungiyar masu zaman kansu Sparebankstiftelsen DNB.&lt;ref&gt;Brubakken, Jeanette (30 May 2020). &quot;Tar forbehold - ønsker retrettmulighet: Stiftelsen vedtok kjøp&quot;. Kragerø Blad Vestmar (in Norwegian Bokmål). Vol. 177, no. 61. p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lindhagen Nilssen, Sondre (9 May 2020). &quot;Enstemmig kommunestyre: Vil selge til stiftelse&quot;. Kragerø Blad Vestmar (in Norwegian Bokmål). Vol. 177, no. 53. p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category: Sufuri]]</text>
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'''Tashar Kragerø''' (Yaren mutanen Norway: Kragerø stasjon) tashar jirgin ƙasa ce da ke Kragerø, Norway akan Layin Kragerø.

== Tarihi ==
An buɗe tashar a ranar 2 ga Disamban shekarar 1927,&lt;ref&gt;Bjerke, Thor; Holom, Finn (2004). Banedata 2004: data om infrastrukturen til jernbanene i Norge [Rail Data 2004: Data on Railway Infrastructure in Norway] (in Norwegian Bokmål). Norsk Jernbaneklubb. p. 262. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 82-90286-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; lokacin da aka buɗe layin Sørlandet zuwa Kragerø daga tashar Lunde. Tashar ita ce ƙarshen layin Sørlandet, amma bayan tsawaita layin daga Neslandsvatn zuwa Nelaug, ya zama layin reshe.&lt;ref&gt;Aspenberg, Nils Carl (1994). &quot;Kragerøbanen | Neslandsvatn-Kragerø&quot;. Glemte spor: boken om sidebanenes tragiske liv [Forgotten Tracks: The Book on the Tragic Lives of the Branch Lines] (in Norwegian Bokmål). Baneforlaget. pp. 180–185. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9788291448008&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; An dakatar da zirga-zirga a cikin 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Bjerke, Thor; Holom, Finn (2004). ''Banedata 2004: data om infrastrukturen til jernbanene i Norge'' [''Rail Data 2004: Data on Railway Infrastructure in Norway''] (in Norwegian Bokmål). Norsk Jernbaneklubb. p. 262. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;82-90286-28-7&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1994, an yi amfani da tashar a matsayin wurin ajiye motoci.&lt;ref&gt;Aspenberg, Nils Carl (1994). &quot;Kragerøbanen | Neslandsvatn-Kragerø&quot;. ''Glemte spor: boken om sidebanenes tragiske liv'' [''Forgotten Tracks: The Book on the Tragic Lives of the Branch Lines''] (in Norwegian Bokmål). Baneforlaget. pp. 180–185. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9788291448008&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma gama ginin tashar a cikin shekarar 1925, kuma Gudmund Hoel da Eivind Gledisch ne suka tsara shi.&lt;ref&gt;Dahl, Aasmund (June 1984). NSBs Bygninsregistering, Kristiansand distrikt: (Lunde)-(Nelaug) | (Neslandsvatn)-Kragerø (Report) (in Norwegian Bokmål). Oslo: NSB. p. 217-218.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2020, majalisar gundumar ta sayar da ginin ga ƙungiyar masu zaman kansu Sparebankstiftelsen DNB.&lt;ref&gt;Brubakken, Jeanette (30 May 2020). &quot;Tar forbehold - ønsker retrettmulighet: Stiftelsen vedtok kjøp&quot;. Kragerø Blad Vestmar (in Norwegian Bokmål). Vol. 177, no. 61. p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lindhagen Nilssen, Sondre (9 May 2020). &quot;Enstemmig kommunestyre: Vil selge til stiftelse&quot;. Kragerø Blad Vestmar (in Norwegian Bokmål). Vol. 177, no. 53. p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category: Sufuri]]</text>
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'''Tashar Kragerø''' (Yaren mutanen Norway: Kragerø stasjon) tashar jirgin ƙasa ce da ke Kragerø, Norway akan Layin Kragerø.

== Tarihi ==
An buɗe tashar a ranar 2 ga Disamban shekarar 1927,&lt;ref&gt;Bjerke, Thor; Holom, Finn (2004). Banedata 2004: data om infrastrukturen til jernbanene i Norge [Rail Data 2004: Data on Railway Infrastructure in Norway] (in Norwegian Bokmål). Norsk Jernbaneklubb. p. 262. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 82-90286-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; lokacin da aka buɗe layin Sørlandet zuwa Kragerø daga tashar Lunde. Tashar ita ce ƙarshen layin Sørlandet, amma bayan tsawaita layin daga Neslandsvatn zuwa Nelaug, ya zama layin reshe.&lt;ref&gt;Aspenberg, Nils Carl (1994). &quot;Kragerøbanen | Neslandsvatn-Kragerø&quot;. Glemte spor: boken om sidebanenes tragiske liv [Forgotten Tracks: The Book on the Tragic Lives of the Branch Lines] (in Norwegian Bokmål). Baneforlaget. pp. 180–185. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9788291448008&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; An dakatar da zirga-zirga a cikin 1989.&lt;ref&gt;Bjerke, Thor; Holom, Finn (2004). ''Banedata 2004: data om infrastrukturen til jernbanene i Norge'' [''Rail Data 2004: Data on Railway Infrastructure in Norway''] (in Norwegian Bokmål). Norsk Jernbaneklubb. p. 262. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;82-90286-28-7&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1994, an yi amfani da tashar a matsayin wurin ajiye motoci.&lt;ref&gt;Aspenberg, Nils Carl (1994). &quot;Kragerøbanen | Neslandsvatn-Kragerø&quot;. ''Glemte spor: boken om sidebanenes tragiske liv'' [''Forgotten Tracks: The Book on the Tragic Lives of the Branch Lines''] (in Norwegian Bokmål). Baneforlaget. pp. 180–185. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9788291448008&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma gama ginin tashar a cikin shekarar 1925, kuma Gudmund Hoel da Eivind Gledisch ne suka tsara shi.&lt;ref&gt;Dahl, Aasmund (June 1984). NSBs Bygninsregistering, Kristiansand distrikt: (Lunde)-(Nelaug) | (Neslandsvatn)-Kragerø (Report) (in Norwegian Bokmål). Oslo: NSB. p. 217-218.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarar 2020, majalisar gundumar ta sayar da ginin ga ƙungiyar masu zaman kansu Sparebankstiftelsen DNB.&lt;ref&gt;Brubakken, Jeanette (30 May 2020). &quot;Tar forbehold - ønsker retrettmulighet: Stiftelsen vedtok kjøp&quot;. Kragerø Blad Vestmar (in Norwegian Bokmål). Vol. 177, no. 61. p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lindhagen Nilssen, Sondre (9 May 2020). &quot;Enstemmig kommunestyre: Vil selge til stiftelse&quot;. Kragerø Blad Vestmar (in Norwegian Bokmål). Vol. 177, no. 53. p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category: Sufuri]]</text>
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'''Abel Alier Kwai''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Yuni, 1933) ɗan [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasan]] [[Sudan ta Kudu]] ne kuma alkali wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasar Sudan na farko tsakanin 1971 zuwa 1982 kuma a matsayin shugaban majalisar zartarwa na yankin kudancin Sudan mai cin gashin kansa tsakanin shekarar 1972 zuwa 1978. Abel Alier dan siyasa ne wanda ya yi nasarar kammala karatunsa na kwaleji a tsakanin 'yan Kudancin Sudan da dama. Shi alkali ne da ake mutuntawa a duniya, lauya mai kare hakkin dan Adam kuma mai fafutuka a madadin kiristoci a Sudan. Tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasar Sudan (1971-1982), ya zama shugaban majalisar koli ta Kudancin Sudan na farko. Yana zaune ne a kotun din-din-din ta kasa da kasa da ke [[Hague]] kuma an amince da shi a matsayin fitaccen lauyan kiristoci na Sudan. Littafin nasa na baya-bayan nan shi ne ''Kudancin Sudan: An Rasa Yarjejeniyoyi da yawa'' .

== Shekarun farko ==
An haifi Alier a watan Yuni 1933 a gundumar Bor na jihar Upper Nile a Sudan ta Anglo-Masar (yanzu a cikin [[Sudan ta Kudu]] ). Ya halarci fitacciyar makarantar sakandare ta Rumbek, wadda ta karantar da shugabannin Sudan ta Kudu da dama. Ya kuma halarci makarantar Wad Saina da ke arewacin Sudan. Ya kammala karatunsa a Makarantar koyon aikin lauya ta [[Jami'ar Khartoum]] kuma yana da nasa kamfanin lauyoyi kafin a nada shi a matsayin alkali, inda ya zama alkali na farko dan asalin kudancin Sudan. Ya kasance mai aiki a Kudancin Kudancin tun kafuwarta a cikin 1964 kuma yana cikin wakilanta a Taron Taro na Zagaye a 1965. An zabe shi dan majalisar tarayya daga 1968 zuwa 1969 a mazabar Bor South.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |date= 22 March 2013|title= Historical Dictionary of the Sudan|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0OKZRewiEOsC&amp;q=alier+abel+dictionary&amp;pg=PA60|publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn= 9780810879409}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |date= 12 October 2012|title= Dictionary Of Modern Arab History|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3CstBgAAQBAJ&amp;q=alier+abel+dictionary&amp;pg=PA25|publisher=Routledge |isbn= 9781136162916}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ya rike mukaman ministoci da dama a gwamnatin Sudan.

== Yarjejeniyar Addis Ababa na 1972 ==
Abel Alier ya taka rawa wajen samar da yarjejeniyar Addis Ababa ta 1972 wadda ta bai wa kudancin Sudan damar samun gwamnatinta mai cin gashin kanta daga [[Juba]] . Alier ya zama mataimakin shugaban kasar Sudan karkashin Gaafar Nimeiry .

A shekara ta 2005 ya jagoranci kwamitin da aka nada don gudanar da bincike kan mutuwar John Garang wanda ya mutu a hatsarin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu bayan ya bar Uganda zuwa Sudan. Alier da tawagarsa sun yi nasu bangaren domin binciken yuwuwar gazawar injina da ya haifar da hatsarin da ake zarginsa da rashin kyawun yanayi da rashin ganin ido ko da yake shugaban Uganda [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya yi nuni da cewa yiwuwar buga wasa abu ne da bai kamata a yi watsi da shi ba. ko rashin kula.

== Sudan ta kulla zaman lafiya ==
A farkon shekarun 1990, Abel Alier ya rubuta littafi mai suna ''Kudancin Sudan: An Rasa Yarjejeniya Da Yawa'' . Yarjejeniyar da aka sanya wa hannu a [[Imperial Ethiopia|Imperial Habasha]] a 1972 Nimeiry ya ci mutuncinsa a shekarar 1983 lokacin da ya sanar da kafa dokar Musulunci.

A farkon 1997, Dr. Riek Machar, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da Khartoum, wanda ake kira &quot; Yarjejeniyar Khartoum &quot;. Ba a taba aiwatar da shi ba. Littafin Alier ya kasance game da irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin da rashin aiwatar da su. Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta baya-bayan nan tsakanin kudanci da arewacin Sudan ana kiranta da &quot;The Comprehensive Peace Agreement&quot; (CPA). Wannan ita ce yarjejeniyar da John Garang ya sanya wa hannu kafin mutuwarsa a ranar 30 ga Yuli 2005. Kasashen duniya da suka hada da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Birtaniya]] da [[Tarayyar Turai|EU]] da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] tare da kungiyar [[Hukumar raya kasashe masu tasowa ta kasa da kasa|IGAD]] na Afirka sun goyi bayan wannan yarjejeniya.

== Magana ==

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'''Abel Alier Kwai''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Yuni, 1933) ɗan [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasan]] [[Sudan ta Kudu]] ne kuma alkali wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasar Sudan na farko tsakanin 1971 zuwa 1982 kuma a matsayin shugaban majalisar zartarwa na yankin kudancin Sudan mai cin gashin kansa tsakanin shekarar 1972 zuwa 1978. Abel Alier dan siyasa ne wanda ya yi nasarar kammala karatunsa na kwaleji a tsakanin 'yan Kudancin Sudan da dama. Shi alkali ne da ake mutuntawa a duniya, lauya mai kare hakkin dan Adam kuma mai fafutuka a madadin kiristoci a Sudan. Tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasar Sudan (1971-1982), ya zama shugaban majalisar koli ta Kudancin Sudan na farko. Yana zaune ne a kotun din-din-din ta kasa da kasa da ke [[Hague]] kuma an amince da shi a matsayin fitaccen lauyan kiristoci na Sudan. Littafin nasa na baya-bayan nan shi ne ''Kudancin Sudan: An Rasa Yarjejeniyoyi da yawa'' .

== Shekarun farko ==
An kuma haifi Alier a watan Yuni 1933 a gundumar Bor na jihar Upper Nile a Sudan ta Anglo-Masar (yanzu a cikin [[Sudan ta Kudu]] ). Ya halarci fitacciyar makarantar sakandare ta Rumbek, wadda ta karantar da shugabannin Sudan ta Kudu da dama. Ya kuma halarci makarantar Wad Saina da ke arewacin Sudan. Ya kammala karatunsa a Makarantar koyon aikin lauya ta [[Jami'ar Khartoum]] kuma yana da nasa kamfanin lauyoyi kafin a nada shi a matsayin alkali, inda ya zama alkali na farko dan asalin kudancin Sudan. Ya kasance mai aiki a Kudancin Kudancin tun kafuwarta a cikin 1964 kuma yana cikin wakilanta a Taron Taro na Zagaye a 1965. An zabe shi dan majalisar tarayya daga 1968 zuwa 1969 a mazabar Bor South.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |date= 22 March 2013|title= Historical Dictionary of the Sudan|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0OKZRewiEOsC&amp;q=alier+abel+dictionary&amp;pg=PA60|publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn= 9780810879409}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |date= 12 October 2012|title= Dictionary Of Modern Arab History|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3CstBgAAQBAJ&amp;q=alier+abel+dictionary&amp;pg=PA25|publisher=Routledge |isbn= 9781136162916}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ya rike mukaman ministoci da dama a gwamnatin Sudan.

== Yarjejeniyar Addis Ababa na 1972 ==
Abel Alier ya taka rawa wajen samar da yarjejeniyar Addis Ababa ta 1972 wadda ta bai wa kudancin Sudan damar samun gwamnatinta mai cin gashin kanta daga [[Juba]] . Alier ya zama mataimakin shugaban kasar Sudan karkashin Gaafar Nimeiry .

A shekara ta 2005 ya jagoranci kwamitin da aka nada don gudanar da bincike kan mutuwar John Garang wanda ya mutu a hatsarin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu bayan ya bar Uganda zuwa Sudan. Alier da tawagarsa sun yi nasu bangaren domin binciken yuwuwar gazawar injina da ya haifar da hatsarin da ake zarginsa da rashin kyawun yanayi da rashin ganin ido ko da yake shugaban Uganda [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya yi nuni da cewa yiwuwar buga wasa abu ne da bai kamata a yi watsi da shi ba. ko rashin kula.

== Sudan ta kulla zaman lafiya ==
A farkon shekarun 1990, Abel Alier ya rubuta littafi mai suna ''Kudancin Sudan: An Rasa Yarjejeniya Da Yawa'' . Yarjejeniyar da aka sanya wa hannu a [[Imperial Ethiopia|Imperial Habasha]] a 1972 Nimeiry ya ci mutuncinsa a shekarar 1983 lokacin da ya sanar da kafa dokar Musulunci.

A farkon 1997, Dr. Riek Machar, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da Khartoum, wanda ake kira &quot; Yarjejeniyar Khartoum &quot;. Ba a taba aiwatar da shi ba. Littafin Alier ya kasance game da irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin da rashin aiwatar da su. Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta baya-bayan nan tsakanin kudanci da arewacin Sudan ana kiranta da &quot;The Comprehensive Peace Agreement&quot; (CPA). Wannan ita ce yarjejeniyar da John Garang ya sanya wa hannu kafin mutuwarsa a ranar 30 ga Yuli 2005. Kasashen duniya da suka hada da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Birtaniya]] da [[Tarayyar Turai|EU]] da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] tare da kungiyar [[Hukumar raya kasashe masu tasowa ta kasa da kasa|IGAD]] na Afirka sun goyi bayan wannan yarjejeniya.

== Magana ==

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'''Abel Alier Kwai''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Yuni, 1933) ɗan [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasan]] [[Sudan ta Kudu]] ne kuma alkali wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasar Sudan na farko tsakanin 1971 zuwa 1982 kuma a matsayin shugaban majalisar zartarwa na yankin kudancin Sudan mai cin gashin kansa tsakanin shekarar 1972 zuwa 1978. Abel Alier dan siyasa ne wanda ya yi nasarar kammala karatunsa na kwaleji a tsakanin 'yan Kudancin Sudan da dama. Shi alkali ne da ake mutuntawa a duniya, lauya mai kare hakkin dan Adam kuma mai fafutuka a madadin kiristoci a Sudan. Tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasar Sudan (1971-1982), ya zama shugaban majalisar koli ta Kudancin Sudan na farko. Yana zaune ne a kotun din-din-din ta kasa da kasa da ke [[Hague]] kuma an amince da shi a matsayin fitaccen lauyan kiristoci na Sudan. Littafin nasa na baya-bayan nan shi ne ''Kudancin Sudan: An Rasa Yarjejeniyoyi da yawa'' .

== Shekarun farko ==
An kuma haifi Alier a watan Yunin Shekarar 1933 a gundumar Bor na jihar Upper Nile a Sudan ta Anglo-Masar (yanzu a cikin [[Sudan ta Kudu]] ). Ya halarci fitacciyar makarantar sakandare ta Rumbek, wadda ta karantar da shugabannin Sudan ta Kudu da dama. Ya kuma halarci makarantar Wad Saina da ke arewacin Sudan. Ya kammala karatunsa a Makarantar koyon aikin lauya ta [[Jami'ar Khartoum]] kuma yana da nasa kamfanin lauyoyi kafin a nada shi a matsayin alkali, inda ya zama alkali na farko dan asalin kudancin Sudan. Ya kasance mai aiki a Kudancin Kudancin tun kafuwarta a cikin 1964 kuma yana cikin wakilanta a Taron Taro na Zagaye a 1965. An zabe shi dan majalisar tarayya daga 1968 zuwa 1969 a mazabar Bor South.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |date= 22 March 2013|title= Historical Dictionary of the Sudan|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0OKZRewiEOsC&amp;q=alier+abel+dictionary&amp;pg=PA60|publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn= 9780810879409}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |date= 12 October 2012|title= Dictionary Of Modern Arab History|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3CstBgAAQBAJ&amp;q=alier+abel+dictionary&amp;pg=PA25|publisher=Routledge |isbn= 9781136162916}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ya rike mukaman ministoci da dama a gwamnatin Sudan.

== Yarjejeniyar Addis Ababa na 1972 ==
Abel Alier ya taka rawa wajen samar da yarjejeniyar Addis Ababa ta 1972 wadda ta bai wa kudancin Sudan damar samun gwamnatinta mai cin gashin kanta daga [[Juba]] . Alier ya zama mataimakin shugaban kasar Sudan karkashin Gaafar Nimeiry .

A shekara ta 2005 ya jagoranci kwamitin da aka nada don gudanar da bincike kan mutuwar John Garang wanda ya mutu a hatsarin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu bayan ya bar Uganda zuwa Sudan. Alier da tawagarsa sun yi nasu bangaren domin binciken yuwuwar gazawar injina da ya haifar da hatsarin da ake zarginsa da rashin kyawun yanayi da rashin ganin ido ko da yake shugaban Uganda [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya yi nuni da cewa yiwuwar buga wasa abu ne da bai kamata a yi watsi da shi ba. ko rashin kula.

== Sudan ta kulla zaman lafiya ==
A farkon shekarun 1990, Abel Alier ya rubuta littafi mai suna ''Kudancin Sudan: An Rasa Yarjejeniya Da Yawa'' . Yarjejeniyar da aka sanya wa hannu a [[Imperial Ethiopia|Imperial Habasha]] a 1972 Nimeiry ya ci mutuncinsa a shekarar 1983 lokacin da ya sanar da kafa dokar Musulunci.

A farkon 1997, Dr. Riek Machar, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da Khartoum, wanda ake kira &quot; Yarjejeniyar Khartoum &quot;. Ba a taba aiwatar da shi ba. Littafin Alier ya kasance game da irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin da rashin aiwatar da su. Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta baya-bayan nan tsakanin kudanci da arewacin Sudan ana kiranta da &quot;The Comprehensive Peace Agreement&quot; (CPA). Wannan ita ce yarjejeniyar da John Garang ya sanya wa hannu kafin mutuwarsa a ranar 30 ga Yuli 2005. Kasashen duniya da suka hada da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Birtaniya]] da [[Tarayyar Turai|EU]] da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] tare da kungiyar [[Hukumar raya kasashe masu tasowa ta kasa da kasa|IGAD]] na Afirka sun goyi bayan wannan yarjejeniya.

== Magana ==

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'''Abel Alier Kwai''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Yuni, 1933) ɗan [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasan]] [[Sudan ta Kudu]] ne kuma alkali wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasar Sudan na farko tsakanin 1971 zuwa 1982 kuma a matsayin shugaban majalisar zartarwa na yankin kudancin Sudan mai cin gashin kansa tsakanin shekarar 1972 zuwa 1978. Abel Alier dan siyasa ne wanda ya yi nasarar kammala karatunsa na kwaleji a tsakanin 'yan Kudancin Sudan da dama. Shi alkali ne da ake mutuntawa a duniya, lauya mai kare hakkin dan Adam kuma mai fafutuka a madadin kiristoci a Sudan. Tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasar Sudan (1971-1982), ya zama shugaban majalisar koli ta Kudancin Sudan na farko. Yana zaune ne a kotun din-din-din ta kasa da kasa da ke [[Hague]] kuma an amince da shi a matsayin fitaccen lauyan kiristoci na Sudan. Littafin nasa na baya-bayan nan shi ne ''Kudancin Sudan: An Rasa Yarjejeniyoyi da yawa'' .

== Shekarun farko ==
An kuma haifi Alier a watan Yunin Shekarar 1933 a gundumar Bor na jihar Upper Nile a Sudan ta Anglo-Masar (yanzu a cikin [[Sudan ta Kudu]] ). Ya halarci fitacciyar makarantar sakandare ta Rumbek, wadda ta karantar da shugabannin Sudan ta Kudu da dama. Ya kuma halarci makarantar Wad Saina da ke arewacin Sudan. Ya kammala karatunsa a Makarantar koyon aikin lauya ta [[Jami'ar Khartoum]] kuma yana da nasa kamfanin lauyoyi kafin a nada shi a matsayin alkali, inda kuma ya zama alkali na farko dan asalin kudancin Sudan. Ya kasance mai aiki a Kudancin Kudancin tun kafuwarta a cikin 1964 kuma yana cikin wakilanta a Taron Taro na Zagaye a 1965. An zabe shi dan majalisar tarayya daga 1968 zuwa 1969 a mazabar Bor South.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |date= 22 March 2013|title= Historical Dictionary of the Sudan|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0OKZRewiEOsC&amp;q=alier+abel+dictionary&amp;pg=PA60|publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn= 9780810879409}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |date= 12 October 2012|title= Dictionary Of Modern Arab History|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3CstBgAAQBAJ&amp;q=alier+abel+dictionary&amp;pg=PA25|publisher=Routledge |isbn= 9781136162916}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ya rike mukaman ministoci da dama a gwamnatin Sudan.

== Yarjejeniyar Addis Ababa na 1972 ==
Abel Alier ya taka rawa wajen samar da yarjejeniyar Addis Ababa ta 1972 wadda ta bai wa kudancin Sudan damar samun gwamnatinta mai cin gashin kanta daga [[Juba]] . Alier ya zama mataimakin shugaban kasar Sudan karkashin Gaafar Nimeiry .

A shekara ta 2005 ya jagoranci kwamitin da aka nada don gudanar da bincike kan mutuwar John Garang wanda ya mutu a hatsarin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu bayan ya bar Uganda zuwa Sudan. Alier da tawagarsa sun yi nasu bangaren domin binciken yuwuwar gazawar injina da ya haifar da hatsarin da ake zarginsa da rashin kyawun yanayi da rashin ganin ido ko da yake shugaban Uganda [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya yi nuni da cewa yiwuwar buga wasa abu ne da bai kamata a yi watsi da shi ba. ko rashin kula.

== Sudan ta kulla zaman lafiya ==
A farkon shekarun 1990, Abel Alier ya rubuta littafi mai suna ''Kudancin Sudan: An Rasa Yarjejeniya Da Yawa'' . Yarjejeniyar da aka sanya wa hannu a [[Imperial Ethiopia|Imperial Habasha]] a 1972 Nimeiry ya ci mutuncinsa a shekarar 1983 lokacin da ya sanar da kafa dokar Musulunci.

A farkon 1997, Dr. Riek Machar, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da Khartoum, wanda ake kira &quot; Yarjejeniyar Khartoum &quot;. Ba a taba aiwatar da shi ba. Littafin Alier ya kasance game da irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin da rashin aiwatar da su. Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta baya-bayan nan tsakanin kudanci da arewacin Sudan ana kiranta da &quot;The Comprehensive Peace Agreement&quot; (CPA). Wannan ita ce yarjejeniyar da John Garang ya sanya wa hannu kafin mutuwarsa a ranar 30 ga Yuli 2005. Kasashen duniya da suka hada da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Birtaniya]] da [[Tarayyar Turai|EU]] da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] tare da kungiyar [[Hukumar raya kasashe masu tasowa ta kasa da kasa|IGAD]] na Afirka sun goyi bayan wannan yarjejeniya.

== Magana ==

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Mata suna aikin soja tun lokacin da aka fara yakin basasa, a fagen yaƙi da na yaki.  Shigarsu cikin ayyukan yaƙi ya ƙaru a cikin ƴan shekarun nan, galibi suna aiki a matsayin matukin jirgi, in&lt;ref&gt;[10]&quot;Women in World War I&quot;. National Museum of American History. Retrieved 2018-11-15.&lt;/ref&gt;jiniyoyi, da jami'an sojan ƙasa.Tun daga 1914, &lt;ref&gt;[1]&quot;Women Warriors: The ongoing story of integrating and diversifying the American armed forces&quot;. Brookings. 2020-05-07. Retrieved 2021-05-19.&lt;/ref&gt; mata an shigar da su cikin adadi mai yawa, suna cike manyan ayyuka iri-iri a cikin sojojin Yammacin Turai.  A cikin shekarar 1970s, yawancin sojojin Yamma sun fara ƙyale mata su yi aiki a duk sassan soja.&lt;ref&gt;[2]Carreiras, Helena (2006). Gender and the military: women in the armed forces of western democracies. New York: Routledge. p. 1. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-38358-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2006, ƙasashe takwas (China, Eritrea, Isra'ila, Libya, Malaysia, Koriya ta Arewa, Peru, da Taiwan) sun tura mata aikin soja.&lt;ref&gt;[3]&quot;Women in the military — international&quot;. www.cbc.ca. 30 May 2006. Retrieved 17 Nov 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2013, Norway ta zama ƙasa ta farko ta NATO da ta tsara mata, haka kuma ita ce ƙasa ta farko a duniya da ta tura mata aiki daidai da na maza.  Sweden ta biyo baya a cikin 2017, kamar yadda Netherlands ta yi a cikin 2018 (ko da yake a cikin Netherlands babu aikin sa hannu na zaman lafiya).&lt;ref&gt;[4]&quot;Norway becomes first NATO country to draft women into military&quot;. Reuters. Reuters Staff. 14 June 2013. Retrieved 17 Nov 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[5]Persson, Alma; Sundevall, Fia (2019-03-22). &quot;Conscripting women: gender, soldiering, and military service in Sweden 1965–2018&quot;. Women's History Review. 28 (7): 1039–1056. doi:10.1080/09612025.2019.1596542. ISSN 0961-2025.&lt;/ref&gt;  Denmark ta ba da sanarwar a cikin 2024 cewa za a shigar da mata aikin, daga 2026.&lt;ref&gt;[6]&quot;Regeringen vil udvide og ligestille værnepligten&quot;. Forsvarsministeriet. March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 2022, ƙasashe uku ne kawai suka shigar da mata da maza a kan sharadi&lt;ref&gt;[136]Jennifer M. Silva (2008). &quot;A New Generation of Women? How Female ROTC Cadets Negotiate the Tension between Masculine Military Culture and Traditional Femininity&quot;. Social Forces. 87 (2): 937–960. doi:10.1353/sof.0.0138. JSTOR 20430897. S2CID 145776611.&lt;/ref&gt; iri ɗaya: Norway, Sweden, &lt;ref&gt;[5]Persson, Alma; Sundevall, Fia (2019-03-22). &quot;Conscripting women: gender, soldiering, and military service in Sweden 1965–2018&quot;. Women's History Review. 28 (7): 1039–1056. doi:10.1080/09612025.2019.1596542. ISSN 0961-2025.&lt;/ref&gt; da Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;[8]Sanou, Hanneke (2022-04-08). &quot;Defense ministry is looking into Scandinavian style conscription&quot;. DutchNews.nl. Retrieved 2023-12-30.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[7]Darroch, Gordon (2018-10-03). &quot;Girls to be included in military service register from next year&quot;. DutchNews.nl. Retrieved 2023-12-30.&lt;/ref&gt; Kasar Denmark na shirin fara daukar mata aiki a shekarar 2026.&lt;ref&gt;[6]&quot;Regeringen vil udvide og ligestille værnepligten&quot;. Forsvarsministeriet. March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;Wasu ƴan ƙasashe suna da dokokin da ke ba da izinin shigar da mata shiga cikin sojojinsu, kodayake suna da wasu bambance-bambance kamar keɓewar aiki, tsawon hidima, da ƙari.&lt;ref&gt;[9]&quot;INDEPTH: FEMALE SOLDIERS – Women in the military — international&quot;. CBC News. May 30, 2006. Archived from the original on April 4, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;n 

== Tarihi&lt;ref&gt;[138]Snow, Shawn (October 11, 2018). &quot;Broken feet and hurt shoulders: Male Marines have far more injuries than women at Infantry Officer Course&quot;. Marine Corps Times.&lt;/ref&gt; ==
A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, mata a Amurka sun shiga kungiyoyi irin su Kwamitin Watsa Labarai don ilmantar da mutane game da yakin.  Wannan kwamiti ya kuma inganta kishin kasa.  Mata da yawa sun zama membobin YWCA kuma sun tafi ƙasashen waje don taimakawa sojoji.  Mata na kowane nau'i sun ba da gudummawa ga yakin. Matan manyan mata sun kafa ƙungiyoyin yaƙi na sa-kai da yawa yayin da mata masu matsakaici da ƙanƙanta suka yi aiki a waɗannan ƙungiyoyin a matsayin ma’aikatan jinya ko kuma ta hanyar cike gurbi waɗanda waɗanda suka je yaƙi suka bari. 

== Karatu ==
Wani bincike na 2021 wanda ya ba da izini ga wasu maza a cikin bootcamp na Yaren mutanen Norway zuwa ga ƙungiyoyin jinsi da sauran ga squads maza sun gano cewa maza a cikin ƙungiyoyin da aka haɗa ba su yi muni ba ko kuma sun gamsu da sabis fiye da sauran mazan, ko dai a lokacin sansanin boot ko kuma su.  aikin soja na gaba.  Bugu da ƙari kuma, mazan da ke cikin ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar sun sami ƙarin halaye na daidaito.&lt;ref&gt;[135]Dahl, Gordon B.; Kotsadam, Andreas; Rooth, Dan-Olof (2021). &quot;Does Integration Change Gender Attitudes? The Effect of Randomly Assigning Women to Traditionally Male Teams&quot;. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 136 (2): 987–1030. doi:10.1093/qje/qjaa047. hdl:10419/177127.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2008 ya nuna cewa 'yan mata na ganin horar da sojoji a matsayin &quot;damar zama mai karfi, dagewa da fasaha&quot; kuma suna ganin irin wannan horon &quot;a matsayin kubuta daga wasu munanan al'amuran mata na gargajiya&quot;.  'Yan mata kuma sun yi imanin cewa shirin ROTC ya kasance &quot;makafin jinsi&quot; da &quot;matsakaicin jinsi&quot;.  Binciken ya yi iƙirarin cewa ƴan ƙwararrun mata &quot;sun kasance masu lura sosai game da matsayinsu na mata, suna yin ayyukan da aka saba gani a matsayin aikin maza kuma sau da yawa suna jin cewa dole ne su tabbatar da cewa sun iya.&quot;

Binciken ya ambato wata ‘yar karamar yarinya: “A cikin sojojin ruwa abin dariya shi ne, macen da ke cikin sojojin ruwa ko dai ‘yar iska ce, ‘yar iska ce ko kuma ‘yar madigo, kuma babu daya daga cikinsu da ya dace a fada cikinsa, kuma idan kana da tsauri da mutanenka.  to kai dan iska ne, amma idan kai saurayi ne kuma mutane masu taurin kai ne, kai, ina girmama shi saboda kasancewarsa shugaba nagari.&lt;ref&gt;[136]Jennifer M. Silva (2008). &quot;A New Generation of Women? How Female ROTC Cadets Negotiate the Tension between Masculine Military Culture and Traditional Femininity&quot;. Social Forces. 87 (2): 937–960. doi:10.1353/sof.0.0138. JSTOR 20430897. S2CID 145776611.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashi 84 cikin 100 na ’yan makaranta sun ce ba sa son aikin soja domin hakan zai kawo cikas ga aure da tarbiyyar ‘ya’ya&lt;ref&gt;[136]Jennifer M. Silva (2008). &quot;A New Generation of Women? How Female ROTC Cadets Negotiate the Tension between Masculine Military Culture and Traditional Femininity&quot;. Social Forces. 87 (2): 937–960. doi:10.1353/sof.0.0138. JSTOR 20430897. S2CID 145776611&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike na 2009 yayi nazari akan halayen West Point cadets, Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC), da kuma daliban da ba na soja ba daga kwalejojin farar hula zuwa nau'o'in aikin soja.  Kadet ba su yarda da sanya mata wasu ayyukan soja ba fiye da sauran.

Ya zuwa 2018, mata biyu ne kawai suka kammala Koyarwar Jami'in Infantry na Amurka, [138 yayin da a cikin 2016, 86% na mata sun gaza gwajin ayyukan yaƙi na Marines.&lt;ref&gt;[139]Smith, Bruce. &quot;86% of women fail Marines' combat jobs test&quot;. thestate. Retrieved 30 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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Mata suna aikin soja tun lokacin da aka fara yakin basasa, a fagen yaƙi da na yaki.  Shigarsu cikin ayyukan yaƙi ya ƙaru a cikin ƴan shekarun nan, galibi suna aiki a matsayin matukin jirgi, in&lt;ref&gt;[10]&quot;Women in World War I&quot;. National Museum of American History. Retrieved 2018-11-15.&lt;/ref&gt;jiniyoyi, da jami'an sojan ƙasa.Tun daga 1914, &lt;ref&gt;[1]&quot;Women Warriors: The ongoing story of integrating and diversifying the American armed forces&quot;. Brookings. 2020-05-07. Retrieved 2021-05-19.&lt;/ref&gt; mata an shigar da su cikin adadi mai yawa, suna cike manyan ayyuka iri-iri a cikin sojojin Yammacin Turai.  A cikin shekarar 1970s, yawancin sojojin Yamma sun fara ƙyale mata su yi aiki a duk sassan soja.&lt;ref&gt;[2]Carreiras, Helena (2006). Gender and the military: women in the armed forces of western democracies. New York: Routledge. p. 1. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-38358-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2006, ƙasashe takwas (China, Eritrea, Isra'ila, Libya, Malaysia, Koriya ta Arewa, Peru, da Taiwan) sun tura mata aikin soja.&lt;ref&gt;[3]&quot;Women in the military — international&quot;. www.cbc.ca. 30 May 2006. Retrieved 17 Nov 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin shekarar 2013, Norway ta zama ƙasa ta farko ta NATO da ta tsara mata, haka kuma ita ce ƙasa ta farko a duniya da ta tura mata aiki daidai da na maza.  Sweden ta biyo baya a cikin 2017, kamar yadda Netherlands ta yi a cikin 2018 (ko da yake a cikin Netherlands babu aikin sa hannu na zaman lafiya).&lt;ref&gt;[4]&quot;Norway becomes first NATO country to draft women into military&quot;. Reuters. Reuters Staff. 14 June 2013. Retrieved 17 Nov 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[5]Persson, Alma; Sundevall, Fia (2019-03-22). &quot;Conscripting women: gender, soldiering, and military service in Sweden 1965–2018&quot;. Women's History Review. 28 (7): 1039–1056. doi:10.1080/09612025.2019.1596542. ISSN 0961-2025.&lt;/ref&gt;  Denmark ta ba da sanarwar a cikin 2024 cewa za a shigar da mata aikin, daga 2026.&lt;ref&gt;[6]&quot;Regeringen vil udvide og ligestille værnepligten&quot;. Forsvarsministeriet. March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga 2022, ƙasashe uku ne kawai suka shigar da mata da maza a kan sharadi&lt;ref&gt;[136]Jennifer M. Silva (2008). &quot;A New Generation of Women? How Female ROTC Cadets Negotiate the Tension between Masculine Military Culture and Traditional Femininity&quot;. Social Forces. 87 (2): 937–960. doi:10.1353/sof.0.0138. JSTOR 20430897. S2CID 145776611.&lt;/ref&gt; iri ɗaya: Norway, Sweden, &lt;ref&gt;[5]Persson, Alma; Sundevall, Fia (2019-03-22). &quot;Conscripting women: gender, soldiering, and military service in Sweden 1965–2018&quot;. Women's History Review. 28 (7): 1039–1056. doi:10.1080/09612025.2019.1596542. ISSN 0961-2025.&lt;/ref&gt; da Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;[8]Sanou, Hanneke (2022-04-08). &quot;Defense ministry is looking into Scandinavian style conscription&quot;. DutchNews.nl. Retrieved 2023-12-30.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[7]Darroch, Gordon (2018-10-03). &quot;Girls to be included in military service register from next year&quot;. DutchNews.nl. Retrieved 2023-12-30.&lt;/ref&gt; Kasar Denmark na shirin fara daukar mata aiki a shekarar 2026.&lt;ref&gt;[6]&quot;Regeringen vil udvide og ligestille værnepligten&quot;. Forsvarsministeriet. March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;Wasu ƴan ƙasashe suna da dokokin da ke ba da izinin shigar da mata shiga cikin sojojinsu, kodayake suna da wasu bambance-bambance kamar keɓewar aiki, tsawon hidima, da ƙari.&lt;ref&gt;[9]&quot;INDEPTH: FEMALE SOLDIERS – Women in the military — international&quot;. CBC News. May 30, 2006. Archived from the original on April 4, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;n 

== Tarihi&lt;ref&gt;[138]Snow, Shawn (October 11, 2018). &quot;Broken feet and hurt shoulders: Male Marines have far more injuries than women at Infantry Officer Course&quot;. Marine Corps Times.&lt;/ref&gt; ==
A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, mata a Amurka sun shiga kungiyoyi irin su Kwamitin Watsa Labarai don ilmantar da mutane game da yakin.  Wannan kwamiti ya kuma inganta kishin kasa.  Mata da yawa sun zama membobin YWCA kuma sun tafi ƙasashen waje don taimakawa sojoji.  Mata na kowane nau'i sun ba da gudummawa ga yakin. Matan manyan mata sun kafa ƙungiyoyin yaƙi na sa-kai da yawa yayin da mata masu matsakaici da ƙanƙanta suka yi aiki a waɗannan ƙungiyoyin a matsayin ma’aikatan jinya ko kuma ta hanyar cike gurbi waɗanda waɗanda suka je yaƙi suka bari. 

== Karatu ==
Wani bincike na 2021 wanda ya ba da izini ga wasu maza a cikin bootcamp na Yaren mutanen Norway zuwa ga ƙungiyoyin jinsi da sauran ga squads maza sun gano cewa maza a cikin ƙungiyoyin da aka haɗa ba su yi muni ba ko kuma sun gamsu da sabis fiye da sauran mazan, ko dai a lokacin sansanin boot ko kuma su.  aikin soja na gaba.  Bugu da ƙari kuma, mazan da ke cikin ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar sun sami ƙarin halaye na daidaito.&lt;ref&gt;[135]Dahl, Gordon B.; Kotsadam, Andreas; Rooth, Dan-Olof (2021). &quot;Does Integration Change Gender Attitudes? The Effect of Randomly Assigning Women to Traditionally Male Teams&quot;. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 136 (2): 987–1030. doi:10.1093/qje/qjaa047. hdl:10419/177127.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2008 ya nuna cewa 'yan mata na ganin horar da sojoji a matsayin &quot;damar zama mai karfi, dagewa da fasaha&quot; kuma suna ganin irin wannan horon &quot;a matsayin kubuta daga wasu munanan al'amuran mata na gargajiya&quot;.  'Yan mata kuma sun yi imanin cewa shirin ROTC ya kasance &quot;makafin jinsi&quot; da &quot;matsakaicin jinsi&quot;.  Binciken ya yi iƙirarin cewa ƴan ƙwararrun mata &quot;sun kasance masu lura sosai game da matsayinsu na mata, suna yin ayyukan da aka saba gani a matsayin aikin maza kuma sau da yawa suna jin cewa dole ne su tabbatar da cewa sun iya.&quot;

Binciken ya ambato wata ‘yar karamar yarinya: “A cikin sojojin ruwa abin dariya shi ne, macen da ke cikin sojojin ruwa ko dai ‘yar iska ce, ‘yar iska ce ko kuma ‘yar madigo, kuma babu daya daga cikinsu da ya dace a fada cikinsa, kuma idan kana da tsauri da mutanenka.  to kai dan iska ne, amma idan kai saurayi ne kuma mutane masu taurin kai ne, kai, ina girmama shi saboda kasancewarsa shugaba nagari.&lt;ref&gt;[136]Jennifer M. Silva (2008). &quot;A New Generation of Women? How Female ROTC Cadets Negotiate the Tension between Masculine Military Culture and Traditional Femininity&quot;. Social Forces. 87 (2): 937–960. doi:10.1353/sof.0.0138. JSTOR 20430897. S2CID 145776611.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashi 84 cikin 100 na ’yan makaranta sun ce ba sa son aikin soja domin hakan zai kawo cikas ga aure da tarbiyyar ‘ya’ya&lt;ref&gt;[136]Jennifer M. Silva (2008). &quot;A New Generation of Women? How Female ROTC Cadets Negotiate the Tension between Masculine Military Culture and Traditional Femininity&quot;. Social Forces. 87 (2): 937–960. doi:10.1353/sof.0.0138. JSTOR 20430897. S2CID 145776611&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike na 2009 yayi nazari akan halayen West Point cadets, Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC), da kuma daliban da ba na soja ba daga kwalejojin farar hula zuwa nau'o'in aikin soja.  Kadet ba su yarda da sanya mata wasu ayyukan soja ba fiye da sauran.

Ya zuwa 2018, mata biyu ne kawai suka kammala Koyarwar Jami'in Infantry na Amurka, [138 yayin da a cikin 2016, 86% na mata sun gaza gwajin ayyukan yaƙi na Marines.&lt;ref&gt;[139]Smith, Bruce. &quot;86% of women fail Marines' combat jobs test&quot;. thestate. Retrieved 30 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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Mata suna aikin soja tun lokacin da aka fara yakin basasa, a fagen yaƙi da na yaki.  Shigarsu cikin ayyukan yaƙi ya ƙaru a cikin ƴan shekarun nan, galibi suna aiki a matsayin matukin jirgi, in&lt;ref&gt;[10]&quot;Women in World War I&quot;. National Museum of American History. Retrieved 2018-11-15.&lt;/ref&gt;jiniyoyi, da jami'an sojan ƙasa.Tun daga 1914, &lt;ref&gt;[1]&quot;Women Warriors: The ongoing story of integrating and diversifying the American armed forces&quot;. Brookings. 2020-05-07. Retrieved 2021-05-19.&lt;/ref&gt; mata an shigar da su cikin adadi mai yawa, suna cike manyan ayyuka iri-iri a cikin sojojin Yammacin Turai.  A cikin shekarar 1970s, yawancin sojojin Yamma sun fara ƙyale mata su yi aiki a duk sassan soja.&lt;ref&gt;[2]Carreiras, Helena (2006). Gender and the military: women in the armed forces of western democracies. New York: Routledge. p. 1. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-415-38358-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2006, ƙasashe takwas (China, Eritrea, Isra'ila, Libya, Malaysia, Koriya ta Arewa, Peru, da Taiwan) sun tura mata aikin soja.&lt;ref&gt;[3]&quot;Women in the military — international&quot;. www.cbc.ca. 30 May 2006. Retrieved 17 Nov 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin shekarar 2013, Norway ta zama ƙasa ta farko ta NATO da ta tsara mata, haka kuma ita ce ƙasa ta farko a duniya da ta tura mata aiki daidai da na maza.  Sweden ta biyo baya a cikin 2017, kamar yadda Netherlands ta yi a cikin 2018 (ko da yake a cikin Netherlands babu aikin sa hannu na zaman lafiya).&lt;ref&gt;[4]&quot;Norway becomes first NATO country to draft women into military&quot;. Reuters. Reuters Staff. 14 June 2013. Retrieved 17 Nov 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[5]Persson, Alma; Sundevall, Fia (2019-03-22). &quot;Conscripting women: gender, soldiering, and military service in Sweden 1965–2018&quot;. Women's History Review. 28 (7): 1039–1056. doi:10.1080/09612025.2019.1596542. ISSN 0961-2025.&lt;/ref&gt;  Denmark ta ba da sanarwar a cikin 2024 cewa za a shigar da mata aikin, daga 2026.&lt;ref&gt;[6]&quot;Regeringen vil udvide og ligestille værnepligten&quot;. Forsvarsministeriet. March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekarar 2022, ƙasashe uku ne kawai suka shigar da mata da maza a kan sharadi&lt;ref&gt;[136]Jennifer M. Silva (2008). &quot;A New Generation of Women? How Female ROTC Cadets Negotiate the Tension between Masculine Military Culture and Traditional Femininity&quot;. Social Forces. 87 (2): 937–960. doi:10.1353/sof.0.0138. JSTOR 20430897. S2CID 145776611.&lt;/ref&gt; iri ɗaya: Norway, Sweden, &lt;ref&gt;[5]Persson, Alma; Sundevall, Fia (2019-03-22). &quot;Conscripting women: gender, soldiering, and military service in Sweden 1965–2018&quot;. Women's History Review. 28 (7): 1039–1056. doi:10.1080/09612025.2019.1596542. ISSN 0961-2025.&lt;/ref&gt; da Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;[8]Sanou, Hanneke (2022-04-08). &quot;Defense ministry is looking into Scandinavian style conscription&quot;. DutchNews.nl. Retrieved 2023-12-30.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[7]Darroch, Gordon (2018-10-03). &quot;Girls to be included in military service register from next year&quot;. DutchNews.nl. Retrieved 2023-12-30.&lt;/ref&gt; Kasar Denmark na shirin fara daukar mata aiki a shekarar 2026.&lt;ref&gt;[6]&quot;Regeringen vil udvide og ligestille værnepligten&quot;. Forsvarsministeriet. March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;Wasu ƴan ƙasashe suna da dokokin da ke ba da izinin shigar da mata shiga cikin sojojinsu, kodayake suna da wasu bambance-bambance kamar keɓewar aiki, tsawon hidima, da ƙari.&lt;ref&gt;[9]&quot;INDEPTH: FEMALE SOLDIERS – Women in the military — international&quot;. CBC News. May 30, 2006. Archived from the original on April 4, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;n 

== Tarihi&lt;ref&gt;[138]Snow, Shawn (October 11, 2018). &quot;Broken feet and hurt shoulders: Male Marines have far more injuries than women at Infantry Officer Course&quot;. Marine Corps Times.&lt;/ref&gt; ==
A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, mata a Amurka sun shiga kungiyoyi irin su Kwamitin Watsa Labarai don ilmantar da mutane game da yakin.  Wannan kwamiti ya kuma inganta kishin kasa.  Mata da yawa sun zama membobin YWCA kuma sun tafi ƙasashen waje don taimakawa sojoji.  Mata na kowane nau'i sun ba da gudummawa ga yakin. Matan manyan mata sun kafa ƙungiyoyin yaƙi na sa-kai da yawa yayin da mata masu matsakaici da ƙanƙanta suka yi aiki a waɗannan ƙungiyoyin a matsayin ma’aikatan jinya ko kuma ta hanyar cike gurbi waɗanda waɗanda suka je yaƙi suka bari. 

== Karatu ==
Wani bincike na 2021 wanda ya ba da izini ga wasu maza a cikin bootcamp na Yaren mutanen Norway zuwa ga ƙungiyoyin jinsi da sauran ga squads maza sun gano cewa maza a cikin ƙungiyoyin da aka haɗa ba su yi muni ba ko kuma sun gamsu da sabis fiye da sauran mazan, ko dai a lokacin sansanin boot ko kuma su.  aikin soja na gaba.  Bugu da ƙari kuma, mazan da ke cikin ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar sun sami ƙarin halaye na daidaito.&lt;ref&gt;[135]Dahl, Gordon B.; Kotsadam, Andreas; Rooth, Dan-Olof (2021). &quot;Does Integration Change Gender Attitudes? The Effect of Randomly Assigning Women to Traditionally Male Teams&quot;. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 136 (2): 987–1030. doi:10.1093/qje/qjaa047. hdl:10419/177127.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2008 ya nuna cewa 'yan mata na ganin horar da sojoji a matsayin &quot;damar zama mai karfi, dagewa da fasaha&quot; kuma suna ganin irin wannan horon &quot;a matsayin kubuta daga wasu munanan al'amuran mata na gargajiya&quot;.  'Yan mata kuma sun yi imanin cewa shirin ROTC ya kasance &quot;makafin jinsi&quot; da &quot;matsakaicin jinsi&quot;.  Binciken ya yi iƙirarin cewa ƴan ƙwararrun mata &quot;sun kasance masu lura sosai game da matsayinsu na mata, suna yin ayyukan da aka saba gani a matsayin aikin maza kuma sau da yawa suna jin cewa dole ne su tabbatar da cewa sun iya.&quot;

Binciken ya ambato wata ‘yar karamar yarinya: “A cikin sojojin ruwa abin dariya shi ne, macen da ke cikin sojojin ruwa ko dai ‘yar iska ce, ‘yar iska ce ko kuma ‘yar madigo, kuma babu daya daga cikinsu da ya dace a fada cikinsa, kuma idan kana da tsauri da mutanenka.  to kai dan iska ne, amma idan kai saurayi ne kuma mutane masu taurin kai ne, kai, ina girmama shi saboda kasancewarsa shugaba nagari.&lt;ref&gt;[136]Jennifer M. Silva (2008). &quot;A New Generation of Women? How Female ROTC Cadets Negotiate the Tension between Masculine Military Culture and Traditional Femininity&quot;. Social Forces. 87 (2): 937–960. doi:10.1353/sof.0.0138. JSTOR 20430897. S2CID 145776611.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashi 84 cikin 100 na ’yan makaranta sun ce ba sa son aikin soja domin hakan zai kawo cikas ga aure da tarbiyyar ‘ya’ya&lt;ref&gt;[136]Jennifer M. Silva (2008). &quot;A New Generation of Women? How Female ROTC Cadets Negotiate the Tension between Masculine Military Culture and Traditional Femininity&quot;. Social Forces. 87 (2): 937–960. doi:10.1353/sof.0.0138. JSTOR 20430897. S2CID 145776611&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike na 2009 yayi nazari akan halayen West Point cadets, Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC), da kuma daliban da ba na soja ba daga kwalejojin farar hula zuwa nau'o'in aikin soja.  Kadet ba su yarda da sanya mata wasu ayyukan soja ba fiye da sauran.

Ya zuwa 2018, mata biyu ne kawai suka kammala Koyarwar Jami'in Infantry na Amurka, [138 yayin da a cikin 2016, 86% na mata sun gaza gwajin ayyukan yaƙi na Marines.&lt;ref&gt;[139]Smith, Bruce. &quot;86% of women fail Marines' combat jobs test&quot;. thestate. Retrieved 30 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}</text>
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    <title>Johanna Moore</title>
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'''Johanna Doris Moore''' masanin ilimin harshe ne kuma masanin kimiyya. Littattafan bincikenta sun haɗa da gudummawa ga tsara harshe na halitta, tsarin tattaunawa na Magana, tsarin lissafi na magana, koyarwa da tsarin horo na basira, hulɗar mutum da kwamfuta, ƙirar mai amfani, da wakiltar ilimi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Johanna Moore - Google Scholar Citations |url=https://scholar.google.co.uk/citations?user=9cb0uoAAAAAJ |access-date=2018-01-28 |website=scholar.google.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=dblp: Johanna D. Moore |url=http://dblp.uni-trier.de/pers/hd/m/Moore:Johanna_D= |access-date=2018-01-28 |website=dblp.uni-trier.de |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Ta sami BS a cikin Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta (''summa cum laude'') a cikin 1980, MS a Kimiyya ta Komfuta a cikin 1982, da PhD (Masu ba da shawara: William Swartout, Gerald Estrin) a cikin 1989, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AI Genealogy Project: Johanna Doris Moore |url=http://aigp.eecs.umich.edu/researcher/show/713 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720091047/http://aigp.eecs.umich.edu/researcher/show/713 |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 January 2010 |website=umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; duk daga UCLA.

== Ayyuka ==
Moore ya rike mukamai a UCLA (1976-1986), Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Bayanai ta USC (1983-1989), da Jami'ar Pittsburgh (1990-1998). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=CV (May 1999) |url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~alavie/Robust-Parsing/Proposals/KDI-99/May-99-Full/final/johanna-bio.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=cmu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekara ta 1998 ta rike kujera a fannin fasaha a cikin Makarantar Bayanai a Jami'ar Edinburgh . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Cibiyar Binciken Sadarwar Dan Adam, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome - Human Communication Research Centre |url=http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/ |website=www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a matsayin Co-Darakta na cibiyar Harshe, Sanarwa da Lissafi. Wallafawa a arewacin najeriya da.kewaye wajan kyeutatawa da mutanen da ke da alaƙa da matsalolin rarrabawar da ba daidai ba a duk yankuna kamar a couple of months. 

Daga 2014-2018 ta kasance shugabar Makarantar Ilimin Bayanai &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Head of School |url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/informatics/news-events/recentnews/newheadofschool |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215033213/http://www.ed.ac.uk/informatics/news-events/recentnews/newheadofschool |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=14 February 2017 |website=ed.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a cikin 2016 ta haifar da Laboratory na Fasaha na Blockchain . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beyond Bitcoin - IOHK and University of Edinburgh establish Blockchain Technology Laboratory |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/informatics/news-events/stories/2017/beyond-bitcoiniohk-and-university-of-edinburgh}}&lt;/ref&gt; Farfesa Jane Hillston ne ya gaje ta a matsayin shugabar makarantar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2018 |title=Contact us |url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/informatics/about/contact |access-date=11 September 2018 |publisher=University of Edinburgh School of Informatics}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya ta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masana kimiyyar kwamfuta 10 a Edinburgh tare da H-index na 58. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top Computer Scientists in University of Edinburgh - H-Index Ranking |url=https://guide2research.com/scientists/uni-117}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A tsakiyar shekara ta 2024, an lissafa ta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masana kimiyyar kwamfuta 200 a Scotland, tare da D-index na 57 a fadin wallafe-wallafe 245. 

A cikin 2024, ita ce Mataimakin Edita na mujallu na Magana da Magana. 

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==
An zabi Moore a cikin UCLA reshe na Phi Beta Kappa a shekarar 1980. Ta rike Ofishin Nazarin Naval daga 1982 zuwa 1985, kuma ta kasance IBM Fellow daga 1985 zuwa 1987. Ta rike lambar yabo ta National Science Foundation National Young Investigator Award, daga 1994 zuwa 1999. Ta kasance Shugabar Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kimiyya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cognitive Science Society Governing Board |url=http://www.cognitivesciencesociety.org/oldsite/board.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070335/http://www.cognitivesciencesociety.org/oldsite/board.html |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=2 July 2010 |website=cognitivesciencesociety.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta kasance Shugagar Kungiyar Kimiyyar Harshe a shekara ta 2004. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ACL Conference address Barcelona 2004 |url=http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/acl2004/main/frontmatter/doniaintro.ps |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629120655/http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/acl2004/main/frontmatter/doniaintro.ps |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=2 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita memba ce ta British Computer Society .  A shekara ta 2003 an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society na Edinburgh . 

== Ayyukan bincike ==
Daga Yuni 2015 zuwa Mayu 2016, Moore ya gudanar da aikin bincike kan Tattalin Arziki na Dijital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EE-IT - Centre of Excellence on Connected Digital Economy |url=http://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/projects/eeit--centre-of-excellence-on-connected-digital-economy(5fd9d7fb-b0d0-4931-97d1-09a059393e19).html |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-date=22 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022033401/http://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/projects/eeit--centre-of-excellence-on-connected-digital-economy(5fd9d7fb-b0d0-4931-97d1-09a059393e19).html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2024, wallafe-wallafen da ta wallafa kwanan nan sun mai da hankali kan fannonin ilmantarwa na kai tsaye.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240614083347/https://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/people/staff/Johanna_Moore.html Shafin gida na Johanna Moore]
* [http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=972504 Rubutun shiryawa don tattaunawar shawarwari: kama bayanai da gangan da na maganganu]
{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Manasa]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Harshen Dusner</title>
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'''Dusner''' yare ne da ake magana a ƙauyen Dusner a lardin West Papua ƙasar , Indonesia . Dusner Yana cikin haɗari sosai, kuma an ruwaito cewa yana da sauran masu magana uku kawai.

&lt;ref name=&quot;pop&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Malvern |first=Jack |date=21 April 2011 |title=Last few speakers of Indonesian language Dusner nearly wiped out by flood, volcano |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/last-few-speakers-of-indonesian-language-dusner-nearly-wiped-out-by-flood-volcano/story-e6frg8y6-1226042738101 |access-date=24 April 2011 |website=The Australian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525221012/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/last-few-speakers-of-indonesian-language-dusner-nearly-wiped-out-by-flood-volcano/story-e6frg8y6-1226042738101 |archive-date=25 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sorosoro.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=April 21, 2011: articles on the Dusner language, spoken by 3 last speakers. |url=http://www.sorosoro.org/en/april-21-2011-articles-on-the-dusner-language-spoken-by-3-last-speakers |access-date=2013-02-08 |website=SOROSORO: So the languages of the world may live on!}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin zamantakewa da harshe ==
Harshen yana cikin haɗari sosai tare da masu magana uku kawai da aka ruwaito sun rage.  &lt;ref name=&quot;pop&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sorosoro.org&quot;/&gt; A cikin 2011, masu bincike daga Kwalejin Linguistics, Philology da Phonetics na [[Jami'ar Oxford]] sun fara aikin yin rubuce-rubuce da ƙamus na harshe, tare da haɗin gwiwar UNIPA (Jami'ar Jihar Papua) da UNCEN (Jami'ar Cenderawasih, Papua). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Multimodal language documentation for Dusner, an endangered language of Papua |url=http://dusner.clp.ox.ac.uk/ |access-date=2013-02-08 |website=University of Oxford, Linguistics, Philology &amp; Phonetics |archive-date=2023-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528220355/http://dusner.clp.ox.ac.uk/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sakamakon aikin sun kasance ƙamus, ƙamus da aka buga, &lt;ref name=&quot;DusnerBook&quot; /&gt; da kuma gidan yanar gizon da ke rubuta harshen.

== Fasahar sauti ==
Abubuwan da ke tattare da Dusner sun ƙunshi wasula biyar da ƙwayoyin 19 (biyarsu kawai an tabbatar da su a cikin kalmomin aro daga Indonesian / Papuan Malay). 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
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|&lt;nowiki&gt;l=&quot;IPA&quot; data-mw='{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;IPA link&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:IPA_link&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;r&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwqw&quot; lang=&quot;und-Latn-fonipa&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Voiced alveolar trill|r]] (l) 
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(Phonemes a cikin parentheses a cikin tebur an tabbatar da su ne kawai a cikin kalmomin aro daga Papuan Malay) 

Babu sautin a cikin harshe. Harshen harshe yana da adadi mai yawa na ƙididdigar ƙira, wasu daga cikinsu sun saba wa ka'idar Sonority Sequencing.

== Yanayin Yanayi ==

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Harsuna]]</text>
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    <title>Layin Luplau</title>
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Line Luplau (1823-1891) ƴar ƙasar Denmark ce kuma mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. Ita ce co-kafa Danske Kvindeforeningers Valgretsforbund ko DKV (Danish Women's Society Suffrage Union) kuma shugabar farko a 1889-1891.

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Line Luplau a ranar 22 ga Afrilun shekarar 1823 a Mern, ƴar Vicar Hans Christian Monrad (1780-1825) da Ferdinandine Henriette Gieertsen (1783-1871) kuma ta auri Vicar Daniel Carl Erhard Luplau (1818-1909), a cikin shekarar 1847.

Luplau ya fara takaici da farko game da gaskiyar cewa ba a san mata cikakkun hakkoki a matsayin mutane ba saboda jima'i. Wannan sha'awar an dauke ta ne daga muhawara ta jama'a bayan littafin Clara Raphael na Mathilde Fibiger (1851). Matar ta yi aiki a matsayin mai hidima a cikin Ikklisiya a Slesvig-Holsten, kuma an tilasta wa iyalin su tafi Varde lokacin da wannan ɓangaren Denmark ya ɓace bayan yaƙin a 1864. A Varde, Luplau ta kafa kungiyar agaji, kuma ta zama mace ta farko a Denmark da ta yi magana a bikin kasa.
[[Fayil:Marie_Luplau_-_Fra_Kvindevalgretskampens_første_dage_(1897),.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|Layin luplau da aka gani a gaba a kan 'yarta Marie Luplau babban hoton rukuni daga farkon kwanakin gwagwarmayar mata (1897).]]
A shekara ta 1872, Luplau ta zama memba na reshe na gida na kungiyar mata ta Dansk Kvindesamfund (DK) tare da mijinta da 'yarta Marie Luplau . &lt;ref name=&quot;dkl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vammen |first=Tinne |author-link=Tinne Vammen |date=15 May 2003 |title=Line Luplau |url=http://www.kvinfo.dk/side/597/bio/1832/ |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVammen2003&quot;&gt;[[Tinne Vammen|Vammen, Tinne]] (15 May 2003). [http://www.kvinfo.dk/side/597/bio/1832/ &quot;Line Luplau&quot;]. ''Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 July&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sha'awarta ga 'yancin mata ta mayar da hankali kan' ƴancin mata da dai-daito na siyasa, kuma ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar adawa a cikin DK. A shekara ta 1888, ta gabatar da jerin sunayen 1702 don tallafawa shawarar Fredrik Bajer a majalisar dokokin mata a matsayin wakilin DK. A shekara ta 1885, ta kasance daga cikin magoya bayan sabuwar kungiyar mata ta Kvindelig Fremskridtsforening (KF), wani ɓangare na tsoffin mambobin DK, kuma ta yi aiki a kwamitin tsakiya na KF a shekara ta 1886. A shekara ta 1886, ta koma Copenhagen bayan da mijinta ya yi ritaya, kuma a shekara ta 1888, ta wakilci KF a taron mata na farko na Nordic a Copenhagen, inda ita da Johanne Meyer suka gabatar da mata a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan batutuwa huɗu a cikin 'yancin mata. Luplau ya zama daya daga cikin manyan mutane na ƙungiyar mata ta Danish, kuma ya yi aiki a kan kwamitin takardar KF {{Lang|da|Hvad vi vil}} tare da Matilde Bajer, Anna Nielsen da [[Massi Bruhn]] .

A shekara ta 1889, Luplau ya kafa ƙungiyar 'yan takara ta Danish Kvindevalgretsforeningen (KVF) tare da [[Louise Nørlund]], kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta daga 1889 zuwa 1891. Manufarta ita ce ta kafa wata kungiya ta musamman don zaɓen mata maimakon DK da KF, waɗanda ke kula da batutuwan mata daban-daban, kuma ta tara goyon baya daga maza da kungiyoyin siyasa daban-daban. Luplau ta kasance mai kawo rigima, mai tsananin gwagwarmaya tare da kusanci kai tsaye wanda gwagwarmayarta ta haifar da motsin rai mai ƙarfi, kuma ba ta shahara a tsakanin sauran kungiyoyin mata ba, waɗanda suka ɗauka cewa ta raba ƙungiyar mata. A shekara ta 1891, an tilasta mata ta yi murabus a matsayin shugabar KVF saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya.

A shekara ta 1917, 'yarta Marie Luplau ta kirkiro wani hoton hoto na rukuni don majalisar dokokin Denmark wanda ke nuna sanannun mambobin ƙungiyar mata, inda aka sanya Luplau a gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;dkl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vammen |first=Tinne |author-link=Tinne Vammen |date=15 May 2003 |title=Line Luplau |url=http://www.kvinfo.dk/side/597/bio/1832/ |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVammen2003&quot;&gt;[[Tinne Vammen|Vammen, Tinne]] (15 May 2003). [http://www.kvinfo.dk/side/597/bio/1832/ &quot;Line Luplau&quot;]. ''Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 July&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1823]]
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    <title>Jill Craigie</title>
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'''Noreen Jean &quot;Jill&quot; Craigie''' (7 Maris 1911  - 13 Disamba Shekara ta 1999) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BFI Screenonline: Craigie, Jill (1911–1999) Biography |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/581828/index.html |access-date=11 October 2019 |website=www.screenonline.org.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322070521/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/581828/index.html |archive-date=22 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan fim ne na Biritaniya, marubucin allo kuma [[Feminism|ƴan mata]]. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko na Biritaniya masu shirya shirye-shirye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=JILL CRAIGIE 1911–1999 |url=https://www.jillcraigiefilmpioneer.org/jill-craigie/ |access-date=11 October 2019 |website=Jill Craigie}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fina-finan nata na farko sun nuna sha'awar Craigie ga siyasar gurguzu da ta mata, amma aikinta na mai shirya fina-finai ya kasance &quot;wani abin rufewa&quot; aurenta da shugaban jam'iyyar Labour Michael Foot (1913-2010), wanda ta sadu da shi yayin yin fim dinta ''The Way We Live'' (1946).

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Noreen Jean Craigie  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Index entry |url=http://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=5Z%2Bw%2BbhrsBZymFpZGzNn7Q&amp;scan=1 |access-date=7 March 2010 |website=[[FreeBMD]] |publisher=ONS}}&lt;/ref&gt; ga mahaifiyar Rasha kuma mahaifin Scotland a Fulham, [[Landan|London]], Ingila, Craigie ta fara aikinta a fim a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo.

== Sana'a ==
Shigar Craigie a cikin batutuwan mata ya fito ne daga karanta Sylvia Pankhurst 's ''The Suffragette Movement'' a farkon 1940s. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Gillian E. |date=8 July 2019 |title=Jill Craigie and her suffragette film |url=http://iamhist.net/?s=jill+craigie |access-date=11 October 2019 |website=The International Association for Media and History}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka ta halarci taron tsoffin masu neman zaɓe don shimfiɗa furanni a kan mutum-mutumi na Emmeline Pankhurst. Labarin 'yan takarar ya birge ta sannan ta fara yi musu tambayoyi ta fara aza harsashin shirya fim ɗin tafiyar. Wannan bai taba faruwa ba saboda rikitacciyar siyasar cikin gida ta [[Zaɓen Mata|yunkurin zaben]] bayan yakin neman zabe. Ana iya samun yawancin wasiƙun a cikin ma'ajiyar ta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Craigie, Jill (1914–1999), director |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F32378 |access-date=11 October 2019 |website=The National Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, Craigie ya zama mai iko a kan motsin zaɓe, yana riƙe da babban tarin wallafe-wallafen mata a Biritaniya, tare da ƙasidu daga John Stuart Mill . A cikin 1979, ta rubuta gabatarwa ga sake buga ''Labari'' na Emmeline Pankhurst, wanda aka fara bugawa 1914. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Owen |first=Ursula |author-link=Ursula Owen |date=March 2000 |title=An appreciation: Jill Craigie, 1914–99 |journal=Women's History Review |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=9–11 |doi=10.1080/09612020000200237 |issn=0961-2025 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fina-finan nata na baya sun nuna ra'ayoyinta na gurguzu da na mata kuma sun yi magana kan batutuwan hagu kamar yara 'yan gudun hijira, yanayin aiki na masu hakar ma'adinai, da [[daidaiton jinsi]] . Bayan ya jagoranci fina-finai biyar tare da rubuta wasu biyu, Craigie ya yi ritaya daga sana’ar fim kusan shekaru arba’in, inda ya dawo ya yi fim guda a gidan talabijin [[BBC|na BBC]] . 

Craigie ya kasance daya daga cikin marubutan ''Matsala a Store'', farkon fim na Norman Wisdom, wanda aka nuna a cikin Disamba 1953. Fim din ya karya tarihin akwatin ofishin a 51 daga cikin 67 gidajen sinima na Landan da ya yi wasan.  Bayan rubuta daftarin farko na rubutun, Craigie ya ba da rahoton cewa a cire sunanta daga cikin kididdigar bayan samun ilimin shigar Hikima. 

Craigie ya yi aiki a Hukumar Gwamnonin Cibiyar Fina-Fina ta Burtaniya, bayan da gwamnatin Harold Wilson ta nada shi a matsayin. 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Craigie yana da diya, Julie, daga aurenta na farko.  Ita da Michael Foot ba su da yara tare, amma sun more rayuwar iyali tare da Julie kuma, daga baya, 'ya'yanta hudu. Hampstead, arewacin London, kuma a cikin wani gida a Ebbw Vale, Wales. Yayin da yake zaune a Hampstead, Craigie ya yi aiki a matsayin Warden Rigakafi na Air Raid a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II. 

A cikin 1998, tarihin marigayi marubuci ɗan ƙasar Hungary Arthur Koestler na David Cesarani ya yi zargin cewa Koestler ya kasance mai yin fyade da yawa kuma Craigie ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka kashe a 1951. Craigie ya tabbatar da zargin. [1] A cikin tarihin tarihin 2009, Koestler: Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, Michael Scammell ya yi la'akari da cewa Craigie ita ce mace daya tilo da ta shiga rikodin cewa Koestler ya yi mata fyade, kuma ta yi haka a wani abincin dare shekaru da yawa bayan taron. Craigie ya kara da'awar cewa Koestler ya kasance mai tashin hankali daga baya, kodayake Scammell ya yarda cewa Koestler na iya zama m da kuma jima'i. [ana buƙatar hujja][ abubuwan da ake bukata ]

Craigie ya mutu yana da shekaru 88 a cikin 1999 na [[Gazawar zuciya|ciwon zuciya]] a Asibitin Kyauta na Royal a Hampstead, London. 

== Mahimman liyafar da gado ==
An gane fina-finan Craigie don &quot;ikon fitar da mafi kyawun 'yan talakawa '  da&quot; sadaukarwar siyasa &quot;.  Philip Kemp ya yi sharhi kai tsaye kan abubuwan da suka shafi siyasa na fina-finan Craigie, inda ya lura cewa fina-finanta sun kasance &quot;misali na yin fim a matsayin yunƙuri, tsarin kirkire-kirkire da na siyasa da ke haɗa kai da ci gaban juna wanda har ma 'yan fim na Soviet na shekarun 1920 ba su samu nasara ba.&quot;

A cikin 2022, an fitar da wani shirin gaskiya game da rayuwarta. Lizzie Thynne ce ta jagoranci ''Miss Craigie mai zaman kanta'', kuma tana kan mai kunna BFI. Abu ɗaya ne a cikin babban aikin bincike da aka ƙera don kawo Craigie ga manyan masana da hankalin jama'a. &quot;Jill Craigie: Fim Pioneer&quot; an kafa shi ne a Jami'ar Sussex kuma Cibiyar Bincike ta Arts da Humanities ta ba da kuɗaɗe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reel Life Drama |url=https://www.camdennewjournal.co.uk/article/reel-life-drama |access-date=3 February 2022 |website=Camden New Journal |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taskoki ==
Ana gudanar da tarihin Jill Craigie a ɗakin karatu na Mata a [http://www.lse.ac.uk/library/Home.aspx ɗakin karatu na Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London], ref [https://archive.today/20130717082818/http://twl-calm.library.lse.ac.uk/CalmView/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&amp;dsqApp=Archive&amp;dsqDb=Catalog&amp;dsqCmd=Overview.tcl&amp;dsqSearch=(RefNo='7JCC') 7JCC] .

== Filmography ==

* ''Make-Up'' (1937), actress
* ''[http://film.britishcouncil.org/looking-through-glass Kallon Ta Gilashi]'' (1943), rubutun
* ''Farm Flemish'' (1943), marubucin allo (wanda aka ƙira da &quot;Jill Dell&quot;)
* ''[https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-out-of-chaos-1944-online Daga cikin Hargitsi]'' (1944), marubuci kuma darekta
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191011124950/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b69e74e27 ''London Terminus''] (1944), rubutun
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20191011124940/https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-way-we-live-1946-online Yadda Muke Rayuwa]'' (1946), marubuci kuma darekta
* ''[http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/582271/index.html Yara na Ruins]'' (1948), darekta
* ''[https://player.bfi.org.uk/rentals/film/watch-blue-scar-1949-online Blue Scar]'' (1949), marubuci kuma darekta
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20191011124939/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b69fe8666 Don Zama Mace]'' (1951), marubuci, darekta kuma furodusa
* ''The Million Pound Note'' (1953), marubucin allo
* ''Matsala a cikin Store'' (1953), marubucin allo mara ƙima
* ''Hanyar Windom'' (1957), marubucin allo
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20191011124939/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b78971f4d Wanene Vandals?]'' (1967), director
* ''[[Two Hours from London|Sa'o'i biyu daga London]]'' (1995)

== Labarai ==

* Craigie, Jill (28 Oktoba 1955). &quot;Na Kira Wannan Bala'i Na Kasa&quot;. ''Tribune'' .
* Craigie, Jill (6 Yuli 1962). &quot;Pilkington: Dama na Biyu don Talabijin&quot;. ''Tribune'' .
* 

== Duba kuma ==

* Ka'idar fim na mata
* Hakikanin gurguzu

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

*  

== Kara karantawa ==

*  
* [https://www.camdennewjournal.co.uk/article/jill-craigies-suffragette-suitcase Jill Craigie's Suffragette suitcase]

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Jill Craigie at IMDb
* Jill Craigie biography and credits at the BFI's Screenonline
* {{Cite web |title=The British Entertainment History Project {{!}} Jill Craigie {{!}} |url=https://historyproject.org.uk/interview/jill-craigie |website=historyproject.org.uk}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1999]]
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    <title>Kento Yamazaki</title>
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      <text bytes="14228" sha1="7oocmk17tys0bsm9k4zqjfhzxpzduvf" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox biography vcard&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Kento Yamazaki&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;nickname&quot; lang=&quot;ja&quot;&gt;Masana'antu&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Kingdom+Singapore+Premiere+Press+Conference+caagvhp5Gwax.jpg|frameless]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Yamazaki a cikin 2019&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |An haife shi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;nickname&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;Kento Yamazaki&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;bday&quot;&gt;1994-09-07&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; Satumba 7, 1994 (&lt;span class=&quot;noprint ForceAgeToShow&quot;&gt; (shekara 30) &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;birthplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;[[Itabashi]], [[Tokyo]], Japan&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ayyuka
| class=&quot;infobox-data role&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot;&gt;
* Mai wasan kwaikwayo
* samfurin
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Shekaru masu aiki&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |2009-ya zuwa yanzu
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Wakilin
| class=&quot;infobox-data agent&quot; |Tallafawa mai ban sha'awa
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Shafin yanar gizo
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;url&quot;&gt;[https://official.stardust.co.jp/yamazakikento/ Yamazaki Kento]&lt;/span&gt;
|}
Kento Yamazaki ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma ɗan ƙasar Japan.[1][2] An fi saninsa da yin fim a cikin sauye-sauyen manga, gami da fina-finai L DK (2014), Orange (2015), Your Lie in April (2016), JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable Chapter I (2017), Psychic Kusuo: The Disastrous Life of Saiki K. (2017), Kingdom (2019), da kuma jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin Death Note (2015) da Alice in Borderland (2020-yanzu). Sauran sanannun ayyukansa sun haɗa da Kiss That Kills (2018) da Good Doctor (2018). Yamazaki tana ƙarƙashin hukumar talanti ta Japan Stardust Promotion.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Yamazaki a Tokyo, Japan a ranar 7 ga watan Satumba, Shekara ta alif 1994. [1] Iyalinsa sun hada da mahaifiyarsa, mahaifinsa, da kuma dan uwansa mai shekaru bakwai.

== Ayyuka ==

=== 2009-2013: Farawa ===
Yamazaki ya kasance a cikin shekara ta uku na makarantar sakandare ta hukumar sa, Stardust Promotion, a kan titin Takeshita, Harajuku yayin da yake kan hanyarsa ta komawa gida daga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Ya fara aikinsa yana aiki a matsayin samfurin mujallar ''Pichi Lemon'' daga 2009 zuwa 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ja:山﨑賢人 のプロフィール |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/526199/profile/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208201516/http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/526199/profile/ |archive-date=February 8, 2022 |access-date=July 4, 2015 |publisher=oricon ME inc. |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ja:山﨑賢人 |url=http://talent.yahoo.co.jp/pf/detail/pp380132 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704131543/http://talent.yahoo.co.jp/pf/detail/pp380132 |archive-date=July 4, 2015 |access-date=July 4, 2015 |publisher=Yahoo Japan Corporation |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yamazaki ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2010 lokacin da aka jefa shi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na ''Atami no So 2:14,'' a matsayin dalibi mai ban mamaki na makarantar sakandare. Wannan ya biyo bayan rawar da ya taka a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na Clone Baby, inda ya taka rawar ɗan fashin kwamfuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kento Yamazaki Stardust profile |url=http://www.stardust.co.jp/section2/profile/yamazakikento.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222225042/http://www.stardust.co.jp/section2/profile/yamazakikento.html |archive-date=February 22, 2018 |access-date=June 17, 2018 |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara mai zuwa, Yamazaki ya fara fim dinsa a cikin ''Hasumiyar Kulawa'', wanda aka saki a watan Afrilun 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 9, 2016 |title=Control Tower movie |url=http://yamazaki-kento.com/movie/kanseitou/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819213553/https://yamazaki-kento.com/movie/kanseitou |archive-date=August 19, 2022 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |website=yamazaki-kento.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya raira waƙa kuma ya buga guitar a cikin fim ɗin, wanda aka karɓi aikinsa sosai.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A shekara ta 2012, ya bayyana a fim din The Wings of the Kirin . Ya kuma fito a matsayin jagora a cikin fim mai ban tsoro Wani, yana aiki tare da abokin aikinsa na Control Tower Ai Hashimoto a karo na biyu. Daga baya aka jefa shi a cikin fina-finai The Chasing World 3 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Chasing World 3 |url=http://jfdb.jp/en/title/3158 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029140242/http://jfdb.jp/en/title/3158 |archive-date=October 29, 2019 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |website=Japan film database}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma sauya-sauye na Love for Beginners . 

A cikin 2013, ya jagoranci fim din talabijin na LGBTQ mai taken Sato Family Breakfast . Don shiga cikin fim din, ya halarci bikin fina-finai na Taiwan na 2nd International Queer Film Festival a shekarar 2015.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}Baya ga wannan, ya ɗauki rawar goyon baya a fim din ''Jinx !!!'' da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin 35-sai no Koukousei . 

=== 2014-2017: Ci gaba da nasara a cikin sauye-sauyen manga ===
A cikin shekara ta 2014, Yamazaki ya sami ci gaba a cikin aikinsa na yin fim din rayuwa na manga mai nasara ''L DK'', tare da Ayame Goriki . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2014 |title=L-DK live action movie from Toei this April |url=http://www.scifijapan.com/articles/2014/03/26/l%E2%99%A1dk-live-action-movie-from-toei-this-april/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019132146/http://www.scifijapan.com/articles/2014/03/26/l%E2%99%A1dk-live-action-movie-from-toei-this-april/ |archive-date=October 19, 2015 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |website=SF Japan}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nasarar fim din ta jawo masa babban hankalin jama'a. A wannan shekarar, ya yi aiki a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo guda uku, ciki har da ''Baseball Brainiacs'', inda aka jefa shi tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo [[Sota Fukushi]] da Yuto Nakajima . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ja:弱くても勝てます |url=http://www.ntv.co.jp/katemasu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424022658/https://www.ntv.co.jp/katemasu/ |archive-date=April 24, 2022 |access-date=July 22, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma fara fitowa a ''Satomi Hakkenden'' a matsayin babban jagora Inuzuka Shino .

A shekara ta 2015, an sake jefa shi a cikin fim din da aka yi amfani da shi tare da No Longer Heroine, tare da Mirei Kiritani . &lt;ref name=&quot;crunchyroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Live action film adaptation of heroine shikkaku shoujo manga for this summer |url=http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2015/01/25-1/live-action-film-adaptation-of-momoko-koudas-heroine-shikkaku-shoujo-manga-slated-for-this-summer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128214913/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2015/01/25-1/live-action-film-adaptation-of-momoko-koudas-heroine-shikkaku-shoujo-manga-slated-for-this-summer |archive-date=January 28, 2015 |access-date=June 13, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan sai ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a ''Orange'', tare da Tao Tsuchiya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 30, 2015 |title=Live action orange film visual shows characters |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-10-30/live-action-orange-film-visual-shows-characters-in-present-and-future/.94805 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031122304/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-10-30/live-action-orange-film-visual-shows-characters-in-present-and-future/.94805 |archive-date=October 31, 2015 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukkanin fina-finai sun yi nasara, tare da No Longer Heroine wanda ya fara lambar daya a ofishin jakadancin Japan kuma ya sami dala miliyan 20.5. Duk da yake ''Orange'' ya tara kusan dala miliyan 28, ya zama fim na 9 na Japan mafi girma a shekarar 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mark Schilling |date=October 7, 2015 |title=Japan Box Office: 'Bakuman' Lands in Top Spot |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/box-office/japan-box-office-bakuman-lands-in-top-spot-1201612306/ |access-date=October 7, 2015 |website=[[Variety.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Orange (2015) box office |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&amp;country=JP&amp;id=_fORANGE201 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820160907/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1246266625/weekend/ |archive-date=August 20, 2022 |access-date=June 15, 2018 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Orange&quot; Live-Action Film Tops Japan's Weekend Box Office with 311 Million Yen |url=http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2015/12/15-1/orange-live-action-film-tops-japans-weekend-box-office-with-311-million-yen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129101504/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2015/12/15-1/orange-live-action-film-tops-japans-weekend-box-office-with-311-million-yen |archive-date=January 29, 2021 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |website=[[crunchyroll]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;animenewsnetwork&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Orange film review |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/orange/.103570 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125303/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/orange/.103570 |archive-date=June 18, 2018 |website=Anime News Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don rawar da ya taka a cikin fina-finai guda biyu, ya lashe kyautar Newcomer of the Year a kyautar fim ta 39 ta Japan Academy kuma an zabi shi a 2016 Hochi Film Awards .  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}[ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] A wannan shekarar, ya bayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen taL na shahararren jerin manga Death Note a matsayin L, da NHK Asadora ''Mare'', wanda Tsuchiya Tao ya jagoranta.

A cikin 2016, Yamazaki ta fito a cikin Your Lie a watan Afrilu . Ya taka rawar gani na Kosei Arima, mai basira na piano, tare da Suzu Hirose, wanda ya nuna Kaori Miyazono . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 3, 2015 |title=Kento Yamazaki, Suzu Hirose to Star in Live-Action Your Lie in April Film |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-09-03/kento-yamazaki-suzu-hirose-to-star-in-live-action-your-lie-in-april-film/.92493 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221030229/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-09-03/kento-yamazaki-suzu-hirose-to-star-in-live-action-your-lie-in-april-film/.92493 |archive-date=December 21, 2020 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don rawar, Yamazaki dole ne ya koyi yadda ake kunna piano kuma ya yi horo na watanni shida kafin fara fim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2018 |title=Yamazaki Kento's Piano Lessons |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mZBg5ZSst0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820162720/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mZBg5ZSst0 |archive-date=August 20, 2022 |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, ya fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na ''Wolf Girl da Black Prince'' da jerin shirye-shiryen TV A Girl &amp; Three Sweethearts . A wannan shekarar, an zabi Yamazaki don fitowa a cikin wani ɗan gajeren fim na musamman don bikin cika shekaru 10 na tarihin tarihin Yasuhisa Hara  a matsayin babban hali, Xin .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2016 |title=キングダム連載10周年実写特別動画（主演：山﨑賢人）KINGDOM SPECIAL MOVIE |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwevH2yP3Hc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409064056/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwevH2yP3Hc |archive-date=April 9, 2019 |access-date=June 17, 2018 |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zai ci gaba da sake maimaita wannan rawar a cikin fim din live-action na 2019, wanda aka saki a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Live-Action Kingdom Film Unveils Cast, Director, April 19 Opening |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-10-09/live-action-kingdom-film-unveils-cast-director-april-19-opening/.137904 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217175301/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-10-09/live-action-kingdom-film-unveils-cast-director-april-19-opening/.137904 |archive-date=February 17, 2019 |access-date=October 9, 2018 |website=[[AnimeNewsNetwork]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2017, ya yi aiki tare da [[Haruna Kawaguchi]] a cikin One Week Friends . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Live action one week friends film cast and staff |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-03-02/live-action-one-week-friends-film-cast-staff-february-2017-date-revealed/.99282 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325051152/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-03-02/live-action-one-week-friends-film-cast-staff-february-2017-date-revealed/.99282 |archive-date=March 25, 2016 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |website=Anime News Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din ya sami kyakkyawan ra'ayi daga masu sukar, wanda galibi ya yaba da Yamazaki don nasarar nuna Yuki Hase mai farin ciki da abokantaka.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2024}}Zai ci gaba da bayyana a wasu fina-finai na rayuwa a cikin shekara, gami da ''JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable Chapter I'', Psychic Kusuo: The Disastrous Life of Saiki K., da Hyouka: Forbidden Secrets . Zuwa ƙarshen 2017, ya fito a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na ''Rikuoh'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rikuou TBS Cast |url=http://www.tbs.co.jp/rikuou_tbs/cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502051120/http://www.tbs.co.jp/rikuou_tbs/cast/ |archive-date=May 2, 2018 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Manazarta==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Ingrid Fiska (an haife shi 16 Afrilun shekarar 1977) ɗan gwagwarmayar Yaren mutanen Norway ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Jam'iyyar Hagu ta Socialist .

== Sana'ar siyasa ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Ta kasance shugabar Matasan Socialist daga shekarar 2002 zuwa 2004, kuma mamba ce ta tsakiya ta Socialist Left Party . 

=== Siyasar jam'iyya ===
A cikin shekarar 2007, ta kasance ƴar takara don zama mataimakiyar shugabar jam'iyyar Socialist Left Party, amma ta sha kashi a hannun Bård Vegar Solhjell a babban taron kasa. 

A ranar 16 ga Disamba 2022, ta ba da sanarwar takararta na mataimakiyar jagoranci a 2023, yayin da ta kuma amince da Kirsti Bergstø a matsayin shugaba, tana mai nanata amincewar reshen gundumar ta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2022 |title=Fiskaa vil inn i SV-ledelsen – støtter Bergstø som leder |url=https://www.nrk.no/norge/fiskaa-vil-inn-i-sv-ledelsen__-stotter-bergsto-som-leder-1.16221865 |access-date=16 December 2022 |publisher=[[NRK]] |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe ba a zaɓe ta ba kuma zaɓin mataimakiyar shugaba ya sauko zuwa Lars Haltbrekken da Marian Abdi Hussein, tare da ƙarshe ya sami mafi yawan kuri'u a babban taron jam'iyyar a Maris 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 February 2023 |title=Full SV-splittelse om ny nestleder |url=https://www.nrk.no/norge/full-sv-splittelse-om-ny-nestleder-1.16279513 |access-date=2 February 2023 |publisher=[[NRK]] |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 March 2023 |title=Marian Hussein fra Groruddalen valgt til ny nestleder i SV |url=https://www.dagsavisen.no/nyheter/politikk/2023/03/18/marian-hussein-valgt-til-ny-nestleder-i-sv/ |access-date=18 March 2023 |publisher=[[Dagsavisen]] |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Majalisa ===
Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar wakili a Majalisar Norway daga Rogaland daga 1997 zuwa 2005, da 2009 zuwa 2013. An zabe ta a matsayin wakiliyar dindindin bayan zaben 2021 . An kuma nada ta mataimakiyar shugabar Storting ta biyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 October 2021 |title=Nytt presidentskap på plass i Stortinget |url=https://www.adressa.no/nyheter/innenriks/2021/10/09/Nytt-presidentskap-p%C3%A5-plass-i-Stortinget-24686741.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009122836/https://www.adressa.no/nyheter/innenriks/2021/10/09/Nytt-presidentskap-p%C3%A5-plass-i-Stortinget-24686741.ece |archive-date=9 October 2021 |access-date=9 October 2021 |publisher=Adresseavisen |language=Norwegian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gwamnati ===
A cikin Nuwamba 2009, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Stoltenberg ta biyu majalisar ministocin, Fiska aka nada Sakataren Jiha Erik Solheim a ma'aikatar harkokin waje . 

== Sauran ==
Fiska ya zama memba na kwamitin Attac Norway a 2004, kuma shugaban kungiyar yaki da yaki [[Fredsinitiativet]] ('The Peace Initiative') a 2005.  Ta sauka daga Fredsinitiativet a 2008.  Mai fafutukar zaman lafiya Fredrik Heffermehl ne ya ba ta shawarar a matsayin sabon memba na kwamitin Nobel na Norway . 

== Rayuwa ta sirri da ilimi ==
Ta fito daga Bryne,  kuma tana da digiri na farko daga Jami'ar Stavanger .  A 2009 ta sauke karatu da digiri na biyu a tarihi daga Jami'ar Oslo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statsmakta og Lofthusreisinga : styresmaktene si handtering av allmugereisinga i Nedenes og Bratsberg 1786-87. Fiskaa, Ingrid |url=https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/23794 |access-date=10 April 2013 |publisher=DUO, University of Oslo |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A halin yanzu tana cikin dangantaka da Olav Martin Barktveit. A halin yanzu ma'auratan suna cikin Lokaci . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 May 2024 |title=Ingrid Fiskaa om kjæresten, huskjøpet og framtiden på Stortinget |url=https://www.aftenbladet.no/lokalt/i/QMle0J/ingrid-fiskaa-sv-om-privatlivet-huskjoepet-og-gjenvalg-til-stortinget |access-date=6 May 2024 |publisher=[[Stavanger Aftenblad]] |language=nb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin sunayen masu fafutukar zaman lafiya

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{S-start}}
{{S-ppo}}
{{Succession box|title=Leader of the [[Socialist Youth (Norway)|Socialist Youth]]}}
{{S-end}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Ingrid Fiska (an haife shi 16 Afrilun shekarar 1977) ɗan gwagwarmayar Yaren mutanen Norway ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Jam'iyyar Hagu ta Socialist .

== Sana'ar siyasa ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Ta kasance shugabar Matasan Socialist daga shekarar 2002 zuwa 2004, kuma mamba ce ta tsakiya ta Socialist Left Party . 

=== Siyasar jam'iyya ===
A cikin shekarar 2007, ta kasance ƴar takara don zama mataimakiyar shugabar jam'iyyar Socialist Left Party, amma ta sha kashi a hannun Bård Vegar Solhjell a babban taron kasa. 

A ranar 16 ga Disamban shekarar 2022, ta ba da sanarwar takararta na mataimakiyar jagoranci a 2023, yayin da ta kuma amince da Kirsti Bergstø a matsayin shugaba, tana mai nanata amincewar reshen gundumar ta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2022 |title=Fiskaa vil inn i SV-ledelsen – støtter Bergstø som leder |url=https://www.nrk.no/norge/fiskaa-vil-inn-i-sv-ledelsen__-stotter-bergsto-som-leder-1.16221865 |access-date=16 December 2022 |publisher=[[NRK]] |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe ba a zaɓe ta ba kuma zaɓin mataimakiyar shugaba ya sauko zuwa Lars Haltbrekken da Marian Abdi Hussein, tare da ƙarshe ya sami mafi yawan kuri'u a babban taron jam'iyyar a Maris 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 February 2023 |title=Full SV-splittelse om ny nestleder |url=https://www.nrk.no/norge/full-sv-splittelse-om-ny-nestleder-1.16279513 |access-date=2 February 2023 |publisher=[[NRK]] |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 March 2023 |title=Marian Hussein fra Groruddalen valgt til ny nestleder i SV |url=https://www.dagsavisen.no/nyheter/politikk/2023/03/18/marian-hussein-valgt-til-ny-nestleder-i-sv/ |access-date=18 March 2023 |publisher=[[Dagsavisen]] |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Majalisa ===
Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar wakili a Majalisar Norway daga Rogaland daga 1997 zuwa 2005, da 2009 zuwa 2013. An zabe ta a matsayin wakiliyar dindindin bayan zaben 2021 . An kuma nada ta mataimakiyar shugabar Storting ta biyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 October 2021 |title=Nytt presidentskap på plass i Stortinget |url=https://www.adressa.no/nyheter/innenriks/2021/10/09/Nytt-presidentskap-p%C3%A5-plass-i-Stortinget-24686741.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009122836/https://www.adressa.no/nyheter/innenriks/2021/10/09/Nytt-presidentskap-p%C3%A5-plass-i-Stortinget-24686741.ece |archive-date=9 October 2021 |access-date=9 October 2021 |publisher=Adresseavisen |language=Norwegian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gwamnati ===
A cikin Nuwamba 2009, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Stoltenberg ta biyu majalisar ministocin, Fiska aka nada Sakataren Jiha Erik Solheim a ma'aikatar harkokin waje . 

== Sauran ==
Fiska ya zama memba na kwamitin Attac Norway a 2004, kuma shugaban kungiyar yaki da yaki [[Fredsinitiativet]] ('The Peace Initiative') a 2005.  Ta sauka daga Fredsinitiativet a 2008.  Mai fafutukar zaman lafiya Fredrik Heffermehl ne ya ba ta shawarar a matsayin sabon memba na kwamitin Nobel na Norway . 

== Rayuwa ta sirri da ilimi ==
Ta fito daga Bryne,  kuma tana da digiri na farko daga Jami'ar Stavanger .  A 2009 ta sauke karatu da digiri na biyu a tarihi daga Jami'ar Oslo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statsmakta og Lofthusreisinga : styresmaktene si handtering av allmugereisinga i Nedenes og Bratsberg 1786-87. Fiskaa, Ingrid |url=https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/23794 |access-date=10 April 2013 |publisher=DUO, University of Oslo |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A halin yanzu tana cikin dangantaka da Olav Martin Barktveit. A halin yanzu ma'auratan suna cikin Lokaci . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 May 2024 |title=Ingrid Fiskaa om kjæresten, huskjøpet og framtiden på Stortinget |url=https://www.aftenbladet.no/lokalt/i/QMle0J/ingrid-fiskaa-sv-om-privatlivet-huskjoepet-og-gjenvalg-til-stortinget |access-date=6 May 2024 |publisher=[[Stavanger Aftenblad]] |language=nb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin sunayen masu fafutukar zaman lafiya

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{S-start}}
{{S-ppo}}
{{Succession box|title=Leader of the [[Socialist Youth (Norway)|Socialist Youth]]}}
{{S-end}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <revision>
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Ingrid Fiska (an haife shi 16 Afrilun shekarar 1977) ɗan gwagwarmayar Yaren mutanen Norway ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Jam'iyyar Hagu ta Socialist .

== Sana'ar siyasa ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Ta kasance shugabar Matasan Socialist daga shekarar 2002 zuwa 2004, kuma mamba ce ta tsakiya ta Socialist Left Party . 

=== Siyasar jam'iyya ===
A cikin shekarar 2007, ta kasance ƴar takara don zama mataimakiyar shugabar jam'iyyar Socialist Left Party, amma ta sha kashi a hannun Bård Vegar Solhjell a babban taron kasa. 

A ranar 16 ga Disamban shekarar 2022, ta ba da sanarwar takararta na mataimakiyar jagoranci shekarar a 2023, yayin da ta kuma amince da Kirsti Bergstø a matsayin shugaba, tana mai nanata amincewar reshen gundumar ta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2022 |title=Fiskaa vil inn i SV-ledelsen – støtter Bergstø som leder |url=https://www.nrk.no/norge/fiskaa-vil-inn-i-sv-ledelsen__-stotter-bergsto-som-leder-1.16221865 |access-date=16 December 2022 |publisher=[[NRK]] |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe ba a zaɓe ta ba kuma zaɓin mataimakiyar shugaba ya sauko zuwa Lars Haltbrekken da Marian Abdi Hussein, tare da ƙarshe ya sami mafi yawan kuri'u a babban taron jam'iyyar a Maris 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 February 2023 |title=Full SV-splittelse om ny nestleder |url=https://www.nrk.no/norge/full-sv-splittelse-om-ny-nestleder-1.16279513 |access-date=2 February 2023 |publisher=[[NRK]] |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 March 2023 |title=Marian Hussein fra Groruddalen valgt til ny nestleder i SV |url=https://www.dagsavisen.no/nyheter/politikk/2023/03/18/marian-hussein-valgt-til-ny-nestleder-i-sv/ |access-date=18 March 2023 |publisher=[[Dagsavisen]] |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Majalisa ===
Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar wakili a Majalisar Norway daga Rogaland daga 1997 zuwa 2005, da 2009 zuwa 2013. An zabe ta a matsayin wakiliyar dindindin bayan zaben 2021 . An kuma nada ta mataimakiyar shugabar Storting ta biyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 October 2021 |title=Nytt presidentskap på plass i Stortinget |url=https://www.adressa.no/nyheter/innenriks/2021/10/09/Nytt-presidentskap-p%C3%A5-plass-i-Stortinget-24686741.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009122836/https://www.adressa.no/nyheter/innenriks/2021/10/09/Nytt-presidentskap-p%C3%A5-plass-i-Stortinget-24686741.ece |archive-date=9 October 2021 |access-date=9 October 2021 |publisher=Adresseavisen |language=Norwegian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gwamnati ===
A cikin Nuwamba 2009, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Stoltenberg ta biyu majalisar ministocin, Fiska aka nada Sakataren Jiha Erik Solheim a ma'aikatar harkokin waje . 

== Sauran ==
Fiska ya zama memba na kwamitin Attac Norway a 2004, kuma shugaban kungiyar yaki da yaki [[Fredsinitiativet]] ('The Peace Initiative') a 2005.  Ta sauka daga Fredsinitiativet a 2008.  Mai fafutukar zaman lafiya Fredrik Heffermehl ne ya ba ta shawarar a matsayin sabon memba na kwamitin Nobel na Norway . 

== Rayuwa ta sirri da ilimi ==
Ta fito daga Bryne,  kuma tana da digiri na farko daga Jami'ar Stavanger .  A 2009 ta sauke karatu da digiri na biyu a tarihi daga Jami'ar Oslo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statsmakta og Lofthusreisinga : styresmaktene si handtering av allmugereisinga i Nedenes og Bratsberg 1786-87. Fiskaa, Ingrid |url=https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/23794 |access-date=10 April 2013 |publisher=DUO, University of Oslo |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A halin yanzu tana cikin dangantaka da Olav Martin Barktveit. A halin yanzu ma'auratan suna cikin Lokaci . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 May 2024 |title=Ingrid Fiskaa om kjæresten, huskjøpet og framtiden på Stortinget |url=https://www.aftenbladet.no/lokalt/i/QMle0J/ingrid-fiskaa-sv-om-privatlivet-huskjoepet-og-gjenvalg-til-stortinget |access-date=6 May 2024 |publisher=[[Stavanger Aftenblad]] |language=nb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin sunayen masu fafutukar zaman lafiya

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{S-start}}
{{S-ppo}}
{{Succession box|title=Leader of the [[Socialist Youth (Norway)|Socialist Youth]]}}
{{S-end}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Ingrid Fiska (an haife shi 16 Afrilun shekarar 1977) ɗan gwagwarmayar Yaren mutanen Norway ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Jam'iyyar Hagu ta Socialist .

== Sana'ar siyasa ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Ta kasance shugabar Matasan Socialist daga shekarar 2002 zuwa 2004, kuma mamba ce ta tsakiya ta Socialist Left Party . 

=== Siyasar jam'iyya ===
A cikin shekarar 2007, ta kasance ƴar takara don zama mataimakiyar shugabar jam'iyyar Socialist Left Party, amma ta sha kashi a hannun Bård Vegar Solhjell a babban taron kasa. 

A ranar 16 ga Disamban shekarar 2022, ta ba da sanarwar takararta na mataimakiyar jagoranci shekarar a 2023, yayin da ta kuma amince da Kirsti Bergstø a matsayin shugaba, tana mai nanata amincewar reshen gundumar ta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2022 |title=Fiskaa vil inn i SV-ledelsen – støtter Bergstø som leder |url=https://www.nrk.no/norge/fiskaa-vil-inn-i-sv-ledelsen__-stotter-bergsto-som-leder-1.16221865 |access-date=16 December 2022 |publisher=[[NRK]] |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe ba a zaɓe ta ba kuma zaɓin mataimakiyar shugaba ya sauko zuwa Lars Haltbrekken da Marian Abdi Hussein, tare da ƙarshe ya sami mafi yawan kuri'u a babban taron jam'iyyar a Maris 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 February 2023 |title=Full SV-splittelse om ny nestleder |url=https://www.nrk.no/norge/full-sv-splittelse-om-ny-nestleder-1.16279513 |access-date=2 February 2023 |publisher=[[NRK]] |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 March 2023 |title=Marian Hussein fra Groruddalen valgt til ny nestleder i SV |url=https://www.dagsavisen.no/nyheter/politikk/2023/03/18/marian-hussein-valgt-til-ny-nestleder-i-sv/ |access-date=18 March 2023 |publisher=[[Dagsavisen]] |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Majalisa ===
Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar wakili a Majalisar Norway daga Rogaland daga shekarar 1997 zuwa 2005, da 2009 zuwa 2013. An zabe ta a matsayin wakiliyar dindindin bayan zaben 2021 . An kuma nada ta mataimakiyar shugabar Storting ta biyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 October 2021 |title=Nytt presidentskap på plass i Stortinget |url=https://www.adressa.no/nyheter/innenriks/2021/10/09/Nytt-presidentskap-p%C3%A5-plass-i-Stortinget-24686741.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009122836/https://www.adressa.no/nyheter/innenriks/2021/10/09/Nytt-presidentskap-p%C3%A5-plass-i-Stortinget-24686741.ece |archive-date=9 October 2021 |access-date=9 October 2021 |publisher=Adresseavisen |language=Norwegian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gwamnati ===
A cikin Nuwamba 2009, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Stoltenberg ta biyu majalisar ministocin, Fiska aka nada Sakataren Jiha Erik Solheim a ma'aikatar harkokin waje . 

== Sauran ==
Fiska ya zama memba na kwamitin Attac Norway a 2004, kuma shugaban kungiyar yaki da yaki [[Fredsinitiativet]] ('The Peace Initiative') a 2005.  Ta sauka daga Fredsinitiativet a 2008.  Mai fafutukar zaman lafiya Fredrik Heffermehl ne ya ba ta shawarar a matsayin sabon memba na kwamitin Nobel na Norway . 

== Rayuwa ta sirri da ilimi ==
Ta fito daga Bryne,  kuma tana da digiri na farko daga Jami'ar Stavanger .  A 2009 ta sauke karatu da digiri na biyu a tarihi daga Jami'ar Oslo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statsmakta og Lofthusreisinga : styresmaktene si handtering av allmugereisinga i Nedenes og Bratsberg 1786-87. Fiskaa, Ingrid |url=https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/23794 |access-date=10 April 2013 |publisher=DUO, University of Oslo |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A halin yanzu tana cikin dangantaka da Olav Martin Barktveit. A halin yanzu ma'auratan suna cikin Lokaci . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 May 2024 |title=Ingrid Fiskaa om kjæresten, huskjøpet og framtiden på Stortinget |url=https://www.aftenbladet.no/lokalt/i/QMle0J/ingrid-fiskaa-sv-om-privatlivet-huskjoepet-og-gjenvalg-til-stortinget |access-date=6 May 2024 |publisher=[[Stavanger Aftenblad]] |language=nb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin sunayen masu fafutukar zaman lafiya

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{S-start}}
{{S-ppo}}
{{Succession box|title=Leader of the [[Socialist Youth (Norway)|Socialist Youth]]}}
{{S-end}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Ingrid Fiska (an haife shi 16 Afrilun shekarar 1977) ɗan gwagwarmayar Yaren mutanen Norway ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Jam'iyyar Hagu ta Socialist .

== Sana'ar siyasa ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Ta kasance shugabar Matasan Socialist daga shekarar 2002 zuwa 2004, kuma mamba ce ta tsakiya ta Socialist Left Party . 

=== Siyasar jam'iyya ===
A cikin shekarar 2007, ta kasance ƴar takara don zama mataimakiyar shugabar jam'iyyar Socialist Left Party, amma ta sha kashi a hannun Bård Vegar Solhjell a babban taron kasa. 

A ranar 16 ga Disamban shekarar 2022, ta ba da sanarwar takararta na mataimakiyar jagoranci shekarar a 2023, yayin da ta kuma amince da Kirsti Bergstø a matsayin shugaba, tana mai nanata amincewar reshen gundumar ta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2022 |title=Fiskaa vil inn i SV-ledelsen – støtter Bergstø som leder |url=https://www.nrk.no/norge/fiskaa-vil-inn-i-sv-ledelsen__-stotter-bergsto-som-leder-1.16221865 |access-date=16 December 2022 |publisher=[[NRK]] |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe ba a zaɓe ta ba kuma zaɓin mataimakiyar shugaba ya sauko zuwa Lars Haltbrekken da Marian Abdi Hussein, tare da ƙarshe ya sami mafi yawan kuri'u a babban taron jam'iyyar a Maris 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 February 2023 |title=Full SV-splittelse om ny nestleder |url=https://www.nrk.no/norge/full-sv-splittelse-om-ny-nestleder-1.16279513 |access-date=2 February 2023 |publisher=[[NRK]] |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 March 2023 |title=Marian Hussein fra Groruddalen valgt til ny nestleder i SV |url=https://www.dagsavisen.no/nyheter/politikk/2023/03/18/marian-hussein-valgt-til-ny-nestleder-i-sv/ |access-date=18 March 2023 |publisher=[[Dagsavisen]] |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Majalisa ===
Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar wakili a Majalisar Norway daga Rogaland daga shekarar 1997 zuwa 2005, da 2009 zuwa 2013. An zabe ta a matsayin wakiliyar dindindin bayan zaben 2021 . An kuma nada ta mataimakiyar shugabar Storting ta biyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 October 2021 |title=Nytt presidentskap på plass i Stortinget |url=https://www.adressa.no/nyheter/innenriks/2021/10/09/Nytt-presidentskap-p%C3%A5-plass-i-Stortinget-24686741.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009122836/https://www.adressa.no/nyheter/innenriks/2021/10/09/Nytt-presidentskap-p%C3%A5-plass-i-Stortinget-24686741.ece |archive-date=9 October 2021 |access-date=9 October 2021 |publisher=Adresseavisen |language=Norwegian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gwamnati ===
A cikin Nuwamban shekarar 2009, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Stoltenberg ta biyu majalisar ministocin, Fiska aka nada Sakataren Jiha Erik Solheim a ma'aikatar harkokin waje . 

== Sauran ==
Fiska ya zama memba na kwamitin Attac Norway a 2004, kuma shugaban kungiyar yaki da yaki [[Fredsinitiativet]] ('The Peace Initiative') a 2005.  Ta sauka daga Fredsinitiativet a 2008.  Mai fafutukar zaman lafiya Fredrik Heffermehl ne ya ba ta shawarar a matsayin sabon memba na kwamitin Nobel na Norway . 

== Rayuwa ta sirri da ilimi ==
Ta fito daga Bryne,  kuma tana da digiri na farko daga Jami'ar Stavanger .  A 2009 ta sauke karatu da digiri na biyu a tarihi daga Jami'ar Oslo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statsmakta og Lofthusreisinga : styresmaktene si handtering av allmugereisinga i Nedenes og Bratsberg 1786-87. Fiskaa, Ingrid |url=https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/23794 |access-date=10 April 2013 |publisher=DUO, University of Oslo |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A halin yanzu tana cikin dangantaka da Olav Martin Barktveit. A halin yanzu ma'auratan suna cikin Lokaci . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 May 2024 |title=Ingrid Fiskaa om kjæresten, huskjøpet og framtiden på Stortinget |url=https://www.aftenbladet.no/lokalt/i/QMle0J/ingrid-fiskaa-sv-om-privatlivet-huskjoepet-og-gjenvalg-til-stortinget |access-date=6 May 2024 |publisher=[[Stavanger Aftenblad]] |language=nb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin sunayen masu fafutukar zaman lafiya

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{S-start}}
{{S-ppo}}
{{Succession box|title=Leader of the [[Socialist Youth (Norway)|Socialist Youth]]}}
{{S-end}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gunhild Tegen</title>
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      <text bytes="5084" sha1="du73039etu8tj7kq7jky3mpm5us6mk3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Gunhild_Tegen.jpg|thumb| Gunhild Tegen]]
Gunhild Maria Elisabet Tegen née Nordling, sunan alkalami Tilja, (1889-1970) marubuciya ce ta [[Sweden]], mai fassara kuma mai fafutukar zaman lafiya . Baya ga gajerun labarai da ayyukan tarihin rayuwa, a shekara ta 1935 ta rubuta wani rubutun fim mai suna En judisk tragedi (A Jewish Tragedy) bisa matsalolin da [[Yahudawa]] ke fuskanta a Turai. Tun daga farkon yakin duniya na biyu, Tegen ya kasance mai himma wajen tallafawa 'yan gudun hijira da kuma ba da gudummawa ga yunƙurin zaman lafiya. A shekara ta 1945, a matsayin editan De dödsdömda vittna (Shaidar da aka hukunta), ta nemi ta gabatar da asusun da aka tattara daga ƴan gudun hijirar [[Yahudawa]], musamman daga waɗanda aka tsare a sansanonin fursuna . [1] [2] [3]

== Rayuwar farko da iyali ==
An kuma haife shi a ranar 15 ga Agustan shekarar 1889 a ƙauyen Njurunda kusa da Sundsvall a yammacin gabar tekun Sweden, Gunhild Maria Elisabet Nordling 'yar Johan Petter Nordling ce (1854-1912), kyaftin na teku, da matarsa Maria Erika née Dahlén (1857-1931). Ita ce babbar 'ya'yan gidan guda biyar, ta kira kanta a matsayin Alfa ko Ettan (Lamba ɗaya). An haife ta a tsibirin Alnön da ke kusa, ta yi karatun sakandare a shekarar 1909, ta sami difloma na koyarwa a makarantar firamare a 1910 kuma ta ci gaba da karatu a [[Jami'ar Uppsala]] (1911-1912). A 1915, ta auri farfesa falsafa Einar Tegen (1884-1965) wanda ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu: Inga (1916) da Martin (1919). &lt;ref name=&quot;skbl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Neuhauser, Charlott |date=8 March 2018 |title=Gunhild Maria Elisabet Tegen |url=https://skbl.se/en/article/GunhildTegen |access-date=30 January 2023 |publisher=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;sm&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gunhild Tegen 1889-1970 |url=https://sundsvallsminnen.se/manniskor/forfattare/gunhild-tegen-1889-1970/ |access-date=31 January 2023 |publisher=Sundsvallsminnen |language=sv}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
An fara ɗaukar Tegen aiki a matsayin malami a makarantar mata ta Sundsvall (1913-1914). Bayan aurenta, a cikin shekarun 1920 ta yi aiki a matsayin marubuci a jaridu daban-daban, kuma tana ba da gudummawar gajerun labarai. A cikin 1929, ta zana rayuwarta a Uppsala, ta buga littafinta na farko ''Eros i Uppsala'' a ƙarƙashin sunan alkalami Tor Tilja. &lt;ref name=&quot;skbl&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;rv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 July 2019 |title=Gunhild Tegen |url=https://www.rvn.se/sv/Utveckling/Kultur-och-bibliotek/litteratur-vasternorrland/forfattarportratt/forfattare/Gunhild-Tegen/ |access-date=30 January 2023 |publisher=Region Västernorrland |language=sv }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Don ta ba da gudummawa ga samun kuɗin iyali, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara. &lt;ref name=&quot;sm&quot;/&gt; Bayan alƙawura na ilimi na Einar Tegen, dangin sun ƙaura zuwa Lund a 1931 da Stockholm a 1937. &lt;ref name=&quot;skbl&quot; /&gt;

Wani rahoton jaridar 1934 daga dan majalisar dokokin Jamus Gerhart Seger wanda ya tsere daga sansanin fursuna da aka tsare shi a shekara ta 1933, Tegen ya rubuta rubutun fim kan matsalolin da Yahudawan Jamus ke fuskanta mai suna ''En judisk tragedi'' (Babban Bala'in Yahudawa). Ko da yake ya sami ambaton girmamawa a gasar Svensk Industri, bai haifar da fim ba amma an buga shi a cikin littafi a cikin 1935 ta Lunds Studenters Filmstudio tare da kalmar farko ta Marika Stiernstedt . &lt;ref name=&quot;skbl&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=En judisk tragedi : filmmanuskript |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/33820517 |access-date=31 January 2023 |publisher=WorldCat |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Nuwamba 1934, ta ba da gudummawar labarin mai suna &quot;Vem vil krig?&quot; (Wanene Yake So?) zuwa ga jaridar gida ''Lunds Dagblad'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;skbl&quot; /&gt;

A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], tare da mijinta Tegen sun ziyarci [[Amurka]], suna ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru a ''Jorden runt i krigstid'' (Zagaye na Duniya a lokacin Yaƙi). Don gujewa tashin hankali, ma'auratan sun yi tafiya zuwa [[San Francisco]] ta Rasha, Siberiya da [[Japan]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1942 |title=På jorden-runt-resa under krig |url=https://runeberg.org/folklig/1942/0360.html |access-date=1 February 2021 |publisher=Folklig Kultur, Årgåang VII |page=348 |language=sv}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1945, a matsayin editan De dödsdömda vittna (Shaidar da aka hukunta), ta nemi ta gabatar da asusun da aka tattara daga ’yan gudun hijira [[Yahudawa]], musamman daga waɗanda ake tsare da su a sansanonin fursuna. &lt;ref name=&quot;yerusha&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive of Gunhild Tegen |url=https://www.yerusha-search.eu/viewer/metadata/JMS-0077/ |access-date=30 January 2023 |publisher=Yerusha |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tegen ya kasance memba na kungiyoyi daban-daban na zaman lafiya da suka hada da Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya don Zaman Lafiya da 'Yanci da Världssamling för fred (Initiative for Peace). &lt;ref name=&quot;skbl&quot;/&gt;

Gunhild Tegen ya mutu a [[Stockholm]] a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1970. &lt;ref name=&quot;skbl&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1970]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5093" sha1="juwvt0hs1unw24spr4nuf30o2td56vb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Gunhild_Tegen.jpg|thumb| Gunhild Tegen]]
Gunhild Maria Elisabet Tegen née Nordling, sunan alkalami Tilja, (1889-1970) marubuciya ce ta [[Sweden]], mai fassara kuma mai fafutukar zaman lafiya . Baya ga gajerun labarai da ayyukan tarihin rayuwa, a shekara ta 1935 ta rubuta wani rubutun fim mai suna En judisk tragedi (A Jewish Tragedy) bisa matsalolin da [[Yahudawa]] ke fuskanta a Turai. Tun daga farkon yakin duniya na biyu, Tegen ya kasance mai himma wajen tallafawa 'yan gudun hijira da kuma ba da gudummawa ga yunƙurin zaman lafiya. A shekara ta 1945, a matsayin editan De dödsdömda vittna (Shaidar da aka hukunta), ta nemi ta gabatar da asusun da aka tattara daga ƴan gudun hijirar [[Yahudawa]], musamman daga waɗanda aka tsare a sansanonin fursuna . [1] [2] [3]

== Rayuwar farko da iyali ==
An kuma haife shi a ranar 15 ga Agustan shekarar 1889 a ƙauyen Njurunda kusa da Sundsvall a yammacin gabar tekun Sweden, Gunhild Maria Elisabet Nordling 'yar Johan Petter Nordling ce (1854-1912), kyaftin na teku, da matarsa Maria Erika née Dahlén (1857-1931). Ita ce babbar 'ya'yan gidan guda biyar, ta kira kanta a matsayin Alfa ko Ettan (Lamba ɗaya). An haife ta a tsibirin Alnön da ke kusa, ta yi karatun sakandare a shekarar 1909, ta sami difloma na koyarwa a makarantar firamare a 1910 kuma ta ci gaba da karatu a [[Jami'ar Uppsala]] (1911-1912). A 1915, ta auri farfesa falsafa Einar Tegen (1884-1965) wanda ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu: Inga (1916) da Martin (1919). &lt;ref name=&quot;skbl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Neuhauser, Charlott |date=8 March 2018 |title=Gunhild Maria Elisabet Tegen |url=https://skbl.se/en/article/GunhildTegen |access-date=30 January 2023 |publisher=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;sm&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gunhild Tegen 1889-1970 |url=https://sundsvallsminnen.se/manniskor/forfattare/gunhild-tegen-1889-1970/ |access-date=31 January 2023 |publisher=Sundsvallsminnen |language=sv}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
An fara ɗaukar Tegen aiki a matsayin malami a makarantar mata ta Sundsvall (1913-1914). Bayan aurenta, a cikin shekarun 1920 ta yi aiki a matsayin marubuci a jaridu daban-daban, kuma tana ba da gudummawar gajerun labarai. A cikin shekarar 1929, ta zana rayuwarta a Uppsala, ta buga littafinta na farko ''Eros i Uppsala'' a ƙarƙashin sunan alkalami Tor Tilja. &lt;ref name=&quot;skbl&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;rv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 July 2019 |title=Gunhild Tegen |url=https://www.rvn.se/sv/Utveckling/Kultur-och-bibliotek/litteratur-vasternorrland/forfattarportratt/forfattare/Gunhild-Tegen/ |access-date=30 January 2023 |publisher=Region Västernorrland |language=sv }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Don ta ba da gudummawa ga samun kuɗin iyali, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara. &lt;ref name=&quot;sm&quot;/&gt; Bayan alƙawura na ilimi na Einar Tegen, dangin sun ƙaura zuwa Lund a 1931 da Stockholm a 1937. &lt;ref name=&quot;skbl&quot; /&gt;

Wani rahoton jaridar 1934 daga dan majalisar dokokin Jamus Gerhart Seger wanda ya tsere daga sansanin fursuna da aka tsare shi a shekara ta 1933, Tegen ya rubuta rubutun fim kan matsalolin da Yahudawan Jamus ke fuskanta mai suna ''En judisk tragedi'' (Babban Bala'in Yahudawa). Ko da yake ya sami ambaton girmamawa a gasar Svensk Industri, bai haifar da fim ba amma an buga shi a cikin littafi a cikin 1935 ta Lunds Studenters Filmstudio tare da kalmar farko ta Marika Stiernstedt . &lt;ref name=&quot;skbl&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=En judisk tragedi : filmmanuskript |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/33820517 |access-date=31 January 2023 |publisher=WorldCat |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Nuwamba 1934, ta ba da gudummawar labarin mai suna &quot;Vem vil krig?&quot; (Wanene Yake So?) zuwa ga jaridar gida ''Lunds Dagblad'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;skbl&quot; /&gt;

A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], tare da mijinta Tegen sun ziyarci [[Amurka]], suna ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru a ''Jorden runt i krigstid'' (Zagaye na Duniya a lokacin Yaƙi). Don gujewa tashin hankali, ma'auratan sun yi tafiya zuwa [[San Francisco]] ta Rasha, Siberiya da [[Japan]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1942 |title=På jorden-runt-resa under krig |url=https://runeberg.org/folklig/1942/0360.html |access-date=1 February 2021 |publisher=Folklig Kultur, Årgåang VII |page=348 |language=sv}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1945, a matsayin editan De dödsdömda vittna (Shaidar da aka hukunta), ta nemi ta gabatar da asusun da aka tattara daga ’yan gudun hijira [[Yahudawa]], musamman daga waɗanda ake tsare da su a sansanonin fursuna. &lt;ref name=&quot;yerusha&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive of Gunhild Tegen |url=https://www.yerusha-search.eu/viewer/metadata/JMS-0077/ |access-date=30 January 2023 |publisher=Yerusha |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tegen ya kasance memba na kungiyoyi daban-daban na zaman lafiya da suka hada da Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya don Zaman Lafiya da 'Yanci da Världssamling för fred (Initiative for Peace). &lt;ref name=&quot;skbl&quot;/&gt;

Gunhild Tegen ya mutu a [[Stockholm]] a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1970. &lt;ref name=&quot;skbl&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1970]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Helene Stähelin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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[[Fayil:Rosenblatt_Stahelin_Tonolo_Zullig_Zurich1932.tif|thumb| ''Hagu zuwa dama:'' {{Interlanguage link|Alfred Rosenblatt|es}}, Helene Stähelin (a baya), {{Interlanguage link|Angelo Tonolo|it}}, da J. Züllig, a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Mathematicians, Zürich 1932]]
'''Helene Stähelin''' (18 Yuli 1891 [[Wintersingen]] - 30 Disamba 1970 [[Basel]] ) ma'aikaciyar lissafin Switzerland ce, malami, kuma mai fafutukar zaman lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nipp.20142&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Manuela Nipp |title=Personenlexikon des Kanton Basel-Landschaft &amp;mdash; Helene Stähelin |url=https://personenlexikon.bl.ch/Helene_St%C3%A4helin |access-date=25 Jun 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912103142/https://personenlexikon.bl.ch/Helene_St%C3%A4helin |archive-date=12 September 2017 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsakanin 1948 zuwa 1967, ta kasance shugabar sashin Swiss na [[Women's International League for Peace and Freedom|Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya don Zaman Lafiya da 'Yanci]] da wakilinta a Majalisar Aminci ta Swiss. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ludi.19982&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Regula Ludi |title=No 12 &amp;mdash; Stähelin, Helene |url=http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D21110.php |access-date=25 Jun 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Willi.00002&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Irene Willi |title=Geschichte der WILPFSchweiz &amp;mdash; Eine Bewegung entsteht |url=http://www.wilpfschweiz.ch/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=34&amp;Itemid=45 |access-date=25 Jun 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da aikin kimiyya ==
Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin yara goma sha biyu na parson Gustav Stähelin (1858 &amp;#x2013; 1934) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Online Catalogue of the State Archives Basel-Stadt &amp;mdash; PA 182a B 55 Gustav Stähelin-Lieb (1858-1934), Pfr. § 113 bzw. 207 neu, s.d. (sine dato) (Serie) |url=https://query.staatsarchiv.bs.ch/query/detail.aspx?ID=421954 |access-date=25 Jun 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; da matarsa Luise, née Lieb. A 1894, iyalin sun tashi daga Wintersingen zuwa Allschwil. Helene Stähelin ta halarci ''Töchterschule'' Basel da Jami'o'in Basel da Göttingen . A cikin 1922, ta zama malamar lissafi da kimiyyar halitta a ''Töchterinstitut'' &lt;sup&gt;( [[:de:Ftan#Bildung|de]] )&lt;/sup&gt; a Ftan . &lt;ref name=&quot;Nipp.2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Manuela Nipp |title=Personenlexikon des Kanton Basel-Landschaft &amp;mdash; Helene Stähelin |url=https://personenlexikon.bl.ch/Helene_St%C3%A4helin |access-date=25 Jun 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912103142/https://personenlexikon.bl.ch/Helene_St%C3%A4helin |archive-date=12 September 2017 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 1924, ta sami ''Dr.phil.'' digiri &lt;ref name=&quot;query.staatsarchiv.bs.ch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Online Catalogue of the State Archives Basel-Stadt &amp;mdash; PA 182a B 90 Helene Staehelin (1891-1971), Dr. phil. § 207,4 neu, 1955 (Serie) |url=https://query.staatsarchiv.bs.ch/query/detail.aspx?ID=422294 |access-date=25 Jun 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; daga Jami'ar Basel don karatunta ''Die charakterristischen Zahlen analytischer Kurven auf dem Kegel zweiter Ordnung und ihrer Studyschen Bildkurven'', [[Hans Mohrmann]] da {{Interlanguage link|Otto Spiess|de}} suka ba da shawara. . &lt;ref name=&quot;Nipp.2014&quot; /&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Helene Stähelin |year=1925 |title=Die charakteristischen Zahlen analytischer Kurven auf dem Kegel zweiter Ordnung und ihrer Studyschen Bildkurven |url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/PPN235181684_0093/PPN235181684_0093___LOG_0019.pdf |journal=[[Mathematische Annalen]] |volume=93 |pages=217–229 |doi=10.1007/BF01449961 |s2cid=118344883}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 1926, ta zama memba na Swiss Mathematical Society . Tsakanin 1934 da 1956, Helene Stähelin ta yi aiki a matsayin malami a makarantar sakandare ta Furotesta a Zug . Bayan ta karbi fansho ta koma Basel, inda ta taimaka na shekaru da yawa ga Otto Spiess ta gyara wasikun dangin Bernoulli . &lt;ref name=&quot;Nipp.2014&quot; /&gt; 

== Harkar siyasa ==
Da yake kasancewa mai son zaman lafiya, Helene Stähelin ta sadaukar da kanta ga Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya don Aminci da 'Yanci ( ''Internationale Frauenliga für Frieden und Freiheit'', IFFF) da gwagwarmayar yaki da yakin kimiyya. Ta kasance shugabar sashin Swiss na IFFF a cikin 1947 &amp;#x2013; 1967, manyan batutuwan su ne Majalisar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Dinkin Duniya]], [[makaman nukiliya]], da Yaƙin Vietnam . &lt;ref name=&quot;Nipp.2014&quot;/&gt; Saboda yunƙurin zaman lafiya da take yi, hukumomin Switzerland sun sa mata kallon a tsakiyar 1950s, &lt;ref name=&quot;Nipp.2014&quot; /&gt; fayil ɗinta a {{Interlanguage link|Swiss Public Prosecutor General|de|Schweizerische Bundesanwaltschaft}} an kiyaye shi har zuwa 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;query.staatsarchiv.bs.ch&quot;/&gt; Helene Stähelin kuma ta kasance mai fafutuka wajen neman zaɓen mata a Switzerland . &lt;ref name=&quot;Nipp.2014&quot; /&gt; Ko da yake Stähelin kanta ba ta taɓa samun kuri'ar mata ba.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin sunayen masu fafutukar zaman lafiya

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1970]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1891]]
[[Rukuni:'Yan lissafin Switzerland]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hindia Haji Mohamed</title>
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'''Hindia Haji Mohamed''', (kamar [[Somaliya|1988]] &amp;#x2013; Disamba 3, 2015), yar jarida mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo da TV kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen Rediyo Mogadishu da Gidan Talabijin na Somaliya a [[Mogadishu]], [[Somaliya]], na daya daga cikin 'yan jarida da dama da aka kashe a lokacin yakin basasar Somaliya . Ita da mijinta Liban Ali Nur dukkansu suna cikin ‘yan jaridan da aka kashe wanda hakan ya sanya su cikin ‘yan matan aure da aka kashe a duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;cpj&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hindia Haji Mohamed - Journalists Killed |url=https://cpj.org/killed/2015/hindia-haji-mohamed.php |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Somalia Comment: Killing of Hindia Haji Mohamed |url=http://sihanet.org/features/somalia-comment-killing-hindia-haji-mohamed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306030529/http://www.sihanet.org/features/somalia-comment-killing-hindia-haji-mohamed |archive-date=6 March 2017 |access-date=13 February 2017 |website=Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Na sirri ==
Mohamed ya kasance uwa ga yara biyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;cpj&quot;/&gt; Ta yi aure da Liban Ali Nur, wanda shi ma dan jarida ne a Somaliya. &lt;ref name=&quot;cpjhusband&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Liban Ali Nur - Journalists Killed - Committee to Protect Journalists |url=https://cpj.org/killed/2012/liban-ali-nur.php |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2012, an kashe mijin Mohamed a wani harin kunar bakin wake da aka kai a wani gidan cin abinci a Mogadishu tare da wasu 14 tare da jikkata wasu kusan 20. &lt;ref name=&quot;cpjhusband&quot; /&gt; Mohamed ya kasance yana daukar darasi a jami'ar kasa da kasa ta Somaliya kuma yana karanta huldar kasa da kasa da diflomasiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;cpj&quot; /&gt; Tana da shekaru 27 a lokacin da aka kashe ta kuma an binne ta a Mogadishu. &lt;ref name=&quot;allafrica1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Som |first=Maalik |date=4 December 2015 |title=Somalian Journalist, Hindi Succumbs to Injuries Sustained in Explosion |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201512040286.html |publisher= |via=AllAfrica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Hindia yar jarida ce mai watsa shirye-shirye ta Radio Mogadishu kuma mai gabatar da talabijin na gidan Talabijin na Somaliya. &lt;ref name=&quot;cpj&quot;/&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
An kashe Mohamed ne a wani harin bam da aka kai da mota a ranar 3 ga Disamba, 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;yahoo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Somali journalist killed in car bombing: colleagues |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/somali-journalist-killed-car-bombing-colleagues-200244201.html?ref=gs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718210312/https://www.yahoo.com/news/somali-journalist-killed-car-bombing-colleagues-200244201.html?ref=gs |archive-date=2022-07-18 |access-date=2016-09-22 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;newindianexpress&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Woman journalist shot dead in Somalia |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/Woman-journalist-shot-dead-in-Somalia/2016/06/06/article3469263.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607111459/http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/Woman-journalist-shot-dead-in-Somalia/2016/06/06/article3469263.ece |archive-date=June 7, 2016 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mohamed na kan hanyarta ta komawa gida daga Jami'ar International University (SIU). &lt;ref name=&quot;nuj&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=IFJ condemns murder of Hindiyo Haji Mohamed in Somalia |url=https://www.nuj.org.uk/news/ifj-condemns-murder-of-hindiyo-haji-mohamed-in-somalia/ |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dasa bam din a karkashin kujerarta kuma an kunna ta ne a lokacin da ya tashi. &lt;ref name=&quot;cpj&quot;/&gt; An garzaya da ita asibiti saboda raunukan da suka samu amma ta mutu ba da dadewa ba bayan isowarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;cpj&quot; /&gt; An tayar da bam din ne a wajen ofishin jakadancin Turkiyya da ke Mogadishu. &lt;ref name=&quot;allafrica1&quot;/&gt;

Kungiyar da ta dauki alhakin kai harin ita ce kungiyar [[Al-Shabaab (ƙungiyar Mayaƙa)|Al-Shabaab]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;cpj&quot;/&gt; An yanke wa wasu mambobi biyu na wannan kungiya da laifin kashe Mohammed. &lt;ref name=&quot;allafrica2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 March 2016 |title=Somalia: Somali Female Journalist Killers Sentenced to Death |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201603210135.html |publisher= |via=AllAfrica}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yankewa Abdirisack Mohamed Barrow da Hassan Nur Ali Farah hukuncin kisa ta hanyar harbe-harbe. &lt;ref name=&quot;cpj&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;allafrica2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;goobjoog1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 March 2016 |title=Somali military court upholds death sentence for female journalist killers |url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=26633 |publisher=}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;goobjoog2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 April 2016 |title=Somali military court executes two female journalist killers |url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=27542 |publisher= |access-date=28 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409114640/http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=27542 |archive-date=9 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma yanke wa wasu mutane hudu hukunci. Moalim Mohamed Abukar da Mohamed Sheikh Yussuf dukkansu an yanke musu hukuncin daurin rai da rai bayan harin da kuma wasu biyu da aka yanke musu hukuncin daurin shekaru 10 zuwa 15. &lt;ref name=&quot;cpj&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;goobjoog1&quot; /&gt; Wadannan mutane suna cikin kungiyar Al-Shabaab. &lt;ref name=&quot;goobjoog2&quot; /&gt;
{{Location map+|Somalia}}

== Magana ==
Somaliya kasa ce mai hadari ga 'yan jarida. Kungiyar Reporters Without Borders ta sanya Somalia a matsayin &quot;Yancin Jarida&quot; a matsayin kasashe 172 daga cikin 180 na 'yancin 'yan jarida. Mohamed shi ne dan jarida na 38 da aka kashe a can tun shekara ta 2010. 'Yan jarida a Somaliya na fuskantar hare-hare akai-akai, da yin garkuwa da su da kuma tsoratarwa. Har ila yau Somaliya tana da tsauraran takunkumin kafofin watsa labarai, da kuma cin tara mai yawa kan laifuka. An tilastawa wasu 'yan jarida a Somaliya tserewa daga kasar. Akwai iyakataccen albarkatun da aka ware don tabbatar da tsaron lafiyar 'yan jarida, wanda ke sa su zama masu hari yayin yakin basasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 April 2016 |title=Somalia executes two Shebab fighters for killing journalist |url=http://guardian.ng/news/somalia-executes-two-shebab-fighters-for-killing-journalist/ |publisher=The Guardian (UK)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Martani ==
Irina Bokova, babbar darektar [[UNESCO|Hukumar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], ta ce, &quot;Na yi Allah wadai da kisan gillar da aka yi wa Indiya Haji Mohamed. Kafofin yada labarai masu zaman kansu da na jama'a suna da matukar muhimmanci ga 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki kuma ba za su iya aiki ba tare da sadaukar da kai na 'yan jarida ba. Yana da matukar muhimmanci ga al'ummar Somalia baki daya cewa an gurfanar da wadanda suka aikata wannan laifi a gaban kotu.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Director-General condemns killing of reporter Hindiya Haji Mohamed in Mogadishu |url=https://en.unesco.org/news/director-general-condemns-killing-reporter-hindiya-haji-mohamed-mogadishu?language=en |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Omar Frank Osman, sakataren kungiyar NUSOJ, ya ce, &quot;Dukkanmu muna jimamin wannan mummunan kisan gilla da aka yi wa Hindiyo Haji Mohamed wanda kuma wani abin tunatarwa ne game da hadarin da 'yan jaridun Somaliya ke ci gaba da fuskanta akai-akai. Wannan kisan gilla ne, da nufin kawar da Hindiyo da gangan. Wadanda suke neman cutar da jama'ar da ba su ji ba, ciki har da 'yan jarida, suna bukatar a yi Allah-wadai da farautar abin da suka aikata.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;nuj&quot;/&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin sunayen 'yan jaridar da aka kashe a yakin basasar Somaliya
* Kisan Sagar Sarowar da Meherun Runi, wasu ma'auratan da aka kashe saboda aikin jarida
* Lokacin 2015 na Yaƙin Somaliya

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Ƴar Jarida]]</text>
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    <title>Jerin yankuna da jihohin Afirka ta hanyar mulkin mallaka</title>
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Wannan jerin ranakun da ƙasashen [[Afirka]] suka faɗa hannun ƴanmulkin mallaka ga [[Turai|Turawa]] suka rasa ƴancin kai.

== Jerin ==
== Jeri ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Suna
! Shekara
! Ƙasar Mulkin Mallaka
|-
| Maroko 
| 1912 
| Faransa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ƙungiyar Ƙishin Ƙasa ta Maroko da Yakin Adawa da Mulkin Mallaka daga 1925 zuwa 1944 |url=https://al-kindipublisher.com/index.php/jhsss/article/download/2105/1797/5026 |access-date=2025-06-22 |archive-date=2024-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612045125/https://www.al-kindipublisher.com/index.php/jhsss/article/download/2105/1797/5026 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Libya 
| 1911 
| Italiya&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bodetti |first=Austin |date=2021-11-01 |title=Tarihin Mulkin Mallaka na Italiya da Ba a San Shi Ba a Libya da Somaliya |url=https://insidearabia.com/italys-little-known-colonial-legacy-in-libya-and-somalia/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Inside Arabia |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Daular Fulani 
| 1903 
| Faransa da Ƙasar Ingila
|-
| Swaziland 
| 1902 
| Ƙasar Ingila&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eswatini - Gudanarwar Mulkin Mallaka {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Eswatini/Colonial-administration |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Tarayyar Ashanti 
| 1900 
| Ƙasar Ingila
|-
| Burundi 
| 1893 
| Jamus&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Burundi {{!}} Tarihin Afirka ta Kudu Kan Layi |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/burundi#:~:text=Burundi%20is%20a%20relatively%20small,and%20then%20Belgium%20%5Bii%5D%20. |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Mulkin Nri 
| 1911 
| Ƙasar Ingila
|-
| Mulkin Benin 
| 1897 
| Ƙasar Ingila
|-
| Bunyoro 
| 1899 
| Ƙasar Ingila
|-
| Dahomey 
| 1894 
| Faransa
|-
| Rwanda 
| 1894 
| Jamus&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CORRESPONDENT |first=Michael Coard TRIBUNE |title='94 Kisan Kiyam na Rwanda ya Bayyana Mulkin Mallaka na Afirka mai Kisa na Turai |url=https://www.phillytrib.com/commentary/michaelcoard/94-rwanda-massacre-exposes-europes-murderous-african-colonization/article_22dbe93b-f336-55de-9170-3c11ac201c9d.html |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Jaridar Philadelphia Tribune |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804165320/https://www.phillytrib.com/commentary/michaelcoard/94-rwanda-massacre-exposes-europes-murderous-african-colonization/article_22dbe93b-f336-55de-9170-3c11ac201c9d.html |archive-date=2022-08-04 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Oubangui-Chari 
| 1894 
| Faransa
|-
| Mthwakazi 
| 1893 
| Ƙasar Ingila
|-
| Ijebu 
| 1892 
| Ƙasar Ingila
|-
| Bechuanaland 
| 1885 
| Ƙasar Ingila
|-
| Merina 
| 1885 
| Faransa
|-
| Afirka ta Kudu 
| 1879 
| Ƙasar Ingila
|-
| Tarayyar Fante 
| 1874 
| Ƙasar Ingila
|-
| Basutoland 
| 1868 
| Ƙasar Ingila
|-
| Tunisia 
| 1881 
| Faransa
|-
| Comoros 
| 1843 
| Faransa
|-
| Aljeriya 
| 1830 
| Faransa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tognina |first=Andrea |title=Swiss a Aljeriya: kawar da mulkin mallaka a ƙasar da ba ta da mulkin mallaka |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/swiss-in-algeria--decolonisation-in-a-country-without-colonies/47749412 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=SWI swissinfo.ch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Zanzibar 
| 1503 
| Portugal
|-
| Najeriya 
| 1861
| Ƙasar Ingila&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-11 |title=Game da Najeriya - Babban Hukumar Najeriya |url=https://nigeria.org.my/nigeria/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=nigeria.org.my |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Magana ==

[[Rukuni:Tarihin Afirka]]</text>
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    <title>Harshen Apiaká</title>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above above&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%; color: black; background-color:  #638ba8;&quot; |Apiaká
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |'Yan asalin ƙasar&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[Brazil]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Yankin
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |arewacin [[Mato Grosso]], saman Rio Tapajos
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Ƙabilar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |1,000 [[Apiacá people|Apiacá]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |[[Extinct language|Ya ƙare]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |10 Afrilu 2011, tare da mutuwar [[Pedrinho Kamassuri]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Falecimento&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Falecimento - 12/10/2011 |url=http://prodoclin.museudoindio.gov.br/index.php/etnias/apiaka/noticias |accessdate=21 February 2018 |website=Projeto de Documentação de Línguas Indígenas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221161514/http://prodoclin.museudoindio.gov.br/index.php/etnias/apiaka/noticias |archive-date=21 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; wadanda ba a san su ba masu magana (2018) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;wrap&quot;&gt;[[Language family|Iyalin harshe]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;[[Tupian languages|Tupian]]
* [[Tupi–Guarani languages|Tupi-Guarani]]
** Kawahib
*** [[Kagwahiva language|Kagwahiva]]
**** '''Apiaká'''
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;color: black; background-color:  #638ba8;&quot; |Lambobin harshe
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[ISO 639-3]]&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |Ko dai:&lt;code&gt;[[iso639-3:api|api]]&lt;/code&gt; - Apiacá&lt;code&gt;[[iso639-3:wir|wir]]&lt;/code&gt; - Wiraféd&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |''[[Glottolog]]''
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;code&gt;[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/apia1248 apia1248]&lt;/code&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/656 Apiaká] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805174013/https://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/656 |date=2025-08-05 }}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[File:Lang_Status_20-CR.svg|frameless]]&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;Apiaká an rarraba shi a matsayin mai haɗari sosai bisa ga [[UNESCO]] Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas na Harsunan Duniya da ke cikin Haɗari]]''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint selfref&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;&quot; |'''Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi alamomin sauti na [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]].''' Ba tare da [[Help:IPA#Rendering issues|goyon baya]] fassarar da ta dace ba, zaku iya ganin [[Unicode]]_block)#Replacement_character&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Specials (Unicode block)&quot;&gt;Alamun tambaya, akwatuna, ko wasu alamomi maimakon haruffa na Unicode. Don jagorar gabatarwa akan alamomin IPA, duba [[Help:IPA|Taimako: IPA]] .
|}
'''Apiaká''' yare ne na Tupi da ya ƙare kwanan nan na Mutanen Apiacá na yankin Rio Tapajos na Mato Grosso, [[Brazil]] . Portuguese ne ya maye gurbinsa.

== Rarraba ==
Harshen Apiaká yana cikin rukuni na VI na yarukan Tupi-Guarani. Yana kusa da Kagwahiva kuma yana iya zama yaren wannan harshe.

== Tarihi ==
Bayan ya shiga hulɗa da Neo-Brazilians, harshen Apiaca ya canza tare da abubuwan da aka haɗu da Lingua Geral, Jargon kasuwanci na Tupi. A yau, ana magana da Portuguese ko Munduruku a ko'ina kamar yadda ya saba da harshen Apiaca, kodayake waɗannan mutane koyaushe ana saninsu da sunan &quot;Apiaca&quot; 

Dukkanin Apiacá suna magana da Portuguese kuma waɗanda suka auri membobin ''Munduruku'' da Kaiabi suna magana da yaren matansu sosai ko kuma suna da ikon fahimtar su sosai. Kodayake ana magana da yarukan Munduruku da Kaiabi a kowace rana a ƙauyukan Apiaca, duk da haka, an iyakance su ga wuraren cikin gida da tattaunawa ta al'ada. Harshen da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tattaunawar al'ada shine Portuguese, saboda hulɗa da Neo-Brazilians da mazauna Portuguese. Kodayake ba za su iya tilasta yarensu a kan mazauna Munduruku da mutanen Kaiabi ba, saboda yawan su da ke magana da harshen Apiaca, Apiaca suna gudanar da hana harsunan waɗannan mutane su zama harsunan hukuma a ƙauyukansu. Wannan yana bawa Portuguese damar aiki a matsayin kayan aiki na juriya da Apiaca ke amfani da su don hana al'adunsu ta ƙabilun Munduruku da Kaiabi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Apiaka&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tempesta |first=Giovana Acácia |title=Apiaka |url=http://pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/apiaka/51 |access-date=23 October 2014 |website=Povos Indigenas no Brasil |publisher=Fany Pantaleoni Ricardo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da kusancin harshe, Apiaká ba sa bari a koyar da Kaiabi a makarantun ƙauyensu, wannan ya samo asali ne daga mummunan dangantaka da wannan ƙabila, amma saboda kyakkyawar dangantakar da Apiaca ke da shi da mutanen Munduruku, sun ba wa malaman Munduruku damar ba da darasi a cikin harshensu.  Shekaru da yawa Apiaca suna ƙoƙarin farfaɗo da harshensu ta hanyar makarantu a ƙauyuka amma har yanzu ba su yi nasara ba.  A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi wani yunƙuri na ƙirƙirar wani littafi da aka fi sani da &quot;Apiaca Word&quot; don tsara harshen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Apiaka&quot;/&gt;

== Rashin Kashewa ==
Mai magana na ƙarshe na Apiaká, Pedrinho Kamassuri, ya mutu a asibiti a Juara, Mato Grosso, a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;Falecimento&quot;/&gt; Ba a san yawan masu magana da bangarori ba har yanzu suna rayuwa har zuwa 2018.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>'Yancin Ci Gaban Greenhouse</title>
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      <text bytes="17565" sha1="h6frq2i22gw9kv16xq0lxjahy0k7yze" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Greenhouse Development Rights (GDRs) tsari ne na raba kokarin adalci wanda aka tsara don nuna yadda za'a iya raba farashin daidaita yanayin yanayi da kyau, tsakanin dukkan ƙasashe. Fiye da haka, GDRs suna neman lissafin &quot;kasuwanci mai kyau&quot; na kasa a bayyane a cikin farashin gaggawa na duniya, a hanyar da ke la'akari da gaskiyar cewa, kamar yadda abubuwa ke tsaye yanzu, rayuwar siyasa da tattalin arziki ta duniya ta raba tare da Arewa / Kudu da masu arziki / matalauta.

A takaice dai, GDRs suna kusantar kariya ta yanayi da ci gaban tattalin arziki a matsayin bangarori biyu na tsabar kudi daya. Manufarta ita ce [[Developmental justice|adalci na ci gaba]], kamar yadda zai iya kasancewa har ma a cikin duniyar da aka tilasta ta rage saurin fitar da iskar gas zuwa kusan matsakaicin matsakaici. Binciken GDRs ya nuna cewa saurin daidaita yanayin yanayi zai zama ba zai yiwu ba tare da wani karfi mai karfi ba - dama - zuwa matakin girmamawa na ci gaban ɗan adam mai ɗorewa (mutumi). Hakkin rayuwa ba tare da talauci ba.

Hanyar GDR tana gina, a duk lokacin da ya yiwu, a kan fahimtar kimiyya da siyasa. Musamman, a bayyane yake ya tsara kiran tushe na Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi, wanda ke neman &quot;mafi girman hadin gwiwa da dukkan kasashe suka yi da kuma shiga cikin amsa mai tasiri da dacewa na kasa da kasa, daidai da nauyin da suka bambanta da kuma iyawa. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1350.php |access-date=May 28, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dabarun GDR shine a bayyane lissafa alhakin da iyawa ga dukkan kasashe, dangane da bayyane da abubuwan da za a iya yin muhawara, kuma, idan ya cancanta, canzawa. Ta hanyar yin haka, yana neman samar da hanyar da ta dace, a bayyane, da kuma tilasta hanyar lissafi da kwatanta &quot;kasuwanci mai kyau&quot; na kasa - wanda aka bayyana sosai - na farashin sauyin yanayi na duniya.

Manufar kokarin GDR shine tattarawa mai ɗorewa wanda za'a iya karɓa a matsayin mai adalci a duniya. Ana lissafin wajibai na ƙasa a matsayin hannun jari na wajibai na duniya wanda ya haɗa da [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|daidaitawa]] da kuma [[Rage canjin yanayi|ragewa]]. Hanyar da ke nan ba ta nuna Gaskiyar siyasa ba, domin wannan kalmar ana fahimtar ta gabaɗaya don nuna hanyar da ta fara da abin da ke da ma'anar siyasa a yau. Hanyar GDR, akasin haka, tana neman tsara hanyar da ta dace da bukatun kimiyyar yanayi.

A cikin tsarin GDR, wajibi ne ga kasar ta yi aiki ya dogara ne akan bashin yanayi - alhakinta na ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi - kuma daidai da ikon yin aiki. An bayyana alhakin da iyawa dangane da &quot;ƙofar ci gaba&quot; wanda ke cire nauyin da albarkatun matalauta - albarkatun rayuwa da samun kudin shiga na rayuwa - daga la'akari yayin lissafin wajibai na ƙasa. Don haka, ana iya ganin GDRs a matsayin tsarin tunani wanda aka nufa don tallafawa bayyane, tunani mai amfani game da &quot;kwatanta ƙoƙari,&quot; har ma tsakanin kasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa.

A ƙarshe, GDRs ba aikin ilimi ba ne. Tsayawawar yanayi matsala ce ta duniya, wacce aka bayyana ta hanyar matsalar amfani mai kyau. GDRs, ta hanyar lissafin ka'idojin ka'idoji don kare tsarin yanayi na duniya, sun tsara tsarin da za a iya bayyana haƙƙin fitarwa mai kyau, lissafawa, fahimta, muhawara, da kuma tattauna. Saboda haka, yana tsara tsarin da a zahiri yarjejeniyar yanayi da dabarun - har ma da &quot;al'amuran ƙasa&quot; kamar waɗanda Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen ta maraba - za a iya kimanta su a bayyane kuma a kwatanta su.

== Tarihi ==
Paul Baer, Tom Athanasiou na EcoEquity, Sivan Kartha da Eric Kemp-Benedict na Cibiyar Muhalli ta Stockholm ne suka haɓaka tsarin haƙƙin ci gaban Greenhouse. GDRs sun samo asali ne daga tsarin mutum-mutumin da ke tunanin rabawa na duniya dangane da daidaito don fitar da iskar gas. Mafi sanannun waɗannan shine shawarar Anil Agarwal da Sunita Narain (1991),  Kungiyar marubuta ta GDR ta ji cewa tsarin haƙƙin fitarwa na kowane mutum ba shi da tsarin kula da &quot;yanayin ƙasa&quot;, kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su warware wannan matsala tare da hanyar &quot;Per-capita Plus&quot;. Daga ƙarshe sun kammala cewa, duk da muhimmancin ka'idar mutum-mutum, ba tushe ne mai inganci ba don ingantaccen tsarin yanayi mai kyau, ba, aƙalla, a cikin duniya inda aka riga an cinye mafi yawan &quot;sararin sararin samaniya&quot;. An yi watsi da tsarin Per-capita Plus don goyon bayan GDRs (wanda ba ya dogara da haƙƙin kowane mutum ba amma ka'idodin UNFCCC na alhakin da iyawa). GDRs sun fara fitowa a wani taron gefe a Taron Kasuwanci na goma (COP10) a Argentina a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2004, tare da takarda da gabatarwa mai taken Cutting the Gordian Knot . An buga na karshe, wanda aka sake yin gyare-gyare na wannan takarda a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 2005, a ƙarƙashin taken Cutting the Knot: Climate Protection, Political Realism, and Equity as Requirements of a Post-Kyoto Regime .  An buga bugu na farko na littafin GDR da samfurin a cikin 2007 ta Gidauniyar Heinrich Böll, kuma an gabatar da shi a COP-13 a Bali. An saki [http://www.gdrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/.../gdrs_execsummary.pdf Littafin GDR na biyu]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [maɓallin matattu na dindindin] da samfurin a COP 14 a Poznan. Tsarin GDR ya ci gaba da canzawa. Za'a iya bin diddigin sa a [http://www.gdrights.org shafin yanar gizon] aikin. 

== Ƙofar ci gaba ==
A matsayin mataki na farko, GDRs ya tsara haƙƙin ci gaba a matsayin ''Ƙofar ci gaba'' − matakin jin daɗi a ƙasa wanda ba a sa ran mutane su raba farashin sauyin yanayi. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa wannan ƙofar ba layin talauci ba ne, wanda yawanci aka bayyana shi a matsayin ƙasa ($ 1 ko $ 2 a rana) don a kira shi da kyau &quot;layin talauci. &quot; Maimakon haka, an saita shi sama da layin talaucin duniya (kimanin $ 16 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana, a cikin sharuddan Sayen Power Parity), kuma don nuna matakin jin daɗi wanda ya wuce buƙatu na asali, amma har yanzu bai da matakan amfani mai wadata ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lant |first=Pritchett |date=Spring 2006 |title=Who is Not Poor? Dreaming of a World Truly Free of Poverty |journal=The World Bank Research Observer |volume=21 |issue=1 |page=23 |doi=10.1093/wbro/lkj002 |hdl-access=free}} and {{Cite journal |last=Lant |first=Pritchett |date=November 2003 |title=Who is not Poor? Proposing A Higher International Standard for Poverty |journal=Center for Global Development}} Pritchett concluded that the use of an elevated poverty line is &quot;justifiable, more consistent with international fairness, and is a better foundation for the World Bank's organizational mission of poverty reduction” and that “If the poverty line were defined as the level of income at which people typically achieve acceptable levels of the Millennium Development Goal indicators (such as universal primary school completion), it would be set at about [$16] a day.”&lt;/ref&gt; Matakin da za a saita ƙofar ci gaba shine batun muhawara. A cikin yanayin GDRs, an saita shi don zama mai ladabi (25%) sama da layin talauci na duniya, a kusan $ 20 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana ($ 7,500 a kowace shekara). Wannan adadi yana nuna bincike na zahiri game da matakan samun kudin shiga inda annoba ta talauci - rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan mutuwar jarirai, ƙarancin ilimi, babban kuɗin abinci na dangi - ya fara ɓacewa, ko aƙalla ya zama banda ga mulkin. Har ila yau, yana nuna matakin da &quot;tsakiyar tsakiya&quot; ta kudu ta fara fitowa.

Matsala, ba shakka, tana ci gaba da samun kudin shiga sama da $ 7,500 a kowace shekara, kuma ana iya kare ƙofar ci gaba mafi girma (kuma ta haka ne aikin raba ƙoƙari mai ci gaba). Amma, don dalilai na gabatarwa, al'amarin GDR yana ɗaukar mutanen da suke samun kuɗi sama da $ 20 a kowace rana - ko su kasance ƙananan matsakaicin matsayi ko matsakaicin aji ko masu arziki - don su &quot;ci gaba,&quot; a cikin ma'anar ma'anar kalmar. Mutanen da suka fi talauci, yayin da suke gwagwarmaya don samun rayuwa mafi kyau, ana ɗaukar su da ƙarancin alhakin matsalar yanayi (kimanin kashi 70 cikin 100 na bil'adama da ke zaune a ƙasa da ƙofar ci gaba suna da alhakin kusan kashi 15 cikin 100 na duk hayaki da aka tara) da kuma ƙarancin damar saka hannun jari wajen warware shi. Ana ɗaukar mutane masu arziki kamar yadda suka fahimci haƙƙinsu na ci gaba kuma suna ɗauke da alhakin kiyaye wannan haƙƙin ga wasu. Yayin da kudaden shiga suka karu, suna ɗaukar babban bangare na farashin hana hayaki da ke da alaƙa da amfani da kansu, da kuma farashin tabbatar da cewa, yayin da waɗanda har yanzu suke zaune a ƙasa da ƙofar suka tashi zuwa kuma sama da shi, suna iya yin hakan tare da hanyoyin da ke da ɗorewa, ƙananan hayaki. Bugu da ƙari, kuma abin takaici, ana ɗaukar waɗannan wajibai na duk waɗanda ke sama da ƙofar ci gaba, ko sun faru suna zaune a Arewa ko a Kudu.

== Hakki da iyawa ==
Dangane da ƙofar ci gaban duniya, da tarihin fitar da hayaki na ƙasa da ba''iyawa'' rarraba kuɗin shiga, yana yiwuwa a lissafa ''alhakin'' kowace ƙasa da ƙarfin.

* An bayyana ''alhakin'' al'umma a matsayin gudummawar da ta bayar ga canjin yanayi, kuma an ƙayyade shi a cikin yanayin GDRs kamar yadda yake fitarwa tun daga 1990. An cire fitarwa da ta dace da amfani a ƙasa da ƙofar ci gaba daga lissafin. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa tsarin GDR ba ya daidaita shekarar 1990 . Kwanakin da suka gabata ma masu yiwuwa ne, kuma a aikace za a gyara &quot;ranar da aka ba da alhakin&quot; ta hanyar tattaunawa.
* An bay''iyawa'' ikon al'umma a matsayin kudin shiga na kasa wanda ba a buƙata ta rayuwar yau da kullun. Don haka, duk wani kudin shiga sama da ƙofar ci gaba yana samuwa don a &quot;buɗe&quot; don saka hannun jari a cikin sauƙaƙe yanayi da daidaitawa. Ana iya fassara wannan a matsayin cikakkiyar kuɗin shiga, ban da kuɗin shiga a ƙasa da ƙofar ci gaba.

Wadannan matakan alhakin da iyawa za a iya haɗawa (ta hanyar matsakaici, a cikin yanayin GDRs) don ƙayyade wajibin ƙasar don ɗaukar ƙalubalen yanayi, wanda aka wakilta a matsayin Ƙididdigar Hakki da Capacity (RCI). Ana yin wannan lissafi ga dukkan ƙasashe. Sakamakon lambobi daidai ya dogara, ba shakka, akan takamaiman dabi'u da aka zaba don sigogi masu mahimmanci, kamar ƙofar ci gaba da ranar farawa.

A cikin daidaitattun yanayin 2010, Amurka, tare da yawan mutanen da ke da kudaden shiga sama da ƙofar ci gaban $ 7,500 (ƙwarewa) da kuma mafi girman rabon duniya na yawan hayaki tun daga 1990 (hakkin), yana da mafi girman rabawa guda (32 cikin dari) na RCI na duniya. Tarayyar Turai ta biyo baya da kashi 25 cikin 100 na RCI na duniya. Kasar Sin, duk da cewa tana da talauci, tana da yawan mutanen da ke zaune sama da ƙofar ci gaba, kuma tana da kashi 6.6 cikin dari na RCI na duniya, wanda ke sanya shi kusa da [[Japan]] tare da kashi 7.4. Indiya ma tana da girma amma mafi talauci, tana sanya shi da nisa da kashi 0.8 cikin dari.

== Hanyoyin rage fitarwa ==
GDRs tsari ne na tunani. Babban burinta shine ya nuna rarrabawar adalci na kokarin (ko &quot;nauyi&quot;) na sarrafa sauyin yanayi na duniya tsakanin kasashe. A cikin sharuddan ragewa, ana iya bayyana girman wannan ƙoƙari a matsayin karuwa mai faɗi (wanda aka auna a cikin tan) wanda ke bayyana &quot;rashin raguwa&quot; tsakanin hanyar fitar da hayaki ta kasuwanci da &quot;hanyar gaggawa&quot; wanda aka bayyana a cikin sharuddin kimiyya (duba Hanyar Gaggawa ta 2 ° C da aka nuna a Hoto na 2). &amp;nbsp;

Ana bayyana wajibai na ragewa na ƙasa a kowace shekara a matsayin hannun jari na raguwar duniya, wanda aka rarraba tsakanin ƙasashe daidai da RCI. Amurka, alal misali (duba Hoto na 2) an yi hasashen samun nauyin ragewa na 2020 daidai da 29.1% na kusan Gigatonnes 4 na rage carbon wanda za'a buƙaci. Gabaɗaya, ana ba kowace ƙasa burin fitarwa daidai da hanyar da take magana  ban da rabo na rabon da ya dace na raguwar duniya. Rarraba gibin ragewa na duniya ta wannan hanyar yana samar da wasu sakamako masu ban mamaki. Ga abu daya, a bayyane yake cewa babban sadaukarwa ga hadin gwiwar Arewa da Kudu - gami da canja wurin kudi da fasaha - wani bangare ne da ba za a iya gujewa ba na duk wani tsarin daidaita yanayin duniya. Wannan shi ne saboda wajibai na ragewa na ƙasa na ƙasashe masu girma na RCI na Arewa sun wuce raguwar da za su iya yi a gida. A zahiri, a shekara ta 2030, wajibai na ragewa na arewa yawanci sun wuce ko da jimlar fitar da su na cikin gida. Wannan yana nufin cewa kasashe masu arziki da mafi girma za su sami &quot;rashin daidaituwa,&quot; kamar yadda ya zama dole don buɗe isasshen sararin samaniya ga kasashe masu tasowa. Irin wannan rabon mara kyau ba zai iya tasowa ba a ƙarƙashin tsarin da ke neman rarraba &quot;yancin fitarwa&quot;.

== Tasirin ma'aikata ==
A tsarin, akwai hanyoyi da yawa da za a iya aiwatar da tsarin kamar GDRs. Misali, ana iya amfani da asusun kasa da kasa don tallafawa duka ragewa da daidaitawa. A wannan yanayin, RCI zai zama tushen ƙayyade gudummawar kuɗi da kowace ƙasa ke sa ran ga wannan asusun. Gabaɗaya, yana da amfani a yi tunani game da RCI a matsayin, a zahiri, tushen ci gaba na &quot; harajin yanayi&quot; na duniya - ba harajin carbon ba, da kansa (harajin carbon ne, duk sauran suna daidai, masu koma baya) amma ''alhakin'' da harajin ''iyawa''. A madadin haka, ana iya aiwatar da GDRs ta hanyar kasuwannin fitarwa na duniya. A wannan yanayin, za a yi amfani da RCIs na ƙasa don lissafin rabon kuɗi, a cikin tan, kuma za a sayar da waɗannan don samar da kudaden kuɗi na duniya da ake buƙata don tallafawa tsarin yanayi na duniya.

Gaskiyar batun a nan shi ne cewa sikelin da yanayin hadin gwiwar kudi da fasaha da rikicin yanayi ya buƙaci ba a taɓa gani ba, kuma ba za a iya gujewa ba zai haɗa da fadadawa da sake fasalin cibiyoyin da ke akwai, da kuma ƙirƙirar sabbin gaba ɗaya. Kowane adadin na'urori na iya zama da amfani: haraji na ci gaba na nau'o'i daban-daban, haraji masu alaƙa da kasuwanci, siyarwa, raguwa, yarjejeniyar bangarori, kudade masu yawa, haƙƙin mallaka na duniya, da sauransu. Bayan wadannan, sabbin tashoshin da ba a san su ba don canja wurin albarkatun kasa da kasa da lissafi za a buƙaci a ɗauka kuma a aiwatar da su, ba tare da gujewa ba suna haifar da ƙalubale masu ban sha'awa: Ta yaya za a haɓaka cikin sauri? Ta yaya za a gina ƙarfin sha da rarrabawa? Ta yaya za a tabbatar da inganci da guje wa sharar gida? Ta yaya za a kafa tsarin mulki mai gaskiya da dimokuradiyya?

== Zuwa ga ka'idojin da aka yi ƙoƙari ==
Duk abin da zai iya amfani da tsarin tsarin kamar GDRs, babu tsarin raba kokarin da zai sanya alkawura a kan kasashe masu tasowa da za a iya karɓa a kowane lokaci nan ba da daɗewa ba. Muddin kasashe masu tasowa har yanzu ba su da tabbacin tabbatar da cewa ana iya samun kawar da talauci da ci gaban ɗan adam a lokaci guda tare da decarbonization, alkawura masu ɗaurewa za su bayyana a gare su a matsayin haɗari mai girma.

Canjin zuwa rabawa da ke bisa ka'ida zai buƙaci kasashe masu masana'antu su rungumi jajircewarsu a ƙarƙashin UNFCCC don &quot;sanya kan gaba wajen yaki da canjin yanayi da mummunan tasirinsa&quot;, kuma a cikin yin hakan ya nuna cewa akwai wata hanyar ci gaba. Lokacin gina amincewa da haɓaka ƙarfin (na dindindin, a ce, zuwa 2020) lokacin da ƙasashe masu masana'antu suka tabbatar da yiwuwar fasaha da siyasa na ci gaban yanayi zai buɗe yiwuwar tsarin mulki na duniya bisa ga ka'idojin ƙoƙarin raba.

== Sauran hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su wajen raba kokarin da aka yi amfani da su ==
Duk da yake tsarin GDR yana inganta tsarin rarraba alhakin da iyawa, akwai wasu hanyoyin da ke da niyyar bayyana adalci daban-daban ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban.

* Sauƙin kowane mutum yana ɗaukar matakan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa na iskar gas a matsayin maɓallin ma'auni. Bambanci tsakanin GDRs da hanya ''Mai sauƙi ga kowane mutum'' shine cewa ƙarshen ba ya lissafin hayaki na tarihi ko kuma alaƙar da ke da ƙarfi ga ci gaban ƙasa. Gabaɗaya, ƙasashe masu ƙarancin hayaki sune ƙasashe masu arziki tare da ƙarin kayan aikin ci gaba, kuma hanyoyin kowane mutum na iya hana adalci na ci gaba.
* Hanyoyin tarawa na kowane mutum suna bayyana [[Adalci na yanayi]] a matsayin haɗuwa da, ba mutum ba, amma maimakon fitarwa na kowane a tsawon lokaci. A cikin, watakila, na dogon lokaci. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin ana ɗaukar su da ma'ana ga masu sharhi da yawa na ƙasashe masu tasowa. Masu sharhi na kasar Sin, musamman, suna ganin su a matsayin martani kai tsaye ga shawarwarin kowane mutum. Irin wannan tsarin yana nunawa a cikin sha'awa da kuma shahararren kwanan nan na tsarin [[Carbon debt|bashin carbon]] ga adalci na yanayi na duniya.&lt;ref&gt;This upsurge of interest in climate debt began in early 2009, accelerated at the Copenhagen Conference of Parties, and became institutionalized as a pillar of climate-movement radicalism at the World People's Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth held in Cochabamba, Bolivia between April 19 and 22, 2010. For more information, see {{Cite web |title=The Archives of Working Group 8 on Climate Debt |url=http://pwccc.wordpress.com/category/working-groups/08-climate-debt |access-date=2010-05-31 |publisher=Working Grouping 8 of the World People's Conference}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manufofin yakin basasar carbon da aikin GDRs suna da alaƙa sosai. Hanyoyin biyu suna da irin wannan ra'ayi na daidaito da raba nauyi, tare da bambance-bambance waɗanda suke da ƙanƙanta, har ma da taimako, idan ya zo ga muhawara mai amfani da ilimin jama'a.

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>John Graham (mai fafutuka na Kanada)</title>
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'''John Graham''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955) ɗan ƙasar Kanada ne, Yukoner, Champagne da Aishihik ɗan ƙasar farko, kuma tsohon ɗan gwagwarmayar 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka. An kuma fi saninsa da laifin kisan dan gwagwarmayar Indiyawan Amurka [[Anna Mae Aquash]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Indigenous Women For Justice&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=The Lies of John Graham |url=http://indigenouswomenforjustice.org/graham.html#and%20then |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513225817/http://indigenouswomenforjustice.org/graham.html#and%20then |archive-date=13 May 2008 |access-date=17 August 2016 |website=Indigenous Women for Justice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Graham a Whitehorse, &lt;ref name=&quot;Defense Committee&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Letter and Petition Campaign |url=http://www.grahamdefense.org/letter_campaign.htm |access-date=17 August 2016 |website=John Graham Defense Committee}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yukon, Kanada kuma memba ne na Kudancin Tutchone Champagne da mutanen farko na Aishihik . &lt;ref name=&quot;Yukon News&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stasyszyn |first=Roxanne |date=1 June 2012 |title=John Graham's appeal shot down |url=http://www.yukon-news.com/news/john-grahams-appeal-shot-down |access-date=17 August 2016 |website=Indigenous Women for Justice}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Wata majiya ta nuna cewa Graham ya fito ne daga Haines Junction, Yukon . &lt;ref name=&quot;Onsite Review&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=20 February 2013 |url=http://www.onsitereview.ca/miscellanea/20Onsite |access-date=17 August 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
John Graham mahaifin yara takwas ne kuma tsohon mazaunin [[Vancouver|Vancouver, British Columbia]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Straight&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunphy |first=Martin |date=4 February 2011 |title=John Graham lawyer to appeal conviction, life sentence in Aquash murder trial in South Dakota · &quot;Cruel and unusual punishment&quot; cited as grounds to allow parole |url=https://www.straight.com/article-373245/vancouver/graham-lawyer-appeal-conviction-life-sentence-aquash-murder-trial-south-dakota |access-date=17 August 2016 |website=Straight}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Graham memba ne na dogon lokaci na [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]] .

A shekara ta 1974, lokacin da Graham ke da shekaru 17, ya shiga cikin 'yan asalin ƙasar Caravan daga [[Vancouver]] zuwa [[Ottawa]], wani taron zama mara izini wanda mahalarta 300 daga Caravan suka koma cikin ginin Carbide Mill da aka watsar a Tsibirin Victoria, a bayan gine-ginen majalisar a Ottawa, na tsawon watanni 5. Graham ya kuma kasance mai aiki a cikin zanga-zangar a duk sauran lardunan Kanada. A [[Vancouver]], Graham ya kuma shiga a matsayin memba na Beothuck Patrol, ƙungiyar First Nations wacce ke gudanar da sa ido kan tituna game da cin zarafin 'yan sanda.

A watan Yunin 1980, Caravan for Survival, wanda ya hada da Graham a matsayin mai zanga-zangar, ya kunshi wanda ya tuka daga [[Saskatchewan]]&quot; id=&quot;mwdg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Regina, Saskatchewan&quot;&gt;Regina, Saskatchewan, babban birnin Saskatchew, zuwa arewacin Saskatchewar uranium boom garin La Ronge don nuna rashin amincewa da budewar hukumar binciken Key Lake Uranium Mine Board of Inquiry.&lt;ref name=&quot;JFAMR Photo Album&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=The Anne Mae Aquash Survival Camp, Summer 1981, near Pinehouse, Saskatchewan |url=http://www.grahamdefense.org/photoalbum2.htm |access-date=17 August 2016 |website=John Graham Defense Committee}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan kammalawar 'yan asalin ƙasar Caravan, Graham ya shiga cikin aikinsa na farko na makamai  lokacin da ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙungiyar New York don samar da tallafi (a matsayin babban tsaro) ga sake mamaye ƙasar [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] a [[Ganienkeh]], wanda aka fi sani da Eagle Lake .

A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1981, kungiyar AIM Survival Group ta bude sansanin Anne Mae Aquash Survival Camp kusa da al'ummar Pinehouse, wanda ke arewacin Saskatchewan, a kan hanyar Key Lake, wanda aka yi don ƙirƙirar wani taro inda za'a iya tattauna batutuwan haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar da matsalolin masana'antar uranium a bayyane. Graham na ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da ke sansanin.&lt;ref name=&quot;JFAMR Photo Album&quot;/&gt;

A cikin watanni na Mayu da Yuni a cikin shekarar 1984, Graham ya yi magana a ko'ina cikin [[Turai]], a kan yawon shakatawa da aka shirya ta mai adawa da nukiliya na Turai, 'yancin' yan asalin ƙasar da kungiyoyin muhalli don wayar da kan jama'a game da tasirin hakar uranium a [[Kanada]] akan' 'Yan asalin Kanada.&lt;ref name=&quot;WiserInternational&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=30 January 2004 |title=Independent Radiation Surveys at Niger Uranium Mines Obstructed |url=https://www.wiseinternational.org/nuclear-monitor/602/independent-radiation-surveys-niger-uranium-mines-obstructed |access-date=17 August 2016 |website=Wiser International }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin Shari'a ==

=== Kisan Anna Mae Aquash ===
[[Anna Mae Aquash|Anna Mae Pictou-Aquash]] sananniyar murya ce kuma babbar mai fafutuka a cikin rukunin [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]].

A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1975, an tilasta wa Aquash fita daga gidan mai fafutukar [[Denver]] [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka|AIM]] Troy Lynn S. Yellow Wood duk da rashin amincewar da ya yi cewa wani mummunan abu zai faru da Aquash. Daga nan aka kai Aquash zuwa wani gida a cikin Rapid City mallakar ɗan'uwan Russell Means, inda aka yi mata tambayoyi kuma, masu gabatar da kara sun zarge ta, an kama ta, Graham ya azabtar da ita kuma ya yi mata fyade.&lt;ref name=&quot;NativeTimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Merchant |first=Nomaan |date=8 December 2010 |title=Man testifies at US trial he saw AIM activist shot |url=http://www.nativetimes.com/index.php/news/crime/4718-man-testifies-at-us-trial-he-saw-aim-activist-shot |access-date=17 August 2016 |website=Heishort |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827000745/http://www.nativetimes.com/index.php/news/crime/4718-man-testifies-at-us-trial-he-saw-aim-activist-shot |archive-date=27 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Looking Cloud, daya daga cikin abokan Graham da Nelson-Clark, ya ce ya ji Graham da Aquash &quot;suna yin jima'i&quot; a cikin ɗakin kwana na wani gidan Rapid City (wanda aka danganta mallakarsa ga [[Thelma Conroy-Rios|Thelma Rios]] da mahaifiyarta &lt;ref name=&quot;Injustice Busters&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2 February 2005 |title=Extradition challenged: Misidentification evidence placed before judge |url=http://injusticebusters.org/04/Graham_John.htm |access-date=17 August 2016 |website=Injustice Busters}}&lt;/ref&gt;); mai gabatar da kara ya zargi Graham ya yi wa Aquash fyade. &lt;ref name=&quot;NativeTimes&quot;/&gt; Looking Cloud ya jira a waje da dakin yayin da Graham ya yi wa Aquash fyade, kuma Graham ya yarda a cikin hira / tambayoyi cewa Looking Cloud yana jira a waje na dakin inda aka tsare Anna Mae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indigenous Women for Justice&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Merchant |first=Nomaan |date=2 March 2004 |title=Man Indicted for Anna Mae's Murder Refuses to take Lie-Detector Test |url=http://indigenouswomenforjustice.org/lie.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306163441/http://indigenouswomenforjustice.org/lie.html |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=17 August 2016 |website=Heishort}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga nan aka koma Aquash da karfi zuwa Reservation na Indiyawan Rosebud inda magoya bayan AIM suka ki ba ta masauki. &lt;ref name=&quot;JFAMR Timeline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Aquash Murder Case Timeline |url=http://jfamr.org/trialtime.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040214075609/http://jfamr.org/trialtime.html |archive-date=2004-02-14 |access-date=17 August 2016 |website=JFAMR}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2018)&quot;&gt;mafi kyau&amp;nbsp;tushe&amp;nbsp;Da ake bukata&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Neman Cloud, tare da [[Theda Nelson Clarke]] da Graham, sun tilasta Aquash a cikin bayan mota kuma ya tuka ta zuwa wani yanki mai nisa na Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, inda aka harbe Aquash style kisa a bayan kai kuma ya bar ya mutu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Legend of Pine Ridge&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=28 July 2008 |title=Why Was Anna Mae Aquash Really Murdered? |url=http://legendofpineridge.blogspot.com/2008/07/why-was-anna-mae-aquash-really-murdered.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Legend of Pine Ridge}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jikinta ya kasance kusan watanni biyu bayan haka a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1976 &lt;ref name=&quot;Huffington Post&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=27 August 2007 |title=What is the Truth About the Murder of Anna Mae? |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tim-giago/what-is-the-truth-about-t_b_62521.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=The Huffington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; a kan Rijiyar Indiya ta Pine Ridge a kasan wani kwarin da ke kusa da wata babbar hanya. &lt;ref name=&quot;First Nation's Drums&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=26 December 2000 |title=What is the Truth About the Murder of Anna Mae? |url=http://www.firstnationsdrum.com/2000/12/murder-of-anna-mae-aquash-unsolved-after-23-years/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717020733/http://firstnationsdrum.com/2000/12/murder-of-anna-mae-aquash-unsolved-after-23-years/ |archive-date=17 July 2011 |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=First Nation's Drums}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana cewa an kashe Aquash da makami, yayin da binciken gawarwakin ya nuna cewa an danne bakin bindigar a bayan wuyanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mail Archives&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=7 August 1999 |title=NATIVE_NEWS: ANNA MAE: A Badlands trail of secrets and murder |url=https://www.mail-archive.com/nativenews@mlists.net/msg03815.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Mail Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton mai binciken ya nuna cewa baya ga mummunar harbin bindigar, fallasa ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar Aquash, &lt;ref name=&quot;Occupirate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sparrow |first=CJ |date=22 June 2013 |title=Who killed Anna Mae Aquash and who cares anyway? |url=http://occupirate.blogspot.com/2013/06/who-killed-anna-mae-aquash-and-who.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Occupirate}}&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da jikinta ya yi sanyi a lokacin da aka gano shi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Kamawa ===
A ranar 30 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2003, an tuhumi Graham da kisan kai na farko na shekara ta 1975 / kisan kai da aka yi wa [[Anna Mae Aquash|Anna Mae]]  a Amurka. Saboda Graham ya kasance mazaunin [[Vancouver]] a lokacin, shari'ar ta buƙaci fitar da Graham. A ranar 1 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2003, an kama Graham a [[Vancouver]] saboda kisan Pictou-Aquash, kuma an sanya belinsa a $ 50,000.00.&lt;ref name=&quot;Westgate House&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pierre |first=Billie |date= |title=US Renews War on the American Indian Movement:The Anna Mae Pictou-Aquash Story |url=http://westgatehouse.com/art213.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217134712/http://westgatehouse.com/art213.html |archive-date=17 February 2017 |access-date=17 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Graham ya yi tsayayya da mika shi, kuma duk da cewa an tsare shi a gidansa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2003, ya shigar da kara a cikin [[British Columbia]] don hana shari'ar ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rapid City Journal #02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=25 June 2007 |title=John Graham loses extradition appeal for 1975 Pine Ridge slaying · Former AIM activist charged in 1975 death of Anna Mae Pictou Aquash |url=http://rapidcityjournal.com/news/local/top-stories/john-graham-loses-extradition-appeal-for-pine-ridge-slaying/article_c1d9e9ca-8ae7-5225-8828-87f6b69400ce.html |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107055102/http://rapidcityjournal.com/news/local/top-stories/john-graham-loses-extradition-appeal-for-pine-ridge-slaying/article_c1d9e9ca-8ae7-5225-8828-87f6b69400ce.html |archive-date=7 November 2017 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2006, babban alƙalin ya tsawaita belin Graham zuwa 23 ga watan Yuni na shekara ta 2006, ya ba lauyan Graham, Terry LaLiberte lokaci don shigar da kara biyo bayan shawarar [[British Columbia Supreme Court|Kotun Koli ta British Columbia]] ta fitar da Graham.&lt;ref name=&quot;AIMovement2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=8 November 2005 |title=American Indian Movement Grand Governing Council· Ministry for Information |url=http://www.aimovement.org/moipr/graham.html |access-date=17 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Graham ya rasa roko, an soke belinsa kuma an kai shi kurkuku don jiran mika shi, &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapid City Journal #02&quot; /&gt; wanda ya faru a ranar 6 ga Disamba 2007. 

=== Amurka v. Graham ===
An tuhumi John Graham a Amurka a ranar 30 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 tare da kisan kai na farko na shekara ta 1975 / kisan kai da aka yi wa [[Anna Mae Aquash|Anna Mae]].  Bayan dogon shari'a a kotunan tarayya, an kori tuhumar kisan kai ta tarayya a Amurka v. Graham, 572 F.3d 954 (8th Cir.2009). &lt;ref name=&quot;Case Law&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Supreme Court of South Dakota. STATE of South Dakota, Plaintiff and Appellee, v. John GRAHAM a/k/a John Boy Patton, Defendant and Appellant. No. 25899. Decided: 30 May 2012 |url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/sd-supreme-court/1602291.html |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Case Law}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jihar Dakota ta Kudu v. Graham ===
Koyaya, kafin Graham ya koma Kanada, babban juri na Pennington County ya gurfanar da shi kan tuhumar jihar ta kisan kai da kisan kai. An yi zargin cewa laifin da ya faru shi ne satar Aquash.&lt;ref name=&quot;Case Law #2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Supreme Court of South Dakota. STATE of South Dakota, Plaintiff and Appellee, v. John GRAHAM a/k/a John Boy Patton, Defendant and Appellant. No. 25899. Decided: 30 May 2012 |url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/sd-supreme-court/1602291.html#footnote_3 |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Case Law}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 2 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, Alkalin [[South Dakota|Dakota ta Kudu]] John Delaney ya haramta duk wani ambaton wani binciken da aka yi a cikin rahoton binciken gawa na farko na Aquash wanda ya nuna cewa tana iya yin jima'i jim kadan kafin mutuwarta ga masu juriya, binciken da masu gabatar da kara suka ce ya samo asali ne daga Graham da ake zargi da fyade Aquash yayin satar ta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Native Times #1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Merchant |first=Norman |date=8 December 2010 |title=Prosecution rests in 1975 AIM slaying trial |url=http://www.nativetimes.com/news/crime/4709-prosecution-rests-in-1975-aim-slaying-trial |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Native Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 3 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, Nichols-Ecoffey ta shaida cewa wani mai fafutukar AIM da aka yanke masa hukunci daga baya da kashe jami'an FBI guda biyu ya yi wata sanarwa a gabanta da Aquash, wanda daga baya aka harbe shi kuma aka kashe shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Native Times #1&quot;/&gt; Sanarwar &quot;ƙaddamarwa&quot; ta yi nuni da shigar Peltier ta hanyar &quot;harbe mahaifiyar***** wacce ke rokon rayuwarsa, kuma har yanzu tana harbe shi. &quot;  Ecoffey, tsohuwar matar doka ta shugaban AIM Dennis Banks, Alkalin Kotun Da'ira John Delaney ya hana ta gaya wa masu juri daidai abin da ta yi zargin cewa memba na kungiyar Leonard Peltier ya gaya mata watanni shida kafin a kashe Aquash.&lt;ref name=&quot;JFAMR #5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=DeMain |first=Paul |date= |title=Aquash Murder Case Timeline |url=http://www.jfamr.org/trialtime.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513114250/http://www.jfamr.org/trialtime.html |archive-date=13 May 2008 |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=JFAMR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alkalin ya yi la'akari da jin dadi. Amma a karkashin tambayoyi daga masu gabatar da kara, an yarda ta ce Peltier ta yi wata sanarwa &quot;mai laifi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Native Times #1&quot; /&gt;

An yanke wa Graham hukunci kan kisan kai a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010 bayan masu juriya sun ji shaidar cewa ya taimaka wajen sace Aquash daga [[Denver]] a watan Disamba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapid City Journal #3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Geise |first=Heidi Bell |date=24 January 2011 |title=Graham sentenced to life in prison |url=http://rapidcityjournal.com/news/graham-sentenced-to-life-in-prison/article_5dc46ba0-27f0-11e0-8b71-001cc4c03286.html |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Rapid City Journal}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; An yanke wa Graham hukuncin daurin rai da rai a kurkuku saboda kisan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rapid City Journal #3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Indianz #2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=25 January 2011 |title=John Graham sentenced to life in prison for 1975 Aquash murder |url=http://www.indianz.com/News/2011/000237.asp |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Indianz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Roƙon 2012 ===
Graham ya ci gaba da tabbatar da rashin laifinsa kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da ƙarar da za ta ba shi damar sake shi daga kurkuku. Kotun Koli ta Kudu Dakota ta saurari bahasi na baka game da hukuncin da aka yanke masa na 2010 a ranar 19 ga Maris 2012 a Vermillion, [[South Dakota]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Rapid City Journal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Andrea J. |date=25 February 2012 |title=Rapid City Journal |url=http://rapidcityjournal.com/news/john-graham-appeal-accepted-for-supreme-court-hearing/article_5833e19e-5f5c-11e1-bf4a-001871e3ce6c.html |access-date=17 August 2016 |website=Indianz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404060129/http://rapidcityjournal.com/news/john-graham-appeal-accepted-for-supreme-court-hearing/article_5833e19e-5f5c-11e1-bf4a-001871e3ce6c.html |archive-date=4 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lauyan Graham, John Murphy, ya bayar da hujjar cewa bai kamata gwamnati ta kasance tana da ikon canja wurin shari'arsa daga tarayya zuwa hurumin jiha ba bayan an mika shi ga Amurka, &lt;ref name=&quot;Native Times #2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lammers |first=Dirk |date=20 March 2012 |title=Canadian appeals conviction in '75 AIM slaying |url=http://www.nativetimes.com/index.php/news/crime/7000-canadian-appeals-conviction-in-75-aim-slaying |access-date=17 August 2016 |website=Native Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kotun Koli ta Kudu Dakota ta yanke hukuncin cewa jihar na cikin hakkinta na gurfanar da Graham, akwai isassun shaidun da za su hukunta Graham, kuma hukuncin daurin rai da rai ya aikata ba tare da hukunta shi ba. Don haka Kotun Koli ta Kudu Dakota ta yi watsi da karar John Graham. &lt;ref name=&quot;South Dakota Attorney General&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 September 2013 |title=South Dakota Supreme Court Dismisses John Graham Appeal |url=https://atg.sd.gov/OurOffice/Media/pressreleasesdetail.aspx?id=1054 |access-date=17 August 2016 |website=South Dakota Attorney General}}&lt;/ref&gt; Graham a halin yanzu  an daure shi a gidan yari ta Kudu Dakota a Sioux Falls, South Dakota. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.grahamdefense.org/ |website=grahamdefense.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Roƙon 2018 ===
A ranar 30 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, Graham ya daukaka kara ga kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka a kan batun cewa, &quot;kotun ba ta da iko a kansa saboda shi ɗan ƙasar Kanada ne wanda ake zargin mika shi ya keta yarjejeniya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Black Hills Fox&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=30 March 2018 |title=Murder conviction of AIM member affirmed |url=https://atg.sd.gov/OurOffice/Media/pressreleasesdetail.aspx?id=1054 |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=Black Hills Fox}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu kare Graham sun yi jayayya cewa hukuncin da aka yanke masa a shekarar 2011 a Dakota ta Kudu ya kasance saboda kisan kai, wani laifi wanda bai wanzu a Kanada ba, da kuma wani laifi da ba a ambaci bukatar mika shi ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Argus Leader&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ellis |first=Jonathan |date=4 April 2018 |title=Man loses bid to overturn Anna Mae Aquash murder conviction |url=https://www.argusleader.com/story/news/2018/04/04/man-loses-bid-overturn-anna-mae-aquash-murder-conviction/484104002/ |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=Argus Leader}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, da'irar ta takwas ta amince da hukuncin Graham, kuma an hana daukaka kara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Case Text&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=30 March 2018 |title=Graham v. Young |url=https://casetext.com/case/graham-v-young-2 |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=Case Text |archive-date=18 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718054743/https://casetext.com/case/graham-v-young-2 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin alƙalai uku sun yarda cewa ba a rubuta kisan kai a cikin buƙatar fitarwa ta asali da Amurka ta rubuta ba. Koyaya, izinin da Kanada ta bayar ya faɗaɗa ikon mika shi, kuma, bisa ga ra'ayin Kotun Gundumar Gundumar takwas, ya wuce ikon Gundumar ta takwas don fassara dokokin Kanada.&lt;ref name=&quot;Argus Leader&quot; /&gt;

== Sakamakon haka ==
Shari'ar Graham da yanke masa hukunci sun kasance batun bincike da jayayya, tare da masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo masu zaman kansu da masu gwagwarmaya da ke rubuta takardu don tallafawa, ko inganta wasu ra'ayoyi game da laifukan da aka yanke wa Graham hukunci. Wasu sun rubuta cewa Graham ya yi iƙirarin cewa an ziyarci shi da iyalinsa sau da yawa a Yukon a cikin shekarun 1990, kuma ana zargin cewa za a tuhume shi da kisan kai idan bai haɗa jagorancin [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka|AIM]] a cikin kisan ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anarchist News&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=19 January 2008 |title=Anarchist solidarity with indigenous warrior John Graham |url=https://anarchistnews.org/content/anarchist-solidarity-indigenous-warrior-john-graham |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828071022/https://anarchistnews.org/content/anarchist-solidarity-indigenous-warrior-john-graham |archive-date=28 August 2018 |access-date=17 August 2016 |website=Anarchist News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan mika Graham zuwa Amurka, an kafa Kwamitin Tsaro na John Graham.&lt;ref name=&quot;Folk Kampen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goldstick |first=Miles |date=6 January 2006 |title=John Graham Arrested on 1 Dec. 2003 |url=http://www.folkkampanjen.se/doc1/mg20040106.html |access-date=17 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar kungiyar ita ce ta tabbatar da rashin laifi. Duk da yarjejeniyar neman gafara ta Looking Cloud wanda ya haɗa da yin shaida a kan John Graham don musayar rage hukuncinsa na kurkuku, Kwamitin Tsaro na Graham ya nuna cewa zai taimaka wa Looking Cloud ya kafa ƙungiyar daukaka kara ta shari'a. A cewar wani wakilin daga Kwamitin Tsaro na Graham, ban da tabbacin Looking Cloud wanda ya dogara da rashin shaidar shari'a, sun kuma nuna cewa, &quot;Duk da haka kwamitin Tsaro naGraham zai taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyar daukaka kara ta shari'a don Looking Cloud. Me ya sa ya taimaka masa lokacin da ya shafi John? Ba mu yi imani da ya yi niyyar shigar da John ba. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;IndianCountryTodayMediaNetwork #2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Melmer |first=David |date=12 February 2004 |title=Looking Cloud trial raises questions |url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2004/02/12/looking-cloud-trial-raises-questions-89957 |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Indian Country Today Media Networkz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]]
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  <page>
    <title>Metapneumovirus na mutum</title>
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      <comment>Replacing [[:c:File:Pathogens-04-00682-g001.png|Pathogens-04-00682-g001.png]] with [[:c:File:Pathogens-04-00682-g001.svg|Pathogens-04-00682-g001.svg]]: SVG file, higher quality</comment>
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Human metapneumovirus (''''''hMPV'''''' ko hMPV) [[Kwayar cutar Tsargiya|kwayar cuta,]] ma'ana guda ɗaya ta RNA ta dangin ''Pneumoviridae'' kuma tana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar C ta tsuntsaye (AMPV). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=van den Hoogen |first=Bernadette G. |last2=Jong |first2=Jan C. de |last3=Groen |first3=Jan |last4=Kuiken |first4=Thijs |last5=Groot |first5=Ronald de |last6=Fouchier |first6=Ron A.M. |last7=Osterhaus |first7=Albert D.M.E. |year=2001 |title=A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease |journal=Nature Medicine |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=719–724 |doi=10.1038/89098 |pmc=7095854 |pmid=11385510}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ware shi a karo na farko a cikin 2001 a cikin [[Holand|Netherlands]] ta amfani da dabarar RAP-PCR (RNA da aka ƙaddamar da PCR) don gano ƙwayoyin cuta da ba a sani ba da ke girma a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2016, ita ce sanarwa ta biyu mafi yawanci - bayan kwayar cutar syncytial (RSV) - na cututtukan numfashi mai tsanani a cikin yara masu lafiya a ƙarƙashin shekaru 5 a cikin babban asibitin marasa lafiya na Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=John V. |last2=Harris |first2=Paul A. |last3=Tollefson |first3=Sharon J. |last4=Halburnt-Rush |first4=Lisa L. |last5=Pingsterhaus |first5=Joyce M. |last6=Edwards |first6=Kathryn M. |last7=Wright |first7=Peter F. |last8=Crowe |first8=James E. Jr. |date=2004-01-29 |title=Human Metapneumovirus and Lower Respiratory Tract Disease in Otherwise Healthy Infants and Children |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2004-01-29_350_5/page/443 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=350 |issue=5 |pages=443–450 |doi=10.1056/nejmoa025472 |issn=0028-4793 |pmc=1831873 |pmid=14749452}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi girman shekarun asibiti ga jarirai tare da HMPV yana tsakanin watanni 6 zuwa 12, dan kadan ya fi girma fiye da mafi girma na RSV, wanda ke kusa da watanni 2 zuwa 3. Abubuwan asibiti da tsananin HMPV suna kama da na RSV. HMPV kuma muhimmiyar sanadin cutar ce a cikin tsofaffi da jarirai.

== Tarihin lissafi ==
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|+Genus ''Metapneumovirus'': jinsuna da ƙwayoyin cuta &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]] |date=n.d. |title=Genus: Metapneumovirus |url=https://ictv.global/report/chapter/pneumoviridae/pneumoviridae/metapneumovirus |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250110133355/https://ictv.global/report/chapter/pneumoviridae/pneumoviridae/metapneumovirus |archive-date=2025-01-10 |access-date=2025-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Halitta
!Nau'o'in
!Kwayar cuta (abbreviation) 
!NCBI taxonomy ID
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Metapneumovirus''
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |''Ra'ayi na Metapneumovirus''
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |kwayar cutar metapneumovirus ta tsuntsaye (AMPV) 
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&amp;id=38525 38525]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |''Metapneumovirus hominis''
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |kwayar cutar metapneumovirus ta mutum (HMPV) 
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&amp;id=162145 162145]
|}

== Bincike da suna ==
An fara gano kwayar cutar metapneumovirus (HMPV) a cikin 2001 a cikin Netherlands ta hanyar Bernadette G. van den Hoogen da abokan aikinta.&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kahn |first=Jeffrey S. |date=July 2006 |title=Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=546–557 |doi=10.1128/cmr.00014-06 |pmc=1539100 |pmid=16847085}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cdc47&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 April 2023 |title=Human Metapneumovirus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncird/human-metapneumovirus.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cc48&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV): Causes &amp; Treatment |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22443-human-metapneumovirus-hmpv |website=Cleveland Clinic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;verena49&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schildgen |first=Verena |last2=Van Den Hoogen |first2=Bernadette |last3=Fouchier |first3=Ron |last4=Tripp |first4=Ralph A. |last5=Alvarez |first5=Rene |last6=Manoha |first6=Catherine |last7=Williams |first7=John |last8=Schildgen |first8=Oliver |date=Oct 2011 |title=Human Metapneumovirus: Lessons Learned over the First Decade |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=734–754 |doi=10.1128/cmr.00015-11 |pmc=3194831 |pmid=21976607}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara gano HMPV a cikin asirin numfashi na yara 28 a cikin Netherlands kuma da farko sun fito ne daga wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na numfashi na yau da kullun saboda hanyoyin gwajin van den Hoogen da abokan aikinta sun yi ƙoƙari su yi amfani da - gwajin rigakafin ta amfani da takamaiman ƙwayoyin rigakafin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta da hanyoyin PCR ta amfani da ƙwayoyin cutar ƙwayoyin halittar ƙwayoyin jini - sun sami damar gwada kawai don ƙwayoyin cututtukanƙarar ƙwayoyin da aka sani kuma, sabili da haka, ba su iya gano sabon kwayar cuta ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot; /&gt;

Lokacin da masu bincike suka fara amfani da dabarun ilmin halitta, ana iya gano halaye na kwayoyin halitta da ɓangarorin jerin kwayoyin halitta na kwayar cutar. Wadannan dabarun sun hada da dabarar PCR da aka tsara ba zato ba tsammani, wanda ya sami iyakantaccen jerin bayanai da ake buƙata don bayyana kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin wannan sabon kwayar cutar da cutar huhu ta tsuntsaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kahn |first=Jeffrey S. |date=July 2006 |title=Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=546–557 |doi=10.1128/cmr.00014-06 |pmc=1539100 |pmid=16847085}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKahn2006&quot;&gt;Kahn, Jeffrey S. (July 2006). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539100 &quot;Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus&quot;]. ''Clinical Microbiology Reviews''. '''19''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;546–&lt;/span&gt;557. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1128/cmr.00014-06|10.1128/cmr.00014-06]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539100 1539100]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16847085 16847085].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sabon kwayar cutar, metapneumovirus na mutum, an sanya masa suna ne saboda dangantakarsa ta kusa da AMPV, yana nuna asalinsa a matsayin metapneusovirus da mai masaukin mutum.&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot; /&gt;

== Yaduwar cututtuka ==
HMPV tana da alhakin kashi 12% na cututtukan cututtuken numfashi a cikin yara masu lafiya a asibitin asibiti na Amurka &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=John V. |last2=Harris |first2=Paul A. |last3=Tollefson |first3=Sharon J. |last4=Halburnt-Rush |first4=Lisa L. |last5=Pingsterhaus |first5=Joyce M. |last6=Edwards |first6=Kathryn M. |last7=Wright |first7=Peter F. |last8=Crowe |first8=James E. Jr. |date=2004-01-29 |title=Human Metapneumovirus and Lower Respiratory Tract Disease in Otherwise Healthy Infants and Children |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=350 |issue=5 |pages=443–450 |doi=10.1056/nejmoa025472 |issn=0028-4793 |pmc=1831873 |pmid=14749452}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWilliamsHarrisTollefsonHalburnt-Rush2004&quot;&gt;Williams, John V.; Harris, Paul A.; Tollefson, Sharon J.; Halburnt-Rush, Lisa L.; Pingsterhaus, Joyce M.; Edwards, Kathryn M.; Wright, Peter F.; Crowe, James E. Jr. (2004-01-29). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1831873 &quot;Human Metapneumovirus and Lower Respiratory Tract Disease in Otherwise Healthy Infants and Children&quot;]. ''New England Journal of Medicine''. '''350''' (5): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;443–&lt;/span&gt;450. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1056/nejmoa025472|10.1056/nejmoa025472]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793 0028-4793]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1831873 1831873]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14749452 14749452].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; da kashi 15% da 8% na shari'o'in (bisa ga haka) na cutar huhu da aka samu a cikin al'umma wanda ke buƙatar asibiti a cikin yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 5 a Amurka a cikin 2010-2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jain |first=Seema |last2=Williams |first2=Derek J. |last3=Arnold |first3=Sandra R. |last4=Ampofo |first4=Krow |last5=Bramley |first5=Anna M. |last6=Reed |first6=Carrie |last7=Stockmann |first7=Chris |last8=Anderson |first8=Evan J. |last9=Grijalva |first9=Carlos G. |date=2015-02-25 |title=Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Children |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_the-new-england-journal-of-medicine_2015-02-26_372_9/page/835 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=EN |volume=372 |issue=9 |pages=835–845 |doi=10.1056/nejmoa1405870 |pmc=4697461 |pmid=25714161}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana rarraba kwayar cutar a duk duniya kuma, a yankuna masu matsakaici, tana da rarrabawar yanayi gabaɗaya bayan RSV da ƙwayoyin cuta na [[Influenza|mura]] a ƙarshen hunturu da bazara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=John V. |last2=Wang |first2=Chiaoyin K. |last3=Yang |first3=Chin-Fen |last4=Tollefson |first4=Sharon J. |last5=House |first5=Frances S. |last6=Heck |first6=Josh M. |last7=Chu |first7=Marla |last8=Brown |first8=Jennifer B. |last9=Lintao |first9=Linda D. |date=2006-02-01 |title=The Role of Human Metapneumovirus in Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: A 20-Year Experience |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2006-02-01_193_3/page/387 |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=193 |issue=3 |pages=387–395 |doi=10.1086/499274 |issn=0022-1899 |pmc=1586246 |pmid=16388486}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin Serologic ya nuna cewa tun yana da shekaru biyar, kusan dukkanin yara a duk duniya sun fallasa kwayar cutar.   &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=van den Hoogen |first=Bernadette G. |last2=Jong |first2=Jan C. de |last3=Groen |first3=Jan |last4=Kuiken |first4=Thijs |last5=Groot |first5=Ronald de |last6=Fouchier |first6=Ron A.M. |last7=Osterhaus |first7=Albert D.M.E. |year=2001 |title=A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease |journal=Nature Medicine |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=719–724 |doi=10.1038/89098 |pmc=7095854 |pmid=11385510}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFvan_den_HoogenJongGroenKuiken2001&quot;&gt;van den Hoogen, Bernadette G.; Jong, Jan C. de; Groen, Jan; Kuiken, Thijs; Groot, Ronald de; Fouchier, Ron A.M.; Osterhaus, Albert D.M.E. (2001). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095854 &quot;A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease&quot;]. ''Nature Medicine''. '''7''' (6): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;719–&lt;/span&gt;724. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/89098|10.1038/89098]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095854 7095854]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11385510 11385510].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leung |first=Jessica |last2=Esper |first2=Frank |last3=Weibel |first3=Carla |last4=Kahn |first4=Jeffrey S. |date=2005-03-01 |title=Seroepidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) on the Basis of a Novel Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Utilizing hMPV Fusion Protein Expressed in Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |language=en |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=1213–1219 |doi=10.1128/jcm.43.3.1213-1219.2005 |issn=0095-1137 |pmc=1081231 |pmid=15750086}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pavlin |first=Julie A. |last2=Hickey |first2=Andrew C. |last3=Ulbrandt |first3=Nancy |last4=Chan |first4=Yee-Peng |last5=Endy |first5=Timothy P. |last6=Boukhvalova |first6=Marina S. |last7=Chunsuttiwat |first7=Supamit |last8=Nisalak |first8=Ananda |last9=Libraty |first9=Daniel H. |date=2008-09-15 |title=Human Metapneumovirus Reinfection among Children in Thailand Determined by ELISA Using Purified Soluble Fusion Protein |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=198 |issue=6 |pages=836–842 |doi=10.1086/591186 |issn=0022-1899 |pmc=2648801 |pmid=18680407}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dunn |first=Sarah R. |last2=Ryder |first2=Alex B. |last3=Tollefson |first3=Sharon J. |last4=Xu |first4=Meng |last5=Saville |first5=Benjamin R. |last6=Williams |first6=John V. |date=2013-10-01 |title=Seroepidemiologies of Human Metapneumovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Young Children, Determined with a New Recombinant Fusion Protein Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay |journal=Clinical and Vaccine Immunology |language=en |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=1654–1656 |doi=10.1128/cvi.00750-12 |issn=1556-6811 |pmc=3807191 |pmid=23945161}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da kusan kamuwa da cuta a duniya a lokacin farkon rayuwa, sake kamuwa da cutar ya zama ruwan dare a cikin tsofaffi yara da manya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Howard |first=Leigh M. |last2=Edwards |first2=Kathryn M. |last3=Zhu |first3=Yuwei |last4=Griffin |first4=Marie R. |last5=Weinberg |first5=Geoffrey A. |last6=Szilagyi |first6=Peter G. |last7=Staat |first7=Mary A. |last8=Payne |first8=Daniel C. |last9=Williams |first9=John V. |year=2017 |title=Clinical Features of Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Ambulatory Children Aged 5–13 Years |journal=Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=165–168 |doi=10.1093/jpids/pix012 |pmc=5954304 |pmid=28369564}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Falsey |first=Ann R. |last2=Erdman |first2=Dean |last3=Anderson |first3=Larry J. |last4=Walsh |first4=Edward E. |date=2003-03-01 |title=Human Metapneumovirus Infections in Young and Elderly Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2003-03-01_187_5/page/785 |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=187 |issue=5 |pages=785–790 |doi=10.1086/367901 |issn=0022-1899 |pmid=12599052 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

HMPV may cause mild upper respiratory tract infection (e.g., the [[Mura|common cold]]). However, premature infants,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=John V. |last2=Maitre |first2=Nathalie |date=2016-07-28 |title=Human metapneumovirus in the preterm neonate: current perspectives |journal=Research and Reports in Neonatology |language=English |volume=6 |pages=41–49 |doi=10.2147/rrn.s76270 |pmc=5120728 |pmid=27891060 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; immunocompromised persons,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shahda |first=S. |last2=Carlos |first2=W.g. |last3=Kiel |first3=P.j. |last4=Khan |first4=B.a. |last5=Hage |first5=C.a. |date=2011-06-01 |title=The human metapneumovirus: a case series and review of the literature |journal=Transplant Infectious Disease |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=324–328 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-3062.2010.00575.x |issn=1399-3062 |pmc=3107511 |pmid=21631655}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chu |first=Helen Y. |author-link=Helen Y. 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(2003-03-01). [[doi:10.1086/367901|&quot;Human Metapneumovirus Infections in Young and Elderly Adults&quot;]]. ''The Journal of Infectious Diseases''. '''187''' (5): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;785–&lt;/span&gt;790. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1086/367901|10.1086/367901]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1899 0022-1899]. 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Gerald |year=2007 |title=Prevalence of viral respiratory tract infections in children with asthma |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-allergy-and-clinical-immunology_2007-02_119_2/page/314 |journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=119 |issue=2 |pages=314–321 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2006.08.041 |pmc=7112359 |pmid=17140648}}&lt;/ref&gt; and adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ([[Cutar huhu na yau da kullun|COPD]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vicente |first=Diego |last2=Montes |first2=Milagrosa |last3=Cilla |first3=Gustavo |last4=Pérez-Trallero |first4=Emilio |date=July 2004 |title=Human Metapneumovirus and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=1338–1339 |doi=10.3201/eid1007.030633 |issn=1080-6040 |pmc=3323314 |pmid=15338546}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Martinello |first=Richard A. |last2=Esper |first2=Frank |last3=Weibel |first3=Carla |last4=Ferguson |first4=David |last5=Landry |first5=Marie L. |last6=Kahn |first6=Jeffrey S. |year=2006 |title=Human metapneumovirus and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Journal of Infection |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=248–254 |doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2005.11.010 |pmc=7112509 |pmid=16412516}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kan-o |first=Keiko |last2=Ramirez |first2=Ruben |last3=MacDonald |first3=Martin I. |last4=Rolph |first4=Michael |last5=Rudd |first5=Penny A. |last6=Spann |first6=Kirsten M. |last7=Mahalingam |first7=Suresh |last8=Bardin |first8=Philip G. |last9=Thomas |first9=Belinda J. |date=2017-05-15 |title=Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Impact of Glucocorticosteroids and Interferon |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=215 |issue=10 |pages=1536–1545 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jix167 |issn=0022-1899 |pmid=28379462 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Numerous outbreaks of HMPV have been reported in long-term care facilities for children and adults, causing fatalities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Boivin |first=Guy |last2=Serres |first2=Gaston De |last3=Hamelin |first3=Marie-Eve |last4=Côté |first4=Stéphanie |last5=Argouin |first5=Marco |last6=Tremblay |first6=Geneviève |last7=Maranda-Aubut |first7=Renée |last8=Sauvageau |first8=Chantal |last9=Ouakki |first9=Manale |date=2007-05-01 |title=An Outbreak of Severe Respiratory Tract Infection Due to Human Metapneumovirus in a Long-Term Care Facility |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=44 |issue=9 |pages=1152–1158 |doi=10.1086/513204 |issn=1058-4838 |pmid=17407031 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Louie |first=Janice K. |last2=Schnurr |first2=David P. |last3=Pan |first3=Chao-Yang |last4=Kiang |first4=David |last5=Carter |first5=Connie |last6=Tougaw |first6=Sandra |last7=Ventura |first7=Jean |last8=Norman |first8=Agnes |last9=Belmusto |first9=Vivian |date=2007-09-01 |title=A Summer Outbreak of Human Metapneumovirus Infection in a Long-Term-Care Facility |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=196 |issue=5 |pages=705–708 |doi=10.1086/519846 |issn=0022-1899 |pmid=17674312 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Neu |first=Natalie |last2=Plaskett |first2=Theresa |last3=Hutcheon |first3=Gordon |last4=Murray |first4=Meghan |last5=Southwick |first5=Karen L. |last6=Saiman |first6=Lisa |date=June 2012 |title=Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus in a Pediatric Long-Term Care Facility |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infection-control-and-hospital-epidemiology_2012-06_33_6/page/545 |journal=Infection Control &amp; Hospital Epidemiology |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=545–550 |doi=10.1086/665727 |issn=0899-823X |pmid=22561708 |s2cid=2132679}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Outbreaks of Human Metapneumovirus in Two Skilled Nursing Facilities — West Virginia and Idaho, 2011–2012 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6246a1.htm |access-date=2017-09-16 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Zifeng |last2=Suzuki |first2=Akira |last3=Watanabe |first3=Oshi |last4=Okamoto |first4=Michiko |last5=Ohmi |first5=Akira |last6=Huang |first6=Wenbo |last7=Nishimura |first7=Hidekazu |date=2014 |title=Outbreak of human metapneumovirus infection in a severe motor-and-intellectual disabilities ward in Japan |journal=Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=318–321 |doi=10.7883/yoken.67.318 |issn=1884-2836 |pmid=25056083 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Pathogens-04-00682-g001.svg|thumb|Tsarin samfurin da sunadarai da aka tsara ta hanyar Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV).  (a) tsarin samfurin hMPV wanda ke nuna sunadarai na kwayar cuta wanda (b) kwayar cutaa ta tsara.]]
Ƙungiyar genomic ta HMPV tana kama da RSV;  duk da haka, HMPV ba ta da kwayoyin halitta marasa tsari, NS1 da NS2, kuma HMPV antisense RNA genome ya ƙunshi firam ɗin karantawa guda takwas a cikin tsarin jinsin ɗan adam daban-daban fiye da RSV (wato 3'-N-P-M-F-M2-SH-G-L-5').  HMPV yana da kama da kwayoyin metapneumoviruses na Avian A, B kuma musamman nau'in C. Binciken phylogenetic na HMPV ya nuna wanzuwar manyan layin kwayoyin halitta guda biyu da ake kira subtype A da B dauke da su a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi A1/A2 da B1/B2 bi da bi.  Genotyping dangane da jerin kwayoyin halittar F da G sun nuna cewa subtype B yana da alaƙa da ƙara tsawon lokacin tari da haɓaka tsarin numfashi na gabaɗaya idan aka kwatanta da HMPV-A.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perchetti 408–416&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Perchetti |first=GA |last2=Wilcox, N |last3=Chu, HY |last4=Katz, J |last5=Khatry, SK |last6=LeClerq, SC |last7=Tielsch, JM |last8=Jerome, KR |last9=Englund, JA |last10=Kuypers, J |date=November 2020 |title=Human Metapneumovirus Infection and Genotyping of Infants in Rural Nepal |journal=Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=408–416 |doi=10.1093/jpids/piaa118 |pmid=33137178}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin rayuwa da haifuwa ==
hMPV an kiyasta yana da lokacin shiryawa na kwanaki 3-6 kuma galibi yana aiki sosai a lokacin hunturu da lokacin bazara a cikin yanayin yanayi mai zafi, tare da yanayin RSV da mura kuma yana iya ba da damar kamuwa da cuta maimaituwa.  Tun daga 2012 [sabuntawa], hMPV da sake zagayowar sa ba a fahimta sosai ba.  An yi nazarin wasu daga cikin manyan matakai na sake zagayowar hMPV tare da gwaje-gwajen da suka danganta da yanayin yanayin rayuwa na hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri da kuma matakan haifuwa na sauran dangin Paramyxoviridae..&lt;ref name=&quot;ff50&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Feuillet |first=F. |last2=Lina |first2=B. |last3=Rosa-Calatrava |first3=M. |last4=Boivin |first4=G. |date=Feb 2012 |title=Ten years of human metapneumovirus research |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386653211004185 |journal=Journal of Clinical Virology |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=97–105 |doi=10.1016/j.jcv.2011.10.002 |pmid=22074934 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mataki na farko na sake zagayowar hMPV shine haɗewa da tantanin halitta, musamman Kwayoyin epithelial na hanyar numfashi, ta amfani da furotin G.&lt;ref name=&quot;verena49&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schildgen |first=Verena |last2=Van Den Hoogen |first2=Bernadette |last3=Fouchier |first3=Ron |last4=Tripp |first4=Ralph A. |last5=Alvarez |first5=Rene |last6=Manoha |first6=Catherine |last7=Williams |first7=John |last8=Schildgen |first8=Oliver |date=Oct 2011 |title=Human Metapneumovirus: Lessons Learned over the First Decade |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=734–754 |doi=10.1128/cmr.00015-11 |pmc=3194831 |pmid=21976607}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSchildgenVan_Den_HoogenFouchierTripp2011&quot;&gt;Schildgen, Verena; Van Den Hoogen, Bernadette; Fouchier, Ron; Tripp, Ralph A.; Alvarez, Rene; Manoha, Catherine; Williams, John; Schildgen, Oliver (Oct 2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3194831 &quot;Human Metapneumovirus: Lessons Learned over the First Decade&quot;]. ''Clinical Microbiology Reviews''. '''24''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;734–&lt;/span&gt;754. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1128/cmr.00015-11|10.1128/cmr.00015-11]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3194831 3194831]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21976607 21976607].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ff50&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Feuillet |first=F. |last2=Lina |first2=B. |last3=Rosa-Calatrava |first3=M. |last4=Boivin |first4=G. |date=Feb 2012 |title=Ten years of human metapneumovirus research |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386653211004185 |journal=Journal of Clinical Virology |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=97–105 |doi=10.1016/j.jcv.2011.10.002 |pmid=22074934 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFeuilletLinaRosa-CalatravaBoivin2012&quot;&gt;Feuillet, F.; Lina, B.; Rosa-Calatrava, M.; Boivin, G. (Feb 2012). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386653211004185 &quot;Ten years of human metapneumovirus research&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Journal of Clinical Virology''. '''53''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;97–&lt;/span&gt;105. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2011.10.002|10.1016/j.jcv.2011.10.002]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074934 22074934].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan furotin G yana ƙunshe da yankin hydrophobic wanda ke aiki a matsayin peptide na siginar da ba a rufe shi ba da kuma membrane anchor don sauƙaƙe ɗaurewa; duk da haka, saboda Kwayoyin cuta masu haɗuwa waɗanda ba su da furotin G har yanzu suna iya maimaitawa a cikin vitro da in vivo, da alama cewa haɗewa ta hanyar furotin G ba a buƙata don sauran sake zagayowar maimaitawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;verena49&quot; /&gt;

Na gaba a cikin sake zagayowar shine haɗuwa da kwayar cuta da membrane wanda mai yiwuwa furotin F ne ke shiga tsakani.&lt;ref name=&quot;verena49&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schildgen |first=Verena |last2=Van Den Hoogen |first2=Bernadette |last3=Fouchier |first3=Ron |last4=Tripp |first4=Ralph A. |last5=Alvarez |first5=Rene |last6=Manoha |first6=Catherine |last7=Williams |first7=John |last8=Schildgen |first8=Oliver |date=Oct 2011 |title=Human Metapneumovirus: Lessons Learned over the First Decade |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=734–754 |doi=10.1128/cmr.00015-11 |pmc=3194831 |pmid=21976607}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSchildgenVan_Den_HoogenFouchierTripp2011&quot;&gt;Schildgen, Verena; Van Den Hoogen, Bernadette; Fouchier, Ron; Tripp, Ralph A.; Alvarez, Rene; Manoha, Catherine; Williams, John; Schildgen, Oliver (Oct 2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3194831 &quot;Human Metapneumovirus: Lessons Learned over the First Decade&quot;]. ''Clinical Microbiology Reviews''. '''24''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;734–&lt;/span&gt;754. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1128/cmr.00015-11|10.1128/cmr.00015-11]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3194831 3194831]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21976607 21976607].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ff50&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Feuillet |first=F. |last2=Lina |first2=B. |last3=Rosa-Calatrava |first3=M. |last4=Boivin |first4=G. |date=Feb 2012 |title=Ten years of human metapneumovirus research |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386653211004185 |journal=Journal of Clinical Virology |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=97–105 |doi=10.1016/j.jcv.2011.10.002 |pmid=22074934 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFeuilletLinaRosa-CalatravaBoivin2012&quot;&gt;Feuillet, F.; Lina, B.; Rosa-Calatrava, M.; Boivin, G. (Feb 2012). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386653211004185 &quot;Ten years of human metapneumovirus research&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Journal of Clinical Virology''. '''53''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;97–&lt;/span&gt;105. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2011.10.002|10.1016/j.jcv.2011.10.002]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074934 22074934].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake tsarin haɗuwa yayi kama da na sauran dangin Paramyxoviridae kuma ya haɗa da canje-canje na furotin F, tsarin hMPV ba ya dogara da furotin G don haɗuwa kamar membobinta na iyali, yana nuna daidaituwa tare da ra'ayin da aka ambata a baya cewa furotin G ba lallai ba ne don matakai na gaba na sake zagayowar hMPV.&lt;ref name=&quot;verena49&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ff50&quot; /&gt; An tabbatar da aikin haɗuwa na furotin F ta hanyar ikonsa na ɗaurewa ga ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ta hanyar integrin αvβ1 ta amfani da Arginine-Glycine-Aspartate (RGD), wanda aka yi hasashen shine abin da ke haifar da abubuwan haɗakar membrane.&lt;ref name=&quot;verena49&quot; /&gt;

Babban bambanci tsakanin hMPV da sauran hanyoyin haɗin ƙwayoyin cuta na Paramyxoviridae ko da yake shi ne cewa hMPV's fusion events faruwa a acidic pH matakan yayin da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta 'fusion events faruwa a tsaka tsaki pH matakan;  duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike a wannan yanki don samun ƙarin fahimtar abin da ya bambanta game da tsarin haɗin hMPV da kuma dalilin da ya sa.  Ko da yake takamaiman aikinsa ba shi da tabbas, kasancewar SH glycoprotein ba ya bayyana yana da wani tasiri akan kwafin motsin motsa jiki, tasirin cytopathic, ko samuwar hMPV..&lt;ref name=&quot;ff50&quot; /&gt;

Bayan hadewa, kwayar ribonucleoprotein (RNP) mai dauke da kwayar cutar kwayar cutar RNA (vRNA) wacce ke dauke da kwayar cutar kwayar cutar kwayar cutar kwayar cuta ana fitar da ita zuwa cikin cytoplasm kuma tana aiki azaman samfuri na mRNA da haɗin gwiwar cRNA na antigenomic.[1]  Daga nan, yawancin iliminmu game da kwafin hMPV an samo su ne daga abin da muka riga muka sani game da RSV da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta na Paramyxoviridae, gami da cewa jagora da jerin tirela a cikin genome suna da wani ɓangare na haɓakawa kuma suna aiki azaman masu tallata rubutu.[1]  Mun ga cewa sunadaran N, P, da L sun rabu da vRNA kuma suna ɗaure juna don samar da hadaddun polymerase don haka RNA na genomic zai iya aiki azaman matrix don kwafin hoto da kwafi a cikin cytoplasm..&lt;ref name=&quot;ff50&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Feuillet |first=F. |last2=Lina |first2=B. |last3=Rosa-Calatrava |first3=M. |last4=Boivin |first4=G. |date=Feb 2012 |title=Ten years of human metapneumovirus research |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386653211004185 |journal=Journal of Clinical Virology |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=97–105 |doi=10.1016/j.jcv.2011.10.002 |pmid=22074934 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFeuilletLinaRosa-CalatravaBoivin2012&quot;&gt;Feuillet, F.; Lina, B.; Rosa-Calatrava, M.; Boivin, G. (Feb 2012). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386653211004185 &quot;Ten years of human metapneumovirus research&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Journal of Clinical Virology''. '''53''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;97–&lt;/span&gt;105. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2011.10.002|10.1016/j.jcv.2011.10.002]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074934 22074934].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Mataki na ƙarshe a cikin tsarin kwafi na hMPV wanda yake da tabbas tabbas shine tafiya na ambulan glycoproteins (F, G, da SH) zuwa yankuna na tarawar membranous ta hanyar kayan aikin Golgi da za a fallasa su a saman ƙwayoyin cutar.  RNA da haɗin sunadaran ƙwayoyin cuta ba su da tabbas kuma suna buƙatar ƙarin bincike..&lt;ref name=&quot;verena49&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schildgen |first=Verena |last2=Van Den Hoogen |first2=Bernadette |last3=Fouchier |first3=Ron |last4=Tripp |first4=Ralph A. |last5=Alvarez |first5=Rene |last6=Manoha |first6=Catherine |last7=Williams |first7=John |last8=Schildgen |first8=Oliver |date=Oct 2011 |title=Human Metapneumovirus: Lessons Learned over the First Decade |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=734–754 |doi=10.1128/cmr.00015-11 |pmc=3194831 |pmid=21976607}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSchildgenVan_Den_HoogenFouchierTripp2011&quot;&gt;Schildgen, Verena; Van Den Hoogen, Bernadette; Fouchier, Ron; Tripp, Ralph A.; Alvarez, Rene; Manoha, Catherine; Williams, John; Schildgen, Oliver (Oct 2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3194831 &quot;Human Metapneumovirus: Lessons Learned over the First Decade&quot;]. ''Clinical Microbiology Reviews''. '''24''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;734–&lt;/span&gt;754. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1128/cmr.00015-11|10.1128/cmr.00015-11]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3194831 3194831]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21976607 21976607].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwayar cuta ==
HMPV yana kamuwa da ƙwayoyin epithelial na iska a cikin hanci da huhu. Ana tunanin HMPV yana haɗe da tantanin halitta ta hanyar glycoprotein (G) furotin hulɗa tare da heparan sulfate da sauran glycosaminoglycans. HMPV fusion (F) furotin yana ƙunshe da RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp)  wanda ke shiga RGD-binding integrins a matsayin masu karɓar sel, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cseke |first=G. |last2=Maginnis |first2=M. S. |last3=Cox |first3=R. G. |last4=Tollefson |first4=S. J. |last5=Podsiad |first5=A. B. |last6=Wright |first6=D. W. |last7=Dermody |first7=T. S. |last8=Williams |first8=J. V. |year=2009 |title=Integrin &amp;nbsp;v&amp;nbsp;1 promotes infection by human metapneumovirus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2009-02-03_106_5/page/1566 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=1566–1571 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0801433106 |pmc=2629439 |pmid=19164533 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chang |first=A. |last2=Masante |first2=C. |last3=Buchholz |first3=U. J. |last4=Dutch |first4=R. E. |year=2012 |title=Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) Binding and Infection Are Mediated by Interactions between the HMPV Fusion Protein and Heparan Sulfate |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=3230–3243 |doi=10.1128/JVI.06706-11 |pmc=3302303 |pmid=22238303}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cox |first=R. G. |last2=Livesay |first2=S. B. |last3=Johnson |first3=M. |last4=Ohi |first4=M. D. |last5=Williams |first5=J. V. |year=2012 |title=The Human Metapneumovirus Fusion Protein Mediates Entry via an Interaction with RGD-Binding Integrins |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_2012-11_86_22/page/12148 |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=86 |issue=22 |pages=12148–12160 |doi=10.1128/JVI.01133-12 |pmc=3486500 |pmid=22933271}}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan ya shiga tsakani da haɗuwa da membrane na tantanin halitta da ambulaf ɗin kwayar cuta a cikin salon pH mai zaman kansa, mai yiwuwa a cikin endosomes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wei |first=Y. |last2=Zhang |first2=Y. |last3=Cai |first3=H. |last4=Mirza |first4=A. M. |last5=Iorio |first5=R. M. |last6=Peeples |first6=M. E. |last7=Niewiesk |first7=S. |last8=Li |first8=J. |year=2014 |title=Roles of the Putative Integrin-Binding Motif of the Human Metapneumovirus Fusion (F) Protein in Cell-Cell Fusion, Viral Infectivity, and Pathogenesis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_2014-04_88_8/page/4338 |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=88 |issue=8 |pages=4338–4352 |doi=10.1128/JVI.03491-13 |pmc=3993731 |pmid=24478423}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schowalter |first=R. M. |last2=Smith |first2=S. E. |last3=Dutch |first3=R. E. |year=2006 |title=Characterization of Human Metapneumovirus F Protein-Promoted Membrane Fusion: Critical Roles for Proteolytic Processing and Low pH |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_2006-11_80_22/page/10931 |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=80 |issue=22 |pages=10931–10941 |doi=10.1128/JVI.01287-06 |pmc=1642150 |pmid=16971452}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cox |first=Reagan G. |last2=Mainou |first2=Bernardo A. |last3=Johnson |first3=Monika |last4=Hastings |first4=Andrew K. |last5=Schuster |first5=Jennifer E. |last6=Dermody |first6=Terence S. |last7=Williams |first7=John V. |year=2015 |title=Human Metapneumovirus is Capable of Entering Cells by Fusion with Endosomal Membranes |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=e1005303 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005303 |pmc=4667933 |pmid=26629703 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; HMPV sa'an nan kuma yana haifar da martani na chemokines da cytokines kamar IL-6, IFN-alpha, TNF-alpha، IL-2, da kuma sunadarai masu kumburi na macrophage, wanda hakan ke haifar da peribronchiolar da perivascular infiltration da kumburi.

== Binciken ==
[[Fayil:PMC4622250_15-0608-F1_(1).png|thumb|Hoton radiyo na kirji na mutum mai shekaru 47 tare da kwayar cutar metapneumovirus mai alaƙa da encephalitis. Ƙarfafawa a cikin tsakiya na tsakiya na dama (zagaye) yana nuna cutar huhu.]]
Gano HMPV ya dogara da fasahar sake fasalin polymerase (RT-PCR) don fadada kai tsaye daga RNA da aka cire daga samfurori na numfashi. An yi amfani da wasu hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don gano HMPV ta hanyar hanyoyin da suka shafi nucleic acid kuma waɗannan sun haɗa da:

# gano antigen na hMPV a cikin ɓoyewar nasopharyngeal ta hanyar gwajin rigakafin rigakafi
# amfani da immunofluorescence staining tare da monoclonal antibodies don gano HMPV a cikin nasopharyngeal secretions da shell vial al'adu
# Gwaje-gwaje na immunofluorescence don gano takamaiman magungunan rigakafi na hMPV
# amfani da Magungunan rigakafi na polyclonal da keɓewa kai tsaye a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta.

Kodayake an fara gano hMPV kuma an gano shi a cikin shekara ta 2001, binciken serological ya nuna cewa hMPV, ko dangi na kusa da shi, ya riga ya bazu aƙalla shekaru 50.&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kahn |first=Jeffrey S. |date=July 2006 |title=Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=546–557 |doi=10.1128/cmr.00014-06 |pmc=1539100 |pmid=16847085}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKahn2006&quot;&gt;Kahn, Jeffrey S. (July 2006). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539100 &quot;Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus&quot;]. ''Clinical Microbiology Reviews''. '''19''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;546–&lt;/span&gt;557. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1128/cmr.00014-06|10.1128/cmr.00014-06]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539100 1539100]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16847085 16847085].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uddin51&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Uddin |first=Sanaa |last2=Thomas |first2=Meagan |date=July 18, 2022 |title=Human Metapneumovirus |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560910/ |journal=StatPearls [Internet] |pmid=32809745}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga wannan bayanin, a bayyane yake cewa kwayar cutar ba kawai ta &quot;tsalle&quot; daga tsuntsaye ba, ko wasu tankunan dabbobi, zuwa mutane jim kadan kafin gano ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot; /&gt;

Ya zuwa 2022, kamuwa da cuta mafi girma daga hMPV a arewacin arewacin yana cikin ƙarshen hunturu da farkon bazara, amma ana iya samun sa a duniya a duk faɗin nahiyoyi &lt;ref name=&quot;uddin51&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Uddin |first=Sanaa |last2=Thomas |first2=Meagan |date=July 18, 2022 |title=Human Metapneumovirus |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560910/ |journal=StatPearls [Internet] |pmid=32809745}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFUddinThomas2022&quot;&gt;Uddin, Sanaa; Thomas, Meagan (July 18, 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560910/ &quot;Human Metapneumovirus&quot;]. ''StatPearls [Internet]''. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32809745 32809745].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma rarraba sa yana da rikitarwa sosai kuma yana da ƙarfi. &lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kahn |first=Jeffrey S. |date=July 2006 |title=Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=546–557 |doi=10.1128/cmr.00014-06 |pmc=1539100 |pmid=16847085}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKahn2006&quot;&gt;Kahn, Jeffrey S. (July 2006). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539100 &quot;Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus&quot;]. ''Clinical Microbiology Reviews''. '''19''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;546–&lt;/span&gt;557. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1128/cmr.00014-06|10.1128/cmr.00014-06]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539100 1539100]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16847085 16847085].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Masu bincike sun gano cewa hMPV galibi yana cikin gida kuma yana iya bambanta sosai daga al'umma zuwa al'umma, yana ba da damar yiwuwar damuwa a wuri ɗaya shekara guda ya zama mafi kama da damuwa a wani wuri daban a shekara mai zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot; /&gt;

An rubuta wannan sabon abu tare da kwayar cutar a Ostiraliya a cikin 2001; a Faransa a cikin 2000 da 2002; a Kanada a cikin 1999, 2000, 2001, da 2002; A Isra'ila a cikin 2002; kuma a cikin Netherlands a cikin 2001 duk suna da alaƙa sosai bisa ga jerin kwayar F.&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kahn |first=Jeffrey S. |date=July 2006 |title=Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=546–557 |doi=10.1128/cmr.00014-06 |pmc=1539100 |pmid=16847085}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKahn2006&quot;&gt;Kahn, Jeffrey S. (July 2006). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539100 &quot;Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus&quot;]. ''Clinical Microbiology Reviews''. '''19''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;546–&lt;/span&gt;557. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1128/cmr.00014-06|10.1128/cmr.00014-06]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539100 1539100]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16847085 16847085].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai akalla manyan nau'ikan halittar hMPV guda biyu (A da B) waɗanda ke yawo a lokacin barkewar al'umma kuma kowane nau'in halittar yana da nasa biyu, &lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot; /&gt; amma a yanzu, da alama babu wani nau'in da ya fi rinjaye wasu kuma babu wani daga cikinsu da aka sani da haifar da matakan tsananin tsanani. &lt;ref name=&quot;uddin51&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Uddin |first=Sanaa |last2=Thomas |first2=Meagan |date=July 18, 2022 |title=Human Metapneumovirus |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560910/ |journal=StatPearls [Internet] |pmid=32809745}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFUddinThomas2022&quot;&gt;Uddin, Sanaa; Thomas, Meagan (July 18, 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560910/ &quot;Human Metapneumovirus&quot;]. ''StatPearls [Internet]''. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32809745 32809745].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

HMPV yana yiwuwa yaduwa daga masu kamuwa da cuta zuwa wasu ta hanyar 1. ɓoye daga tari da atishawa, 2. kusancin mutum (misali tabawa, girgiza hannu, da dai sauransu), da 3. taɓa abubuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta a kansu sannan kuma taɓa bakinka, hanci, ko idanu.  A wasu gwaje-gwajen alluran rigakafin, masu bincike sun lura da yadda kwayar cutar parainfluenza na mutum mai raye-raye wacce ke dauke da kwayoyin hMPV F na iya haifar da takamaiman rigakafin hMPV kuma yana iya kare dabbobin gwaji daga hMPV..&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot; /&gt;

Another similar study demonstrated how a chimeric bovine/human parainfluenza virus 3 expressing the hMPV F gene allows for neutralizing antibodies against both parainfluenza and hMPV.&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kahn |first=Jeffrey S. |date=July 2006 |title=Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=546–557 |doi=10.1128/cmr.00014-06 |pmc=1539100 |pmid=16847085}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKahn2006&quot;&gt;Kahn, Jeffrey S. (July 2006). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539100 &quot;Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus&quot;]. ''Clinical Microbiology Reviews''. '''19''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;546–&lt;/span&gt;557. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1128/cmr.00014-06|10.1128/cmr.00014-06]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539100 1539100]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16847085 16847085].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; These experiments have several limitations, including their small-population animal models.&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot; /&gt; Overall, while vaccines and antiviral therapy treatments are in the works, the biggest difficulty that researchers face {{As of|2006}} is the limited data available about the development of hMPV in the natural host.&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot; /&gt;

== Rarraba ==
Wataƙila yaduwar tana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da ɓoyayyun ɓoyayyen da aka gurbata, ta hanyar droplet, aerosol, ko fomite vectors.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCabout2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 August 2024 |title=About Human Metapneumovirus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/human-metapneumovirus/about/index.html |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=Human Metapneumovirus |publisher=CDC |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayar da rahoton kamuwa da cututtukan asibiti tare da metapneumovirus na mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peiris |first=JS |last2=Tang, WH |last3=Chan, KH |last4=Khong, PL |last5=Guan, Y |last6=Lau, YL |last7=Chiu, SS |date=June 2003 |title=Children with respiratory disease associated with metapneumovirus in Hong Kong |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=628–633 |doi=10.3201/eid0906.030009 |pmc=3000155 |pmid=12781000}}&lt;/ref&gt; An nuna cewa HMPV yana zagayawa a lokacin faduwa da watanni na hunturu tare da sauyawa na nau'i ɗaya a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perchetti 408–416&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Perchetti |first=GA |last2=Wilcox, N |last3=Chu, HY |last4=Katz, J |last5=Khatry, SK |last6=LeClerq, SC |last7=Tielsch, JM |last8=Jerome, KR |last9=Englund, JA |last10=Kuypers, J |date=November 2020 |title=Human Metapneumovirus Infection and Genotyping of Infants in Rural Nepal |journal=Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=408–416 |doi=10.1093/jpids/piaa118 |pmid=33137178}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPerchettiWilcox,_NChu,_HYKatz,_J2020&quot;&gt;Perchetti, GA; Wilcox, N; Chu, HY; Katz, J; Khatry, SK; LeClerq, SC; Tielsch, JM; Jerome, KR; Englund, JA; Kuypers, J (November 2020). &quot;Human Metapneumovirus Infection and Genotyping of Infants in Rural Nepal&quot;. ''Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society''. '''10''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;408–&lt;/span&gt;416. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/jpids/piaa118|10.1093/jpids/piaa118]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33137178 33137178].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magani ==
Babu wani magani ga mutane da aka sani tun daga shekara ta 2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18516301&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bao X, Liu T, Shan Y, Li K, Garofalo RP, Casola A |date=May 2008 |editor-last=Baric |editor-first=Ralph S. |title=Human Metapneumovirus Glycoprotein G Inhibits Innate Immune Responses |journal=PLOS Pathog. |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=e1000077 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1000077 |pmc=2386556 |pmid=18516301 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ribavirin, magani da aka yi amfani da shi don magance RSV, ya nuna tasiri a cikin samfurin dabba.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17458775&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Deffrasnes C, Hamelin ME, Boivin G |date=April 2007 |title=Human metapneumovirus |journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=213–21 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-976493 |pmid=17458775 |s2cid=21308968}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanin samar da magunguna na Amurka Moderna ya gudanar da gwajin asibiti don rigakafin modRNA na dan takarar rigakafin metapneumovirus. Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2019, dan takarar rigakafin ya wuce matakin I, tare da rahotanni cewa rigakafin yana da haƙuri sosai a duk matakan sashi a cikin watanni biyu, kuma yana haifar da amsawar rigakafi wanda ke haɓaka samar da Magungunan rigakafi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=August A, Shaw CA, Lee H, Knightly C, Kalidindia S, Chu L, Essink BJ, Seger W, Zaks T, Smolenov I, Panther L |date=July 2022 |title=Safety and Immunogenicity of an mRNA-Based Human Metapneumovirus and Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Combined Vaccine in Healthy Adults |journal=Open Forum Infect Dis |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=ofac206 |doi=10.1093/ofid/ofac206 |pmc=9251669 |pmid=35794943}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Juyin Halitta ==
An fara bayar da rahoton metapneumovirus na mutum a cikin 2001 da kuma metapneusovirus na tsuntsaye a cikin shekarun 1970. Akwai akalla zuriya huɗu na metapneumovirus na mutum - A1, A2, B1 da B2. An raba kwayar cutar metapneumovirus ta Avian zuwa rukuni huɗu - A, B, C da D. Kimanin Bayesian ya nuna cewa kwayar cutar ta mutum ta fito ne tsakanin 1875 da 1889 kuma ta rabu da kwayar cutar avian a kusa da 1800. &lt;ref name=&quot;deGraaf2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Graaf M, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA, Holmes EC |year=2008 |title=Evolutionary dynamics of human and avian metapneumoviruses |journal=J. Gen. Virol. |volume=89 |issue=Pt 12 |pages=2933–42 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.2008/006957-0 |pmid=19008378 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== barkewar cutar ta 2024-2025 ==
Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta kasar Sin ta buga bayanai da ke nuna cewa kamuwa da cututtukan numfashi ya karu sosai a cikin mako na 16 zuwa 22 ga Disamba 2024;  An danganta cutar metapneumovirus ta mutum zuwa kashi 6.2 na ingantattun gwaje-gwajen cututtukan numfashi da kashi 5.4 na asibitocin cututtukan numfashi a China, fiye da COVID-19, rhinovirus, ko adenovirus.  Kan Biao, shugaban cibiyar yaki da cututtuka masu yaduwa ta kasar Sin CDC, ya sanar da cewa, adadin HMPV a tsakanin yara masu shekaru 14 zuwa kasa da kasa na karuwa a kasar Sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dewan |first=Pandora |date=3 January 2025 |title=Viral disease HMPV is on the rise among kids in China — what is it? |url=https://www.livescience.com/health/viruses-infections-disease/viral-disease-hmpv-is-on-the-rise-among-kids-in-china-what-is-it |publisher=Live Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}
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      <text bytes="12346" sha1="054ay5qxfgpdgmauktmx4kpuz7oh2br" xml:space="preserve">'''Indira Paryavaran Bhawan''' ita ce gini na farko na [[Indiya]] wanda ke cikin New Delhi, [[Indiya]]. Ginin yana da [[Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da Canjin Yanayi|Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da Canjin Yanayi (MoEFCC)]] wanda ke da ministoci uku da ofisoshin su tare da kimanin jami'ai 600. Ginin, wanda Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ta Tsakiya (CPWD)  ta tsara kuma ta gina shi, an kammala shi a cikin 2013 a farashin INR 209 Crore.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 September 2020 |title=Indira Paryavaran Bhawan Brochure |url=http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Environment-Broucher1.pdf |website=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kaddamar da ginin, a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 2014, Firayim Minista na lokacin Dr. Manmohan Singh ne ya gudanar da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ginin an kiyasta shi a matsayin taurari biyar na [[Cibiyar Makamashi da Albarkatu|GRIHA]] (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) ta MNRE da LEED India Platinum ta Indian Green Building Council (IGBC). Ginin yana da nasa tashar wutar lantarki ta hasken rana, wurin kula da datti, cikakken tsarin ajiye motoci na atomatik mai matakai da yawa &amp; wurin ajiye motoci mai rikitarwa, da tsarin musayar zafi ta geothermal.

== Bayani ==
Indira Paryavaran Bhawan ya ƙunshi tubalan biyu a cikin mahallin da aka haɗa ta hanyar gangara. Kowane toshe tsari ne na G + 7 tare da ginshiki 3. Jimlar filin bene na harabar yana da murabba'in mita 32,000. Kowace bene ta ƙunshi wuraren ofis, ɗakunan taro, ɗakunan taron da dai sauransu. Ginin ya ƙunshi masu ɗagawa 7 da kuma tsakiya na tsakiya da ke tsakanin tubalan biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Indira Paryavaran Bhawan yana cikin yanki mai hadewar yanayi, gaurayawan yanayin zafi, bushewa, danshi, da yanayin sanyi, kuma ƙirar ta ƙunshi dabaru masu aiki da yawa, masu ɗorewa, da sabuntawa don cimma burin [[Fitar da sifili|sifili]] . An raba ginin zuwa sassa 5: Vayu (Wind), Agni ([[Wuta]]), Jal ([[Ruwa]]), Prithvi ([[Duniya]]), da Aakash (Space) wanda ke nuna abubuwa guda 5 waɗanda dukkan al'amura suka qunshi, kamar yadda Indira Paryavaran Bhawan misali ne wanda ya shafi wayewar al'umma game da wayar da kan muhalli don ɗaukar ra'ayoyin ginin kore a [[Indiya]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 2014 |title=Indira Paryavaran Bhawan |url=http://spaenvis.nic.in/index2.aspx?slid=1377&amp;sublinkid=850&amp;langid=1&amp;mid=6 |website=[[ENVIS Center on Human Settlement's]] |access-date=2025-08-04 |archive-date=2024-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203044226/https://spaenvis.nic.in/index2.aspx?slid=1377&amp;sublinkid=850&amp;langid=1&amp;mid=6 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'aikatar muhalli ta Tarayyar tana fuskantar ƙalubalen lambu iri-iri - zubar da tsuntsaye, ƙazantar da farfajiyar Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, wanda ke da shi, kuma yana daga cikin manyan gine-ginen kore na [[Indiya]]. Mutane ko kungiyoyi waɗanda za su ba da mafita mafi kyau za a ba su adadin ₹ 1 lakh.

== Tsarin ==

=== Shirye-shiryen Zane marasa amfani ===

==== Jagora ====
An saita yanayin fuskantar ginin zuwa arewa ta kudu, don ɗaukar hasken rana da motsin iska a cikin ginin, babban atrium da corridor yana ba da iskar iska a cikin ginin. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

==== Yanayi da Noma[[Noman Kayan Lambu (Horticulture)|Aikin lambu]] ====
Fiye da kashi 50% na yankin da ke waje da ginin an rufe shi da shuke-shuke, don kiyaye itatuwa da yawa da ke akwai yadda zai yiwu, daga cikin itatuwa 79, an yanke itatuwa 19 kawai kuma an dasa itatuwa 11. Hanyoyi da hanyoyin zagayawa a cikin ginin an yi su ne da tubalan ciyawa don shigar da ruwa na ƙasa da sake caji na ruwa. Ginin bene na 7 ya ƙunshi lambun terrace.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

==== Hasken rana da iska[[Samun iska (ginin gine-gine)|Rashin iska]] ====
An tsara ginin don tabbatar da hasken rana a cikin fiye da 75% na sararin bene kuma don rage dogara ga na'urorin hasken wuta. Matsakaicin atrium dake tsakanin tubalan biyu yana ba da damar motsin iska na halitta saboda tasirin tari. Samar da tagogi yana ƙara haɓaka tsarin haɓakar iska.

==== Ginin Envelope da Fenestration ====
Ginin ambulan ginin ya ƙunshi ginin nauyi mai nauyi. Bangon waje ya ƙunshi 30&amp;nbsp;cm mai kauri na Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC), 7&amp;nbsp;Insulation na ulu mai kauri cm, 12&amp;nbsp;cm mai kauri na iska mai kauri da 12&amp;nbsp;cm lokacin farin ciki 'Fal-G' [gajewar mallakar mallakar gardama (Fa), lemun tsami (L) da gypsum (G)] toshe bulo, kuma yana da darajar U- .221 W/m &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; K. Rufin waje na ginin ya ƙunshi 2&amp;nbsp;Tile mai kauri cm 6&amp;nbsp;turmi siminti cm kauri, 4&amp;nbsp;PUF mai kauri cm 6&amp;nbsp;santimita bulo mai [[Brick bat coba|kauri bat coba]], 6&amp;nbsp;turmi mai kauri cm,10&amp;nbsp;cm m kankare. Ana shigar da fale-falen fale-falen fale-falen fale-falen a kan rufin ginin don jiyya mai sanyi - ƙarancin zafi, ƙarfin ƙarfi da sawa mai wuya. Windows da aka shigar a cikin ginin tare da firam ɗin uPVC (Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride) an rufe shi da kyalkyali biyu tare da cika gas tare da U-Value na 0.26 W/m &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; K da SHGC na 0.32 da firam na aluminium. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Buildings Guide: Services - Buildings Example: Indira Paryavaran Bhawan ∙ bigEE - Your guide to energy efficiency in buildings. |url=https://bigee.net/en/buildings/guide/services/examples/building/35/#construction |access-date=2020-12-17 |website=bigee.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kayan aiki da fasahar gini ====
Ana amfani da tubalin ash da ke kewaye da zafi na Autoclave Aerated Concrete tare da tururi mai tushe da gyare-gyare don ganuwar. Ana amfani da kayan makamashi da duwatsu da ke cikin gida don shimfiɗa. Ana amfani da sinadarin bamboo jute wanda ake sabuntawa da sauri don bangarorin ƙofa da shutters. Ana amfani da ƙananan fentin [[Magungunan kwayoyin halitta masu tashi|VOC]] don inganta ingancin iska na cikin gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

=== Shirye-shiryen Zane ===

==== Tsarin Haske ====
Ana ba da fitilu masu inganci a cikin tsarin hasken ciki da na waje na ginin. Don kara yawan makamashi a cikin hasken wuta, ana sarrafa hasken wucin gadi a cikin ginin ta amfani da firikwensin matakin lux. Ana kiyaye ƙarfin wutar lantarki kusa da 5 W / m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; wanda ya fi dacewa da 50% fiye da buƙatun Dokar Kula da Makamashi ta  (Lighting Power Density = 11 W / m2). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indira Paryavaran Bhawan Case Study |url=https://nzeb.in/case-studies/nzebs-in-india/nzebs-in-india-case-studies-list/ipb-case-study/ |access-date=2020-12-17 |website=NZEB |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana samar da nauyin hasken wuta ta hanyar ginin da aka haɗa photovoltaic (BIPV).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
[[Fayil:Manmohan_Singh_at_the_dedication_ceremony_of_the_Indira_Paryavaran_Bhawan_to_the_Nation,_in_New_Delhi._The_Union_Minister_for_Petroleum_&amp;_Natural_Gas_and_Environment_and_Forests.jpg|thumb|329x329px|Manmohan Singh a bikin kaddamar da Indira Paryavaran Bhawan a New Delhi.]]

==== Ingantaccen tsarin [[Rashin zafi, iska, da sanyaya iska|HVAC]] ====
Ginin yana da iska mai sanyaya. Ana amfani da fasahar tsarin sanyaya don saduwa da nauyin iska na 160 TR na ginin. Tsarin sanyaya iska yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa maimakon samar da iska ta hanyar bututu. Ana amfani da katako mai sanyi daga bene na biyu zuwa na shida kuma wannan tsarin ya rage amfani da makamashi har zuwa 50% idan aka kwatanta da tsarin al'ada. Ana amfani da haɗin gine-gine don sarrafa kayan aikin HVAC da kuma saka idanu kan tsarin da suka shafi. Don ingancin makamashi, ana kiyaye zafin jiki a 26 ±1 ° C.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indira Paryavaran Bhawan - First On-site Zero Net Energy Building of India |url=https://www.nbmcw.com/tech-articles/case-studies/38475-indira-paryavaran-bhawan-first-on-site-zero-net-energy-building-of-india.html |access-date=2020-12-17 |website=www.nbmcw.com |language=en-gb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113182422/https://www.nbmcw.com/tech-articles/case-studies/38475-indira-paryavaran-bhawan-first-on-site-zero-net-energy-building-of-india.html |archive-date=2019-11-13 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

=== Tsarin musayar zafi na geothermal ===
Don rage nauyin a kan tsarin HVAC, an aiwatar da tsarin madaidaiciya na tsarin musayar zafi na geothermal. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka karbe shi a babban sikelin a cikin ginin gwamnati a Indiya. Tsarin yana amfani da bambancin tsakanin zafin jiki da zafin jiki a ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indira Paryavaran Bhawan - First On-site Zero Net Energy Building of India |url=https://www.nbmcw.com/tech-articles/case-studies/38475-indira-paryavaran-bhawan-first-on-site-zero-net-energy-building-of-india.html |access-date=2020-12-17 |website=www.nbmcw.com |language=en-gb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113182422/https://www.nbmcw.com/tech-articles/case-studies/38475-indira-paryavaran-bhawan-first-on-site-zero-net-energy-building-of-india.html |archive-date=2019-11-13 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin madaidaicin rufaffiyar madauki ya ƙunshi gundumomi a tsaye 180 a duk faɗin wuraren zuwa zurfin mita 80. Ana kiyaye mafi ƙarancin tazara na mita 3 tsakanin kowane ɓangarorin biyu. Kowane bututu yana da diamita na waje na 32mm HDPE bututu U-madauki kuma an haɗa shi a cikin ɗakin shukar kwandishan na tsakiya zuwa tsarin bututun ruwa. U-Madauki guda ɗaya tare da ƙarfin ƙin ƙin zafi na 0.9TR yana haifar da ƙarfin kin zafin zafi na 160TR daga ɓangarorin tsaye 180, yana haifar da raguwar nauyin hasumiya mai sanyaya da raguwar amfani da ruwa na gaba. 

=== Tsarin Makamashi mai sabuntawa ===
An shigar da Gidan Wutar Lantarki na Haɗe-haɗe na hoto (BIPV) akan duk rufin rufin ginin da yankin kotu. Wannan tsarin makamashi mai tsafta da kore mai sabuntawa ya taimaka wajen biyan buƙatun makamashi na ginin don cimma manufar makamashin sifiri. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Indira Paryavaran Bhawan Bayanan Hasken rana na Hasken rana &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
|'''Ma'auni'''
|'''Adadin'''
|-
|Ikon Zamani na Wutar Lantarki
|930 kW Mafi girma&amp;nbsp;
|-
|Bukatar Makamashi ta Shekara
|Rukunin 14,00,000 (kWh) 
|-
|Shekarar samar da makamashi
|Rukunin 14,00,000 (kWh) 
|-
|Amfani da Makamashi na Net
|Zero
|-
|Cikakken yanki
|6000 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
|Jimlar yanki na bangarorin hasken rana
|4600 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
|Nau'in panel na Photovoltaic
|Mono Crystalline 

20% yadda ya kamata
|-
|Adadin bangarori
|2844
|-
|Yanayin Zamani na Wutar
|Grid Interactive
|}

=== Kamfanin ajiye motoci na robot ===
Ana amfani da Tsarin ajiye motoci na atomatik a duk matakan 3 na ginshiki. An tsara ginshiki na farko don ɗakin kwana da tsarin ajiye motoci don shigarwa da fita. Gidan bene na biyu da na uku suna amfani da tsarin ajiye motoci na robotic. Ikon bene na farko shine 49, bene na biyu shine 126, kuma bene na uku shine 170.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

=== Gudanar da Ruwa ===
Ana amfani da shimfidar wuri da zane-zane na shuka nau'ikan asali tare da ingantaccen tsarin ban ruwa wanda ke haifar da raguwar kashi 50% a cikin buƙatun ruwa. Sauran buƙatar ruwa ana biyan su ta hanyar sake amfani da ruwa mai guba, da kuma aiwatar da tsarin girbi na ruwan sama. Bugu da ƙari, ana shigar da ƙananan fitarwa da ingantattun kayan aikin ruwa ciki har da na'urorin firikwensin da kuma kwararar ruwa biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ajiyewa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Yanayin kiyayewa na Tsarin Al'ada vs Indira Paryavaran Bhawan &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
!Amfani na shekara-shekara
!Tsarin al'ada
!Indira Paryavaran Bhawan
!Ceton
|-
|Wutar Lantarki
|22,00,000 kWh
|14,00,000 kWh
|40%
|-
|Ruwa
|20,000 kL
|9,000 kL
|55%
|}

== Kyaututtuka ==
Ginin ya sami kyaututtuka masu zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;PIB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2014 |title=Prime Minister Inaugurates &quot;Paryavaran Bhawan&quot; Bhawan is India's First on Site Net Zero Building |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=104214 |access-date=23 May 2014 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Wata, Shekara
!Kyautar
|-
|Fabrairu 2013
|Shirin ya sami lambar yabo daga Adarsh / GRIHA na MNRE don nunawa mai kyau na Haɗin Fasahar Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa
|-
|Janairu 2014
|GRIHA ta ba da takardar shaidar Green Building ta 5-Star a karkashin MNRE
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Jeremy MacKenzie (mai fafutuka)</title>
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      <text bytes="15185" sha1="39saw84x2qsboa69kd6cm125veyrmyu" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Jeremy Mitchell MacKenzie''' (born 1985 or 1986&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Levy |first=Bryn |title=Diagolon leader Jeremy Mackenzie to challenge decision denying him bail |url=https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/news/diagolon-leader-jeremy-mackenzie-to-challenge-decision-denying-him-bail-100788663/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106155432/https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/news/diagolon-leader-jeremy-mackenzie-to-challenge-decision-denying-him-bail-100788663/ |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=[[SaltWire]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;) is a Canadian far-right activist, military veteran, Plaid Army podcaster, the founder of alt-right group Diagolon,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Peter |last2=Kriner |first2=Matthew |date=8 June 2022 |title=The Diagolon Movement And Militant Accelerationism |url=https://www.antihate.ca/diagolon_movement_militant_accelerationism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903005338/https://www.antihate.ca/diagolon_movement_militant_accelerationism |archive-date=September 3, 2022 |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=[[Canadian Anti-Hate Network]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a Canada convoy protester.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gilmore |first=Rachel |date=September 28, 2022 |title=Jeremy Mackenzie, ‘Diagolon’ founder and far-right figurehead, arrested |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9162553/jeremy-mackenzie-diagolon-arrested/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504125114/https://globalnews.ca/news/9162553/jeremy-mackenzie-diagolon-arrested/ |archive-date=2025-05-04 |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=[[Global News]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan sha'awa da ra'ayoyi ==
Jeremy Mitchell MacKenzie &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Case set over for pair charged with harassment of Nova Scotia's top doctor |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8882864/harrassment-ns-top-doctor-charges/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531235027/https://globalnews.ca/news/8882864/harrassment-ns-top-doctor-charges/ |archive-date=May 31, 2023 |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=[[Global News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai fafutuka ne na dama &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ballingall |first=Alex |date=2022-09-26 |title=Right-wing activist says he meant no harm with 'joke' about raping Pierre Poilievre's wife |url=https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/2022/09/26/right-wing-activist-says-he-meant-no-harm-with-joke-about-raping-pierre-poilievres-wife.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926221644/https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/2022/09/26/right-wing-activist-says-he-meant-no-harm-with-joke-about-raping-pierre-poilievres-wife.html |archive-date=September 26, 2022 |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=[[Toronto Star]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya kirkiro kungiyar alt-right &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diagolon leader Jeremy Mackenzie denied bail on Sask. assault, weapons charges |url=https://thestarphoenix.com/news/crime/diagolon-leader-jeremy-mackenzie-denied-bail-on-sask-assault-weapons-charges |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122130012/https://thestarphoenix.com/news/crime/diagolon-leader-jeremy-mackenzie-denied-bail-on-sask-assault-weapons-charges |archive-date=January 22, 2023 |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=thestarphoenix |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diagolon, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fraser |first=David |last2=Osman |first2=Laura |date=2022-11-04 |title='Freedom Convoy' leader challenged over assertion the protest was never told to leave |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/article/freedom-convoy-leader-challenged-over-assertion-the-protest-was-never-told-to-leave/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106155428/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/freedom-convoy-leader-challenged-over-assertion-the-protest-was-never-told-to-leave-1.6138751 |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=CTVNews |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda House of Commons na Kanada ya ba da rahoton a matsayin &quot;ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi&quot;. Shi mai sha'awar bindigogi ne  kuma mai ba da labari ne na Plaid Army  .&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-18 |title=Mayhem in Ottawa: Police push through the line and start hauling vaccine-mandate protesters away |url=https://www.straight.com/news/mayhem-in-ottawa-police-push-through-line-and-start-hauling-vaccine-mandate-protesters-away |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108205626/https://www.straight.com/news/mayhem-in-ottawa-police-push-through-line-and-start-hauling-vaccine-mandate-protesters-away |archive-date=November 8, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=The Georgia Straight |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Connolly |first=Amanda |date=26 Sep 2022 |title=Poilievre denounces 'abuse' against wife allegedly from Diagolon founder who shook his hand |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9155887/pierre-poilievre-denounces-abuse-against-wife/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106155432/https://globalnews.ca/news/9155887/pierre-poilievre-denounces-abuse-against-wife/ |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=[[Global News]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

MacKenzie ya bayyana cewa akwai yakin kabilanci da ke faruwa a Amurka, kuma ya bayyana gwajin Nuremberg a matsayin kotun kangaroo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Charlie |date=2022-02-16 |title=Raging Dissident Jeremy MacKenzie's pal Chris Lysak charged with conspiracy to commit murder |url=https://www.straight.com/covid-19-pandemic/news/raging-dissident-jeremy-mackenzies-pal-chris-lysak-charged-with-conspiracy-to-commit-murder |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108203926/https://www.straight.com/covid-19-pandemic/news/raging-dissident-jeremy-mackenzies-pal-chris-lysak-charged-with-conspiracy-to-commit-murder |archive-date=November 8, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=The Georgia Straight |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-07 |title=Plaid Army vlogger Jeremy MacKenzie claims that the Mounties are planning mass arrests of Ottawa protesters |url=https://www.straight.com/covid-19-pandemic/news/plaid-army-vlogger-jeremy-mackenzie-claims-that-mounties-are-planning-mass-arrests-of-ottawa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108203556/https://www.straight.com/covid-19-pandemic/news/plaid-army-vlogger-jeremy-mackenzie-claims-that-mounties-are-planning-mass-arrests-of-ottawa |archive-date=November 8, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=The Georgia Straight |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
MacKenzie ya shiga Rundunar Sojojin Kanada a cikin 2003 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan ƙasa na Royal Canadian Regiment, wanda ya haɗa da turawa a Afghanistan. Ya bar sojoji a shekarar 2017 tare da matsayi na master corporal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-01 |title=Sask., N. S. charges dropped against army vet who created 'Diagolon' |url=https://www.sasktoday.ca/crime-cops-court/sask-n-s-charges-dropped-against-army-vet-who-created-diagolon-7484709 |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=SaskToday.ca |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

MacKenzie yana nan akan dandamalin kafofin watsa labarun da yawa inda yake amfani da bambancin sunan mai amfani Raging Dissident. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-17 |title=What is the Diagolon extremist group and what does it want? |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/article/what-is-the-diagolon-extremist-group-and-what-does-it-want/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114211944/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/what-is-the-diagolon-extremist-group-and-what-does-it-want-1.5785646 |archive-date=November 14, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=CTVNews |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== zanga-zangar jirgin ruwa na Kanada ==
A farkon 2022, MacKenzie ta shiga cikin zanga-zangar kwastam na Kanada. A cikin Fabrairu 2022, Ministan Tsaron Jama'a Marco Mendicino ya bayyana shi a matsayin haɗarin tsaron ƙasa; Mendicino ya kuma bayyana ƙungiyar MacKenzie's Diagolon a matsayin &quot;ƙungiya mai nisa mai nisa.&quot; MacKenzie da lauyansa Sherif Foda sun ce bayanin na hukuma ya dogara sosai kan abin da suka bayyana a matsayin rashin fahimta daga Cibiyar Kiyayya ta Kanada. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;/&gt;

Yayinda yake ba da shaida a Hukumar Gaggawa ta Jama'a, MacKenzie ya rage alakarsa da Chris Lysak, ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da ake zargi da makirci don kashe jami'an 'yan sanda a toshewar babbar hanyar 2022 kusa da [[Coutts, Alberta|Coutts]], Alberta . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Lauyan MacKenzie ya nemi a ba MacKenzie damar yin shaida a asirce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-31 |title='Diagolon' founder Jeremy MacKenzie expected to testify at Emergencies Act inquiry |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/article/diagolon-founder-jeremy-mackenzie-expected-to-testify-at-emergencies-act-inquiry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106155432/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/diagolon-founder-jeremy-mackenzie-expected-to-testify-at-emergencies-act-inquiry-1.6133230 |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=CTVNews |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamishina Paul Rouleau ya ki amincewa da shaidar da MacKenzie ya gabatar wanda ya nuna rashin jin dadinta game da rawar da Diagolon ya taka a zanga-zangar kuma ya bayyana kasancewar Diagolon a duka zanga-zangar Ottawa da Coutts a matsayin &quot;haɗin da ya fi damuwa tsakanin wuraren zanga-zangar&quot; a ƙarshen rahotonsa.

== Zarge-zarge da kamawa ==
A cikin Janairu 2022, an tuhumi MacKenzie da laifuffuka 13 da suka shafi bindigogi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-13 |title=Diagolon group founder Jeremy MacKenzie fires lawyer in Saskatoon |url=https://www.wellandtribune.ca/news/canada/diagolon-group-founder-jeremy-mackenzie-fires-lawyer-in-saskatoon/article_c7bd3ec5-104c-5fcd-9d82-c7c9078b5754.html |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=[[Welland Tribune]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626231554/https://www.wellandtribune.ca/news/canada/diagolon-group-founder-jeremy-mackenzie-fires-lawyer-in-saskatoon/article_c7bd3ec5-104c-5fcd-9d82-c7c9078b5754.html |archive-date=2023-06-26 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) ta ba da sammacin kama MacKenzie a duk faɗin Kanada a watan Yulin 2022, kuma an kama shi a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2022 a Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-10 |title=Diagolon founder denied release after bail hearing concludes in Saskatoon |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/atlantic/article/diagolon-founder-denied-release-after-bail-hearing-concludes-in-saskatoon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106155432/https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/diagolon-founder-denied-release-after-bail-hearing-concludes-in-saskatoon-1.6103311 |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=Atlantic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An tuhumi MacKenzie da laifuka a larduna uku, gami da Saskatchewan da Nova Scotia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Zarge-zargensa sun hada da: cin zarafin aikata laifuka, yin barazana, kai hari, nuna bindiga ga wani, da kuma laifuka goma na mallakar takunkumin bindigogi da mujallu da aka haramta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; An hana shi belin a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; MacKenzie ya kori lauyansa a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sorokan |first=Keenan |date=2022-10-13 |title='Diagolon' leader Jeremy MacKenzie fires lawyer during Saskatoon court appearance |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/saskatoon/article/diagolon-leader-jeremy-mackenzie-fires-lawyer-during-saskatoon-court-appearance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106155429/https://saskatoon.ctvnews.ca/diagolon-leader-jeremy-mackenzie-fires-lawyer-during-saskatoon-court-appearance-1.6107878 |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=[[CTV News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan an gudanar da shi a Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Lardin Saskatoon,   an sanya belin a $ 10,000, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Levy |first=Bryn |date=28 Nov 2022 |title=Diagolon leader Jeremy Mackenzie granted bail in Saskatchewan |url=https://thestarphoenix.com/news/local-news/diagolon-leader-jeremy-mackenzie-granted-bail-in-saskatchewan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129033030/https://thestarphoenix.com/news/local-news/diagolon-leader-jeremy-mackenzie-granted-bail-in-saskatchewan |archive-date=November 29, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=thestarphoenix |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2023 MacKenzie bai shigar da roƙo don tayar da babban jami'in kiwon lafiya na Nova Scotia, Robert Strang, ba yayin da aka jinkirta shari'ar kotu don ba da damar bayyana ƙarin shaidu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt; A ƙarshen watan Agusta 2023, an sauke duk tuhumar da ta shafi Saskatchewan akan MacKenzie.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;/&gt; An ba MacKenzie yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta watanni 12, wanda ya hana shi kiran masu korafe-korafe a cikin al'amarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; An kuma sauke wasu zarge-zargen Nova Scotia, kodayake a ƙarshen watan Agusta 2023, zarge-carguran da suka shafi abubuwan da suka faru a Quebec da Nova Scotia sun kasance ba a gwada su ba a kotu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; A ranar 7 ga Yuni, 2024 mai shari'a Jill Hartlen ta yi watsi da tuhumar da ake yi wa MacKenzie da matarsa Morgan Guptill, inda ta yanke hukuncin cewa &quot;lokacin kamawa da shari'a ya saba wa rufin watanni 18 da Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta kafa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cuthbertson |first=Richard |title=Judge throws out charges against pair accused of harassing N.S. chief medical officer |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/harassment-charges-robert-strang-stayed-1.7225904 |access-date=7 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

MacKenzie ya yi kalaman wariyar launin fata kuma ya tattauna batun fyade Anaida Poilievre (matar shugaban jam'iyyar Conservative Party Pierre Poilievre) tare da baƙon podcast Alex Vriend, wanda ya sa Poilievre ya nemi RCMP ta bincika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2022 |title='Diagolon' leader Jeremey MacKenzie testifying at inquiry into use of Emergencies Act |url=https://halifax.citynews.ca/local-news/diagolon-leader-jeremey-mackenzie-testifying-at-inquiry-into-use-of-emergencies-act-6058095 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106155428/https://halifax.citynews.ca/local-news/diagolon-leader-jeremey-mackenzie-testifying-at-inquiry-into-use-of-emergencies-act-6058095 |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=CityNews Halifax |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ci gaba da binciken RCMP har zuwa Oktoba 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

A cikin watan Yuni 2024, sasktoday.ca ta ruwaito cewa an dakatar da tuhume-tuhume a duk lardunan kan MacKenzie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Joy |first=Lisa |date=13 June 2024 |title=Charges in all provinces tossed against 'Diagolon's' Jeremy MacKenzie |url=https://www.sasktoday.ca/crime-cops-court/charges-in-all-provinces-tossed-against-diagolons-jeremy-mackenzie-9074950 |access-date=2 July 2024 |website=SaskToday |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
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    <title>Ilimin likita a Faransa</title>
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'''Ilimin likita a Faransa''' ana gudanar da shi ta sassan da ke cikin jami'o'i da ake kira Unités de formation et de recherche de médecine (UFR) (Hotunan Kiwon Lafiya da Bincike). Horarwar tana ɗaukar akalla shekaru goma bayan baccalaureate kuma ta ƙare tare da kare rubutun asibiti. Bayan nasarar gabatar da takardar shaidarsa, ana ba wa ɗaliban likitanci difloma d'études spécialisées (DES), bisa ga ƙwarewar su. Wasu manyan masu nasara suna ba da difloma na musamman (DESC).

[[Ilimin likita|Horar da likitanci]] Faransanci yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin makaranta mafi tsawo a cikin ilimi mafi girma na Faransanci. Ya ƙunshi horo na ka'idoji da na aiki, farawa daga kasancewa mafi ka'idojin, yana motsawa zuwa fannoni masu amfani yayin da horo ke ci gaba.

== Tarihi ==

=== Rennakewa ===
Koyarwar likita a Faransa da farko ta bunkasa a waje da kowane tsarin ma'aikata, amma a cikin karni na 13 jami'o'i a Paris, [[Toulouse]] da [[Montpellier|Montpelier]] sun fara wani nau'i na horo a fannin kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Comiti |first=Vincent-Pierre |date=2007 |title=Histoire des universités de médecine : quelques jalons |journal=Les tribunes de la santé |language=fr |volume=3 |issue=16 |pages=19–24 |doi=10.3917/seve.016.0019 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Montpelier ita ce tsohuwar jami'ar kiwon lafiya da ke ci gaba da gudana a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-04-16 |title=Montpellier, France: The Oldest Medical School in Europe |url=https://www.medicaleconomics.com/view/montpellier-france-oldest-medical-school-europe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240117012840/https://www.medicaleconomics.com/view/montpellier-france-oldest-medical-school-europe |archive-date=January 17, 2024 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=MedicalEconomics |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Karni na 18 ===
A karkashin Tsohon Tsarin Mulki, magani yana ɗaya daga cikin fannoni huɗu kuma gabaɗaya ana iya isa ne kawai ta hanyar Faculté des Arts de Paris .  Koyarwa galibi ta hanyar ka'idoji ne kuma ta haɗa da laccoci da karatun matani masu iko. Har zuwa Juyin Juya Halin Faransa a shekara ta 1789, an dauki likitoci da likitoci a matsayin sana'o'i daban-daban. Kwarewar likitoci ta fi fahimta, ta koya daga laccoci da littattafai, kuma ta dogara ne akan ka'idodin Galen. Kwarewar Likitocin tiyata ta kasance mai amfani  kuma an san su da likitocin aski. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Crosland |first=Maurice |date=April 1, 2004 |title=The Officiers de Santé of the French Revolution: A Case Study in the Changing Language of Medicine |journal=Medical History |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=229–244 |doi=10.1017/s0025727300007407 |pmc=546340 |pmid=15151105}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Himmelmann |first=Lars |year=2007 |title=From barber to surgeon- the process of professionalization |journal=Svensk Medicinhistorisk Tidskrift |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=69–87 |pmid=18548946}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An soke tsarin jami'a a shekara ta 1793 kuma an maye gurbinsa a shekara mai zuwa da makarantun kiwon lafiya guda huɗu a [[Faris|Paris]], [[Montpellier|Montpelier]], [[Bordeaux]] da [[Strasbourg]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Heller, M.D. |first=Robert |date=1978 |title=Officiers De Santé: The Second-Class Doctors of Nineteenth-Century France |journal=Medical History |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=25–42 |doi=10.1017/s0025727300031732 |pmc=1082158 |pmid=345022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Karni na 19 ===
A cikin 1802 ya kafa tsarin tallafin karatu ga ɗalibai daga kowane ɓangare na Faransa waɗanda suka cancanci ta hanyar jarrabawar gasa. Wadannan dalibai za su fara karatunsu a jami'o'i, amma za su zauna kuma su yi aiki a asibitoci daga wannan lokacin kuma su ci gaba da zama likitocin likita.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pinell |first=Patrice |date=2011 |title=The Genesis of the Medical Field: France, 1795–1870 |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-francaise-de-sociologie-1-2011-5-page-117.htm#re12no135 |journal=Revue français de sociologie |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=117–151 |doi=10.3917/rfs.525.0117 |via=CAIRN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weisz, M. D. |first=George |date=October 1986 |title=Constructing the Medical Elite in France: The Creation of the Royal Academy of Medicine 1814-20 |journal=Medical History |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=419–443 |doi=10.1017/s0025727300046032 |pmc=1139952 |pmid=3534490}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dalibai sun fara watsi da jarrabawar jami'a don ba da kansu ga shirye-shiryen jarrabawar horarwa saboda wannan ita ce kawai kwarewar asibiti da za su iya samu. A wannan lokacin, asibitoci sun zama masu daraja fiye da makarantun likita.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Faure |first=Olivier |date=1993 |title=Les Francais et leur medecine au XIXe siecle |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/7377080540 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=search.worldcat.org |publisher=Belin |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokar 19 Ventôse année XI (Maris 10, 1803) ta sake tsara wannan sana'a kuma ta kayyade cewa &quot;babu wanda zai iya yin aikin likita ko tiyata ba tare da likita ba&quot; sai dai jami'an kiwon lafiya (Officier de santé [fr]) a yankunan karkara, wuraren da ba a yi musu magani ba.  Jami'an de santé sun kasance kamar mataimakan likita [2] ko likitoci marasa takalmi kuma sun cancanta ta hanyar koyan shekaru 6 tare da likita, koyan shekaru 5 a asibiti ko shekaru 3 a makarantar likitanci.  An ba su lasisin yin aiki ta juriyoyin likitocin kiwon lafiya a yankinsu.[3]  An iyakance su ga asali da matakai na tsakiya, doka ta hana su yin aikin likitanci na gaba.  Tare da ƙirƙirar Jami'ar Faransa a cikin 1808, makarantun likitanci sun sake buɗe ikonsu kuma sun faɗaɗa cikin Faransanci.[5]  A wannan lokacin, asibitin ya fi makarantar likita daraja.  Likitoci, suna aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin masu aikin sa kai, suna da babban yancin kai kuma sun yi amfani da aikin don haɓaka ayyukansu na sirri.  Sannu a hankali, matsayi ya samo asali tare da manyan likitocin da ke jagorantar ayyuka masu mahimmanci a saman ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ayyuka na sirri, tare da manyan likitocin a tushe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

=== Karni na 20 ===
Sauye-sauyen asibiti a shekara ta 1958 sun haɗu da ayyukan koyarwa na asibitoci da jami'o'i, suna samar da matsayin Farfesa na Jami'a da Ma'aikacin Asibiti Farfesa na jami'o-Prace-Hospital  (PUPH), malamin asibiti / jami'a na cikakken lokaci, da kuma koyar da asibitocin. Ɗaya daga cikin burin sake fasalin shine rage yawan masu karatun digiri da ke motsawa zuwa aikin sirri.

Bayan abubuwan da suka faru na zanga-zangar Mayu 1968 a Faransa, an cire ƙuntatawa na shiga horo: duk ɗaliban likitanci sun sami horo mai amfani. A ƙarshe an haɗa horo mai amfani da ka'idoji a cikin hanya ɗaya, bisa ga manufa ta 1958 na Cibiyar Hospitalier Universitaire en France  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 August 2013 |title=Naissance de l'hôpital moderne (1941 - 1983) |url=http://www.vie-publique.fr/politiques-publiques/politique-hospitaliere/chronologie/ |access-date=1 July 2016 |website=www.vie-publique.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan sake fasalin Faure, an haɗa kwalejojin likita a cikin jami'o'i a matsayin UER (daga 1984, cibiyoyin bincike da koyarwa &quot;UFR&quot;).

This reform, along with the general population increase, led to a large surge in student numbers . In 1971 this resulted in a fixed number of training places in exams at the end of the first year of medical studies, a ''Numerus clausus'' system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Merchant-Antonin, Benoit. The numerus clausus: its side effects, its place in the globalisation of medicine |url=http://thesesdemedecine.free.fr/wp-content/thesis/NumerusClausus.BenoitMarchandAntonin.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720230935/http://thesesdemedecine.free.fr/wp-content/thesis/NumerusClausus.BenoitMarchandAntonin.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har zuwa 1990s, kowane likita zai iya zama ƙwararre, ko dai ta hanyar ɗaukar hanyar mazaunin asibiti, ko kuma ta hanyar buɗe hanyar shiga jami'a wanda ke haifar da ƙaramin takardar shaidar karatu na musamman (THESE).  Sakamakon ya kasance tsarin likita mai sauri guda biyu, wanda aka raba tsakanin WADANNAN da suka kammala karatun digiri da &quot;tsoffin ƙwararru&quot; da &quot;tsoffin manyan masu rejista na asibiti&quot;.  A gyara ya ragu da wadannan takaddun shaida na likitancin, ya koma ga wajibi horo &quot;ƙwararrun cancantar&quot; ta hanyar samar da diflomassi na kwararru.  Ana buƙatar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun  ’yan Adam da su yi amfani da wani ɓangare na horon su a wani “asibitin na gefe” wanda ba na ilimi ba na cibiyar asibitin yanki (CHR).

=== Canje-canje na baya-bayan nan ===
Har zuwa shekara ta 2004, likitoci na gaba ba su dauki jarrabawar shiga don horarwa ba. An bi zagaye na biyu da shekara biyu da rabi &quot;residanat&quot; (shekaru uku ga mazauna farawa a ko bayan 2001). A shekara ta 2004, an yi amfani da sabon gyare-gyare, yana mai cewa duk daliban likitanci dole ne su wuce jarrabawar rarraba ta kasa. An maye gurbin residanat tare da horarwa a cikin magani na gaba ɗaya, yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka matsayin aikin gaba ɗaya a matsayin sana'a.

Tun daga shekara ta 2010 ta ilimi, an shirya karatun shekara ta farko ta likita a matsayin shekara ta farko na karatun kiwon lafiya tare da kantin magani, likitan hakora da kuma haihuwa. Wannan shekarar ana kallon ta a matsayin &quot;mai wahala sosai&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pierre |title=La première année de médecine : une difficulté pour les étudiants |url=https://smun.fr/la-premiere-annee-de-medecine-une-difficulte-pour-les-etudiants/ |access-date=2021-03-05 |language=fr-FR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302070114/https://smun.fr/la-premiere-annee-de-medecine-une-difficulte-pour-les-etudiants/ |archive-date=2021-03-02 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan tsarin ya canza a cikin 2019 ta hanyar babban garambawul zuwa samfurin gauraye.  A gefe guda, ɗalibai za su iya samun damar shiga shekara ta biyu a cikin nazarin kiwon lafiya ta hanyar ingantaccen sigar ƙirar shekarar farko ta gargajiya (parcours accès santé - PASS).  A yin haka, dole ne su zaɓi ƙarami a wani maudu'in da za su ci gaba a cikinsa, idan sun gaza aiwatar da zaɓin zuwa shekara ta biyu.  A gefe guda, jami'o'i yanzu suna ba da digiri na farko (lasisi accès santé - LAS) a cikin darussa da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙarami a cikin kiwon lafiya, ba su damar ɗaukar jarrabawar zaɓaɓɓu waɗanda ke ba da damar shiga shekara ta biyu na karatun kiwon lafiya..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brunn |first=Matthias |last2=Genieys |first2=William |date=2022-11-30 |title=Admission into healthcare education in France: half-baked reform that further complicates the system |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2022.2151885 |journal=Medical Teacher |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=610–614 |doi=10.1080/0142159X.2022.2151885 |issn=0142-159X |pmid=36448642 |s2cid=254095433 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙungiya ==
Nazarin kiwon lafiya yana ci gaba a cikin zagaye uku a cikin jami'a da ke da sashin bincike da horo na likita (wani lokacin haɗuwa da magani da [[Ilimin Magunguna|ilimin magunguna]]), wanda ke da alaƙa da ɗayan asibitocin jami'a 29. Jimlar lokacin su ya bambanta daga shekaru tara (magungunan gama gari) zuwa shekaru goma sha ɗaya (wani ƙwarewa tare da ƙwarewa).
[[Fayil:Flowchart_md_fr_school.jpg|thumb|Bayani game da karatun likita a Faransa]]

=== Tsarin farko na karatun likita ===
Tsarin farko na karatun likita (wanda aka fi sani da PCEM) yana ɗaukar shekaru biyu, tare da &quot;ƙwarewa&quot; (ƙwarewar ƙarshe) a ƙarshen shekara ta farko da ke zaɓar ɗaliban da aka shigar don ci gaba da karatun likita ko haƙori.

Dokar ƙasa ta ƙayyade cewa umarnin sake zagayowar farko da shekara ta farko na sake zagayowarsa ta biyu dole ne su haɗa da horo ko sassan horo masu zuwa:

* kimiyyar lissafi, kimiyyar halittu, da sarrafa hoto;
* [[Kimiyya|ilmin sunadarai]], ilmin sunayensu, ilmin halitta, da ilmin halitta.
* anatomy, embryology, ci gaba, da ilmin halitta na haihuwa;
* cytology, histology, da cututtukan jikin mutum;
* ilmin Kwayoyin cuta, ilmin ƙarancin cuta, da ilmin Kwayar cuta;
* mahimman ilimin Hematology, immunology, da oncology;
* [[Genetics|kwayoyin halitta]] da fasahar halittu;
* ilimin lissafi da [[Abinci mai gina jiki]];
* [[Ilimin Magunguna|ilimin magunguna]] da manyan magunguna;
* ilmin yaduwar cututtuka da Biostatistics;
* semiotics na asibiti da na halitta da kuma hoton likita;
* taimakon farko;
* Demography, tattalin arzikin kiwon lafiya, da [[tsarin kiwon lafiya]].

Koyarwa dole ne ya hada da harsunan kasashen waje, ilimin lissafi, [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar dan adam]], ka'idojin kiwon lafiya da ilimin halayya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Decree of March 18, 1992 relating to the organization of the first cycle and the first year of the second cycle of the medical studies, article 12 |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000344668&amp;dateTexte=&amp;categorieLien=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Shekara ta farko (har zuwa 2009) ====
Shekarar farko ta karatun daliban likitanci ta zama ruwan dare tare da likitanci mai haihuwa.

Abubuwan da ake buƙata a cikin shekara ta farko sun haɗa da: kimiyyar lissafi, [[Kimiyya|ilmin sunadarai]], ilmin kimiyyar halittu da ilmin halitta, ilmin halitta na salula, ilimin lissafi, anatomy, histology, da embryology.

==== Shekara ta farko (tun daga 2010) ====
Shekarar farko ta karatun kiwon lafiya (tsohon PACES, a halin yanzu ana kiranta PASS) ya zama ruwan dare ga karatun likita, haƙori, magunguna da kuma mai haihuwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=L631-1 Article of the Code of education |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006071191&amp;idArticle=LEGIARTI000020829142&amp;dateTexte=20130409 |access-date=1 July 2016 |website=www.legifrance.gouv.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; (wani lokacin kuma kinesitherapy). An raba shi zuwa watanni shida biyu.

Don a ba da izinin yin rajista a shekara ta farko na karatun kiwon lafiya, dole ne 'yan takara su sami ɗaya daga cikin cancanta masu zuwa:

* digiri na farko;
* difloma na &quot;samun dama ga ayyukan ilimi&quot;;
* difloma ta Faransa ko difloma ta kasashen waje wanda za'a iya la'akari da shi daidai da baccalauréat bisa ga ka'idojin kasa;
* cancanta ko nasarorin da aka dauka sun isa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Decree of October 28, 2009 relative to the first year common to the studies of health, article 2 |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo=ESRS0925329A |access-date=1 July 2016 |website=www.legifrance.gouv.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amma ga kowane tsari na tsarin LMD, an raba shekara a cikin watanni shida biyu da &quot;ƙungiyoyin koyarwa&quot; (EU) waɗanda ake gani suna ba da wasu kudade na ECTS.

A farkon rabin shekara, darasi ya zama ruwan dare ga dukkan fannoni. Ana shirya gwaje-gwaje a ƙarshen wannan; ana iya sake daidaita ɗaliban da ba su da kyau a wasu fannonin jami'a.

Tare da rabin shekara na biyu, ɗalibai sun zaɓi ɗaya ko ɗaya daga cikin takamaiman EU (S) zuwa filin, ban da tsari na yau da kullun. Dalibai sun wuce gasar a ƙarshen shekara wanda ya kai ga rarrabuwa huɗu.

Shekarar farko za a iya maimaitawa sau ɗaya kawai. Sakamakon shine na karshe idan ɗalibin ya kasa wucewa sau biyu.

A ƙarshe, wani al'amari na kiwon lafiya, semiotics, wanda aka koyar da shi a shekara ta uku, a halin yanzu ana canja shi a shekara na biyu a yawancin jami'o'i, don inganta kewayon darussan horo na asibiti na shekaru na biyu da na uku (yawanci ana kiransa &quot;koyaswar horo na lissafin bincike&quot; ko &quot;koyasar horo na semiotics&quot;).

Tsarin farko na karatun likita ya bi tsarin kasa, amma ƙungiyar tsakanin shekaru biyu ta bambanta tsakanin jami'o'i. Hakazalika, akwai nau'ikan koyarwa guda uku:

* koyarwar layi: kowane al'amari ana koyar da shi daban (anatomy, histology, biophysics, da dai sauransu). Irin wannan koyarwa ba ya buƙatar daidaitawa mai yawa tsakanin farfesa, amma yana iya haifar da babban raguwa, koda tare da saɓani.
* hadadden koyarwa: ɗalibai suna da ɗakunan tattara darasi na fannoni daban-daban a kusa da na'urar ɗaya. Misali, wani sashi na neurosciences ya hada da / ya fahimci jikin mutum da histology na tsarin juyayi, ji na biophysics da neurobiochimy. Ɗalibin ya bi tsarin zuciya da huhu, tsarin narkewa, da sauransu.
* coeducation: an gabatar da wasu fannoni a cikin koyarwa mai mahimmanci, wasu a cikin koyarwar layi.

=== Tsarin karatun likita na biyu ===
[[Fayil:Montpellier_Faculte_medecine.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Montpellier, mafi tsufa a duniya]]
A cikin shekaru huɗu, ɗalibin yana karɓar horo na al'ada da kuma amfani a kan cututtuka daban-daban da aka raba cikin ɗakunan: ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta (mafi ko ƙasa da ƙwayoyin) ko ƙwayoyin jiki. Wadannan sassan sune shirin rarraba hukuma na jarrabawar kasa (duba ƙasa), kuma sun haɗa da jerin abubuwa da suka dace da cututtuka, ko kuma tare da yanayin asibiti ko warkewa.

==== Shekara ta uku ta magani ====
Shekara ta uku na magani (a cikin taƙaitaccen DCEM 1 ko D1) shekara ce ta canji inda ɗalibin ya koyi ilimin kimiyyar halittu (pharmacology, bacteriology, virology, parasitology, da dai sauransu) wanda ke yin hulɗar tsakanin mahimman ilimin kimiyya na farkon sake zagayowar da darasi na ilimin cututtuka.  Har ila yau, suna koyon yadda ake aiwatar da anamnèse ( tarihin likitanci) da kuma gwajin asibiti na majiyyaci a lokacin darussan horo na asibiti (wanda ake kira &quot; horon darussan bincike &quot;, saboda linzamin linzamin likitanci kuma an tsara shi, tare da kwalaye wanda daya notches) hade da koyarwa tare da ilimin kimiyya.  Suna farawa da na'urorin farko.

Wasu jami'o'i sun fara karatun horar da asibiti a shekara ta uku, sannan aka ci gaba da karatun horarwar asibiti na shekara ta biyu.

Wannan shekarar ta dace da musayar Erasmus.

Shekaru uku masu zuwa sun zama &quot;na waje&quot;. Wannan kalmar amfani da yau da kullun (wanda shine tsira daga tsohuwar gasa ta waje da aka cire bayan zanga-zangar 1968) ba ta wanzu a hukumance. Littattafan hukuma  da matani na ciki na CHU da jami'o'i suna magana game da &quot;ɗaliban asibiti&quot;, saboda ɗaliban suna biyan su ne daga asibitin da jami'ar ke haɗe da shi. Ana biyan su ne a karkashin kwangilar lokaci, a haɗe da ofishin tsaro na jama'a.

Dalibi, a ƙarƙashin alhakin mai ba da horo (ba bisa hukuma ba) ko kuma babban jami'in (babban mai rajista ko likitan asibiti), ya koyi yadda za a gane alamun Cutar daban-daban. Dalibi a wannan matakin ba shi da alhakin warkarwa, ko kuma haƙƙin ba da umarni. Dalibi duk da haka yana da alhakin ayyukansu (hakkin jama'a, wanda ke buƙatar biyan kuɗi na inshora mai dacewa).

Externat gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi darussan horo huɗu a kowace shekara, watanni uku a cikin kowane sabis na musamman, waɗanda grids suka zaɓa a farkon kowace shekara ko kwata, ko dai ta hanyar rarrabuwa tare da cancanta, ko ta hanyar rarrabuwar haruffa.  Darussan horo sun ƙunshi safiya biyar a kowane mako a cikin ayyukan.  Wasu darussan horo suna wajaba daga rubuce-rubucen doka (likitan lafiyar yara, tiyatar gynecology na mahaifa, likitancin ciki da likitancin gaggawa.), Sannan zai iya haɗa koyarwar ka'idar (dalibi yana nan a asibiti duk rana).  Sabanin haka, wasu ayyuka ba su da na waje, wanda ya danganta da yarjejeniyar da aka yi da jami'a.

Wasu jami'o'i sun maye gurbin rabin lokaci (safiya) na dindindin da cikakken lokaci guda ta hanyar sauyawa: na waje suna nan duk rana amma kawai makonni 6 a cikin watanni 3, sauran makonni 6 ana ba da su ga darasi, jarrabawa, shirye-shiryen ECN.

A lokacin waje, ana maye gurbin laccoci da yawa ta hanyar aiki mai ba da umarni; ana gudanar da laccoci a sauyawa tare da darussan horo na asibiti: wannan koyarwar ita ce ta ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta gaskiya, inda wanda ke waje ke kusantar da &quot;al'amuran asibiti&quot; na yanayin gaskiya da ke zaune a cikin ayyukan.

Dole ne na waje, a cikin shekaru uku na waje, don gudanar da zaman 36 na awanni 12, 18, ko 24 (bisa ga sabis ɗin da ranar mako), wato kusan zaman ɗaya a kowane wata, ana biyan 26 Yuro.

Albashi na darussan horo shine &quot;tsarin alama&quot; (kimanin albashi: Yuro 122 a kowane wata a shekara ta huɗu, Yuro 237 a shekara ta biyar, Yuro 265 a shekara ta shida), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=External: the updated statute (2005). |url=http://www.anemf.org/Externe-le-statut-mise-a-jour-2005.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213080015/http://anemf.org/Externe-le-statut-mise-a-jour-2005.html |archive-date=2010-12-13 |access-date=2010-12-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma ɗalibin waje yana da matsayin ma'aikacin da aka biya kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga yanayin biyan kuɗi na tsaro na jama'a, da kuma asusun fansho. Asusun fansho wanda ya dace da na waje shine IRCANTEC, kamar yadda yake ga masu aiki da masu aikin asibiti. Wadanda ke waje, kamar kowane ma'aikaci, suna da makonni biyar na hutun da aka biya.

Tun daga shekara ta 2004, zagaye na biyu na karatun likita an ba da izini ta hanyar difloma (wanda aka amince da shi a Tarayyar Turai). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Access to European Union Law |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:322:0003:0007:FR:PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; Module 11 na sake zagayowar ta biyu shine tsohuwar takardar shaidar asibiti da warkewa, mahimmin kira don maye gurbin likita.

=== Tsarin na uku na karatun likita ===
Dalibai da za su iya kaiwa zagaye na uku na karatun likita (TCEM):

* sun kammala zagaye na biyu na karatun likita a Faransa;
* suna da alaƙa da jihar Turai ko al'umma, Tarayyar Switzerland, [[Andorra|Kasashen membobin Andorra]] sun bar yarjejeniyar kan Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Turai, wasu da Faransa, masu riƙe da difloma na ƙarshen sake zagayowar biyu na karatun likita ko kuma daidai da taken daga ɗayan waɗannan jihohin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Decree n°2004-67 of January 16, 2004 relating to the organization of the third cycle of the medical studies [archive], article 1 |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000344668&amp;dateTexte=&amp;categorieLien=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangane da rarrabuwa, ɗalibin ya zaɓi asibitin jami'ar su (kuma ta haka ne birni) na aikin. Wannan zaɓin ana aiwatar da shi da farko ta hanyar [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] (mataki na zaɓin da aka yi da kuma kwaikwayon), zaɓin ƙarshe yana faruwa a lokacin &quot;gidan wasan kwaikwayo na garuruwa&quot; wanda ke tattara dukkan ɗalibai ta sassan rarrabuwa. Wannan hanya tana ba da damar ɗalibin ya zaɓi tashar su ta hanyar sanar da shi cikakke game da wuraren da ke akwai.

Yankunan 11 da ke akwai a cikin 2008 sune, tare da yawan wuraren da ake da su, ko wurare 5704 gabaɗaya:

* Magunguna na gaba ɗaya: tashoshin 3200
* Kwarewar kiwon lafiya: tashoshin 885
* Kwarewar tiyata: tashoshin 550
* Magungunan kwakwalwa: tashoshin 280
* Anaesthesia-reanimation: tashoshin 260
* Gidan yara: tashoshin 200
* Gynecology-obstetrics: tashoshin 155
* Lafiyar jama'a: tashoshin 60
* Ilimin halittu na kiwon lafiya: tashoshin 40
* Magungunan aiki: tashoshin 54
* Kiwon lafiya na mata: tashoshin 20

[[Fayil:Soutenance_thèse_médecine.jpg|thumb|Tsaro na motsa jiki.]]
Kodayake suna da ka'idar dalibi da kulawa, mai ba da horo ƙwararre ne mai cin gashin kansa, tunda suna iya tsarawa da aiwatar da maye gurbin a cikin majalisun masu sassaucin ra'ayi (idan dai sun tabbatar da wasu lokuta na watanni shida, kuma sun sami &quot;lasisin maye gurbin&quot; daga majalisar likitoci). Suna aiki fiye da ɗaya na farko da aka rubuta cewa ainihin karatu (musamman kamar yadda Faransa ke ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu ban sha'awa don ɗaukar masu karatun a matsayin ɗalibai). Ma'aikata ne da ake biyan su.

Horarwa a cikin magani na gaba ɗaya yana ɗaukar shekaru uku, kuma an tabbatar da shi lokacin da aka gudanar da dukkan darussan horo na watanni shida da ake buƙata (diploma na nazarin ƙwarewar magani na gabaɗaya) kuma ana biye da shi ta hanyar gabatar da rubutun likita. Ya ƙunshi darussan horo na watanni shida a lokacin da ake biyan su, wanda ke da alaƙa da asibiti, amma kuma yana da alaƙa tare da likita, ko kuma tsarin kulawa na asibiti. Dalibi yana kula da marasa lafiya, amma har yanzu yana ƙarƙashin alhakin &quot;babban&quot; (duba sama): wannan ya haɗa da gwajin asibiti, tsara ƙarin gwaje-gwaje da magani. Koyarwa da farko yana da amfani a wannan matakin.

Horar da ƙwarewa na tsawon shekaru huɗu ko fiye. Dangane da ƙwarewar da aka zaɓa, ɗalibin dole ne ya ɗauki mafi ƙarancin darussan horo a cikin ayyukan asibiti inda rawar da suke takawa ta yi kama da waɗanda aka biya a cikin maganin da aka bayyana a sama. Horarwar ta cika lokacin da dan takarar ya yi kowane darasi na horo na watanni shida. Har ila yau, yana buƙatar rubutun likita gabaɗaya dangane da batun ƙwarewar da aka zaɓa, gabaɗaya a cikin shekarar ƙarshe ta horo. Kwarewar ta sami izini ta hanyar difloma na karatun ƙwarewa, bayan kare rahoton, wanda wani lokacin ana rikitar da rubutun (ra'ayi-ra'ayi, lokacin da wannan ya kasance a cikin shekara ta ƙarshe ta horo kuma yana da alaƙa da batun ƙwarewar).

Ana ba da difloma na Jihar likitan likita bayan nasarar karewa ta hanyar motsa jiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Code of education, L632-4 article |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006071191&amp;idArticle=LEGIARTI000006525236&amp;dateTexte=20130409}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ga wasu ƙwarewa, musamman tiyata, ana buƙatar ƙarin horo: ko dai a asibitin jami'a na shekaru biyu zuwa huɗu, ko kuma mataimakin ƙwarewa na akalla shekara ɗaya. Saboda haka jimlar horo ga waɗannan ƙwarewa ya kasance daga shekaru 12 zuwa 16.
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Mutum Mai cutar metapneumovirus</title>
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      <comment>Replacing [[:c:File:Pathogens-04-00682-g001.png|Pathogens-04-00682-g001.png]] with [[:c:File:Pathogens-04-00682-g001.svg|Pathogens-04-00682-g001.svg]]: SVG file, higher quality</comment>
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      <text bytes="44665" sha1="d6a3r8z7zqkxknl0l75op8zrcw1qebu" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}Human metapneumovirus (''''''hMPV'''''' ko hMPV) kwayar cuta ce mai ma'ana guda ɗaya da RNA ta dangin ''Pneumoviridae'' kuma tana da alaƙa da da C ta tsuntsaye (AMPV). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=van den Hoogen |first=Bernadette G. |last2=Jong |first2=Jan C. de |last3=Groen |first3=Jan |last4=Kuiken |first4=Thijs |last5=Groot |first5=Ronald de |last6=Fouchier |first6=Ron A.M. |last7=Osterhaus |first7=Albert D.M.E. |year=2001 |title=A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease |journal=Nature Medicine |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=719–724 |doi=10.1038/89098 |pmc=7095854 |pmid=11385510}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ware shi a karo na farko a cikin 2001 a cikin [[Holand|Netherlands]] ta amfani da dabarar RAP-PCR (RNA da aka ƙaddamar da PCR) don gano ƙwayoyin cuta da ba a sani ba da ke girma a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2016, ita ce sanarwa ta biyu mafi yawanci - bayan kwayar cutar syncytial (RSV) - na cututtukan numfashi mai tsanani a cikin yara masu lafiya a ƙarƙashin shekaru 5 a cikin babban asibitin marasa lafiya na Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=John V. |last2=Harris |first2=Paul A. |last3=Tollefson |first3=Sharon J. |last4=Halburnt-Rush |first4=Lisa L. |last5=Pingsterhaus |first5=Joyce M. |last6=Edwards |first6=Kathryn M. |last7=Wright |first7=Peter F. |last8=Crowe |first8=James E. Jr. |date=2004-01-29 |title=Human Metapneumovirus and Lower Respiratory Tract Disease in Otherwise Healthy Infants and Children |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2004-01-29_350_5/page/443 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=350 |issue=5 |pages=443–450 |doi=10.1056/nejmoa025472 |issn=0028-4793 |pmc=1831873 |pmid=14749452}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi girman shekarun asibiti ga jarirai tare da HMPV yana tsakanin watanni 6 zuwa 12, dan kadan ya fi girma fiye da mafi girma na RSV, wanda ke kusa da watanni 2 zuwa 3. Abubuwan asibiti da tsananin HMPV suna kama da na RSV. HMPV kuma muhimmiyar sanadin cutar ce a cikin tsofaffi da jarirai.

== Tarihin lissafi ==
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|+Genus ''Metapneumovirus'': jinsuna da ƙwayoyin cuta &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]] |date=n.d. |title=Genus: Metapneumovirus |url=https://ictv.global/report/chapter/pneumoviridae/pneumoviridae/metapneumovirus |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250110133355/https://ictv.global/report/chapter/pneumoviridae/pneumoviridae/metapneumovirus |archive-date=2025-01-10 |access-date=2025-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Halitta
!Nau'o'in
!Kwayar cuta (abbreviation) 
!NCBI taxonomy ID
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Metapneumovirus''
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |''Ra'ayi na Metapneumovirus''
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |kwayar cutar metapneumovirus ta tsuntsaye (AMPV) 
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&amp;id=38525 38525]
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |''Metapneumovirus hominis''
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |kwayar cutar metapneumovirus ta mutum (HMPV) 
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&amp;id=162145 162145]
|}

== Bincike da suna ==
An fara gano kwayar cutar metapneumovirus (HMPV) a cikin 2001 a cikin Netherlands ta hanyar Bernadette G. van den Hoogen da abokan aikinta.&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kahn |first=Jeffrey S. |date=July 2006 |title=Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=546–557 |doi=10.1128/cmr.00014-06 |pmc=1539100 |pmid=16847085}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cdc47&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 April 2023 |title=Human Metapneumovirus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncird/human-metapneumovirus.html |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cc48&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV): Causes &amp; Treatment |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22443-human-metapneumovirus-hmpv |website=Cleveland Clinic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;verena49&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schildgen |first=Verena |last2=Van Den Hoogen |first2=Bernadette |last3=Fouchier |first3=Ron |last4=Tripp |first4=Ralph A. |last5=Alvarez |first5=Rene |last6=Manoha |first6=Catherine |last7=Williams |first7=John |last8=Schildgen |first8=Oliver |date=Oct 2011 |title=Human Metapneumovirus: Lessons Learned over the First Decade |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=734–754 |doi=10.1128/cmr.00015-11 |pmc=3194831 |pmid=21976607}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara gano HMPV a cikin asirin numfashi na yara 28 a cikin Netherlands kuma da farko sun fito ne daga wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na numfashi na yau da kullun saboda hanyoyin gwajin van den Hoogen da abokan aikinta sun yi ƙoƙari su yi amfani da - gwajin rigakafin ta amfani da takamaiman ƙwayoyin rigakafin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta da hanyoyin PCR ta amfani da ƙwayoyin cutar ƙwayoyin halittar ƙwayoyin jini - sun sami damar gwada kawai don ƙwayoyin cututtukanƙarar ƙwayoyin da aka sani kuma, sabili da haka, ba su iya gano sabon kwayar cuta ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot; /&gt;

Lokacin da masu bincike suka fara amfani da dabarun ilmin halitta, ana iya gano halaye na kwayoyin halitta da ɓangarorin jerin kwayoyin halitta na kwayar cutar. Wadannan dabarun sun hada da dabarar PCR da aka tsara ba zato ba tsammani, wanda ya sami iyakantaccen jerin bayanai da ake buƙata don bayyana kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin wannan sabon kwayar cutar da cutar huhu ta tsuntsaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kahn |first=Jeffrey S. |date=July 2006 |title=Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=546–557 |doi=10.1128/cmr.00014-06 |pmc=1539100 |pmid=16847085}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sabon kwayar cutar, metapneumovirus na mutum, an sanya masa suna ne saboda dangantakarsa ta kusa da AMPV, yana nuna asalinsa a matsayin metapneusovirus da mai masaukin mutum.&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot; /&gt;

== Yaduwar cututtuka ==
HMPV tana da alhakin kashi 12% na cututtukan cututtuken numfashi a cikin yara masu lafiya a asibitin asibiti na Amurka &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=John V. |last2=Harris |first2=Paul A. |last3=Tollefson |first3=Sharon J. |last4=Halburnt-Rush |first4=Lisa L. |last5=Pingsterhaus |first5=Joyce M. |last6=Edwards |first6=Kathryn M. |last7=Wright |first7=Peter F. |last8=Crowe |first8=James E. Jr. |date=2004-01-29 |title=Human Metapneumovirus and Lower Respiratory Tract Disease in Otherwise Healthy Infants and Children |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=350 |issue=5 |pages=443–450 |doi=10.1056/nejmoa025472 |issn=0028-4793 |pmc=1831873 |pmid=14749452}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kashi 15% da 8% na shari'o'in (bisa ga haka) na cutar huhu da aka samu a cikin al'umma wanda ke buƙatar asibiti a cikin yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 5 a Amurka a cikin 2010-2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jain |first=Seema |last2=Williams |first2=Derek J. |last3=Arnold |first3=Sandra R. |last4=Ampofo |first4=Krow |last5=Bramley |first5=Anna M. |last6=Reed |first6=Carrie |last7=Stockmann |first7=Chris |last8=Anderson |first8=Evan J. |last9=Grijalva |first9=Carlos G. |date=2015-02-25 |title=Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Children |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=EN |volume=372 |issue=9 |pages=835–845 |doi=10.1056/nejmoa1405870 |pmc=4697461 |pmid=25714161}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana rarraba kwayar cutar a duk duniya kuma, a yankuna masu matsakaici, tana da rarrabawar yanayi gabaɗaya bayan RSV da ƙwayoyin cuta na [[Influenza|mura]] a ƙarshen hunturu da bazara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=John V. |last2=Wang |first2=Chiaoyin K. |last3=Yang |first3=Chin-Fen |last4=Tollefson |first4=Sharon J. |last5=House |first5=Frances S. |last6=Heck |first6=Josh M. |last7=Chu |first7=Marla |last8=Brown |first8=Jennifer B. |last9=Lintao |first9=Linda D. |date=2006-02-01 |title=The Role of Human Metapneumovirus in Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: A 20-Year Experience |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2006-02-01_193_3/page/387 |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=193 |issue=3 |pages=387–395 |doi=10.1086/499274 |issn=0022-1899 |pmc=1586246 |pmid=16388486}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin Serologic ya nuna cewa tun yana da shekaru biyar, kusan dukkanin yara a duk duniya sun fallasa kwayar cutar.   &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=van den Hoogen |first=Bernadette G. |last2=Jong |first2=Jan C. de |last3=Groen |first3=Jan |last4=Kuiken |first4=Thijs |last5=Groot |first5=Ronald de |last6=Fouchier |first6=Ron A.M. |last7=Osterhaus |first7=Albert D.M.E. |year=2001 |title=A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease |journal=Nature Medicine |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=719–724 |doi=10.1038/89098 |pmc=7095854 |pmid=11385510}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leung |first=Jessica |last2=Esper |first2=Frank |last3=Weibel |first3=Carla |last4=Kahn |first4=Jeffrey S. |date=2005-03-01 |title=Seroepidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) on the Basis of a Novel Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Utilizing hMPV Fusion Protein Expressed in Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_2005-03_43_3/page/1213 |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |language=en |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=1213–1219 |doi=10.1128/jcm.43.3.1213-1219.2005 |issn=0095-1137 |pmc=1081231 |pmid=15750086}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pavlin |first=Julie A. |last2=Hickey |first2=Andrew C. |last3=Ulbrandt |first3=Nancy |last4=Chan |first4=Yee-Peng |last5=Endy |first5=Timothy P. |last6=Boukhvalova |first6=Marina S. |last7=Chunsuttiwat |first7=Supamit |last8=Nisalak |first8=Ananda |last9=Libraty |first9=Daniel H. |date=2008-09-15 |title=Human Metapneumovirus Reinfection among Children in Thailand Determined by ELISA Using Purified Soluble Fusion Protein |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2008-09-15_198_6/page/836 |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=198 |issue=6 |pages=836–842 |doi=10.1086/591186 |issn=0022-1899 |pmc=2648801 |pmid=18680407}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dunn |first=Sarah R. |last2=Ryder |first2=Alex B. |last3=Tollefson |first3=Sharon J. |last4=Xu |first4=Meng |last5=Saville |first5=Benjamin R. |last6=Williams |first6=John V. |date=2013-10-01 |title=Seroepidemiologies of Human Metapneumovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Young Children, Determined with a New Recombinant Fusion Protein Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay |journal=Clinical and Vaccine Immunology |language=en |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=1654–1656 |doi=10.1128/cvi.00750-12 |issn=1556-6811 |pmc=3807191 |pmid=23945161}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da kusan kamuwa da cuta a duniya a lokacin farkon rayuwa, sake kamuwa da cutar ya zama ruwan dare a cikin tsofaffi yara da manya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Howard |first=Leigh M. |last2=Edwards |first2=Kathryn M. |last3=Zhu |first3=Yuwei |last4=Griffin |first4=Marie R. |last5=Weinberg |first5=Geoffrey A. |last6=Szilagyi |first6=Peter G. |last7=Staat |first7=Mary A. |last8=Payne |first8=Daniel C. |last9=Williams |first9=John V. |year=2017 |title=Clinical Features of Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Ambulatory Children Aged 5–13 Years |journal=Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=165–168 |doi=10.1093/jpids/pix012 |pmc=5954304 |pmid=28369564}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Falsey |first=Ann R. |last2=Erdman |first2=Dean |last3=Anderson |first3=Larry J. |last4=Walsh |first4=Edward E. |date=2003-03-01 |title=Human Metapneumovirus Infections in Young and Elderly Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2003-03-01_187_5/page/785 |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=187 |issue=5 |pages=785–790 |doi=10.1086/367901 |issn=0022-1899 |pmid=12599052 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

HMPV may cause mild upper respiratory tract infection (e.g., the [[Mura|common cold]]). However, premature infants,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=John V. |last2=Maitre |first2=Nathalie |date=2016-07-28 |title=Human metapneumovirus in the preterm neonate: current perspectives |journal=Research and Reports in Neonatology |language=English |volume=6 |pages=41–49 |doi=10.2147/rrn.s76270 |pmc=5120728 |pmid=27891060 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; immunocompromised persons,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shahda |first=S. |last2=Carlos |first2=W.g. |last3=Kiel |first3=P.j. |last4=Khan |first4=B.a. |last5=Hage |first5=C.a. |date=2011-06-01 |title=The human metapneumovirus: a case series and review of the literature |journal=Transplant Infectious Disease |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=324–328 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-3062.2010.00575.x |issn=1399-3062 |pmc=3107511 |pmid=21631655}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chu |first=Helen Y. |author-link=Helen Y. Chu |last2=Renaud |first2=Christian |last3=Ficken |first3=Elle |last4=Thomson |first4=Blythe |last5=Kuypers |first5=Jane |last6=Englund |first6=Janet A. |date=2014-12-01 |title=Respiratory Tract Infections Due to Human Metapneumovirus in Immunocompromised Children |journal=Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=286–293 |doi=10.1093/jpids/piu100 |issn=2048-7193 |pmc=4240341 |pmid=25419459}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Seo |first=Sachiko |last2=Gooley |first2=Ted A. |last3=Kuypers |first3=Jane M. |last4=Stednick |first4=Zachary |last5=Jerome |first5=Keith R. |last6=Englund |first6=Janet A. |last7=Boeckh |first7=Michael |date=2016-07-15 |title=Human Metapneumovirus Infections Following Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Factors Associated With Disease Progression |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=178–185 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciw284 |issn=1058-4838 |pmc=4928387 |pmid=27143659}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shah |first=Dimpy P. |last2=Shah |first2=Pankil K. |last3=Azzi |first3=Jacques M. |last4=Chaer |first4=Firas El |last5=Chemaly |first5=Roy F. |year=2016 |title=Human metapneumovirus infections in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients and hematologic malignancy patients: A systematic review |journal=Cancer Letters |volume=379 |issue=1 |pages=100–106 |doi=10.1016/j.canlet.2016.05.035 |pmc=4935561 |pmid=27260872}}&lt;/ref&gt; and older adults &gt;65 years &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Falsey |first=Ann R. |last2=Erdman |first2=Dean |last3=Anderson |first3=Larry J. |last4=Walsh |first4=Edward E. |date=2003-03-01 |title=Human Metapneumovirus Infections in Young and Elderly Adults |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=187 |issue=5 |pages=785–790 |doi=10.1086/367901 |issn=0022-1899 |pmid=12599052 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Walsh |first=Edward E. |last2=Peterson |first2=Derick R. |last3=Falsey |first3=Ann R. |date=2008-12-08 |title=Human Metapneumovirus Infections in Adults: Another Piece of the Puzzle |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=168 |issue=22 |pages=2489–2496 |doi=10.1001/archinte.168.22.2489 |issn=0003-9926 |pmc=2783624 |pmid=19064834}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Widmer |first=Kyle |last2=Zhu |first2=Yuwei |last3=Williams |first3=John V. |last4=Griffin |first4=Marie R. |last5=Edwards |first5=Kathryn M. |last6=Talbot |first6=H. Keipp |date=2012-07-01 |title=Rates of Hospitalizations for Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human Metapneumovirus, and Influenza Virus in Older Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2012-07-01_206_1/page/56 |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=206 |issue=1 |pages=56–62 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jis309 |issn=0022-1899 |pmc=3415933 |pmid=22529314}}&lt;/ref&gt; are at risk for severe disease and hospitalization. In some studies of hospitalizations and emergency room visits, HMPV is nearly as common and severe as influenza in older adults.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Widmer |first=Kyle |last2=Griffin |first2=Marie R. |last3=Zhu |first3=Yuwei |last4=Williams |first4=John V. |last5=Talbot |first5=H. Keipp |date=2014-05-01 |title=Respiratory syncytial virus- and human metapneumovirus-associated emergency department and hospital burden in adults |journal=Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=347–352 |doi=10.1111/irv.12234 |issn=1750-2659 |pmc=3984605 |pmid=24512531}}&lt;/ref&gt; HMPV is associated with more severe disease in people with asthma&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=John V. |last2=Crowe |first2=James E. |last3=Enriquez |first3=Rachel |last4=Minton |first4=Patricia |last5=Peebles |first5=R. Stokes |last6=Hamilton |first6=Robert G. |last7=Higgins |first7=Stanley |last8=Griffin |first8=Marie |last9=Hartert |first9=Tina V. |date=2005-10-01 |title=Human Metapneumovirus Infection Plays an Etiologic Role in Acute Asthma Exacerbations Requiring Hospitalization in Adults |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2005-10-01_192_7/page/1149 |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=192 |issue=7 |pages=1149–1153 |doi=10.1086/444392 |issn=0022-1899 |pmc=1476781 |pmid=16136455}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=John V. |last2=Tollefson |first2=Sharon J. |last3=Heymann |first3=Peter W. |last4=Carper |first4=Holliday T. |last5=Patrie |first5=James |last6=Crowe Jr. |first6=James E. |year=2005 |title=Human metapneumovirus infection in children hospitalized for wheezing |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-allergy-and-clinical-immunology_2005-06_115_6/page/1311 |journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=115 |issue=6 |pages=1311–1312 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2005.02.001 |pmc=1476700 |pmid=15940152}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=García-García |first=M.l. |last2=Calvo |first2=C. |last3=Casas |first3=I. |last4=Bracamonte |first4=T. |last5=Rellán |first5=A. |last6=Gozalo |first6=F. |last7=Tenorio |first7=T. |last8=Pérez-Breña |first8=P. |date=2007-05-01 |title=Human metapneumovirus bronchiolitis in infancy is an important risk factor for asthma at age 5 |journal=Pediatric Pulmonology |language=en |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=458–464 |doi=10.1002/ppul.20597 |issn=1099-0496 |pmid=17427899 |s2cid=2395811}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Khetsuriani |first=Nino |last2=Kazerouni |first2=N. 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Gerald |year=2007 |title=Prevalence of viral respiratory tract infections in children with asthma |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-allergy-and-clinical-immunology_2007-02_119_2/page/314 |journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=119 |issue=2 |pages=314–321 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2006.08.041 |pmc=7112359 |pmid=17140648}}&lt;/ref&gt; and adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ([[Cutar huhu na yau da kullun|COPD]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vicente |first=Diego |last2=Montes |first2=Milagrosa |last3=Cilla |first3=Gustavo |last4=Pérez-Trallero |first4=Emilio |date=July 2004 |title=Human Metapneumovirus and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=1338–1339 |doi=10.3201/eid1007.030633 |issn=1080-6040 |pmc=3323314 |pmid=15338546}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Martinello |first=Richard A. |last2=Esper |first2=Frank |last3=Weibel |first3=Carla |last4=Ferguson |first4=David |last5=Landry |first5=Marie L. |last6=Kahn |first6=Jeffrey S. |year=2006 |title=Human metapneumovirus and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Journal of Infection |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=248–254 |doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2005.11.010 |pmc=7112509 |pmid=16412516}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kan-o |first=Keiko |last2=Ramirez |first2=Ruben |last3=MacDonald |first3=Martin I. |last4=Rolph |first4=Michael |last5=Rudd |first5=Penny A. |last6=Spann |first6=Kirsten M. |last7=Mahalingam |first7=Suresh |last8=Bardin |first8=Philip G. |last9=Thomas |first9=Belinda J. |date=2017-05-15 |title=Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Impact of Glucocorticosteroids and Interferon |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=215 |issue=10 |pages=1536–1545 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jix167 |issn=0022-1899 |pmid=28379462 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Numerous outbreaks of HMPV have been reported in long-term care facilities for children and adults, causing fatalities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Boivin |first=Guy |last2=Serres |first2=Gaston De |last3=Hamelin |first3=Marie-Eve |last4=Côté |first4=Stéphanie |last5=Argouin |first5=Marco |last6=Tremblay |first6=Geneviève |last7=Maranda-Aubut |first7=Renée |last8=Sauvageau |first8=Chantal |last9=Ouakki |first9=Manale |date=2007-05-01 |title=An Outbreak of Severe Respiratory Tract Infection Due to Human Metapneumovirus in a Long-Term Care Facility |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=44 |issue=9 |pages=1152–1158 |doi=10.1086/513204 |issn=1058-4838 |pmid=17407031 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Louie |first=Janice K. |last2=Schnurr |first2=David P. |last3=Pan |first3=Chao-Yang |last4=Kiang |first4=David |last5=Carter |first5=Connie |last6=Tougaw |first6=Sandra |last7=Ventura |first7=Jean |last8=Norman |first8=Agnes |last9=Belmusto |first9=Vivian |date=2007-09-01 |title=A Summer Outbreak of Human Metapneumovirus Infection in a Long-Term-Care Facility |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2007-09-01_196_5/page/705 |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=196 |issue=5 |pages=705–708 |doi=10.1086/519846 |issn=0022-1899 |pmid=17674312 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Neu |first=Natalie |last2=Plaskett |first2=Theresa |last3=Hutcheon |first3=Gordon |last4=Murray |first4=Meghan |last5=Southwick |first5=Karen L. |last6=Saiman |first6=Lisa |date=June 2012 |title=Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus in a Pediatric Long-Term Care Facility |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infection-control-and-hospital-epidemiology_2012-06_33_6/page/545 |journal=Infection Control &amp; Hospital Epidemiology |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=545–550 |doi=10.1086/665727 |issn=0899-823X |pmid=22561708 |s2cid=2132679}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Outbreaks of Human Metapneumovirus in Two Skilled Nursing Facilities — West Virginia and Idaho, 2011–2012 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6246a1.htm |access-date=2017-09-16 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Zifeng |last2=Suzuki |first2=Akira |last3=Watanabe |first3=Oshi |last4=Okamoto |first4=Michiko |last5=Ohmi |first5=Akira |last6=Huang |first6=Wenbo |last7=Nishimura |first7=Hidekazu |date=2014 |title=Outbreak of human metapneumovirus infection in a severe motor-and-intellectual disabilities ward in Japan |journal=Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=318–321 |doi=10.7883/yoken.67.318 |issn=1884-2836 |pmid=25056083 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Pathogens-04-00682-g001.svg|thumb|Tsarin samfurin da sunadarai da aka tsara ta hanyar Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV).  (a) tsarin samfurin hMPV wanda ke nuna sunadarai na kwayar cuta wanda (b) kwayar cutaa ta tsara.]]
Ƙungiyar genomic ta HMPV tana kama da RSV;  duk da haka, HMPV ba ta da kwayoyin halitta marasa tsari, NS1 da NS2, kuma HMPV antisense RNA genome ya ƙunshi firam ɗin karantawa guda takwas a cikin tsarin jinsin ɗan adam daban-daban fiye da RSV (wato 3'-N-P-M-F-M2-SH-G-L-5').  HMPV yana da kama da kwayoyin metapneumoviruses na Avian A, B kuma musamman nau'in C. Binciken phylogenetic na HMPV ya nuna wanzuwar manyan layin kwayoyin halitta guda biyu da ake kira subtype A da B dauke da su a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi A1/A2 da B1/B2 bi da bi.  Genotyping dangane da jerin kwayoyin halittar F da G sun nuna cewa subtype B yana da alaƙa da ƙara tsawon lokacin tari da haɓaka tsarin numfashi na gabaɗaya idan aka kwatanta da HMPV-A.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perchetti 408–416&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Perchetti |first=GA |last2=Wilcox, N |last3=Chu, HY |last4=Katz, J |last5=Khatry, SK |last6=LeClerq, SC |last7=Tielsch, JM |last8=Jerome, KR |last9=Englund, JA |last10=Kuypers, J |date=November 2020 |title=Human Metapneumovirus Infection and Genotyping of Infants in Rural Nepal |journal=Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=408–416 |doi=10.1093/jpids/piaa118 |pmid=33137178}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin rayuwa da haifuwa ==
hMPV an kiyasta yana da lokacin shiryawa na kwanaki 3-6 kuma galibi yana aiki sosai a lokacin hunturu da lokacin bazara a cikin yanayin yanayi mai zafi, tare da yanayin RSV da mura kuma yana iya ba da damar kamuwa da cuta maimaituwa.  Tun daga 2012 [sabuntawa], hMPV da sake zagayowar sa ba a fahimta sosai ba.  An yi nazarin wasu daga cikin manyan matakai na sake zagayowar hMPV tare da gwaje-gwajen da suka danganta da yanayin yanayin rayuwa na hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri da kuma matakan haifuwa na sauran dangin Paramyxoviridae..&lt;ref name=&quot;ff50&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Feuillet |first=F. |last2=Lina |first2=B. |last3=Rosa-Calatrava |first3=M. |last4=Boivin |first4=G. |date=Feb 2012 |title=Ten years of human metapneumovirus research |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386653211004185 |journal=Journal of Clinical Virology |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=97–105 |doi=10.1016/j.jcv.2011.10.002 |pmid=22074934 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mataki na farko na sake zagayowar hMPV shine haɗewa da tantanin halitta, musamman Kwayoyin epithelial na hanyar numfashi, ta amfani da furotin G.&lt;ref name=&quot;verena49&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schildgen |first=Verena |last2=Van Den Hoogen |first2=Bernadette |last3=Fouchier |first3=Ron |last4=Tripp |first4=Ralph A. |last5=Alvarez |first5=Rene |last6=Manoha |first6=Catherine |last7=Williams |first7=John |last8=Schildgen |first8=Oliver |date=Oct 2011 |title=Human Metapneumovirus: Lessons Learned over the First Decade |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=734–754 |doi=10.1128/cmr.00015-11 |pmc=3194831 |pmid=21976607}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ff50&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Feuillet |first=F. |last2=Lina |first2=B. |last3=Rosa-Calatrava |first3=M. |last4=Boivin |first4=G. |date=Feb 2012 |title=Ten years of human metapneumovirus research |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386653211004185 |journal=Journal of Clinical Virology |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=97–105 |doi=10.1016/j.jcv.2011.10.002 |pmid=22074934 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan furotin G yana ƙunshe da yankin hydrophobic wanda ke aiki a matsayin peptide na siginar da ba a rufe shi ba da kuma membrane anchor don sauƙaƙe ɗaurewa; duk da haka, saboda Kwayoyin cuta masu haɗuwa waɗanda ba su da furotin G har yanzu suna iya maimaitawa a cikin vitro da in vivo, da alama cewa haɗewa ta hanyar furotin G ba a buƙata don sauran sake zagayowar maimaitawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;verena49&quot; /&gt;

Na gaba a cikin sake zagayowar shine haɗuwa da kwayar cuta da membrane wanda mai yiwuwa furotin F ne ke shiga tsakani.&lt;ref name=&quot;verena49&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schildgen |first=Verena |last2=Van Den Hoogen |first2=Bernadette |last3=Fouchier |first3=Ron |last4=Tripp |first4=Ralph A. |last5=Alvarez |first5=Rene |last6=Manoha |first6=Catherine |last7=Williams |first7=John |last8=Schildgen |first8=Oliver |date=Oct 2011 |title=Human Metapneumovirus: Lessons Learned over the First Decade |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=734–754 |doi=10.1128/cmr.00015-11 |pmc=3194831 |pmid=21976607}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ff50&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Feuillet |first=F. |last2=Lina |first2=B. |last3=Rosa-Calatrava |first3=M. |last4=Boivin |first4=G. |date=Feb 2012 |title=Ten years of human metapneumovirus research |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386653211004185 |journal=Journal of Clinical Virology |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=97–105 |doi=10.1016/j.jcv.2011.10.002 |pmid=22074934 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake tsarin haɗuwa yayi kama da na sauran dangin Paramyxoviridae kuma ya haɗa da canje-canje na furotin F, tsarin hMPV ba ya dogara da furotin G don haɗuwa kamar membobinta na iyali, yana nuna daidaituwa tare da ra'ayin da aka ambata a baya cewa furotin G ba lallai ba ne don matakai na gaba na sake zagayowar hMPV.&lt;ref name=&quot;verena49&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ff50&quot; /&gt; An tabbatar da aikin haɗuwa na furotin F ta hanyar ikonsa na ɗaurewa ga ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ta hanyar integrin αvβ1 ta amfani da Arginine-Glycine-Aspartate (RGD), wanda aka yi hasashen shine abin da ke haifar da abubuwan haɗakar membrane.&lt;ref name=&quot;verena49&quot; /&gt;

Babban bambanci tsakanin hMPV da sauran hanyoyin haɗin ƙwayoyin cuta na Paramyxoviridae ko da yake shi ne cewa hMPV's fusion events faruwa a acidic pH matakan yayin da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta 'fusion events faruwa a tsaka tsaki pH matakan;  duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike a wannan yanki don samun ƙarin fahimtar abin da ya bambanta game da tsarin haɗin hMPV da kuma dalilin da ya sa.  Ko da yake takamaiman aikinsa ba shi da tabbas, kasancewar SH glycoprotein ba ya bayyana yana da wani tasiri akan kwafin motsin motsa jiki, tasirin cytopathic, ko samuwar hMPV..&lt;ref name=&quot;ff50&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Feuillet |first=F. |last2=Lina |first2=B. |last3=Rosa-Calatrava |first3=M. |last4=Boivin |first4=G. |date=Feb 2012 |title=Ten years of human metapneumovirus research |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386653211004185 |journal=Journal of Clinical Virology |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=97–105 |doi=10.1016/j.jcv.2011.10.002 |pmid=22074934 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mataki na ƙarshe a cikin tsarin kwafi na hMPV wanda yake da tabbas tabbas shine tafiya na ambulan glycoproteins (F, G, da SH) zuwa yankuna na tarawar membranous ta hanyar kayan aikin Golgi da za a fallasa su a saman ƙwayoyin cutar.  RNA da haɗin sunadaran ƙwayoyin cuta ba su da tabbas kuma suna buƙatar ƙarin bincike..&lt;ref name=&quot;verena49&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schildgen |first=Verena |last2=Van Den Hoogen |first2=Bernadette |last3=Fouchier |first3=Ron |last4=Tripp |first4=Ralph A. |last5=Alvarez |first5=Rene |last6=Manoha |first6=Catherine |last7=Williams |first7=John |last8=Schildgen |first8=Oliver |date=Oct 2011 |title=Human Metapneumovirus: Lessons Learned over the First Decade |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=734–754 |doi=10.1128/cmr.00015-11 |pmc=3194831 |pmid=21976607}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwayar cuta ==
HMPV yana kamuwa da ƙwayoyin epithelial na iska a cikin hanci da huhu. Ana tunanin HMPV yana haɗe da tantanin halitta ta hanyar glycoprotein (G) furotin hulɗa tare da heparan sulfate da sauran glycosaminoglycans. HMPV fusion (F) furotin yana ƙunshe da RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp)  wanda ke shiga RGD-binding integrins a matsayin masu karɓar sel, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cseke |first=G. |last2=Maginnis |first2=M. S. |last3=Cox |first3=R. G. |last4=Tollefson |first4=S. J. |last5=Podsiad |first5=A. B. |last6=Wright |first6=D. W. |last7=Dermody |first7=T. S. |last8=Williams |first8=J. V. |year=2009 |title=Integrin &amp;nbsp;v&amp;nbsp;1 promotes infection by human metapneumovirus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2009-02-03_106_5/page/1566 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=1566–1571 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0801433106 |pmc=2629439 |pmid=19164533 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chang |first=A. |last2=Masante |first2=C. |last3=Buchholz |first3=U. J. |last4=Dutch |first4=R. E. |year=2012 |title=Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) Binding and Infection Are Mediated by Interactions between the HMPV Fusion Protein and Heparan Sulfate |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_2012-03_86_6/page/3230 |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=3230–3243 |doi=10.1128/JVI.06706-11 |pmc=3302303 |pmid=22238303}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cox |first=R. G. |last2=Livesay |first2=S. B. |last3=Johnson |first3=M. |last4=Ohi |first4=M. D. |last5=Williams |first5=J. V. |year=2012 |title=The Human Metapneumovirus Fusion Protein Mediates Entry via an Interaction with RGD-Binding Integrins |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=86 |issue=22 |pages=12148–12160 |doi=10.1128/JVI.01133-12 |pmc=3486500 |pmid=22933271}}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan ya shiga tsakani da haɗuwa da membrane na tantanin halitta da ambulaf ɗin kwayar cuta a cikin salon pH mai zaman kansa, mai yiwuwa a cikin endosomes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wei |first=Y. |last2=Zhang |first2=Y. |last3=Cai |first3=H. |last4=Mirza |first4=A. M. |last5=Iorio |first5=R. M. |last6=Peeples |first6=M. E. |last7=Niewiesk |first7=S. |last8=Li |first8=J. |year=2014 |title=Roles of the Putative Integrin-Binding Motif of the Human Metapneumovirus Fusion (F) Protein in Cell-Cell Fusion, Viral Infectivity, and Pathogenesis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_2014-04_88_8/page/4338 |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=88 |issue=8 |pages=4338–4352 |doi=10.1128/JVI.03491-13 |pmc=3993731 |pmid=24478423}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schowalter |first=R. M. |last2=Smith |first2=S. E. |last3=Dutch |first3=R. E. |year=2006 |title=Characterization of Human Metapneumovirus F Protein-Promoted Membrane Fusion: Critical Roles for Proteolytic Processing and Low pH |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_2006-11_80_22/page/10931 |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=80 |issue=22 |pages=10931–10941 |doi=10.1128/JVI.01287-06 |pmc=1642150 |pmid=16971452}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cox |first=Reagan G. |last2=Mainou |first2=Bernardo A. |last3=Johnson |first3=Monika |last4=Hastings |first4=Andrew K. |last5=Schuster |first5=Jennifer E. |last6=Dermody |first6=Terence S. |last7=Williams |first7=John V. |year=2015 |title=Human Metapneumovirus is Capable of Entering Cells by Fusion with Endosomal Membranes |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=e1005303 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005303 |pmc=4667933 |pmid=26629703 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; HMPV sa'an nan kuma yana haifar da martani na chemokines da cytokines kamar IL-6, IFN-alpha, TNF-alpha، IL-2, da kuma sunadarai masu kumburi na macrophage, wanda hakan ke haifar da peribronchiolar da perivascular infiltration da kumburi.

== Binciken ==
[[Fayil:PMC4622250_15-0608-F1_(1).png|thumb|Hoton radiyo na kirji na mutum mai shekaru 47 tare da kwayar cutar metapneumovirus mai alaƙa da encephalitis. Ƙarfafawa a cikin tsakiya na tsakiya na dama (zagaye) yana nuna cutar huhu.]]
Gano HMPV ya dogara da fasahar sake fasalin polymerase (RT-PCR) don fadada kai tsaye daga RNA da aka cire daga samfurori na numfashi. An yi amfani da wasu hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don gano HMPV ta hanyar hanyoyin da suka shafi nucleic acid kuma waɗannan sun haɗa da:

# gano antigen na hMPV a cikin ɓoyewar nasopharyngeal ta hanyar gwajin rigakafin rigakafi
# amfani da immunofluorescence staining tare da monoclonal antibodies don gano HMPV a cikin nasopharyngeal secretions da shell vial al'adu
# Gwaje-gwaje na immunofluorescence don gano takamaiman magungunan rigakafi na hMPV
# amfani da Magungunan rigakafi na polyclonal da keɓewa kai tsaye a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta.

Kodayake an fara gano hMPV kuma an gano shi a cikin shekara ta 2001, binciken serological ya nuna cewa hMPV, ko dangi na kusa da shi, ya riga ya bazu aƙalla shekaru 50.&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kahn |first=Jeffrey S. |date=July 2006 |title=Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=546–557 |doi=10.1128/cmr.00014-06 |pmc=1539100 |pmid=16847085}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uddin51&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Uddin |first=Sanaa |last2=Thomas |first2=Meagan |date=July 18, 2022 |title=Human Metapneumovirus |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560910/ |journal=StatPearls [Internet] |pmid=32809745}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga wannan bayanin, a bayyane yake cewa kwayar cutar ba kawai ta &quot;tsalle&quot; daga tsuntsaye ba, ko wasu tankunan dabbobi, zuwa mutane jim kadan kafin gano ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot; /&gt;

Ya zuwa 2022, kamuwa da cuta mafi girma daga hMPV a arewacin arewacin yana cikin ƙarshen hunturu da farkon bazara, amma ana iya samun sa a duniya a duk faɗin nahiyoyi &lt;ref name=&quot;uddin51&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Uddin |first=Sanaa |last2=Thomas |first2=Meagan |date=July 18, 2022 |title=Human Metapneumovirus |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560910/ |journal=StatPearls [Internet] |pmid=32809745}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma rarraba sa yana da rikitarwa sosai kuma yana da ƙarfi. &lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kahn |first=Jeffrey S. |date=July 2006 |title=Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=546–557 |doi=10.1128/cmr.00014-06 |pmc=1539100 |pmid=16847085}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu bincike sun gano cewa hMPV galibi yana cikin gida kuma yana iya bambanta sosai daga al'umma zuwa al'umma, yana ba da damar yiwuwar damuwa a wuri ɗaya shekara guda ya zama mafi kama da damuwa a wani wuri daban a shekara mai zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot; /&gt;

An rubuta wannan sabon abu tare da kwayar cutar a Ostiraliya a cikin 2001; a Faransa a cikin 2000 da 2002; a Kanada a cikin 1999, 2000, 2001, da 2002; A Isra'ila a cikin 2002; kuma a cikin Netherlands a cikin 2001 duk suna da alaƙa sosai bisa ga jerin kwayar F.&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kahn |first=Jeffrey S. |date=July 2006 |title=Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=546–557 |doi=10.1128/cmr.00014-06 |pmc=1539100 |pmid=16847085}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai akalla manyan nau'ikan halittar hMPV guda biyu (A da B) waɗanda ke yawo a lokacin barkewar al'umma kuma kowane nau'in halittar yana da nasa biyu, &lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot; /&gt; amma a yanzu, da alama babu wani nau'in da ya fi rinjaye wasu kuma babu wani daga cikinsu da aka sani da haifar da matakan tsananin tsanani. &lt;ref name=&quot;uddin51&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Uddin |first=Sanaa |last2=Thomas |first2=Meagan |date=July 18, 2022 |title=Human Metapneumovirus |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560910/ |journal=StatPearls [Internet] |pmid=32809745}}&lt;/ref&gt;

HMPV yana yiwuwa yaduwa daga masu kamuwa da cuta zuwa wasu ta hanyar 1. ɓoye daga tari da atishawa, 2. kusancin mutum (misali tabawa, girgiza hannu, da dai sauransu), da 3. taɓa abubuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta a kansu sannan kuma taɓa bakinka, hanci, ko idanu.  A wasu gwaje-gwajen alluran rigakafin, masu bincike sun lura da yadda kwayar cutar parainfluenza na mutum mai raye-raye wacce ke dauke da kwayoyin hMPV F na iya haifar da takamaiman rigakafin hMPV kuma yana iya kare dabbobin gwaji daga hMPV..&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kahn |first=Jeffrey S. |date=July 2006 |title=Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=546–557 |doi=10.1128/cmr.00014-06 |pmc=1539100 |pmid=16847085}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Another similar study demonstrated how a chimeric bovine/human parainfluenza virus 3 expressing the hMPV F gene allows for neutralizing antibodies against both parainfluenza and hMPV.&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kahn |first=Jeffrey S. |date=July 2006 |title=Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=546–557 |doi=10.1128/cmr.00014-06 |pmc=1539100 |pmid=16847085}}&lt;/ref&gt; These experiments have several limitations, including their small-population animal models.&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot; /&gt; Overall, while vaccines and antiviral therapy treatments are in the works, the biggest difficulty that researchers face {{As of|2006}} is the limited data available about the development of hMPV in the natural host.&lt;ref name=&quot;kahn46&quot; /&gt;

== Rarraba ==
Wataƙila yaduwar tana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da ɓoyayyun ɓoyayyen da aka gurbata, ta hanyar droplet, aerosol, ko fomite vectors.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCabout2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 August 2024 |title=About Human Metapneumovirus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/human-metapneumovirus/about/index.html |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=Human Metapneumovirus |publisher=CDC |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayar da rahoton kamuwa da cututtukan asibiti tare da metapneumovirus na mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peiris |first=JS |last2=Tang, WH |last3=Chan, KH |last4=Khong, PL |last5=Guan, Y |last6=Lau, YL |last7=Chiu, SS |date=June 2003 |title=Children with respiratory disease associated with metapneumovirus in Hong Kong |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=628–633 |doi=10.3201/eid0906.030009 |pmc=3000155 |pmid=12781000}}&lt;/ref&gt; An nuna cewa HMPV yana zagayawa a lokacin faduwa da watanni na hunturu tare da sauyawa na nau'i ɗaya a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perchetti 408–416&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Perchetti |first=GA |last2=Wilcox, N |last3=Chu, HY |last4=Katz, J |last5=Khatry, SK |last6=LeClerq, SC |last7=Tielsch, JM |last8=Jerome, KR |last9=Englund, JA |last10=Kuypers, J |date=November 2020 |title=Human Metapneumovirus Infection and Genotyping of Infants in Rural Nepal |journal=Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=408–416 |doi=10.1093/jpids/piaa118 |pmid=33137178}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magani ==
Babu wani magani ga mutane da aka sani tun daga shekara ta 2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18516301&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bao X, Liu T, Shan Y, Li K, Garofalo RP, Casola A |date=May 2008 |editor-last=Baric |editor-first=Ralph S. |title=Human Metapneumovirus Glycoprotein G Inhibits Innate Immune Responses |journal=PLOS Pathog. |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=e1000077 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1000077 |pmc=2386556 |pmid=18516301 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ribavirin, magani da aka yi amfani da shi don magance RSV, ya nuna tasiri a cikin samfurin dabba.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17458775&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Deffrasnes C, Hamelin ME, Boivin G |date=April 2007 |title=Human metapneumovirus |journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=213–21 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-976493 |pmid=17458775 |s2cid=21308968}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanin samar da magunguna na Amurka Moderna ya gudanar da gwajin asibiti don rigakafin modRNA na dan takarar rigakafin metapneumovirus. Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2019, dan takarar rigakafin ya wuce matakin I, tare da rahotanni cewa rigakafin yana da haƙuri sosai a duk matakan sashi a cikin watanni biyu, kuma yana haifar da amsawar rigakafi wanda ke haɓaka samar da Magungunan rigakafi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=August A, Shaw CA, Lee H, Knightly C, Kalidindia S, Chu L, Essink BJ, Seger W, Zaks T, Smolenov I, Panther L |date=July 2022 |title=Safety and Immunogenicity of an mRNA-Based Human Metapneumovirus and Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Combined Vaccine in Healthy Adults |journal=Open Forum Infect Dis |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=ofac206 |doi=10.1093/ofid/ofac206 |pmc=9251669 |pmid=35794943}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Juyin Halitta ==
An fara bayar da rahoton metapneumovirus na mutum a cikin 2001 da kuma metapneusovirus na tsuntsaye a cikin shekarun 1970. Akwai akalla zuriya huɗu na metapneumovirus na mutum - A1, A2, B1 da B2. An raba kwayar cutar metapneumovirus ta Avian zuwa rukuni huɗu - A, B, C da D. Kimanin Bayesian ya nuna cewa kwayar cutar ta mutum ta fito ne tsakanin 1875 da 1889 kuma ta rabu da kwayar cutar avian a kusa da 1800. &lt;ref name=&quot;deGraaf2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Graaf M, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA, Holmes EC |year=2008 |title=Evolutionary dynamics of human and avian metapneumoviruses |journal=J. Gen. Virol. |volume=89 |issue=Pt 12 |pages=2933–42 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.2008/006957-0 |pmid=19008378 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== barkewar cutar ta 2024-2025 ==
{{Reflist}}
Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta kasar Sin ta buga bayanai da ke nuna cewa kamuwa da cututtukan numfashi ya karu sosai a cikin mako na 16 zuwa 22 ga Disamba 2024;  An danganta cutar metapneumovirus ta mutum zuwa kashi 6.2 na ingantattun gwaje-gwajen cututtukan numfashi da kashi 5.4 na asibitocin cututtukan numfashi a China, fiye da COVID-19, rhinovirus, ko adenovirus.  Kan Biao, shugaban cibiyar yaki da cututtuka masu yaduwa ta kasar Sin CDC, ya sanar da cewa, adadin HMPV a tsakanin yara masu shekaru 14 zuwa kasa da kasa na karuwa a kasar Sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dewan |first=Pandora |date=3 January 2025 |title=Viral disease HMPV is on the rise among kids in China — what is it? |url=https://www.livescience.com/health/viruses-infections-disease/viral-disease-hmpv-is-on-the-rise-among-kids-in-china-what-is-it |publisher=Live Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Podocarpus parlatorei</title>
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      <text bytes="6594" sha1="m1nun46o71ni308fdi9cff6vuxik86q" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox|image=Podocarpus Parlatorei.jpg|status=NT|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 18 November 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |author=Quiroga, P. |author2=Gardner, M. |date=2013 |title=''Podocarpus parlatorei'' |volume=2013 |page=e.T32019A2808150 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T32019A2808150.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;|status2=CITES_A1|status2_system=CITES|status2_ref=&lt;ref name = &quot;CITES&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;|genus=Podocarpus|species=parlatorei|authority=[[Robert Knud Friedrich Pilger|Pilg.]]&lt;ref name=Tropicos&gt;{{Cite web|title = Tropicos {{!}} Name - ''Podocarpus parlatorei'' Pilg.|url = http://www.tropicos.org/Name/25600020|website = www.tropicos.org|access-date = 3 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;|synonyms=*''Nageia angustifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;
*''Podocarpus angustifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Parl.&lt;/small&gt;}}

{{Databox}}

'''''Podocarpus parlatorei''''' wani nau'in [[bishiya]] ne a cikin dangin Podocarpaceae kuma asalinsa a [[Argentina]] da [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]], inda yake tsiro a kan tuddai masu tsayi a gabas na Andes. An girbe shi ta kasuwanci a baya amma yanzu ana kiyaye shi a ƙarƙashin CITES . Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Duniya ta kimanta matsayinta a matsayin &quot; na kusa da barazana &quot;.

== Bayani ==
''Podocarpus parlatorei'' itace shrub ko itace mara koren ganye wanda ke girma har zuwa mita 15 (wani lokaci 30). Kututturen yana tsaye kuma yana da silindi kuma rassan sau da yawa suna girma daga kusa da ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fern&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fern, Ken |date=16 August 2018 |title=''Podocarpus parlatorei'' |url=http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Podocarpus+parlatorei |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=Useful tropical plants}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ganyen suna da layi-layi don ɓata (mai sikila), madaidaiciya, {{Convert|2.5|to|9|cm|in|1}} tsawo, {{Convert|2|to|3|mm|in|2}} fadi, tare da m koli mai tsauri. Kwayoyin suna da siffar zobe, {{Convert|5|to|6|mm|in|2}} dogo. 

== Rarraba da wurin zama ==
''Podocarpus parlatorei'' yana da yawa a gefen gabas na Andes a arewa maso yammacin Bolivia da Argentina.  Yana faruwa a tsayi tsakanin {{Convert|950|and|3000|m|ft|-2}} kuma ya mamaye wani yanki na karkara kusan {{Convert|1000|km|mi|-2}} tsayi a arewa/kudu kuma har zuwa {{Convert|100|km|mi|-1}} fadi. Yawan jama'a ya kasu kashi-kashi-kashi-kashi ta dazuzzukan dazuzzuka da busassun kwaruruka da ke raba tudu masu gangare.&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 18 November 2021&quot; /&gt;

== Ilimin halittu ==
A kudu na kewayonsa, wannan nau'in nau'in tsarkakakke ne, amma kuma a artus yana ƙoƙarin girma a ƙarƙashin ''[[Alnus acuminata|Alnus untifolia]]'' '','' da kuma ''Juglans Australis'' . Furen suna gurbata iska kuma iri suna watsewa da tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa waɗanda ke cin 'ya'yan itacen nama. Waɗannan sun haɗa da guans ( ''Penelope'' spp.), pigeons masu wutsiya ( ''Patagioenas fasciata'' ), da skunk-nosed ( ''Conepatus chinga'' ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Quiroga&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Quiroga, Maria Paula |last2=Pacheco, Silvia |last3=Malizia, Lucio R. |last4=Premoli, Andrea C. |year=2012 |title=Shrinking Forests under Warming: Evidence of ''Podocarpus parlatorei'' (pino del cerro) from the Subtropical Andes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-heredity_september-october-2012_103_5/page/682 |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=103 |issue=5 |pages=682–691 |doi=10.1093/jhered/ess031 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mouse na ciyawa mai launin toka ( ''Abrothrix illuteus'' ) yana zaune a kan tudu masu tudu a tsakanin itatuwan ''Podocarpus parlatorei'' da ''Alnus acuminata.'' 

== Amfani ==
Itacen yana da nauyi, mai laushi da sauƙin aiki. An yi amfani da shi don kasuwanci don yin [[fensir]] da ginin gini, bene, yin kayan daki, [[Wood veneer|kayan ado]], madogara da kayan aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fern2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fern, Ken |date=16 August 2018 |title=''Podocarpus parlatorei'' |url=http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Podocarpus+parlatorei |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=Useful tropical plants}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yanzu an dakatar da kasuwancin kasuwancin sa na duniya ta hanyar jeri a cikin Shafi na I na [[CITES]]  saboda wuce gona da iri na rage yawan jama'a, amma har yanzu ana girbe shi don amfanin gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quiroga2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Quiroga, Maria Paula |last2=Pacheco, Silvia |last3=Malizia, Lucio R. |last4=Premoli, Andrea C. |year=2012 |title=Shrinking Forests under Warming: Evidence of ''Podocarpus parlatorei'' (pino del cerro) from the Subtropical Andes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-heredity_september-october-2012_103_5/page/682 |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=103 |issue=5 |pages=682–691 |doi=10.1093/jhered/ess031 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kuma amfani da shi a cikin iyakokin fili da kewayen gidaje a matsayin shinge. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fern2&quot; /&gt;

== Matsayi ==
A da, wannan bishiyar ta sanya ƙungiyar International Union for Conservation of yanayi ta lissafa a matsayin &quot; rashin bayanai &quot;, duk da haka binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya baiwa IUCN damar kimanta matsayinta. Yawan jama'a ya rabu a zahiri saboda yanayin yanayin ƙasa kuma ko da yake a baya yawancin saren itace yana rage yawan jama'a, sauran jama'a sun fi tsaro, kasancewa a wurare masu nisa ko kuma kan tudu masu tudu inda samun damar shiga ke da wahala. Ko da yake yana da rauni ga hargitsin da ɗan adam ya yi kamar su sare itace da gobara, nau'in majagaba ne kuma yana iya sake haɓakawa a cikin ciyayi ko a gefen daji. Don waɗannan dalilai, IUCN ta ƙididdige girman yawan jama'arta a matsayin kwanciyar hankali da matsayin kiyayewa a kusa da barazana .  A matsayin mai jure sanyi, montane conifer na wurare masu zafi tare da rabe-raben yawan jama'a, ana iya sa ran wannan nau'in [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar]] yanayi zai shafe shi. Sai dai bincike ya nuna cewa tana iya jujjuya nisanta zuwa tsayin daka a lokutan zafi kuma za ta fuskanci [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] kamar yadda ya faru a baya yayin da ake yin sauyin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quiroga&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Quiroga, Maria Paula |last2=Pacheco, Silvia |last3=Malizia, Lucio R. |last4=Premoli, Andrea C. |year=2012 |title=Shrinking Forests under Warming: Evidence of ''Podocarpus parlatorei'' (pino del cerro) from the Subtropical Andes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-heredity_september-october-2012_103_5/page/682 |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=103 |issue=5 |pages=682–691 |doi=10.1093/jhered/ess031 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="6574" sha1="k9g6z3jzexchqelihwdb2660kd11kaq" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox|image=Podocarpus Parlatorei.jpg|status=NT|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 18 November 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |author=Quiroga, P. |author2=Gardner, M. |date=2013 |title=''Podocarpus parlatorei'' |volume=2013 |page=e.T32019A2808150 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T32019A2808150.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;|status2=CITES_A1|status2_system=CITES|status2_ref=&lt;ref name = &quot;CITES&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;|genus=Podocarpus|species=parlatorei|authority=[[Robert Knud Friedrich Pilger|Pilg.]]&lt;ref name=Tropicos&gt;{{Cite web|title = Tropicos {{!}} Name - ''Podocarpus parlatorei'' Pilg.|url = http://www.tropicos.org/Name/25600020|website = www.tropicos.org|access-date = 3 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;|synonyms=*''Nageia angustifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Kuntze&lt;/small&gt;
*''Podocarpus angustifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Parl.&lt;/small&gt;}}

{{Databox}}

'''''Podocarpus parlatorei''''' wani nau'in [[bishiya]] ne a cikin dangin Podocarpaceae kuma asalinsa a [[Argentina]] da [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]], inda yake tsiro a kan tuddai masu tsayi a gabas na Andes. An girbe shi ta kasuwanci a baya amma yanzu ana kiyaye shi a ƙarƙashin CITES . Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Duniya ta kimanta matsayinta a matsayin &quot; na kusa da barazana &quot;.

== Bayani ==
''Podocarpus parlatorei'' itace shrub ko itace mara koren ganye wanda ke girma har zuwa mita 15 (wani lokaci 30). Kututturen yana tsaye kuma yana da silindi kuma rassan sau da yawa suna girma daga kusa da ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fern&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fern, Ken |date=16 August 2018 |title=''Podocarpus parlatorei'' |url=http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Podocarpus+parlatorei |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=Useful tropical plants}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ganyen suna da layi-layi don ɓata (mai sikila), madaidaiciya, {{Convert|2.5|to|9|cm|in|1}} tsawo, {{Convert|2|to|3|mm|in|2}} fadi, tare da m koli mai tsauri. Kwayoyin suna da siffar zobe, {{Convert|5|to|6|mm|in|2}} dogo. 

== Rarraba da wurin zama ==
''Podocarpus parlatorei'' yana da yawa a gefen gabas na Andes a arewa maso yammacin Bolivia da Argentina.  Yana faruwa a tsayi tsakanin {{Convert|950|and|3000|m|ft|-2}} kuma ya mamaye wani yanki na karkara kusan {{Convert|1000|km|mi|-2}} tsayi a arewa/kudu kuma har zuwa {{Convert|100|km|mi|-1}} fadi. Yawan jama'a ya kasu kashi-kashi-kashi-kashi ta dazuzzukan dazuzzuka da busassun kwaruruka da ke raba tudu masu gangare.&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 18 November 2021&quot; /&gt;

== Ilimin halittu ==
A kudu na kewayonsa, wannan nau'in nau'in tsarkakakke ne, amma kuma a artus yana ƙoƙarin girma a ƙarƙashin ''[[Alnus acuminata|Alnus untifolia]]'' '','' da kuma ''Juglans Australis'' . Furen suna gurbata iska kuma iri suna watsewa da tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa waɗanda ke cin 'ya'yan itacen nama. Waɗannan sun haɗa da guans ( ''Penelope'' spp.), pigeons masu wutsiya ( ''Patagioenas fasciata'' ), da skunk-nosed ( ''Conepatus chinga'' ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Quiroga&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Quiroga, Maria Paula |last2=Pacheco, Silvia |last3=Malizia, Lucio R. |last4=Premoli, Andrea C. |year=2012 |title=Shrinking Forests under Warming: Evidence of ''Podocarpus parlatorei'' (pino del cerro) from the Subtropical Andes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-heredity_september-october-2012_103_5/page/682 |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=103 |issue=5 |pages=682–691 |doi=10.1093/jhered/ess031 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mouse na ciyawa mai launin toka ( ''Abrothrix illuteus'' ) yana zaune a kan tudu masu tudu a tsakanin itatuwan ''Podocarpus parlatorei'' da ''Alnus acuminata.'' 

== Amfani ==
Itacen yana da nauyi, mai laushi da sauƙin aiki. An yi amfani da shi don kasuwanci don yin [[fensir]] da ginin gini, bene, yin kayan daki, kayan ado, madogara da kayan aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fern2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fern, Ken |date=16 August 2018 |title=''Podocarpus parlatorei'' |url=http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Podocarpus+parlatorei |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=Useful tropical plants}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yanzu an dakatar da kasuwancin kasuwancin sa na duniya ta hanyar jeri a cikin Shafi na I na CITES  saboda wuce gona da iri na rage yawan jama'a, amma har yanzu ana girbe shi don amfanin gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quiroga2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Quiroga, Maria Paula |last2=Pacheco, Silvia |last3=Malizia, Lucio R. |last4=Premoli, Andrea C. |year=2012 |title=Shrinking Forests under Warming: Evidence of ''Podocarpus parlatorei'' (pino del cerro) from the Subtropical Andes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-heredity_september-october-2012_103_5/page/682 |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=103 |issue=5 |pages=682–691 |doi=10.1093/jhered/ess031 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kuma amfani da shi a cikin iyakokin fili da kewayen gidaje a matsayin shinge. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fern2&quot; /&gt;

== Matsayi ==
A da, wannan bishiyar ta sanya ƙungiyar International Union for Conservation of yanayi ta lissafa a matsayin &quot; rashin bayanai &quot;, duk da haka binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya baiwa IUCN damar kimanta matsayinta. Yawan jama'a ya rabu a zahiri saboda yanayin yanayin ƙasa kuma ko da yake a baya yawancin saren itace yana rage yawan jama'a, sauran jama'a sun fi tsaro, kasancewa a wurare masu nisa ko kuma kan tudu masu tudu inda samun damar shiga ke da wahala. Ko da yake yana da rauni ga hargitsin da ɗan adam ya yi kamar su sare itace da gobara, nau'in majagaba ne kuma yana iya sake haɓakawa a cikin ciyayi ko a gefen daji. Don waɗannan dalilai, IUCN ta ƙididdige girman yawan jama'arta a matsayin kwanciyar hankali da matsayin kiyayewa a kusa da barazana .  A matsayin mai jure sanyi, montane conifer na wurare masu zafi tare da rabe-raben yawan jama'a, ana iya sa ran wannan nau'in [[Canjin yanayi|dumamar]] yanayi zai shafe shi. Sai dai bincike ya nuna cewa tana iya jujjuya nisanta zuwa tsayin daka a lokutan zafi kuma za ta fuskanci [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] kamar yadda ya faru a baya yayin da ake yin sauyin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quiroga&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Quiroga, Maria Paula |last2=Pacheco, Silvia |last3=Malizia, Lucio R. |last4=Premoli, Andrea C. |year=2012 |title=Shrinking Forests under Warming: Evidence of ''Podocarpus parlatorei'' (pino del cerro) from the Subtropical Andes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-heredity_september-october-2012_103_5/page/682 |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=103 |issue=5 |pages=682–691 |doi=10.1093/jhered/ess031 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jerin girgizar ƙasa a cikin 2025</title>
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      <text bytes="134315" sha1="ttgjegg9kcz2ubiaxeb33gcne1g8dbm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Wannan jerin jerin girgizar ƙasa ne a cikin shekaran 2025. Girgizar ƙasa mai girma 6 ko sama ne kawai an haɗa su, sai dai idan sun haifar da babbar lalacewa da / ko asarar rayuka.  An jera duk ranaku bisa ga lokacin UTC.  Matsakaicin ƙarfin yana dogara ne akan ma'aunin ƙarfin Mercalli Modified. 

[[Fayil:Sein Pan fire-affected area.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Girgizar ƙasa ta Myanmar ita ce mafi muni a shekarar]]

Shekarar 2025 shekara ce mai aiki kuma mai matuƙar hatsari dangane da girgizar ƙasa, inda ta yi manyan abubuwan da suka faru sau 16 kuma ta kashe mutane kusan 8,000. Girgizar ƙasa mai girman Mw 8.8 Kamchatka ita ce girgizar ƙasa ta farko da ta yi sanadiyyar ≥M8 tun daga shekarar 2021, kuma girgizar ƙasa ta shida mafi girma da aka taɓa gani tun lokacin da aka fara rikodin ta.

Babban abin da ya fi muni a shekarar shine wani lamari mai karfin maki 7.7–7.9 a Myanmar, wanda ya haifar da barna mara misaltuwa a yawancin sassan kasar kuma ya kashe akalla mutane 5,400 mutane, kodayake ana kyautata zaton ainihin adadin mace-macen ya fi yawa. Tun daga shekarar 2023, Afghanistan ta sake fuskantar matsalar, taron M6.0 da aka shirya a watan Agusta ya kashe sama da mutane 2,200, kusan dukkansu a cikin Lardin Kunar da aka lalata. Haka kuma a watan Janairu, wata girgizar kasa mai karfin maki 7.1 a Tibet, China, wacce ta fi muni a yankin, ta kashe mutane 126 a gundumar Tingri. Wasu girgizar kasa masu ban mamaki da kuma masu kisa sun faru a Filipin, Bangladesh da Guatemala.

== Idan aka kwatanta da sauran shekaru ==
{{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=500|frame-height=280|from=Earthquakes in 2025.map|frame-latitude=0|frame-longitude=0|zoom=1|text=Map of earthquakes in 2025 - M 5.0 or greater ([[c:Data:Earthquakes in 2025.map|map data]])}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable col1left&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;
|+Yawan girgizar ƙasa a duk duniya don 2015-2025
!Girma
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
![[2023]]
![[Jerin girgizar ƙasa a cikin 2024|2024]]
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |''2025''
![[Jerin girgizar ƙasa a cikin 2026|2026]]
|-
!8.0–9.9
|1
|0
|1
|1
|1
|0
|3
|0
|0
|0
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |1
|-
!7.0–7.9
|18
|16
|6
|16
|9
|9
|16
|11
|19
|10
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |15
|-
!6.0–6.9
|127
|131
|104
|118
|135
|111
|141
|117
|128
|89
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |123
|-
!5.0–5.9
|1,413
|1,549
|1,446
|1,671
|1,484
|1,314
|2,055
|1,599
|1,633
|1,408
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |1,918
|-
!4.0–4.9
|13,776
|13,700
|11,541
|12,785
|11,899
|12,513
|15,069
|14,022
|14,451
|12,668
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |15,181
|-
!Jimillar
|15,335
|15,396
|13,098
|14,591
|13,528
|13,938
|17,284
|15,749
|16,231
|14,175
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; |17,238
|}
 

== Ta hanyar yawan wadanda suka mutu ==
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;
!Matsayi
!Yawan mutanen da suka mutu
!Girma
!Wurin da yake
!MMI
!Rashin zurfi (kilomita) 
!Ranar
!Abin da ya faru
|-
|1
|5,456
|7.7
|{{Flag|Myanmar}}, [[Sagaing Region|Bayyanawa]]
|X (Matsananci)
|10.0
|Maris 28
|'''Girgizar ƙasa ta Myanmar ta 2025'''
|-
|2
|2,217
|6.0
|{{Flag|Afghanistan}}, [[Kunar Province|Kunar]]
|IX (Mai tashin hankali)
|8.0
|Agusta 31
|'''Girgizar ƙasa ta Kunar ta 2025'''
|-
|3
|126–400
|7.1
|{{Flag|Sin}}, [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Yankin Tibet mai cin gashin kansa]]
|IX (Mai tashin hankali)
|10.0
|Janairu 7
|'''[[Girgizar ƙasa ta Tibet ta 2025]]'''
|-
|4
|79
|6.9
|{{Flag|Filipin}}, [[Central Visayas]]
|IX (Mai tashin hankali)
|10.0
|Satumba 30
|'''Girgizar Kasa ta Cebu ta 2025'''
|-
|5
|31
|6.2
|{{Flag|Afghanistan}}, [[Balkh Province|Balkh]]
|VII (Ƙarfi sosai)
|28.0
|Nuwamba 2
|'''Girgizar ƙasa ta Balkh ta 2025'''
|-
|6
|10
|5.4
|{{Flag|Bangladesh}}, [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]]
|VI (Mai ƙarfi)
|27.0
|Nuwamba 21
|'''Girgizar ƙasa a Bangladesh a shekarar 2025'''
|-
|6
|10
|7.4
|{{Flag|Filipin}}, [[Davao Region|Davao]]
|VII (Mai Tsanani)
|59.4
|Oktoba 10
|'''Girgizar Kasa ta Gabas ta Davao ta 2025'''
|-
|}
An lissafa girgizar ƙasa da ta yi sanadiyyar mutuwar akalla mutane 10.

== Ta hanyar girman ==
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;
!Matsayi
!Girma
!Yawan mutanen da suka mutu
!Wurin da yake
!MMI
!Rashin zurfi (kilomita) 
!Ranar
!Abin da ya faru
|-
|1
|8.8
|1
|{{Flag|Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] a bakin teku
|IX (Mai tashin hankali)
|35.0
|Yuli 29
|'''2025 Girgizar kasa ta Kamchatka'''
|-
|2
|7.8
|0
|{{Flag|Rasha}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] a bakin teku
|VIII (Mai Tsanani)
|19.5
|Satumba 18
| -
|-
|3
|7.7
|5,456
|{{Flag|Myanmar}}, [[Sagaing Region|Bayyanawa]]
|X (Matsananci)
|10.0
|Maris 28
|'''Girgizar ƙasa ta Myanmar ta 2025'''
|-
|4
|7.6
|0
|{{Flag|Japan}}, [[Aomori Prefecture|Aomori]] a bakin teku
|VIII (Mai Tsanani)
|45.5
|Disamba 8
|'''Girgizar Kasa ta Aomori ta 2025'''
|-
|4
|7.6
|0
|{{Flag|Honduras}}, [[Swan Islands, Honduras|Tsibirin Swan]] a bakin teku
|V (Matsakaici)
|10.0
|Fabrairu 8
| -
|-
|4
|7.6
|0
|[[Antatika]], [[Drake Passage]] a bakin teku
|IV (Haske)
|10.0
|Oktoba 10
| -
|-
|7
|7.5
|0
|[[Antatika]], [[Drake Passage]] a bakin teku
|V (Matsakaici)
|10.8
|Agusta 22
| -
|-
|8
|7.4
|10
|{{Flag|Filipin}}, [[Davao Region]] a bakin teku
|VII (Ƙarfi Sosai)
|59.4
|Oktoba 10
|'''Girgizar Kasa ta Gabas ta Davao ta 2025'''
|-
|8
|7.4
|0
|{{Flag|Rasha}}, [[Kamchatka Krais|Kamchatka]] a bakin teku
|VIII (Mai Tsanani)
|39.5
|Satumba 13
| -
|-
|8
|7.4
|0
|{{Flag|Rasha}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] a bakin teku
|VIII (Mai Tsanani)
|34.0
|Yuli 20
| -
|-
|8
|7.4
|0
|{{Flag|Chile}}, [[Magallanes Region|Magallanes]] a bakin teku
|V (Matsakaici)
|10.0
|Mayu 2
| -
|-
|12
|7.3
|0
|{{Flag|Tarayyar Amurka}}, [[Alaska]] a bakin teku
|VII !Ƙarfi Sosai)
|38.0
|Yuli 16
| -
|-
|13
|7.1
|126–400
|{{Flag|Sin}}, [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Yankin Tibet mai cin gashin kansa]]
|IX (Mai tashin hankali)
|10.0
|Janairu 7
|'''Girgizar ƙasa ta Tibet ta 2025'''
|-
|14
|7.0
|0
|{{Flag|Kanada}}, [[Yukon]]
|VIII (Mai Tsanani)
|10.0
|Disamba 6
| -
|-
|14
|7.0
|0
|{{Flag|Tonga}}, [[Haʻapai|Ha'apai]] a bakin teku
|VI (Mai ƙarfi)
|29.0
|Maris 30
| -
|-
|14
|7.0
|0
|{{Flag|Asturaliya}}, [[Macquarie Island]] a bakin teku
|IV (Haske)
|31.0
|Yuli 28
| -
|-
|}
An lissafa girgizar ƙasa mai girman akalla 7.0.

== Ta wata ==

=== Janairu ===
 
[[Fayil:2025_Tibet_earthquake_aftermath_2.png|left|thumb|230x230px|'Yan sanda masu dauke da makamai suna gudanar da agaji a Tibet, China]]
[[Fayil:0121嘉義大埔地震臺南古蹟毀損_02.jpg|left|thumb|213x213px|Lalacewar gida a [[Tainan]], Taiwan]]
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;border:1px black;  margin-left:1em;&quot;
|+
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Date&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 310px&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Country and location&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Depth (km)&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;MMI&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Notes&lt;/small&gt;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Casualties&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Dead&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Injured&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|1
|{{Flag|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}}, [[South Sandwich Islands]] offshore
|6.1
|70.0
|IV
| -
| -
| -
|-
|2
|{{Flag|China}}, [[Ningxia]], {{Cvt|6|km|mi}} NNW of [[Yinchuan]]
|4.8
|10.0
|VI
|Six people injured, 7,599 buildings damaged and railway services disrupted in Yinchuan.
| -
|6
|- 
|2
|{{Flag|China}}, [[Inner Mongolia]], {{Cvt|13|km|mi}} SW of [[Yinchuan|Nanliang Nongchang]]
|4.8
|10.0
|VI
|One building severely damaged, a balcony collapsed and several structures damaged in the Yinchuan area.
| -
| -
|-
|2
|{{Flag|Chile}}, [[Antofagasta Region|Antofagasta]], {{Cvt|84|km|mi}} NNW of [[Calama, Chile|Calama]]
|6.1
|99.0
|V
|Landslides and power and water outages occurred in the epicentral area.
| -
| -
|-
|3
|{{Flag|Ethiopia}}, [[Yankin Afar|Afar]], {{Cvt|45|km|mi}} NNE of [[Awash, Ethiopia|Awash]]
|5.5
|10.0
| data-sort-value=&quot;VIIII&quot; |IX
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Several
|-
|4
|{{Flag|Ethiopia}}, [[Yankin Afar|Afar]], {{Cvt|52|km|mi}} N of [[Awash, Ethiopia|Awash]]
|5.7
|8.0
|VIII
|-
|5
|{{Flag|El Salvador}}, [[La Paz Department (El Salvador)|La Paz]] offshore, {{Cvt|56|km|mi}} SSE of [[La Libertad, El Salvador|La Libertad]]
|6.2
|46.0
|VI
|Two people injured, more than 10 homes and several buildings damaged and landslides in the [[San Salvador]]-Usulután area.
| -
|2
|-
|5&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 January 2025 |title=Earthquake information |url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1752698 |access-date=31 May 2025 |publisher=EMSC-CSEM}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Nicaragua}}, [[Madriz Department|Madriz]], {{Cvt|9|km|mi}} SSW of [[Somoto, Madriz|Somoto]]
|4.2
|6.0
| -
|One home collapsed and 18 structures damaged in Somoto.
| -
| -
|-
|6
|{{Flag|Iran}}, [[Fars province|Fars]], {{Cvt|77|km|mi}} SSW of [[Firuzabad, Fars|Firuzabad]]
|5.2
|10.0
|VI
|At least 200 homes destroyed and 300 others damaged in Farashband County.
| -
| -
|-
|7
|{{Flag|China}}, [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], {{Cvt|88|km|mi}} NE of [[Lobuche, Nepal]]
|7.1
|10.0
| data-sort-value=&quot;VIIII&quot; |IX
| 
|126–400
|351
|-
|7
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[East Nusa Tenggara]] offshore, {{Cvt|38|km|mi}} NNW of [[Komodo (island)|Komodo]]
|5.0
|10.0
|V
|One home collapsed in the Bima area.
| -
| -
|-
|9&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 January 2025 |title=Earthquake information |url=https://emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1754389 |access-date=16 April 2025 |publisher=EMSC-CSEM}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|South Africa}}, [[Gauteng]], {{Cvt|16|km|mi}} SW of [[Carletonville]]
|3.1
|10.0
| -
|One person killed and 20 others injured by a rockfall in a mine in the Carletonville area.
|1
|20
|-
|12
|{{Flag|Mexico}}, [[Michoacán]], {{Cvt|18|km|mi}} SE of [[Aquila, Michoacán|Aquila]]
|6.2
|39.0
|VI
|Two people injured by wall collapses in Chinicuila. More than 25 homes and several buildings damaged in the Apatzingán-Coalcomán-Tamazula de Gordiano area. Landslides blocked a road between Colima and Manzanillo.
| -
|2
|-
|13
|{{Flag|Ecuador}}, [[Guayas Province|Guayas]], {{Cvt|16|km|mi}} SE of [[Durán, Ecuador|Eloy Alfaro]]
|5.0
|90.6
|V
|One person injured and one home collapsed in El Guabo. More than 141 structures damaged in the Guayaquil area.
| -
|1
|-
|13
|{{Flag|Japan}}, [[Miyazaki Prefecture|Miyazaki]] offshore, {{Cvt|15|km|mi}} SE of [[Miyazaki (city)|Miyazaki]]
|6.8
|39.0
|VI
|Four people injured in the Aira-Miyazaki-Saiki area.&lt;ref name=&quot;fdmamiyazaki&quot; /&gt; Two buildings, water pipes and roads damaged and a {{Cvt|20|cm}} tsunami observed in Miyazaki Prefecture.
| -
|4
|-
|13
|{{Flag|China}}, [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], {{Cvt|70|km|mi}} NE of [[Lobuche, Nepal]]
|5.0
|10.0
|VI
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Aftershocks of the 7.1 event on January 7. Several homes destroyed in Tingri County.
| -
| -
|-
|13
|{{Flag|China}}, [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], {{Cvt|83|km|mi}} NE of [[Lobuche, Nepal]]
|5.1
|10.0
|V
| -
| -
|-
|13
|{{Flag|Iran}}, [[Fars province|Fars]], {{Cvt|73|km|mi}} NW of [[Mohr, Fars|Mohr]]
|4.6
|10.0
|V
|Several homes damaged or destroyed in ten villages in the Dehram area.
| -
| -
|-
|14
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Nusa Tenggara]], {{Cvt|39|km|mi}} SSE of [[Dompu Regency|Dompu]]
|4.7
|10.5
|IV
|One home severely damaged in Bima.
| -
| -
|-
|16&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 January 2025 |title=Earthquake information |url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1757393 |access-date=16 January 2025 |publisher=EMSC-CSEM}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[East Java]], {{Cvt|37|km|mi}} SSE of [[Jember Regency|Jember]]
|3.2
|16.0
| -
|One home destroyed and several others damaged in Jember Regency.
| -
| -
|-
|17
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Java]], {{Cvt|20|km|mi}} ESE of [[Palabuhanratu]]
|4.3
|75.7
|IV
|One home collapsed and several others damaged in Sukabumi Regency.
| -
| -
|-
|19
|{{Flag|Portugal}}, [[Azores]], {{Cvt|4|km|mi}} NNW of [[Ribeirinha (Angra do Heroísmo)|Ribeirinha]]
|4.6
|10.0
|VI
|Several walls collapsed and several houses damaged in Terceira.
| -
| -
|-
|20
|{{Flag|Taiwan}}, [[Tainan]], {{Cvt|10|km|mi}} NE of [[Yujing District|Yujing]]
|6.0
|16.0
|VI
| 
| -
|50
|-
|22
|{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Eastern Visayas]], {{Cvt|3|km|mi}} NNW of [[San Francisco]]
|5.7
|9.0
|VII
|Thirty-one people injured, 23 houses destroyed and 947 others damaged in Southern Leyte. One road damaged and landslides occurred in the Liloan-San Francisco-Saint Bernard area.
| -
|31
|-
|23
|{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Zamboanga Peninsula]], {{Cvt|8|km|mi}} E of [[Siocon]]
|5.4
|62.0
|IV
|Fifteen students injured, 48 structures including Zamboanga International Airport damaged and power outages in the Siocon-Zamboanga City area.
| -
|15
|-
|24
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Southeast Sulawesi]], {{Cvt|78|km|mi}} W of [[Kendari]]
|4.8
|10.0
|VI
|One home destroyed in East Kolaka Regency and one hospital damaged in Kolaka Regency.
| -
| -
|-
|25
|{{Flag|Taiwan}}, [[Tainan]], {{Cvt|14|km|mi}} NNW of [[Yujing District|Yujing]]
|5.1
|10.0
|VI
|Aftershock of the 6.0 event on January 20. One person injured in Nansi, the walls of several homes and a school collapsed, many others damaged and power outages in the Dongshan area.
| -
|1
|-
|25
|{{Flag|Taiwan}}, [[Tainan]], {{Cvt|2|km|mi}} SW of [[Yujing District|Yujing]]
|5.2
|10.0
|VI
|Aftershock of the 6.0 event on January 20. One home destroyed in Nansi; at least 10 others and a school damaged and power outages in the Dongshan area.
| -
| -
|-
|27
|{{Flag|Poland}}, [[Silesian Voivodeship]], {{Cvt|1|km|mi}} NE of [[Radlin, Silesian Voivodeship|Radlin]]
|3.2
|5.0
| -
|One person killed and 11 others injured at a mine in the Radlin area.
|1
|11
|-
|-
|29
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Southeast Sulawesi]], {{Cvt|71|km|mi}} W of [[Kendari]]
|5.0
|10.1
|VII
|Three homes destroyed and 169 structures damaged in East Kolaka Regency.
| -
| -
|- 
|30
|{{Flag|Taiwan}}, [[Tainan]], {{Cvt|12|km|mi}} ENE of [[Yujing District|Yujing]]
|5.1
|10.0
|V
|Aftershock of the 6.0 event on January 20. Part of the façade of a building collapsed and damaged two cars in Tainan.
| -
| -
|-
|31
|{{Flag|Ecuador}}, [[Napo Province|Napo]], {{Cvt|32|km|mi}} W of [[Archidona, Ecuador|Archidona]]
|5.5
|8.0
|VI
|Three people hospitalized, four structures damaged and power outages in the [[Quito]]-Tena-El Chaco-Quijos area.
| -
|3
|-
|}

=== Fabrairu ===
{{Clear}} 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;border:1px black;  margin-left:1em;&quot;
|+
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Ranar&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 310px&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Kasar da wuri&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Rashin zurfi (kilomita) &lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;MMI&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Bayani&lt;/small&gt;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Wadanda suka mutu&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Matattu&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Wadanda suka ji rauni&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|3
|, [[Sidi Bouzid Governorate|Sidi Bouzid]], {{Cvt|20|km|mi}} km (12  W na [[Mezzouna]]{{Flag|Tunisia}}
|4.7
|10.0
|VII
|Mutane uku sun ji rauni, rufin wani masana'anta ya rushe  kuma gine-gine biyar sun lalace a Meknassy. 
| -
|3
|-
|4
|, [[South Aegean|Kudancin Aegean]] bakin teku, {{Cvt|21|km|mi}} km (13  NE na [[Fira]]{{Flag|Greece}}
|5.3
|13.5
|VII
|Abu mafi karfi na girgizar ƙasa. Ɗaya daga cikin mafaka ya lalace, wasu tsofaffin gine-gine sun lalace kuma duwatsu sun faɗi a Santorini.
| -
| -
|-
|8
|, [[Swan Islands, Honduras|Tsibirin Swan]] a bakin teku, {{Cvt|210|km|mi}} km (130  SSW na George Town, [[Cayman Islands|Tsibirin Cayman]]{{Flag|Honduras}}
|7.6
|14.3
|V
|Wasu gine-gine sun fashe kuma wutar lantarki ta lalace a wasu sassan Honduras da Belize.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-09 |title=Fuerte sismo en el Caribe activa alerta de tsunami en varios países de la región |url=https://www.eldiarioalerta.com/articulo/america/fuerte-sismo-caribe-activa-alerta-tsunami-varios-paises-region/20250209015215551369.html |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Alerta El Diario de Cantabria |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsunami mai tsayi 3-centimetre (1.2 in) da aka lura a Isla Mujeres, Mexico.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 February 2025 |title=Tsunami Message Number 4 |url=https://www.tsunami.gov/events/PHEB/2025/02/08/25039000/4/WECA40/WECA40.txt |access-date=9 February 2025 |publisher=[[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|11
|, [[Zadar County|Zadar]], {{Cvt|5|km|mi}}   NE na [[Starigrad, Zadar County|Starigrad]]{{Flag|Croatia}}
|4.6
|10.0
|V
|Wasu mutane sun ji rauni, gidaje da yawa da majami'u uku sun lalace a yankin Posedarje-Vinjerac-Pag.
| -
|Wasu
|-
|23
|, [[Temotu Province|Temotu]] bakin teku, {{Cvt|85|km|mi}}   SE na [[Lata, Solomon Islands|Lata]]{{Flag|Solomon Islands}}
|6.0
|36.0
|V
| -
| -
| -
|-
|25
|, [[North Sulawesi|Arewacin Sulawesi]] bakin teku, {{Cvt|45|km|mi}} km (28  E na [[Modisi]]{{Flag|Indonesia}}
|6.1
|21.7
|Na shida
|Gidaje goma sha ɗaya da coci sun lalace a Gabashin Bolaang Mongondow Regency.
| -
| -
|-
|27
|{{Cvt|2|km|mi}}, Lower Silesia, 2   SE na [[Polkowice]]{{Flag|Poland}}
|4.7
|2.5
|V
|Mutum daya ya ji rauni a wani mine a Polkowice.
| -
|1
|-
|27
|, [[Bagmati Province|Bagmati]], {{Cvt|11|km|mi}}   SSW na [[Kodari]]{{Flag|Nepal}}
|5.0
|10.0
|Na shida
|Mutane shida sun ji rauni a yankin Sindhupalchowk-Dhading-[[Kathmandu]]; gidaje biyu sun lalace kuma wasu biyar sun lalace a Sankhuwasabha; gida daya ya lalace, wasu uku, shagon da ofishin 'yan sanda sun lalace.&lt;ref name=&quot;thahakhabar&quot; /&gt;
| -
|6
|-
|}

=== Maris ===
 
[[Fayil:Fallen_Building.jpg|left|thumb|Ginin da ya rushe a Mandalay, [[Myanmar]]]]
{{Clear}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;border:1px black;  margin-left:1em;&quot;
|+
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Date&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 310px&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Country and location&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Depth (km)&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;MMI&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Notes&lt;/small&gt;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Casualties&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Dead&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Injured&lt;/small&gt;
|- 
|4
|{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Davao Region|Davao]], {{Cvt|7|km|mi}} SW of [[Magsaysay]]
|5.0
|17.2
|VI
|Ten students hospitalized and power outages in various areas of Davao del Sur.
| -
|10
|-
|4
|{{Flag|Myanmar}}, [[Ayeyarwady Region|Ayeyarwady]], {{Cvt|15|km|mi}} S of [[Nyaungdon]]
|5.1
|10.0
|VI
|Several houses, a monastery and a pagoda collapsed and several religious buildings damaged in the epicentral area.
| -
| -
|-
|6
|{{Flag|Chile}}, [[Antofagasta Region|Antofagasta]], {{Cvt|98|km|mi}} S of [[Calama, Chile]]
|6.0
|96.0
|VI
|Rockfalls occurred and power cables damaged at a mine in the epicentral area.
| -
| -
|-
|7
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[South Sulawesi]], {{Cvt|78|km|mi}} E of [[Masamba]]
|5.0
|10.0
|VII
|One mosque collapsed, two schools and one home damaged in East Luwu Regency.
| -
| -
|-
|7
|{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Soccsksargen]], {{Cvt|0|km|mi}} ENE of [[Banisilan]]
|4.8
|10.0
|VI
|Two people injured, more than 564 houses destroyed and 69 structures damaged in the Wao area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=Progress Report No. 2 for the Effects of Magnitude 5.1 Earthquake in Wao, Lanao del Sur (BARMM) |url=https://ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/4281/Progress-Report-No-2-for-the-Effects-of-Mag-5_1-EQ-in-Wao-Lanao-del-Sur-BARMM.pdf |access-date=15 March 2025 |publisher=NDRRMC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
|2
|-
|8
|{{Flag|Armenia}}, [[Lori Province|Lori]], {{Cvt|3|km|mi}} ENE of [[Sarahart]]
|4.4
|10.0
|VI
|One house collapsed and one building damaged in the Artik-Spitak area.
| -
| -
|-
|10
|{{Flag|Norway}}, [[Svalbard and Jan Mayen]] offshore, {{Cvt|34|km|mi}} NE of [[Olonkinbyen]]
|6.5
|10.0
|VIII
| -
| -
| -
|-
|11
|{{Flag|Iraq}}, [[Duhok Governorate|Dohuk]], {{Cvt|37|km|mi}} E of [[Çukurca]], [[Turkiyya|Turkey]]
|4.6
|10.0
|VI
|At least 20 homes destroyed and many others damaged in Yüksekova District, Turkey.
| -
| -
|-
|12
|{{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}, [[Osh Region|Osh]], {{Cvt|4|km|mi}} WNW of [[Osh]]
|4.1
|10.0
|VI
|One structure collapsed and 39 others damaged in Kara-Suu-Alay area.
| -
| -
|-
|12
|{{Flag|India}}, [[Nicobar Islands]] offshore
|6.0
|23.0
|IV
| -
| -
| -
|-
|13
|{{Flag|Italy}}, [[Campania]] offshore, {{Cvt|1|km|mi}} S of [[Monte di Procida]]
|4.2
|8.0
|V
|Eleven people injured and many buildings including a church damaged in the [[Napoli|Naples]] area.
| -
|11
|-
|13
|{{Flag|India}}, [[Ladakh]], {{Cvt|50|km|mi}} SSW of [[Padam, Ladakh|Padam]]
|5.1
|10.0
|V
|The walls of many houses collapsed and many buildings damaged in the Kargil area.
| -
| -
|-
|14
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Java]] offshore, {{Cvt|64|km|mi}} SW of [[Palabuhanratu]]
|4.9
|49.3
|V
|One home destroyed in Lebak Regency.
| -
| -
|-
|15
|{{Flag|Mexico}}, [[Oaxaca]], {{Cvt|5|km|mi}} W of [[San Pedro Tidaá]]
|5.6
|62.0
|IV
|Four people injured and a gas leak occurred in [[Mexico (birni)|Mexico City]].
| -
|4
|-
|17
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[North Sumatra]], {{Cvt|41|km|mi}} ENE of [[Sibolga]]
|5.4
|46.9
|V
|Two people killed, another person injured, two structures destroyed and two others buried by a landslide, 18 structures damaged and landslides blocked roads in North Tapanuli Regency.
|2
|1
|-
|18
|{{Flag|Chile}}, [[Coquimbo Region|Coquimbo]], {{Cvt|13|km|mi}} SSE of [[Coquimbo]]
|5.3
|68.4
|V
|One building collapsed in La Serena and a sinkhole appeared in the Coquimbo area.
| -
| -
|-
|21
|{{Flag|Peru}}, [[Department of Arequipa|Arequipa]], {{Cvt|2|km|mi}} SE of [[Maca District|Maca]]
|4.6
|10.0
|V
|At least 20 homes destroyed, 47 others and a church damaged and roads affected in the Achoma-Lari-Maca area.
| -
| -
|-
|21
|{{Flag|Iran}}, [[Isfahan (Lardi)|Isfahan]], {{Cvt|43|km|mi}} W of [[Ardestan|Ardestān]]
|4.8
|10.0
|VII
|Several homes and a caravanserai collapsed and many buildings damaged in the Natanz area.
| -
| -
|-
|21
|{{Flag|Panama}}, [[Chiriquí Province|Chiriquí]], {{Cvt|123|km|mi}} SSE of [[Burica]]
|6.2
|10.0
|V
|At least 13 structures damaged in Chiriquí, Herrera, and Veraguas provinces.
| -
| -
|-
|21
|{{Flag|United States}}, [[Alaska]], {{Cvt|88|km|mi}} SSE of [[Adak, Alaska|Adak]]
|6.2
|17.0
|IV
| -
| -
| -
|-
|25
|{{Flag|New Zealand}}, [[Southland Region|Southland]] offshore, {{Cvt|170|km|mi}} WSW of [[Riverton / Aparima|Riverton]]
|6.7
|21.0
|V
|Minor damage to the Dunedin Gasworks Museum. A tsunami with a height of {{Cvt|10|cm}} was observed in southwest Fiordland.
| -
| -
|-
|25
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Java]] offshore, {{Cvt|73|km|mi}} SSW of [[Singaparna]]
|4.6
|64.8
|IV
|One home destroyed and nine others damaged in Cipatujah.
| -
| -
|-
|28
|central Mid-Atlantic Ridge
|6.1
|10.0
|V
|Foreshock of the 6.6 earthquake 17 hours later.
| -
| -
|-
|28
|{{Flag|Myanmar}}, [[Sagaing Region|Sagaing]], {{Cvt|14|km|mi}} NNW of [[Sagaing]]
|7.7
|10.0
|X
| 
|5,456
|11,404
|-
|28
|{{Flag|Myanmar}}, [[Mandalay Region|Mandalay]], {{Cvt|18|km|mi}} WNW of [[Kyaukse]]
|6.7
|10.0
| data-sort-value=&quot;VIIII&quot; |IX
|Aftershock of the 2025 Myanmar earthquake 12 minutes prior. Additional damage to buildings in Mandalay and Sagaing.
| -
| -
|-
|28
|central Mid-Atlantic Ridge
|6.6
|12.3
|VI
| -
| -
| -
|-
|30
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Aceh]], {{Cvt|5|km|mi}} SSE of [[Banda Aceh]]
|5.1
|10.0
|V
|One person injured in Banda Aceh.
| -
|1
|-
|30
|{{Flag|Tonga}}, [[Haʻapai]] offshore, {{Cvt|61|km|mi}} SSE of [[Pangai]]
|7.0
|29.0
|VI
|A tsunami with a height of {{Cvt|5|cm}} was observed in Alofi, Niue and {{Cvt|1|cm}} in Nuku'alofa, Tonga.
| -
| -
|-
|30
|{{Flag|Tonga}}, [[Haʻapai]] offshore, {{Cvt|72|km|mi}} SSE of [[Pangai]]
|6.2
|17.0
|IV
|Aftershock of the 7.0 earthquake nearly three hours prior.
| -
| -
|-
|31
|{{Flag|Myanmar}}, [[Sagaing Region|Sagaing]], {{Cvt|9|km|mi}} W of [[Mandalay]]
|4.2
|10.0
|IV
|Aftershock of the 2025 Myanmar earthquake. Several previously-weakened buildings collapsed in Mandalay.
| -
| -
|-
|}
  
=== Afrilu ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;border:1px black;  margin-left:1em;&quot;
|+
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Date&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 310px&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Country and location&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Depth (km)&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;MMI&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Notes&lt;/small&gt;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Casualties&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Dead&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Injured&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|2
|Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
|6.3
|10.0
|I
| -
| -
| -
|-
|2
|{{Flag|Japan}}, [[Kagoshima Prefecture|Kagoshima]] offshore, {{Cvt|56|km|mi}} ENE of [[Nishinoomote, Kagoshima|Nishinoomote]]
|6.1
|29.0
|V
| -
| -
| -
|-
|3
|Reykjanes Ridge
|6.9
|10.0
|III
| -
| -
| -
|-
|4
|{{Flag|Nepal}}, [[Karnali Province|Karnali]], {{Cvt|35|km|mi}} SSW of [[Jumla (town)|Jumla]]
|4.9
|10.0
|IV
|Eight people injured, some homes destroyed and several others and government buildings damaged in the Jajarkot-Kalikot-West Rukum area.
| -
|8
|-
|4
|{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}, [[East New Britain]] offshore, {{Cvt|184|km|mi}} ESE of [[Kimbe]]
|6.9
|9.0
|VI
| -
| -
| -
|-
|10
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Java]], {{Cvt|4|km|mi}} N of [[Caringin]]
|3.8
|10.0
|V
|One person injured, four homes destroyed, 35 others and several buildings including a school damaged in the Bogor area.
| -
|1
|-
|12
|{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}, [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] offshore, {{Convert|104|km|mi}} ESE of [[Kokopo]]
|6.1
|52.0
|V
| -
| -
| -
|-
|13
|{{Flag|Myanmar}}, [[Mandalay Region|Mandalay]], {{Cvt|41|km|mi}} S of [[Kyaukse]]
|5.3
|10.0
|VIII
|Aftershock of the 2025 Myanmar earthquake. Several homes, buildings and a dam collapsed in the Mandalay-Tatkon area.
| -
| -
|-
|13
|{{Flag|Tajikistan}}, [[Districts under Central Government Jurisdiction]], {{Convert|42|km|mi}} ESE of [[Rasht District|Rasht]]
|5.8
|8.0
|VIII
|One person killed, 16 others injured, 348 structures destroyed and 361 others damaged in the Rasht-Tojikibod area.
|1
|16
|-
|13
|South of the [[Fiji]] Islands
|6.5
|271.0
|III
| -
| -
| -
|-
|16
|Southeast Indian Ridge
|6.6
|10.0
|I
| -
| -
| -
|-
|16
|{{Flag|Mexico}}, [[Jalisco]], {{Cvt|8|km|mi}} E of [[Tuxpan]]
|4.5
|10.0
|V
|Several walls collapsed, one home destroyed, eight structures including a church damaged, landslides and ground cracks occurred in the El Poblado-Tuxpan area.
| -
| -
|-
|18
|{{Flag|Japan}}, [[Nagano Prefecture|Nagano]], {{Cvt|1|km|mi}} ENE of [[Ōmachi, Nagano|Ōmachi]]
|4.8
|10.0
|V
|One person injured in Yamagata. A stonework collapsed, 10 houses and a temple damaged in Ōmachi. About 100 homes lost power in the Ogawa-Nagano area.&lt;ref name=&quot;fnn&quot; /&gt;
| -
|1
|-
|21
|{{Flag|Iran}}, [[Fars province|Fars]], {{Cvt|51|km|mi}} E of [[Nurabad, Fars|Nurabad]]
|4.4
|10.0
|V
|Four people injured and minor damage in the Ardakan area.
| -
|4
|-
|22
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[North Sulawesi]] offshore, {{Cvt|271|km|mi}} SE of [[Governor Generoso|Pondaguitan]], [[Filipin|Philippines]]
|6.2
|104.0
|IV
| -
| -
| -
|-
|23
|{{Flag|Turkey}}, [[Tekirdağ Province|Tekirdağ]] offshore, {{Cvt|24|km|mi}} SE of [[Marmara Ereğlisi]]
|6.2
|12.7
|VIII
| 
|1
|359
|-
|-
|25
|{{Flag|Ecuador}}, [[Esmeraldas Province|Esmeraldas]] offshore, {{Cvt|19|km|mi}} NE of [[Esmeraldas, Ecuador|Esmeraldas]]
|6.3
|18.0
|VII
|Forty-nine people injured, 254 homes collapsed, 1,150 others,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 April 2025 |title=Sube a cerca de 3.000 la cifra de afectados por sismo de magnitud 6,1 ocurrido en Ecuador |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/sube-a-cerca-de-3.000-la-cifra-de-afectados-por-sismo-de-magnitud-6,1-ocurrido-en-ecuador/89237881 |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=SwissInfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 May 2025 |title=Esmeraldas intenta recuperarse después del sismo de 6,1 que dejó casas dañadas y miedo en sus habitantes |url=https://www.primicias.ec/sociedad/esmeraldas-reconstruccion-sismo-casas-damnificados-bono-cifras-95285/ |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=Primicias}}&lt;/ref&gt; 88 buildings, two bridges and 60 roads damaged, landslides and power outages affected 80% of households in Esmeraldas.
| -
|49
|-
|29
|{{Flag|New Zealand}}, [[Southland Region|Southland]] offshore, {{Cvt|285|km|mi}} SW of [[Bluff, New Zealand|Bluff]]
|6.2
|10.6
|IV
| -
| -
| -
|-
|29
|{{Flag|Australia}}, [[Macquarie Island]] offshore
|6.8
|19.0
|IV
| -
| -
| -
|-
|29
|{{Flag|Poland}}, [[Silesian Voivodeship|Silesia]], {{Cvt|3|km|mi}} WSW of [[Bytom]]
|2.9
|5.0
|III
|Two people injured in a mine in the Ruda Śląska area.
| -
|2
|-
|}

=== Mayu ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;border:1px black;  margin-left:1em;&quot;
|+
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Date&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 310px&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Country and location&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Depth (km)&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;MMI&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Notes&lt;/small&gt;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Casualties&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Dead&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Injured&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|1
|{{Flag|Iran}}, [[Razavi Khorasan province|Razavi Khorasan]], {{Cvt|46|km|mi}} ESE of [[Torbat-e Heydarieh]]
|4.8
|10.0
|VI
|At least 29 people injured and some houses damaged in the Gonabad-Roshtkhar-Taybad-Torbat-e Heydarieh area.
| -
|29
|-
|1
|{{Flag|Argentina}}, [[La Rioja Province, Argentina|La Rioja]], {{Cvt|52|km|mi}} SSE of [[Tinogasta]]
|5.4
|11.0
|VI
|Some people hospitalized, many homes collapsed, numerous churches damaged, landslides, ground cracks and power outages in Famatina.
| -
|Some
|-
|2
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Sumatra]], {{Cvt|17|km|mi}} SSE of [[Bukittinggi]]
|4.6
|10.0
|V
|One person injured and four structures damaged in the Padang Panjang-Tanah Datar area.
| -
|1
|-
|2
|{{Flag|Chile}}, [[Magallanes Region|Magallanes]] offshore, {{Cvt|222|km|mi}} S of [[Ushuaia]], [[Argentina]]
|7.4
|10.0
|V
|Tsunami waves caused serious damage at a nature reserve in Cape Virgenes, Argentina. A {{Convert|14|cm|4=-high}} tsunami observed at Vernadsky Research Base, [[Antatika|Antarctica]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2025 |title=Tsunami Message Number 5 |url=https://www.tsunami.gov/events/PHEB/2025/05/02/25122001/5/WEPA40/WEPA40.txt |access-date=2 May 2025 |publisher=[[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|2
|{{Flag|Chile}}, [[Magallanes Region|Magallanes]] offshore, {{Cvt|289|km|mi}} SSE of [[Ushuaia]], [[Argentina]]
|6.4
|8.0
|IV
|Aftershock of the 7.4 event five hours earlier.
| -
| -
|-
|3
|{{Flag|Turkey}}, [[Tekirdağ Province|Tekirdağ]] offshore, {{Cvt|27|km|mi}} SE of [[Marmara Ereğlisi]]
|3.7
|10.0
|II
|Aftershock of the 2025 Istanbul earthquake. One person injured and one building partially collapsed in the Bahçelievler area.
| -
|1
|- 
|3
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Gorontalo]], {{Cvt|158|km|mi}} W of [[Gorontalo (city)|Gorontalo]]
|5.9
|92.0
|IV
|One person injured, several homes and buildings destroyed and one school damaged in the Pohuwato area. One utility pole fell in North Gorontalo Regency.
| -
|1
|- 
|5
|Southern East Pacific Rise
|6.0
|10.0
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
|11
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Aceh]], {{Cvt|19|km|mi}} ENE of [[Blangpidie]]
|5.7
|85.8
|IV
|Some homes and a road destroyed and six structures damaged in South Aceh and Southwest Aceh regencies.
| -
| -
|-
|11
|{{Flag|China}}, [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], {{Cvt|126|km|mi}} W of [[Shigatse|Rikaze]]
|5.5
|9.0
|VIII
|Some homes collapsed in Lhatse County.
| -
| -
|-
|12
|{{Flag|Mexico}}, [[Nuevo León]], {{Cvt|13|km|mi}} E of [[General Terán, Nuevo León|Ciudad General Terán]]
|4.2
|13.5
|V
|One home collapsed and 24 structures damaged in the Montemorelos area.
| -
| -
|-
|13
|{{Flag|Italy}}, [[Campania]], {{Cvt|3|km|mi}} SW of [[Pozzuoli]]
|4.0
|10.0
|IV
|One building destroyed, several others damaged and landslides in the Pozzuoli area.
| -
| -
|-
|14
|{{Flag|Greece}}, [[South Aegean]] offshore, {{Cvt|21|km|mi}} SSE of [[Fri, Kasos|Fry]]
|6.0
|74.0
|VI
| -
| -
| -
|- 
|14
|{{Flag|Tonga}}, [[Vavaʻu]] offshore, {{Cvt|142|km|mi}} W of [[Neiafu (Vavaʻu)|Neiafu]]
|6.4
|260.0
|IV
| -
| -
| -
|- 
|15
|{{Flag|Turkey}}, [[Konya Province|Konya]], {{Cvt|14|km|mi}} ENE of [[Kulu, Konya|Kulu]]
|5.0
|10.0
|VI
|Seventeen people hospitalized, 26 houses and two mosques damaged in Kulu.
| -
|17
|-
|17
|{{Flag|Peru}}, [[Department of Ayacucho|Ayacucho]], {{Cvt|5|km|mi}} W of [[San Pedro District, Lucanas|San Pedro]]
|5.9
|101.0
|VI
|Some walls collapsed, 54 structures and some roads damaged, power, telephone, and internet outages occurred in the Caravelí-Lucanas area.
| -
| -
|- 
|17
|{{Flag|Myanmar}}, [[Mandalay Region|Mandalay]], {{Cvt|22|km|mi}} SSW of [[Kyaukse]]
|5.1
|10.0
|VI
|Aftershock of the 2025 Myanmar earthquake. Two people killed after a tree fell on a temporary tent in the Mandalay area.
|2
| -
|- 
|18
|{{Flag|Greece}}, [[Central Greece (administrative region)|Central Greece]], {{Cvt|5|km|mi}} E of [[Mantoudi]]
|4.4
|10.0
|VI
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Three homes severely damaged and 84 structures, including two schools and a museum damaged in the Mantoudi-Prokopi area.
| -
| -
|- 
|19
|{{Flag|Greece}}, [[Central Greece (administrative region)|Central Greece]], {{Cvt|5|km|mi}} ESE of [[Mantoudi]]
|4.6
|21.6
|V
| -
| -
|-
|20
|{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}, [[East Sepik Province|East Sepik]] offshore, {{Cvt|89|km|mi}} ENE of [[Angoram]]
|6.5
|16.8
|VIII
| -
| -
| -
|-
|20
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Java]], {{Cvt|8|km|mi}} NE of [[Sumedang|Sumedang Utara]]
|3.4
|10.0
| -
|One home collapsed and several buildings, including a mosque damaged in the Sumedang area.
| -
| -
|- 
|21
|{{Flag|Myanmar}}, [[Mandalay Region|Mandalay]], {{Cvt|20|km|mi}} NNE of [[Meiktila]]
|3.4
|10.0
|II
|Aftershock of the 2025 Myanmar earthquake. One previously damaged building collapsed in Mandalay.
| -
| -
|-
|22
|{{Flag|Greece}}, [[Crete]] offshore, {{Cvt|66|km|mi}} SE of [[Emporeio, Santorini|Emporeío]]
|6.2
|64.0
|VII
|Several buildings damaged, some balconies collapsed and landslides occurred in the Heraklion area. Four exhibits in the Heraklion Archaeological Museum fell and broke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 May 2025 |title=Μικρές αποκολλήσεις σε εκθέματα στο Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Ηρακλείου λόγω του σεισμού των 6,1R |url=https://www.in.gr/2025/05/22/greece/kriti-espasan-ekthemata-sto-arxaiologiko-mouseio-irakleiou-logo-tou-seismou-ton-61r/ |access-date=4 June 2025 |website=in.gr |language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|22
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Bengkulu]] offshore, {{Cvt|28|km|mi}} SSW of [[Bengkulu (city)|Bengkulu]]
|5.7
|47.0
|VI
|One person died of a heart attack, two others injured, 46 homes destroyed and 362 structures damaged in the Bengkulu-Betungan area.
|1
|2
|-
|23
|{{Flag|Australia}} offshore, west of [[Macquarie Island]]
|6.1
|10.0
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
|25
|{{Flag|Tonga}}, [[ʻEua]] offshore, {{Cvt|193|km|mi}} SSW of [[ʻOhonua]]
|6.0
|48.0
|III
| -
| -
| -
|-
|27
|{{Flag|Iran}}, [[Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province|Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad]], {{Cvt|12|km|mi}} WNW of [[Dehdasht]]
|5.1
|10.0
|IV
|Two people injured and 1,000 homes damaged in Dehdasht.
| -
|2
|-
|27
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Southeast Sulawesi]], {{Cvt|38|km|mi}} ESE of [[Muna Regency|Katobu]]
|4.5
|10.0
|VI
|One child injured, some buildings and one house damaged in North Buton Regency.
| -
|1
|-
|30
|Southwest of [[Afirka|Africa]]
|6.2
|10.0
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
|31
|{{Flag|Japan}}, [[Hokkaido]] offshore, {{Cvt|78|km|mi}} S of [[Kushiro]]
|6.0
|21.0
|IV
| -
| -
| -
|-
|31
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{Flag|New Zealand}}, [[Kermadec Islands]] offshore
|6.1
|10.0
|III
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |An example of a triplet earthquake.
| -
| -
|-
|31
|6.0
|10.0
|III
| -
| -
|-
|31
|6.3
|10.0
|III
| -
| -
|-
|}

=== Yuni ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;border:1px black;  margin-left:1em;&quot;
|+
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Date&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 310px&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Country and location&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Depth (km)&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;MMI&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Notes&lt;/small&gt;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Casualties&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Dead&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Injured&lt;/small&gt;
|- 
|1
|{{Flag|Pakistan}}, [[Sindh]], [[Karachi]] area
|3.6
|10.0
| -
|Strongest of an earthquake swarm. One person killed and 22 people injured. A wall at a prison in Malir District collapsed. Some houses damaged in the [[Karachi]] area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune&quot; /&gt;
|1
|22
|-
|2
|{{Flag|Turkey}}, [[Muğla Province|Muğla]], {{Cvt|8|km|mi}} SSW of [[İçmeler]]
|5.8
|72.0
|VI
|One person killed in Fethiye. Seventy-five others injured, some buildings and a mosque collapsed and numerous homes damaged in the Muğla area. Minor damage to buildings in Rhodes, [[Girka (ƙasa)|Greece]].
|1
|75
|-
|4
|{{Flag|China}}, [[Yunnan]], {{Cvt|22|km|mi}} N of [[Eryuan County|Zibihu]]
|5.0
|10.0
|IV
|At least 179 homes damaged or destroyed, one road collapsed and another road blocked by a landslide in Eryuan County.
| -
| -
|-
|5&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 June 2025 |title=Terremoto di magnitudo Md 3.2 del 05-06-2025 ore 06:48:25 (Italia) in zona: Campi Flegrei |trans-title=Earthquake of magnitude Md 3.2 on 05-06-2025 at 06:48:25 (Italy) in the Campi Flegrei area |url=https://terremoti.ingv.it/event/42927332 |access-date=18 July 2025 |publisher=National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Italy}}, [[Campania]], [[Campi Flegrei]]
|3.2
|3.0
|V
|A portion of the Insula Meridionalis, in the Pompeii archeological park, collapsed.
| -
| -
|-
|6
|{{Flag|Chile}}, [[Atacama Region|Atacama]], {{Cvt|46|km|mi}} SW of [[Diego de Almagro, Chile|Diego de Almagro]]
|6.4
|75.0
|VII
|Two people injured, one house destroyed, 246 structures and some roads damaged, four water mains ruptured, power outages occurred and landslides in the Chañaral-Copiapó-Diego de Almagro-Tierra Amarilla-Vallenar area.
| -
|2
|-
|7
|{{Flag|Greece}}, [[Monastic community of Mount Athos|Mount Athos]] offshore, {{Cvt|6|km|mi}} WNW of [[Karyes, Mount Athos|Karyes]]
|5.3
|10.0
|VII
|One person injured and several monasteries damaged in the Karyes area.
| -
|1
|-
|7
|Western Indian-Antarctic Ridge
|6.2
|10.0
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
|8
|{{Flag|Colombia}}, [[Cundinamarca Department|Cundinamarca]], {{Cvt|15|km|mi}} NE of [[Paratebueno]]
|6.3
|9.0
|VIII
| 
| -
|31
|-
|11
|{{Flag|Peru}}, [[Department of Lambayeque|Lambayeque]], {{Cvt|15|km|mi}} WNW of [[Jayanca District|Jayanca]]
|5.0
|72.5
|IV
|Several homes collapsed, 106 others and a school damaged in the Jayanca-Mochumí area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-13 |title=Lambayeque: sismo de 5.1 deja más de 100 casas dañadas |url=https://soltvperu.com/sismo-lambayeque-casas-danadas/ |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=SOL TV |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-12 |title=Sismo en Lambayeque: distrito de Jayanca reportó 106 viviendas afectadas y un colegio |url=https://andina.pe/INGLES/noticia-sismo-lambayeque-distrito-jayanca-reporto-106-viviendas-afectadas-y-un-colegio-1033287.aspx |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=Andina |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|13
|{{Flag|Russia}}, [[Kuril Islands]] offshore
|6.0
|35.0
|IV
| -
| -
| -
|- 
|15
|{{Flag|Peru}}, [[Callao]] offshore, {{Cvt|37|km|mi}} WSW of [[Callao]]
|5.6
|40.0
|VI
| 
|2
|135
|-
|20
|{{Flag|Iran}}, [[Semnan Province|Semnan]], {{Cvt|40|km|mi}} SW of [[Semnan, Iran|Semnan]]
|4.9
|33.9
|IV
|Eleven people injured and some homes damaged in the Sorkheh area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-20 |title=خبر جدید از زلزله ۵.۳ ریشتری سمنان |url=https://khabarban.com/a/44963398 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Khabarban |language=fa }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-12 |title=زلزله سمنان هیچ مصدومی نداشت |url=https://www.asriran.com/fa/news/1070410/%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%87%DB%8C%DA%86-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C-%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Asriran |language=fa}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
|11
|-
|21
|{{Flag|Japan}}, [[Hokkaido]] offshore, {{Cvt|82|km|mi}} SE of [[Nemuro, Hokkaido|Nemuro]]
|6.0
|18.0
|V
| -
| -
| -
|-
|22
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Maluku (province)|Maluku]], {{Cvt|149|km|mi}} E of [[Masohi]]
|4.8
|10.0
| -
|More than 431 homes damaged or destroyed in West Seram Regency.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-27 |title=BPBD SBB Dinilai Lambat Tangani Dampak Gempa Di Amalatu, Pemuda Amalatu: Pemda Piara Kucing Dalam Karung |url=https://malukuindomedia.com/bpbd-sbb-dinilai-lambat-tangani-dampak-gempa-di-amalatu-pemuda-amalatu-pemda-piara-kucing-dalam-karung/ |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Maluku Indomedia |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|24
|{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Davao Region|Davao]] offshore, {{Cvt|366|km|mi}} E of [[Baganga|Baculin]]
|6.2
|5.0
|III
| -
| -
| -
|-  
|25
|Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge
|6.2
|10.0
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
|27
|{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Davao Region|Davao]] offshore, {{Cvt|67|km|mi}} E of [[Sarangani]]
|6.0
|99.7
|V
|Ten schools damaged and an overpass cracked in Davao City.
| -
| -
|-
|28
|Scotia Sea
|6.6
|10.0
| -
| -
| -
| -
|- 
|-
|28
|{{Flag|Pakistan}}, [[Balochistan]], {{Cvt|56|km|mi}} NNE of [[Barkhan]]
|5.3
|10.0
|VI
|Five people injured, 100 homes and a wall of a school collapsed and hundreds of structures damaged in the Barkhan-Musakhel area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2025 |title=5.5 magnitude earthquake hits Musakhel, 5 injured, homes damaged |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/1325260/5-5-magnitude-earthquake-hits-musakhel-5-injured-homes-damaged/ |access-date=29 June 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2025 |title=ضلع موسیٰ خیل اور بارکھان میں زلزلہ، 100 مکانات تباہ، 5افراد زخمی |url=https://www.express.pk/story/2767613/55-magnitude-earthquake-hits-musakhel-district-of-balochistan-houses-destroyed-3-injured-2767613 |access-date=29 June 2025 |website=[[Express News (TV channel)|Express]] |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
|5
|-
|}

=== Yuli ===
[[Fayil:Daños_aeropuerto_Almería_terremoto_Cabo_de_Gata.jpg|left|thumb|Lalacewar rufin filin jirgin saman Almería, [[Ispaniya|Spain]].]]
[[Fayil:Presidente Bernardo Arévalo y funcionarios supervisan los planes de respuesta implementados en San María de Jesús, Sacatepéquez, que tuvo personas afectadas y daños en la infraestructura de inmuebles por los sismos - 54644478910.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Lalacewar da aka yi wa coci a cikin [[Santa María de Jesús]], [[Guatemala]]]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;border:1px black;  margin-left:1em;&quot;
|+
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Date&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 310px&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Country and location&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Depth (km)&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;[[Modified Mercalli intensity scale|MMI]]&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Notes&lt;/small&gt;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Casualties&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Dead&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Injured&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|2&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 4.2 - 4 km NE of Gemlik, Turkey|2025|us7000qa69}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Turkey}}, [[Bursa Province|Bursa]], {{cvt|4|km|mi}} NE of [[Gemlik]]
|4.2
|10.0
|VI
|Three people injured after the ceiling of a factory collapsed in the [[Serdivan]] area.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Depremden sonra fabrikada korku dolu anlar! Mesai saatinde tavan çöktü: 3 yaralı|url=https://www.haber7.com/guncel/haber/3543665-depremden-sonra-fabrikada-korku-dolu-anlar-mesai-saatinde-tavan-coktu-3-yarali|date=2 July 2025|access-date=2 June 2025|language=tr|publisher=Haber7}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| -
| 3
|-
|4&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 4.9 - 22 km SW of Amahai, Indonesia|2025|us7000qamm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Maluku (province)|Maluku]] offshore, {{cvt|22|km|mi}} SW of [[Amahai]]
|4.9
|35.2
| -
|Two homes destroyed and 494 others damaged in [[West Seram Regency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Gempa M 4,9 Guncang Maluku, 2 Rumah Ambruk, Warga Mengungsi ke Pegunungan|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2025/07/05/081920378/gempa-m-49-guncang-maluku-2-rumah-ambruk-warga-mengungsi-ke-pegunungan|date=5 July 2025|access-date=5 July 2025|language=id|publisher=Kompas}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Gempa 4,9 M Guncang Amalatu di Seram Barat, Rusak 494 Rumah Warga|url=https://www.kumparan.com/kumparannews/gempa-4-9-m-guncang-amalatu-di-seram-barat-rusak-494-rumah-warga-25Oj9nJKvjT|date=5 July 2025|access-date=5 July 2025|language=id|publisher=Kumparan}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| -
| -
|- 
|7&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.2 - 213 km WSW of Riverton, New Zealand|2025|us7000qb4s}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||New Zealand}}, [[Southland Region|Southland]] offshore, {{cvt|213|km|mi}} WSW of [[Riverton / Aparima|Riverton]]
|6.2
|22.0
|V
| - 
| -
| -
|-
|8&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 5.7 - 3 km SSW of Amatitlán, Guatemala|2025|us7000qbfv}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Guatemala}}, [[Guatemala Department|Guatemala]], {{cvt|3|km|mi}} SSW of [[Amatitlán]]
|5.7
|10.0
|VII
|
| 7
| 300
|-
|10&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 4.5 - 7 km NNE of Jhajjar, India|2025|us7000qbqu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||India}}, [[Haryana]], {{cvt|7|km|mi}} NNE of [[Jhajjar]]
|4.5
|10.0
|VII
|Two people killed and another person injured after a tree fell due to the shaking and struck two vehicles in [[Meerut]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=मेरठ : भूकंप में बाइक और कैंटर पर गिरा पेड़, पिता-पुत्री की मौत|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut/story-tragic-accident-in-mawana-earthquake-causes-tree-fall-father-daughter-killed-201752187157738.html|date=10 July 2025|access-date=11 July 2025|language=hi|publisher=Hindustan}}&lt;/ref&gt; One wall collapsed and one school damaged in the Jhajjar area.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=झज्जर में सुबह 9:04 बजे लगे भूकंप के झटके, दीवार गिरी|url=https://www.amarujala.com/city-and-states/earthquake-jolted-jhajjar-at-904-am-wall-collapsed-jhajjar-news-c-195-1-nnl1001-123770-2025-07-11|date=11 July 2025|access-date=11 July 2025|language=hi|publisher=Amarujala}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| 2
| 1
|-
|14&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 5.2 - 24 km E of San José, Spain|2025|us7000qcif}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Spain}}, [[Andalusia]] offshore, {{cvt|24|km|mi}} E of [[San José (Almería)|San José]]
|5.2
|10.0
|V
|A roof collapsed at [[Almería Airport]] and the ceiling of an [[car dealership|automobile showroom]] fell in [[Huércal de Almería]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Airport roof collapses as Spain hit by powerful earthquake|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/spain-earthquake-almeria-airport-roof-b2788548.html|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=14 July 2025|access-date=14 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|14&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.7 - 181 km WSW of Tual, Indonesia|2025|pt25195000}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Maluku (province)|Maluku]] offshore, {{cvt|181|km|mi}} WSW of [[Tual]]
|6.7
|79.0
|VI
|Some roads damaged in [[Southwest Maluku Regency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Infrastruktur Jalan di Kecamatan Kei Besar Utara Timur Alami Kerusakan Akibat Gempa|url=https://laskarmaluku.com/2025/umum/infrastruktur-jalan-di-kecamatan-kei-besar-utara-timur-alami-kerusakan-akibat-gempa/|website=Laskar Maluku|date=14 July 2025|access-date=15 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several gardens and a road damaged, landslides occurred, and sand dunes as well as coral and gravel formations appeared along the coastline in the Tual area.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Masyarakat Tam Kota Tual Terdampak Gempa Tektonik|url=https://www.rri.co.id/daerah/1664207/masyarakat-tam-kota-tual-terdampak-gempa-tektonik|website=RRI|date=22 July 2025|access-date=22 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|14&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 5.0 - 70 km NE of Masamba, Indonesia|2025|us7000qcky}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Central Sulawesi]], {{cvt|70|km|mi}} NE of [[Masamba]] 
|5.0
|10.0
| -
|Thirty-eight homes damaged in [[Poso Regency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=BPBD laporkan 38 rumah warga rusak akibat gempa di Poso Sulteng |url=https://m.antaranews.com/berita/4967161/bpbd-laporkan-38-rumah-warga-rusak-akibat-gempa-di-poso-sulteng |publisher=[[Antara (news agency)|Antara news]] |lang=id |date=15 July 2025 |access-date=15 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Puluhan Rumah Rusak Akibat Gempa Poso Magnitudo 5,3 |url=https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/6105628/puluhan-rumah-rusak-akibat-gempa-poso-magnitudo-53 |lang=id |publisher=[[Liputan 6]] |date=15 July 2025 |access-date=15 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|14&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.2 - 206 km S of Burica, Panama|2025|pt25195001}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Panama}}, [[Veraguas Province|Veraguas]] offshore, {{cvt|206|km|mi}} S of [[Burica]]
|6.2
|10.0
|IV
| -
| -
| -
|-
|15&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 4.9 - 13 km NNE of Mandalay, Burma (Myanmar)|2025|us7000qcvt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Myanmar}}, [[Mandalay Region|Mandalay]], {{cvt|13|km|mi}} NNE of [[Mandalay]]
|4.9
|10.0
|V
|Aftershock of the 2025 Myanmar earthquake. One person died of shock in [[Kyaukse Township|Kyaukse]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||trans-title= 3 earthquakes shake Mandalay, residents panic |first=Thant |last=Zaw |lang=my |title=မန္တလေးတွင် ငလျင် ၃ ကြိမ်လှုပ်၊ ဒေသခံများစိုးရိမ်ထိတ်လန့်|url=https://bur.mizzima.com/2025/07/16/62219|website=Mizzima|date=16 July 2025|access-date=16 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1
| -
|-
|16&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 7.3 - 2025 Sand Point, Alaska Earthquake|2025|at00sziems}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||United States}}, [[Alaska]] offshore, {{cvt|87|km|mi}} S of [[Sand Point, Alaska|Sand Point]]
|7.3
|38.0
|VII
|A {{cvt|0.2|ft|cm}} high tsunami observed at Sand Point.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Public Tsunami Message Number 5|url=https://www.tsunami.gov/events/PAAQ/2025/07/16/sziems/5/WEAK51/WEAK51.txt|publisher=[[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]]|date=16 July 2025|access-date=16 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|17&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Earthquake information|url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1833429|publisher=EMSC-CSEM|date=17 July 2025|access-date=18 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[East Java]], {{cvt|23|km|mi}} NE of [[Lumajang]]
|3.4
|10.0
| -
|The wall of a home collapsed and at least 34 structures damaged in [[Probolinggo Regency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=64 Kali Gempa Dangkal Guncang Tiris Probolinggo, 21 Rumah Rusak |url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/berita/d-8018999/64-kali-gempa-dangkal-guncang-tiris-probolinggo-21-rumah-rusak/ |lang=id |publisher=[[Detik.com]]|date=19 July 2025 |access-date=19 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=PVMBG : gempa bumi rusak barat daya Probolinggo|url=https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/949173/pvmbg-gempa-bumi-rusak-barat-daya-probolinggo|date=20 July 2025|access-date=20 July 2025|language=id|publisher=Antaranews}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.6 - 134 km E of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us7000qdye}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|134|km|mi}} E of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]
|6.6
|23.0
|V
|Foreshock of the 7.4 event 21 minutes later.
| -
| -
|-
|20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 7.4 - 2025 Eastern Kamchatka, Russia Earthquake|2025|us7000qdyl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|145|km|mi}} E of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]
|7.4
|34.0
|VIII
|Foreshock of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake. Minor damage to some hospitals and clinics in the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky area.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=После землетрясения в зданиях больниц на Камчатке появились трещины|url=https://aif.ru/society/posle-zemletryaseniya-v-zdaniyah-bolnic-na-kamchatke-poyavilis-treshchiny|date=21 July 2025|access-date=21 July 2025|language=ru|publisher=Argumenty i Fakty}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tsunami with a maximum run-up of {{cvt|1.53|m}} was recorded at the mouth of the Khalaktyrka River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Синоптики показали фото последствий прошедшего на Камчатке 20 июля цунами |trans-title=Forecasters have shown photos of the aftermath of the tsunami that hit Kamchatka on July 20|lang=ru |url=https://kamchatka.aif.ru/society/sinoptiki-pokazali-foto-posledstviy-proshedshego-na-kamchatke-20-iyulya-cunami |access-date=24 July 2025 |work=AiF Kamchatka |date=24 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.6 - 153 km ESE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us7000qdyw}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|153|km|mi}} ESE of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]
|6.6
|10.0 
|V 
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Aftershocks of the 7.4 event less than an hour earlier.
| -
| -
|-
|20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.6 - 147 km E of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us7000qdz2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|147|km|mi}} E of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]
|6.6
|22.1
|V
| -
| -
|-
|20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.2 - 91 km SSE of Sand Point, Alaska|2025|at00szpyen}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||United States}}, [[Alaska]] offshore, {{cvt|91|km|mi}} SSE of [[Sand Point, Alaska|Sand Point]]
|6.2
|40.0
|V
|Aftershock of the 7.3 event on July 16.
| -
| -
|-
|22&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 154 km ESE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us6000qu2r}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|154|km|mi}} ESE of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]
|6.0
|12.3
|IV
|Aftershock of the 7.4 event on July 20.
| - 
| -
|-
|22&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Earthquake information|url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1835550|publisher=EMSC-CSEM|date=22 July 2025|access-date=31 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Poland}}, [[Lower Silesian Voivodeship]], {{cvt|8|km|mi}} SSW of [[Głogów]]
|3.5
|1.0
| -
|One person injured at the [[Polkowice-Sieroszowice mine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Wstrząs w kopalni Polkowice-Sieroszowice. Jedna osoba trafiła do szpitala |url=https://miedziowe.pl/content/view/118211/495/ |lang=pl |date=22 July 2025|access-date=31 July 2025|publisher=Miedziowe}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| - 
| 1
|-
|23&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.3 - 109 km W of Gorontalo, Indonesia|2025|us6000qugg}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Gorontalo]] offshore, {{cvt|109|km|mi}} W of [[Gorontalo (city)|Gorontalo]]
|6.3
|142.0
|IV
| -
| -
| -
|-
|24&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 5.6 - 69 km NNE of Masamba, Indonesia|2025|us6000qulk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Central Sulawesi]], {{cvt|69|km|mi}} NNE of [[Masamba]]
|5.6
|10.0
|VII
|Four people injured, 106 homes, a kindergarten and a church damaged and power and telecommunication outages in [[Poso Regency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Ribuan Mengungsi, 4 Luka Ringan, dan 96 Gempa Susulan Terjadi di Poso |url=https://www.beritasatu.com/nusantara/2907332/ribuan-mengungsi-4-luka-ringan-dan-96-gempa-susulan-terjadi-di-poso |lang=id |date=25 July 2025|access-date=25 July 2025|publisher=Berita Satu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Dampak Gempa 5,7 Magnitudo, Poso Mati Listrik dan Rumah Hancur |url=https://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2025/07/25/dampak-gempa-57-magnitudo-poso-mati-listrik-dan-rumah-hancur |lang=id |date=25 July 2025|access-date=25 July 2025|publisher=Tribunnews}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Perkembangan Situasi dan Penanganan Bencana di Tanah Air Tanggal 27 Juli 2025  |url=https://bnpb.go.id/berita/perkembangan-situasi-dan-penanganan-bencana-di-tanah-air-tanggal-27-juli-2025 |lang=id |date=27 July 2025|access-date=28 July 2025|publisher=Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| 4
|-
|24&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 164 km E of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us6000quxn}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|164|km|mi}} E of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]
|6.0
|10.0
|IV
|Aftershock of the 7.4 event on July 20.
| - 
| -
|-
|24&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.6 - 187 km SSE of Mata-Utu, Wallis and Futuna|2025|us6000quy1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Tonga}}, [[Niua Islands|Niua]] offshore, {{cvt|187|km|mi}} SSE of [[Mata Utu]], [[Wallis and Futuna]]
|6.6
|314.2
|IV
| - 
| - 
| -
|-
|25&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.2 - west of Macquarie Island|2025|us6000qv1b}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Australia}} offshore, west of [[Macquarie Island]]
|6.2
|10.0
| -
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Foreshocks of the 7.0 event on July 28.
| -
| -
|-
|26&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.2 - Macquarie Island region|2025|us6000qvbw}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Australia}}, [[Macquarie Island]] offshore
|6.2
|17.0
| -
| - 
| -
|-
|28&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 5.1 - 33 km NW of Rumonge, Burundi|2025|us6000qvm7}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Burundi}}, [[Rumonge Province|Rumonge]], {{cvt|33|km|mi}} NW of [[Rumonge]]
|5.1
|10.0
|IV
|Fourteen students injured due to a stampede at a school in [[Gicumbi District]], [[Rwanda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Gicumbi: 14 students injured in panic after earthquake |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/28456/news/environment/gicumbi-14-students-injured-in-panic-after-earthquake |lang=en |date=29 July 2025|access-date=29 July 2025|newspaper=The New Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| 14
|-
|28&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.4 - 264 km WNW of Sabang, Indonesia|2025|us6000qvpp}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||India}}, [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] offshore, {{cvt|264|km|mi}} WNW of [[Sabang, Aceh|Sabang]], [[Indonesia]]
|6.4
|21.0
|V
| -
| -
| -
|-
|28&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 7.0 - Macquarie Island region|2025|at00t04qxl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Australia}}, [[Macquarie Island]] offshore
|7.0
|31.0
|IV
| -
| -
| -
|-
|29&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.6 - south of the Fiji Islands|2025|us6000qw1a}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|South of the [[Fiji]] Islands
|6.6
|553.0
|II
| -
| -
| -
|-
|29&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 5.7 - 6 km SE of Comapa, Guatemala|2025|us6000qw59}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Guatemala}}, [[Jutiapa Department|Jutiapa]], {{cvt|6|km|mi}} SE of [[Comapa, Jutiapa|Comapa]]
|5.7
|10.0
|VII
|Two people killed, 26 others injured, at least 1,386 homes, five public buildings, eight schools and a church damaged or destroyed and power outages occurred in the Comapa-[[Jutiapa]] area.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Más de 2 mil 400 personas quedaron damnificadas por sismos en Jutiapa y otros departamentos|url=https://epinvestiga.com/actualidad/mas-de-2-mil-400-personas-quedaron-damnificadas-por-sismos-en-jutiapa-y-otros-departamentos/|lang=es|date=5 August 2025|access-date=6 August 2025|work=EP Investiga}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Temblores sacuden el oriente de Guatemala este 2 de agosto|url=https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/comunitario/temblores-sacuden-el-oriente-de-guatemala-este-2-de-agosto-breaking/|lang=es|date=2 August 2025|access-date=2 August 2025|work=Prensa Libre}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Más de 370 viviendas dañadas por sismos en frontera entre El Salvador y Guatemala|url=https://www.centroamerica360.com/region/mas-de-370-viviendas-danadas-por-sismos-en-frontera-entre-el-salvador-y-guatemala/|lang=es|date=30 July 2025|access-date=31 July 2025|work=Centroamerica 360}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Fuertes sismos causan dos muertos y daños en viviendas en el sureste de Guatemala|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/fuertes-sismos-causan-dos-muertos-y-da%C3%B1os-en-viviendas-en-el-sureste-de-guatemala/89755993|date=30 July 2025|access-date=30 July 2025|lang=en|publisher=Swissinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; One person injured, 66 homes destroyed, 375 others, two churches and a school damaged in the [[Ahuachapan]]-[[Chalchuapa]] area, [[El Salvador]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Damage to churches and homes in Ahuachapán and Chalchuapa after strong earthquakes|url=https://www.tcsahora.com/danos-en-iglesias-y-viviendas-en-ahuachapan-y-chalchuapa-tras-fuertes-sismos/|lang=es|date=29 July 2025|access-date=30 July 2025|work=TCSA Hora}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Más de una docena de sismos en zona fronteriza con Guatemala, se reportan daños en ambos países|url=https://diario.elmundo.sv/nacionales/mas-de-una-docena-de-sismos-en-zona-fronteriza-con-guatemala-se-reportan-danos-en-ambos-paises|lang=es|date=29 July 2025|access-date=30 July 2025|work=Diario El Mundo}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Contabilizan 441 viviendas dañadas por los sismos en Ahuachapán|url=https://www.laprensagrafica.com/elsalvador/Contabilizan-441-viviendas-danadas-por--los-sismos-en-Ahuachapan-20250731-0065.html|lang=es|date=31 July 2025|access-date=1 August 2025|work=La Prensa Grafica}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2
| 27
|-
|29&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 8.8 - 2025 Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia Earthquake|2025|us6000qw60}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|119|km|mi}} ESE of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]
|8.8
|35.0
|IX
|
|1
|25
|-
|29&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.3 - 94 km SE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us6000r0y5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|94|km|mi}} SE of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]
|6.3
|16.4
|V
| rowspan=9|Aftershocks of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake. 
| -
| -
|-
|29&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.1 - 78 km SE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us6000r0xw}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|78|km|mi}} SE of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]
|6.1
|25.4
|V
| -
| -
|-
|29&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 124 km ENE of Ozernovskiy, Russia|2025|us6000r0qc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|124|km|mi}} ENE of [[Kamchatka Krai|Ozernovskiy]]
|6.0
|35.0
|V
| -
| -
|-
|29&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 165 km SSE of Vilyuchinsk, Russia|2025|us6000qwhj}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|165|km|mi}} SSE of [[Vilyuchinsk]]
|6.0
|35.0
|IV
| -
| -
|-
|30&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.9 - 125 km SE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us6000qw6q}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|125|km|mi}} SE of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]
|6.9
|36.6
|VI 
| -
| -
|-
|30&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.2 - 126 km SE of Vilyuchinsk, Russia|2025|us6000qw6s}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|126|km|mi}} SE of [[Vilyuchinsk]]
|6.2
|35.0
|IV 
| -
| -
|-
|30&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.1 - 183 km SE of Vilyuchinsk, Russia|2025|us6000qwfe}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|183|km|mi}} SE of [[Vilyuchinsk]]
|6.1
|10.4
|IV
| -
| -
|-
|31&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 138 km SE of Severo-Kuril’sk, Russia|2025|us6000qwk1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|138|km|mi}} SE of [[Severo-Kurilsk]]
|6.0
|35.0
|IV
| -
| -
|-
|31&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.2 - 221 km SE of Severo-Kuril’sk, Russia|2025|us6000qwuh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|221|km|mi}} SE of [[Severo-Kurilsk]]
|6.2
|12.0
|IV
| -
| -
|-
|31&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 4.2 - 28 km NE of Machalí, Chile|2025|us6000qx3m}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Chile}}, [[O'Higgins Region|O'Higgins]], {{cvt|28|km}} NE of [[Machalí]]
|4.2
|8.1
|VI
|Six people killed and nine others injured after a collapse at the [[El Teniente]] mine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Tragedia en Mina El Teniente: Carabineros reporta preliminarmente seis fallecidos por derrumbe |url=https://www.cnnchile.com/pais/temblor-en-zona-centro-del-pais-dejo-una-persona-atrapada-en-el-teniente_20250731/ |access-date=1 August 2025|work=CNN Chile|date=31 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 6
| 9
|-
|}

=== Agusta ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;border:1px black;  margin-left:1em;&quot;
|+
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Ranar&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 310px&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Kasar da wuri&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Rashin zurfi (kilomita) &lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;MMI&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Bayani&lt;/small&gt;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Wadanda suka mutu&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Matattu&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Wadanda suka ji rauni&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|1
|, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] bakin teku, {{Cvt|213|km|mi}}   ESE na [[Severo-Kurilsk]]{{Flag|Russia}}
|6.1
|10.0
|Na huɗu
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Girgizar kasa ta Kamchatka ta 2025.
| -
| -
|-
|2
|, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] bakin teku, {{Cvt|166|km|mi}}   SSE na [[Vilyuchinsk]]{{Flag|Russia}}
|6.0
|20.5
|Na huɗu
| -
| -
|-
|2
|{{Cvt|1|km|mi}}, [[Oaxaca]], 1   ENE na [[San Ildefonso Villa Alta]]{{Flag|Mexico}}
|5.8
|57.4
|V
|Mutane biyu sun ji rauni, gine-gine da yawa sun lalace kuma rushewar ƙasa ta faru a wani tudu a yankin Oaxaca City-San Pablo Huitzo .  
| -
|2
|-
|3
|Rashin Pacific-Antarctic
|6.4
|10.0
|Na takwas
| -
| -
| -
|-
|3
|, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] bakin teku, {{Cvt|118|km|mi}}   E na [[Severo-Kurilsk]]{{Flag|Russia}}
|6.8
|35.0
|VII
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Girgizar kasa ta Kamchatka ta 2025.
| -
| -
|-
|4
|, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] bakin teku, {{Cvt|212|km|mi}}   S na [[Severo-Kurilsk]]{{Flag|Russia}}
|6.2
|10.0
|Na huɗu
| -
| -
|-
|9
|, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] bakin teku, {{Cvt|267|km|mi}}   ESE na [[Severo-Kurilsk]]{{Flag|Russia}}
|6.0
|10.0
| -
| -
| -
|-
|10
|{{Flag|Turkey}}, [[Balıkesir Province|Balıkesir]], {{Cvt|10|km|mi}}   SSW na [[Bigadiç]]
|6.1
|10.0
|IX
| 
|1
|52
|-
|11&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 2.1 - 1 km SE of Wilcza, Poland|2025|us7000qsx3}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Poland}}, [[Silesian Voivodeship]], {{cvt|1|km|mi}} SE of [[Wilcza, Silesian Voivodeship|Wilcza]]
|2.1
|5.0
| -
|One person killed and eight others injured in the [[Szczygłowice Coal Mine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Koniec akcji w kopalni Knurów-Szczygłowice. Ratownicy dotarli do poszukiwanego górnika|url=https://katowice.tvp.pl/88304533/koniec-akcji-w-kopalni-knurow-szczyglowice-ratownicy-dotarli-do-poszukiwanego-gornika|website=TVP3 Katowice|lang=pl|date=12 August 2025|access-date=13 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1
| 8
|-
|12&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.3 - 193 km WNW of Abepura, Indonesia|2025|us6000r01m}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Papua (province)|Papua]], {{cvt|193|km|mi}} WNW of [[Jayapura|Abepura]]
|6.3
|10.0
|VIII
|Some homes and the fence of a hospital collapsed and many structures damaged in [[Sarmi Regency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Dampak Gempa di Sarmi Papua, Rumah Warga dan Fasum Rusak|url=https://lenteratoday.com/post/item/221729/Dampak-Gempa-di-Sarmi-Papua-Rumah-Warga-dan-Fasum-Rusak|website=Lentera|lang=id|date=12 August 2025|access-date=12 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|14&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.3 - 108 km SSE of Lata, Solomon Islands|2025|us6000r0sa}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Solomon Islands}}, [[Temotu Province|Temotu]] offshore, {{cvt|108|km|mi}} SSE of [[Lata, Solomon Islands|Lata]]
|6.3
|31.0
|V
| -
| -
| -
|-
|16&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 5.8 - 12 km NNW of Poso, Indonesia|2025|us6000r1n3}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Central Sulawesi]], {{cvt|12|km|mi}} NNW of [[Poso]]
|5.8
|8.0
|VI&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Gempa M 5,8 di Sulteng, Skala Kerusakan Terbesar di Poso|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20250817073738-20-1263320/gempa-m-58-di-sulteng-skala-kerusakan-terbesar-di-poso|website=CNN Indonesia|lang=id|date=17 August 2025|access-date=17 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| 2
| 44
|-
|20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 4.9 - 22 km SSE of Cikarang, Indonesia|2025|us6000r2b3}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Java]], {{cvt|22|km|mi}} SSE of [[Cikarang]]
|4.9
|9.8
|VI
|A prayer room collapsed and 26 homes damaged in [[Bekasi Regency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||first=Wildan |last=Noviansah|title=Musala di Bekasi Roboh Usai Diguncang Gempa M 4,9|trans-title=A prayer room in Bekasi collapsed after being struck by a 4.9 magnitude earthquake.|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-8071276/musala-di-bekasi-roboh-usai-diguncang-gempa-m-4-9|work=Detik.com|lang=id|date=20 August 2025|access-date=20 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||first=Mohamad |last=Bintang Pamungkas|title=Dampak Gempa Bekasi-Karawang: Puluhan Rumah Rusak Ringan, Ratusan Jiwa Terdampak
|trans-title=Impact of the Bekasi-Karawang Earthquake: Dozens of Houses Suffered Minor Damage, Hundreds of People Affected
|url=https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2025/08/22/09281541/dampak-gempa-bekasi-karawang-puluhan-rumah-rusak-ringan-ratusan-jiwa|work=Kompas.com|lang=id|date=22 August 2025|access-date=22 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Twenty-two homes and the roof of an office hall collapsed and 45 structures damaged in [[Karawang Regency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||first=Rizki |last= Andika|title=Titik Pusat Gempa, Camat Tegalwaru Karawang Sebut Sekolah dan Rumah Warga Rusak|trans-title=Tegalwaru District Head in Karawang, at the epicenter of the earthquake, said schools and homes were damaged|url=https://kbeonline.id/2025/08/20/titik-pusat-gempa-camat-tegalwaru-karawang-sebut-sekolah-dan-rumah-warga-rusak/|work=KBE Online|lang=id|date=20 August 2025|access-date=20 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;liputan&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||first=Arie |last=Nugraha |title=Rentetan Gempa Masih Guncang Bekasi, Jumlah Warga Terdampak Terus Bertambah|trans-title=A series of earthquakes continues to shake Bekasi, with the number of affected residents continuing to grow|url=https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/6138921/rentetan-gempa-masih-guncang-bekasi-jumlah-warga-terdampak-terus-bertambah?page=3|work=Liputan 6|lang=id|date=21 August 2025|access-date=22 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; One home collapsed each in [[West Bandung Regency|West Bandung]], [[Purwakarta Regency|Purwakarta]], and [[Bogor Regency|Bogor Regencies]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||first1=Bagus Puji|last1=Panuntun |first2=Reni |last2=Susanti |title=Gempa Bekasi Magnitudo 4,9 Hancurkan Rumah Warga Bandung Barat|trans-title=The 4.9-magnitude Bekasi Earthquake Destroys Homes in West Bandung
|url=https://bandung.kompas.com/read/2025/08/21/114243278/gempa-bekasi-magnitudo-49-hancurkan-rumah-warga-bandung-barat|work=Kompas|lang=id|date=21 August 2025|access-date=21 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;liputan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ade Rosyita dari Purwakarta Lolos dari Maut Saat Wudu, Rumah Rusak Akibat Gempa Bekasi |url=https://jabar.tribunnews.com/jabar-region/1143727/ade-rosyita-dari-purwakarta-lolos-dari-maut-saat-wudu-rumah-rusak-akibat-gempa-bekasi |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Tribunjabar.id |language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|- 
|22&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 7.5 - 2025 Southern Drake Passage Earthquake|2025|us6000r2xq}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Antarctica]] offshore, [[Drake Passage]]
|7.5
|10.8
|V
| -
| -
| -
|-
|23&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 81 km SW of Acajutla, El Salvador|2025|us6000r3at}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||El Salvador}}, [[Sonsonate Department|Sonsonate]] offshore, {{cvt|81|km|mi}} SW of [[Acajutla]]
|6.0
|10.0
|V
| -
| -
| -
|-
|23&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 4.0 - 13 km ESE of Segamat, Malaysia|2025|us6000r3fi}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Malaysia}}, [[Johor]], {{cvt|13|km|mi}} ESE of [[Segamat]]
|4.0
|10.0
| -
|The ceiling of a mosque collapsed&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Gempa bumi Segamat: Jemaah surau cemas, siling runtuh ketika solat|url=https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/744894/berita/semasa/gempa-bumi-segamat-jemaah-surau-cemas-siling-runtuh-ketika-solat|website=Sinar Harian|lang=ms|date=24 August 2025|access-date=24 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; and at least three structures damaged in the Segamat area.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Earthquake: Segamat Police Receive Three Reports On Property Damage|url=https://www.bernama.com/en/news.php?id=2460115|website=Bernama|lang=en|date=24 August 2025|access-date=24 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|25&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.1 - east of the Kuril Islands|2025|us6000r3l7}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Sakhalin Oblast|Sakhalin]] offshore, {{cvt|313|km|mi}} ESE of [[Severo-Kurilsk]]
|6.1
|10.0
| -
|Aftershock of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake. 
| -
| -
|-
|26&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 1.9 - 1 km ESE of Murcki, Poland|2025|us7000qvcy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Poland}}, [[Silesian Voivodeship]], {{cvt|1|km|mi}} ESE of [[Murcki]]
|1.9
|1.0
| -
|Three people injured at the [[Mysłowice-Wesoła Coal Mine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Wstrząs w KWK Mysłowice-Wesoła. Poszkodowani trzej górnicy|url=https://www.wkatowicach.eu/informacje/poza-katowicami/Wstrzas-w-KWK-Myslowice-Wesola-Poszkodowani-trzej-gornicy/idn:10091|website=WKatowicach.eu|lang=pl|date=27 August 2025|access-date=28 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| 3
|-
|27&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 98 km E of Severo-Kuril’sk, Russia|2025|us7000qr8h}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|98|km|mi}} E of [[Severo-Kurilsk]]
|6.0
|53.4
|IV
|Aftershock of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake. 
| -
| -
|-
|27&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 5.3 - 17 km ENE of Yilan, Taiwan|2025|us7000qra8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Taiwan}}, [[Yilan County, Taiwan|Yilan]] offshore, {{cvt|17|km|mi}} ENE of [[Yilan City|Yilan]]
|5.3
|116.0
|V
| The ceiling of a building of the [[National Taiwan Normal University]] in [[Taipei]] collapsed.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=地震撐不住！台師大「近百年行政大樓」天花板大面積崩落 畫面曝光|url=https://www.setn.com/m/news.aspx?newsid=1712095|website=Setn|lang=zh|date=28 August 2025|access-date=28 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| -
| -
|-
|31&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 37 km WSW of Asadābād, Afghanistan|2025|us7000qsvj}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Afghanistan}}, [[Kunar Province|Kunar]], {{cvt|37|km|mi}} WSW of [[Asadabad, Afghanistan|Asadabad]]
|6.0
|8.0
|IX
|
|2,217
|4,000
|-
|}


=== Satumba ===
[[Fayil:Village for survivors of Typhoon Haiyan affected by the 2025 earthquake.jpg|left|thumb|230x230px|An lalata wani gida a Cebu, Filipin]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;border:1px black;  margin-left:1em;&quot;
|+
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Date&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 310px&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Country and location&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Depth (km)&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;[[Modified Mercalli intensity scale|MMI]]&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Notes&lt;/small&gt;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Casualties&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Dead&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Injured&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|2&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 4.8 - 9 km SSE of La Playa, Mexico|2025|us7000qt5b}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Mexico}}, [[Baja California Sur]] offshore, {{cvt|9|km|mi}} SSE of [[San José del Cabo|La Playa]]
|4.8
|10.0
|V
|The ceiling of [[Los Cabos International Airport]] collapsed and several homes and buildings damaged in the [[San José del Cabo]] area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=September 1, 2025 |title=Sismológico Nacional reporta temblor de 4.3 grados en San José del Cabo; deja daños en comercios |url=https://www.bcsnoticias.mx/sismologico-nacional-reporta-temblor-de-4-3-grados-en-san-jose-del-cabo-deja-danos-en-comercios/ |access-date=September 3, 2025 |publisher=BCS Noticias}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=September 1, 2025 |title=Temblor de 4,8 grados sacude Los Cabos, BCS, informa el SSN |url=https://www.milenio.com/videos/estados/temblor-4-8-grados-sacude-cabos-bcs-informa-ssn |access-date=September 3, 2025 |publisher=Milenio}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|2&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 5.2 - 34 km NE of Jalālābād, Afghanistan|2025|us7000qt8u}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Afghanistan}}, [[Nangarhar province|Nangarhar]], {{cvt|34|km|mi}} NE of [[Jalalabad]]
|5.2
|10.0
|V
|Aftershock of the 2025 Kunar earthquake. Many people injured, several previously damaged homes destroyed and rockslides occurred in the epicentral area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=September 2, 2025 |title=New quake shakes devastated Afghan region as death toll exceeds 1400 |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/571846/new-quake-shakes-devastated-afghan-region-as-death-toll-exceeds-1400 |access-date=September 2, 2025 |publisher=[[Radio New Zealand]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| Many
|- 
|4&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 5.6 - 36 km WSW of Asadābād, Afghanistan|2025|us7000qtst}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Afghanistan}}, [[Kunar province|Kunar]], {{cvt|36|km|mi}} WSW of [[Asadabad, Afghanistan|Asadabad]]
|5.6
|10.0
|VIII
|Aftershock of the 2025 Kunar earthquake. Two people killed, 51 others injured, 330 homes destroyed and additional landslides in Kunar, [[Laghman Province|Laghman]] and [[Nangarhar Province]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Sources: One dead, 22 injured in new earthquake in eastern Afghanistan|url=https://amu.tv/196960/|work=[[Amu Television]]|first1=Siyar|last1=Sirat|date=4 September 2025|access-date=4 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Afghanistan: 22 injured as quake hits Nangarhar|url=https://amu.tv/197052/|work=[[Amu Television]]|first1=Siyar|last1=Sirat|date=5 September 2025|access-date=5 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=شرق کشور در شوک پنج زلزله متوالی / شدت تکان‌ها و نزدیکی به سطح زمین، خسارات را افزایش داده است|url=https://www.avapress.com/fa/report/327539/|work=Afghan Voice Agency|date=5 September 2025|access-date=5 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Sources: 9 injured in overnight earthquake in Laghman|url=https://amu.tv/197024/|work=[[Amu Television]]|first1=Siyar|last1=Sirat|date=5 September 2025|access-date=5 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Kunar Earthquake Aftershocks; Dara-i-Nur District Residents: &quot;We Have Been Forgotten&quot;|url=https://8am.media/eng/kunar-earthquake-aftershocks-dara-i-nur-district-residents-we-have-been-forgotten/|work=Hasht-e Subh Media|first1=Avizha|last1=Khorshid|date=6 September 2025|access-date=7 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2
| 51
|-
|7&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 4.9 - 6 km SSW of Sındırgı, Turkey|2025|us7000quja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Turkey}}, [[Balıkesir Province|Balıkesir]], {{cvt|6|km|mi}} SSW of [[Sındırgı]]
|4.9
|10.0
|VI
|Aftershock of the 2025 Balıkesir earthquake. Two homes collapsed in the Sındırgı area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=September 7, 2025 |title=4.9 büyüklüğünde depremde 2 metruk evde çökmeler meydana geldi |url=https://www.aydindenge.com.tr/yurt/07/09/2025/49-buyuklugunde-depremde-2-metruk-evde-cokmeler-meydana-geldi |access-date=September 7, 2025 |publisher=Aydindenge}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|8&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.4 - Vanuatu region|2025|pt25251000}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Vanuatu}} region offshore 
|6.4
|10.0
| IV
| -
| -
| -
|-
|12&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 4.4 - 6 km SSE of Rudna, Poland|2025|us7000qvl9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Poland}}, [[Lower Silesian Voivodeship|Lower Silesia]], {{cvt|6|km|mi}} SSE of [[Rudna, Lower Silesian Voivodeship|Rudna]]
|4.4
|10.0
| -
|One person injured in the [[Rudna mine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=September 7, 2025 |title=Jedna osoba trafiła do szpitala |url=https://miedziowe.pl/content/view/118709/495/ |access-date=September 12, 2025 |publisher=Miedziowe.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| 1
|-
|13&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 7.4 - 111 km E of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us7000qvw5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|111|km|mi}} E of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]
|7.4
|39.5
|VIII
|Aftershock of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake.
| -
| -
|-
|14&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 5.4 - 5 km N of Uramita, Colombia|2025|us7000qw4k}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Colombia}}, [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]], {{cvt|5|km|mi}} N of [[Uramita]]
|5.4
|50.2
|V
|One person died while trying to repair their damaged roof, another injured, two homes destroyed and 233 structures damaged in the [[Frontino, Antioquia|Frontino]]-Uramita area.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=14 September 2025|access-date=14 September 2025|title=Fue más que un susto: sismos causaron daños en casas, escuelas y otras edificaciones de Uramita y Frontino, Antioquia|url=https://www.elcolombiano.com/antioquia/sismos-uramita-frontino-danos-NJ29130159|work=El Colombiano}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=14 September 2025|access-date=15 September 2025|title=Sismo de 5.1 en Antioquia deja colapsos de viviendas en zona rural de Frontino|url=https://caracol.com.co/2025/09/14/sismo-de-51-en-antioquia-deja-colapsos-de-viviendas-en-zona-rural-de-frontino/|work=Caracol Radio|author=Laura Sampedro}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jiménez |first=Juliet |date=2025-09-14 |title=Muy triste: hombre murió al caerse mientras arreglaba el techo dañado por el sismo en Antioquia |work=Hora 13 Noticias |url=https://h13n.com/muy-triste-hombre-murio-al-caerse-mientras-arreglaba-el-techo-danado-por-el-sismo-en-antioquia/ |access-date=2025-09-16 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1
|1
|-
|14&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 5.5 - 10 km NNE of Khārupatia, India|2025|us7000qw56}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||India}}, [[Assam]], {{cvt|10|km|mi}} NNE of [[Kharupetia|Khārupatia]]
|5.5
|29.0
|VII
|Two people injured by a roof collapse in [[Udalguri]] and many buildings damaged in [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]], [[Darrang district|Darrang]], [[Hojai district|Hojai]], [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]] and [[Sonitpur district]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=14 September 2025|access-date=14 September 2025|title=Earthquake of 5.8 magnitude hits Assam, 2 girls injured|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/earthquake-of-5-8-magnitude-hits-assam-2-girls-injured-101757866594158.html|author=Biswa Kalyan Purkayastha}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
|2
|-
|15&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 145 km ESE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us7000qwch}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|145|km|mi}} ESE of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]
|6.0
|24.5
|IV
|Aftershock of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake.
| -
| -
|-
|16&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 207 km SE of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea|2025|us7000qwir}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}, [[Autonomous Region of Bougainville]] offshore, {{cvt|207|km|mi}} SE of [[Kokopo]]
|6.0
|63.3
|IV
| -
| -
| -
|-
|18&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 26 km S of Nabire, Indonesia|2025|us7000qx1z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Central Papua]], {{cvt|26|km|mi}} S of [[Nabire]]
|6.0
|28.0
|VII
|Three people injured, two homes, one bridge and a church collapsed, 15 structures including the [[Douw Aturure Airport]] and another bridge damaged and power and telecommunication outages in [[Nabire Regency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=19 September 2025|access-date=19 September 2025|title=Earthquake causes scattered damage in Indonesia's Papua region|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/earthquake-causes-scattered-damage-indonesias-papua-region-125725432|lang=en|website=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=19 September 2025|access-date=19 September 2025|title=Dampak Gempa Nabire M 6,5: Jembatan Ambles, Sejumlah Bangunan Rusak|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/nusantara/2923767/dampak-gempa-nabire-m-65-jembatan-ambles-sejumlah-bangunan-rusak|lang=id|website=Beritasatu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=20 September 2025|access-date=20 September 2025|title=Gempa M 6,6 Nabire: 3 Orang Terluka, 15 Bangunan dan 2 Jembatan Rusak|url=https://seputarpapua.com/view/gempa-m-66-nabire-3-orang-terluka-15-bangunan-dan-2-jembatan-rusak.html/|lang=id|website=Seputar Papua}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=19 September 2025|access-date=19 September 2025|title=Gempa M 6,5 Guncang Nabire, Jembatan Rusak hingga Jaringan Listrik dan Telekomunikasi Terdampak|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/gempa-m-65-guncang-nabire-jembatan-rusak-hingga-jaringan-listrik-dan-telekomunikasi-terdampak|lang=id|website=Kompas}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| 3
|-
|18&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 7.8 - 138 km E of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|pt25261001}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|138|km|mi}} E of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]
|7.8
|27.0
|VIII
|Aftershock of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake. At least four buildings and a swimming pool damaged in the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky area.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=19 September 2025|access-date=19 September 2025|title=На Камчатке после мощного землетрясения пошли трещинами бассейн и несколько школ
|url=https://kamchatinfo.com/news/elements/detail/73145/|lang=ru|website=Kamchatinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsunami waves measuring up to {{cvt|62|cm|ft}} recorded near the [[Maly Semyachik]] volcano and {{cvt|6|cm|ft|1}} in the western [[Aleutian Islands]] region.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Public Tsunami Message Number 4 |url=https://www.tsunami.gov/events/PHEB/2025/09/18/25261001/4/WEPA40/WEPA40.txt |publisher=[[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]] |date=18 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||publisher=[[Vzglyad (newspaper)|Vzglyad]]|date=19 September 2025|access-date=19 September 2025|title=Волна высотой 62 см зафиксирована у вулкана Семячика на Камчатке|url=https://www.vz.ru/news/2025/9/19/1360817.html|author=Anton Antonov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|19&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 98 km ESE of Ozernovskiy, Russia|2025|us7000rge8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|98|km|mi}} ESE of [[Kamchatka Krai|Ozernovskiy]]
|6.0
|58.3
|V
|Aftershock of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake.
| -
| -
|-
|20&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Earthquake information|url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1868568|publisher=EMSC-CSEM|date=20 September 2025|access-date=21 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Java]], {{cvt|31|km|mi}} SW of [[Bogor]]
|4.2
|10.0
| -
|Some walls collapsed and 321 homes damaged in [[Sukabumi Regency|Sukabumi]] and [[Bogor Regency|Bogor]] regencies.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=20 September 2025|access-date=21 September 2025|title=Gempa Sukabumi: BPBD Catat Belasan Rumah Rusak, Dinding Retak-retak|url=https://jabar.tribunnews.com/jabar-region/1147751/gempa-sukabumi-bpbd-catat-belasan-rumah-rusak-dinding-retak-retak|lang=id|website=Tribunnews}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=22 September 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|title=Ratusan Rumah di Bogor Rusak akibat Gempa Swarm Sukabumi, Warga Sempat Mengungsi ke Tenda|url=https://bandung.kompas.com/read/2025/09/22/211259078/ratusan-rumah-di-bogor-rusak-akibat-gempa-swarm-sukabumi-warga-sempat|lang=id|website=Kompas}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=25 September 2025|access-date=26 September 2025|title=135 Rumah Rusak Akibat Gempa Sukabumi|url=https://www.metrotvnews.com/read/b1oCVEzQ-135-rumah-rusak-akibat-gempa-sukabumi|lang=id|website=Metro TV News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|23&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 4.9 - 23 km NE of Jalālābād, Afghanistan|2025|us6000rc98}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Afghanistan}}, [[Nangarhar province|Nangarhar]], {{cvt|23|km|mi}} NE of [[Jalalabad]]
|4.9
|10.0
|VII
|Aftershock of the 2025 Kunar earthquake. Fifteen people injured, several homes damaged or destroyed and rockslides in [[Darai Nur District]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=September 23, 2025|title=Earthquake injures 15 in Nangarhar|last=Sirat|first=Siyar|url=https://amu.tv/201696/|access-date=September 23, 2025|publisher=[[Amu TV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=September 23, 2025|title=زلزله ۴.۹ ریشتری در ننگرهار: تخریب شماری از خانه‌ها در ولسوالی دره نور|author=Safir|url=https://safir.af/2025/09/23/%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87-%DB%B4-%DB%B9-%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%86%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8-%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C/|access-date=September 23, 2025|publisher=Safir.af}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| 15
|-
|24&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.2 - 24 km ENE of Mene Grande, Venezuela|2025|pt25267000}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Venezuela}}, [[Zulia]], {{cvt|24|km|mi}} ENE of [[Baralt Municipality|Mene Grande]]
|6.2
|7.8
|VIII
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|1
| rowspan=2|110
|-
|25&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.3 - 27 km ENE of Mene Grande, Venezuela|2025|us6000rcqw}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Venezuela}}, [[Trujillo (state)|Trujillo]], {{cvt|27|km|mi}} ENE of [[Baralt Municipality|Mene Grande]]
|6.3
|14.0
|VIII 
|-
|25&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 5.2 - 24 km N of Wongsorejo, Indonesia|2025|us6000rcry}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[East Java]] offshore, {{cvt|24|km|mi}} N of [[Banyuwangi Regency|Wongsorejo]]
|5.2
|10.0
|V
|One person injured and one home collapsed in [[Jember Regency|Jember]]. At least 110 structures damaged or destroyed in [[Situbondo Regency]]&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||publisher=Ketik.com|date=27 September 2025|access-date=27 September 2025|title=Ini Kata Wabup Situbondo Ketika Kunjungi Rumah Warga Terdampak Gempa
|url=https://ketik.com/berita/ini-kata-wabup-situbondo-ketika-kunjungi-rumah-warga-terdampak-gempa|author1=Heru Hartanto|author2=Muhammad Faizin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;liputan6&quot;/&gt; including seven posts at the [[Baluran National Park]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||publisher=Merdeka.com|date=25 September 2025|access-date=25 September 2025|title=Fakta Gempa Situbondo: 50 Rumah Rusak dan 7 Pos Taman Nasional Baluran Terdampak|url=https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/fakta-gempa-situbondo-50-rumah-rusak-dan-7-pos-taman-nasional-baluran-terdampak-419188-mvk.html?page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Three homes collapsed and six others and a mosque damaged in [[Banyuwangi Regency]].&lt;ref name=&quot;liputan6&quot;&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||publisher=Liputan6|date=26 September 2025|access-date=26 September 2025|title=Puskesmas dan Rumah Warga di Bali Rusak Akibat Gempa Magnitudo 5,7 di Banyuwangi
|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/6169126/puskesmas-dan-rumah-warga-di-bali-rusak-akibat-gempa-magnitudo-57-di-banyuwangi?page=2|author1=Supriatin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two homes collapsed and another damaged in [[Bondowoso Regency|Bondowoso]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||publisher=Times Indonesia|date=26 September 2025|access-date=26 September 2025|title=Tiga Rumah di Bondowoso Dilaporkan Rusak Akibat Gempa|url=https://timesindonesia.co.id/peristiwa-daerah/556709/tiga-rumah-di-bondowoso-dilaporkan-rusak-akibat-gempa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two buildings damaged in [[Jembrana Regency|Jembrana]], [[Bali]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||publisher=Detik.com|date=26 September 2025|access-date=26 September 2025|title=Tembok Puskesmas-Rumah Warga Jembrana Rusak Akibat Gempa Banyuwangi
|url=https://www.detik.com/bali/berita/d-8131009/tembok-puskesmas-rumah-warga-jembrana-rusak-akibat-gempa-banyuwangi|author1=Aryo Mahendro}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| 1
|-
|26&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Mag. 4.6 earthquake - Kabupaten Lampung Barat, 99 km west of Bandar Lampung, Indonesia, on Friday, Sep 26, 2025, at 09:55 pm (Jakarta time) - 17 hours ago|url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/earthquakes/quake-info/22205822/mag4quake-Sep-26-2025-Southern-Sumatra-Indonesia.html|publisher=Volcano Discovery|date=26 September 2025|access-date=27 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Lampung]], {{cvt|96|km|mi}} SW of [[Kotabumi]]
|4.6
|10.0
| -
|One home destroyed and 10 others damaged in [[Tanggamus Regency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=20 September 2025|access-date=21 September 2025|title=11 Rumah Warga Ambruk-Rusak Dampak Gempa M 4,6 Tanggamus
|url=https://www.detik.com/sumbagsel/berita/d-8132956/11-rumah-warga-ambruk-rusak-dampak-gempa-m-4-6-tanggamus|lang=id|website=Detik.com|author=Tommy Saputra}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|26&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 5.2 - 19 km NW of Hualin, China|2025|us6000rd99}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||China}}, [[Gansu]], {{cvt|19|km|mi}} NW of [[Wushan County, Gansu|Hualin]]
|5.2
|10.0
|VII
|Eleven people injured, 17 homes destroyed and 4,328 others damaged in the [[Longxi County|Longxi]]-[[Zhang County|Zhang]] area.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=September 27, 2025|title=甘肃陇西地震致定西11人受伤，已有5人出院|url=https://www.163.com/dy/article/KAG04LRF0534A4SC.html|access-date=September 27, 2025|publisher=[[NetEase]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=September 27, 2025|title=甘肃省陇西县地震：3505间房屋受损，8人受伤|url=https://www.163.com/dy/article/KAFHTRQ00519D4UH.html?spss=adap_pc|access-date=September 27, 2025|publisher=[[NetEase]]|author=Hexun.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=September 27, 2025|title=救援开展有序 伤员均得到救治——甘肃陇西5.6级地震救援现场目击|url=http://www.news.cn/local/20250927/8a605ef60ad34c8188fd8295e43995ef/c.html|access-date=September 27, 2025|publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|editor=Wang Jianing}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| 11
|-
|28&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 5.2 - 18 km N of Simav, Turkey|2025|us6000rdf2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Turkey}}, [[Kütahya Province|Kütahya]], {{cvt|18|km|mi}} N of [[Simav]]
|5.2
|10.0
|VII
|Eight homes collapsed in [[Simav District]]&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=September 28, 2025|title=Yemişli Köyünde 5.4'lük Deprem: Metruk 8 Ev Yıkıldı! Vali Işın: &quot;Çok Şükür Can Kaybı Yok&quot;|url=https://dumlupinargazetesi.com/yemisli-koyunde-54luk-deprem-metruk-8-ev-yikildi-vali-isin-cok-sukur-can-kaybi-yok|access-date=September 28, 2025|publisher=Dumlupinar}}&lt;/ref&gt; and one building damaged in the [[Hisarcık]] area.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=September 28, 2025|title=
Simav'da 5.4'lük deprem: Belediye hizmet binası hasar gördü|url=https://www.birgun.net/haber/simav-da-5-4-luk-deprem-belediye-hizmet-binasi-hasar-gordu-656998|access-date=September 28, 2025|publisher=[[BirGün]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|30&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 6.9 - 10 km E of Bateria, Philippines|2025|us6000rdrz}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Filipin}}, [[Central Visayas]] offshore, {{cvt|10|km|mi}} east of [[Daanbantayan|Bateria]]
|6.9
|10.0
|IX
|
| 79
| 1,271
|-
|30&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 6.0 - 32 km SE of Kalianget, Indonesia|2025|us6000rdta}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[East Java]] offshore, {{cvt|32|km|mi}} SE of [[Sumenep Regency|Kalianget]]
|6.0
|24.2
|VII&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web||title=BMKG ShakeMap: 50 km Tenggara SUMENEP-JATIM|url=https://static.bmkg.go.id/20250930235240.mmi.jpg|language=id|work=[[Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency|BMKG]]|date=30 September 2025|access-date=30 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Six people injured, 14 structures collapsed and 316 others damaged in [[Sumenep Regency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Gempa M 6,5 di Sumenep, Masjid dan Puluhan Rumah di Pulau Sepudi Rusak|url=https://surabaya.kompas.com/read/2025/10/01/021007678/gempa-m-65-di-sumenep-masjid-dan-puluhan-rumah-di-pulau-sepudi-rusak|language=id|work=[[Kompas]]|date=30 September 2025|access-date=30 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Update Gempa Sumenep: 144 Bangunan Rusak, 6 Korban Luka|url=https://beritajatim.com/update-gempa-sumenep-144-bangunan-rusak-6-korban-luka|language=id|work=Berita Jatim|date=1 October 2025|access-date=1 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Update Data Gempa Sumenep: 316 Bangunan Rusak, Termasuk Sekolah dan Puskesmas|url=https://beritajatim.com/update-data-gempa-sumenep-316-bangunan-rusak-termasuk-sekolah-dan-puskesmas|language=id|work=Berita Jatim|date=2 October 2025|access-date=2 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eight buildings damaged in [[Pamekasan Regency|Pamekasan]], [[Situbondo Regency|Situbondo]] and [[Jember Regency|Jember]] regencies.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Bangunan warga Pamekasan rusak terdampak gempa Sumenep|url=https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/982665/bangunan-warga-pamekasan-rusak-terdampak-gempa-sumenep|language=id|work=Antara Jatim|date=1 October 2025|access-date=2 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web||title=BPBD Situbondo catat beberapa rumah rusak akibat gempa Sumenep|url=https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/982489/bpbd-situbondo-catat-beberapa-rumah-rusak-akibat-gempa-sumenep|language=id|work=Antara Jatim|date=1 October 2025|access-date=2 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |work=Tadatodays |title=Terdampak Guncangan Gempa 6,5 SR, Empat Bangunan di Jember Mengalami Kerusakan |url=https://tadatodays.com/detail/terdampak-guncangan-gempa-65-sr-empat-bangunan-di-jember-mengalami-kerusakan |access-date=2025-10-03 |lang=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; A madrasa collapsed in [[Probolinggo Regency|Probolinggo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rofiq |first=M. |title=Imbas Gempa Sumenep, Madrasah di Probolinggo Ambruk Rata dengan Tanah |url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/berita/d-8140377/imbas-gempa-sumenep-madrasah-di-probolinggo-ambruk-rata-dengan-tanah |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=detikjatim |language=id-ID }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Additional damage to the [[Al-Khoziny Islamic Boarding School collapse|collapsed Al-Khoziny Islamic Boarding School]] in [[Sidoarjo Regency]], hampering rescue efforts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marsi |first=Federica |title=Rescuers race to save survivors of Indonesia school collapse as quake hits |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/1/rescuers-race-to-save-survivors-of-indonesia-school-collapse-as-quake-hits |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| 6
|-
|}

=== Oktoba ===
[[Fayil:Damage caused by the 2025 Davao earthquakes, 3.jpg|left|thumb|230x230px|Wani gida da ya ruguje a Manay, Filipin]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;border:1px black;  margin-left:1em;&quot;
|+
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Date&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 310px&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Country and location&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Depth (km)&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;[[Modified Mercalli intensity scale|MMI]]&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Notes&lt;/small&gt;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Casualties&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Dead&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Injured&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|2&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 5.0 - 24 km S of Marmara Ereğlisi, Turkey|2025|us6000re6a}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Turkey}}, [[Tekirdağ Province|Tekirdağ]] offshore, {{cvt|24|km|mi}} S of [[Marmara Ereğlisi]]
|5.0
|10.0
|V
|Seventeen people injured and four buildings damaged in the [[Istanbul]] area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=October 2, 2025 |title=Deprem Sonrası 17 Kişi Yaralandı, 4 Binada Hasar İhbarı Yapıldı |url=https://www.muglagazetesi.com.tr/gundem/deprem-sonrasi-17-kisi-yaralandi-4-binada-hasar-ihbari-yapildi-197399h |access-date=October 2, 2025 |publisher=Mugla Gazetesi}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| 17
|-
|2&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 5.1 - 79 km NE of Ardestān, Iran|2025|us6000recq}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Iran}}, [[Isfahan province|Isfahan]], {{cvt|79|km|mi}} NE of [[Ardestan]]
|5.1
|10.0
|V
|Two homes destroyed and 181 structures damaged in the [[Zavareh]] area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=October 23, 2025 |title=خسارت زلزله به ۱۶۴ منزل مسکونی و ۱۹ بنای تاریخی در اردستان |url=https://www.iribnews.ir/fa/news/5604939/%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DB%B1%DB%B6%DB%B4-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%88-%DB%B1%DB%B9-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86 |access-date=October 24, 2025 |publisher=IRIB News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|3&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.1 - 177 km SE of Vilyuchinsk, Russia|2025|us6000rei1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|177|km|mi}} SE of [[Vilyuchinsk]]
|6.1
|19.0
|IV
|Aftershock of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake.
| -
| -
|-
|5&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 4.7 - 48 km S of Trà My, Vietnam|2025|us6000reze}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Vietnam}}, [[Quảng Ngãi province|Quảng Ngãi]], {{cvt|48|km|mi}} S of [[Da Nang|Trà My]]
|4.7
|10.0
|IV
|Several roofs collapsed and 12 structures damaged in [[Kon Plông District]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Động đất ở Quảng Ngãi: Nhiều điểm trường sập mái, tường nứt toác|url=https://tienphong.vn/dong-dat-o-quang-ngai-nhieu-diem-truong-sap-mai-tuong-nut-toac-post1784424.tpo|date=6 October 2025|access-date=6 October 2025|lang=vi|publisher=[[Tiền Phong (newspaper)|Tiền Phong]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|7&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.6 - 20 km W of Lae, Papua New Guinea|2025|us6000rfb2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}, [[Morobe Province|Morobe]], {{cvt|20|km|mi}} W of [[Lae]]
|6.6
|103.9
|VI
|Some huts collapsed and power and internet outages occurred in the Lae area.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=6.6 earthquake causes chaos at Wenge's funeral|url=https://www.thenational.com.pg/6-6-earthquake-causes-chaos-at-wenges-funeral/|date=9 October 2025|access-date=10 October 2025|lang=en|publisher=[[The National (Papua New Guinea)|The National]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| -
| -
|-
|9&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 4.6 - 9 km NNE of Labayug, Philippines|2025|us6000rfb2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Philippines}}, [[Ilocos Region|Ilocos]] offshore, {{cvt|9|km|mi}} NNE of [[Sison, Pangasinan|Sison]]
|4.6
|10.0
| -
|At least 46 people hospitalized in [[Baguio]]&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||work=Manila Bulletin|title=46 hospitalized in Baguio due to earthquake|url=https://mb.com.ph/2025/10/09/46-hospitalized-in-baguio-due-to-earthquake|date=9 October 2025|access-date=10 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; and one bridge damaged in [[Rosario, La Union]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|work=NDRRMC|title=Progress Report No.1 for the Effects of M4.4 EQ in Pugo La Union Region I|url=https://ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/4281/Progress-Report-No.-1-for-the-Effects-of-M-4.4-Earthquake-in-Pugo-La-Union-Region-I.pdf|date=10 October 2025|access-date=10 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{dead link|date=December 2025}}
| -
| 46
|-
|9&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.1 - 120 km E of Ozernovskiy, Russia|2025|us6000rft9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|120|km|mi}} E of [[Kamchatka Krai|Ozernovskiy]]
|6.1
|63.7
|VI
|Aftershock of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake.
| -
| -
|-
|10&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 7.4 - 12 km E of Santiago, Philippines|2025|pt25283000}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Philippines}}, [[Davao Region|Davao]] offshore, {{cvt|12|km|mi}} E of [[Caraga, Davao Oriental|Santiago]]
|7.4
|59.4
|VII
|
| 10 
| 1,027
|-
|10&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.3 - 139 km SE of Lorengau, Papua New Guinea|2025|us6000rfye}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}, [[Manus Province|Manus]] offshore, {{cvt|139|km|mi}} SE of [[Lorengau]]
|6.3
|10.0
|V
| -
| -
| -
|-
|10&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.7 - 12 km SE of Santiago, Philippines|2025|at00t3wxs9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Philippines}}, [[Davao Region|Davao]] offshore, {{cvt|12|km|mi}} SE of [[Caraga, Davao Oriental|Santiago]]
|6.7
|47.0
|VI
|
| -
| -
|-
|10&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 7.6 - Drake Passage|2025|at00t3xnl1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Antarctica]] offshore, [[Drake Passage]]
|7.6
|6.5
|IV
| -
| -
| -
|-
|11&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 6.0 - 10 km ENE of Aras-asan, Philippines|2025|us6000rgkr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Caraga]] offshore, {{Convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} ENE of [[Cagwait|Aras-asan]]
|6.0
|59.3
|V
|At least 344 homes damaged in the [[Cagwait]]-[[Marihatag]] area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|date=2025-10-16|title=DSWD DROMIC Report #3 on the Effects of Magnitude 6.0 Earthquake in Cagwait, Surigao del Sur|url=https://dromic.dswd.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/DSWD-DROMIC-Report-3-on-the-Effects-of-Magnitude-6.0-Earthquake-in-Cagwait-Surigao-del-Sur-as-of-16-October-2025-6PM.pdf|access-date=2025-10-16|work=[[Department of Social Welfare and Development|DSWD]]|archive-date=2025-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219044304/https://dromic.dswd.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/DSWD-DROMIC-Report-3-on-the-Effects-of-Magnitude-6.0-Earthquake-in-Cagwait-Surigao-del-Sur-as-of-16-October-2025-6PM.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|11&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 5.6 - 53 km NE of Mek'ele, Ethiopia|2025|us6000rglb}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Ethiopia}}, [[Afar Region|Afar]], {{Convert|53|km|mi|abbr=on}} NE of [[Mekelle|Mek'ele]]
|5.6
|10.0
|VII
| One person killed, nine others injured, at least five homes destroyed, 1,452 structures and 74 water wells damaged, and more than 43,400 people displaced in the [[Berhale]]-[[Dallol (woreda)|Dallol]]-[[Koneba (woreda)|Koneba]]-Mekelle area.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||work=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|title=Earthquake kills 1, displaces over 43,400 in NE Ethiopia |url=https://english.news.cn/20251013/ce81838d738545bdb940044063932ada/c.html|date=13 October 2025|access-date=13 October 2025|editor=huaxia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||work=[[ReliefWeb]]|author=ECHO|title=Ethiopia - Earthquake (DG ECHO Partners, GDACS, USGS, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 15 October 2025) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-earthquake-dg-echo-partners-gdacs-usgs-media-echo-daily-flash-15-october-2025|date=15 October 2025|access-date=16 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||work=[[Fana Broadcasting Corporate]]|title=በአፋር ክልል ኮናባ ወረዳ በተከሰተው የመሬት መንቀጥቀጥ ከ500 በላይ ቤቶች ላይ ጉዳት ደረሰ |url=https://www.fanamc.com/archives/302473|date=13 October 2025|access-date=13 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1
| 9
|-
|12&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 5.8 - 3 km S of Lapaz, Philippines|2025|us6000rgrd}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Philippines}}, [[Central Visayas]], {{Convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} S of [[Bogo, Cebu|Lapaz]]
|5.8
|10.0
|VII
| Aftershock of the 2025 Cebu earthquake. Fourteen people injured, several previously damaged homes destroyed, one road damaged, landslides and power outages occurred in the [[Bogo, Cebu|Bogo]]-[[Daanbantayan]]-[[San Remigio, Cebu|San Remigio]]-[[Sogod, Cebu|Sogod]] area.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||work=Cebu Daily News|title=14 injured after 5.8 magnitude aftershock jolts Bogo, Cebu |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/663170/14-injured-after-5-8-magnitude-aftershock-jolts-bogo-cebu|date=13 October 2025|access-date=13 October 2025|author=Morexette Marie B. Erram}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||work=Manila Bulletin|title=OCD: Power outage, minor landslides recorded as M5.8 aftershock rattles northern Cebu |url=https://mb.com.ph/2025/10/13/ocd-power-outage-minor-landslides-recorded-as-m58-aftershock-rattles-northern-cebu|date=13 October 2025|access-date=13 October 2025|author=Martin Sadongdong}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||work=GMA Integrated News|title=Magnitude 5.8 aftershock worsens damage in Cebu |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/962315/magnitude-5-8-aftershock-worsens-cebu-damage/story/|date=13 October 2025|access-date=13 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| 14
|-
|16&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 6.3 - Drake Passage|2025|us6000rhf2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Antarctica]] offshore, [[Drake Passage]]
|6.3
|10.0
|I 
| -
| -
| -
|-
|16&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 6.5 - 194 km WNW of Abepura, Indonesia|2025|at00t47mtk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Papua (province)|Papua]], {{Convert|194|km|mi|abbr=on}} WNW of [[Jayapura|Abepura]]
|6.5
|35.0
|VII
| At least 20 homes destroyed and 50 structures damaged in [[Sarmi Regency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||work=Detik.com|title=Puluhan Bangunan Rusak Akibat Gempa M 6,6 di Sarmi Papua |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-8163978/puluhan-bangunan-rusak-akibat-gempa-m-6-6-di-sarmi-papua|date=16 October 2025|access-date=16 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||work=Kompas.com|title=Dampak Gempa di Sarmi, 50 Rumah, 2 Gereja, dan 2 Jembatan Rusak|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2025/10/16/165519578/dampak-gempa-di-sarmi-50-rumah-2-gereja-dan-2-jembatan-rusak|date=16 October 2025|lang=id|access-date=16 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|16&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 6.0 - 3 km N of Union, Philippines|2025|us6000rhns}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Philippines}}, [[Caraga]], {{cvt|3|km|mi}} N of [[Dapa, Surigao del Norte|Union]]
|6.0
|32.0
|VI
|At least four structures damaged in the [[San Benito, Surigao del Norte|San Benito]]-[[Socorro, Surigao del Norte|Socorro]] area.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||work=GMA Integrated News|title=Damaged house, schools reported so far due to Surigao del Norte earthquake|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/962799/damaged-house-schools-reported-so-far-due-to-surigao-del-norte-earthquake/story/|date=17 October 2025|lang=en|access-date=17 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|17&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Earthquake information|url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1868568|publisher=EMSC-CSEM|date=17 October 2025|access-date=18 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Myanmar}}, [[Yangon Region|Yangon]], {{cvt|6|km|mi}} SSE of [[Yangon]]
|3.9
|7.0
| -
|Two people injured in [[North Okkalapa Township]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||work=Democratic Voice of Burma|title=Magnitude 3.9 earthquake rattles Yangon residents|url=https://english.dvb.no/magnitude-3-9-earthquake-rattles-yangon-residents/|date=18 October 2025|lang=en|access-date=18 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| 2
|-
|20&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 5.0 - 13 km N of Estebanía, Dominican Republic|2025|us6000rich}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Dominican Republic}}, [[San José de Ocoa Province|San José de Ocoa]], {{cvt|13|km|mi}} N of [[Estebanía]]
|5.0
|10.0
|V
|At least twelve students hospitalized and one school damaged in the [[Sabana Larga]] area.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||work=Listin Diario|title=Estudiantes se desmayan tras temblor en Sabana Larga, Ocoa|url=https://listindiario.com/la-republica/provincias/20251021/estudiantes-desmayan-temblor-sabana-larga-ocoa_879047.html|date=21 October 2025|lang=es|access-date=21 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| 12
|-
|21&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 5.0 - 47 km ENE of Nūrābād, Iran|2025|us6000rieu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Iran}}, [[Fars province|Fars]], {{cvt|47|km|mi}} ENE of [[Nurabad, Fars|Nurabad]]
|5.0
|10.0
|IV
|Eight people injured and some homes and buildings damaged in [[Sepidan County]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||work=Nour News|title=زلزله سپیدان فارس 8 مصدوم بر جای گذاشت/مدارس فردا مجازی شد|url=https://nournews.ir/fa/news/252332/%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3-8-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C-%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%AF|date=21 October 2025|lang=fa|access-date=21 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| 8
|-
|22&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 5.5 - 16 km WNW of Piñas, Ecuador|2025|us6000rik7}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Ecuador}}, [[El Oro Province|El Oro]], 16 km (9.9 mi) WNW of [[Piñas Canton|Piñas]]
|5.5
|73.6
|V
|Power outages occurred in [[Arenillas Canton]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Extra |first=Diario |title=Sismo en Ecuador: Fuerte temblor se sintió este martes 21 de octubre, ¿hubo daños? |url=https://www.extra.ec/noticia/ecuador/fuerte-temblor-se-sintio-en-ecuador-este-martes-21-de-octubre-hubo-danos-139353.html |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=Diario Extra |language=spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-22 |title=‘Sentimos que todo se movía, los vidrios sonaban’: sismo de 6,1 sacudió con fuerza a El Oro y varias provincias del Ecuador |url=https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/ecuador/sismo-de-61-sacudio-con-fuerza-a-el-oro-y-varias-provincias-del-ecuador-nota/ |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=El Universo |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two schools damaged in the [[Department of Piura|Piura]]-[[Department of Tumbes|Tumbes]] area, Peru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-23 |title=REPORTE COMPLEMENTARIO N.º 11186 – 23/10/2025 / COEN – INDECI / 13:00 HORAS (Reporte N.º 3) SISMO DE MAGNITUD 6.0 CON EPICENTRO EN EL ECUADOR A 36 KM AL SE DE ZARUMILLA – TUMBES |url=https://portal.indeci.gob.pe/emergencias/reporte-preliminar-n-1432-21-10-2025-coen-indeci-1935-horas-sismo-de-magnitud-6-0-con-epicentro-en-el-ecuador-a-36-km-al-se-de-zarumilla-tumbes/ |website=INDECI Tarea de Todos |language=es-PE}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|22&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 5.9 - 7 km SSW of Quepos, Costa Rica|2025|us6000ril5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Costa Rica}}, [[Puntarenas Province|Puntarenas]] offshore, {{cvt|7|km|mi}} SSW of [[Quepos]]
|5.9
|31.0
|V
|The ceiling of a gas station collapsed and power outages occurred in the [[Jacó, Costa Rica|Jacó]]-[[Parrita]]-Quepos area.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||work=CRHoy|title=(VIDEO) Fuerte sismo provocó caída de productos en comercios de Quepos|url=https://crhoy.com/video-fuerte-sismo-provoco-caida-de-productos-en-comercios-de-quepos/|date=22 October 2025|lang=es|access-date=22 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||work=La Nación|title=Temblor de 6,1 grados sacude Costa Rica; reportan caída de objetos y cortes de electricidad en Quepos y Parrita|url=https://crhoy.com/video-fuerte-sismo-provoco-caida-de-productos-en-comercios-de-quepos/|date=22 October 2025|lang=es|access-date=22 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|25&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 6.0 - 197 km SSE of Lata, Solomon Islands|2025|us6000rjhm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Vanuatu}}, [[Torba Province|Torba]] offshore, {{cvt|197|km|mi}} SSE of [[Lata, Solomon Islands|Lata]], [[Solomon Islands]]
|6.0
|54.4
|IV
| -
| -
| -
|-
|26&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 6.2 - 59 km NW of Pante Makasar, Timor Leste|2025|us6000rjkv}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Indonesia}}, [[East Nusa Tenggara]] offshore, {{cvt|59|km|mi}} NW of [[Pante Macassar|Pante Makasar]], [[East Timor]]
|6.2
|95.6
|V
| -
| -
| -
|-
|27&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 6.5 - 162 km E of Beauséjour, Guadeloupe|2025|us6000rjq8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|France}}, [[Guadeloupe]] offshore, {{cvt|162|km|mi}} E of [[La Désirade (commune)|Beauséjour]]
|6.5
|10.0
|IV
| -
| -
| -
|-
|27&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 4 km ESE of Sındırgı, Turkey|2025|us6000rjsu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Turkey}}, [[Balıkesir Province|Balıkesir]], {{cvt|4|km|mi}} ESE of [[Sındırgı]]
|6.0
|10.0
|VIII
|
| -
| 68
|-
|28&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 4.9 - 11 km SSE of Sındırgı, Turkey|2025|us6000rjvg}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Turkey}}, [[Balıkesir Province|Balıkesir]], {{cvt|11|km|mi}} SSE of [[Sındırgı]]
|4.9
|10.0
|II
|Aftershock of the 2025 Balıkesir earthquakes. One previously-damaged building collapsed in Sındırgı.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Bursa'da hissedildi! Artçı sarsıntılar devam ediyor...|url=https://www.bursadabugun.com/haber/bursa-da-hissedildi-artci-sarsintilar-devam-ediyor-1856722.html|date=28 October 2025|access-date=28 October 2025|agency=Bursada Bugün}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|28&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 6.4 - Banda Sea|2025|us6000rjx3}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Indonesia}}, [[Maluku (province)|Maluku]] offshore, {{cvt|325|km|mi}} WSW of [[Tual]]
|6.4
|143.6
|IV
| -
| -
| -
|-
|}

=== Nuwamba ===
[[Fayil:Earthquake Afghanistan Aid Iran Tasnim November 2025.jpg|left|thumb|230x230px|Gidaje sun ruguje a Balkh, Afghanistan]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;border:1px black;  margin-left:1em;&quot;
|+
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Date&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 310px&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Country and location&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Depth (km)&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;[[Modified Mercalli intensity scale|MMI]]&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Notes&lt;/small&gt;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Casualties&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Dead&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Injured&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|2&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 6.2 - 29 km SE of Mazār-e Sharīf, Afghanistan|2025|us6000rl31}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Afghanistan}}, [[Balkh Province|Balkh]], {{cvt|29|km|mi}} SE of [[Mazār-e Sharīf]]
|6.2
|28.0
|VII
|
|31
|1,172
|-
|3&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 6.1 - 151 km SE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us6000rl5i}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|151|km|mi}} SE of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]
|6.1
|29.0
|IV
|Aftershock of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake
| -
| -
|-
|4&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 6.0 - 191 km WSW of Merizo Village, Guam|2025|us6000rlcd}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Guam}} offshore, {{cvt|191|km|mi}} WSW of [[Malesso, Guam|Merizo Village]]
|6.0
|65.0
|III
| -
| -
| -
|-
|4&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 6.0 - 149 km SE of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia|2025|us6000rlik}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Russia}}, [[Kamchatka Krai|Kamchatka]] offshore, {{cvt|149|km|mi}} SE of [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]
|6.0
|28.0
|IV
|Aftershock of the 2025 Kamchatka earthquake
| -
| -
|-
|4&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 5.9 - 70 km S of Gorontalo, Indonesia|2025|us6000rlim}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}, [[Gorontalo]] offshore, {{cvt|70|km}} S of [[Gorontalo (city)|Gorontalo]]
|5.9
|120.3
|IV
| The walls and ceilings of a school collapsed in [[Banggai Regency]], and some homes and buildings damaged in [[Bone Bolango Regency|Bone Bolango]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Gempa 6,2 Magnitudo Guncang Gorontalo, Getaran Terasa hingga Sulawesi Utara dan Tengah |url=https://buol.pikiran-rakyat.com/news/pr-3459769327/gempa-62-magnitudo-guncang-gorontalo-getaran-terasa-hingga-sulawesi-utara-dan-tengah?page=all |work=Pikiran Rakyat|date=5 November 2025|access-date=6 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Gempa M 6,2 Guncang Gorontalo, Sekolah di Banggai Sulteng Rusak |url=https://www.beritasatu.com/nusantara/2938155/gempa-m-62-guncang-gorontalo-sekolah-di-banggai-sulteng-rusak |work=BeritaSatu|date=6 November 2025|access-date=6 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|5&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 4.8 - 13 km ESE of Tarakan, Indonesia|2025|us6000rln1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Indonesia}}, [[North Kalimantan]] offshore, {{cvt|13|km|mi}} ESE of [[Tarakan]]
|4.8
|10.0
|V&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Tarakan Diguncang Gempa M 4,8, Dipicu Aktivitas Sesar Tarakan|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2025/11/05/184441178/tarakan-diguncang-gempa-m-48-dipicu-aktivitas-sesar-tarakan. |work=[[Kompas]] |lang=id |date=5 November 2025|access-date=5 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Two people injured,&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=RSUD-Plaza Ramayana Rusak, 2 Warga Luka Pascagempa di Tarakan|url=https://www.detik.com/kalimantan/berita/d-8198423/rsud-plaza-ramayana-rusak-2-warga-luka-pascagempa-di-tarakan|date=7 November 2025|lang=id|access-date=7 November 2025|website=Detik}}&lt;/ref&gt; two homes destroyed and 22 structures, including [[Juwata Airport]] damaged in Tarakan.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Rumah Sakit hingga Bandara Terdampak Gempa M 4,8 di Tarakan|url=https://www.detik.com/kalimantan/berita/d-8196353/rumah-sakit-hingga-bandara-terdampak-gempa-m-4-8-di-tarakan|date=5 November 2025|lang=id|access-date=5 November 2025|website=Detik}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||title=Update Data Pasca Gempa di Tarakan, BPBD Sebut Ada 17 Titik Rumah Rusak Mulai Ringan hingga Berat|url=https://kaltara.tribunnews.com/kaltara/114378/update-data-pasca-gempa-di-tarakan-bpbd-sebut-ada-17-titik-rumah-rusak-mulai-ringan-hingga-berat|date=6 November 2025|lang=id|access-date=6 November 2025|website=Tribunnews}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| 2
|-
|7&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 5.6 - 75 km NNE of Santa Rosalía, Mexico|2025|us6000rm2p}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Flag|Mexico}}, [[Baja California Sur]] offshore, {{cvt|75|km|mi}} NNE of [[Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur|Santa Rosalía]]
|5.6
|10.0
|IV
| The facade of a building collapsed in [[Guaymas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=7 November 2025|access-date=9 November 2025|title=Cierran oficinas del Registro Civil en Guaymas tras derrumbe de fachada por sismo|url=https://www.critica.com.mx/vernoticias.php?artid=113861&amp;relacion=critica&amp;mas=2|lang=es|website=Critica}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|7&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Earthquake information|url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1894518|publisher=EMSC-CSEM|date=7 November 2025|access-date=8 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Turkey}}, [[Hatay Province|Hatay]], {{cvt|7|km|mi}} W of [[Antakya]]
|3.6
|12.0
| -
|One person injured due to panic in the [[Defne]] area.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=7 November 2025|access-date=8 November 2025|title=Son dakika... Hatay'da 3.9 büyüklüğünde deprem oldu|url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/son-dakika-hatayda-3-9-buyuklugunde-deprem-oldu-43011490|lang=tr|website=Hürriyet}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| 1
|-
|8&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Earthquake information|url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1894977|publisher=EMSC-CSEM|date=8 November 2025|access-date=9 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Indonesia}}, [[North Kalimantan]] offshore, {{cvt|19|km|mi}} E of [[Tarakan]]
|4.2
|10.0
| -
|Aftershock of the 4.7 event in November 5. One home collapsed in the Tarakan area.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=8 November 2025|access-date=9 November 2025|title=Gempa Kembali Guncang Tarakan, Satu Rumah Warga Rusak Parah|url=https://intikatanusantara.id/gempa-kembali-guncang-tarakan-satu-rumah-warga-rusak-parah/|lang=id|website=Inti Kata Nusantara}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|9&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 6.8 - 126 km E of Yamada, Japan|2025|us6000rmea}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Japan}}, [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]] offshore, {{cvt|126|km|mi}} E of [[Yamada, Iwate|Yamada]]
|6.8
|10.0
| V
|A tsunami with heights of {{cvt|20|cm}} was observed in [[Kuji, Iwate|Kuji]] and [[Ōfunato]] and {{cvt|10|cm}} at [[Miyako, Iwate|Miyako]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=9 November 2025|access-date=9 November 2025|title=岩手で津波観測　久慈・大船渡で20センチ　震度4で津波注意報 |url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20251109/k00/00m/040/167000c|lang=ja|website=[[Mainichi Shimbun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|9&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 6.4 - 121 km E of Yamada, Japan|2025|us6000rmep}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Japan}}, [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]] offshore, {{cvt|121|km|mi}} E of [[Yamada, Iwate|Yamada]]
|6.4
|10.0
|IV
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Aftershocks of the 6.8 event. 
| -
| -
|-
|10&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 6.0 - 120 km E of Yamada, Japan|2025|us6000rmk2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Japan}}, [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]] offshore, {{cvt|120|km|mi}} E of [[Yamada, Iwate|Yamada]]
|6.0
|11.2
|IV
| -
| -
|-
|12&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 5.2 - 2 km ESE of Konia, Cyprus|2025|us6000rmxj}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Cyprus}}, [[Paphos District|Paphos]], {{cvt|2|km|mi}} ESE of [[Konia, Cyprus|Konia]]
|5.2
|10.0
|VI
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|One wall collapsed in [[Kelokedara]], several homes and buildings including a monastery damaged, rockfalls and telecommunication outages occurred in [[Paphos District]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=13 November 2025|access-date=13 November 2025|title=Ζημιές σε διατηρητέο και παλιό τείχος από τους σεισμούς στην Πάφο. Κλιμάκιο Τμ. Αρχαιοτήτων στη Μονή Αγίου Νεοφύτου|url=https://cyprustimes.com/koinonia/zimies-se-diatiriteo-kai-palio-teichos-apo-tous-seismous-stin-pafo-klimakio-tm-archaiotiton-sti-moni-agiou-neofytou/|lang=el|website=Cyprus Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=12 November 2025|access-date=13 November 2025|title=5.3-magnitude earthquake shakes Cyprus, no injuries reported|url=https://english.news.cn/20251112/1569de0a6eb14ed4b36da748ba1879d0/c.html|lang=en|website=Xinhua News Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|12&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 5.3 - 3 km SE of Meládeia, Cyprus|2025|us6000rmyh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Cyprus}}, [[Paphos District|Paphos]], {{cvt|3|km|mi}} SE of [[Meladeia]]
|5.3
|10.0
|VI
| -
| -
|-
|14&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Earthquake information|url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1898690|publisher=EMSC-CSEM|date=14 November 2025|access-date=15 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Netherlands}}, [[Groningen Province|Groningen]], {{cvt|13|km|mi}} WNW of [[Appingedam]]
|3.2
|10.0
| -
|At least 1,077 homes damaged, 32 of them severely in the [[Groningen]] area.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=16 November 2025|access-date=16 November 2025|title=Meer dan duizend schademeldingen na aardbeving Groningen|url=https://www.rtl.nl/nieuws/binnenland/artikel/5539166/aardbeving-natuurramp-groningen-gaswinning|lang=nl|website=RTL Nederland}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|19&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Earthquake information|url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1901810|publisher=EMSC-CSEM|date=19 November 2025|access-date=20 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Java]], {{cvt|17|km|mi}} SSE of [[Bandung Regency|Banjaran]]
|3.3
|10.0
| -
|One house collapsed and one hospital damaged in [[Bandung Regency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=20 November 2025|access-date=20 November 2025|title=Kabupaten Bandung Diguncang 9 Kali Gempa, Rumah Roboh dan RS Retak|url=https://jabarekspres.com/berita/2025/11/20/kabupaten-bandung-diguncang-9-kali-gempa-rumah-roboh-dan-rs-retak/|lang=id|website=Jabar Ekspres}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|21&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 5.4 - 14 km SSW of Narsingdi, Bangladesh|2025|us6000rpht}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}, [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], {{cvt|14|km|mi}} SSW of [[Narsingdi]]
|5.4
|27.0
|VI
|
| 10
| 629
|-
|22&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 4.3 - 11 km W of Narsingdi, Bangladesh|2025|us6000rptl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}, [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], {{cvt|11|km|mi}} W of [[Narsingdi]]
|4.3
|10.0
|V
| Aftershock of the 2025 Bangladesh earthquake. Six students injured due to panic at [[Dhaka University]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=22 November 2025|access-date=22 November 2025|title=ভূমিকম্প: আতঙ্কে-হুড়োহুড়িতে ঢাবির ৬ শিক্ষার্থী আহত|url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/youth/education/campus/news-716431|lang=bn|website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| 6
|-
|24&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Earthquake information|url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1904259|publisher=EMSC-CSEM|date=24 November 2025|access-date=26 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Indonesia}}, [[Aceh]], {{cvt|31|km|mi}} SSE of [[Bireuën|Bireun]]
|4.6
|10.0
| -
|The ceiling of a room in a university collapsed in [[Takengon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=25 November 2025|access-date=26 November 2025|title=Kerusakan Plafon Ruang Kuliah UGP Takengon Akibat Gempa|url=https://rri.co.id/takengon/daerah/1996439/kerusakan-plafon-ruang-kuliah-ugp-takengon-akibat-gempa|lang=id|website=Radio Republik Indonesia}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|25&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 5.4 - 13 km N of Aso, Japan|2025|us7000rdmh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Japan}}, [[Kumamoto Prefecture|Kumamoto]], {{cvt|13|km|mi}} N of [[Aso, Kumamoto|Aso]]
|5.4
|10.0
|VII
| One person injured and rockfalls occurred in the Aso-[[Ubuyama, Kumamoto|Ubuyama]] area.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=25 November 2025|access-date=25 November 2025|title=熊本・阿蘇地方で震度5強　高齢女性、転倒し軽傷（共同通信）|url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/d195874d9f80bcd08a42312a5d9ed279bc34a6f3|lang=ja|website=Yahoo! News Japan}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| 1
|-
|27&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 6.6 - 45 km WNW of Sinabang, Indonesia|2025|us7000re2g}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Indonesia}}, [[Aceh]], {{cvt|45|km|mi}} WNW of [[Sinabang]]
|6.6
|25.4
|VI 
| Twelve people injured, several buildings and the roof of an office building collapsed, one mosque and a health center damaged and a warehouse caught fire in [[Simeulue Regency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=27 November 2025|access-date=27 November 2025|title=Update Gempa 6,3 di Simeulue Aceh: 12 Warga Luka, Bangunan Rubuh, dan Gudang Terbakar|url=https://www.kompas.tv/nasional/633981/update-gempa-6-3-di-simeulue-aceh-12-warga-luka-bangunan-rubuh-dan-gudang-terbakar|lang=id|website=[[Kompas.id]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=27 November 2025|access-date=27 November 2025|title=Masjid hingga Puskesmas di Simeulue Aceh Rusak Akibat Gempa M 6,3|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/nusantara/2944413/masjid-hingga-puskesmas-di-simeulue-aceh-rusak-akibat-gempa-m-63|lang=id|website=Beritasatu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| 12
|-
|27&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 6.0 - 12 km WNW of Susitna, Alaska|2025|ak2025xjbvhj}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||United States}}, [[Alaska]], {{cvt|12|km|mi}} WNW of [[Susitna, Alaska|Susitna]]
|6.0
|69.4
|VI 
| -
| -
| -
|-
|}

=== Disamba ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;border:1px black;  margin-left:1em;&quot;
|+
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Date&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 310px&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Country and location&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Depth (km)&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;[[Modified Mercalli intensity scale|MMI]]&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Notes&lt;/small&gt;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;small&gt;Casualties&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Dead&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;Injured&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|6&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 7.0 - 2025 Hubbard Glacier Earthquake|2025|ak2025xzwiky}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Canada}}, [[Yukon]], {{cvt|90|km|mi}} N of [[Yakutat, Alaska]]
|7.0
|10.0
|VIII
| Landslides and avalanches occurred in the [[Kluane National Park and Reserve]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=17 December 2025|access-date=18 December 2025|title=Mountain Sides Collapse After Huge Earthquake|url=https://gripped.com/profiles/mountain-sides-collapse-after-huge-earthquake/|lang=en|website=Gripped.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|8&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 7.6 - 2025 Aomori Prefecture, Japan Earthquake|2025|pt25342050}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Japan}}, [[Aomori Prefecture|Aomori]] offshore, {{cvt|73|km|mi}} ENE of [[Misawa, Aomori|Misawa]]
|7.6
|44.1
|VIII&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite anss|M 7.6 - 2025 Aomori Prefecture, Japan Earthquake - ShakeMap|2025|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000rtdt/shakemap/stations?source=us&amp;code=us6000rtdt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| -
| 47
|-
|8&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.6 - 125 km S of Honchō, Japan|2025|us6000rtie}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Japan}}, [[Aomori Prefecture|Aomori]] offshore, {{cvt|125|km|mi}} S of [[Erimo, Hokkaido|Honchō]]
|6.6
|10.0
|V
|Aftershock of the 2025 Aomori earthquake.
| -
| - 
|-
|12&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.7 - 114 km ENE of Hachinohe, Japan|2025|pt25346000}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Japan}}, [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]] offshore, {{cvt|114|km|mi}} ENE of [[Hachinohe]]
|6.7
|10.7
|V
|Aftershock do the 2025 Aomori earthquake. One person injured in [[Hiranai]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/06624defecf9c6e720a61008d65a42661ae39158 |title=青森で震度4　一時津波注意報　1人ケガ |work=Yahoo! News Japan |date=13 December 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; and tsunamis with heights of {{cvt|20|cm}} observed in [[Erimo, Hokkaido|Erimo]] and Hachinohe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=【速報】北海道・えりも庶野と青森・八戸港で20cmの津波観測 |publisher=[[Fuji News Network]] |language=ja |url=https://www.fnn.jp/articles/-/973901 |date=12 December 2025 |access-date=12 December 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| -
| 1 
|-
|15&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|web||title=Earthquake information|url=https://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake_information/earthquake.php?id=1914921|publisher=EMSC-CSEM|date=15 December 2025|access-date=15 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{#invoke:flag||Turkey}}, [[Hatay Province|Hatay]], {{cvt|3|km|mi}} NNW of [[Antakya]]
|4.0
|10.0
| -
|One person injured due to panic in the Antakya area.&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=15 December 2025|access-date=15 December 2025|title=Hatay 4.2 ile sarsıldı: Depremden kaçarken bacağını çatlattı!|url=https://www.gzt.com/jurnalist/hatay-42-ile-sarsildi-depremden-kacarken-bacagini-catlatti-yerel-haberler-3824598|lang=tr|website=GZT.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| 1
|-
|22&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.5 - 42 km NNE of Goroka, Papua New Guinea|2025|us6000rwgh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}, [[Madang Province|Madang]], {{cvt|42|km|mi}} NNE of [[Goroka]]
|6.5
|110.2
|VI
| -
| -
| -
|-
|24&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 2025 Taitung, Taiwan Earthquake|2025|us7000rkjm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Taiwan}}, [[Taitung County|Taitung]] offshore, {{cvt|11|km|mi}} NNE of [[Taitung City|Taitung]]
|6.0
|10.0
|VII
| The ceilings of a school and a store collapsed, walls cracked at a prison and a fire occurred at a building in [[Taitung City]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=24 December 2025|access-date=24 December 2025|title=台東體中牆面磁磚「被地震震落」！健身房天花板砸地上　慘況曝光|url=https://www.ettoday.net/news/20251224/3089829.htm|lang=zh|website=ET Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=24 December 2025|access-date=24 December 2025|title=台東發生六點一規模地震 火車暫時行駛 監獄圍牆龜裂 餘震不斷引民眾驚慌|url=https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%8F%B0%E6%9D%B1%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E5%85%AD%E9%BB%9E-%E8%A6%8F%E6%A8%A1%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87-%E7%81%AB%E8%BB%8A%E6%9A%AB%E6%99%82%E8%A1%8C%E9%A7%9B-%E7%9B%A3%E7%8D%84%E5%9C%8D%E7%89%86%E9%BE%9C%E8%A3%82-%E9%A4%98%E9%9C%87%E4%B8%8D%E6%96%B7%E5%BC%95%E6%B0%91%E7%9C%BE%E9%A9%9A%E6%85%8C-121855065.html |lang=zh|website=Yahoo! News Taiwan}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
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|27&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.6 - 31 km ESE of Yilan, Taiwan|2025|us7000rl2n}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Taiwan}}, [[Yilan County, Taiwan|Yilan]] offshore, {{cvt|31|km|mi}} ESE of [[Yilan City]]
|6.6
|67.5
|VI
|One person killed in [[Wugu District]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=28 December 2025|access-date=28 December 2025|title=7.0強震造成1人亡！ 德音國小水管漏水 工友爬梯關水閥摔落重創亡|url=https://udn.com/news/story/124692/9230065|lang=zh|website=[[United Daily News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eight structures damaged and water and gas leaks in [[Taipei]],&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=28 December 2025|access-date=28 December 2025|title=宜蘭外海規模7地震北市接獲39件災情　多數已處理|url=https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ahel/202512280022.aspx|lang=zh|website=[[Central News Agency (Taiwan)|Central News Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; the ceiling of the terminal of [[Taoyuan International Airport]] partially collapsed&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=27 December 2025|access-date=27 December 2025|title=6.6级地震深夜袭台 桃园机场惊传天花板塌陷|url=https://finance.sina.com.cn/jjxw/2025-12-28/doc-inhehise9479699.shtml|lang=zh|website=[[Sina Corporation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and one building and a road damaged in [[New Taipei]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=27 December 2025|access-date=27 December 2025|title=強震驚魂！板橋社區降 [磁磚雨] 住戶淚控：都更再慢恐出人命|url=https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=1771775|lang=zh|website=[[SET News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=27 December 2025|access-date=27 December 2025|title=規模7.0地震 [搖到地裂]? 新莊馬路驚見 [大裂縫] 網挖對比照嚇傻|url=https://www.msn.com/zh-tw/news/living/%E8%A6%8F%E6%A8%A17-0%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87-%E6%90%96%E5%88%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%A3%82-%E6%96%B0%E8%8E%8A%E9%A6%AC%E8%B7%AF%E9%A9%9A%E8%A6%8B-%E5%A4%A7%E8%A3%82%E7%B8%AB-%E7%B6%B2%E6%8C%96%E5%B0%8D%E6%AF%94%E7%85%A7%E5%9A%87%E5%82%BB/ar-AA1T7ZjY|lang=zh|website=[[MSN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1
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|-
|28&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 4.6 - 34 km NW of Bukittinggi, Indonesia|2025|us7000rl53}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Sumatra]] offshore, {{Cvt|34|km|mi}} NW of [[Bukittinggi]]
|4.6
|46.3
| -
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Ten homes destroyed and 15 others damaged in [[Agam Regency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||date=28 December 2025|access-date=28 December 2025|title=Gempa Pasaman M 4,7 Rusak Puluhan Rumah di Agam|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/nusantara/2953271/gempa-pasaman-m-47-rusak-puluhan-rumah-di-agam|lang=id|website=Berita Satu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| -
| -
|-
|28&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 4.6 - 43 km NW of Bukittinggi, Indonesia|2025|us7000rl54}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Indonesia}}, [[West Sumatra]] offshore, {{Cvt|43|km|mi}} NW of [[Bukittinggi]]
|4.6
|58.5
| -
| -
| -
|-
|28&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.2 - 36 km W of Puerto Santa, Peru|2025|us7000rl57}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Peru}}, [[Department of La Libertad|La Libertad]] offshore, {{Cvt|36|km|mi}} W of [[Santa, Peru|Puerto Santa]]
|6.2
|66.4
|VI
|
| -
| 53
|-
|31&lt;ref&gt;{{cite anss|M 6.0 - 91 km E of Noda, Japan|2025|us7000rlq3}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{flag|Japan}}, [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]] offshore, {{cvt|91|km|mi}} E of [[Noda, Iwate|Noda]]
|6.0
|19.3
|IV
|Aftershock of the 2025 Aomori earthquake.
| -
| -
|-
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|3}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hukumar Karatu</title>
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'''Hukumar Karatu ta kasance'''  ƙungiya ce mai ba da agaji Wanda aka yi rajista a Kasar Ingila da Wales &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1085443 - READ - THE READING AGENCY |url=http://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=1085443&amp;SubsidiaryNumber=0}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce ke aikin inganta fa'idodin karatu tsakanin yara da kuma manya a Kasar Burtaniya, suna aiki a tare da abokan hulɗa ciki har da ɗakunan karatu na jama'a wato (public libraries), da kuma kwalejojin da gidan gyaran Hali wato kurkuku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our partners &amp;#124; Reading Agency |url=https://readingagency.org.uk/about/partners/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukansu ==
Ha zuwa shekarar  2014 Sue Wilkinson ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba. Hukumar [[Reading|karatu]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;n ta kasance ta samo asali ne daga ginin Society of Authors a [[Holborn|Holborn, London]] kuma ta bayyana aikinta a matsayin &quot; magance manyan ƙalubalen rayuwa ta hanyar tabbatar da ikon yin  karatu&quot; kamar ƙwarewar rayuwa da kuma ilmantarwa, Samar da lafiya ,da rashin jin daɗi da ware kai da kaɗaici.

Babban shirin kungiyar ya kasance ga yara shine Summer Reading Challenge, wanda ya fara a shekarar 1999. Ana gudanar da ƙalubalen Karatun bazara tare da ɗakunan karatu na jama'a kuma yana ƙarfafawa Kan  yara su karanta littattafai shida a lokacin hutun bazara wato (summer) na makaranta. Hukumar Karatu ta kuma gudanar da kungiyoyin karatun yara na Chatterbooks a makarantu da dama da kuma  da dakunan karatu wato (libraries) a duk faɗin Kasar Burtaniya.

Hukumar Karatun ta kasance da shirye-shirye masu yawa ga manya ma . Kungiyar ya kasance tana aiki tare da sanannun marubuta da masu bugawa, don ƙirƙirar gajerun littattafai da ake kira Quick Reads waɗanda ake siyarwa a cikin shagunan littattafai kuma ana amfani da su a cikin ɗakunan karatu, kurkuku, asibitoci, kwalejoji da kungiyoyin ilmantarwa na manya. Quick Reads an saka shi a cikin shirin ilimin manya na kungiyar, Reading Ahead, wanda ke gudana a cikin ɗakunan karatu na jama'a wato (public libraries), gidan gyaran Hali wato kurkuku,ya kuma kumshi  kungiyoyin ilmantarwa na manya, kwalejoji, ƙungiyoyin kwadago da wuraren aiki a duk faɗin Kasar Burtaniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reading Ahead &amp;#124; Reading Agency |url=https://readingagency.org.uk/adults/quick-guides/reading-ahead/ |access-date=2025-09-14 |archive-date=2023-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027233727/https://readingagency.org.uk/adults/quick-guides/reading-ahead/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hukumar Karatun tana gudanar da Daren Littafin Duniya wato (world book night), a duk bikin shekara-shekara na karatu da ake gudanar a duk ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu. A kuma cikin 2018, kashi  casa'in da Tara cikin dari wato (97%) na kungiyoyin da suka halarci taron sun kimanta kwarewarsu na shiga cikin World Book Night a matsayin Mai Kyau ko Mai Kyau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Book Night 2018 Evaluation |url=https://worldbooknight.org/impact/wbn-2018-evaluation |website=www.worldbooknight.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hukumar Karatu tana aiki tare da ɗakunan karatu na jama'a. Ana ba da Littattafan Reading Well a kan tsarin Prescription tare da haɗin gwiwar Littattafan da aka haɗa kuma ana samun su a cikin ɗakunan karatu na jama'a a duk faɗin Kasar  Ingila da kuma Kasar Wales.

A cikin shekarar 2018 Hukumar Karatu ta ƙaddamar da Abokan Karatu, shirin da Babban Asusun Lottery Wanda ya kasance tallafi ne Manufar ita ce magance kaɗaici da warewar kai ta hanyar fara tattaunawa ta hanyar karatu. Hukumar Karatu tana aiki tare da abokan hulɗa da yawa a duk faɗin Burtaniya don haɓaka da gwada hanyoyin da za a iya fitar da su a ko'ina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reading Friends |url=https://readingfriends.org.uk/ |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=readingfriends.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da kari, Hukumar Karatu tana tallafawa kungiyoyin karatu sama da 4,000 da ke ba su kuma shawara da tallafi da kuma shigar da su cikin kyaututtuka na litattafan litattafai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RGfE |url=https://readinggroups.org/ |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=readinggroups.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027233727/https://readinggroups.org/ |archive-date=2023-10-27 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== In Da Aka Samu Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website}}
[[Category:Hukumomi ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hash (tafiye)</title>
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'''Hash''' suna ne na miya ko miya da aka yi da naman alade, na ɓalle da albasa. Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa shi da shinkafa a matsayin &quot; hash da shinkafa &quot;. Hash wani bangare ne na abinci na Kudancin Amurka inda aka ƙirƙira shi a matsayin hanyar amfani da yankan nama mara daɗi. Ana amfani da tasa da farko a cikin jihar South Carolina, inda ake hada shi da barbecue. Akwai nau'ikan zanta da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da haɗuwa daban-daban na nama da kayan lambu.
[[Fayil:Plate_of_food_at_Maurice's_Gourmet_BBQ.jpg|thumb|Farantin barbecue tare da hash na tushen mustard]]

== Tarihi ==
Al'ummomin da ake bautar da su ne suka ƙirƙira shi a kusa da kogin Savannah kafin yakin basasar Amurka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gaines |first=Patrice |date=2023-06-19 |title=Hash: The delicious barbecue dish that's a South Carolina secret |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/hash-barbecue-south-carolina/index.html |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=CNN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yiwu tasa ta samo asali ne a matsayin hanyar da za a canza rahusa, ƙarancin yankan naman da ya ragu daga barbecues na alade, gami da kai da gabobin jiki, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Story of Hash &amp; Rice |url=https://robertfmoss.com/features/The-Story-of-South-Carolina-Hash-and-Rice |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=robertfmoss.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta hanyar dafa su zuwa stew mai laushi, mai daɗi da yawa wanda za a iya ci tare da cokali.  Masanin tarihin abinci Robert F. Moss ya yi iƙirarin cewa sunan &quot;hash&quot; mai yiwuwa ya fito daga &quot;haslet&quot;, tsohuwar kalmar Ingilishi don viscera. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Akwai hadisai daban-daban na al'ada game da zanta, gami da imani cewa ya kamata a dafa shi a ƙarƙashin hasken wata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Saddler |title=South Carolina Hash: By the Light of the Moon |journal=North Carolina Folklore Journal |publisher=North Carolina Folklore Society |publication-date=2001 |volume=48 |issue=1/2 |pages=80–87}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zama abin rakiya na yau da kullun ga barbecue a South Carolina, ana yin hidima a gidajen abinci &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; da &quot;gidajen hash&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Enjoy SC Barbecue with a Side of Hash |url=https://discoversouthcarolina.com/articles/enjoy-sc-barbecue-with-a-side-of-hash |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=discoversouthcarolina.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshen karni na 19, an ci shi a cikin makwabciyar jihar [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Jojiya]] amma shahararsa galibi tana iyakance ne ga South Carolina a cikin karni na 21st.  Wani sanannen ban mamaki shine Augusta, Jojiya, wanda ke iyaka da South Carolina, inda zanta ya kasance wani ɓangare na al'adun abinci na gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Raskin |first=Hanna |date=2020-02-17 |title=Hash, South Carolina's greatest contribution to barbecue canon, fading across Lowcountry |url=https://www.postandcourier.com/food/hash-south-carolinas-greatest-contribution-to-barbecue-canon-fading-across-lowcountry/article_9254d134-fa96-11e9-a130-73930a999135.html |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=Post and Courier |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A al'adance, zanta ya ƙunshi kawunan alade da hanta, amma wannan ya zama ƙasa da kowa yayin da gidajen cin abinci suka daina gasa aladu don barbecue, kuma naman gabobin ya zama ƙasa da shahara a ƙarshen karni na 20. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moss |first=Robert F. |title=South Carolina's Hash and Rice Might Be Having a Moment |url=https://www.southernliving.com/food/bbq/south-carolina-hash- |website=[[Southern Living]]}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maimakon haka, yawancin gidajen cin abinci na barbecue na zamani suna shirya zanta tare da ragowar naman da aka ja, musamman kafadar alade. Wani labarin 2020 a cikin ''The Post da Courier'' sun yi iƙirarin cewa zanta na cikin haɗarin ɓacewa daga gidajen cin abinci na South Carolina; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; duk da haka, Moss ya yi hamayya da wannan da'awar a cikin wani labarin a ''Kudancin Rayuwa'', lura da cewa yawancin gidajen cin abinci da aka bude a South Carolina sun kara da zanta zuwa menus. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Wani bincike na gidajen cin abinci da ke hidimar hash a South Carolina ya gano cewa ya shahara musamman a kusa da Columbia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Raskin |first=Hanna |date=2020-02-17 |title=Where to find hash in eastern South Carolina |url=https://www.postandcourier.com/where-to-find-hash-in-eastern-south-carolina/article_49e1c508-3af9-11ea-8a30-c338ae6621fc.html |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=Post and Courier |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719181447/https://www.postandcourier.com/where-to-find-hash-in-eastern-south-carolina/article_49e1c508-3af9-11ea-8a30-c338ae6621fc.html |archive-date=2023-07-19 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Ana ɗaukar Hash a matsayin stew ko miya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=South Carolina Barbecue Hash {{!}} America's Test Kitchen Recipe |url=http://www.americastestkitchen.com/recipes/11866-south-carolina-barbecue-hash |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=www.americastestkitchen.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan farko da ke cikin hash sune naman alade, naman alade, albasa, da kayan yaji waɗanda a hankali a haɗa su tare.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Giddy Swamp South Carolina Hash Recipe on Food52 |url=https://food52.com/recipes/22787-giddy-swamp-sc-hash |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=Food52 |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; A al'adance, ana yin zanta ne ta hanyar dafa kayan abinci a cikin tukunyar ƙarfe a kan wutar itace, hanyar da har yanzu wasu gidajen cin abinci da gidajen zanta ke amfani da ita. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Hashmasters |url=https://gardenandgun.com/feature/the-hashmasters/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=Garden &amp; Gun |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fertel |first=Rien |title=A look at South Carolina's contentious barbecue history |url=http://www.myajc.com/wrap-minimalist/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211162225/https://www.myajc.com/wrap-minimalist/ |archive-date=2018-12-11 |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=www.myajc.com |language=english}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ba da ita akan shinkafa, a matsayin tasa da ake kira &quot;hash and rice&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-11-11 |title=BBQ hash and rice, a South Carolina tradition |url=https://www.historysouth.org/food/bbq-hash/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=History South |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bambance-bambancen zanta da yawa sun wanzu, waɗanda suka haɗa da haɗuwa daban-daban na sinadaran. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Blackwell |first=Jed |date=July 19, 2021 |title=Hash is uniquely 'South Carolina' but it's not served the same across the state |url=https://www.goupstate.com/story/news/local/2021/07/19/hash-and-rice-bbq-uniquely-sc-not-same-across-state/7948276002/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Spartanburg Herald Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Woodward on &quot;Carolina Hash&quot; |url=https://www.folkstreams.net/contexts/woodward-on-carolina-hash |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Folkstreams |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kayan lambu kamar dankali da albasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-05 |title=What Is South Carolina Hash? |url=https://www.foodrepublic.com/2016/07/05/what-is-south-carolina-hash/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=Food Republic |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kuma ƙara mustard a cikin hash tsakanin al'ummomin Jamus a cikin Midlands na South Carolina . &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; Ana yawan ƙara Vinegar zuwa hashes a cikin Kudancin Carolina Lowcountry . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A kudancin Carolina ta Kudu, hash yakan haɗa da naman sa ko cakuda naman alade da naman sa tare da albasa mai yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=By |date=1999-07-01 |title=HASH MAKES ITS MARK ON THE PLATE |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1999-07-01-9906290261-story.html/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Orlando Sentinel |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Brunswick stew, irin tasa

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Ilimin ɗan adam na abinci mai gina jiki''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Research methods in nutritional anthropology |url=https://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80632e/80632E00.htm |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=archive.unu.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704194316/https://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80632e/80632E00.htm |archive-date=2023-07-04 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; shine nazarin hulɗar da ke tsakanin [[Human biology|ilimin halittar ɗan adam]], [[Economic systems|tsarin tattalin arziki]], [[Abinci mai gina jiki|yanayin abinci mai gina jiki]] da [[Tsaron abinci|amincin abinci]] . Idan canje-canjen tattalin arziki da muhalli a cikin al'umma sun shafi samun abinci, abinci, da lafiyar abinci, to wannan hulɗar tsakanin al'adu da ilmin halitta yana da alaƙa da faffadan [[Economic indicator|yanayin tarihi da tattalin arziƙin]] da ke da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwar duniya. Matsayin abinci mai gina jiki yana shafar yanayin kiwon lafiya gabaɗaya, yuwuwar aikin aiki, da yuwuwar ci gaban tattalin arziki gabaɗaya (ko dai dangane da ci gaban ɗan adam ko ƙirar yammacin gargajiya) ga kowane rukunin mutane.

== Gabaɗaya tattalin arziki da abinci mai gina jiki ==

=== Takaitaccen bayanin tattalin arziki ===
Yawancin malamai suna ɗaukar tattalin arziƙi kamar haɗawa da samarwa, rarrabawa, da amfani da kayayyaki da ayyuka a ciki da tsakanin al'ummomi. Mahimmin &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; babban binciken tattalin arziki (tare da nazarin tattalin arziki na musamman na kayayyaki da kasuwannin hannun jari) shine dangantakar zamantakewa. Misali, da yawa masana ilimin halayyar dan adam sun bayyana cewa musayar kyauta [[wiktionary:reciprocal|ta musayar]], gasa kyauta, da musayar kasuwan da ba na mutum ba, duk suna nuni ne da manyan abubuwan da suka shafi alakar zamantakewa a tsakanin al'umma. Babban nau'o'in tattalin arziki a yawancin duniya a yau, dangane da samar &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&lt;/sup&gt; rarrabawa, da samfurin amfani, sune tushen abinci da tattalin arzikin kasuwa. Cin abinci yana nufin samarwa da amfani a ƙaramin gida ko al'umma, yayin da tattalin arziƙin tushen kasuwa ke nuna mafi girman sikelin samarwa, rarrabawa, da amfani. Tattalin arzikin kasuwa kuma ya haɗa da musayar kaya don kuɗi, tare da cinikin kayayyaki ko kasancewa ƙarƙashin ci gaba da wajibcin musayar kyauta. Wannan ba yana nufin cewa tattalin arzikin kasuwa ba ya zama tare da tattalin arziki na rayuwa da sauran nau'o'in, amma nau'in nau'i ɗaya yakan mamaye cikin al'umma. Koyaya, akwai faffadan guraben guraben karatu, yana mai bayyana cewa tattalin arzikin kasuwa yana ƙaruwa cikin sauri cikin mahimmanci akan sikelin duniya, har ma a cikin al'ummomin da suka dogara da yawa a kan samar da abinci . Wannan &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; tattalin arziki yana da tasirin sinadirai wanda wannan shigarwar za ta ci gaba da bincike.

=== Hanyoyin samarwa da abinci mai gina jiki ===
Mataki mafi mahimmanci na fahimtar alakar tattalin arziki da abinci mai gina jiki shine fahimtar manyan hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki da al'ummomi suka yi amfani da su wajen samar da kayayyaki (da ayyuka) da suke bukata a tsawon tarihin dan Adam. Waɗannan hanyoyin suna kiwo, noma masu canzawa, kiwo, noma, da masana'antu (Park 2006).

Kiwon kiwo, wanda kuma aka fi sani da farauta da tarawa, wata dabara ce ta abinci da gungun mutane ke tattara tsiron daji suna farautar namun daji domin samun abinci. Wannan dabara ita ce kawai yanayin wanzuwar ɗan adam ga mafi yawan tarihin ɗan adam (wanda ya haɗa da tarihin kayan tarihi da burbushin halittu) kuma wasu ƴan ƙungiyoyi sun ci gaba da aiwatar da su aƙalla zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20. Wannan yanayin samarwa gabaɗaya yana da alaƙa da ƙanana, ƙungiyoyin makiyaya waɗanda ba su wuce hamsin ba, waɗanda kuma aka sani da makada. Galibin al'ummomin masu kiwon dabbobi ba su yarda da mallakar filaye na keɓance ko wasu manyan albarkatu ba, kodayake sun yarda da haƙƙin amfani na farko ga ƙungiyoyi kuma mutane na iya mallakar ƙananan abubuwa ko kayan aiki daban-daban kamar baka ko kayan aikin yanke. Saboda yawan cin abinci ya ƙunshi motsi akai-akai da shan abinci a zahiri maimakon canza yanayin ƙasa don samarwa, masana da yawa sun ce abincin yana da ƙarancin tasirin muhalli idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin samarwa. Ko da yake masu noman abinci gabaɗaya suna da iyaka a cikin cikakken adadin abinci da ake samu a wani yanki, ƙungiyoyin kiwon abinci irin su ! Sau da yawa ana ambaton Kung a cikin [[hamadar Kalahari]] a matsayin mai cin abinci iri-iri kuma yana kashe lokaci kaɗan don sayan abinci a kowane mako fiye da al'ummomin da ke aiwatar da wasu hanyoyin samarwa kamar aikin noma mai zurfi.

Canjin noma &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|journal=O. T.}}&lt;/ref&gt; shine yanayin samarwa wanda ya haɗa da ƙarancin ƙarancin samar da abinci na tushen shuka; Wannan yanayin kuma ana kiransa noma ko 'slash and ƙone noma' a wasu matani. Ƙungiyoyin kayan lambu gabaɗaya suna zaune a ƙauyuka masu zaman kansu na ƴan ɗaruruwan waɗanda suke share fili kuma suna kona ciyayi da suka bushe don amfani da toka don ciyar da ƙasa (don haka kalmar yankewa da ƙonewa). Bayan haka, ƙungiyar ta shuka amfanin gona ko amfanin gona a wannan shukar kuma tana amfani da ita don noma na shekaru da yawa. A ƙarshen wannan lokacin, ƙauyen duka sun ƙaura tare da fara aiwatar da sabon tsari, yana barin tsohuwar share fage na tsawon shekaru da yawa don ba da damar sake farfadowa ta hanyar sake girma na ciyayi na daji. Ana iya ƙara waɗannan abubuwan abinci ta hanyar kiwon dabbobi, farautar farautar daji, da kuma a lokuta da yawa tare da tattara tsire-tsire na daji (Miller 2005; Park 2006). Ko da yake motsi na lokaci-lokaci yana hana cikakken mallakar filaye na dindindin, wasu al'ummomin lambuna suna kare yankuna na yanzu suna yin tashin hankali ga ƙungiyoyin maƙwabta. Misali, Napoleon Chagnon (1997) ya kwatanta Yanamamo na [[Venezuela]] da [[Brazil]] a matsayin “Mutane masu zafin rai”, ko da yake wasu sun yi matukar suka ga labarin Chagnon na wannan al’umma. Aikin noma na iya samar da abinci mai faɗi, kuma a wasu lokuta ƙarin abinci a kowace yanki na ƙasar fiye da kiwo. Ko da yake yawan masu aikin lambu suna da yawa fiye da na masu sana'a, gabaɗaya ba su da yawa fiye da waɗanda ke yin wasu hanyoyin samarwa. Idan an yi aiki a kan ƙaramin sikelin, a kan babban yanki, tare da dogon lokaci mai fallow, aikin gona ba shi da ƙarancin tasirin muhalli fiye da aikin gona ko masana'antu, amma fiye da noma (Miller 2005). Gabaɗaya, aikin lambu ya zo daidai da nau'in tattalin arziƙin rayuwa ta fuskar samarwa, rarrabawa.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hervé Yvis</title>
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      <text bytes="4194" sha1="s9qyk0gsaca6je3082qco2q0v78cb1i" xml:space="preserve">Hervé Yvis, an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1997 a [[Niamey]], shi ne ɗan kasuwa na zamantakewa, mai ƙirƙira kuma masanin kwamfuta mai asalin [[Faransa]] da [[Nijar]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_techenafrique_parcours_yvis_2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://techenafrique.com/2024/12/parcours-herve-yvis-inventeur-outil-universel-contacter-secours-monde/|title=Le parcours d'Hervé Yvis, l'inventeur d'un outil universel pour contacter les secours partout dans le monde|website=TechenAfrique|title=Kwafin ajiya|access-date=2025-12-22|archive-date=2024-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220091037/https://techenafrique.com/2024/12/parcours-herve-yvis-inventeur-outil-universel-contacter-secours-monde/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Yara ==

An haifi Hervé Yvis a [[Niamey]] daga uba Bafaranshe da uwa ’yar [[Nijar]]. Ya zama maraya ba tare da uba ba jim kaɗan kafin ya kai shekara 3. Ya tashi a Niamey, inda ya yi karatunsa a [[Lycée_La_Fontaine_(Nijar)|Lycée La Fontaine]] ta hanyar gurbin karatu. Ya koma [[Faransa]] a 2016 bayan ya kammala baccalauréat scientifique.

== Aiki ==

=== ZakiGames ===

A 2017, Hervé Yvis ya ƙirƙira kuma ya haɓaka ZakiGames, wata dandali da ke ba da damar tallatawa da rarraba wasannin bidiyo na [[Afirka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_afroprenariat_presentation_zakigames_2019&quot;&gt;{{lien web|url=https://www.facebook.com/100070082797696/posts/754416661597242/|titre=Présentation de ZakiGames|website=Afropreneuriat}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_apkcombo_presentation_abdoul_apprend_alphabet_francais&quot;&gt;{{lien web|url=https://apkcombo.app/abdoul-apprend-l-alphabet-fran/com.yvisherve.GAME.AlphabetFrancais/|titre=Abdoul apprend l'alphabet français archivé par APKCombo|website=APKCombo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305062038/https://apkcombo.app/abdoul-apprend-l-alphabet-fran/com.yvisherve.GAME.AlphabetFrancais/|archive-date=2025-03-05|title=Kwafin ajiya|access-date=2025-12-22|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_journal_du_cameroun_innover_pour_eduquer_2025&quot;&gt;{{lien web|url=https://fr.journalducameroun.com/innover-pour-eduquer-comment-yvis-herve-transforme-la-tech-en-afrique/|titre=Innover pour éduquer : Comment Yvis Hervé transforme la tech en Afrique|website=[[w:fr:Journal du Cameroun]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_lautrequotidien_qui_est_yvis_2025&quot;&gt;{{lien web|url=https://autrequotidien.bj/qui-est-herve-yvis-linventeur-dun-outil-universel-pour-contacter-les-secours-partout-dans-le-monde/|titre=Qui est Hervé Yvis, l’inventeur d’un outil universel pour contacter les secours partout dans le monde ?|website=L'Autre Quotidien}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_togoregard_qui_est_yvis_2025&quot;&gt;{{lien web|url=https://togoregard.tg/qui-est-herve-yvis-le-concepteur-de-faba/|titre=Qui est Hervé Yvis, le concepteur de FABA ?|website=TOGO Regard}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== FABA ===

A ƙarshen 2019, Hervé Yvis ya ƙirƙira kuma ya haɓaka FABA, wata manhajar Android da ke bayar da tushen haɗaɗɗen don sanin lambobin gaggawa na duniya baki ɗaya da kuma kiran su cikin sauri&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_emerga_histoire_emergency_2024&quot;&gt;{{lien web|url=https://emerga.fr/article/lhistoire-demergency-une-app-pour-connaitre-les-numeros-durgence|titre=L'histoire d'e-mergency, une app pour connaître les numéros d'urgence|website=EmerGa}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== EGF ===

A watan Nuwamba 2025, ya ƙirƙiri EGF, wani tsarin fayil da aka keɓe domin wasannin bidiyo na koyarwa&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |url=https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17635411 |titre=Educational Game Format (EGF): A File Format Designed for Educational Games |website=Zenodo}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |url=https://telopa.com.ua/uk-uaegf-novij-standart-vidkritih-osvitnih-igor-ru-ruegf-novyj |titre=EGF: A New Standard for Open Educational Games |website=Telopa}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|url=https://ashamodernschool.in/an-open-file-format-for-educational-games-edtechreview/|titre=An Open File Format for Educational Games|website=ASHA MODERN SCHOOL|title=Kwafin ajiya|access-date=2025-12-22|archive-date=2025-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223175102/https://ashamodernschool.in/an-open-file-format-for-educational-games-edtechreview/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Bayanan kula da nassoshi ===</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Janeeth Rodrigo</title>
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'''Janeeth Rodrigo''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1987 a matsayin 'ɗan kasuwa ne na Sri Lanka kuma ƙwararren mai watsa labarai na dijital.&lt;ref name=&quot;rodrigoft&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=IdeaHell appointed as first multi-channel network for YouTube in SL |url=https://www.ft.lk/it-telecom-tech/IdeaHell-appointed-as-first-multi-channel-network-for-YouTube-in-SL/50-661599 |access-date=2020-12-03 |website=ft.lk}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fi saninsa da jagorantar wasu shirye-shiryen abun ciki na dijital na Sri Lanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fortunaglobal launches Sri Lanka’s first Sinhala and Tamil news bot |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/amp/ict/Fortunaglobal-launches-Sri-Lanka-s-first-Sinhala-and-Tamil-news-bot/269-145371 |access-date=2020-12-03 |website=dailymirror.lk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Campus to Corporate |url=https://www.nsbm.ac.lk/campus-to-corporate-nurtures-career-ready-multimedia-undergraduates/ |access-date=2020-12-03 |website=nsbm.lk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin Janar Manajan gidan talabijin na Derana kuma ya kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta YouTube ta farko da ake kira &quot;IdeaHell&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;dailyft&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Soon on an electronic device near you: Anyday – Anytime – Anywhere |url=https://bizenglish.adaderana.lk/anything-but-with-kumar-de-silva/ |access-date=2020-12-03 |website=adaderana.lk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2025, Rodrigo ya zama Babban Darakta na Digital Turtles, ƙungiyar bayar da shawarwari da dabarun dijital ta ƙasa da ke mai da hankali kan tsaron intanet da haɗin gwiwar jama'a. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta Shirin Jagorancin Baƙi na Duniya (IVLP).

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
An haifi Janeeth Rodrigo a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1987 a Moratuwa, Sri Lanka . Ya kammala karatun firamare da sakandare a Kwalejin S. Thomas, Mount Lavinia daga 1992 zuwa 2006. A lokacin rayuwar makaranta, ya ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo na makaranta kamar ''Antigone.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fortunaglobal launches Sri Lanka’s first Sinhala and Tamil news bot |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/amp/ict/Fortunaglobal-launches-Sri-Lanka-s-first-Sinhala-and-Tamil-news-bot/269-145371 |access-date=2020-12-03 |website=dailymirror.lk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Rodrigo ya kammala digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Open ta Sri Lanka . Daga baya ya kammala Master of Business Administration daga Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Australiya a shekarar 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;datanyze&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Janeeth Rodrigo |url=https://www.datanyze.com/people/Janeeth-Rodrigo/2487366153 |access-date=2020-12-03 |website=datanyze.com}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the late 2000s, he joined TV Derana where he later became the General Manager of TV Derana’s digital arm called Derana Macroentertainment Pvt. Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fortunaglobal launches Sri Lanka’s first Sinhala and Tamil news bot |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/amp/ict/Fortunaglobal-launches-Sri-Lanka-s-first-Sinhala-and-Tamil-news-bot/269-145371 |access-date=2020-12-03 |website=dailymirror.lk}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2017, he pioneered to launch &quot;IdeaHell&quot; at TV Derana,&lt;ref name=&quot;rodrigoft&quot;/&gt; a collaborative creator space and incubator for online content creators.&lt;ref name=&quot;dailyft&quot;/&gt; Under his leadership, IdeaHell became Sri Lanka’s first-ever YouTube-approved multi-channel network (MCN).&lt;ref name=&quot;businesscafe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Content creators can now monetize via YouTube in Sri Lanka! |url=https://www.businesscafe.lk/business-news/technology/item/4590-content-creators-can-now-monetize-via-youtube-in-sri-lanka#:~:text=IdeaHell%2C%20a%20collaborative%20creator%20space,of%20YouTube%20in%20Sri%20Lanka |access-date=2020-12-03 |website=businesscafe.lk}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010 at the SLIM Brand Excellence, ''Ada Derana'' won the Silver Award for the ‘Most Innovative Brand of the Year’.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Campus to Corporate |url=https://www.nsbm.ac.lk/campus-to-corporate-nurtures-career-ready-multimedia-undergraduates/ |access-date=2020-12-03 |website=nsbm.lk}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2016, he won the Global Understanding for Sustainable Development Award for TV Derana’s news platform ''Ada Derana''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Soon on an electronic device near you: Anyday – Anytime – Anywhere |url=https://bizenglish.adaderana.lk/anything-but-with-kumar-de-silva/ |access-date=2020-12-03 |website=adaderana.lk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2018, YouTube ta nada IdeaHell a matsayin MCN kawai na kasar, wanda ya ba masu amfani da yanar gizo na Sri Lanka damar samun abubuwan da ke ciki a karon farko. IdeaHell ya ba da albarkatu da horo a fannoni kamar ci gaban masu sauraro, dabarun abun ciki, da kuma kula da haƙƙin dijital, kuma ya gudanar da tashoshin YouTube sama da 60 a cikin nau'ikan ciki har da abinci, kiɗa, salon rayuwa, wasan kwaikwayo, tafiye-tafiye, da fasaha.&lt;ref name=&quot;businesscafe&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dailyft&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Content creators can now monetise via YouTube in Sri Lanka! |url=https://www.ft.lk/it-telecom-tech/Content-creators-can-now-monetise-via-YouTube-in-Sri-Lanka-/50-659662 |access-date=2020-12-03 |website=ft.lk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baya ga IdeaHell, ya fara wani dandamali a TV Derana mai taken &quot;Pulse.lk&quot;, salon rayuwa da dandalin nishaɗin dijital da aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2015. A halin yanzu, &quot;Pulse.lk&quot; ya zama ɗayan manyan tashoshin abun ciki na kan layi a Sri Lanka. Ya kuma shiga cikin bunkasa &quot;Mogo Studios&quot;, wani wasan kwaikwayo na dijital da kuma wasan kwaikwayo kuma a karkashin Derana. &lt;ref name=&quot;datanyze&quot;/&gt; Ya yi murabus daga Derana a ƙarshen 2024. A cikin 2024, Rodrigo ya lashe lambar yabo ta Social Media Channel of the Year don &quot;Pulse.lk&quot; a 5th New Generation Asia Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fortunaglobal launches Sri Lanka’s first Sinhala and Tamil news bot |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/amp/ict/Fortunaglobal-launches-Sri-Lanka-s-first-Sinhala-and-Tamil-news-bot/269-145371 |access-date=2020-12-03 |website=dailymirror.lk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2025, Rodrigo ya zama Babban Darakta a Digital Turtles, wata dabarun dijital da kungiyar bayar da shawarwari da ke aiki daga Sri Lanka da Singapore.&lt;ref name=&quot;datanyze2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Janeeth Rodrigo |url=https://www.datanyze.com/people/Janeeth-Rodrigo/2487366153 |access-date=2020-12-03 |website=datanyze.com}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Digital Turtles sun ba da gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar &quot;Cyber Hero&quot;, wasan wayar hannu na 3D wanda aka tsara don koyar da matasa game da tsaro na intanet da ayyukan tsaro na kan layi. An ƙaddamar da &quot;Cyber Hero&quot; a cikin 2024 tare da goyon bayan Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Colombo, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin inganta ilimin dijital. Daga baya ya ƙaddamar da shirin &quot;Creator Incubator&quot;.

Baya ga kasuwanci, Rodrigo mai magana ne akai-akai, mai ba da shawara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fortunaglobal launches Sri Lanka’s first Sinhala and Tamil news bot |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/amp/ict/Fortunaglobal-launches-Sri-Lanka-s-first-Sinhala-and-Tamil-news-bot/269-145371 |access-date=2020-12-03 |website=dailymirror.lk}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma marubuci a kan batutuwan da suka shafi kafofin watsa labarai na dijital kamar shafi na 'DisrupTech' a cikin jaridar The Morning, da kuma mutum mai ba da hanya a cikin bita daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;dailyft&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Campus to Corporate |url=https://www.nsbm.ac.lk/campus-to-corporate-nurtures-career-ready-multimedia-undergraduates/ |access-date=2020-12-03 |website=nsbm.lk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Soon on an electronic device near you: Anyday – Anytime – Anywhere |url=https://bizenglish.adaderana.lk/anything-but-with-kumar-de-silva/ |access-date=2020-12-03 |website=adaderana.lk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fortunaglobal launches Sri Lanka’s first Sinhala and Tamil news bot |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/amp/ict/Fortunaglobal-launches-Sri-Lanka-s-first-Sinhala-and-Tamil-news-bot/269-145371 |access-date=2020-12-03 |website=dailymirror.lk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Jaridar Cobar Herald</title>
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'''''Jaridar Cobar Herald''''' wata [[jarida]] ce ta harshen [[Turanci]] da aka buga a Cobar, New South Wales daga 1879 zuwa 1914. Daga baya aka haɗa ta da ''Western Age'', wanda ya haɗu da ''Dubbo Dispatch &amp;amp;amp; Wellington Independent'' don kafa ''Dispatch'', daga baya ya koma ''Western Age'' sannan daga baya ''Cobar Age''.

== Tarihi ==
An kafa Cobar Herald a shekarar 1879 ta hannun TA Mathews (wanda aka fi sani da 'Sarkin Louth'). Yana ɗaya daga cikin jaridu na farko a yankin New South Wales, wanda ya fara bugawa a shekarar 1879, shekaru ashirin da biyu kafin Tarayyar Ostiraliya . Cobar Herald ya canza hannuwa sau da yawa tsawon shekaru, kuma Hannay da Munro ne suka mallaka a shekarun 1890, dukkansu suna aiki a matsayin editocin jaridar a lokacin. A ƙarshen shekarun 1920, an san jaridar da Zamanin Yamma, kuma George Cornelius Maliphant da Sidney Frank Anderson sun mallaki kuma sun buga jaridar.

''Zamanin Yamma'' ya ci gaba har zuwa 1963 lokacin da aka canza sunan zuwa ''Zamanin Cobar''. An buga bugu na ƙarshe na ''Zamanin Cobar'' a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hills |first=Ben |date=21 June 2014 |title=Inside story: how a newspaper empire has fallen |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/inside-story-how-a-newspaper-empire-has-fallen/story-e6frg8h6-1226961384952?nk=1f7376cbbf1a03beb1f772ec643f44d5 |journal=The Australian |access-date=16 October 2014}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin dijital ==
An mayar da wasu daga cikin fitowar jaridar zuwa dijital a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Digitization na Jaridun Australiya na Laburaren Ƙasa na [[Asturaliya|Australiya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hills |first=Ben |date=21 June 2014 |title=Inside story: how a newspaper empire has fallen |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/inside-story-how-a-newspaper-empire-has-fallen/story-e6frg8h6-1226961384952?nk=1f7376cbbf1a03beb1f772ec643f44d5 |journal=The Australian |access-date=16 October 2014}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Newspaper Digitisation Program |url=http://www.nla.gov.au/content/newspaper-digitisation-program |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702090621/http://www.nla.gov.au/content/newspaper-digitisation-program |archive-date=2 July 2015 |access-date=12 June 2013 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin jaridu a [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Ostiraliya]]
* Jerin jaridu a New South Wales

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Harshe na Huave</title>
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Huave (wanda kuma ake kira Wabe) yare ne da aka ware wanda 'yan asalin Huave ke magana a bakin tekun Pacific na jihar Oaxaca ta Mexico. Ana magana da yaren a ƙauyuka huɗu a kan Isthmus na Tehuantepec, a kudu maso gabashin jihar, kusan mutane 20,000 (duba tebur da ke ƙasa).

Constenla Umaña (1994) ta nuna cewa Huave na iya kasancewa harshen Tacacho, ƙungiyar da ke zaune a wani gari da ake kira Yacacoyaua wanda ke cikin yankin Maribio a ƙarni na sha shida na Nicaragua.[1]

== Sunan yaren ==
Mutanen ''hua'' na San Mateo del Mar, waɗanda ke kiran kansu ''Ikoots'', ma'ana &quot;mu&quot;, suna magana da yarensu a matsayin ''ombeayiiüts,'' ma'anar &quot;harshenmu&quot;. A cikin San Francisco del Mar, kalmomin da suka dace sune ''Kunajts'' (&quot;mu&quot;) da ''Umbeyajts'' (&quot;harshenmu&quot;). Kalmar &quot;Huave&quot; ana zaton ta fito ne daga yarukan Zapotec, ma'ana &quot;mutane da suka ruɓe a cikin danshi&quot;, a cewar masanin tarihin Mutanen Espanya na karni na 17 Burgoa. Koyaya, Martínez Gracida (1888) ya yi iƙirarin ma'anar kalmar tana nufin 'mutane da yawa' a cikin Isthmus Zapotec, yana fassara hua a matsayin &quot;mai yawa&quot; kuma ya ''zama'' a matsayin gajeren nau'in ''binni'' (&quot;mutane&quot;). Maganar kalmar tana buƙatar ƙarin bincike. Babu wani daga cikin kalmomin da ke sama da masu magana da Isthmus Zapotec suka yi hukunci mai yiwuwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2019}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Rarraba ==
Kodayake an gabatar da alaƙar kwayar halitta tsakanin yaren Huave da iyalai da yawa, babu wanda aka tabbatar da shi, kuma Huave ya ci gaba da kasancewa a ware (Campbell 1997 shafi na 161). Paul Radin ya ba da shawarar dangantaka tsakanin Huave da Maya da Mixe-Zoquean, kuma Morris Swadesh ya ba da shawara game da haɗin kai ga yarukan Oto-Manguean wanda Rensch ya ci gaba da bincika (1976), amma duk shawarwarin ba su kammala ba.

Wani bincike na atomatik (ASJP 4) na Müller et al. (2013)  ya sami kamanceceniya tsakanin Huave, Totozoquean, da Chitimacha. Koyaya, tunda an samar da bincike ta atomatik, kamanceceniya na iya zama ko dai saboda rance na juna ko gado na kwayar halitta.

== Amfani da matsayi na yanzu ==
Duk da yake Huave har yanzu ana amfani dashi a yawancin yankuna na rayuwar zamantakewa a akalla ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyuka huɗu inda ake magana da shi, yare ne mai haɗari. Kwanan nan, an gudanar da ayyukan gona da sake farfadowa a cikin al'ummomin Huave ta jami'o'i na ƙasashe daban-daban.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, an ruwaito cewa matasa sun fara aika saƙo a cikin Huave, don su iya sadarwa ba tare da iyayensu su san abin da suke fada ba.&lt;ref&gt;The Archaeology of Greater Nicoya: Two Decades of Research in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. United States, University Press of Colorado, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;  (An kirkiro jawabin kiɗa na Mexican Kickapoos a kusa da 1915 saboda wannan dalili.) &lt;ref name=&quot;Ritz&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ritzenthaler |first=Robert E. |last2=Peterson |first2=Frederick A. |date=1954 |title=Courtship Whistling of the Mexican Kickapoo Indians |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_1954-12_56_6/page/1088 |journal=American Anthropologist |publisher=American Anthropological Association |volume=56 |pages=1088–1089 |doi=10.1525/aa.1954.56.6.02a00110 |jstor=664763 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rock |first=Margaret |date=2011-06-29 |title=Teenagers Revive Dead Languages Through Texting |url=http://www.mobiledia.com/news/96056.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129011651/http://www.mobiledia.com/news/96056.html |archive-date=2013-01-29 |access-date=2012-10-06 |website=Mobiledia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan tun daga 2011, tashar rediyo a San Mateo del Mar, Radio Ikoots, tana watsa shirye-shirye a Huave. 

== Fasahar sauti ==
Huave na San Mateo del Mar wani bangare ne na sautin, yana rarrabe tsakanin sautin da ke da ƙarfi da ƙananan sautin kawai. Huave yana daya daga cikin harsuna biyu na Mesoamerica da ba su da alamar murya (sauran shine Purépecha).

Jerin sauti, wanda aka sake ginawa don kakanninmu na yau da kullun na nau'ikan Huave guda huɗu kamar yadda aka gabatar a cikin Campbell 1997, kamar haka:

* Consonants: [p, t, ts, k, kw, mb, nd, ŋɡ, ɡw, s, l, r, w, h] (kuma {{IPA|[ɾ, j, ð]}} a matsayin alamomi na gefe) 
* Sautin: {{IPA|[i, e, a, ɨ, o, u]}} (kuma, dangane da iri-iri, tsawon wasula, sautin ƙasa da mai girma, burin).

Wadannan phonemes sun fito ne daga phonology na San Francisco del Mar Huave . Yaren San Dionisio del Mar yana da ƙarin sautin sautin, /y/, wanda ke da alaƙa da /e/ a cikin San Mateo.

Sautin: /i, e, u, o, ɑ/. Duk sautin suna da siffofi masu ban sha'awa.
{| class=&quot;wikitable IPA&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Biyuwa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Alveolar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Palatal
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Velar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Gishiri
|-
!&lt;small&gt;fili&lt;/small&gt;
!&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;small id=&quot;mwfA&quot;&gt;Labialized&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Dakatar da
!&lt;small&gt;ba tare da murya ba&lt;/small&gt;
|p
|t
|
|k
|kw
|
|-
!&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;small id=&quot;mwiw&quot;&gt;da aka haifa kafin a yi aure&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|mb
|nd
|
|ŋɡ
|ŋɡw
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Rashin lafiya
!&lt;small&gt;ba tare da murya ba&lt;/small&gt;
|
|t͡s
|
|
|
|
|-
!&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;small id=&quot;mwoA&quot;&gt;da aka haifa kafin a yi aure&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|
|nt͡s
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Fricative
|Sanya
|s
|
|
|
|h
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Hanci
|m
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kusanci
|w
|l
|j
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Trill
|
|r
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Flap
|
|ɾ
|
|
|
|
|}

== Harshen harshe ==
Huave yayi kama da yarukan Mayan a cikin kasancewa duka morphologically da syntactically ergative da kuma ci gaba da sanya alama a kai.&lt;ref&gt;The Archaeology of Greater Nicoya: Two Decades of Research in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. United States, University Press of Colorado, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Ba shi da rikitarwa fiye da yarukan Mayan, duk da haka, kuma yawanci kowane kalma yana da 'yan kaɗan kawai. Akwai nau'o'in tilas a kan aikatau na mutum mai mahimmanci da na yanzu, baya ko nan gaba, tare da ƙarin nau'o-nau'in batun mai wucewa, batun da ba a bayyana ba da kuma tunani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Suarez 66-67&quot; /&gt;

Kalmomi masu rikitarwa a cikin Huave sau da yawa suna haɗa kalmomi da yawa kowannensu yana juyawa ga mutumin da ya dace. Wani fasalin mai ban sha'awa na Huave shine cewa ana iya amfani da aikatau da ke nufin &quot;ba&quot; don samar da ma'anar ma'ana,  yayin da ake amfani da aikatawa da ke nufin&quot; zuwa don samar da sassan manufar (watau ma'anar &quot;don&quot; a cikin Turanci). Akwai wasu sassan manufa da aka gabatar ta hanyar ƙwayoyin talakawa inda aka canza aikatau don yanayin ƙasa na musamman.

Tsarin kalma, kamar yanayin kalma, a cikin Huave yana bin cikakken tsari na ergative. Za'a iya bayyana tsari na asali a matsayin Ergative Verb Absolutive . &lt;ref&gt;The Archaeology of Greater Nicoya: Two Decades of Research in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. United States, University Press of Colorado, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana nufin cewa yayin da a cikin sassan wucewa tsari na kalma shine AVO, a cikin sashe marasa wucewa tsari ne na kalma ('''VS'''). Ana iya sanya Adjectives da demonstratives ko dai kafin ko bayan sunan da suke magana a kai, yayin da lambobi dole ne su riga sunayensu.

Reduplication tsari ne mai amfani sosai a cikin Huave. An sake maimaita tushen aikatau kuma ma'anar sabuwar kalmar da aka kafa ita ce mai ƙarfi ko maimaita ma'anar ma'anar aikatau na asali. Huave kuma ya ƙunshi wasu raguwa, inda kawai wani ɓangare na tushen ya sake Maimaitawa (yawanci jerin VC na ƙarshe). Ba kamar cikakken reduplication ba, wannan tsari ba shi da amfani.

== Harsuna ==
[[Fayil:Huavetowns.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Wurin garuruwa huɗu masu magana da Huave a cikin jihar Oaxaca]]
Ana magana da Huave a cikin garuruwa huɗu na bakin teku na San Francisco del Mar, San Dionisio del Mar, san Mateo del Mar da Santa Catarina del Mar. Al'ummar magana mafi ƙarfi suna cikin San Mateo del Mar wanda aka ware har zuwa kwanan nan. Halin masu magana mara kyau game da yarensu da kuma matsin lamba mai karfi na zamantakewa daga [[Yaren Sifen|Harshen Mutanen Espanya]] shine manyan dalilan haɗarin Huave.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#c0f0f0;&quot;
!Harshe da wuri
!Adadin masu magana (ca.) 
!ISO 639-3 (SIL) 
|-
|San Dionisio del Mar
|5,000
|hve
|-
|San Francisco del Mar
|900
|Hannu
|-
|San Mateo del Mar
|12,000
|huv
|-
|Santa María del Mar
|500
|hvv
|}
Kodayake SIL ta yi la'akari da harsuna daban-daban bisa ga bukatun kayan karatu da rubutu, Campbell (1997) ya dauke su yaruka na yare ɗaya. INALI ta bambanta nau'o'i biyu, Gabas (Dionisio da Francisco) da Yamma (Mateo da Maria).

== Misali na rubuce-rubucen Huave ==
A halin yanzu masu magana da suka iya karatu da rubutu suna amfani da orthographies masu amfani a San Mateo, San Francisco, San Dionisio da Santa María del Mar. Akwai ƙoƙari da ke gudana daga INALI na Mexico (National Institute for Indigenous Languages) don daidaita orthography tare da masu magana daga dukkan al'ummomi huɗu.

Misali mai zuwa wani sashi ne daga Cuentos Huaves III wanda Instituto Lingüístico de Verano ya buga: 
    

== Bayani ==
{{Reflist}}

== Manazarta ==

*  
* {{Cite book|last3=Lyle Campbell}}
* {{Cite web |title=Estadística básica de la población hablante de lenguas indígenas nacionales 2015 |url=https://site.inali.gob.mx/Micrositios/estadistica_basica/estadisticas2015/XI_familia_huave.html |access-date=2019-10-26 |website=site.inali.gob.mx}}
*  
*  
* {{Cite journal |last=Radin |first=P. |year=1929 |title=Huave Texts |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-american-linguistics_1929_5_1/page/1 |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=5 |page=1-56 |doi=10.1086/463772 |s2cid=224806475}}
*  
*  
*  

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Oto-Manguean_languages Jerin kalmomin Huave Swadesh] daga Wiktionary
* [http://www.native-languages.org/huave.htm Harshe na Indiya na Huave, harsunan asali.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070309213451/http://www.laligabiblica.org.mx/ILV%20DATA/HUV.htm Samfurin sauti daga Sabon Alkawari, karantawa da babbar murya a Huave a shafin yanar gizon Bible League]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100629205823/http://www.ling.upenn.edu/%7Empak/huave2.html Bayani daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania game da Huave]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060914221105/http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~yuni/ling/lsa2005-huaveposter.pdf Bayani na zamantakewa da harshe game da Huave daga UC Berkeley]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061013034930/http://www.colmex.mx/alim/coleccion.html Bayani mai amfani na Huave na San Mateo del Mar, daga Archivo de Lenguas Indigenás]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061106053531/http://cdi.gob.mx/ini/monografias/huaves.html Bayani na al'adun mutanen Huave a shafin yanar gizon INI] (Spanish) 
* [http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_hve Huave, Atlas na Duniya na Tsarin Harshe Online]

=== Abubuwan OLAC ===

* [http://www.language-archives.org/language/huv Albarkatun OLAC a ciki da kuma game da harshen San Mateo Del Mar Huave]
* [http://www.language-archives.org/language/hue Albarkatun OLAC a ciki da kuma game da harshen San Francisco Del Mar Huave]
* [http://www.language-archives.org/language/hve Albarkatun OLAC a ciki da kuma game da harshen San Dionisio Del Mar Huave]
* [http://www.language-archives.org/language/hvv Albarkatun OLAC a ciki da kuma game da harshen Santa María Del Mar Huave]
{{Mesoamerican families}}{{language families}}{{Languages of Mexico}}{{Indigenous people of Oaxaca}}{{North American languages}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Jerin ayyukan diflomasiyya na Myanmar</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
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      <text bytes="29314" sha1="rikgktqeeu6hh3kwq080uow3lktpzsq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Wannan jerin ayyukan diflomasiyya ne na [[Myanmar]]. Myanmar (wanda aka fi sani da [[Myanmar|Burma]]) yana da ɗan gajeren diflomasiyya a duniya, yana nuna shekarun da suka gabata na [[Isolationism|warewa]] kansa.

Gwamnatin hadin kan kasa tana da ofisoshin wakilai a kasashe da yawa, a kan ofisoshin jakadancin da ke tallafawa ko jure wa Majalisar Gudanar da Jiha.
[[Fayil:Diplomatic_missions_of_Myanmar.PNG|center|thumb|500x500px| Ofishin Jakadun Myanmar Ofishin jakadancin Ofishin Jakudancin Kasuwanci Ofishin Jakadisi na girmamawa      ]]

== Ayyukan diflomasiyya ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Africa
|-
!Host country
!Host city
!Mission
!Head of mission
!Concurrent accreditation
!References
|-
|{{Flag|Egypt}}
|[[Kairo|Cairo]]
|Embassy
|Kyaw Tin Shein, ''Ambassador''
|{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Algeria}}|{{Flag|Iraq}}|{{Flag|Morocco}}|{{Flag|Sudan}}|{{Flag|Turkey}}}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Myanmar Missions Abroad |url=https://www.mofa.gov.mm/mofa-3/myanmar-missions/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Cairo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mecairo.org/en/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar / Cairo, The Arab Republic of Egypt |archive-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814145152/http://www.mecairo.org/en/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Ethiopia}}
|[[Addis Ababa]]
|Embassy
|Aung Min Oo, ''Ambassador''
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|South Africa}}
|[[Pretoria]]
|Embassy
|''Vacant''
|{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Ghana}}|{{Flag|Kenya}}|{{Flag|Malawi}}|{{Flag|Mauritius}}|{{Flag|Nigeria}}|{{Flag|Zimbabwe}}}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Pretoria&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.myanmarembassypretoria.com/ |access-date=12 March 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar / Pretoria }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DIRCO-RepsinRSA-M&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Foreign Representation in South Africa |url=https://dirco.gov.za/foreign-representation-in-south-africa-m/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=[[Department of International Relations and Cooperation|Department of International Relations and Cooperation of South Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MFDAKen-DD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2025 |title=Directory of Diplomatic Corps and International Organizations 2024/2025 |url=https://mfa.go.ke/sites/default/files/articles/DIPLOMATIC%20DIRECTORY%20READY%20FOR%20PUBLICATION%202024-%202025%20(1).pdf |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign and Diaspora Affairs (Kenya)]] }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Americas
|-
!Host country
!Host city
!Mission
!Head of mission
!Concurrent accreditation
!References
|-
|{{Flag|Brazil}}
|[[Brasilia|Brasília]]
|Embassy
|Aung Kyaw Zan, ''Ambassador''
|{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Argentina}}|{{Flag|Chile}}|{{Flag|Peru}}}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Brasília&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://myanmarbsb.org/_site/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar in Brazil}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Br.Gov-CD24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lista do Corpo Diplomático e Datas Nacionais |trans-title=List of the Diplomatic Corps and National Dates |url=https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/assuntos/cerimonial/lista-do-corpo-diplomatico-e-datas-nacionais |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Government Portal of Brazil |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|[[Ottawa]]
|Embassy
|Hau Khan Sum, ''Ambassador''
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Ottawa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://meottawa.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar / Ottawa (Canada)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Cuba}}
|[[Havana]]
|Embassy
|Zaw Naing Win, ''Chargé d'affaires''
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Cu.MINREX-CD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of the Diplomatic Corps accredited in Cuba |url=https://cubaminrex.cu/en/list-diplomatic-corps-accredited-cuba |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cuba |language=en, es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Flag|United States}}
|[[Washington, D.C.]]
|Embassy
|Thet Win, ''Chargé d'affaires''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-DC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mewashingtondc.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Washington, D.C., USA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Los Angeles]]
|Consulate-General
|Win Lei Phyu, ''Consul-General''
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.CG-LA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.myanmarcgla.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Consulate-General of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Los Angeles}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Asia
|-
!Host country
!Host city
!Mission
!Head of mission
!Concurrent accreditation
!References
|-
|{{Flag|Bangladesh}}
|[[Dhaka]]
|Embassy
|Kyaw Soe Moe, ''Ambassador''
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Brunei}}
|[[Bandar Seri Begawan]]
|Embassy
|Khin Sandar, ''Chargé d'affaires''
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-BSB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Bandar Seri Begawan |url=https://www.mebandarseribegawan.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Bandar Seri Begawan}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Cambodia}}
|[[Phnom Penh]]
|Embassy
|Kyaw Soe Min, ''Ambassador''
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-PP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mephnompenh.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Phnom Penh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MFAICKh-ResInKh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Resident Missions |url=https://www.mfaic.gov.kh/EmbassyResidentMissions |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs &amp; International Cooperation of Cambodia}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |{{Flag|China}}
|[[Beijing]]
|Embassy
|Tin Maung Swe, ''Ambassador''
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Mongolia}}|{{Flag|North Korea}}}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Beijing&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.myanmarembassy.com/index.html |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar / Beijing, China}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Chongqing]]
|Consulate-General
|Thwin Htet Lin, ''Consul-General''
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;
|-
|[[Hong Kong]]
|Consulate-General
|Han Win Naing, ''Consul-General''
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Kunming
|Consulate-General
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Nanning
|Consulate-General
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Flag|India}}
|[[New Delhi]]
|Embassy
|Zaw Oo, ''Ambassador''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Bhutan}}}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-NewDelhi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.myanmedelhi.com/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar / New Delhi, Republic of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bhutan-Myanmar Relations |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bt/rbebangkok/bhutan-myanmar-relations/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Royal Bhutanese Embassy, Bangkok, Thailand |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006045658/https://www.mfa.gov.bt/rbebangkok/bhutan-myanmar-relations/ |archive-date=6 October 2025 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Kolkata]]
|Consulate-General
|Aung Aung Myo Thein, ''Consul-General''
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.CG-Kolkata&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.mcgkolkata.org/ |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=Consulate General of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Kolkata}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}
|[[Jakarta]]
|Embassy
|Mang Hau Thang, ''Chargé d'affaires''
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Israel}}
|[[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]]
|Embassy
|Maung Maung Lynn, ''Ambassador''
|{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Cyprus}}}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-TA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://metelaviv.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=The Embassy of The Republic of The Union of Myanmar, Tel Aviv}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cy.MFA-DL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2025 |title=Diplomatic List |url=https://www.gov.cy/app/uploads/sites/19/2025/05/Diplomatic-List-May-2025.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Government of Cyprus |publisher=Protocol Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus |archive-date=18 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618131454/https://www.gov.cy/app/uploads/sites/19/2025/05/Diplomatic-List-May-2025.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Japan}}
|[[Tokyo]]
|Embassy
|Soe Han, ''Ambassador''
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Tokyo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://myanmarembassytokyo.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Tokyo}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Kuwait}}
|[[Kuwaiti (birni)|Kuwait City]]
|Embassy
|Chan Aye, ''Ambassador''
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Kuwait&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mekuwait.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Kuwait}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Laos}}
|[[Vientiane]]
|Embassy
|Aung Ko, ''Ambassador''
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Vientiane&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.myanmarembassy-vte.org/index.php/en/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Vientiane}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Malaysia}}
|[[Kuala Lumpur]]
|Embassy
|Aung Soe Win, ''Ambassador''
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-KL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://myanmarembassykl.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar / Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Nepal}}
|[[Kathmandu]]
|Embassy
|Myo Myint Maung, ''Ambassador''
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Kathmandu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.myanmarembassy-vte.org/index.php/en/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar in Kathmandu, Nepal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Pakistan}}
|[[Islamabad]]
|Embassy
|Wunna Han, ''Ambassador''
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Islamabad&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.me-islamabad.org/index.php |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar / Islamabad |archive-date=19 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519155054/https://www.me-islamabad.org/index.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Philippines}}
|[[Manila]]
|Embassy
|Soe Ko Ko, ''Chargé d'affaires''
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Manila&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://memanila.org/index.php/en/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Manila (Philippines)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DFAPh-DC25&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 July 2025 |title=Diplomatic and Consular List |url=https://dfa.gov.ph/resources/office-of-protocol/diplomatic-and-consular-list |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=[[Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)]] }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|[[Riyadh]]
|Embassy
|Tin Yu, ''Ambassador''
|{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Bahrain}}|{{Flag|Oman}}|{{Flag|Qatar}}}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Riyadh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://meriyadh.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar (Riyadh)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Om.FM-DLMap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Foreign embassies and consulates in Oman |url=https://fm.gov.om/ministry/embassies/foreign-embassies-and-consulates-in-oman/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Foreign Ministry of Oman}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Missions of the State of Qatar / Myanmar |url=https://mofa.gov.qa/en/qatar-and-the-world?country=mm |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Qatar}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Singapore}}
|[[Singafora|Singapore]]
|Embassy
|Zaw Minn Aung, ''Chargé d'affaires''
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Singapore&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.myanmarembassy.sg/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar / Singapore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|South Korea}}
|[[Seoul]]
|Embassy
|Thant Sin, ''Ambassador''
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Seoul&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://meseoul.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Seoul}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
|[[Kolombo|Colombo]]
|Embassy
|Marlar Than Htaik, ''Ambassador''
|{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Maldives}}}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lk.MFA-DC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Corps |url=https://mfa.gov.lk/en/diplomatic-corps/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Sri Lanka }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mv.MOFA-E&amp;C&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Embassies and Consulates |url=https://foreign.gov.mv/index.php/en/ministry/embassies-and-consulates |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Maldives |archive-date=19 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119141518/https://foreign.gov.mv/index.php/en/ministry/embassies-and-consulates |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Flag|Thailand}}
|[[Bangkok]]
|Embassy
|Zaw Zaw Soe, ''Ambassador''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Bangkok&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.mebangkok.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Bangkok}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MFATh-DL25&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 2025 |title=Diplomatic and Consular List / June 2025 |url=https://image.mfa.go.th/mfa/0/mkKfL2iULZ/Diplomatic_and_Consular_List_as_of_June_2025/June_2025.pdf |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Chiang Mai]]
|Consulate-General
|Ming Kyaw Linn, ''Consul-General''
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.CG-ChiangMai&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mcgchiangmai.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Consulate-General of the Republic of Union of Myanmar / Chiang Mai, Kingdom of Thailand}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MFATh-DL25&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|[[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]]
|Embassy
|Kyaw Kyaw Min, &quot;Ambassador&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|
|-
|[[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]]
|Consulate-General
|Kyaw Thu Nyein, ''Consul-General''
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.CG-Dubai&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mcgdubai.org/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Consulate General of the Republic of Union of Myanmar in Dubai, United Arab Emirates}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DubaiProt-DC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic &amp; Consular Corps in UAE |url=https://www.protocol.dubai.ae/en/diplomatic-directory/diplomatic-directory-categories/diplomatic-consular-corps-in-uae/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |publisher=Protocol Department of Dubai}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Vietnam}}
|[[Hanoi]]
|Embassy
|Kyaw Soe Win, ''Ambassador''
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Hanoi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.me-hanoi.org/index.php/en/contact-us |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar / Hanoi, Socialist Republic of Vietnam |archive-date=7 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007045135/https://www.me-hanoi.org/index.php/en/contact-us |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Europe
|-
!Host country
!Host city
!Mission
!Head of mission
!Concurrent accreditation
!References
|-
|{{Flag|Austria}}
|[[Vienna]]
|Embassy
|Min Thein, ''Ambassador''
|{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Holy See}}|{{Flag|Lithuania}}}}{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|United Nations}}}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BMEIA-DC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 July 2025 |title=Directory of the Diplomatic Corps and other representations in Austria |url=https://www.bmeia.gv.at/fileadmin/user_upload/oracle/gesamtliste_en.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Austria)]] |language=de, en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SDS-CD25&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 2025 |title=List du Corps Diplomatique près le Saint-Siège |trans-title=List of the Diplomatic Corps to the Holy See |url=https://www.sdsofficium.va/cd/corpsdiplomatique.html |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=[[Secretariat of State (Holy See)]] |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;URMLt-ForReps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Find Us Abroad / Foreign representations and honorary consuls |url=https://www.urm.lt/en/about-us/organisation/find-us-abroad/941/c2# |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Belarus}}
|[[Miniska|Minsk]]
|Consulate-General{{Efn|Subordinate to the embassy in Moscow}}
|Moe Kyaw Thu, ''Consul-General''
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;By.Emb-Hanoi-Myanmar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Political Cooperation |url=https://vietnam.mfa.gov.by/en/bilateral_relations/blrM/mpolit/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in Socialist Republic of Vietnam |archive-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208041302/https://vietnam.mfa.gov.by/en/bilateral_relations/blrM/mpolit/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Belgium}}
|Brussels
|Embassy
|Soe Lynn Han, ''Ambassador''
|{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Croatia}}|{{Flag|Luxembourg}}|{{Flag|Netherlands}}|{{Flag|Slovakia}}}}{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|European Union}}|[[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]]}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Brussels&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.embassyofmyanmar.be/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar / Brussels}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HunMFA-DC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Corps |url=http://www.kulugyminiszterium.hu/dtwebe/Irodak.aspx |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MVEPHr-DL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diplomatska Lista / Diplomatic List |url=https://mvep.gov.hr/UserDocsImages//2025/datoteke//DIPLOMATSKA%20LISTA%20(2025),%2007.07.2025.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Affairs of Croatia |language=Serbo-Croatian, en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sk.MVZ-DL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 May 2025 |title=Diplomatická Listina |trans-title=Diplomatic List |url=https://www.mzv.sk/documents/10182/13139588/diplomaticka-listina.pdf/6d4b0603-d139-408c-8abb-b38bab8523da?t=1680284631883 |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Slovakia |language=sk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HE U Soe Lynn Han, Ambassador of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar to the Kingdom of Belgium, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Republic of Croatia and the European Union (Myanmar) |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/index.php/node/204726 |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=International Court of Justice}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Republic of the Union of Myanmar |url=https://www.opcw.org/about-us/member-states/myanmar |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=[[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Czechia}}
|[[Prag|Prague]]
|Embassy
|Htuann Naung, ''Chargé d'affaires''
|{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Georgia}}|{{Flag|Hungary}}}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Prague&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.meprague.org/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar - Prague}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ge.MFA-DL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2025 |title=Diplomatic List |url=https://mfa.gov.ge/pfiles/files/DIPLOMATIC%20LIST_%20April%202025.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|France}}
|[[Faris|Paris]]
|Embassy
|Kyaw Zeya, ''Ambassador''
|{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Andorra}}|{{Flag|Spain}}}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Paris&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://meparis.org/index.php/en/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Paris}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MAEUEC-CD25&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 July 2025 |title=Lista del Cuerpo Diplomático |trans-title=List of the Diplomatic Corps |url=https://www.exteriores.gob.es/es/Ministerio/Protocolo/Documents/2ALISTA.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain)]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Germany}}
|[[Berlin]]
|Embassy
|Han Thein Kyaw, ''Chargé d'affaires''
|{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Estonia}}|{{Flag|Finland}}|{{Flag|Poland}}}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Berlin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.meberlin.com/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Berlin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Myanmar / Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar |url=https://vm.ee/en/country-page/EGY |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Estonia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fi.UM-RepsInFin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Representation of foreign states in Finland or in the nearest country to Finland |url=https://um.fi/representation-of-foreign-states-in-finland-or-in-the-nearest-country-to-finland |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pl.Gov-DP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Protocol |url=https://www.gov.pl/web/diplomacy/diplomatic-protocol |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Government of Poland}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Italy}}
|[[Rum|Rome]]
|Embassy
|Hmway Hmway Khyne, ''Ambassador''
|{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Greece}}|{{Flag|Portugal}}|{{Flag|Romania}}}}{{Collapsible list|[[File:FAO logo.svg|25px]] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|[[File:IFAD logo.svg|25px]] [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]]|[[World Food Programme]]}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Rome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://merome.org/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Rome}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDLisboa25&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2025 |title=Corpo Diplomático Acreditado em Lisboa |trans-title=Diplomatic Corps Accredited in Lisbon |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/images/Livro_Corpo_Diplom%C3%A1tico/Livro_Corpo_Diplomatico_-_Abril_2025_v2.pdf |access-date=8 May 2025 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Portugal)]] |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Norway}}
|[[Oslo]]
|Embassy
|Moe Kyaw Aung, ''Ambassador''
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Oslo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://meoslo.org/index.php/en/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Oslo}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OsloDL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2025 |title=The Oslo Diplomatic List |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/3818fa2f0ec449689f40fd6fbeb99df2/the-oslo-diplomatic-list-april-2025.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Government of Norway}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Serbia}}
|[[Belgrade]]
|Embassy
|Aung Min Oo, ''Chargé d'affaires''
|{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Bulgaria}}|{{Flag|Slovakia}}}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Belgrade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mebelgrade.org/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Belgrade}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bg.MFA-DL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Corps List |url=https://www.mfa.bg/en/topical-information/protocol-guide/diplomatic-corps-list |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bulgaria)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{Flag|Russia}}
|[[Moscow]]
|Embassy
|Thit Linn Ohn, ''Ambassador''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Azerbaijan}}|{{Flag|Belarus}}|{{Flag|Kazakhstan}}|{{Flag|Latvia}}}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Moscow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://memoscow.org/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Moscow (Russia)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;By.Emb-Hanoi-Myanmar&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Az.MFA-DL25&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2025 |title=Diplomatic List |url=https://mfa.gov.az/files/file/MXM_MFA_Diplomatic_List_Feb_2025.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=State Protocol Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lv.MFA-DL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=Diplomatic missions in Latvia |url=https://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/diplomatic-missions-latvia |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Novosibirsk]]
|Consulate-General
|Pyae Phyo Wai, ''Consul-General''
|
|-
|[[Saint-Petersburg|Saint Petersburg]]
|Consulate-General
|Aung Pe Thet, ''Consul-General''
|&lt;ref name=&quot;GNLM-020325&quot; /&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Landan|London]]
|Embassy
|Win Zeyar Tun, ''Chargé d'affaires''
|{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Denmark}}|{{Flag|Ireland}}|{{Flag|Sweden}}}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-London&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://londonmyanmarembassy.com/index.php |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar / London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dk.UM-DL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Protocol Department |url=https://um.dk/en/about-us/the-protocol-department |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Government of Denmark |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Denmark)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ie.DFA-DL25&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 2025 |title=Diplomatic List |url=https://assets.ireland.ie/documents/Updated_Diplomatic_List_July_2025.pdf |access-date=29 July 2025 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Ireland }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Se.Gov-DL25&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 July 2025 |title=Stockholm Diplomatic List |url=https://www.government.se/contentassets/fbe729b57a7b4cd8a6cc2ebb882fff02/stockholm-diplomatic-list-22-july-2025.pdf |access-date=2 July 2025 |publisher=[[Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Oceania
|-
!Host country
!Host city
!Mission
!Head of mission
!Concurrent accreditation
!References
|-
|{{Flag|Australia}}
|[[Kanberra|Canberra]]
|Embassy
|Myat Thuzar Than, ''Chargé d'affaires''
|{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|New Zealand}}}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.Emb-Canberra&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.mecanberra.org/index.php/en/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Union of Myanmar, Canberra |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124013344/http://www.mecanberra.org/index.php/en/ |archive-date=24 January 2026 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Au.DFAT-EmbsInAu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Foreign Embassies in Australia |url=https://protocol.dfat.gov.au/Public/MissionsInAustralia |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NZ.MFAT-Embs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Embassies |url=https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/embassies |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of New Zealand}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Multilateral organizations
|-
!Organization
!Host city
!Mission
!Head of mission
!Concurrent accreditation
!References
|-
|{{Flag|Association of Southeast Asian Nations}}
|[[Jakarta]]
|Permanent Mission
|Aung Myo Myint, ''Permanent Representative''
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.PM-ASEAN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mmaseanjkt.org/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Union of Myanmar to ASEAN / Jakarta}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Flag|United Nations}}
|[[New York (birni)|New York City]]
|Permanent Mission
|Hau Do Suan, ''Permanent Representative''
|
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar to the United Nations |url=https://www.un.int/myanmar/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Geneva]]
|Permanent Mission
|Myint Thu, ''Permanent Representative''
|{{Collapsible list|{{Flag|Switzerland}}}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.MOFA-Missions&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Me.PM-UNOG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.myanmargeneva.org/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Union of Myanmar to the United Nations Office in Geneva}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDFA-Dipcorps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic and Consular Corps |url=https://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/fdfa/foreign-policy/diplomatie/diplomatisches-corps.html |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=[[Federal Department of Foreign Affairs]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;149&quot; heights=&quot;149&quot;&gt;
Fayil:สถานทูตพม่า_ถนนสาทร_Burmese_Embassy,_Bangkok,_Sathon_Rd.jpg|Embassy in Bangkok
Fayil:Myanmar_Embassy_in_Belgrade_2024.jpg|Embassy in Belgrade
Fayil:Botschaft_Myanmar_Berlin_Thielallee_19.jpg|Embassy in Berlin
Fayil:Embassy_of_Myanmar_in_Canberra.jpg|Embassy in Canberra
Fayil:Embassy_of_Myanmar_in_London_1.jpg|Embassy in London
Fayil:B_Nikitskaya_41,43_dusk_May_2009_02.JPG|Embassy in Moscow
Fayil:Consulate-General_of_the_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Myanmar,_Nanning_(20180715).jpg|Consulate-General in Nanning
Fayil:Le_Parthénon,_60_rue_de_Courcelles,_Paris_8e_2.jpg|Embassy in Paris
Fayil:ミャンマー大使館正門.jpg|Embassy in Tokyo
Fayil:Embassy_of_Myanmar_-_Washington,_D.C.jpg|Embassy in Washington, D.C.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Dangantakar kasashen waje ta Myanmar
* Jerin ayyukan diflomasiyya a Myanmar
* Manufofin biza na Myanmar

== Bayani ==
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>rikgktqeeu6hh3kwq080uow3lktpzsq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hogel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>127208</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975662</id>
      <parentid>766614</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:11:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Salma Raddah</username>
        <id>45959</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>975662</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3321" sha1="he2i52t5g25314rvi4st1yd18kv78pt" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Hogel''' (wani [[Portmanteau|hoto]] na kalmomin ''holographic'' da ''element'' ) wani ɓangare ne na [[hologram]] mai haske, musamman wanda [[Computer-generated holography|kwamfuta ta samar]] . Ana ɗaukarsa ƙaramin abu mai haske na holographic ko HOE kuma tasirinsa gaba ɗaya ga na hologram na yau da kullun kawai cewa ƙudurin ya yi ƙasa kuma yana ɗauke da tsarin pixelated.  Jerin waɗannan abubuwan suna samar da cikakken hoton rikodin holographic, wanda yawanci ana nuna shi a cikin na'urar kallon kyauta ta 3D. 

Sabanin [[Pixel|pixels]] 2D, hogels suna ɗauke da alkibla da ƙarfin haskoki masu haske daga fuskoki da yawa kuma a zahiri shine abin da ake kira micro-image a cikin kalmomin hoton plenoptic. Ana yin hogels na roba ta hanyar yanka biyu, yanke da da'ira ko kuma bin diddigin hasken polygonal/voxel/ray-casting. Bincike kan samar da ingantaccen tsari da matse hogels na iya ba da damar nunin holografi ya zama mai yawa.

Ana iya amfani da jerin hogels don sake gina filin haske ta hanyar fitar da haske ta hanyar jerin microlens ko ta hanyar hologram masu haske/watsa hotuna. Amfani da hogels yana kawar da iyakancewa akan adadi da girman pixels da kuma girman ruwan tabarau waɗanda suka ƙunshi jerin ruwan tabarau saboda holograms ba abubuwa bane na zahiri.  Bayanan da aka yi rikodin a cikin hogel suna ta hanyar hasken abu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Hogel_Plane.png|thumb|Hogel ɗin hoton jirgin sama mai girman hogel da aka nuna da ja.]]

== Ci gaba ==
Mark Lucente ne ya ƙirƙiro kalmar &quot;hogel&quot; wanda ya fara amfani da ita a cikin takardar digirin digirgir ta MIT ta shekarar 1994. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misalai na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da takarda da aka gabatar a taron shekara-shekara na SMPTE na 2 a kan Stereoscopic 3D don Media da Nishaɗi mai taken &quot;The First 20 Years of Holographic Video - and the Next 20&quot;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko kuma a cikin waɗannan surori na littafin kwanan nan: &quot;Electronic Holography - 20 Years of Interactive Spatial Imaging&quot; a cikin Handbook of Visual Display Technology [2] , da kuma &quot;Computational Display Holograph&quot; a cikin Holographia.

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121104090114if_/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7320/extref/nature09521-s1.mov Bidiyo da ke nuna lokacin rubutu cikin sauri na tsarin nunin 3D]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151114235642if_/http://www.rattansoftware.com/applications/hogel-render/ Hogel Rendering]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151114235647if_/http://www.rattansoftware.com/applications/hogel-render/hogel-rendering-performance/ Aikin Hogel Rendering]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E91mM6XNG1A Bidiyon hogel na 3D]

=== Ƙarin karatu ===

== Manazarta ==
* [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7320/full/nature09521.html &quot;Holographic mai girma uku ta amfani da babban yanki na polymer mai haskakawa&quot;] . ''Nature'' '''468''' :80-83. 4 Nuwamba 2010. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]] &lt;span&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; [[doi:10.1038/nature09521|10.1038/nature09521]] .
* Klug, M., Burnett, T., Fancello, A., Heath, A., Gardner, K., O'Connell, S., Newswanger, C. (2013). [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.2168-0159.2013.tb06234.x/abstract &quot;Tsarin Nunin Filayen Haske Mai Sauƙi, Haɗin gwiwa, Mai Hulɗa&quot;], ''Taro na Taro na SID na Takardun Fasaha''</text>
      <sha1>he2i52t5g25314rvi4st1yd18kv78pt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975663</id>
      <parentid>975662</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:12:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Salma Raddah</username>
        <id>45959</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>975663</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3257" sha1="svrr2j07k9vqzsswn6gi7n3ttav19j7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Hogel''' (wani hoto na kalmomin ''holographic'' da ''element'' ) wani ɓangare ne na hologram mai haske, musamman wanda kwamfuta ta samar . Ana ɗaukarsa ƙaramin abu mai haske na holographic ko HOE kuma tasirinsa gaba ɗaya ga na hologram na yau da kullun kawai cewa ƙudurin ya yi ƙasa kuma yana ɗauke da tsarin pixelated.  Jerin waɗannan abubuwan suna samar da cikakken hoton rikodin holographic, wanda yawanci ana nuna shi a cikin na'urar kallon kyauta ta 3D. 

Sabanin pixels 2D, hogels suna ɗauke da alkibla da ƙarfin haskoki masu haske daga fuskoki da yawa kuma a zahiri shine abin da ake kira micro-image a cikin kalmomin hoton plenoptic. Ana yin hogels na roba ta hanyar yanka biyu, yanke da da'ira ko kuma bin diddigin hasken polygonal/voxel/ray-casting. Bincike kan samar da ingantaccen tsari da matse hogels na iya ba da damar nunin holografi ya zama mai yawa.

Ana iya amfani da jerin hogels don sake gina filin haske ta hanyar fitar da haske ta hanyar jerin microlens ko ta hanyar hologram masu haske/watsa hotuna. Amfani da hogels yana kawar da iyakancewa akan adadi da girman pixels da kuma girman ruwan tabarau waɗanda suka ƙunshi jerin ruwan tabarau saboda holograms ba abubuwa bane na zahiri.  Bayanan da aka yi rikodin a cikin hogel suna ta hanyar hasken abu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Hogel_Plane.png|thumb|Hogel ɗin hoton jirgin sama mai girman hogel da aka nuna da ja.]]

== Ci gaba ==
Mark Lucente ne ya ƙirƙiro kalmar &quot;hogel&quot; wanda ya fara amfani da ita a cikin takardar digirin digirgir ta MIT ta shekarar 1994. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misalai na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da takarda da aka gabatar a taron shekara-shekara na SMPTE na 2 a kan Stereoscopic 3D don Media da Nishaɗi mai taken &quot;The First 20 Years of Holographic Video - and the Next 20&quot;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko kuma a cikin waɗannan surori na littafin kwanan nan: &quot;Electronic Holography - 20 Years of Interactive Spatial Imaging&quot; a cikin Handbook of Visual Display Technology [2] , da kuma &quot;Computational Display Holograph&quot; a cikin Holographia.

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121104090114if_/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7320/extref/nature09521-s1.mov Bidiyo da ke nuna lokacin rubutu cikin sauri na tsarin nunin 3D]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151114235642if_/http://www.rattansoftware.com/applications/hogel-render/ Hogel Rendering]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151114235647if_/http://www.rattansoftware.com/applications/hogel-render/hogel-rendering-performance/ Aikin Hogel Rendering]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E91mM6XNG1A Bidiyon hogel na 3D]

=== Ƙarin karatu ===

== Manazarta ==
* [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7320/full/nature09521.html &quot;Holographic mai girma uku ta amfani da babban yanki na polymer mai haskakawa&quot;] . ''Nature'' '''468''' :80-83. 4 Nuwamba 2010. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]] &lt;span&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; [[doi:10.1038/nature09521|10.1038/nature09521]] .
* Klug, M., Burnett, T., Fancello, A., Heath, A., Gardner, K., O'Connell, S., Newswanger, C. (2013). [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.2168-0159.2013.tb06234.x/abstract &quot;Tsarin Nunin Filayen Haske Mai Sauƙi, Haɗin gwiwa, Mai Hulɗa&quot;], ''Taro na Taro na SID na Takardun Fasaha''</text>
      <sha1>svrr2j07k9vqzsswn6gi7n3ttav19j7</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>James Watt</title>
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[[Fayil:James_Watt_by_Francis_Chantrey,_Hunterian_Museum,_Glasgow.jpg|thumb|398x398px|&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;&gt;Siffar Watt&lt;/div&gt; (Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, by Francis Chantrey) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt; (Gidan Tarihi na Hunterian, Glasgow, na Francis Chantrey) &lt;/small&gt;]]
'''James Watt''' FRS FRSE (/wɒt/; 30 Janairu 1736 (&lt;small&gt; (19 Janairu 1736 OS) &lt;/small&gt;) - 25 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1819) [a] ya kasance mai kirkiro na Scotland, injiniya da likitan sunadarai wanda ya inganta a kan injin tururi na Thomas Newcomen na shekarar 1712 tare da injin tururin tururi na Watt a cikin shekarar 1776, wanda ya kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga canje-canjen da [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]] ya kawo a cikin asalinsa na Burtaniya da sauran duniya.

Yayinda yake aiki a matsayin mai yin kayan aiki a Jami'ar Glasgow, Watt ya zama mai sha'awar fasahar injunan tururi. A lokacin injiniyoyi kamar John Smeaton sun san rashin ingancin injin Newcomen kuma suna da niyyar inganta shi. Fahimtar Watt ita ce ta fahimci cewa ƙirar injiniya ta zamani ta ɓata makamashi mai yawa ta hanyar sanyaya da sake kunna silinda. Watt ya gabatar da ingantaccen ƙira, mai rarrabewa, wanda ya guje wa wannan ɓarna na makamashi kuma ya inganta ƙarfin, inganci, da ingancin farashi na injunan tururi. A ƙarshe, ya daidaita injinsa don samar da motsi mai juyawa, yana fadada amfani da shi sosai fiye da famfo ruwa.

Watt ya yi ƙoƙari ya sayar da abin da ya kirkira, amma ya fuskanci manyan matsalolin kudi har sai da ya shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da Matthew Boulton a cikin shekarar 1775. Sabuwar kamfanin Boulton da Watt sun yi nasara sosai kuma Watt ya zama mai arziki. A lokacin da ya yi ritaya, Watt ya ci gaba da bunkasa sabbin abubuwan kirkirar duk da cewa babu wanda ya kasance mai mahimmanci kamar aikin injin tururi.

As Watt developed the concept of horsepower,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lira |first=Carl |year=2001 |title=Biography of James Watt |url=http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html |access-date=5 July 2010 |publisher=egr.msu.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224014738/http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html |archive-date=24 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; the SI unit of power, the watt, was named after him.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ===
An haifi James Watt a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1736 a Greenock, Renfrewshire, babba daga cikin 'ya'ya biyar da suka tsira na Agnes Muirhead (1703-1755) da James Watt (1698-1782).  An yi wa Watt baftisma a ranar 25 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1736 a Old West Kirk, a Greenock . &lt;ref name=&quot;nrs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 May 2013 |title=Hall of Fame A-Z: James Watt (1736-1819) |url=https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/research/learning/hall-of-fame/hall-of-fame-a-z/watt-james |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616105333/https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/research/learning/hall-of-fame/hall-of-fame-a-z/watt-james |archive-date=16 June 2021 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=National Records of Scotland}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga dangi mai daraja, tana da ilimi sosai kuma an ce tana da hali mai karfi, yayin da mahaifinsa ya kasance mai aikin jirgin ruwa, mai mallakar jirgin ruwa da kuma dan kwangila, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai Ba'a da izini na Greenock a cikin 1751. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  Arzikin iyalin Watt ya zo ne a wani bangare daga kasuwancin mahaifin Watt a cikin bayi da kayan da aka samar da bayi. Iyayen Watt sun kasance Presbyterians da Covenanters masu ƙarfi, amma duk da godiyarsa ta addini daga baya ya zama deist.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McCabe |first=Joseph |year=1945 |title=A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Freethinkers |url=http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/joseph_mccabe/dictionary.html |access-date=17 August 2012 |publisher=Haldeman-Julius Publications |quote=He made such improvement in the crude steam-engine that had been invented before his time that he is usually described as the inventor. &quot;His many and most valuable inventions must always place him among the leading benefactors of mankind,&quot; says the account of him in the ''Dictionary of National Biography''. He was an accomplished man. He knew Greek, Latin, French, German and Italian and was very friendly with the great freethinking French scientists. Andrew Carnegie has written a life of him and describes him as a deist who never went to church.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kakan Watt, Thomas Watt (1642-1734), malamin lissafi ne, binciken da kewayawa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; kuma yana da garantin Baron na Cartsburn. 

Initially, Watt was educated at home by his mother, later going on to attend Greenock Grammar School. There he exhibited an aptitude for [[Lissafi|mathematics]], while [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] and Greek failed to interest him.


Bayan ya bar makaranta, Watt ya yi aiki a cikin bita na kasuwancin mahaifinsa, yana nuna ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa wajen ƙirƙirar samfuran injiniya. Bayan mahaifinsa ya sha wahala a kasuwancin da ba su yi nasara ba, Watt ya bar Greenock don neman aiki a [[Glasgow]] a matsayin mai yin kayan lissafi.

Lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, mahaifiyar Watt ta mutu kuma lafiyar mahaifinsa ta fara kasawa. Watt ya mai tafiya zuwa [[Landan]] kuma ya sami damar samun horo a matsayin mai yin Koyon aiki na shekara guda (1755-56), sannan ya koma Scotland, ya zauna a babban birnin kasuwanci na [[Glasgow]], da niyyar kafa kasuwancinsa na yin kayan aiki. Har yanzu yana da ƙuruciya sosai kuma, saboda ba shi da cikakken koyo, ba shi da haɗin da aka saba da shi ta hanyar tsohon maigidan don kafa kansa a matsayin mai yin kayan aiki.

An ceci Watt daga wannan matsala ta hanyar isowa daga Jamaica na kayan aikin astronomical wanda Alexander MacFarlane ya ba Jami'ar Glasgow - kayan aikin da ke buƙatar kulawa ta ƙwararru. Watt ya mayar da su cikin aiki kuma an biya shi. Wadannan kayan aikin an shigar da su a cikin Macfarlane Observatory. Daga baya, furofesoshi uku sun ba shi damar kafa karamin bita a cikin jami'ar. An fara shi ne a cikin shekarar 1757 kuma biyu daga cikin furofesoshi, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da likitancin sunadarai Joseph Black da kuma sanannen masanin tattalin arziki [[Adam Smith]], sun zama abokan Watt.

Da farko, ya yi aiki a kan kiyayewa da gyaran kayan aikin kimiyya da aka yi amfani da su a jami'ar, yana taimakawa tare da zanga-zangar, da fadada samar da quadrants. Ya yi kuma ya gyara tagulla da ke nuna quadrants, masu mulki a layi daya, ma'auni, sassa don telescopes, da barometers, da sauransu.

Masu ba da labari kamar Samuel Smiles sun tabbatar da cewa Watt ya yi ƙoƙari ya kafa kansa a Glasgow saboda adawa daga Trades House, amma wasu masana tarihi, kamar Harry Lumsden sun yi jayayya da wannan. Rubuce-rubucen daga wannan lokacin sun ragu, amma yayin da yake a bayyane cewa Watt ya gamu da adawa, duk da haka ya sami damar yin aiki da kasuwanci a matsayin ƙwararren [[Metalworking|Ma'aikacin ƙarfe]], yana nuna cewa Ƙungiyar Hammermen ta gamsu da cewa ya cika bukatun su na zama memba, ko kuma cewa Watt ta sami nasarar kauce wa adawarsu ta kai tsaye.
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]

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  <page>
    <title>Jaume Alonso-Cuevillas</title>
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'''Jaume Alonso-Cuevillas i Sayrol''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1961) ƙwararren masani ne, lauya kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya daga [[Katalunya|Catalonia]] wanda a halin yanzu yake aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Catalonia a jam'iyyar ' yancin kai ta Together for Catalonia da kuma Sakatare na Biyu na Majalisar Catalonia . Ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta [[Ispaniya|Spain]] tsakanin Mayu 2019 da Maris 2021.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Alonso-Cuevillas a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 1961 a [[Barcelona]], [[Katalunya|Catalonia]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Members: XIII Legislatura ( 2019-Actualidad) - Alonso-Cuevillas i Sayrol, Jaume |url=http://www.congreso.es/portal/page/portal/Congreso/Congreso/Diputados/BusqForm?_piref73_1333155_73_1333154_1333154.next_page=/wc/fichaDiputado?idDiputado=279&amp;idLegislatura=13 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Congress of Deputies]] |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ɗa ne kuma ɗan'uwan lauyoyi.  Yana da difloma a fannin shari'ar farar hula ta Catalan (1984) da kuma digirin farko a fannin shari'a (1985) daga Jami'ar Barcelona . &lt;ref name=&quot;UB1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jaume Alonso-Cuevillas Sayrol |url=https://webgrec.ub.edu/webs/03248_CAS.html |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[University of Barcelona]] |language=Spanish |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214152838/https://webgrec.ub.edu/webs/03248_CAS.html |archive-date=14 December 2022 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin shari'a daga jami'ar a shekarar 1990 bayan ya rubuta wani bincike mai taken ''La Comparecencia Preparatoria del Juicio de Menor Cuantía'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;UB1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;UB2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jaume Alonso-Cuevillas Sayrol |url=https://www.ub.edu/dret-professorat/cat/j.alonso-cuevillas.ub.edu.html |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[University of Barcelona]] |language=Catalan}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana kuma da digirin farko a fannin tattalin arziki da gudanar da kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Abat Oliba CEU (2014) da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin binciken asusun (2015). &lt;ref name=&quot;UB2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;GdC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=èTIC 2018: Ponents |url=http://smartcatalonia.gencat.cat/ca/projectes/ciutadania/eTic/ponents/ |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Generalitat de Catalunya]] |language=Catalan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alonso-Cuevillas malami ne a Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Kimiyya (1987–90). &lt;ref name=&quot;UB1&quot;/&gt; Ya shiga Jami'ar Barcelona a shekarar 1988 a matsayin malami (farfesa colaborador). &lt;ref name=&quot;UB1&quot; /&gt; An ɗaukaka shi zuwa mataimakin farfesa na wucin gadi (farfesa titular interino) a shekarar 1992 kuma a shekara mai zuwa ya zama mataimakin farfesa (farfesa titular de universidad). &lt;ref name=&quot;UB1&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2005 ya zama farfesa a fannin shari'a . &lt;ref name=&quot;UB1&quot; /&gt;

Alonso-Cuevillas ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Barcelona (1997-05), shugaban majalisar dokokin Catalan (1999-00) kuma shugaban ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Tarayyar Turai (2007-08).   Shi memba ne na Kwalejin Likitoci ta Royal ta Spain. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Oliveira |first1=Susanna |date=10 February 2019 |title=Jaume Alonso- Cuevillas |url=https://www.cataloniatoday.cat/article/1552272-jaume-alonso-cuevillas.html |access-date=5 June 2019 |work=[[Catalonia Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sami kyautar Ferran Termes a 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;GdC2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=èTIC 2018: Ponents |url=http://smartcatalonia.gencat.cat/ca/projectes/ciutadania/eTic/ponents/ |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Generalitat de Catalunya]] |language=Catalan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alonso-Cuevillas shine lauyan Shugaban Catalonia da aka kora [[Carles Puigdemont]] .   Ya tsaya takarar babban zaɓen 2019 a matsayin ɗan takarar haɗin gwiwa na jam'iyyar Together for Catalonia (JxCat) a lardin Girona kuma an zaɓe shi a Majalisar Wakilai .  

A watan Yulin 2020, Alonso-Cuevillas ya shiga sabuwar jam'iyyar siyasa ta Together da aka kafa don jam'iyyar siyasa ta Catalonia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Members: XIII Legislatura ( 2019-Actualidad) - Alonso-Cuevillas i Sayrol, Jaume |url=http://www.congreso.es/portal/page/portal/Congreso/Congreso/Diputados/BusqForm?_piref73_1333155_73_1333154_1333154.next_page=/wc/fichaDiputado?idDiputado=279&amp;idLegislatura=13 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Congress of Deputies]] |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya tsaya takarar yankin Catalonia na 2021 don Lardin Barcelona kuma an zabe shi a Majalisar Catalonia . &lt;ref name=&quot;2021electionresults&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Composició del Parlament |url=https://resultats.parlament2021.cat/resultados/composicion-parlamento |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215085826/https://resultats.parlament2021.cat/resultados/composicion-parlamento |archive-date=15 February 2021 |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=[[Parliament of Catalonia]] |language=Catalan}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 12 ga Maris 2021 aka zabe shi Sakataren Biyu na Majalisar Catalonia . 

== Tarihin zaɓe ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;
|+Tarihin zaɓe na Jaume Alonso-Cuevillas
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Zaɓe
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Mazabar mazaba
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Biki
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | A'a.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sakamako
|-
| 2019 na gaba ɗaya  
| Lardin Girona
| style=&quot;background:{{party color|Independent politician}};&quot; |
| Mai zaman kansa
| style=&quot;background:{{party color|Together for Catalonia (2017)}};&quot; |
| Tare don Catalonia
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1
| '''An zaɓa'''
|-
| Yankin 2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;2021electionresults&quot;/&gt;
| Lardin Barcelona
| style=&quot;background:{{party color|Together for Catalonia (2020)}};&quot; |
| Tare don Catalonia
| style=&quot;background:{{party color|Together for Catalonia (2020)}};&quot; |
| Tare don Catalonia
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5
| '''An zaɓa'''
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jesse Colin Young</title>
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'''Perry Miller''' (22 ga Nuwamba, 1941 - 16 ga Maris, 2025), wanda aka fi sani da '''Jesse Colin Young''', mawaki ne kuma mawaƙi ɗan Amurka. Ya kasance memba na farko kuma babban mawaƙin ƙungiyar Youngbloods ta shekarun 1960. &lt;ref name=&quot;npr2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cole |first=Tom |date=April 10, 2019 |title=Beyond The Summer Of Love, 'Get Together' Is An Anthem For Every Season |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/04/10/711545679/get-together-youngbloods-summer-of-love-american-anthem |access-date=July 14, 2019 |website=American Anthem |publisher=NPR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan rushewarsu a 1972, Young ya fara aikin solo, yana fitar da jerin kundin waƙoƙi ta hanyar Warner Bros. Records, ciki har da ''Song for Juli'' (1973), ''Light Shine'' (1974), ''Songbird'' (1975), da kuma kundin waƙoƙi kai tsaye ''On the Road'' (1976). Young ya ci gaba da fitar da kiɗa a shekarun 1980 tare da Elektra Records da Cypress Records, kafin ya yanke shawarar fitar da kiɗa ta hanyar kamfaninsa na kansa, Ridgetop Music, a 1993. Bayan Mount Vision Fire a 1995, Young ya ƙaura tare da iyalinsa zuwa wani gidan kofi a Hawaii, yana fitar da kiɗa lokaci-lokaci. An gano Young yana da cutar Lyme mai tsanani a 2012, kuma ya yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga kiɗa. Ya fara sake yin wasa a shekarar 2016 tare da ɗansa Tristan, inda ya fitar da sabon kundin wakoki ''mai suna Dreamers'' a shekarar 2019 ta hanyar BMG .

Waƙar Young mai suna &quot;Sunlight&quot; ta ƙunshi Three Dog Night a cikin kundin waƙoƙinsu na Naturally (1970), da kuma &quot; Darkness, Darkness &quot; na Robert Plant a shekarar 2002, wanda ya sami zaɓen zama gwarzon kyautar Grammy don Mafi Kyawun Waƙar Male Rock .

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Perry Miller a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 1941, kuma ya girma a Queens, New York, &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt1&quot; /&gt; ga iyayensa na kiɗa, waɗanda asalinsu daga Lynn, Massachusetts ne . &lt;ref name=&quot;Glouster&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=McCarthy, Gail |date=May 18, 2011 |title=Young, 'Junior' taking stage at Shalin Liu |url=https://www.gloucestertimes.com/news/lifestyles/young-junior-taking-stage-at-shalin-liu/article_2a3021d6-cf09-58bf-89dd-736c1331a20d.html |access-date=January 21, 2020 |publisher=Glouster Daily Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyarsa, Doryce (Van Sciver), ƙwararren mai goge ne kuma mawaƙi mai cikakken salon magana, yayin da mahaifinsa, Fredrick Miller, akawu ne mai ilimin [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Farber |first=Jim |date=March 17, 2025 |title=Jesse Colin Young, Singer Who Urged Us to 'Get Together,' Dies at 83 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/17/arts/music/jesse-colin-young-dead.html |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;RiverClub&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Jesse Colin Young |url=http://www.theriverclubmusichall.com/event/jesse-colin-young/ |access-date=January 21, 2020 |publisher=The River Club Music Hall }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyayensa biyu suna da sha'awar kiɗan gargajiya kuma ya koyi piano tun yana ƙarami.  A shekarar 1959, Young ya sami tallafin karatu don halartar Kwalejin Phillips da ke Andover, Massachusetts, inda ya yi karatun guitar ta gargajiya; duk da haka, an kore shi daga makarantar sakandare mai tsauri.  &lt;ref name=&quot;RiverClub&quot; /&gt; Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare, Young ya yi rajista a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, inda ya faɗaɗa sha'awarsa ta kiɗa ta hanyar zama a bayan shagon rikodin. &lt;ref name=&quot;WickedLocal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trust, Dick |date=April 19, 2012 |title='Get together' with Jesse Colin Young at River Club in Scituate |url=https://www.wickedlocal.com/article/20120419/News/304199843 |access-date=January 21, 2020 |publisher=Gannett Co.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan wani zangon karatu, Young ya koma gidan iyayensa da ke [[Pennsylvania]],  daga baya ya koma Jami'ar New York a 1961.  Young ya daidaita karatunsa da wasan kwaikwayo a Greenwich Village ; duk da haka, daga baya ya yanke shawarar barin kwaleji ya zama cikakken mawaƙi. &lt;ref name=&quot;WickedLocal&quot; /&gt; A wannan lokacin, ya zaɓi sunan dandamali Jesse Colin Young a matsayin gaurayen sunayen 'yan fashi Jesse James da Cole Younger, da kuma injiniyan ƙira na Formula One kuma mai ƙungiyar Colin Chapman, domin yana jin kamar wannan shine sunan da ya fi dacewa da waƙar da ya rera. &lt;ref name=&quot;WickedLocal&quot; /&gt; 

Young ya haɗu da furodusa Bobby Scott a farkon shekarun 1960, wanda ya taimaka wa Young wajen samun lokacin studio. An fitar da kundin wakokin Young na farko, The Soul of a City Boy, a shekarar 1964, sakamakon zaman rikodi na tsawon sa'o'i huɗu da aka yi tare da gitar acoustic. [1] Murfin Young na waƙar George Remaily mai suna &quot;Four in the Morning&quot; ya sami wasu shirye-shiryen rediyo, kuma a shekarar 1965 Young ya fitar da kundin wakoki na biyu wanda Scott ya shirya, Young Blood .
[[Fayil:Jesse_Colin_Young_2019_2_by_Glenn_Francis.jpg|thumb|Jesse Colin Young yana yin wasa a Los Angeles, California a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 2019]]
Young ya haɗu da ɗan wasan guitar Jerry Corbitt, wani mawaƙin gargajiya daga Cambridge, Massachusetts, kuma su biyun sun yanke shawarar kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa a matsayin 'yan biyu da ake kira Youngbloods (wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan kundin waƙoƙin Young na biyu  ), inda suka yi rangadin Kanada tare. Daga ƙarshe abokin Corbitt Lowell &quot;Banana&quot; Levinger (gita da piano na lantarki) da mai buga ganga Joe Bauer aka ƙara su cikin ƙungiyar, kuma ƙungiyar ta zama ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta gida don ƙungiyar dare ta Greenwich Village Cafe Au Go Go . &lt;ref name=&quot;Passings&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2014 |title=Passings: Jerry Corbitt of the Youngbloods |url=https://www.vintagevinylnews.com/2014/03/passings-jerry-corbitt-of-youngbloods.html |access-date=January 21, 2020 |publisher=VVN Music |archive-date=October 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027061554/https://www.vintagevinylnews.com/2014/03/passings-jerry-corbitt-of-youngbloods.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, Young ya sauya daga yin guitar zuwa yin bass, saboda ƙungiyar ta riga ta sami 'yan wasan guitar biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;BulletMusic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Poff |first=Jovan |date=August 26, 2017 |title=[Interview] A Get Together With Jesse Colin Young Reveals a Glimpse into the Summer of Love |url=http://www.bulletmusic.net/features-1/interview-jesse-colin-young |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828170753/https://bulletmusic.net/features-1/interview-jesse-colin-young |archive-date=August 28, 2017 |publisher=Bullet Music}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan sun shiga RCA Records, ƙungiyar ta fitar da waƙar farko ta &quot;Grizzly Bear&quot; a 1966, da kuma kundin waƙoƙinsu na farko ''The Youngbloods'' a 1967. &lt;ref name=&quot;iTunesBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ruhlmann, William |title=About Jesse Colin Young |url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/jesse-colin-young/2708175 |access-date=January 21, 2020 |publisher=Apple}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kundin farko na ƙungiyar ya ƙunshi waƙar &quot; Get Together &quot;, wadda Chet Powers ya rubuta, kuma an sake shi a matsayin waƙa ɗaya a 1967 zuwa nasara mai matsakaici; duk da haka, bayan an yi amfani da shi a cikin wani tallan hidimar jama'a na Majalisar Kasa ta Kiristoci da Yahudawa a shekarar 1969, ya zama sanannen shahararriyar waƙa a duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;npr2019&quot;/&gt; written by Young kaɗan daga cikin waƙoƙin farko na ƙungiyar &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; : kawai &quot;Tears Are Falling&quot; da &quot;Foolin' Around (The Waltz)&quot; daga kundin waƙoƙinsu na farko, da kuma huɗu a kan kundin waƙoƙinsu na Felix Pappalardi - wanda aka shirya a baya, ''Earth Music'' (1967) (duk da haka, ɓangarorin B na fitowar &quot;Get Together&quot; sun nuna waƙoƙin da Young ya rubuta). 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Asalin Young ya auri Suzi Young, wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu da su: Juli (an haife shi a shekarar 1966 &lt;ref name=&quot;Beacon&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ruben, Barbara |date=May 30, 2018 |title=Getting together with Jesse Colin Young |url=https://www.thebeaconnewspapers.com/getting-together-with-jesse-colin-young/ |access-date=January 21, 2020 |publisher=The Beacon newspapers}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) da Cheyenne.  Waƙar Young mai suna &quot;Song for Juli&quot; an rubuta ta ne tare da Suzi game da Juli, yayin da Young ya rubuta &quot;Morning Sun&quot; daga ''Song for Juli'' (1973) bayan haihuwar ɗansa Cheyenne. &lt;ref name=&quot;AcousticStorm&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1967, Young da abokan aikinsa na ƙungiyar Youngbloods sun ƙaura zuwa Marin County, California, &lt;ref name=&quot;AcousticStorm&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2017 |title=The Acoustic Storm Interviews: Jesse Colin Young |url=http://www.acousticstorm.com/artists/interview/134 |access-date=January 21, 2020 |publisher=The Acoustic Storm}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a shekarar 1971 ya gina gida a kan wani tudu a Inverness, California .  Gidan rikodi na gidan Young's Inverness, wanda Young ya gina a shekarar 1972, gobarar daji ta shekarar 1995 ba ta taɓa shi ba,  kuma a halin yanzu ƙungiyar ɗansa Cheyenne mai suna Beso Negro tana amfani da shi azaman ɗakin rikodi. &lt;ref name=&quot;ClassicRockMusic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shasho, Ray |date=July 9, 2014 |title=Jesse Colin Young Exclusive Interview: Legendary Performer Reveals Longtime Struggles with Lyme Disease |url=http://www.classicrockmusicwriter.com/2014/07/jesse-colin-young-exclusive-interview.html |access-date=January 21, 2020 |publisher=Classic Rock Music Reporter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217210334/http://www.classicrockmusicwriter.com/2014/07/jesse-colin-young-exclusive-interview.html |archive-date=February 17, 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Young ya haɗu da matarsa ta biyu, Connie Darden, a shekarun 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Dougan, Michael |date=October 6, 1995 |title=Rock singer Jesse Colin Young will move to Hawaii after losing home |url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Rock-singer-Jesse-Colin-Young-will-move-to-Hawaii-3128174.php |work=[[San Francisco Examiner]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare suka haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Tristan da Jazzie. &lt;ref name=&quot;BestClassic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tamarkin, Jeff |date=October 3, 2019 |title=Jesse Colin Young Q&amp;A: The Solo Years Then &amp; Now |url=https://bestclassicbands.com/jesse-colin-young-interview-3-10-19/ |access-date=January 21, 2020 |publisher=Best Classic Bands}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tristan ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Berklee a shekarar 2016. Ya yi rangadin yawon buɗe ido tare da mahaifinsa a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar mawakansa na baya, kuma ya haɗa kai da shirya kundin waƙoƙin Young mai ''suna Dreamers'' (2019). &lt;ref name=&quot;Songwriting&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2019 |title=Interview: Jesse Colin Young |url=https://www.songwritingmagazine.co.uk/interviews/interview-jesse-colin-young/44877 |access-date=January 21, 2020 |publisher=Songwriting Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jazzie (an haife shi a shekarar 1994  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bio |url=https://www.jazzieyoung.com/bio |access-date=January 21, 2020 |publisher=Jazzie Young }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ) mawaƙi ne wanda ya fara fitar da kiɗa da kansa a shekarar 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;BulletMusic&quot;/&gt;
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]]
===MANAZARTA===</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gundumar Awerial</title>
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Awerial wani yanki ne a Jihar Lakes, tsakiyar [[Sudan ta Kudu]] .
[[Fayil:Awerial_settlement,_South_Sudan_(12047808996).jpg|thumb|300x300px|Mutanen da ba su da kyau]]
Gundumar ta zama manyan labarai a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013 lokacin da ta karbi mutane sama da 70,000 da suka rasa muhallinsu da ke tserewa daga fada a kusa da Bor .  Garin kuma shine wurin zama na Bishop na Anglican.

Gundumar Awerial tana da iyaka da Terekeka County na Jihar Equatoria ta Tsakiya zuwa Kudu, Bor County na Jihari Jonglei zuwa Gabas, Yirol West County zuwa Arewa, Yirel West County zuwa Arewa maso Yamma.

== Yanayin yanayi na Awerial ==
Gundumar ta zama manyan labarai a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013 lokacin da ta karɓi mutane sama da 70,000 da suka rasa muhallinsu da ke tserewa daga fada a kusa da Bor .  Garin kuma shine wurin zama na Bishop na Anglican.

Gundumar Awerial tana da iyaka da gundumar Terekeka ta Jihar Equatoria ta Tsakiya zuwa Kudu, Bor South County na Jihar Jonglei zuwa Gabas, Yirol East County zuwa Arewa, Yirel West County zuwa Arewa maso Yamma.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Idan Kaddour Benghabrit</title>
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Abdelkader Ben Ghabrit (Larabci: عبد القادر بن غبريط; 1 Nuwamba 1868 - 24 Yuni 1954), [1] wanda aka fi sani da Si Kaddour Benghabrit (سي قدور بن غبريط) shugaban addini ne na Aljeriya, mai fassara kuma ma'aikatar harkokin waje ta Faransa wanda ya yi aiki ga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje. Shi ne shugaban babban masallacin birnin Paris na farko.

Ya shiga Taron Algeciras na 1906 da kuma tattaunawar da ta kai ga Yarjejeniyar Fes ta 1912. Ya jagoranci ofishin jakadancin Faransa zuwa [[Makkah|Makka]] a 1916 don sauƙaƙe [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]]. Ya yi aiki don shawo kan Hussein bin Ali, Sharif na Makka don ya rabu da Daular Ottoman kuma ya shiga Allies. A musayar, Musulmai Maliki na Daular mulkin mallaka ta Faransa za su amince da Khalifancinsa.

A lokacin da Jamus ta mamaye Faransa a yakin duniya na biyu, ya ɓoye kuma ya ceci [[Yahudawa]] da yawa a cikin ginshiki na Babban Masallacin Paris. Tare da Abdelkader Mesli, ya shiga cikin juriya kuma ya kare mutane da yawa da aka tsananta musu, wani lokacin ana kiyasta sun kasance fiye da mutane dubu daya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=de Bengy |first=Raphaël |date=2015-02-18 |title=Mohamed Mesli : &quot; Mon père, l'imam sauveur de juifs &quot; |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/week-end/mohamed-mesli-mon-pere-l-imam-sauveur-de-juifs-18-02-2015-4543709.php |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=leparisien.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://dictionnairedesorientalistes.ehess.fr |title=/ document.php ? id = 152 Dictionary of Orientalists in French |access-date=2026-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911122752/http://dictionnairedesorientalistes.ehess.fr/ |archive-date=2023-09-11 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cloarec |first=Glenn |title=Abdelkader Mesli, l'imam parisien qui a sauvé des Juifs pendant la Shoah |url=https://fr.timesofisrael.com/abdelkader-mesli-limam-parisien-qui-a-sauve-des-juifs-pendant-la-shoah/ |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=fr.timesofisrael.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Si Kaddour Benghabrit ya fito ne daga wani fitaccen dangin Andalusian na [[Tlemcen]] . Bayan karatun sakandare a [[madrasa]]_Thaalibia&quot; id=&quot;mwNg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Madrasa Thaalibia&quot;&gt;Madrasa Thaalibia a [[Aljir|Algiers]] da [[Jami'ar al-Karaouine]] ta Fez, ya fara aikinsa a [[Aljeriya]], a fagen shari'a. Benghabrit ya sami ilimin da ya dace da ɗan wani musulmi sananne a Maghreb a madrasa, haddace Alkur'ani da kuma koyon Larabci na gargajiya (harshe na Alkur'an, wanda ya bambanta da [[Larabci na Aljeriya]] ta zamani). {{Sfn|Katz|2012}} A lokaci guda, ya kuma sami ilimi wanda ya nuna akidar manufa ta Faransa ta civilisatrice (&quot;''aikin wayewa''&quot;) wanda Faransa za ta &quot;civilize&quot; Aljeriya ta hanyar daidaita su cikin harshen Faransanci da al'adu.{{Sfn|Katz|2012}}

Benghabrit dan kasar Faransa ne wanda ya rungumi manufa ta Faransa a Aljeriya, kuma saboda haka ya kasance mai aminci ga Faransa da dabi'unta.{{Sfn|Katz|2012}} Masanin tarihin Amurka Ethan Katz ya bayyana Benghabrit a matsayin al'adu biyu, mutumin da ya ji daɗi tare da bangarorin biyu na asalinsa a matsayin Faransanci da Musulmi wanda &quot;ya motsa ba tare da wata matsala ba&quot; tsakanin al'adun Faransa da Maghreb.{{Sfn|Katz|2012}} A matsayinsa na cosmopolitan, mutum mai ƙwarewa, wanda zai iya shiga cikin al'adun al'adu daban-daban, Benghabrit ya sami damar yin kansa da amfani ga waɗanda ke da iko, kuma daga bisani ya zo ya ji daɗin iko.{{Sfn|Katz|2012}}

=== Yarjejeniyar Fes ===
A cikin 1912, ya fassara tattaunawar tsakanin Sultan Abd al-Hafid na Maroko da jami'in diflomasiyyar Faransa {{Interlanguage link|Eugène Regnault|fr|}}  wanda ya ƙare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Fes, wanda ya kafa Tsaron Faransa a Maroko. Mazaunin Janar Hubert Lyautey sannan ya ba shi lada tare da matsayi a matsayin shugaban yarjejeniya ga sultan.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1914, Daular Ottoman ta shiga yakin duniya na farko a gefen Jamus. Sultan-Caliph Mehmed V, wanda aka dauka a matsayin jagoran ruhaniya na dukan duniyar Musulmi ta Sunni, ya fitar da sanarwar jihadi (yaƙi mai tsarki) a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 1914 yana roƙon dukkan Musulmai a duk duniya su yi yaƙi da Rasha, Burtaniya da Faransa. Faransa tana da miliyoyin Musulmai a cikin mulkin mallaka, kuma akwai damuwa mai tsanani a Paris game da amincin Musulmai a ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransa bayan sanarwar jihadi. Benghabrit ya yi amfani da duk tasirinsa don jayayya cewa Musulmai na Faransa ya kamata su kasance masu aminci ga Faransa, wanda ya sa ya ƙaunace shi ga gwamnatin Faransa.[1] Ga mafi yawancin, Musulmai na Faransa sun kasance masu aminci ga jamhuriya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya kuma sun yi watsi da sanarwar Ottoman na jihadi, wanda ya inganta matsayinsa a Paris. A lokacin yakin, Benghabrit ya bukaci Musulmai da su shiga cikin Sojojin Faransa kuma sun ba da jawabai a gaban sojojin Musulmai don gaya musu cewa suna fada don gefen dama ta hanyar fada don Faransa.[1]

== Dubi kuma ==

* Masallacin Bois de Vincennes
* Abdelkader Mesli
* Djaafar Khemdoudi

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bodosakis-Athanasiadis</title>
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Prodromos Bodosakis-Athanasiadis (Girkanci; 1890-1979) yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan adadi a Tarihin masana'antu na Girka na ƙarni na 20. Ya ƙirƙiro babbar daular masana'antu tare da masana'antun makamai, ma'adinai da tsire-tsire a rassa daban-daban na masana'antu a cikin shekarun 1930.[1]

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi ne a cikin dangin Girkawa na Cappadocia a yankin Bor, Cappadocia, Asiya Minor a 1890.[1] Prodomos ya yi ƙaura zuwa Girka bayan Yaƙin Greco-Turkiyya (1919-22). Daga 1934, ya mallaki Pyrkal, ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin masana'antun tsaro na Girka waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa sosai a lokacin Yaƙin Greco-Italiya.

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1979]]</text>
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        <id>24783</id>
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      <text bytes="715" sha1="g1a5ojqz2e6j5gj7ip78jyn8gvwc8xi" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Prodromos Bodosakis-Athanasiadis (Girkanci; 1890-1979) yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan adadi a Tarihin masana'antu na Girka na ƙarni na 20. Ya ƙirƙiro babbar daular masana'antu tare da masana'antun makamai, ma'adinai da tsire-tsire a rassa daban-daban na masana'antu a cikin shekarun 1930.[1]

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi ne a cikin dangin Girkawa na Cappadocia a yankin Bor, Cappadocia, Asiya Minor a shekarar 1890.[1] Prodomos ya yi ƙaura zuwa Girka bayan Yaƙin Greco-Turkiyya (1919-22). Daga 1934, ya mallaki Pyrkal, ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin masana'antun tsaro na Girka waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa sosai a lokacin Yaƙin Greco-Italiya.

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1979]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Huzaifa Vastanvi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134231</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975752</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-04T08:00:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jafar Mustapha</username>
        <id>50759</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */ Pratapgarhi, Muhammad Akram (7 May 2020). &quot;Hazrat Maulana Huzaifa Sahib Vastanvi ek bemisal azeem tareen mufakkir shakhsiyat&quot; [Hazrat Maulana Huzaifa Vastanvi is an unparalleled and exceptional intellectual personality]. Sada-e-Haque News (in Urdanci). Archived from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2024.  Ibrahimi, Hilaluddin (23 January 2025). &quot;Qiyadat, Ilm aur Islah ke Roshan Minaar Molana Huzaifa Vastanvi&quot; [Maulana Huzaifa Vastanvi: A Guiding Light of Leadership, Knowl</comment>
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&lt;nowiki&gt;**&lt;/nowiki&gt;TARIHIN GARIN IYATAWA - SABON GYARA**

Giwa LGA, Jihar Kaduna - Shekaru 410 (1616-2026)

Sarkin Garin Iyatawa: Alhaji Dalhatu Usman

&lt;nowiki&gt;**&lt;/nowiki&gt;1. KAFUWAR GARI**

An kafa garin Iyatawa ne shekaru 410 da suka wuce, a shekarar 1616. Wani Bafulatani makiyayi mai suna Malam Iyata ne ya fara zama a wurin. Ya zo daga yankin Katsina tare da iyalinsa, ya ga wuri mai ciyawa da ruwa, ya zauna. Daga sunan sa aka samu 'Iyatawa'. Wannan ya tabbata daga bakin Sarki Dalhatu Usman a 2026.

&lt;nowiki&gt;**&lt;/nowiki&gt;2. WURIN GARI**

Iyatawa tana cikin Mazabar Kadage, Gundumar Fatika, Karamar Hukumar Giwa. Tana kilomita 25 daga Giwa, kilomita 40 daga Zaria. Makwabtanta: Galadimawa, Kidandan, Bakali. Location: 11.0578N, 7.3969E

&lt;nowiki&gt;**&lt;/nowiki&gt;3. MULKI**

Iyatawa tana karkashin Masarautar Zazzau. Sarkin Garin Iyatawa na yanzu shine Alhaji Dalhatu Usman. Dagacin ne ke mulkar gari a karkashin Hakimin Fatika, Hakimi kuma a karkashin Mai Martaba Sarkin Zazzau da ke Zaria.

&lt;nowiki&gt;**&lt;/nowiki&gt;4. JAMA'A**

Gidaje kusan 358, mutane kusan 2,500 (2026). Hausawa da Fulani, dukkan su Musulmai. Harshe: Hausa.

&lt;nowiki&gt;**&lt;/nowiki&gt;5. SANA'A**

Noma: Gero, dawa, masara, wake, gyada, auduga. Kiyo: Shanu, tumaki, awaki. Garin ya shahara da gonaki masu albarka.

&lt;nowiki&gt;**&lt;/nowiki&gt;6. ADDINI DA AL'ADU**

Musulunci 100%. Babban Masallacin Juma'a daya a tsakiya da Rijiyar Iyatawa ta tarihi. Al'adu: Hawan Sallah, Dambe, Kalankuwa.

&lt;nowiki&gt;**&lt;/nowiki&gt;7. ILIMI**

Makarantar Primary daya da Islamiyya. Dalibai suna zuwa Giwa/Zaria don Secondary.

&lt;nowiki&gt;**&lt;/nowiki&gt;8. MADOGARA**

Wannan tarihin ya samo asali daga bakin Sarkin Garin Iyatawa, Alhaji Dalhatu Usman, a shekarar 2026. Shekaru 410 (1616-2026).

Wanda ya tattara: Jafar Mustapha (2026)

Madogara: Alh. Dalhatu Usman, Sarkin Garin Iyatawa

SIGNED: ____dalhatuiyatawa_____________________

Alhaji Dalhatu Usman, Sarkin Garin Iyatawa

Date: ___04_/___11_/2026

---

&lt;nowiki&gt;**&lt;/nowiki&gt;ENGLISH FOR WIKIPEDIA:**

HISTORY OF IYATAWA VILLAGE - UPDATED

Giwa LGA, Nigeria - 410 Years (1616-2026)

Village Head: Alhaji Dalhatu Usman

Founded 1616 by Malam Iyata, Fulani pastoralist from Katsina. Name means 'people of Iyata'. Confirmed by Alh. Dalhatu Usman, Sarkin Garin Iyatawa, in 2026.

Location: Kadage Ward, Fatika District, Giwa LGA. 11.0578N, 7.3969E

Governance: Under Zazzau Emirate. Village Head: Alhaji Dalhatu Usman.

Population: 358 households, ~2,500 (2026). Hausa/Fulani, Muslim.

Economy: Farming &amp; livestock.

Culture: Friday mosque, historic well, Sallah durbar.

Source: Alh. Dalhatu Usman, 2026.

Compiled by: Jafar Mustapha

---

Ka kwafa wannan ka tura a WhatsApp ko ka buga. Shin yanzu ka samu?

== Tarihin Rayuwar sa. ==
An haifi Huzaifa Vastanvi a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1979 a Vastan, Gundumar Surat, Gujarat . Ya kammala karatunsa na farko da ci gaba a Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom, Akkalkuwa, inda ya kammala a shekara ta 2002.  Shi ne ɗan Ghulam Muhammad Vastanvi, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban ma'aikatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Akram&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pratapgarhi |first=Muhammad Akram |date=7 May 2020 |title=Hazrat Maulana Huzaifa Sahib Vastanvi ek bemisal azeem tareen mufakkir shakhsiyat |trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Huzaifa Vastanvi is an unparalleled and exceptional intellectual personality |url=https://www.sqnews.in/2020/05/partabgarh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045245/https://www.sqnews.in/2020/05/partabgarh.html |archive-date=2 June 2020 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Sada-e-Haque News |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 2002, Huzaifa Vastanvi ya fara koyarwa a Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom, Akkalkuwa . &lt;ref name=&quot;Ibrahimi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ibrahimi |first=Hilaluddin |date=23 January 2025 |title=Qiyadat, Ilm aur Islah ke Roshan Minaar Molana Huzaifa Vastanvi |trans-title=Maulana Huzaifa Vastanvi: A Guiding Light of Leadership, Knowledge, and Reform |url=https://abulmahasin.com/قیادت،-علم-اور-اصلاح-کے-روشن-مینار-مولا/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205041641/https://abulmahasin.com/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%8C-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7/ |archive-date=5 February 2025 |access-date=5 February 2025 |website=abulmahasin.com |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Abbasi|2020}} Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Nazim-e-Taleemat (Darakta na Ilimi) sannan daga baya a matsayin Babban Darakta na ma'aikatar. A cikin waɗannan matsayi, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da sauye-sauyen gudanarwa da ilimi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bakir |first=Saif |date=1 April 2018 |title=وفد من أكبر جامعات الهند الإسلامية يزور السعودية |trans-title=A delegation from one of India's largest Islamic universities visits Saudi Arabia |url=https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228185645/https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Al Mujtama Magazine |language=ar |publication-place=[[Kuwait]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 March 2019 |title=«إشاعة العلوم» الهندية احتفلت بأعياد الكويت |trans-title=The Indian Islamic University &quot;Ishaatul Uloom&quot; marked Kuwait's National Day celebrations |url=https://www.aljarida.com/articles/1551544950665267600 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303134748/http://www.aljarida.com/articles/1551544950665267600/ |archive-date=3 March 2019 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=[[Al-Jarida]] |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 November 2015 |title=«النوري الخيرية» توقع اتفاقية تعاون لانطلاق مشروع التعليم النوعي في مومباي |trans-title=&quot;Al-Nouri Charity&quot; signs a cooperation agreement to launch a quality education project in Mumbai |url=https://www.alwasat.com.kw/ArticleDetail.aspx?id=8686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228193603/https://www.alwasat.com.kw/ArticleDetail.aspx?id=8686 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=[[Alwasat (Kuwaiti newspaper)]] |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=14 March 2023 |title=Malegaon Madrasa Riyaz-ul-Jannah ki Taliba Tarannum Idris ki Aalmi Musabaqa-e-Quran Sultanate of Oman mein Numaya Karkardagi |trans-title=Malegaon Madrasa Riyaz-ul-Jannah Student Tarannum Idris Excels in the International Quran Competition in the Sultanate of Oman |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/maharashtra/tarannum-idris-a-student-of-malegaon-performed-prominently-in-the-international-quran-competition/na20230314171841714714899 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228201623/https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/maharashtra/tarannum-idris-a-student-of-malegaon-performed-prominently-in-the-international-quran-competition/na20230314171841714714899 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=[[Etv Urdu|ETV Urdu]] |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, Ghulam Mohammad Vastanvi, a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025, majalisar Jamia (Majlis-e-Shura) ta nada Huzaifa Vastanvi a matsayin sabon Rais al-Jami'ah (shugaban ma'aikata). 

Vastanvi yana da alaƙa ta ruhaniya tare da masanin addinin Musulunci Taqi Usmani kuma yana da hannu wajen inganta koyarwarsa a Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Akram&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pratapgarhi |first=Muhammad Akram |date=7 May 2020 |title=Hazrat Maulana Huzaifa Sahib Vastanvi ek bemisal azeem tareen mufakkir shakhsiyat |trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Huzaifa Vastanvi is an unparalleled and exceptional intellectual personality |url=https://www.sqnews.in/2020/05/partabgarh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045245/https://www.sqnews.in/2020/05/partabgarh.html |archive-date=2 June 2020 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Sada-e-Haque News |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukansa sun haɗa da ƙoƙari a cikin ilimin kuɗi na Islama da shirye-shiryen jin dadin al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bakir |first=Saif |date=1 April 2018 |title=وفد من أكبر جامعات الهند الإسلامية يزور السعودية |trans-title=A delegation from one of India's largest Islamic universities visits Saudi Arabia |url=https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228185645/https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Al Mujtama Magazine |language=ar |publication-place=[[Kuwait]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin kullewar COVID-19 a cikin 2020, Vastanvi ya taimaka wajen shirya dawowar daliban da suka makale zuwa gidajensu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Akram&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pratapgarhi |first=Muhammad Akram |date=7 May 2020 |title=Hazrat Maulana Huzaifa Sahib Vastanvi ek bemisal azeem tareen mufakkir shakhsiyat |trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Huzaifa Vastanvi is an unparalleled and exceptional intellectual personality |url=https://www.sqnews.in/2020/05/partabgarh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602045245/https://www.sqnews.in/2020/05/partabgarh.html |archive-date=2 June 2020 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Sada-e-Haque News |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, yana da hannu a cikin tattaunawar addinai da shirye-shirye don inganta ilimi a cikin al'ummomin da aka ware.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bakir |first=Saif |date=1 April 2018 |title=وفد من أكبر جامعات الهند الإسلامية يزور السعودية |trans-title=A delegation from one of India's largest Islamic universities visits Saudi Arabia |url=https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228185645/https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Al Mujtama Magazine |language=ar |publication-place=[[Kuwait]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2023, [[Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud|Sarki Salman]] na Saudi Arabia ya gayyaci Vastanvi don [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]], yana godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga ilimin Islama da jagoranci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bakir |first=Saif |date=1 April 2018 |title=وفد من أكبر جامعات الهند الإسلامية يزور السعودية |trans-title=A delegation from one of India's largest Islamic universities visits Saudi Arabia |url=https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228185645/https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Al Mujtama Magazine |language=ar |publication-place=[[Kuwait]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 March 2019 |title=«إشاعة العلوم» الهندية احتفلت بأعياد الكويت |trans-title=The Indian Islamic University &quot;Ishaatul Uloom&quot; marked Kuwait's National Day celebrations |url=https://www.aljarida.com/articles/1551544950665267600 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303134748/http://www.aljarida.com/articles/1551544950665267600/ |archive-date=3 March 2019 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=[[Al-Jarida]] |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2024, Vastanvi ya wakilci Indiya a Taron Shugabannin Addini na Musulmi na BRICS, wanda ya jaddada inganta zaman lafiya tsakanin addinai da inganta zaman lafiya a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bakir |first=Saif |date=1 April 2018 |title=وفد من أكبر جامعات الهند الإسلامية يزور السعودية |trans-title=A delegation from one of India's largest Islamic universities visits Saudi Arabia |url=https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228185645/https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Al Mujtama Magazine |language=ar |publication-place=[[Kuwait]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 March 2019 |title=«إشاعة العلوم» الهندية احتفلت بأعياد الكويت |trans-title=The Indian Islamic University &quot;Ishaatul Uloom&quot; marked Kuwait's National Day celebrations |url=https://www.aljarida.com/articles/1551544950665267600 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303134748/http://www.aljarida.com/articles/1551544950665267600/ |archive-date=3 March 2019 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=[[Al-Jarida]] |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;---

**TARIHIN GARIN IYATAWA - SABON GYARA**

Giwa LGA, Jihar Kaduna - Shekaru 410 (1616-2026)

Sarkin Garin Iyatawa: Alhaji Dalhatu Usman

**1. KAFUWAR GARI**

An kafa garin Iyatawa ne shekaru 410 da suka wuce, a shekarar 1616. Wani Bafulatani makiyayi mai suna Malam Iyata ne ya fara zama a wurin. Ya zo daga yankin Katsina tare da iyalinsa, ya ga wuri mai ciyawa da ruwa, ya zauna. Daga sunan sa aka samu 'Iyatawa'. Wannan ya tabbata daga bakin Sarki Dalhatu Usman a 2026.

**2. WURIN GARI**

Iyatawa tana cikin Mazabar Kadage, Gundumar Fatika, Karamar Hukumar Giwa. Tana kilomita 25 daga Giwa, kilomita 40 daga Zaria. Makwabtanta: Galadimawa, Kidandan, Bakali. Location: 11.0578N, 7.3969E

**3. MULKI**

Iyatawa tana karkashin Masarautar Zazzau. Sarkin Garin Iyatawa na yanzu shine Alhaji Dalhatu Usman. Dagacin ne ke mulkar gari a karkashin Hakimin Fatika, Hakimi kuma a karkashin Mai Martaba Sarkin Zazzau da ke Zaria.

**4. JAMA'A**

Gidaje kusan 358, mutane kusan 2,500 (2026). Hausawa da Fulani, dukkan su Musulmai. Harshe: Hausa.

**5. SANA'A**

Noma: Gero, dawa, masara, wake, gyada, auduga. Kiyo: Shanu, tumaki, awaki. Garin ya shahara da gonaki masu albarka.

**6. ADDINI DA AL'ADU**

Musulunci 100%. Babban Masallacin Juma'a daya a tsakiya da Rijiyar Iyatawa ta tarihi. Al'adu: Hawan Sallah, Dambe, Kalankuwa.

**7. ILIMI**

Makarantar Primary daya da Islamiyya. Dalibai suna zuwa Giwa/Zaria don Secondary.

**8. MADOGARA**

Wannan tarihin ya samo asali daga bakin Sarkin Garin Iyatawa, Alhaji Dalhatu Usman, a shekarar 2026. Shekaru 410 (1616-2026).

Wanda ya tattara: Jafar Mustapha (2026)

Madogara: Alh. Dalhatu Usman, Sarkin Garin Iyatawa

SIGNED: _________________________

Alhaji Dalhatu Usman, Sarkin Garin Iyatawa

Date: ____/____/2026

---

**ENGLISH FOR WIKIPEDIA:**

HISTORY OF IYATAWA VILLAGE - UPDATED

Giwa LGA, Nigeria - 410 Years (1616-2026)

Village Head: Alhaji Dalhatu Usman

Founded 1616 by Malam Iyata, Fulani pastoralist from Katsina. Name means 'people of Iyata'. Confirmed by Alh. Dalhatu Usman, Sarkin Garin Iyatawa, in 2026.

Location: Kadage Ward, Fatika District, Giwa LGA. 11.0578N, 7.3969E

Governance: Under Zazzau Emirate. Village Head: Alhaji Dalhatu Usman.

Population: 358 households, ~2,500 (2026). Hausa/Fulani, Muslim.

Economy: Farming &amp; livestock.

Culture: Friday mosque, historic well, Sallah durbar.

Source: Alh. Dalhatu Usman, 2026.

Compiled by: Jafar Mustapha

---

&lt;/ref&gt;

Vastanvi ya wallafa ayyuka da yawa, ciki har da Safarnama-e-Junubi Africa (Tafiye-tafiye na Afirka ta Kudu) da ''Urdu Zaban wa Adab ke Farogh mein Madaris-e-Islamia ki Be-Lauth Khidmat'' (Hadin gwiwar Kasuwancin Musulunci don Inganta Harshen Urdu da Littattafai). {{Sfn|Abbasi|2020}} Ya kuma rubuta labarai game da ilimin Islama da batutuwan zamani kuma yana aiki a matsayin editan mujallar wata-wata ta ma'aikatar, ''Shahrah-e-Ilm'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bakir |first=Saif |date=1 April 2018 |title=وفد من أكبر جامعات الهند الإسلامية يزور السعودية |trans-title=A delegation from one of India's largest Islamic universities visits Saudi Arabia |url=https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228185645/https://mugtama.com/04/137327/ |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Al Mujtama Magazine |language=ar |publication-place=[[Kuwait]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen ==


Sauran ayyukansa sun hada da: &lt;ref name=&quot;Ibrahimi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ibrahimi |first=Hilaluddin |date=23 January 2025 |title=Qiyadat, Ilm aur Islah ke Roshan Minaar Molana Huzaifa Vastanvi |trans-title=Maulana Huzaifa Vastanvi: A Guiding Light of Leadership, Knowledge, and Reform |url=https://abulmahasin.com/قیادت،-علم-اور-اصلاح-کے-روشن-مینار-مولا/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205041641/https://abulmahasin.com/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%8C-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7/ |archive-date=5 February 2025 |access-date=5 February 2025 |website=abulmahasin.com |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''Tohfa-e-Ramazan'' (Kyautar Ramadan) 
* ''Islama ki Buniyadi Taleemat se Waqfiyat'' (Gaskiya Koyarwar Islama) 
* ''Maqasid-e-Nuzool-e-Qur'an'' (Manufar Ru'ya ta Alkur'ani) 
* ''Seerat-un-Nabi'' (Labarin Annabi Muhammadu) 
* ''Halaat Hazrat [[Mahdi]] aur Alāmāt-e-Qiyamat'' (Halin Mahdi da Alamun Ranar Shari'a) 

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin Deobandis

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]]</text>
      <sha1>4hxentvirvnkwnbw26l2gyewk9u1l0j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mali Khan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>136313</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975758</id>
      <parentid>884513</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T09:25:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zahrah0</username>
        <id>14848</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>975758</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5304" sha1="cdswv6idlbo8b9vvx04a3liyh8zsyd0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Haji Mali Khan''' (Pashto) ɗan siyasan [[Taliban]] ne na Afghanistan, kuma tsohon kwamandan soja. Khan ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikatan Sojoji tun daga 4 ga Maris 2022. Daga 7 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2021 zuwa ranar 14 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2022, ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan Lardin Logar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 November 2021 |script-title=ps:د نږدې شلو ولایاتو لپاره نوي والیان او امنیې قوماندانان وټاکل شول |trans-title=New governors and police chiefs have been appointed for about 20 provinces |url=http://azamnews.com/?p=108148 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107145754/http://azamnews.com/?p=108148 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |language=ps}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin aikinsa na gwamnati, an dauke shi daya daga cikin shugabannin Cibiyar sadarwa ta Haqqani, reshe mai cin gashin kansa na [[Taliban]].

== Rayuwa ==
Mali Khan dan Pashtun ne daga Ƙabilar Zadran .  'Yar'uwarsa ita ce mahaifiyar' ya'ya maza biyar na [[Jalaluddin Haqqani|Jalaludin Haqqani]]  saboda haka Mali Khan kawun Sirajuddin Haqqani ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=4 March 2022 |script-title=ps: په یو شمیر وزارتونو، قول اردو ګانو اوولایتونو کې نوې ټاکنې وشوې |trans-title=New elections were held for a number of ministries, corps and provinces |url=https://pajhwok.com/ps/2022/03/04/%D9%BE%D9%87-%DB%8C%D9%88-%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%8C-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%88-%D9%88%D9%84/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303221614/https://pajhwok.com/ps/2022/03/04/%D9%BE%D9%87-%DB%8C%D9%88-%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%8C-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%88-%D9%88%D9%84/ |archive-date=3 March 2022 |publisher=Pajhwok Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mali Khan ya kasance babban kwamandan Haqqani a Afghanistan,  wanda ke kula da ƙungiyoyin sojoji da tallafi tsakanin Gundumar Arewacin Waziristan a Pakistan da [[Paktia Province|Paktia]]&quot; id=&quot;mwPQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Loya Paktia&quot;&gt;Loya Paktia (gundumomin Khost, Paktia, da Paktika na Afghanistan). &lt;ref name=&quot;Khan-Afghan-bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Haji Mali Khan |url=http://www.afghan-bios.info/index.php?option=com_afghanbios&amp;id=5088&amp;task=view&amp;total=729&amp;start=251&amp;Itemid=2 |website=Afghan Biographies}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 October 2011 |title=Senior Haqqani commander captured in Afghanistan |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20111001-afghanistan-nato-forces-capture-haqqani-commander-taliban-haji-mali-khan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002235244/https://www.france24.com/en/20111001-afghanistan-nato-forces-capture-haqqani-commander-taliban-haji-mali-khan |archive-date=2 October 2011 |publisher=France 24}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2009-2010, Mali Khan ya kafa tushe ga mayakan Haqqani a yankunan kabilar Mangal na Lardin Paktia. &lt;ref name=&quot;Khan-Afghan-bio&quot; /&gt; A wannan lokacin ya inganta motsi na sojojin Taliban daga Pakistan zuwa Afghanistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Khan-Afghan-bio&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin ayyukansa yana aiki a matsayin wakilin tsakanin Baitullah Mehsud da Haqqanis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roggio-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roggio |first=Bill |date=1 November 2011 |title=US adds senior Haqqani Network leader to terrorist list |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2011/11/us_adds_senior_haqqa.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103193812/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2011/11/us_adds_senior_haqqa.php |archive-date=3 November 2011 |website=The Long War Journal |publisher=Foundation for Defense of Democracies}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sojojin ISAF ne suka kama shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba 2011, yayin wani hari a [[Musakhel|Gundumar Musakhel]], wani sansanin cibiyar sadarwa ta Haqqani a Lardin Khost.  An sake shi a cikin musayar fursunoni a watan Nuwamba 2019.  Watanni da yawa bayan an sake shi an ruwaito shi a aiki don cibiyar sadarwa ta Haqqani, a cikin hadin gwiwar soja da kayan aiki.

Lokacin da aka sake kafa [[Afghanistan|Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan]], bayan janyewar sojojin NATO a watan Agustan 2021, Mali Khan ya zama wani ɓangare na gwamnatin Afghanistan kuma an nada shi a matsayin gwamnan lardin Logar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=4 March 2022 |script-title=ps: په یو شمیر وزارتونو، قول اردو ګانو اوولایتونو کې نوې ټاکنې وشوې |trans-title=New elections were held for a number of ministries, corps and provinces |url=https://pajhwok.com/ps/2022/03/04/%D9%BE%D9%87-%DB%8C%D9%88-%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%8C-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%88-%D9%88%D9%84/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303221614/https://pajhwok.com/ps/2022/03/04/%D9%BE%D9%87-%DB%8C%D9%88-%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%8C-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%88-%D9%88%D9%84/ |archive-date=3 March 2022 |publisher=Pajhwok Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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'''Haji Mali Khan''' (Pashto) ɗan siyasan [[Taliban]] ne na Afghanistan, kuma tsohon kwamandan soja. Khan ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikatan Sojoji tun daga 4 ga Maris 2022. Daga 7 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2021 zuwa ranar 14 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2022, ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan Lardin Logar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 November 2021 |script-title=ps:د نږدې شلو ولایاتو لپاره نوي والیان او امنیې قوماندانان وټاکل شول |trans-title=New governors and police chiefs have been appointed for about 20 provinces |url=http://azamnews.com/?p=108148 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107145754/http://azamnews.com/?p=108148 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |language=ps}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin aikinsa na gwamnati, an dauke shi daya daga cikin shugabannin Cibiyar sadarwa ta Haqqani, reshe mai cin gashin kansa na [[Taliban]].

== Rayuwa ==
Mali Khan dan Pashtun ne daga Ƙabilar Zadran .  'Yar'uwarsa ita ce mahaifiyar' ya'ya maza biyar na [[Jalaluddin Haqqani|Jalaludin Haqqani]]  saboda haka Mali Khan kawun Sirajuddin Haqqani ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=4 March 2022 |script-title=ps: په یو شمیر وزارتونو، قول اردو ګانو اوولایتونو کې نوې ټاکنې وشوې |trans-title=New elections were held for a number of ministries, corps and provinces |url=https://pajhwok.com/ps/2022/03/04/%D9%BE%D9%87-%DB%8C%D9%88-%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%8C-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%88-%D9%88%D9%84/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303221614/https://pajhwok.com/ps/2022/03/04/%D9%BE%D9%87-%DB%8C%D9%88-%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%8C-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%88-%D9%88%D9%84/ |archive-date=3 March 2022 |publisher=Pajhwok Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mali Khan ya kasance babban kwamandan Haqqani a Afghanistan,  wanda ke kula da ƙungiyoyin sojoji da tallafi tsakanin Gundumar Arewacin Waziristan a Pakistan da [[Paktia Province|Paktia]]&quot; id=&quot;mwPQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Loya Paktia&quot;&gt;Loya Paktia (gundumomin Khost, Paktia, da Paktika na Afghanistan). &lt;ref name=&quot;Khan-Afghan-bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Haji Mali Khan |url=http://www.afghan-bios.info/index.php?option=com_afghanbios&amp;id=5088&amp;task=view&amp;total=729&amp;start=251&amp;Itemid=2 |website=Afghan Biographies}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 October 2011 |title=Senior Haqqani commander captured in Afghanistan |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20111001-afghanistan-nato-forces-capture-haqqani-commander-taliban-haji-mali-khan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002235244/https://www.france24.com/en/20111001-afghanistan-nato-forces-capture-haqqani-commander-taliban-haji-mali-khan |archive-date=2 October 2011 |publisher=France 24}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2009-2010, Mali Khan ya kafa tushe ga mayakan Haqqani a yankunan kabilar Mangal na Lardin Paktia. &lt;ref name=&quot;Khan-Afghan-bio&quot; /&gt; A wannan lokacin ya inganta motsi na sojojin Taliban daga Pakistan zuwa Afghanistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Khan-Afghan-bio&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin ayyukansa yana aiki a matsayin wakilin tsakanin Baitullah Mehsud da Haqqanis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roggio-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roggio |first=Bill |date=1 November 2011 |title=US adds senior Haqqani Network leader to terrorist list |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2011/11/us_adds_senior_haqqa.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103193812/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2011/11/us_adds_senior_haqqa.php |archive-date=3 November 2011 |website=The Long War Journal |publisher=Foundation for Defense of Democracies}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sojojin ISAF ne suka kama shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba 2011, yayin wani hari a [[Musakhel|Gundumar Musakhel]], wani sansanin cibiyar sadarwa ta Haqqani a Lardin Khost.  An sake shi a cikin musayar fursunoni a watan Nuwamba 2019.  Watanni da yawa bayan an sake shi an ruwaito shi a aiki don cibiyar sadarwa ta Haqqani, a cikin hadin gwiwar soja da kayan aiki.

Lokacin da aka sake kafa [[Afghanistan|Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan]], bayan janyewar sojojin NATO a watan Agustan 2021, Mali Khan ya zama wani ɓangare na gwamnatin Afghanistan kuma an nada shi a matsayin gwamnan lardin Logar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=4 March 2022 |script-title=ps: په یو شمیر وزارتونو، قول اردو ګانو اوولایتونو کې نوې ټاکنې وشوې |trans-title=New elections were held for a number of ministries, corps and provinces |url=https://pajhwok.com/ps/2022/03/04/%D9%BE%D9%87-%DB%8C%D9%88-%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%8C-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%88-%D9%88%D9%84/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303221614/https://pajhwok.com/ps/2022/03/04/%D9%BE%D9%87-%DB%8C%D9%88-%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%8C-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%88-%D9%88%D9%84/ |archive-date=3 March 2022 |publisher=Pajhwok Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Hideaki Itsuno</title>
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Hideaki Itsuno (伊津野 英昭, Itsuno Hideaki) [[Creative director|Daraktan wasan bidiyo]] ne kuma mai tsarawa na Japan. An haife shi a Osaka Japan, kuma ya yi aiki a [[Capcom]]. Ya kasance darektan da kuma furodusa don jerin da yawa a Capcom, gami da Rival Schools, Power Stone, Devil May Cry da Dragon's Dogma .

== Ayyuka ==

=== Shekaru na farko (1994-2002) ===
Hideaki Itsuno ya kasance mai sha'awar wasan yaƙi wanda Capcom ta hayar da shi a cikin 1994; jarrabawar shigarsa ta faru a rana ɗaya da gwajin ''Super Street Fighter II Turbo''.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRI1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Takayuki Nakayama |title=ROUND 2: Hideaki Itsuno Part 1 |url=https://game.capcom.com/cfn/sfv/column/112448 |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=Shadaloo Combat Research Institute |publisher=Capcom, Capcom Fighters Network |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326210203/https://game.capcom.com/cfn/sfv/column/112448 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya tafi don shi a kan wasu kamfanoni saboda zai zama sauƙin tafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;EG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Martin Robinson |date=3 March 2019 |title=The devil within: Hideaki Itsuno on 25 years at Capcom |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/the-devil-within-hideaki-itsuno-on-25-years-at-capcom |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |publisher=[[Gamer Network|Eurogamer Network]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A can, an ba shi aiki a matsayin mai tsarawa a cikin rukunin wasan kwaikwayo (wanda a shekarar 1997 aka sake tsara shi a matsayin Production Studio 1), farawa da wasannin jarrabawa guda biyu. A wannan shekarar ta farko a kamfanin, wani aikin don Street Fighter prequel yana yin giya; Babban jami'in Itsuno Noritaka Funamizu ya ga babu mai zanen da aka haɗe, kuma ya nemi ya dauki wannan rawar a watan Disamba. Sauran mambobin wannan ƙungiyar sun fito ne daga wannan bango, duk sun taru don haka ''Street Fighter Alpha'' yana da roko mai zurfi kuma ya kama masu sauraro da aka jawo wa mayakan SNK.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRI1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EG&quot; /&gt;

Ayyukansa na farko na darektan ya kasance a kan wani mayaƙa, ''Star Gladiator'', aikin da ya shiga rabin hanyar don cika burin: &quot;a lokacin da nake so in yi irin wannan wasan tare da babban majalisa, saboda Capcom bai taɓa yin wani abu kamar haka ba a baya. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa na shiga kamfanin&quot;. Saboda tasirin gani da ƙuntatawa na kayan aiki, wannan wasan yana gudana a 30 Frames a kowace dakika, ga takaici ga Itsuno: &quot;A 30fps, ina jin ba za ku iya samun ainihin wasan yaƙi na gasa ba, don haka ina so in yi wasan yaƙi tare da 60fps a zuciya&quot;. An motsa shi don yin wasan yaƙi na 60fps, ya ɗauki aikin asali tare da roko mai yawa - wanda aka motsa shi ta hanyar wani ɓangare ta hanyar labarin da ya fi dacewa da kuma haɗa abubuwa masu taka rawa - wanda ya zama Makarantun Rival: United By Fate . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Takayuki Nakayama |title=ROUND 2: Hideaki Itsuno Part 3 |url=https://game.capcom.com/cfn/sfv/column/130231 |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=Shadaloo Combat Research Institute |publisher=Capcom, Capcom Fighters Network |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120100126/https://game.capcom.com/cfn/sfv/column/130231 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EG&quot;/&gt;

Yawancin abubuwan da Itsuno ya fitar a cikin shekaru tara na farko na aikinsa sun kasance yaƙi da wasannin, a cikin 2D da 3D, a matsayin darektan ko mai zanen. Yayinda jinsi da kasuwar wasan kwaikwayo suka ragu, ya yi aiki a kan wasannin na'ura mai kwakwalwa na nau'o'i daban-daban, a cikin matsayi biyu da ya kasance a baya: One Piece Mansion, GioGio's Bizarre da Auto Modellista Adventure .

=== Shaidan zai iya kuka ===
Bayan Itsuno ya gama aiki a kan ''Capcom vs. SNK 2'', ya fara yin wasan bidiyo mai taka rawa. Tun lokacin da ya bayyana ya zama &quot;marasa amfani&quot;, shugabansa ya umarce shi ya yi aiki a kan Devil May Cry 2. An tambayi Itsuno ya &quot;sake tsara aikin&quot; a cikin wani matsayi na kari, wanda ya dace yana nufin karɓar jagoranci, kamar yadda babban gudanarwa ya gan shi a matsayin darektan-ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bob Mackey |date=29 June 2015 |title=The Devil's Own: Capcom's Hideaki Itsuno on a Decade-Plus with Dante |url=http://www.usgamer.net/articles/the-devils-own-capcoms-hideaki-itsuno-on-a-decade-plus-with-dante |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429100434/http://www.usgamer.net/articles/the-devils-own-capcoms-hideaki-itsuno-on-a-decade-plus-with-dante |archive-date=29 April 2016 |access-date=9 March 2016 |website=[[USgamer]] |publisher=Gamer Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; A musayar, ba zai tafi ba tare da an ba shi lambar yabo ba,   amma ya zama darektan da aka jera a cikin wasan karshe. {{Sfn|''3•1•4•2 Graphic Arts''|2015}}{{Sfn|''3•1•4•2 Graphic Arts''|2015}} Yawancin Team Devil (ma'aikatan da ke kan wannan taken) ba su yi aiki a kan Devil May Cry ba kuma ba su da ƙwarewa a wasannin 3D na wasan kwaikwayo,  wanda ya haifar da samarwa sosai a bayan jadawalin tare da watanni shida da suka rage a kan ƙayyadadden lokaci.{{Sfn|''Note of Naught''|2006}}{{Sfn|''3•1•4•2 Graphic Arts''|2015}} Itsuno ya cika bukatar, amma bai gamsu da matakin sa hannu da ingancin samfurin karshe ba.{{Sfn|''3•1•4•2 Graphic Arts''|2015}}

Ba ya son Iblis May Cry 2 ya zama abin da ya gada a cikin jerin, don haka kafin ci gaba ya ƙare, Itsuno ya nemi manyan sahunsa don Iblis May Cry 3, tare da kansa a matsayin darektan daga farkon aikin.{{Sfn|''3•1•4•2 Graphic Arts''|2015}}{{Sfn|''Note of Naught''|2006}}{{Sfn|''3•1•4•2 Graphic Arts''|2015}} Ya tara Team Devil don ya zauna;  wasu mambobi sun raba ra'ayinsa,  tare da mutane da yawa suna son yin aiki tare da abin da suka koya suna yin Devil May Cry 2.{{Sfn|''3•1•4•2 Graphic Arts''|2015}}{{Sfn|''3•1•4•2 Graphic Arts''|2015}}{{Sfn|''3•1•4•2 Graphic Arts''|2015}} Abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo irin su girman mahalli da injin yaƙi na wasan an sake la'akari da su, kuma zarge-zarge na yau da kullun kamar raguwar Dante da wahalar wasan an dawo da su cikin layi tare da wasan farko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gamedailybiz&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brightman, James |date=2005-04-06 |title=Devil May Cry 3 Poised for Success |url=http://biz.gamedaily.com/industry/toppers/?id=9336 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092141/http://biz.gamedaily.com/industry/toppers/?id=9336 |archive-date=September 29, 2007 |access-date=2007-04-12 |publisher=GameDaily}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan canje-canje sun sadu da yabo kuma an karɓi wasan sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Takayuki Nakayama |title=ROUND 2: Hideaki Itsuno Part 3 |url=https://game.capcom.com/cfn/sfv/column/130231 |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=Shadaloo Combat Research Institute |publisher=Capcom, Capcom Fighters Network |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120100126/https://game.capcom.com/cfn/sfv/column/130231 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Itsuno ya koma kai tsaye Devil May Cry 4.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Takayuki Nakayama |title=ROUND 2: Hideaki Itsuno Part 3 |url=https://game.capcom.com/cfn/sfv/column/130231 |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=Shadaloo Combat Research Institute |publisher=Capcom, Capcom Fighters Network |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120100126/https://game.capcom.com/cfn/sfv/column/130231 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya bayyana cewa zane na gani ya nemi isar da jin dadi na iyo a cikin iska, kuma cewa ayyukan Nero's Devil Bringer ba za a iya yin su a kan na'urorin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani ba, yana buƙatar sabon ƙarni na na'urori kamar PlayStation 3.&lt;ref name=&quot;nlr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 September 2006 |title=IGN: New Hero for DMC4 |url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/730/730818p1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905101400/http://ps3.ign.com/articles/730/730818p1.html |archive-date=2008-09-05 |access-date=2008-07-08 |publisher=IGN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Devil May Cry 4 (2008) ya sadu da nasarar kasuwanci da kuma gagarumin nasara. 

Wasan na gaba a cikin jerin, DmC: Devil May Cry, ya samo asali ne daga mai haɓaka Ninja Theory na Burtaniya; Itsuno shine mai kula da darektan a wannan aikin. Lokacin da yake tattauna wannan shawarar, Itsuno ya ce: &quot;Tare da DmC a wannan lokacin, muna so mu guji matsalar da ta faru da wasu jerin inda kake ci gaba da yin shi tare da wannan ƙungiyar, kayan aiki iri ɗaya, kuma yana raguwa kuma magoya baya suna ƙaura daga gare ta... Ba mu son jerin su mutu. &quot; Kungiyar ci gaba ta haɗa da mambobi sama da casa'in, da yawa daga cikinsu daga Capcom ne.[undefined] Alex Jones da Motohide Eshiro sun yi aiki a matsayin masu samarwa, da nufin taimakawa Ninja Theory yin DmC wasa kamar wasannin Devil May Cry na baya.[2] Devil May Cry 5, an sake shi a cikin 2019.[1]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Hawo Hassan Mohamed</title>
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'''Hawo Hassan Mohamed''' 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Somaliya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gnmatc&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Nominated Ministers and Their Clans|url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=9446|accessdate=28 January 2015|agency=Goobjoog|date=28 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328000213/http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=9446|archive-date=28 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fito daga ƙabilar Hadamo ta Rahanweyn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gnmatc&quot;/&gt; Ita ce tsohuwar Ministar Lafiya da Kula da Jama'a ta [[Somaliya|ƙasar Somaliya]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Gnmatc&quot;/&gt; bayan tsohon Firayim Minista Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke ya naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Lafiya da Kula da Jama'a a ranar 27 ga watan Janairu, 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gnmatc&quot;/&gt;  Daga baya aka kori Hawo Hassan Mohamed daga muƙamin ta na Ministar Lafiya da Kula da Jama'a ta tsohon Firayim Minista Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke, aka maye gurbinta da Mohamed Haji AbdiNur a ranar 24 ga watan Yuni, 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://horseedmedia.net/2016/06/25/somalia-pm-sharmarke-sacks-two-prominent-women-ministers/|date= June 25, 2016|title=SOMALIA: PM Sharmarke sacks two prominent female ministers|work=HORSEED MEDIA}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jemma Nunu Kumba</title>
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'''Dr. Jemma Nunu Kumba''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Yuni 1966) 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa]] ce ta Kudancin Sudan kuma a halin yanzu [[Speaker of the National Legislative Assembly of South Sudan|Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Rikon Kwarya ta Ƙasa]] tun daga watan Agusta 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 July 2021 |title=South Sudan appoints female as speaker of parliament |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2021/07/24/South-Sudan-appoints-female-as-speaker-of-parliament |website=Al Arabiya English}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce mace ta farko da ta jagoranci majalisar dokokin ƙasar Sudan ta Kudu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-24 |title=Jemma Nunu Kumba: S.Sudan's first female parliament speaker |url=https://jordantimes.com/news/region/jemma-nunu-kumba-ssudans-first-female-parliament-speaker |website=Jordan Times |access-date=2026-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010151310/https://jordantimes.com/news/region/jemma-nunu-kumba-ssudans-first-female-parliament-speaker |archive-date=2022-10-10 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kumba ta yi aiki a muƙamai da dama na gwamnati da jam'iyyu, ciki har da Gwamnan Western Equatoria (2008–2010), Ministar Gidaje, Tsare-tsare na Jiki da Muhalli (2010–2013), Ministar Wutar Lantarki, Madatsun Ruwa, Ban Ruwa da Albarkatun Ruwa (2013–2015), Ministar Jinsi, Yara da Jin Daɗin Jama'a (2015), Ministar Kula da Namun Daji da Yawon Buɗe Ido (2015–2019), da kuma Ministar Harkokin Majalisa (2019–2021). An kuma naɗa ta Mataimakiyar Sakatare Janar na Kungiyar 'Yantar da Jama'ar Sudan (SPLM) a shekarar 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kiir appoints new SPLM deputy secretary general |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article56886 |website=Sudan Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Kumba a gundumar Tombura, Western Equatoria, a shekarar 1966. Iyalinta sun gudu zuwa sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya a lokacin yarinta. Daga baya ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Juba Day daga shekarun 1983 zuwa 1986.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/who%E2%80%99s-who-splm-juba-faction-jemma-nunu-kumba|title=Who's who of the SPLM-Juba faction: Jemma Nunu Kumba|publisher=Radio Tamazuj|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023072016/https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/who%E2%80%99s-who-splm-juba-faction-jemma-nunu-kumba|archive-date=2016-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A ƙarshen shekarun 1990, yayin da take raka mijinta a ayyukan SPLM a ƙasashen waje, ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Namibia, inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a da Kimiyyar Siyasa a shekarar 2002. 

A shekarar 2022, ta sami digirin Masters a fannin Nazarin Tsaro daga [[Jami'ar Egerton]] da ke Kenya, inda ta kammala karatunta a matsayi na farko a ajinta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2022 |title=South Sudan National Assembly Speaker graduating top of her class at Egerton University |url=https://www.egerton.ac.ke/university-news/achievements/south-sudan-national-assembly-speaker-graduating-top-of-her-class-at-egerton-university |website=Egerton University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
A shekarun 1990, Kumba ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaba a ayyukan da SPLM ta yi, sannan daga baya ta zama mai kula da Majalisar Coci-coci ta Sabuwar Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;  Ta shiga cikin tawagar SPLM zuwa tattaunawar zaman lafiya ta 2002 a Kenya, wanda ya haifar da Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya a shekarar 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Bayan ta kammala karatunta na CPA, ta zama 'yar majalisa a Khartoum sannan daga baya ta koma Sudan ta Kudu don riƙe muƙamai daban-daban na minista. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka naɗa a matsayin Gwamna a wata jiha ta Kudancin Sudan bayan CPA, tana aiki a Western Equatoria daga shekarun 2008 zuwa 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 May 2010 |title=Jemma Nunu Kumba's Final Lap in Office |url=http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/3637/Jemma-Nunu-Kumbas-Final-Lap-in-Office.aspx |publisher=Gurtong}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya ta riƙe muƙaman majalisar ministocin ƙasa a fannonin gidaje, ruwa, jinsi, namun daji, da harkokin majalisar dokoki kafin a naɗa ta a matsayin Shugaba a shekarar 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-23 |title=Nunu Kumba selected TNLA Speaker |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/nunu-kumba-selected-tnla-speaker/ |website=Eye Radio}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan Gina Zaman Lafiya ==
Kumba ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina zaman lafiya. A shekarar 2004, ta kafa ƙungiyar mata ta majalisar dokokin Sudan a farkon tsarin zaman lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 August 2021 |title=Who is Rt Hon. Jemma Nunu Kumba? |url=https://www.theinsider-ss.com/who-is-rt-hon-jemma-nunu-kumba/ |website=The Insider |access-date=9 March 2026 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122153341/https://www.theinsider-ss.com/who-is-rt-hon-jemma-nunu-kumba/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance cikin tattaunawar ƙasa da na yanki don ƙarfafa shigar mata cikin harkokin shugabanci da yarjejeniyoyin zaman lafiya.

== Gidauniyar JNK ==
A shekarar 2023, Kumba ta ƙaddamar da Gidauniyar **JNK**, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ke tallafawa mata da yara marasa galihu a Sudan ta Kudu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 October 2023 |title=Nunu launches JNK Foundation for needy children and women |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/nunu-launches-jnk-foundation-for-needy-children-and-women/ |website=Eye Radio}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 October 2023 |title=Nunu launches foundation for women, children |url=https://www.africa-press.net/south-sudan/all-news/nunu-launches-foundation-for-women-children |website=Africa Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Girmamawa ==

* Mace ta farko da ta zama Shugabar Majalisar Dokokin Sudan ta Kudu (2021).
* Ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a fannin digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Egerton (2022).
* Digirin girmamawa na uku, Jami'ar Benin, Najeriya (2023).

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Kumba tana auren Dr. Festo F. Kumba, tsohon Ministan Albarkatun Dabbobi da Kamun Kifi. Suna da 'ya'ya biyar kuma 'yan ƙabilar Zande ne. 

== Duba kuma ==

* SPLM
* SPLA

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Imelda Udoh</title>
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'''Imelda Icheji Lawrence Udoh''' (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 1960) [[Farfesa]] ce a fannin Ilimin Harshe da [[Harsunan Najeriya]] na Kwalejin Fasaha, [[Jami'ar Uyo]], Najeriya . &lt;ref name=&quot;imelda&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=National Universities Commission |date=2021 |title=Directory of Full Professors in the Nigerian University System |url=https://education.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2021-Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-FINAL.pdf |access-date=November 12, 2023 |website=education.gov.ng |page=183 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260519012439/https://education.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2021-Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-FINAL.pdf |archive-date=May 19, 2026 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;imelda9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ORCID |url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8235-3015 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=orcid.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana aiki a matsayin Shugabar Kungiyar Harshe ta Najeriya (LAN). &lt;ref name=&quot;imelda3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Leadership – Linguistic Association of Nigeria |url=https://lan.org.ng/the-leadership/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=lan.org.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, memba ce ta rayuwa kuma Fellow na Kwalejin Harafi ta Najeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;imelda&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;imelda2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Imelda Icheji Lawrence Udoh |url=https://nalonline.org.ng/imelda-icheji-lawrence-udoh/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Nigerian Academy of Letters |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;imelda4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=3.ImeldaUdoh_CV_2020.. - Imelda Udoh.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/15bAeWpvwuYvB5HniZBJfNjxXcL2BXn_D/view?usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Google Docs}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 August 2021 |title=Nigerian Academy Of Letters Inducts 13 New Members {{!}} Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/nigerian-academy-of-letters-inducts-13-new-members/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=[[Independent Nigeria]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-08-15 |title=Academy of Letters honours UI's Ag VC |url=https://guardian.ng/news/academy-of-letters-honours-uis-ag-vc/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FULokoja |title=.:: Nigerian Academy of Letters Admits FUL VC, Prof. Akinwumi as NAL Fellow; M.S. Audu, Ibileye as New Members {{!}} Federal University Lokoja |url=https://www.fulokoja.edu.ng/news-page.php?i=434&amp;a=breaking-nigerian-academy-of-letters-admits-ful-vc-prof-akinwumi-as-nal-fellow-ms-audu-ibileye-as-new-members |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=www.fulokoja.edu.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance tsohuwar [[Sabis ɗin Musayar Ilimi na Jamus|DAAD]] kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Harshe da Harsunan Najeriya daga 2010 zuwa 2014, a matsayin Mataimakin Dean na Faculty of Arts daga 2010 zuwa 2013, da Mataimakin Darakta, Makarantar Ci gaba da Ilimi (2015-2016) na Jami'ar.&lt;ref name=&quot;imelda&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;imelda2&quot; /&gt; Ta lura a cikin bincikenta cewa &quot;harsunan yankin Najeriya suna da alama suna mutuwa a wasu yankuna, amma har yanzu suna bunƙasa a wasu&quot;. Udoh ya ba da shawara don kare waɗannan harsunan asali yayin da yake gabatar da lacca na 81 na Jami'ar Uyo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Odey |first=Patrick |date=2021-06-28 |title=Don advocates protection of Nigeria's indigenous languages |url=https://punchng.com/don-advocates-protection-of-nigerias-indigenous-languages/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=[[The Punch]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Udoh kuma memba ne na Majalisar Ƙungiyar Harsunan Yammacin Afirka . An shirya wani biki don girmama ta a shekarar 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;imelda6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CFP |url=https://easychair.org/cfp/festschriftforprofimeldaudoh60 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=easychair.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Imelda Udoh a ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 1960 a [[Adadama]] a cikin Karamar Hukumar [[Abi]] ta [[Cross River|Jihar Cross River]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;imelda4&quot;/&gt; Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta St Bernard, Adadama, makarantar Convent, [[Ogoja]] da makarantar Convent. Daga inda ta sami takardar shaidar barin makarantar farko a shekarar 1972. A shekara ta 1973, ta halarci Annunciation Girls' Juniorate, Ogoja na tsawon shekaru hudu, kuma ta sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a Makarantar Sakandare ta Ogidi Girls, Ogidi a [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]. Ta halarci Jami'ar Calabar inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin harshe (1983); digiri na biyu a fannin harshe (1986); da kuma digiri na Doctor of Philosophy (1998). Udoh ya kuma sami takardar shaidar a cikin Turanci Phonetics daga Kwalejin Jami'ar, London, a wannan shekarar.&lt;ref name=&quot;imelda&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;imelda2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;imelda4&quot; /&gt; Har ila yau, tana da takardar shaidar a cikin DIES / DAAD International Deans&quot; Course on Higher Education Management (Jami'ar Osnabrück, Jamus, 2012); Takardar shaidar takardun harshe (Jami'ar Texas a Arlington, Amurka, 2014); kuma, Takardar shaiddiga a Kwalejin Duniya a cikin Kwarewar Koyarwa (Jamiwar Jihar Ohio, Amurka, 2015). &lt;ref name=&quot;imelda4&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Imelda Udoh ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar malama a [[Jami'ar Jihar Cross River]] a shekarar 1986. Daga baya ta koma [[Jami'ar Calabar]] a 1987. Ta dawo [[Jami'ar Uyo]] a shekarar 1989 kuma ta tashi ta hanyar farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe da harsunan Najeriya a shekarar 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;imelda4&quot;/&gt; Ta kasance baƙo mai bincike a Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka, London, a cikin 1996; masanin bincike a Kwalejin Jami'ar, London a cikin 1999 kuma masanin ziyara na digiri a Jami'ar California, Berkeley daga 2001 zuwa 2002. Ta kasance malama a Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe na Haɗin gwiwa (CoLang) a cikin 2016 a Jami'ar Alaska, Fairbanks, inda ta gabatar da wani darasi mai taken, &quot;Documentation of Orature&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Udoh |first=Imelda Icheji Lawrence |last2=Iwoketok |first2=Uwemedimo Enobong |date=2016 |title=Documentation of Orature |url=https://scholarworks.alaska.edu/bitstream/handle/11122/9646/Orature_Syllabus_3.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |website=www.scholarworks.alaska.edu |access-date=2026-03-12 |archive-date=2024-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331045532/https://scholarworks.alaska.edu/bitstream/handle/11122/9646/Orature_Syllabus_3.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar Calabar daga 2007 zuwa 2008 da 2016 zuwa 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;imelda2&quot;/&gt; Ta gabatar da lacca na 81 na Jami'ar Uyo mai taken, &quot;Harsunan 'yan asalin Najeriya kamar Bricks Don Gina Gaskiya ta Kasa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=81st Inaugural Lecture: Imelda Icheji Lawerence Udoh, Professor of Linguistics And Nigeria Languages – University Of Uyo |url=https://uniuyo.edu.ng/notice/81st-inaugural-lecture-imelda-icheji-lawerence-udoh-professor-of-linguistics-and-nigeria-languages-faculty-of-arts/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-27 |title=Don seeks for protection of indigenous languages in Nigeria |url=https://daybreak.ng/don-seeks-for-protection-of-indigenous-languages-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Daybreak, Politics, Entertainment, Sport |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225134752/https://daybreak.ng/don-seeks-for-protection-of-indigenous-languages-in-nigeria/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abokan hulɗa da membobin ==
Udoh ɗan'uwa ne kuma shugaban Ƙungiyar Harshe ta Najeriya daga 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;imelda3&quot;/&gt; Ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar kungiyar daga 2004 zuwa 2008, kuma mataimakiyar shugaban kungiyar daga 2016 zuwa 2021. Ita memba ce ta rayuwa kuma abokiyar Kwalejin Harafi ta Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;imelda&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;imelda2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;imelda4&quot;/&gt; kuma memba na Majalisar Ƙungiyar Harshe ta Yammacin Afirka (WALS); Ƙungiyar Karatu ta Najeriya (RAN), da Ƙungiyar Malaman Harshe ta Najeriya (ANLAT). Ita tsohuwar DAAD ce; kuma memba ce ta rayuwa, da kuma Fellow na Kwalejin Harafi ta Najeriya (FNAL). &lt;ref name=&quot;imelda5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Hands and Voices of African Identity – International Conference |url=https://www.s-deli.org/indigenous-hands-and-voices-of-african-identity/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=S-DELI |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudummawar bincike ==
Ta hanyar ayyuka da yawa, gami da Shirin Harsunan Najeriya (NLP), Shirin Harshe na Ƙananan Ƙasa (LCLP), Shirin Abidjan-Bielefeld-Uyo Gabatarwa ga Takaddun Harshe (ABUILD), Shirin Jami'ar Jihar Michigan da ke karɓar bakuncin Kayan Lantarki don Bayanan Harsuna Masu Hadari (E-MELD) da dai sauransu, Udoh ya gudanar da bincike mai zurfi a cikin bayanin da ilimin harsunan rubuce-rubuce game da harsunan Upper da Lower Cross River da ake magana a cikin Akwa Ibom da Cross States na Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;imelda5&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;imelda6&quot;/&gt; Ayyukanta a kan harsuna daban-daban kamar Leggbó, Anaañ, Iko, Nkari, Ibibio, da Uda sun haifar da wallafe-wallafe da yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hyman |first=Larry |last2=Narrog |first2=Heiko |last3=Paster |first3=Mary |last4=Udoh |first4=Imelda |date=2002-08-14 |title=Leggbo Verb Inflection: A Semantic and Phonological Particle Analysis |url=https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/BLS/article/view/3854 |journal=Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society |language=en |volume=28 |pages=399–410 |doi=10.3765/bls.v28i1.3854 |issn=2377-1666 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da mahimmanci game da harsunan Upper Cross na Jihar Cross da harsuna marasa rinjaye na Najeriya, musamman Leggbó . &lt;ref name=&quot;imelda5&quot; /&gt; Ɗaya daga cikin littattafan da ta shirya ya bayyana harsunan yankin Kudu-Kudancin Najeriya, gami da babban yaren da ake magana a Eleme, Rivers da sauransu da yawa.&lt;ref&gt;Udoh, Imelda Icheji Lawrence (editor) (2003) ''The languages of the South-South zone of Nigeria: a geo-political profile'' Concept Publications,  Lagos, Nigeria, pages 85, 87, {{ISBN|978-8065-27-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken da take da shi a yanzu shine kan taswirar harsunan Najeriya ta amfani da fasahar Geographical Information Systems (GIS), wanda ke da niyyar tattara da aiwatar da kayan aikin da suka san wuri wanda zai iya aiki a cikin ainihin lokaci, don inganta yanayin muhalli na harshe, da kuma ingantaccen hangen nesa na matsayin rayuwar harsuna.

== Nuni na gudanarwa ==
Udoh ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Harsuna da Harsunan Najeriya, Jami'ar Uyo daga 2010 zuwa 2014, Mataimakin Dean na Faculty of Arts daga 2010 zuwa 2013 da Mataimakin Darakta, Makarantar Ci gaba da Ilimi daga 2015 zuwa 2016 na wannan Jami'ar.[1][2][3] Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar a cikin ayyukan ba da izini na Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa da yawa, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayinta na memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Jami'ar Uyo, daga 2015 zuwa 2017, da kuma memba na farko na Kwamitin Gwamna na Jami'an Ritman, Ikot Ekpene, Jihar Akwa Ibom, daga 2015 ruo 2019 [1] .[2][3]

== Edita na mujallu na ilimi ==
Udoh tana da labaran da aka sake dubawa don bugawa a cikin mujallu da yawa na yanki, na ƙasa, da na duniya waɗanda take aiki a kan allon edita. Daga 2005 har zuwa 2019, ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Edita na USEM Journal of Languages, Linguistics, and Literature . Bugu da kari, tana aiki a matsayin edita baƙo ga Jaridar Ƙungiyar Harshe ta Najeriya (JOLAN) da Babban Edita na Jaridar Harsunan Najeriya (JNLP). &lt;ref name=&quot;imelda3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;imelda4&quot;/&gt;

== Zaɓuɓɓukan wallafe-wallafen ==

# Udoh, Imelda Icheji Lawrence (2016). &quot;Globalization da Tsaro na Harsunan Najeriya&quot;, a cikin Ozo-mekuri Ndimele (Ed.) Haɗuwa: Turanci da Harsunan Nigerian: A Festschrift for Munzali A. Jibril . Najeriya: M &amp; J Grand Orbit Communications. shafi na 173-182.&amp;nbsp;
# Udoh, I.I.L., Anyanwu, O. N., da Ndimele, O, (2014). ''Batutuwan da suka fi dacewa a cikin nazarin ilimin harshe, harsuna &amp; wallafe-wallafen Najeriya: Festschrift ga Conrad Max Benedict Brann . '' Muenchen: LINCOM Turai.
# Ekpenyong, M. E. da Udoh, I.I.L. (2022). ''Batutuwan da ke cikin Harshen Bayani da Humanities na Dijital: A Festschrift in Honor of Professor Eno-Abasi Essien Urua .'' Singapore: Springer .  
# Udoh, I. I. L. (2019). ''Harsunan Kudancin Najeriya: Bayanan da ke tattare da siyasa. '' Uyo, Najeriya: Fruities' Publications Ltd.
# [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''Harsunan yankin Kudu-Kudancin Najeriya: Bayanan siyasa na kasa. '' Legas: Littattafan ra'ayi. 
# [Hotuna a shafi na 9] &quot;Tsarin aji na asali a Leggbo&quot; a cikin Paul Newman &amp; Larry M. Hyman (eds.) Yammacin Afirka Linguistics: Takardu a cikin girmamawa na Russell G. Schuh . Columbus, Ohio: An buga shi ne ta Sashen Harshe da Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Jihar Ohio.  
# Haka kuma, U. &amp; Udoh, I. (2023). Baftisma na Harsunan 'Yan asalin ƙasar a cikin Ra'ayi: Wani Kaddamar da Harshen Ma'aikata a Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya. ''Southernizing Sociolinguistics: Colonialism, Racism, da Patriarchy a cikin Harshe a Kudancin Duniya.'' Antia, B. A. &amp; Makoni, Sinfri (Eds.). NY &amp; London: Routledge Taylor &amp; Francis Group .  &lt;ref name=&quot;imelda9&quot;/&gt;
# Udoh, I., Ekpenyong, M., Urua, E.-A. , Adeniyi, H., Obiamalu, G., Yusuff, A., Anyanwu, O., &amp; Obikudo, E. (2022). Sabuwar hanyar sake bayyana ilimin muhalli na harshe da haɗari a Najeriya: - zuwa ga mafita ta geospatial. ''Jaridar Digital Humanities Association of Southern Africa'', ''3'' (03). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Udoh |first=Imelda |last2=Ekpenyong |first2=Moses |last3=Urua |first3=Eno-Abasi |last4=Adeniyi |first4=Harrison |last5=Obiamalu |first5=Greg |last6=Yusuff |first6=Ayo |last7=Anyanwu |first7=Ogbonna |last8=Obikudo |first8=Ebitare |date=2021 |title=A novel method for redefining language ecology and endangerment in Nigeria : – towards a geospatial solution |url=https://upjournals.up.ac.za/index.php/dhasa/article/view/3817 |journal=Journal of the Digital Humanities Association of Southern Africa |language=en |volume=3 |issue=03 |doi=10.55492/dhasa.v3i03.3817 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 1] &quot;Compounding in Leggbó&quot; A cikin Eugene Buckley, Thera M. Crane da Jeff Good (eds.) Bayyana tsarin: takardu don girmama Larry M. Hyman. Stanford, California:: CSLI Littattafai.
# Udoh, I. I. L. (2007). &quot;Jami'ar harshe da tasirinsa akan takardun harshe a Najeriya&quot; a cikin Etuk Nssien Etuk, Inyang Mbong Udofot, Alice Effiong Udosen (eds.) Ilimi a Najeriya a cikin karni na 21: mayar da hankali da mahimmanci: festschrift don girmama Farfesa Mbong A. Udofot (MNAE). Uyo, Najeriya: Abaam Publishing Co.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]]</text>
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    <title>Ini Adiakpan</title>
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'''Gimbiya Ini Adiakpan''' (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 1960), 'yar siyasar Najeriya ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin kwamishinan harkokin mata da jin dadin jama'a a [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael |first=Yemi |date=2023-09-02 |title=Social welfare commissioner promises better life for women, PWDs in Akwa Ibom |url=https://www.thecable.ng/akwa-ibom-social-welfare-commissioner-promises-better-life-for-women-pwds/ |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Udom Gabriel Emmanuel|Gwamna Udom Emmanuel]] ne ya nada ta, 2020; kuma Gwamna Umo Eno ne ya sake nada ta a watan Yulin 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sherifat |first=Lawal |date=2020-08-04 |title=Akwa Ibom NUJ hails appointment of Ememobong as Information Commissioner |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/08/akwa-ibom-nuj-hails-appointment-of-ememobong-as-information-commissioner/ |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-03 |title=Akwa Ibom gets seven brand new Commissioners, Special Adviser {{!}} AIT LIVE |url=https://ait.live/akwa-ibom-gets-seven-brand-new-commissioners-special-adviser/ |access-date=2025-08-17 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804121616/https://ait.live/akwa-ibom-gets-seven-brand-new-commissioners-special-adviser/ |archive-date=2025-08-04 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Haihuwar da rayuwar mutum ==
An haifi Adiakpan a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 1960 a cikin iyalin marigayi Jacob Bassey Adiakpan . Ta fito ne daga [[Ekpene Obom|Ekpene Obo]] a yankin karamar hukumar [[Esit-Eket]], [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=INI ADIAKPAN – AKWA IBOM STATE GOVERNMENT GENDER BASED VIOLENCE MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE |url=https://aksgbv.org/ini-adiakpan/ |access-date=2025-08-17 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823014554/https://aksgbv.org/ini-adiakpan/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Adiakpan ta fara karatun firamare a makarantar firamare ta Salvation Army, Etinan . Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Salvation Army, Akai Ubium, a shekarar 1972 don karatun sakandare sannan daga baya ta kammala a makarantar sakandare na Union a shekarar 1977. Ta ci gaba da karatunta ta hanyar yin rajista a Makarantar Nazarin asali, Ogoja, inda ta yi karatun Turanci kuma daga baya ta yi karatun tarihi a Kwalejin Ilimi, Uyo . A shekara ta 1993, ta yi NYSC a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Wudil, Wudil، Jihar Kano . Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimi a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello . A shekara ta 1994, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin fasahar ilimi a Jami'ar Port-Harcourt . A shekara ta 2010, ta sami Dokta na Falsafa a fannin fasahar ilimi.[1]

== Ayyuka ==
Ini ta yi aiki a matsayin kwamishinan zabe a cikin Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Jihar Akwa Ibom, AkISIEC, kuma an nada ta a matsayin kwamishinonin Harkokin Mata da Kula da Jama'a a Jihar Akw Ibom, a cikin 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Canji wanda Udom Emmanuel ya nada a 2023, don gudanar da aikin tabbatar da sauyawar gwamnati ba tare da matsala ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Utip |first=Udeme |date=2023-01-31 |title=I will not respond to Tinubu's abuses – Gov Emmanuel |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/i-will-not-respond-to-tinubus-abuses-gov-emmanuel/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Odey |first=Patrick |date=2023-02-01 |title=You've nothing to offer Nigerians, Emmanuel replies Tinubu |url=https://punchng.com/youve-nothing-to-offer-nigerians-emmanuel-replies-tinubu/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu ita ce mai ba da shawara ga Gwamna Umo Eno a kan aikin Najeriya don mata.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Whistler |first=The |title=Mixed Reactions Trail Appointment Of Ex-Commissioners As Advisors In Akwa Ibom – The Whistler Newspaper |url=https://thewhistler.ng/mixed-reactions-trail-appointment-of-ex-commissioners-as-advisors-in-akwa-ibom/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406183545/https://thewhistler.ng/mixed-reactions-trail-appointment-of-ex-commissioners-as-advisors-in-akwa-ibom/ |archive-date=2025-04-06 |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=thewhistler.ng |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |date=2025-03-04 |title=Reservations as Gov Eno recalls sacked commissioners as project monitors |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/03/reservations-as-gov-eno-recalls-sacked-commissioners-as-project-monitors/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ita ce mai mallakar makarantar kula da yara da firamare ta Nema Adiakpan &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  kuma ita ce babban darakta na Life Bridge da Empowerment Foundation .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=EDU |title=Akwa Ibom |url=https://education.gov.ng/akwa-ibom/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=FEDERAL MINISTRY OF EDUCATION |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823012410/https://education.gov.ng/akwa-ibom/ |archive-date=2025-08-23 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Heidi V. Brown</title>
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'''Heidi Virginia Brown''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heidi Virginia Brown |url=https://www.westpointaog.org/FindaGradDisplay?reid=brO5gD%2bQYMChlspzX7MMYg%3d%3d&amp;bbsys=0&amp;bbrt=0 |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=West Point Association of Graduates}}&lt;/ref&gt; (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga Yuli 1959)  Manjo Janar ce mai ritaya ta rundunar sojin Amurka wacce ta kasance mace ta farko da ta jagoranci bataliyar tsaron sama sannan daga baya, a fagen fama, rundunar tsaron sama.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haife ta a Texas [1] kuma ta girma a El Paso, Brown ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Austin a shekarar 1977.[2][3] A wannan shekarar, dan majalisa Richard Crawford White ne ya zaba ta zuwa Kwalejin Sojan Amurka . [4] A shekara ta 1981, ta kammala karatu daga aji na biyu na West Point don hada mata.[2] A shekara ta 1993, ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Kwamandan Sojoji da Janar Staff a Fort Leavenworth . [5] Daga baya, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi daga Jami'ar South Carolina . [6]

Brown ta yi aiki a Pentagon inda ta haɓaka shirin kwamfuta don gano bayanan jama'a na rundunonin Sojoji da aka tura.[1] A watan Satumbar 1997, ta koma Ft. Bliss . [1] Ta kasance mai kula da rundunar Makami mai linzami na PATRIOT a Saudi Arabia da Kuwait a ƙarshen shekarun 1990.[2] A wannan lokacin, lokacin da ta jagoranci rundunar sojan sama ta 2-43, ta zama mace ta farko da ta umurci rundunar tsaro ta iska. [1] [3]

A shekara ta 2002, Brown ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi umurni da brigade na tsaro na iska a cikin Sojoji. A shekara ta 2003, ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi umurni da brigade, 31st Air Defense Artillery Brigade, a yaƙi a lokacin Yaƙin Iraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Burge |first=Daniel |date=2017-04-04 |title=Trailblazing Army Maj. Gen. Heidi Brown retires after 35 years |url=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2017/04/04/trailblazing-army-maj-gen-heidi-brown-retires-after-35-years/ |access-date=2022-02-13 |website=Army Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Molinar |first=Victoria G. |date=26 March 2018 |title=Women's History Month spotlight: Heidi Brown |url=http://www.elpasoinc.com/lifestyle/local_features/women-s-history-month-spotlight-heidi-brown/article_6dd9c004-3084-11e8-9b94-ebfa32cf5ebe.html |access-date=2022-02-15 |website=El Paso Inc. |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215224829/http://www.elpasoinc.com/lifestyle/local_features/women-s-history-month-spotlight-heidi-brown/article_6dd9c004-3084-11e8-9b94-ebfa32cf5ebe.html |archive-date=2022-02-15 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2008, ta dauki sabon aiki a ayyukan tallafin yaki. Daga baya ta zama darektan ayyukan duniya na Kwamandan dabarun Amurka da ke zaune a Offutt Air Force Base . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Brown ta yi ritaya a matsayin Manjo Janar na Sojoji a shekarar 2017.[1] Ta yi ritaya zuwa Locust Grove, Virginia . [1]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hope Rampy</title>
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Manjo Janar '''Hope C. Rampy'''jami'iar soja ce na Amurka. A shekara ta 2024 an nada ta Kwamandan Janar na Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka da ke Fort Knox, Kentucky .

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Rampy ta fito ne daga Lawton, Oklahoma . Rampy ta fara kwaleji a Jami'ar Oklahoma, amma daga baya ta koma Jami'ar Cameron inda ta shiga Shirin ROTC don biyan kwaleji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-01-09 |title=Cameron ROTC graduate makes history |url=https://www.kswo.com/story/30921281/cameron-rotc-graduate-makes-history/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=kswo.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Cameron tare da digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa kuma ta yanke shawarar yin aikin soja. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1996, an ba Rampy umurni a matsayin jami'in Adjutant Janar a cikin Sojojin Amurka a matsayin fitaccen digiri na soja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 17, 2024 |title=Commanding General Biography |url=https://www.hrc.army.mil/content/Commanding%20General%20Biography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710073341/https://www.hrc.army.mil/content/Commanding%20General%20Biography |archive-date=2024-07-10 |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=www.hrc.army.mil |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2008, ta tura zuwa Iraki tare da 1st Cavalry Division . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-07-09 |title=Rampy invested as 62nd Adjutant General of the Army |url=https://www.army.mil/article/237150/rampy_invested_as_62nd_adjutant_general_of_the_army#:~:text=U.S.%20Army%20Brig.-,Gen.,U.S.%20Army%20Human%20Resources%20Command. |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=www.army.mil |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011, Rampy ya dauki kwamandan rundunar soji ta musamman ta Brigade ta 4, 4th Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division kuma an tura shi Afghanistan a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hope Rampy – Army Women's Foundation |url=https://www.awfdn.org/leadership/hope-rampy-2/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2016 an kara Rampy zuwa kolonel, ta zama mace ta farko da ta kammala karatu a Jami'ar Cameron don cimma wannan matsayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-06 |title=Press Release - Brig. Gen. Hope Rampy to address CU Class of 2022 {{!}} Cameron University |url=https://www.cameron.edu/press-releases/brig-gen-hope-rampy-to-address-cu-class-of-2022 |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=www.cameron.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yulin 2020, an saka hannun jari a matsayin Adjutant Janar na 62 na Sojojin Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-07-09 |title=Brig. Gen. Rampy made 62nd Adjutant General of Army at Fort Knox ceremony |url=https://www.thenewsenterprise.com/news/local/brig-gen-rampy-made-62nd-adjutant-general-of-army-at-fort-knox-ceremony/article_b9cee8aa-e6bb-58b8-a04a-a2514ea8e87d.html |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=The News-Enterprise |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260418040802/https://www.thenewsenterprise.com/news/local/brig-gen-rampy-made-62nd-adjutant-general-of-army-at-fort-knox-ceremony/article_b9cee8aa-e6bb-58b8-a04a-a2514ea8e87d.html |archive-date=2026-04-18 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-07-10 |title=HRC welcomes new commander, Adjutant General of the Army |url=https://www.army.mil/article/277918/hrc_welcomes_new_commander_adjutant_general_of_the_army |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=www.army.mil |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta zama mace ta biyar mai suna Adjutant Janar na Sojoji . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

A cikin 2023, Rampy ta yi kanun labarai game da kokarin da ta yi na sake daukar sojoji na Sojojin Amurka waɗanda aka raba su da sojoji saboda ƙin allurar rigakafin COVID-19. [1][2] A lokacin Majalisa ta 118, an zabi Rampy zuwa mukamin Manjo Janar.[3] A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta tabbatar da Rampy a matsayin babban janar, bayan jinkirin watanni 10 da Tommy Tuberville ya yi.[4]

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, an nada Rampy a matsayin Kwamandan Janar na Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka wanda ke Fort Knox, Kentucky . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Major General Hope C. Rampy - General Officer Management Office |url=https://www.gomo.army.mil/public/Biography/usa-10933/hopec-rampy |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=www.gomo.army.mil}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=General Officer Assignments |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3693728/general-officer-assignments/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317060637/https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3693728/general-officer-assignments/ |archive-date=2025-03-17 |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=U.S. Department of Defense |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Markus Bay</title>
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'''Markus Strøm Bay''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1997) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Denmark wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar Fremad Amager ta rukuni na biyu ta ƙasar Denmark . &lt;ref name=&quot;soccerway&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Denmark - M. Bay - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/markus-bay/316061/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |publisher=soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Shekarun farko ===
Bay ɗan wasan matasa ne daga Brøndby IF, amma a shekarar 2013 ya koma ƙungiyar matasa ta Ajax . Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru 3 da ƙungiyar.  Bay ya fara aiki a ƙungiyar B1, daga baya ya shiga ƙungiyar A1 tare da Donny van de Beek da Abdelhak Nouri . Bayan hutun hunturu na wannan kakar, ya ji rauni a kugunsa. Tun daga lokacin, ya kusa yin wasa na tsawon shekaru 1.5 saboda wannan raunin, kuma bai shirya ba sai a shekarar 2016.  Bay ya bayyana cewa lokaci ne mai matuƙar muni a gare shi kuma yana gab da yin ritaya saboda wannan raunin. 

=== Jong Ajax ===
An ɗaga ɗan wasan tsakiya zuwa Jong Ajax a lokacin bazara na 2016.

Ya fara buga wasa da Jong Ajax a ranar 19 ga Agusta 2016 a wasan Eerste Divisie da FC Den Bosch . Ya maye gurbin Vince Gino Dekker a minti na 82, a wasan da suka ci gida 5-2. &lt;ref name=&quot;soccerway2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jong Ajax vs. FC Den Bosch - 19 August 2016 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/08/19/netherlands/eerste-divisie/jong-ajax/fc-den-bosch/2240584/ |access-date=2016-08-27 |publisher=soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da haka, Bay ta buga wasanni 15 a wa Jong Ajax a kakar wasa ta 2016/17.

=== Viborg ===
A ranar 8 ga Agusta 2017, Bay ta sanya hannu da ƙungiyar Viborg FF ta Denmark Superliga . [1] Makonni kaɗan bayan shiga ƙungiyar, an kori manajan da ya ɗauke shi, Johnny Mølby . Wannan ya sa Viborg FF ta canza salon wasanta zuwa salon da bai yi daidai da na ɗan wasan tsakiya mai hazaka ba.

=== Fremad Amager ===
A ranar 25 ga Yuli, 2018, Bay ta sanya hannu da kungiyar Fremad Amager ta Denmark ta 1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Markus Bay fortsætter i Fremad Amager |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/markus-bay-fortsaetter-i-fremad-amager/ |access-date=2018-09-20 |website=bold.dk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Markus Bay ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa yana fatan fara wasa a Fremad Amager karkashin jagorancin Jan Michaelsen . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Markus Bay vil starte på en frisk i Fremad A. |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/markus-bay-vil-starte-paa-en-frisk-i-fremad-a/ |access-date=2018-09-20 |website=bold.dk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2018, Bay ta zura kwallon farko a gasar ga Fremad Amager a wasan da suka yi da FC Roskilde . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fremad Amager - FC Roskilde, NordicBet Liga 2018/2019 22/8-2018 |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/kamp/fremad-amager-vs-fc-roskilde/23200097/ |access-date=2018-09-20 |website=bold.dk |archive-date=2018-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920123051/https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/kamp/fremad-amager-vs-fc-roskilde/23200097/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hillerød ===
Bayan shekaru biyar a Fremad Amager, an tabbatar da cewa Bay ta koma ƙungiyar da ta samu ci gaba a gasar rukuni na 1 ta Denmark Hillerød a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. 

Bay ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2025, yayin da kwangilarsa ta ƙare. 

=== Komawa zuwa Fremad Amager ===
A ranar 31 ga Yuli 2025 aka tabbatar da cewa Bay ta koma tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa, Fremad Amager . 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3653" sha1="0wxjwnufbh177ki1zgy4tckk50qwllo" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Markus Strøm Bay''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1997) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Denmark wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar Fremad Amager ta rukuni na biyu ta ƙasar Denmark . &lt;ref name=&quot;soccerway&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Denmark - M. Bay - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/markus-bay/316061/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |publisher=soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Shekarun farko ===
Bay ɗan wasan matasa ne daga Brøndby IF, amma a shekarar 2013 ya koma ƙungiyar matasa ta Ajax . Ya kuma sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru 3 da ƙungiyar.  Bay ya fara aiki a ƙungiyar B1, daga baya ya shiga ƙungiyar A1 tare da Donny van de Beek da Abdelhak Nouri . Bayan hutun hunturu na wannan kakar, ya ji rauni a kugunsa. Tun daga lokacin, ya kusa yin wasa na tsawon shekaru 1.5 saboda wannan raunin, kuma bai shirya ba sai a shekarar 2016.  Bay ya bayyana cewa lokaci ne mai matuƙar muni a gare shi kuma yana gab da yin ritaya saboda wannan raunin. 

=== Jong Ajax ===
An ɗaga ɗan wasan tsakiya zuwa Jong Ajax a lokacin bazara na 2016.

Ya fara buga wasa da Jong Ajax a ranar 19 ga Agusta 2016 a wasan Eerste Divisie da FC Den Bosch . Ya maye gurbin Vince Gino Dekker a minti na 82, a wasan da suka ci gida 5-2. &lt;ref name=&quot;soccerway2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jong Ajax vs. FC Den Bosch - 19 August 2016 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/08/19/netherlands/eerste-divisie/jong-ajax/fc-den-bosch/2240584/ |access-date=2016-08-27 |publisher=soccerway.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da haka, Bay ta buga wasanni 15 a wa Jong Ajax a kakar wasa ta 2016/17.

=== Viborg ===
A ranar 8 ga Agusta 2017, Bay ta sanya hannu da ƙungiyar Viborg FF ta Denmark Superliga . [1] Makonni kaɗan bayan shiga ƙungiyar, an kori manajan da ya ɗauke shi, Johnny Mølby . Wannan ya sa Viborg FF ta canza salon wasanta zuwa salon da bai yi daidai da na ɗan wasan tsakiya mai hazaka ba.

=== Fremad Amager ===
A ranar 25 ga Yuli, 2018, Bay ta sanya hannu da kungiyar Fremad Amager ta Denmark ta 1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Markus Bay fortsætter i Fremad Amager |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/markus-bay-fortsaetter-i-fremad-amager/ |access-date=2018-09-20 |website=bold.dk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Markus Bay ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa yana fatan fara wasa a Fremad Amager karkashin jagorancin Jan Michaelsen . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Markus Bay vil starte på en frisk i Fremad A. |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/markus-bay-vil-starte-paa-en-frisk-i-fremad-a/ |access-date=2018-09-20 |website=bold.dk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2018, Bay ta zura kwallon farko a gasar ga Fremad Amager a wasan da suka yi da FC Roskilde . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fremad Amager - FC Roskilde, NordicBet Liga 2018/2019 22/8-2018 |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/kamp/fremad-amager-vs-fc-roskilde/23200097/ |access-date=2018-09-20 |website=bold.dk |archive-date=2018-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920123051/https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/kamp/fremad-amager-vs-fc-roskilde/23200097/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hillerød ===
Bayan shekaru biyar a Fremad Amager, an tabbatar da cewa Bay ta koma ƙungiyar da ta samu ci gaba a gasar rukuni na 1 ta Denmark Hillerød a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. 

Bay ya bar ƙungiyar a watan Yunin 2025, yayin da kwangilarsa ta ƙare. 

=== Komawa zuwa Fremad Amager ===
A ranar 31 ga Yuli 2025 aka tabbatar da cewa Bay ta koma tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa, Fremad Amager . 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]</text>
      <sha1>0wxjwnufbh177ki1zgy4tckk50qwllo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oladapo Olufemi</title>
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      <id>975781</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-04T10:24:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
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'''Oladapo Olufemi Oluyi''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1988) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na [[Najeriya]]. Yana buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ko na baya.

== Sana'a ==
Olufemi ya buga wasa a Turai a RSC Anderlecht. A watan Yulin 2007, ya koma daga ƙungiyar da ke Brussels zuwa ƙungiyar Boavista FC ta Portugal;  Daga baya ya tafi kuma ya kasance ɗan wasa mai zaman kansa . A lokacin bazara na 2009, an yi masa gwaji;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ørgensen |first=Pål W. |date=6 July 2009 |title=&quot;Ola&quot; vil bli Start-spiller |url=http://fotball.fvn.no/eliteserien/article144215.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708083227/http://fotball.fvn.no/eliteserien/article144215.ece |archive-date=8 July 2009 |access-date=7 July 2009 |website=fvn.no |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; a IK Start, ƙungiyar manyan ƙungiyoyin Norway, inda Solomon Owello ke gudanar da aikinsa. Ya burge shi kuma aka sanya masa hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da rabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Redaksjonelt - IK Starts offisielle websider |url=http://www.ikstart.no/default.aspx?m=3&amp;amid=489503 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924131941/http://ikstart.no/default.aspx?m=3 |archive-date=24 September 2010 |access-date=4 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sanya hannu da Shooting Stars a watan Mayun 2013, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2013 |title=Euro pro Olufemi joins 3SC |url=http://www.mtnfootball.com/africa/nigeria/premier-league/news/2013/may/02-euro-pro-olufemi-joins-3sc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101021038/http://www.mtnfootball.com/africa/nigeria/premier-league/news/2013/may/02-euro-pro-olufemi-joins-3sc.html |archive-date=1 November 2013 |access-date=11 November 2013 |website=MTNFootball.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a watan Disamba na 2013, ya koma ƙungiyar [[Bayelsa United F.C.|Bayelsa United]] da ke fafatawa a gasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 December 2013 |title=Bayelsa bank on new signings to hit Africa by storm |url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4111/nigeria-premier-league/2013/12/19/4489721/bayelsa-bank-on-new-signings-to-hit-africa-by-storm?ICID=SP |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Olufemi ya wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta 2007 a Kanada kuma ya lashe lambar azurfa a gasar kwallon kafa a gasar Olympics ta bazara da aka yi a Beijing, duk da haka bai halarci gasar ba. [1]

Ya fara buga wa Najeriya wasa a wasan sada zumunta da Sudan a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2008.

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kulob
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kakar wasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sashe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Gasar League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kofi
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
|-
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
|-
| 2009
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Fara
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Tippeligaen
| 9
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 9
| 0
|-
| 2010
| 18
| 0
| 3
| 0
| 21
| 0
|-
| 2011
| 7
| 1
| 2
| 0
| 9
| 1
|-
| 2012
| Adeccoligaen
| 15
| 0
| 3
| 0
| 18
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Jimillar Aiki
! 49
! 1
! 8
! 0
! 57
! 1
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]</text>
      <sha1>tkaoyz8jt2dpnl0gr95ycyksjhx4cyo</sha1>
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      <id>975782</id>
      <parentid>975781</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T10:24:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
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      <origin>975782</origin>
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      <text bytes="3235" sha1="0cazgich9y5razu33wrgtzayniol4av" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Oladapo Olufemi Oluyi''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1988) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na [[Najeriya]]. Yana buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ko na baya.

== Sana'a ==
Olufemi ya buga wasa a Turai a RSC Anderlecht. A watan Yulin shekarar 2007, ya koma daga ƙungiyar da ke Brussels zuwa ƙungiyar Boavista FC ta Portugal;  Daga baya ya tafi kuma ya kasance ɗan wasa mai zaman kansa . A lokacin bazara na 2009, an yi masa gwaji;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ørgensen |first=Pål W. |date=6 July 2009 |title=&quot;Ola&quot; vil bli Start-spiller |url=http://fotball.fvn.no/eliteserien/article144215.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708083227/http://fotball.fvn.no/eliteserien/article144215.ece |archive-date=8 July 2009 |access-date=7 July 2009 |website=fvn.no |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; a IK Start, ƙungiyar manyan ƙungiyoyin Norway, inda Solomon Owello ke gudanar da aikinsa. Ya burge shi kuma aka sanya masa hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da rabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Redaksjonelt - IK Starts offisielle websider |url=http://www.ikstart.no/default.aspx?m=3&amp;amid=489503 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924131941/http://ikstart.no/default.aspx?m=3 |archive-date=24 September 2010 |access-date=4 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sanya hannu da Shooting Stars a watan Mayun 2013, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2013 |title=Euro pro Olufemi joins 3SC |url=http://www.mtnfootball.com/africa/nigeria/premier-league/news/2013/may/02-euro-pro-olufemi-joins-3sc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101021038/http://www.mtnfootball.com/africa/nigeria/premier-league/news/2013/may/02-euro-pro-olufemi-joins-3sc.html |archive-date=1 November 2013 |access-date=11 November 2013 |website=MTNFootball.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a watan Disamba na 2013, ya koma ƙungiyar [[Bayelsa United F.C.|Bayelsa United]] da ke fafatawa a gasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 December 2013 |title=Bayelsa bank on new signings to hit Africa by storm |url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4111/nigeria-premier-league/2013/12/19/4489721/bayelsa-bank-on-new-signings-to-hit-africa-by-storm?ICID=SP |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Olufemi ya wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta 2007 a Kanada kuma ya lashe lambar azurfa a gasar kwallon kafa a gasar Olympics ta bazara da aka yi a Beijing, duk da haka bai halarci gasar ba. [1]

Ya fara buga wa Najeriya wasa a wasan sada zumunta da Sudan a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2008.

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kulob
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kakar wasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sashe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Gasar League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kofi
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
|-
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
|-
| 2009
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Fara
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Tippeligaen
| 9
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 9
| 0
|-
| 2010
| 18
| 0
| 3
| 0
| 21
| 0
|-
| 2011
| 7
| 1
| 2
| 0
| 9
| 1
|-
| 2012
| Adeccoligaen
| 15
| 0
| 3
| 0
| 18
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Jimillar Aiki
! 49
! 1
! 8
! 0
! 57
! 1
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]</text>
      <sha1>0cazgich9y5razu33wrgtzayniol4av</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975783</id>
      <parentid>975782</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T10:24:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
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      <text bytes="3244" sha1="nro4wga5ydmmuo5khvpv9w5cvhhwweu" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Oladapo Olufemi Oluyi''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1988) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na [[Najeriya]]. Yana buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ko na baya.

== Sana'a ==
Olufemi ya buga wasa a Turai a RSC Anderlecht. A watan Yulin shekarar 2007, ya koma daga ƙungiyar da ke Brussels zuwa ƙungiyar Boavista FC ta Portugal;  Daga baya ya tafi kuma ya kasance ɗan wasa mai zaman kansa . A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2009, an yi masa gwaji;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ørgensen |first=Pål W. |date=6 July 2009 |title=&quot;Ola&quot; vil bli Start-spiller |url=http://fotball.fvn.no/eliteserien/article144215.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708083227/http://fotball.fvn.no/eliteserien/article144215.ece |archive-date=8 July 2009 |access-date=7 July 2009 |website=fvn.no |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; a IK Start, ƙungiyar manyan ƙungiyoyin Norway, inda Solomon Owello ke gudanar da aikinsa. Ya burge shi kuma aka sanya masa hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da rabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Redaksjonelt - IK Starts offisielle websider |url=http://www.ikstart.no/default.aspx?m=3&amp;amid=489503 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924131941/http://ikstart.no/default.aspx?m=3 |archive-date=24 September 2010 |access-date=4 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sanya hannu da Shooting Stars a watan Mayun 2013, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2013 |title=Euro pro Olufemi joins 3SC |url=http://www.mtnfootball.com/africa/nigeria/premier-league/news/2013/may/02-euro-pro-olufemi-joins-3sc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101021038/http://www.mtnfootball.com/africa/nigeria/premier-league/news/2013/may/02-euro-pro-olufemi-joins-3sc.html |archive-date=1 November 2013 |access-date=11 November 2013 |website=MTNFootball.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a watan Disamba na 2013, ya koma ƙungiyar [[Bayelsa United F.C.|Bayelsa United]] da ke fafatawa a gasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 December 2013 |title=Bayelsa bank on new signings to hit Africa by storm |url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4111/nigeria-premier-league/2013/12/19/4489721/bayelsa-bank-on-new-signings-to-hit-africa-by-storm?ICID=SP |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Olufemi ya wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta 2007 a Kanada kuma ya lashe lambar azurfa a gasar kwallon kafa a gasar Olympics ta bazara da aka yi a Beijing, duk da haka bai halarci gasar ba. [1]

Ya fara buga wa Najeriya wasa a wasan sada zumunta da Sudan a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2008.

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kulob
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kakar wasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sashe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Gasar League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kofi
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
|-
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
|-
| 2009
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Fara
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Tippeligaen
| 9
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 9
| 0
|-
| 2010
| 18
| 0
| 3
| 0
| 21
| 0
|-
| 2011
| 7
| 1
| 2
| 0
| 9
| 1
|-
| 2012
| Adeccoligaen
| 15
| 0
| 3
| 0
| 18
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Jimillar Aiki
! 49
! 1
! 8
! 0
! 57
! 1
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]</text>
      <sha1>nro4wga5ydmmuo5khvpv9w5cvhhwweu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tafkin Victoria</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152591</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975770</id>
      <parentid>910229</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T09:36:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zahrah0</username>
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      <text bytes="46007" sha1="cw9w6bo1gthdj1w0ui3pcv8w6nocyl8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Victoria_Nyanza.jpg|thumb|Victoria Nyanza. Layin baƙar fata yana nuna hanyar Stanley.]]
'''Tafkin Victoria''' yana ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Tafkunan [[Afirka]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} AGLI |url=https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.africangreatlakesinform.org |archive-date=2025-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715034133/https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da faɗin fili na kimanin {{Cvt|59947|km2|sqmi}},&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2016-10-05 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/pwfw26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tafkin Victoria shi ne tafki mafi girma a [[Afirka]] ta fannin yanki, tafki mafi girma a duniya ta fannin [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Saundry |first=Peter |title=Lake Victoria |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154134/}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tafki mafi girma na biyu a duniya ta fannin ruwa bayan Tafkin Superior a Arewacin [[Amurka]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da yawan ruwa, [[Tafkin Victoria]] shine tafki na tara mafi girma a [[duniya]], wanda ya ƙunshi kimanin {{Cvt|2424|km3|acre ft}}      na ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |last2=Taabu |first2=Anthony Munyaho |last3=Noah |first3=Krach |last4=Sarah |first4=Glaser |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2017, V7 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tafkin Victoria yana da wani yanki mai zurfi a [[Afirka]]. Tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin {{Cvt|40|m|ft}} da kuma zurfin mafi girman {{Cvt|80 - 81|m|ft}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot; /&gt;  Yankin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwansa]] ya ƙunshi {{Cvt|169858|km2|sqmi}}   . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2017-11-12 |title=Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/z5rmyd}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tafkin yana da bakin teku na {{Cvt|7142|km|mi}} lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin dijital a matakin 1:25,000,   tare da tsibiran da suka ƙunshi kashi 3.7% na wannan tsawon.  

Yankin tafkin ya rabu zuwa ƙasashe uku: [[Tanzaniya]] tana da kashi 49% ( {{Cvt|33,700|km2|sqmi}}   ), [[Uganda]] 45% ( {{Cvt|31,000|km2|sqmi}}   ), da [[Kenya]] 6% ( {{Cvt|4,100|km2|sqmi}}. 

Tafkin gida ne ga nau'ikan kifi da yawa waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a wani wuri, musamman cichlids. Kifi masu mamayewa, irin su Nilu perch, sun kori nau'o'in halittu da yawa zuwa [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|halaka]].

== Sunayen ==
Duk da cewa yana da sunaye da yawa na yaren gida ( Swahili   ; Dholuo   ; Luganda   ; Kinyarwanda   ), &lt;ref name=&quot;WDL1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=1899 |title=The Victoria. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=[[World Digital Library]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lake Ukerewe |url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=nTZ: An Information Resource for Northern Tanzania |publisher=David Marsh}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake wa tafkin suna da sunan [[Sarauniya Victoria]] ta hanyar mai binciken John Hanning Speke, ɗan Birtaniya na farko da ya rubuta shi a shekarar 1858, yayin da yake kan wani balaguro tare da Richard Francis Burton .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Alan Moorehead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilmin ƙasa ==
{{Refimprove science | section | date = Disamba 2024}}

[[File:Topography of Lake Victoria.png|thumb|Taswirar yanayin ƙasa (topography) na Tafkin Victoria]]

Dan jaridan hotuna [[John Reader]], wanda ya rubuta littafinsa mai suna ''Africa: A Biography of a Continent'' wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Alan Paton Literary Award,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author = The Times Staff | date= 26 February 2009  | orig-date= 4 June 2007  | title = Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize | newspaper = The Times (Johannesburg) | url = http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226215141/http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608 | archive-date = 2009-02-26 | quote = Previous Literary Awards winners / Previous Winners of the Alan Paton Award / 1998: Africa: A Biography of a Continent by John Reader, published by Penguin SA }}&lt;/ref&gt; ya bayyana Tafkin Victoria a matsayin tafki mai sabuwar samuwa a tarihin ilimin ƙasa, mai kimanin shekaru 400,000—wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon yadda koguna da ke kwarara zuwa yamma suka toshe lokacin da wani ɓangare na ɓawon ƙasan duniya (earth’s crust) ya karkata a kan layin [[Great Rift Valley]], wanda ya ɗaga gefensa na yamma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reader&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author = Reader, John | date = 2001 | orig-date = 1998 | title=Africa: A Biography of a Continent | location=Washington, DC | publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] | via = Archive.org | isbn=978-0-7922-7681-4 | pages=227f | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/africa0000read | access-date = 26 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{better source|date = December 2024}}

Wani bincike na asali da aka yi kan yadda koguna ke rarrabuwa a yankin Tafkin Victoria ya fitar da wasu ƙiyasta. Na farko, a zamanin [[Miocene]], yankin da yanzu ke zama kwarin tafkin yana gefen yammacin wani tudu da ya kasance rabe-raben ruwa na nahiyar, inda koguna daga yamma ke kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Kongo]], yayin da na gabas ke nufi zuwa Tekun Indiya. Na biyu, yayin da tsarin [[East African Rift]] ke samuwa, bangon gabas na [[Albertine Rift]] (ko Western Rift) ya ɗaga, wanda a hankali ya sauya kwararar ruwa zuwa yankin da yanzu ke Tafkin Victoria. Na uku, buɗewar manyan rabe-raben ƙasa na East African Rift da Albertine Rift ya jawo yankin da ke tsakaninsu ya nutse, yayin da gefuna ke tashi, wanda ya samar da kwarin da ke ɗauke da Tafkin Victoria a yau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ouma |first=J. P. B. M. |date=1970 |title=Fluvial Differentiation in the Basin of Lake Victoria |journal=Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=221–223 |jstor=43944206}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin tarihin ilimin ƙasa, Tafkin Victoria ya fuskanci sauye-sauye daga kasancewa ƙaramar kwari mai zurfi kaɗan zuwa yiwuwar zama jerin ƙananan tafkuna a lokuta daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hickling61&quot;/&gt;{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Binciken ƙasan tafkin ya nuna cewa Tafkin Victoria ya bushe gaba ɗaya aƙalla sau uku tun lokacin da ya samo asali.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reader&quot;/&gt;{{better source|date = December 2024}} Wadannan lokutan bushewa ana danganta su da zamanin kankara (ice ages), lokacin da yawan ruwan sama a duniya ke raguwa sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reader&quot;/&gt;{{better source|date = December 2024}}

A cewar wani bincike na daban, Tafkin Victoria ya ƙarshe bushewa kimanin shekaru 17,300 da suka wuce, sannan ya sake cika kimanin shekaru 14,700 da suka wuce—lokacin da [[African humid period]] ya fara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=deMenocal |first1=Peter |last2=Ortiz |first2=Joseph |last3=Guilderson |first3=Tom |last4=Adkins |first4=Jess |last5=Sarnthein |first5=Michael |last6=Baker |first6=Linda |last7=Yarusinsky |first7=Martha |title=Abrupt Onset and Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=January 2000 |volume=19 |issue=1–5 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00081-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ruwa ==
[[Fayil:Lake_Vic_Bathy.jpg|thumb|Tsarin ruwa na Lake Victoria &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Tafkin tafki ne mai zurfi idan aka yi la'akari da babban yankin da ke da zurfin kusan mita 80 (260  da matsakaicin zurfin mita 40 (130 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton, S.E. |date=2016 |title=Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa |url=http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |journal=Salisbury.edu |location=Salisbury, MD |publisher=Salisbury University |doi=10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ |archive-date=2016-10-25 |access-date=26 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aikin 2016 ya ƙididdige maki dubu goma kuma ya kirkiro taswirar bathymetric ta farko ta tafkin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |last2=Munyaho |first2=Anthony Taabu |last3=Krach |first3=Noah |last4=Glaser |first4=Sarah |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sashe mafi zurfi na tafkin yana da iyaka zuwa gabashin tafkin kusa da Kenya kuma tafkin gabaɗaya ba shi da zurfi a yamma tare da bakin tekun Uganda da kudu tare da bakin Tekun Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Hydrology da Limnology==

Tafkin Victoria yana samun kashi 80 cikin 100 na ruwansa kai tsaye daga ruwan sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hickling61&quot;/&gt;{{page needed|date = December 2024}} Matsakaicin ƙaƙƙarfan fitar ruwa (evaporation) a tafkin yana tsakanin {{convert|2.0| and |2.2|m}} a kowace shekara, kusan ninki biyu na ruwan sama da ake samu a yankunan da ke kusa da koguna (riparian).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Ominde, Simeon H. |year=1971|chapter=Rural Economy in West Kenya| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&amp;pg=PA220 |title=Studies in East African Geography and Development| pages=207–29| editor=S.H. Ominde|location=London|publisher=Heinemann Educational |isbn=978-0-520-02073-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tafkin Victoria yana kuma samun ruwa daga koguna da dubban ƙananan rafuka (streams). Kogin Kagera shi ne mafi girma daga cikin kogunan da ke shiga cikin wannan tafki, kuma bakinsa yana a gefen yammacin tafkin. Tafkin Victoria yana samun hanyar fitar ruwa ne kawai ta Kogin Nilu kusa da Jinja, Uganda a arewacin gefen tafkin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fishery&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA291|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1|last1=vanden Bossche|first1=J.-P.|last2=Bernacsek|first2=G.M.|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], [[United Nations]]|year=1990|isbn=978-92-5-102983-1|page=291|access-date=4 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Rift en.svg|thumb|right|Tafkin Victoria da Kwarin Babbar Rift Valley]]

A ɓangaren Kenya, manyan kogunan da ke shigowa tafkin sun haɗa da Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, da Migori. Kogin da ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria kaɗai shi ne Kogin Nilu, wanda ke fita daga tafkin kusa da Jinja, Uganda. Dangane da yawan ruwan da yake samu, wannan ya sa Tafkin Victoria ya zama babban tushen babban reshen Kogin Nilu mafi tsawo. Sai dai tushen mafi nisa na Kogin Nilu, kuma a matsayin ainihin tushen Nilu, yawanci ana ɗaukar shi ɗaya daga cikin kogunan da ke ciyar da Kogin Kagera (ko wanne reshe daga cikinsu ba a tabbatar da shi gaba ɗaya ba), wanda ke farawa a Rwanda ko Burundi. Sashen sama na Nilu ana kiransa Victoria Nile har sai ya isa Tafkin Albert. Ko da yake yana cikin tsarin kogi ɗaya da ake kira White Nile, kuma a wasu lokuta ana kiran shi haka, wannan suna ba ya fara aiki sai bayan kogi ya tsallaka iyakar Uganda zuwa Sudan ta Kudu a arewa.

Tafkin yana nuna yanayin eutrophication. A shekarun 1990–1991, matakan oxygen a cikin saman ruwa sun fi na 1960–1961, tare da kusan ci gaba da wuce kima (supersaturation) na oxygen a ruwan saman. Matakan oxygen a cikin ruwan zurfi (hypolimnetic waters), wato ɓangaren ruwa da ke ƙasa da thermocline wanda ba ya gaurayuwa kuma yana kasancewa sanyi a kullum, sun yi ƙasa a 1990–1991 fiye da na 1960–1961, inda wasu lokuta suka kai ƙasa da 1 mg a kowace lita (&lt; 0.4 gr/cu ft) a zurfin ruwa har zuwa {{convert|40|m|ft}} idan aka kwatanta da fiye da {{convert|50|m|ft}} a 1961. Ana ganin canjin oxygen ɗin ya dace da ƙarin yawan algae da haɓakar samar da halittu a cikin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240845630  | author1=R.E. Hecky | author2=F.W.B. Bugenyi | author3=P. Ochumba | author4=J.F. Talling | author5=R. Mugidde | author6=M. Gophen | author7=L. Kaufman | year=1994 | title=Deoxygenation of the deep water of Lake Victoria, East Africa | journal=[[Limnology and Oceanography]] | volume=39 | issue=6  |pages=1476–81 | jstor=2838147 | doi=10.4319/lo.1994.39.6.1476| bibcode=1994LimOc..39.1476H | doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wadannan sauye-sauye sun faru ne saboda dalilai da dama: ci gaba da kona da ake yi a cikin yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | author=R.E. Hecky | year=1993 | title=The eutrophication of Lake Victoria | journal=[[Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Limnologie]] | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=39–48 | doi=10.1080/03680770.1992.11900057| bibcode=1993SILP...25...39H }}&lt;/ref&gt; inda toka da hayaki suka shiga suka zauna a faɗin tafkin; ƙarin shigar sinadarai masu gina jiki (nutrients) daga koguna,&lt;ref name=&quot;OchumbaKibaara&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author1=Peter B. O. Ochumba | author2=David I. Kibaara | year=1989 | title=Observations on blue-green algal blooms in the open waters of Lake Victoria, Kenya | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-journal-of-ecology_1989-03_27_1/page/23 | journal=[[African Journal of Ecology]] | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=23–34  | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1989.tb00925.x| bibcode=1989AfJEc..27...23O }}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma ƙarin gurbatar muhalli da ke da alaƙa da matsugunin mutane a bakin tafkin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=March 2018|title=Environmental and Social Management Framework-ESMF|work=World Bank Document - Early Warning System|url=https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/82/WB-P163782_3UJvON4.pdf|access-date=26 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsakanin 2010 da 2022, girman saman Tafkin Victoria ya ƙaru da kashi 15%,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Keriako |first=Tobiko |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Government of Kenya and UNDP |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haddasa ambaliya a ƙauyukan da ke bakin tafkin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsawon ƙasa (Bathymetry) ==
[[File:Lake Vic Bathy.jpg|thumb|Taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta Tafkin Victoria&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse | doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr| date=2018-05-17 | last1=Hamilton | first1=Stuart | last2=Munyaho | first2=Anthony Taabu | last3=Krach | first3=Noah | last4=Glaser | first4=Sarah |type = Data Set|journal = Harvard Dataverse}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Tafkin Victoria tafki ne mai faɗi amma ba shi da zurfi sosai, yana da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|80|m|ft}} da matsakaicin zurfi kusan {{convert|40|m|ft}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | author = Hamilton, S.E. | date = 2016 | title = Creation of a Bathymetric Map of Lake Victoria, Africa | journal = Salisbury.edu | location = Salisbury, MD | publisher = Salisbury University | access-date = 26 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050539/http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/ | archive-date = 2016-10-25 | doi = 10.7910/DVN/SOEKNR}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2016, an digitize wurare dubu goma kuma aka ƙirƙiri taswirar tsawon ƙasa ta farko ta gaskiya na tafkin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Mafi zurfin ɓangaren tafkin yana gabas kusa da Kenya, kuma tafkin ya fi zama mai sauƙi a yammacin bakin Uganda da kuma kudu a bakin Tanzaniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

===Sauran kifaye===
Kifayen da ba cichlid ba na asali sun haɗa da tetras na Afirka (''[[Brycinus]]''), cyprinids (''[[Enteromius]]'', ''[[Garra]]'', ''[[Labeo]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus]]''), da sauransu. Waɗannan kifaye suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin rayuwar tabkin, musamman wajen sarrafa abinci da kuzari a cikin ruwa.

A tarihi, Tabkin Victoria ya kasance yana da yalwar kifaye masu yawa, ciki har da nau’o’in da ba a same su a ko’ina ba (endemics). Sai dai yawancin waɗannan nau’o’in sun ɓace tun daga shekarun 1940.&lt;ref name=&quot;Witte1992&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Witte | last2 = Goldschmidt | last3 = Goudswaard | last4 = Ligtvoet | last5 = van Oijen | last6 = Wanink | year = 1992 | title = Species extinction and concomitant ecological changes in Lake Victoria | journal = Netherlands Journal of Zoology | volume = 42 | issue = 2–3| pages = 214–32 | doi = 10.1163/156854291X00298 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban rukuni na kifi a Tabkin Victoria shi ne kifayen cichlid na haplochromine (''[[Haplochromis]]'' ''[[sensu lato]]''), wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da nau’o’i 500, kusan dukkaninsu na musamman ga wannan yankin ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;Verheyen2003&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meier2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Meier | last2 = Marques | last3 = Mwaiko | last4 = Wagner | last5 = Excoffier | last6 = Seehausen | year = 2017 | title = Ancient hybridization fuels rapid cichlid fish adaptive radiations | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | article-number = 14363 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms14363 | pmid = 28186104 | pmc = 5309898 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...814363M }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya sa Tabkin Victoria ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi arziki da nau’in kifi a duniya, sai dai [[Tabkin Malawi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Turner2001&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Turner |last2=Seehausen |last3=Knight |last4=Allender |last5=Robinson |year=2001 |title=How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-ecology_2001-03_10_3/page/793 |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=10 |issue=3|pages=793–806 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x |pmid=11298988 |s2cid=12925712 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan bambancin nau’o’i ya samo asali ne sakamakon saurin **samuwar sabbin nau’o’i ta hanyar juyin halitta (adaptive radiation)** a cikin kusan shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Verheyen2003&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meier2017&quot;/&gt;

Kifayen haplochromine na Victoria suna nuna bambance-bambancen jima’i (males suna da launuka masu haske, mata kuma ba su da haske sosai),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | author = Rijssel | author2 = Moser | author3 = Frei | author4 = Seehausen | title = Prevalence of disruptive selection predicts extent of species differentiation in Lake Victoria cichlids | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 285 | issue = 1871 | date = 2018 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2017.2630 | pmid = 29367400 | pmc = 5805951 }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma suna da bambancin rayuwa sosai, suna cin abinci iri-iri kamar:
masu cin ragowar abinci (detritivores), masu cin plankton (zooplanktivores), masu cin kwari (insectivores), masu cin ƙananan jatan ruwa (prawn-eaters), masu cin katantanwa (molluscivores), da masu cin sauran kifi (piscivores).&lt;ref name=&quot;Lowe2009&quot;/&gt;

Sakamakon shigowar [[Nile perch]] da kuma gurɓacewar ruwa (eutrophication), an yi kiyasin cewa aƙalla nau’o’i 200 na haplochromine sun ɓace, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 40% na jinsin da ke tabkin.&lt;ref name=&quot;DeWeerdt2004&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lowe2009&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rijssel2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Rijssel |last2=Witte |year=2013 |title=Adaptive responses in resurgent Lake Victoria cichlids over the past 30 years |journal=Evol. Ecol. |volume=27 |issue=2|pages=253–67 |doi=10.1007/s10682-012-9596-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu nau’o’in sun ɓace gaba ɗaya, wasu kuma sun rage sosai, yayin da wasu suka tsira a ƙananan tabkuna na gefe, ko kuma a wuraren duwatsu da ciyayi na papyrus da ke kare su daga mafarauta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chapman1996&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Chapman | last2 = Chapman | last3 = Chandler | year = 1996 | title = Wetland ecotones as refugia for endangered fishes | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_1996-12_78_3/page/263 | journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 78 | issue = 3| pages = 263–70 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu kuma sun daidaita da sabbin yanayi a tabkin, kamar samun manyan gill don jure ƙarancin iskar oxygen, sauye-sauyen siffar baki, da ingantaccen gani a ruwa mai datti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Witte2000&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lowe2009&quot;/&gt;

A yau, wasu daga cikin waɗannan kifaye suna rayuwa ne kawai a cikin gidajen adana dabbobi (zoos da aquaria), yayin da wasu suka riga sun ɓace gaba ɗaya daga yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sayer2018&quot;/&gt;

===Crustaceans===
Nau’o’in [[ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano (freshwater crab)|ƙadangaren ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] guda huɗu an san su a cikin [[Tabkin Victoria]]. Daga cikinsu, ''[[Potamonautes niloticus]]'' yana yaɗuwa a cikin tabkin, kuma ''[[Potamonautes emini|P. emini]]'' an ruwaito samuwarsa a yankin [[Bukoba]] a Tanzaniya, amma dukkansu ana samun su a wasu wurare a Afirka kuma.&lt;ref&gt;Cumberlidge, N. (2009). &quot;Freshwater Crabs and Shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Nile Basin&quot;. Chapter 27, pp. 547–61 in : Dumony, H.J. (editor). ''The Nile. Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use. Monographiae Biologicae'', Vol. 89. Springer, New York. {{ISBN|978-1-4020-9726-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite iucn | author = Cumberlidge, N. | title = ''Potamonautes emini'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T44523A84352263 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T44523A84352263.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nau’o’in na ƙarshe guda biyu an fara bayyana su a kimiyyance a shekarar 2017, kuma har yanzu ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da su ba: ''[[Potamonautes entebbe|P. entebbe]]'' kawai an san shi daga yankin kusa da [[Entebbe]] (samfurin da aka tattara shi kaɗai a 1955, kuma ba a tabbatar ko an samo shi cikin ko kusa da tabkin ba), sannan ''[[Potamonautes busungwe|P. busungwe]]'' kuma an same shi ne kawai a Tsibirin Busungwe a arewa maso yammacin tabkin. Wannan nau’i na ƙarshe yana iya zama mafi ƙanƙanta ƙadangaren ruwa a Afirka, tare da faɗin ƙwaryar jikinsa (carapace) har zuwa kusan {{cvt|1.6|cm|in|1}}, kodayake ''[[Potamonautes kantsyore|P. kantsyore]]'' na Kogin Kagera da kuma ''[[Platythelphusa]] maculata'' da ''P. polita'' na Tabkin Tanganyika suna kusa da wannan ƙanƙantar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Cumberlidge | first1 = N. | last2 = Clark | first2 = P.F. | year = 2017 | title = Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) | journal = European Journal of Taxonomy | issue = 371| pages = 1–19 | doi = 10.5852/ejt.2017.371 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10141/622400 | hdl-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Lake Victoria IMG 20200202 145633.jpg|alt=Tabkin Victoria.|thumb|Tabkin Victoria daga nesa mai faɗi.]]

Shrimp/prawn guda ɗaya da ake samu shi ne ''[[Caridina nilotica]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Goudswaard | first1 = K. | last2 = Witte | first2 = F. | last3 = Wanink | first3 = J.H. | year = 2006 | title = The shrimp Caridina nilotica in Lake Victoria (East Africa), before and after the Nile perch increase | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 563 | issue = 1| pages = 31–44 | doi = 10.1007/s10750-005-1385-9 | bibcode = 2006HyBio.563...31G | s2cid = 40935454 }}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda yake da yawa kuma ya yaɗu a cikin Tabkin Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lowe2009&quot;/&gt;

===Molluscs (Dabbobin ƙwarya)===
Tabkin Victoria na ɗauke da nau’o’in [[katantanwar ruwa mai ɗanɗano]] 28 (misali: ''[[Bellamya (gastropod)|Bellamya]]'', ''[[Biomphalaria]]'', ''[[Bulinus]]'', ''[[Cleopatra (gastropod)|Cleopatra]]'', ''[[Gabbiella]]'', da ''[[Melanoides]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 12 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri (endemic).&lt;ref name=&quot;Darwall2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book | editor1=Darwall, W. | editor2=Smith, K. | editor3=Allen, D. | editor4=Holland, R. | editor5=Harrison, I. | editor6=Brooks, E. | year=2011 | title=The Diversity of Life in African Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An Analysis of the Status and Distribution of Freshwater Species Throughout Mainland Africa | author1=Seddon, M. | author2=Appleton, C. | author3=Van Damme, D. | author4=Graf, D. | chapter=Freshwater Molluscs of Africa: Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation | pages=92–119 | isbn=978-2-8317-1345-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Brown, D. (1994). ''Freshwater Snails of Africa and Their Medical Importance.'' 2nd edition. {{ISBN|0-7484-0026-5}}{{full|date = December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{page needed|date = December 2024}}

Haka kuma akwai nau’o’in [[bivalves]] 17 (misali: ''[[Corbicula]]'', ''[[Coelatura]]'', ''[[Sphaerium]]'', da ''[[Byssanodonta]]''), ciki har da nau’o’i 6 da ke musamman ga wannan wuri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Darwall2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Mwambungu | first1 = J.A. | year = 2004 | title = The diversity of benthic molluscs of Lake Victoria and Lake Burigi | journal = Tanzania Journal of Science| volume = 30 | issue = 1| pages = 21–32 | doi = 10.4314/tjs.v30i1.18384 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wataƙila har yanzu akwai nau’o’in katantanwa da ba a bayyana su a kimiyya ba. A gefe guda kuma, binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa wasu nau’o’in da aka riga aka bambanta a zahiri (morphology) na iya kasancewa bambance-bambancen nau’i guda ne kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sayer2018&quot;/&gt;

Nau’o’in katantanwa biyu, ''Biomphalaria'' da ''Bulinus'', suna ɗauke da [[tsutsar bilharzia (schistosomiasis)|parasite]] da ke haifar da cutar [[bilharzia]]. Kamuwa da wannan cuta a yankin Tabkin Victoria ya zama ruwan dare.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Senthilingam, M. |date=9 February 2016 |title=The Snails Spreading Fever Across Africa | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/09/health/snails-spread-schistosomiasis-in-africa/index.html | publisher=CNN | access-date=16 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan na iya ƙaruwa sakamakon yawaitar [[ruwan ciyawar hyacinth (water hyacinth)]], wanda ke zama wurin da katantanwa ke rayuwa sosai,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Chege, N. |date=1995 |title=Lake Victoria: A Sick Giant |url=http://faculty.fgcu.edu/twimberley/EnviroPhilo/LakeVictoriaCrisis.pdf |publisher=People &amp; the Planet |access-date=16 May 2018 |archive-date=17 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517153755/http://faculty.fgcu.edu/twimberley/EnviroPhilo/LakeVictoriaCrisis.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma raguwar kifayen cichlid masu cin katantanwa a cikin tabkin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Pomerantz, J. |date=19 September 2015 |title=Haplochromine Cichlids of Lake Victoria |url=https://www.ecologycenter.us/natural-history-2/haplochromine-cichlids-of-lake-victoria.html |publisher=ecologycenter.us |access-date=16 May 2018 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804140824/https://www.ecologycenter.us/natural-history-2/haplochromine-cichlids-of-lake-victoria.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Gizo-gizo===
''[[Evarcha culicivora]]'' wani nau’in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle (family [[Salticidae]]) da ake samu kawai a kewayen Tabkin Victoria a Kenya da Uganda. Yana cin abinci musamman sauro mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=Ximena J.|last2=Jackson|first2=Robert R.|last3=Sune|first3=Godfrey|date=2005|title=Use of Anopheles-Specific Prey-Capture Behavior by the Small Juveniles of Evarcha culicivora, a Mosquito-Eating Jumping Spider|journal=The Journal of Arachnology|volume=33|issue=2|pages=541–548|doi=10.1636/05-3.1|issn=0161-8202|jstor=4129852|s2cid=55244513|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/228863}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kamun kifi ==
[[File:Ugandan fishing boats.jpg|thumb|Masunta da jiragen su a bakin Tafkin Victoria]]

Tafkin Victoria yana tallafawa babbar kamun kifi ta cikin ƙasa a Afirka (tun daga 1997).&lt;ref name=&quot;Geheb97&quot;&gt;{{cite thesis |author=Kim Geheb |year=1997 |title=The Regulators and the regulated: fisheries management, options and dynamics in Kenya's Lake Victoria Fishery |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Sussex |access-date=12 October 2010 |archive-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007142331/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&amp;uin=uk.bl.ethos.336275 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A farko kamun kifin ya ƙunshi nau’o’in asali, musamman tilapia da haplochromine cichlids, amma har da catfish (''Bagrus'', ''Clarias'', ''Synodontis'' da silver butter catfish), elephantfish, ningu (''Labeo victorianus'') da marbled lungfish (''Protopterus aethiopicus'').&lt;ref name=&quot;LVFO2016&quot;&gt;Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (2016). {{cite web |title=Lake Victoria Fisheries: An introduction |access-date=2017-03-27 |archive-date=15 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915061916/http://www.lvfo.org/index.php/lvfo/lvfo-secretariat/5-lake-victoria-fisheries-an-introduction }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Njiru2005&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Njiru | last2 = Waithaka | last3 = Muchiri | last4 = van Knaap | last5 = Cowx | year = 2005 | title = Exotic introductions to the fishery of Lake Victoria: What are the management options? | journal = Lakes &amp; Reservoirs: Research and Management | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 147–55 | doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1770.2005.00270.x | archive-date = 2 February 2021 | access-date = 20 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202102022/https://karuspace.karu.ac.ke/handle/20.500.12092/2060 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikin waɗannan, ciki har da tilapia da ningu (''Labeo victorianus''), sun ragu tun farkon karni na 20 saboda kamun fiye da kima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lowe2009&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite iucn | author = FishBase team RMCA &amp; Geelhand, D. | title = ''Labeo victorianus'' | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T60318A47182908 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T60318A47182908.en | access-date = 14 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don ƙara yawan kamun kifi, an shigo da nau’o’in tilapia da Nile perch a cikin 1950s. Duk da haka, nau’o’in asali sun ci gaba da mamaye kamun kifi har zuwa 1970s inda raguwar su ya sa aka koma sosai ga Nile tilapia (yanzu kashi 7 cikin 100 na kamun), Nile perch (kashi 60 cikin 100) da sardine na Tafkin Victoria (kashi 30 cikin 100).&lt;ref name=&quot;Lowe2009&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Njiru2005&quot;/&gt; Saboda ƙaramin girman sa, sardine mai yawa a cikin tafkin bai tallafawa manyan kamun kifi ba sai bayan raguwar sauran nau’o’in asali.&lt;ref name=&quot;Njiru2005&quot;/&gt; A kololuwa a farkon shekarun 1990s, ton 500,000 na Nile perch ana kamawa kowace shekara a Tafkin Victoria, amma wannan ya ragu sosai a baya-bayan nan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lowe2009&quot;/&gt;

== Matsalolin Muhalli ==

Akwai matsalolin muhalli da dama da ke da alaƙa da Tafkin Victoria, kuma bacewar yawancin nau’in kifin cichlid na asali an kira shi “mafi girman misali na halakar halittu da ɗan adam ya haddasa a cikin wani muhalli”.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fiedler1998&quot;/&gt;

=== Kifayen da aka shigo da su (Invasive fish) ===

Tun daga shekarun 1950, an shigo da nau’o’in kifi da dama cikin Tafkin Victoria, inda suka zama masu mamaye muhalli (invasive) kuma suka zama babban dalilin bacewar yawancin kifin cichlid na asali.&lt;ref name=&quot;Witte1992&quot;/&gt; Daga cikin kifayen da aka shigo da su akwai nau’o’in tilapia da dama: redbreast (Coptodon rendalli), redbelly (C. zillii), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) da blue-spotted tilapia (O. leucostictus).&lt;ref name=&quot;Lowe2009&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Njiru2005&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle2005&quot;/&gt;

Ko da yake waɗannan kifaye sun taimaka wajen sauya tsarin muhalli ta hanyar yin gasa da kifayen asali da rage yawansu, har ma a wasu lokuta (musamman Nile tilapia) ana zargin sun yi haɗuwa da kifayen tilapia na asali da ke cikin haɗarin bacewa, mafi shahara daga cikin shigarwar ita ce babban kifin cin nama mai ƙarfi, wato Nile perch (Lates niloticus).&lt;ref name=&quot;Witte1992&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lowe2009&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Njiru2005&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Lates niloticus 2.jpg|thumb|Nile perch an shigo da shi Tafkin Victoria domin kamun kifi, kuma yana iya kaiwa tsayin mita 2 da nauyin kilo 200.&lt;ref&gt;{{FishBase | genus = Lates | species = niloticus | month = March| year = 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Tun farkon shekarun 1920, an fara ba da shawarar shigo da babban kifin cin nama kamar Nile perch domin inganta kamun kifi a tafkin. Amma an kuma yi gargaɗi cewa hakan na iya haifar da babbar illa ga kifayen asali, don haka aka buƙaci a yi bincike sosai kafin aiwatarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle2005&quot;/&gt; Waɗannan gargaɗi sun fi mayar da hankali kan tilapia na asali (O. esculentus), domin ƙananan kifin haplochromine (duk da muhimmancinsu a kamun kifi na gida) an ɗauke su a matsayin “kifin sharar gida” a lokacin mulkin mallaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle2005&quot;/&gt;

A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, matsin lamba na shigo da Nile perch ya ci gaba, haka kuma gargaɗi game da illarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle2005&quot;/&gt; Shigar farko a yankin, da Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda ta yi (a lokacin tana ƙarƙashin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka), ya faru ne a saman Murchison Falls bayan kammala Dam ɗin Owen Falls a 1954, wanda ya ba shi damar ya bazu zuwa Tafkin Kyoga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle2005&quot;/&gt; Daga baya kuma an ƙara sakin shi a Kyoga a 1955, amma ba a fara shi kai tsaye a Victoria ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle2005&quot;/&gt;

Masana sun yi kira a dakata har sai an fahimci tasirin sa, amma a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 an fara kama Nile perch a Tafkin Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle2005&quot;/&gt; Da yake ya riga ya shiga tafkin, ba a yi tsayayya sosai ba lokacin da aka ƙara shigar da shi a 1962–63 domin ƙara yawan sa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle2005&quot;/&gt;

Asalin yadda Nile perch ya fara shiga Tafkin Victoria ba cikakke ba ne kuma babu tabbataccen hujja. Jami’an Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin da Kamun Kifi ta Uganda sun musanta hannu, amma wasu hujjoji da shaidun ma’aikatan da aka yi amfani da su a hukumar sun nuna cewa an shigo da shi a 1954–55 bisa umarnin manyan jami’ai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle2005&quot;/&gt; Wasu sun ce kifin ya iya wucewa ta Dam ɗin Owen Falls ne lokacin gyara, amma masana da dama sun ɗauki wannan a matsayin abu mai wahala sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle2005&quot;/&gt;

Nile perch ya bazu cikin duk tafkin zuwa shekarar 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lowe2009&quot;/&gt; A farko yawan sa ya yi ƙasa, amma daga baya ya ƙaru sosai ya kai kololuwa a shekarun 1980, sannan ya fara raguwa daga shekarun 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lowe2009&quot;/&gt;

=== Mamayar ruwan hyacinth ===

Ruwan hyacinth ya zama babbar matsalar shuke-shuke masu mamaye muhalli a Tafkin Victoria.

Zubar da ruwan datti ba tare da tacewa ba, da kuma ruwan noma da masana’antu kai tsaye cikin tafkin a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata ya ƙara sinadaran nitrogen da phosphorus, wanda ya jawo girman shukar ruwan hyacinth mai yawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;Luilo&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;...&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan shuka tana rage iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa, tana hana ruɓar shuke-shuke yadda ya kamata, tana ƙara guba da cututtuka ga kifi da mutane. Haka kuma tana hana jiragen ruwa motsi, tana toshe bakin ruwa, tana hana samar da wutar lantarki, da hana shan ruwa ga masana’antu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Luilo&quot;/&gt;

A gefe guda, tarin shukar na iya samar da wurin buya ga kifaye daga kamun kifi, har ma an ga dawowar wasu nau’o’in kifaye da ake tunanin sun ɓace. Amma har yanzu tasirinta gaba ɗaya ba a tabbatar da shi ba.&lt;ref/&gt;

An fara lura da yawan ta daga 1993, ta kai kololuwa a 1997, sannan ta fara raguwa a 2001.&lt;ref/&gt;

An yi ƙoƙarin cire ta da hannu, amma ta sake girma da sauri. Daga baya aka fara amfani da kwari na halitta da jiragen yanka shuka, wanda ya fi tasiri.&lt;ref/&gt;

Haka kuma an kafa wata tashar makamashi a Kisumu a 2013 da ke amfani da hyacinth wajen samar da gas da taki.&lt;ref/&gt;

=== Gurɓatar muhalli ===

Gurɓatar Tafkin Victoria na faruwa ne sakamakon zubar da ruwan datti kai tsaye cikin tafkin, da zubar da shara daga gidaje da masana’antu, da sinadaran taki daga gonaki.

Birane da garuruwa da dama a kewayen tafkin suna fitar da ruwan datti ba tare da tsarkakewa ba, wanda ke ƙara lalata ruwa da jawo eutrophication, wanda kuma ke taimakawa yaduwar ruwan hyacinth.&lt;ref/&gt;

Yawan sare dazuka ya rage ikon ƙasa na tace gurɓataccen ruwa, wanda ya ƙara lalata ingancin ruwan tafkin.&lt;ref/&gt;

=== Bayanai na muhalli ===

Akwai ma’ajiyar bayanan muhalli na Tafkin Victoria tun daga 2016, wanda ke ɗauke da bayanan bakin teku, zurfin ruwa, gurɓatawa, zafin ruwa, iska da sauran muhimman bayanai.

A shekarar 2026 an ƙara faɗaɗa wannan tsarin bayanai tare da sabon rahoton yanayin tafkin na 2025, wanda ya nuna yadda ake sa ido kan sauyin muhalli da yanayi ga miliyoyin mutane da ke rayuwa a yankin tafkin.

== Tarihi da Bincike ==
[[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-3-183.jpg|thumb|Bismarck Rock]]

Bayanan farko da aka rubuta game da Tafkin Victoria sun fito ne daga ’yan kasuwar [[Larabawa]] da ke bin hanyoyin cikin nahiyar don neman [[zinariya]], [[hauren giwa]], wasu muhimman kayayyaki masu daraja, da kuma [[bauta]].

[[File:Africa Lake Victoria 10 006.jpg|left|thumb|Tafkin kamar yadda ake ganinsa daga gabar Speke Resort a Kampala, Uganda]]

Yawancin ƙabilun Afirka suna zaune a yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin. Turawan [[Turai]] na farko da ya fara ganin tafkin shi ne a shekarar 1858, lokacin da mai binciken Birtaniya [[John Hanning Speke]] ya isa kudancin gabar tafkin yayin tafiyarsa tare da [[Richard Francis Burton]] domin binciken Afirka ta tsakiya da gano Manyan Tafkuna. Speke ya yi imanin cewa ya gano tushen kogin [[Nile]] ne lokacin da ya ga wannan “babban shimfidar ruwa mai faɗi” a karon farko, don haka ya sanya wa tafkin suna na Sarauniya Victoria. Burton, wanda a lokacin yana jinya kuma yana hutawa a Kazeh (kusa da [[Tabora]] ta yau),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Millard |first=Candice |title=River of the Gods |year=2023 |url=https://archive.org/details/riverofgodsgeniu0000mill |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group}}{{full|date = December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{page needed|date = December 2024}} ya fusata sosai saboda Speke ya yi ikirarin cewa ya tabbatar da gano tushen Kogin Nile, abin da Burton ya ɗauka har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba. Wannan ya haifar da babbar rigima a fili, wadda ta tayar da muhawara mai zafi a cikin masana kimiyya na wancan lokaci, tare da ƙara sha’awar wasu masu bincike da ke son tabbatarwa ko karyata binciken Speke.&lt;ref name = &quot;DNB&quot;&gt;{{DNB Cite|wstitle=Speke, John Hanning}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:View at Lake Victoria (Uganda).jpg|thumb|Karamar jirgin ruwa mai motsi a Tafkin Victoria, kusa da gabar Uganda]]

A ƙarshen shekarun 1860, shahararren mai bincike kuma mishan ɗin [[David Livingstone]] ya kasa tabbatar da gano Speke, sai dai ya karkata zuwa yamma fiye da kima har ya shiga tsarin Kogin [[Congo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.jambokenya.com/jambo/location/victoria.htm| archive-url=https://archive.today/19970617231906/http://www.jambokenya.com/jambo/location/victoria.htm| archive-date=17 June 1997| title=Kenya, Africa – Lake Victoria in Kenya| publisher=Jambo Kenya Network| access-date=14 July 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga ƙarshe, mai binciken Birtaniya-Amurka [[Henry Morton Stanley]], a cikin balaguron da jaridar ''[[New York Herald]]'' ta ɗauki nauyi, ya tabbatar da gaskiyar abin da Speke ya gano, inda ya zagaya tafkin tsakanin 1875–1876 kuma ya ruwaito babban hanyar fitar ruwan da ke [[Ripon Falls]] a arewacin gabar tafkin.

== Amfani da Ruwa ==
Yawancin garuruwa da birane sun dogara da Tafkin Victoria wajen samun ruwan sha, noma da sauran amfani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lake Victoria {{!}} Size, Map, Countries, &amp; Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria|access-date=2020-08-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsarin Ruwan Lamadi ===
Tsarin ruwan Lamadi wani aikin ruwa da tsafta ne da ke yi wa biranen Mwanza da ƙananan garuruwan Lamadi, Misungwi, Magu, Bukoba, da Musoma hidima a bakin Tafkin Victoria. Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya fara aikin a shekarar 2013 da nufin kare lafiyar muhalli na tafkin, ta hanyar inganta ruwa da tsafta a garuruwan da gurɓataccen ruwansu ke taimakawa lalacewar tafkin. Aikin yana nufin samar da ruwan sha mai tsafta ga kimanin mutane miliyan guda, da kuma inganta tsafta ga mutane 100,000. Ana tace laka da ƙazanta da ke cikin ruwa ta amfani da yashi wanda ke aiki kamar matatar tacewa. Daga nan ruwan yana shirye don a saka masa sinadarin chlorin ko a bi wasu hanyoyin tsarkake shi. Tacewar yashi na taimakawa rage cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa, kuma yana amfani da albarkatun muhalli na yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Development Solutions: Creative flow|url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/creative-development-solutions|access-date=2020-08-24|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dam ɗin Nalubaale ===

[[File:From top of Nalubaale Power Station.jpg|thumb|right|Tashar wutar lantarki ta [[Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station]] a [[Njeru]], Uganda.]]

Wurin da ruwan Tafkin Victoria ke fita shi ne a Jinja, Uganda, inda ya zama Kogin Victoria Nile. Shekaru sama da 12,000 ana samun fitar ruwan ta kan wata dutsen halitta mai kama da shinge. A shekarar 1952, injiniyoyi na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta [[British Uganda]] sun fashe wannan dutsen domin maye gurbinsa da wani ginin da aka yi da hannu (barrage) don sarrafa matakin ruwan tafkin da rage lalacewar dutsen. An kafa ƙa’ida mai suna “agreed curve” domin kwaikwayon tsohon tsarin fitar ruwan, inda aka kayyade yawan ruwan da ke fita tsakanin mita kubik 300 zuwa 1,700 a cikin dakika ɗaya dangane da matakin ruwan tafkin.

A shekarar 2002, Uganda ta kammala gina wani sabon tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa a yankin, wato Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station, tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya. Zuwa shekarar 2006, matakin ruwan Tafkin Victoria ya kai mafi ƙanƙanta cikin shekaru 80, kuma Daniel Kull, wani masanin ilimin ruwa mai zaman kansa da ke zaune a Nairobi, Kenya, ya ƙiyasta cewa Uganda na fitar da ruwa sau biyu fiye da adadin da aka amince da shi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 |title=Uganda pulls plug on Lake Victoria |journal=[[New Scientist]] |date=9 February 2006 |author=Fred Pearce |volume=2538 |page=12 |access-date=2 September 2017 |archive-date=13 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013113221/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma hakan shi ne babban dalilin raguwar matakin ruwan tafkin a kwanan nan.

== Sufuri ==
[[File:Ukerewe-Mwanza Ferry.jpg|thumb|Jirgin ruwan Ukerewe-Mwanza Ferry.]]

Tun daga shekarun 1900s, jiragen ruwan Tafkin Victoria sun kasance muhimmin hanyar sufuri tsakanin Uganda, Tanzaniya da Kenya. Manyan tashoshin jirgin ruwa a tafkin sun haɗa da Kisumu, Mwanza, Bukoba, Entebbe, Port Bell, da Jinja. Har zuwa 1963, mafi saurin da sabuwar jirgin ruwan MV Victoria (1959) an ayyana shi a matsayin Royal Mail Ship. A cikin 1966, an kafa sabis na jirgin ƙasa tsakanin Kenya da Tanzaniya tare da gabatar da MV Uhuru da MV Umoja. Jirgin ruwan MV Bukoba ya nutse a tafkin a ranar 21 ga Mayu 1996 inda aka rasa rayukan mutane tsakanin 800 zuwa 1,000, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan haɗuran ruwa a Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Diver's recover 180 bodies from Africa's worst ferry disaster|date=29 September 2002|work=Panama City News Herald|location=Panama city, Florida|page=8|last=Harris|first=Edward|access-date=6 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mummunan haɗari ya faru kwanan nan a ranar 20 ga Satumba 2018 wanda ya shafi jirgin ruwan fasinja MV Nyerere daga Tanzaniya wanda ya jawo mutuwar fiye da mutane 200.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ferry tragedy: More than 200 feared dead in Tanzania|website=The East African|language=en|access-date=2020-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2022, Tafkin Victoria ya kasance wurin hatsarin jirgin fasinja na kasuwanci. Jirgin Precision Air Flight 494, ATR 42–500 mai ɗauke da fasinjoji 39 da ma’aikata 4, ya yi hatsari yayin da yake kusantar Bukoba Airport, wanda ya jawo mutuwar mutane 19.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=19 dead after commercial aircraft crashes into Lake Victoria in Tanzania |date=6 November 2022|first1=Idris|last1=Mukhtar|first2=Lauren|last2=Said-Moorhouse|first3=Larry|last3=Madowo|work=CNN|access-date=6 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Passenger plane crashes into Lake Victoria in Tanzania, 19 dead|first=Nuzulack|last=Dausen|date=6 November 2022|work=Reuters|access-date=6 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Mahaɗu ==
{{Commons category|Lake Victoria}}
{{EB1911 Poster|Victoria Nyanza|Lake Victoria}}
* [http://www.ugpulse.com/articles/daily/homepage.asp?ID=306 Decreasing levels of Lake Victoria Worry East African Countries]
* [https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 New Scientist article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013113221/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 |date=13 October 2008 }} on Uganda's violation of the agreed curve for hydroelectric water flow.
* [http://internationalrivers.org/en/node/1056 Dams Draining Lake Victoria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310044431/http://internationalrivers.org/en/node/1056 |date=10 March 2012 }}
* [https://archive.org/details/naturalistonlake00carp ''A Naturalist on Lake Victoria, with an Account of Sleeping Sickness and the Tse-tse Fly''] (1920). T.F. Unwin Ltd, London; Biodiversity Archive
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9VJ6cezlnU Video of Lake Victoria]
* Institutions of the East African Community: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120213132137/http://www.lvfo.org/ Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation]</text>
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    <title>Ilimin ƙasa na Yammacin Carpathians</title>
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[[Fayil:Teryho_chata_and_Mala_Studena_dolina.jpg|thumb|Kwarin Malá Studená a cikin Tatras]]
Yammacin Carpathians tsaunuka ne masu siffar bakan gizo, reshen arewacin [[Alps|Alpine]]-[[Himalaya|Himalayan]] da tsarin turawa da ake kira Alpide belt, wanda ya samo asali a lokacin Alpine orogeny. Musamman, juyin halitta na pre-Cenozoic yayi kama da na Gabashin Alps, kuma sun zama canji tsakanin Gabashin Alpes da Gabashin Carpathians.

Juyin halitta na kowane bangare na sarkar yana da rikitarwa, sakamakon matakai na tectonic kamar ninkawa, turawa da kuma samar da kwandon ruwa na nau'o'i daban-daban a lokacin Mesozoic da Cenozoic. Wadannan matakai wani lokacin sun shafi ba kawai cikawar kwandon ba, har ma, a wasu lokuta, tsohon ginshiki.

Ba a yi nazarin fannoni da yawa na tsarin ilimin ƙasa na Yammacin Carpathians ba kuma suna ƙarƙashin ci gaba da bincike da muhawara. Har yanzu ba a bayyana rarrabuwa mai dacewa na wasu takamaiman raka'a ba.

== Ma'anar ilimin ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Tectonic_map_Mediterranean_EN.svg|right|thumb|Matsayi na yanayin ƙasa na Yammacin Carpathians a cikin belin Alpide .]]
Yammacin Carpathians sun rabu da [[Mátra|Matra]]-linkid=&quot;33&quot; href=&quot;./Alps&quot; id=&quot;mwJA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Alps&quot;&gt;Alps ta kwarin kogin Danube (kawai daga ra'ayi na ƙasa; iyakar yanayin ƙasa ita ce abin da ake kira [[Carnuntum gate|Ƙofar Carnuntum]]) da [[Raaba line|Layin Raaba]]. A gabas, an sanya iyaka tare da Gabashin Carpathians a hukumance a cikin kwarin kogin Uzh, amma yawancin ƙungiyoyin tectonic suna la'akari da [[Hornád fault|Tsarin kuskuren Hornád]] a kan layin Košice - Prešov ainihin iyakar yanayin ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mísař, 1987&quot; /&gt; Yankin arewa shine gaban turawa wanda ke raba nappes daga Carpathian Foredeep. A cikin [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]] layin Znojmo-Přerov-Karviná kusan ya zama iyakar yammacin Yammacin Carpathians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2008 |title=On-line geologická encyklopedie |url=http://www.geology.cz/aplikace/encyklopedie/term.pl?Zapadni_Karpaty |publisher=geology.cz |access-date=June 3, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007172510/http://www.geology.cz/aplikace/encyklopedie/term.pl?Zapadni_Karpaty |archive-date=October 7, 2023 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yankin kudancin ba shi da bambanci (saboda iyakar da ke tsakanin Carpathians da lowlands na Pannonian Basin). A cewar wasu ra'ayoyi yana kudu da tsaunukan Bükk da Mátra a [[Hungariya|Hungary]].

== Tsarin yanayin ƙasa ==
Akwai fassarori da yawa game da tsarin tectonic na Yammacin Carpathians. Tsawon lokaci, an yi amfani da kashi uku (Outer, Central da Inner Western Carpathians),   yayin da wasu masana [[Ilmin duwatsu|ilimin ƙasa]] suka fi son kashi biyu na gargajiya (Outer da Inner Carpathians).&lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; href=&quot;./Dušan_Plašienka&quot; plašienka=&quot;&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Dušan Plašienka&quot; title:lang:x-pagekey:red-link-titleparams:dušan=&quot;&quot;&gt;Plašienka et al., 1997&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-Plašienka_et_al.,_1997-5&quot;,&quot;html&quot;:&quot;Plašienka, D., Grecula, P., Putiš, M., [[Michal Kováč (geologist)|Kováč]], M. a Hovorka, D., 1997: &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a href=\&quot;http://rogov.zwz.ru/Plasienka%20et%20al%201997.pdf\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot; class=\&quot;external text\&quot; id=\&quot;mwA4U\&quot;&gt;&lt;i id=\&quot;mwA4Y\&quot;&gt;Evolution and structure of the Western Carpathians: an overview.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a about=\&quot;#mwt9\&quot; class=\&quot;external text\&quot; data-mw=\&quot;{&amp;amp;quot;parts&amp;amp;quot;:[{&amp;amp;quot;template&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;target&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Webarchive&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;href&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;./Template:Webarchive&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;params&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;url&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20110826084512/http://rogov.zwz.ru/Plasienka%20et%20al%201997.pdf&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;date&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;2011-08-26&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; href=\&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20110826084512/http://rogov.zwz.ru/Plasienka%20et%20al%201997.pdf\&quot; id=\&quot;mwA4c\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot; typeof=\&quot;mw:Transclusion\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot;&gt;Archived&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span about=\&quot;#mwt9\&quot; id=\&quot;mwA4g\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt; 2011-08-26 at the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a about=\&quot;#mwt9\&quot; class=\&quot;cx-link\&quot; data-linkid=\&quot;773\&quot; href=\&quot;./Wayback_Machine\&quot; id=\&quot;mwA4k\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:WikiLink\&quot; title=\&quot;Wayback Machine\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;Wayback Machine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;link about=\&quot;#mwt9\&quot; href=\&quot;./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links\&quot; id=\&quot;mwA4o\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:PageProp/Category\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; in Grecula, P., Hovorka, D., Putiš, M. (Eds.) &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=\&quot;mwA4s\&quot;&gt;Geological evolution of the Western Carpathians.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Mineralia Slovaca - Monograph, Košice, pp. 1 – 24&quot;}}' id=&quot;cite_ref-Plašienka_et_al.,_1997_5-0&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Geology_of_the_Western_Carpathians#cite_note-Plašienka_et_al.,_1997-5 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;3&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; Sauran ra'ayoyin rarrabuwa na iya bambanta, kamar su morphotectonic (bisa ga [[Ilimin Kimiyyar Juyin Sifar Kasa (Geomorphology)|ilimin ƙasa]] da ilimin ƙasa &lt;ref name=&quot;Mišík et al, 1985&quot; /&gt; ) ko ilimin ƙasa na yanki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Geológia Slovenska&quot; /&gt; Rarrabawar tectonic da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin wannan labarin ya dogara ne akan rarraba Plašienka da sauransu  a cikin 1997, daga baya an gyara shi a cikin 1999  kuma a cikin Shekaran 2002 tare da Kováč,  kodayake ba za a iya la'akari da shi ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plašienka, 1999&quot; /&gt;

Manyan yankuna uku na Ciki, Tsakiya, da Waje na Carpathians na Yammacin Yamma an raba su ta hanyar sutures biyu.  Suture na Meliata yanki ne na rufe Tekun Triassic-Jurassic Meliata yayin lokacin Kimmerian.  Ya ƙunshi iyaka tsakanin Tsakiya da Tsakiyar Yammacin Carpathians.  Matsayin iyakar yana da gardama;  marubuta daban-daban suna sanya suturar Meliata a wurare daban-daban.  An gano shi tare da layin Rožňava, Layin Lubeník-Margecany, ko yuwuwar sanya shi har ma zuwa Kudu.  Suture mai mahimmanci na biyu ana kiran layin Peri-Pieninic, kusan yana kwafin tsarin Pieniny Klippen Belt.  Wannan muhimmin tarwatsewa ya raba tsakiyar Carpathians na tsakiya da na waje.  Zurfafa a ƙarƙashin sediments ya ƙunshi iyaka tsakanin duwatsun ginshiƙan Carpathian ta Tsakiya da ƙasa - Bohemian Massif da craton na Gabashin Turai (dandalin Podolia).  Tun daga 1980s ana ɗaukar layin rarraba a matsayin suturar Tekun Vahic - ci gaban Gabas na Tekun Piemont-Liguria. 
[[Fayil:Geol_map.png|alt=Tectonic map of the Western Carpathians|center|750x750px|Taswirar tectonic na Yammacin Carpathians]]

=== Ƙasar gaba ===
Yankin Yammacin Carpathians a Yamma da Arewa ya ƙunshi Bohemian Massif da Cracow Plateau. A Arewa maso gabas an kafa shi ne da dutse na Craton na Gabashin Turai. Wadannan yankuna an karfafa su a baya fiye da Carpathians. Massif na Bohemian, wanda shine mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin ƙasar, ya samo asali ne a lokacin Hercynian orogeny kimanin shekaru miliyan 200 kafin orogeny a cikin Carpathians.

=== Yammacin Carpathians ===
An kafa Outer Western Carpathians a lokacin orogeny wanda ya shiga tun lokacin Upper Cretaceous (Senonian) da Miocene, wanda ya kasance daga baya fiye da Tsakiyar Yammacin Carpathians. Pieniny Klippen Belt ya shafi turawa tare da Tsakiyar Carpathians kuma daga baya ya ninka kuma ya sake turawa tare tare da Flysch Belt.

==== Farko ====
Tashin Carpathians a kan ƙasarsu ya haifar da karkatarwa na ƙananan farantin nahiyar a ƙarƙashin ɓangaren gaba na nappes. Wannan yanki, wanda ake kira Carpathian Foredeep, an cika shi da tsari mai zurfi na molasse, mafi yawa marls, sandstones da conglomerates waɗanda aka kafa a cikin Oligocene zuwa Miocene ta hanyar rushewar karuwar Carpathians. Duk da haka, ba a ninka gabaɗaya ba; flysch nappes da aka tura daga kudu ya ninka dutsen da ke ƙasa. Dukan yankin da ke gaba an haɓaka shi a cikin ƙasar [[Alps]], kuma yana gudana ta hanyar Moravia zuwa Ostrava Basin da kuma Gabas zuwa [[Poland]], [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], da [[Romainiya|Romania]].

==== Flysch Belt ====
[[Fayil:Rezkarp.png|right|thumb|Hanyar wucewa ta Yammacin Carpathians]]
An sanya sunan Flysch Belt ne bayan canjin yanayin yashi da dutsen yumbu, wanda ake kira flysch, wanda ke faruwa a cikin Cretaceous zuwa Paleogene (yiwuwar Miocene) a yankin.  Belin shine ƙwanƙolin haɓaka na Carpathians.  Hakanan Flysch Belt yana ƙunshe da ƙaramin ƙaramin dutsen dutsen Cenozoic.  Shiyya ta asali ta ƙunshi saiti na ɗumbin ɗumbin kwanduna waɗanda ke cikin canjin tectonic akai-akai.  Bangarorin da aka ɗaga daga cikin kwanukan sun samar da tudu, waɗanda suka lalace kuma aka samar da sassan da ke da zurfi a cikin kwandon tare da ɗumbin ɗumbin ɗumbin yawa waɗanda igiyoyin ruwa suka kawo.  Orogeny ya shafi yankin a ƙarshen Paleogene kuma a farkon Neogene a cikin abin da ake kira Savian lokaci.  Sauran sassan kuma lokaci na Styrian ya shafa, wanda ya haifar da juzu'i a kan Foredeep.  An kafa napep ta hanyar matse kwandon ruwa a hankali wanda ya haifar da jujjuyawar su da rabuwar abubuwan maye daga benen su da motsinsu na nisan kilomita 20 – 30, da yuwuwar ƙari.  An kafa napep a matakai biyu: na waje (Arewa) ko ƙananan ƙungiyar nappes da ake kira Silezia-Krosno Belt, da kuma Magura Belt na ciki (Kudanci).  Nappes ana cusa kan yankinsu ta hanyar tectonic yanki.  Akalla wani ɓangare na Flysch Belt shine ci gaban Gabas na Yankin Alpine Penninic, mai yiwuwa reshen Valais.  Ana iya ganin ci gaba kai tsaye na Alpine Rhine-Danube Flysch.   Flysch Belt yana ci gaba ta Bohemia, Slovakia, da Poland, kuma ya shiga Moldavian Flysch a Ukraine da Romania.

=== Yammacin Carpathians na Tsakiya ===
Tsakiyar Yammacin Carpathians, wani lokacin ana kiranta da tsarin Slovakocarpathian,] yanki ne mai iyaka da Pieniny Klippen Belt daga Arewa da Meliata Belt daga Kudu.  Pieniny Klippen Belt ɗan ƙaramin sirara ne amma muhimmin layin rarrabawa wanda ke raba Carpathians na Yammacin Yamma daga yankuna na ciki na orogeny.  Tare da irin wannan raka'a na yankin Peri-Klippen ya ƙunshi Považie-Pieniny Belt.  Mafi girman yanki na Western Carpathians ya ƙunshi yankin da aka gina da dutsen dutsen dutse da dutsen metamorphic (wanda darajar metamorphic gabaɗaya ta fi girma a Arewa da ƙasa a Kudu), kuma murfin sedimentary ya mamaye shi ta hanyar tursasa duwatsun Mesozoic carbonate.  Yankin ya ƙunshi Tatra-Fatra Belt na manyan tsaunuka, Vepor Belt, da Gemer Belt.  A cikin yankunan ginshiƙan da aka fi sani da crystalline da ake kira Tatric, Veporic, da Gemeric, turawa (mai kauri) yana nan, amma ba kamar yadda ya bayyana ba.  Binciken Geophysical ya tabbatar da cewa Gemeric an matsa shi akan Veporic, da kuma Veporic akan Tatric.  Carpathians na Tsakiyar Yammacin Turai sun kasance wani yanki na gabas ta Turai craton continental shelf, kuma sun fi zama zuwa Yamma, a cikin yankin Switzerland na yanzu, suna shiga cikin Carpathians na waje (wanda Oravic ke wakilta).  A lokacin da aka saki tashin hankali a cikin abubuwan da ke faruwa na tectonic na Alpine, an saki damuwa zuwa gefen bel ɗin turawa, wanda ya haifar da tserewa tectonic na kayan.  Sakamakon haka an tura mutanen Carpathians na Tsakiyar Yamma zuwa yankin Arewa maso gabas daga Alpine zuwa yankin Carpathian.

==== Yankin Považie-Pieniny ====
Gidan Považie-Pieniny yana da tsari mai rikitarwa, wanda aka wakilta musamman ta hanyar Pieniny Klippen Belt. Ya ƙunshi rukunin [[Oravic]], Gossau Group, da Magura, da kuma rukunin Inner-Carpathian (misali [[Manín unit|Manin]] da Drietoma da sauransu). Tsayar da Pieniny Klippen Belt a cikin Tsakiyar Yammacin Carpathians ba shi da tabbas, saboda yawancin marubutan suna la'akari da Pienini Klippen Belt azaman wani ɓangare na Outer Carpathians. An raba Považie-Pieniny Belt zuwa yankuna uku: Brezová, Peri-Klippen, da Klippen.
[[Fayil:Trzy_Korony_a11.jpg|right|thumb|Trzy Korony, daya daga cikin manyan klippes na Kysuca-Pieniny, Poland.]]
Dan kadan bakin ciki da rikitarwa, Pieniny Klippen Belt yana haifar da iyaka, suture tectonic, tsakanin Carpathians na waje da Tsakiyar Yamma.  Dutsen da ya fi Triassic ne kawai aka sani a wannan yankin.  Keɓantattun abubuwan maye gurbi waɗanda ba metamorphic an haɗa su musamman na limestones da marls.  A zamanin Jurassic, tekun da ya buɗe a yankin Pieniny Klippen Belt ana kiransa Tekun Vahic (ko Kudancin Penninic).  Madogaransa da aka adana suna cikin yankewar zaizayar da aka sani kawai daga rukunin Vahic.  Yankin Vahic yana da iyaka daga Arewa ta gangaren Oravic, kuma daga Kudu ta bangaren Tatric.  Bangaren tallafi na sashin Oravic ya kafa Kysuca Basin.  Mafi ƙarancin ɓangaren sashin Oravic an kwatanta shi ta hanyar jibge duwatsun ruwa mara zurfi na rukunin Czorsztyn.  Zuwa Kudu, kusa da zurfin ruwa Kysuca Basin, an ajiye wasu raka'a na wucin gadi.  A cikin mafi zurfi na Kysuca Basin, an adana sediments na ƙungiyar Kysuca-Pieniny.[1]  Yankin Vahic ya fadada kuma ya zurfafa a lokacin tarihinsa.  A cikin Upper Cretaceous zuwa Paleocene, tursasa raka'o'in Tatric na kudancin ya haifar da jujjuya ko rushe Tekun Vahic wanda ya biyo bayan karon sassan Oravic da Tatric.  Sakamakon waɗannan matakan, nakasassu da kuma tura sassan Oravic a cikin hanyar bacci sun faru.  Bayan karshen matsawa, marly da flysch-kamar sedimentation (wanda ake kira klippe envelope sediments) ya ci gaba a saman tarin nappe.  Daga baya a cikin Paleogene, wani lokaci na orogeny ya shafi Pieniny Klippen Belt.  Ya matse tsohuwar tari na nappe da kuma duwatsun nau'ikan rheology daban-daban (ƙwararrun limestones, soft flysch, da marls) sun lalace ta hanyoyi daban-daban, wanda ya haifar da fashewar dutse mai girma da nakasar ƙanƙara.  Rikicin tsari na musamman raka'a tectonic daga baya motsi yajin aiki ya shafa a yankin layin Peri-Pieniny a cikin Miocene.  Sakamakon zaizayarwa ya wargatsa tsayayyen ruwan tabarau tectonic na farar ƙasa zuwa sifar klippes masu fitowa (misali Vršatské bradlá a Yammacin Slovakia).  Yankin klippes ya kusan ba ya yankewa daga Podbranč a Yammacin Slovakia zuwa Poiana Botizei a Arewa maso Gabashin Romania.

==== Tatra-Fatra Belt na manyan duwatsu ====
[[Fayil:Jadrove_pohorie.png|right|thumb|Sashe mai sauƙi ta hanyar Babban dutse: Cenozoic murfin Mesozoic Rufin Autochthonous sedimentary murfin Crystalline    ]]
Kudancin Pieniny Klippen Belt, yankin manyan duwatsu yana nan. Babban ɓangaren ya samo asali ne daga sashin [[Tatric]] wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawa daga dutsen Paleozoic metamorphism, ƙaramin dutse na plutonic, da Carboniferous zuwa [[Mesozoic]]&quot; id=&quot;mwAVY&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Mesozoic&quot;&gt;Mesozoic sedimentary cover. An kafa dutsen tushe a lokacin Orogeny na Hercynian lokacin da wani karfi na yanki ya shafi yankin. Paragneisses da amphibolites sun fi yawa, amma ƙananan dutse na metamorphic ma suna nan. Daga baya, a ƙarshen Hercynian orogeny a cikin Carboniferous da Permian, dutsen dutse ya shiga yankin kuma ya shafi [[Zaizayar Kasa|rushewa]] sosai, wanda ya shafi har ma da dutsen dutsen da ke da zurfi. Carboniferous, Permian da kuma mafi yawan Mesozoic sediments suna da haɗin gwiwar ginshiki. Ana wakilta su da greywackes, quartz sandstones, shales, limestones, da marls. Rufin da ke cikin sashin Tatric ya mamaye Mesozoic nappes. Nappes manyan slabs ne na dutsen carbonate na Mesozoic tare da irin wannan jerin sedimentary kamar yadda yake a cikin Tatric murfin. Akwai abubuwa biyu da ake kira Subtatric nappes: ƙananan da ake kira Kížna nappe (ko Fatric) da kuma saman da ake kira Choč nappe (ko Hronic). Fatric yana da halayyar bayyanar manyan tsari na Carpathian Keuper. Hronic yana da kyau tare da faruwar Permian andesitic-basalts &lt;ref name=&quot;Biely, 1996&quot; /&gt; (wanda ake kira Ipoltica Group) da kuma mafi girman kauri na dutsen carbonate na Triassic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Maheľ, 1986&quot; /&gt; Tsanar takalma ya faru ne a cikin Upper Cretaceous, mai yiwuwa a lokacin Turonian. Dukan yankin ba su da yawa kamar yadda yake a yau. Hawan duwatsu ya faru ne a ƙarshen Oligocene da Miocene. Ya haifar da hauhawar horsts, yawanci asymmetric, a gefen Kudu, wanda ke da iyaka da kuskuren al'ada kuma dan kadan ya ragu zuwa gefen Arewa. Ana yawan gano ginshiki mai lu'u-lu'u a gefen Kudancin horsts. Horsts sun samar da layuka biyu na duwatsu. Layin arewa (na waje) ya ƙunshi Malé Karpaty Mts.  (Sashe na [[Pezinské Karpaty|Pezinok]] da Hainburg Mts.), Považský Inovec Mts. , Strážovské mai laushi Mts. , Mala Fatra Mts. , da kuma Tatra Mts. Layin Kudancin manyan duwatsu ya haɗa da Tribeč Mts. . , Žiar Mts. , Veľká Fatra Mts. , Chočské mai banƙyama Mts. , Yankin Gabas na Nízke Tatry Mts.  (wanda ake kira Ďumbierske Tatry) da [[Branisko Mountains|Branisko Mts.]] . 

==== Vepor Belt ====
[[Vepor Belt]] yanki ne na Kudu na belin manyan duwatsu. Layin da ke raba ana kiransa [[Čertovica line|Layin Čertovica]] . Wani fasalin fasalin Vepor shine matsakaiciyar yankin Alpine. Yankin da ya fi girma a wannan yanki ya samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar [[Veporic]]. Dutse mai zurfi ya fi yawa a wannan yanki, kuma mafi girman dutse a Yammacin Carpathians yana nan. An kafa shi ne a lokacin Orogeny na Hercynian . Ana adana murfin Mesozoic ne kawai a cikin gida. Yankin Veporic shine tushen yankin [[Krížna nappe]] (Fatric) wanda a baya yake a cikin [[Zliechov Basin]] a arewacin gefen Veporic, kusa da [[Tatric]]. Juyawa na kwandon ya faru ne a cikin Upper Cretaceous kuma an haɗa shi da shigar da ƙaramin dutse. Baya ga abubuwan da ba na Choč nappe (Hronic) da kuma wani ɓangare na [[Krížna nappe]] (Fatric), akwai kuma babban jiki na Muráň nappe (Silicic unit).  Veporic an tura shi a kan Tatric kuma yana ƙarƙashin rukunin [[Gemeric]]. Gidan kwanon rufi na Veporic da Gemeric daga baya ya rushe kuma ya samo asali a cikin ƙirar ƙirar Veporic. Vepor Belt ya zama ɓangaren Gabas na Nízke Tatry Mts. .  ([[Kráľovohoľské Tatry]]), Vepor Mts. , Kozie chrbty Mts. , yankin kudancin Branisko Mts. da Čierna hora Mts. A Kudu an raba shi daga Dutsen Ore na Slovak ta hanyar [[Lubeník-Margecany Line|Layin Lubeník-Margecany]] wanda shine kuskuren turawa mai laushi.

==== Gemer Belt ====
[[Gemer Belt]] yanki ne na mafi yawan dutse mai lu'u-lu'u, wani bangare ya tura a kan Veporic. Mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren yankin shine sashin [[Gemeric]], ba kamar sauran sassan Carpathian ba ƙarfe da alamun ƙananan matsayi (greenschist facies) Hercynian metamorphic overprint. Gemeric ita ce mafi girman ginshiki na tsakiya na Yammacin Carpathians. An yi shi da phyllites, Quartzites, porphyries da limestones da aka saba canzawa zuwa siderite da Magnesite. Granites ba su da yawa. Ayyukan dutsen wuta na Permian sun samar da Uraninite mineralization. Daga baya, a lokacin Mesozoic, an ajiye dutse da dolomite. A cikin Upper Jurassic, bayan rufewar [[Meliata Ocean|Tekun Meliata]], an tura nappes na [[Meliatic]] da [[Tornaic]] daga Kudu. A cikin Upper Cretaceous, an tura tufafin [[Silicic unit|Silicic]] a kan wanda ya gabata. A ƙarshen Paleogene, an lalata Gemeric Belt kuma an ɗaga shi. Wannan yanki ya samar da Dutsen Ore na Slovak, [[Galmus]], da Karst na Slovakia.

Yankin [[Internal Western Carpathians|Yammacin Carpathians na ciki]] ya kasu daga Yammacin Yammacin Karpathians ta hanyar [[Rožňava line|Layin Rožňava]], wanda wani bangare ya rufe shi da takalma. Layin Rožňava yafi ma'ana ne kuma marubuta daban-daban suna fahimta daban-daban. Bisa ga zato, kuskuren ya shiga [[Raaba-Hurbanovo line|Layin Raaba-Hurbanovo]] a Yamma. Sauran matsalolin ainihin ma'anar iyaka tsakanin Carpathians na ciki da na Tsakiyar Yammacin Carpathians ra'ayoyi ne game da tsarin [[Meliatic]]. Yammacin Carpathians na ciki sun hada da raka'a na tectonic wanda ya samo asali ne daga yankin tsohon [[Meliata Belt|Meliata]]-Halstatt Ocean ko Kudancinsa. An gina wannan yanki daga Meliata, [[Bükk Belt|Bükk]], [[Transdanubian Belt|Transdanubian]], da [[Zemplín Belt]]. Akwai manyan nappes na Mesozoic carbonates ([[Silicic nappe|Silicic]], Meliatic, [[Tornaic]]), waɗanda ba su da tasiri ta hanyar metamorphism kuma suna da halayyar da ke da alaƙa da Kudancin Alps-Dinaride.

==== Belin Meliata ====

==== Binciken Bükk ====
A kudancin yankin da ya gabata akwai sashin [[Bükkic]], wanda ke ɗauke da alamun yankin canji tsakanin Yammacin Carpathians da Dinarides. Dutsen Bükkic yana faruwa a arewacin dutsen Hungary Bükk . Ya ƙunshi gabaɗaya daga shales na Paleozoic, carbonates, da sandstones, amma kuma yana rufe ƙaramin carbonates na Mesozoic da duwatsun dutse. Sedimentation ya ci gaba zuwa Jurassic lokacin da aka tura takalma na rashin tabbas. Yankin daga baya ya kasance a cikin Cretaceous wanda ya shafi ƙananan metamorphism. A lokacin subduction na Meliata-Halstatt Ocean a cikin Upper Jurassic, kwandon baya-arc ya samo asali. Wannan kwandon daga baya an juya shi kuma mai yiwuwa ne tushen yankin Mónosbél-Szarvaskő.

==== Yankin Transdanubian ====
Transdanubian ko Bakony Belt babban tectonic unit da ake Girka [[Transdanubicum]] yana faruwa a cikin tsaunukan Transdanubia (Bakony, Gerecse, Vértes, da Buda Mountains). Ya ƙunshi ƙananan dutsen Paleozoic da Mesozoic da Cenozoic sedimentary.

==== Zemplín Belt ====
Wani sashi na tectonic na matsayi mara tabbas shine [[Zemplinic]] a cikin horst na Zemplín Mts. . , yana fitowa daga Cenozoic sedimentary cika na [[Eastern Slovakia Basin|Gabashin Slovakia Basin]]. Zemplinic a cewar wasu marubuta ko dai an sanya shi a cikin belin daban-daban (Zemplín Belt ko Sub-Vihorlat Belt) ko kuma an dauke shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Tisia-Dacia]] daban. Wasu masana ilimin ƙasa sun sanya shi ga Kudancin [[Veporic]],  ƙungiyar [[Gemeric]], ko ma ga Gabashin Carpathians. Zemplinic shine kawai wurin da dutsen Precambrian ya faru a Yammacin Carpathians. Sun hada da Paragneuses, amphibolites, da Migrmatites, tare da Post-Hercynian Carboniferous da Permian conglomerates da ƙananan gadaje na baƙar fata.

=== Ƙungiyoyin bayan-nappe ===
Tsarin tectonic na Jurassic-Cretaceous daga baya an canza shi ta hanyar nau'ikan nau'ikan matakai daban-daban: [[Central Carpathian Paleogene Basin|Tsakiyar Karpathian Paleogene Basin]], Buda Paleogene Basine, Vienna Basin (Neogene, jan-kashe nau'in), Pannonian Basin (ko Danube Basin), da kuma hadaddun dutsen wuta: Neogene volcanics na Carpathians (ko kawai Neovolcanis). 

=== Paleozoic da Mesozoic volcanism ===
[[Fayil:Melafyr.JPG|right|thumb|Permian andesitic-basalt tare da agate, wanda ake kira melaphyry .]]
Tsohon nau'ikan dutsen wuta, wanda ya shafi yankin Yammacin Carpathians, ba a gane su ba saboda hanyoyin tectonic da lalacewa ta hanyar rushewa.

Babban aikin Dutsen wuta ya faru a cikin Lower Paleozoic a cikin Malé Karpaty Mts. . , inda ake ganin abubuwan da suka rage a cikin dutse na Pernek Group tare da al'ada ta dutsen wuta. Babban kundin dutsen dutse, wanda aka dauka a matsayin samfurin stratovolcanos, wanda aka canza shi sosai ta hanyar metamorphism, yana cikin [[Gemeric]]. An gane asali dutsen wuta a cikin dutsen Carboniferous da Permian. Daga cikin dutsen Permian an fi sanannun Ipoltica Group na Hronic nappe. Ƙananan ɓangaren ƙungiyar ana kiranta Malužiná Formation . Yana da halayyar Dacite zuwa dutsen dutse na andesite a cikin ƙananan ɓangaren da andesitic-basalts kusa da Nau'in Tholeitic a saman ɓangaren. Nodules na hydrothermal Agate sun zama ruwan dare a cikin ramukan waɗannan duwatsu, waɗanda aka fi sani da melaphyres. A cewar wasu marubuta, dutsen wuta na Permian a cikin Hronic yana da halayyar layi na polyphase.

Hanyoyin dutsen wuta na Mesozoic sun fi bambanta kuma an san su daga dukkan yankuna na Yammacin Carpathians. Akwai Triassic effusives a cikin dutsen Fatric da Hronic na Mala Fatra Mts.. da kuma Nízke Tatry Mts. An san Picrites a kusa da Banská Bystrica . An samo abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin Cretaceous (subvolcanic alkalic gabbro) a yankin Slesian na Flysch Belt .  Ragowar lalacewar Ophiolite tare da basalts na N-MORB a saman suna cikin dutsen [[Meliatic]].
[[Fayil:Kamenný_vodopád_(Slovakia).jpg|right|thumb|&quot;Basalt waterfall&quot; a masallacin Šomoška, [[Cerová vrchovina]]. Rarrabawar basaltic na al'ada.]]

* Acid volcanism - ya fara ne a cikin ƙananan Miocene a arewacin [[Hungariya|Hungary]] kuma daga baya ya faɗaɗa zuwa yankin [[Slofakiya|Slovakia]] ta yanzu. rhyodacitis ne ke wakilta shi zuwa dutsen rhyolitic. Wannan nau'in dutsen wuta ana kiransa nau'in yanki, saboda girman girmansa. A tsakiyar Slovakia, dutsen dutse ya kafa Poľana, Kremnica, da Vtáčnik Mts. An san tuffs na Rhyodacite a cikin turɓaya na Lower Badenian a Yankin Zemplín na Gabashin Slovakia.
* '''Tsakanin dutsen wuta''' - ya fara ne a cikin Lower [[Badenian]], kuma daga ra'ayi na petrological yana wakiltar andesites na cal-alcaline zuwa dacites, wanda ke da alaƙa da subduction na ƙasa a cikin Flysch Belt da kuma alaƙa da kafawar dutsen wuta. Volcanism ya fara ne daga cikin yanayin sub-aquatic kusa da Šahy-[[Lysec]] yankin Krupina Plain. Daga baya babban dutsen wuta na Poľana, Javorie, [[Lysec]], [[Čelovce stratovolcano|Čelovce]], kuma musamman dutsen wuta da dutsen wuta a cikin Dutsen Kremnica. Bayan wani lokaci na rushewa mai karfi, aikin dutsen wuta ya dawo a Upper Badenian. Maido da dutsen wuta ya fi fashewa. A cikin tsaunukan Ore na Slovak (a yankin Tisovec da [[Rimava Basin]]) an sami raguwar tsoffin tsaunuka masu tasowa da suka dace da na tsakiya na Slovakia. A cikin ƙananan Sarmatian, wani tsari na subduction a cikin Gabashin Slovakia na yanzu ya haifar da samar da layin stratovolcanoes masu sauƙi na Slanské vrchy Mts. Ana samun tsaunuka masu fashewa na wannan lokacin a [[Romainiya|Romania]]. An san ƙaramin ɓangaren dutsen wuta a yankin Vihorlat Mts.&lt;ref name=&quot;Konečný et al., 2001&quot; /&gt;
* '''Tushen dutsen wuta''' - wanda aka wakilta da dutsen alkali, ana samunsa a Tsakiya da Kudancin Slovakia da Hungary. Nau'in dutse mai mahimmanci shine basalt tare da phenocrysts na Olivine ko Nepheline (basalts a yankin Banská Štiavnica). Akwai kwararar dutse a kusa da Ostrá Lúka kusa da Zvolen da Devičie kusa da Krupina, kwararar da dutse a kusurwar Pinciná, Jelšovec, kwararren dutse, wuyansa, dikes, da maars a [[Cerová vrchovina]], da kuma ƙaramin ƙanƙara, ''[[Putikov vŕšok]]'', kusa da Nová Baňa .

An san bayyanar dutse mai laushi a Yammacin Carpathians daga yankunan [[Tatric]], [[Veporic]], [[Gemeric]], da [[Zemplinic]]. Binciken da ke akwai ya nuna alamun Hercynian da Alpine orogeny. Kodayake wasu marubutan sun ba da shawarar yiwuwar kasancewar tsofaffin Cadomian ko Caledonia metamorphic cycles,  ba a tabbatar da kasancewar Precambrian metamorphique cycles ba saboda bayanan metamorphics na baya. 

Ba a tabbatar da metamorphism na Caledonian a sarari ba, amma wasu alamu suna cikin amphibolites na Malé Karpaty Mts.  (kimanin shekaru miliyan 395) ko dutse na Sihla a cikin [[Veporic]] (kimani shekaru miliyan 370-380). Mafi yawanci shine metamorphism na Hercynian, wanda ke da alaƙa da metamorphisme na yanki da na periplutonic wanda ya haifar da intrusions na dutsen dutse, [[diapthoresis]] da ƙananan metamorphalism na tsarin volcanosedimentary na raka'a da yawa na tectonic zuwa facies na greenschist. Alamun metamorphism na Alpine, wanda ya faru shekaru miliyan 75-107 da suka gabata, an kiyaye su sosai a cikin tsarin Mesozoic na [[Tatric]], [[Gemeric]], kuma musamman [[Veporic]]. An san metamorphism na musamman da ke da alaƙa da subduction zuwa facies na blueschist daga Bôrka nappe.

== Girgizar ƙasa ==
Western Carpathians sun fito ne daga ra'ayi na neotectonic ɓangare na toshe ALCAPA.  Babban girgizar asa a cikin ALCAPA sun kasance a cikin arc na Hellenides da Calabrids.  An san girgizar ƙasa mai zurfi ne kawai daga yankin Vrancea, inda ƙaddamarwar ke aiki.  Ba a yi rikodin girgizar ƙasa mai zurfi da ke da alaƙa da rushewa ba a cikin Carpathians na Yamma.  Wani lokaci na gagarumin karo na nahiyoyi da raguwar ɓawon burodi ya shafi yankin a cikin Miocene.[1]  Daga baya, da farko haɓakawa da motsi-zamewa a cikin Neogene ya haifar da sabo ko sake kunna tsofaffin laifuffuka.  Akwai manyan yankuna biyar na girgizar ƙasa da ke yankin Yammacin Carpathians: yankin Pezinok-Pernek, wanda shine ci gaba da kurakuran da ke da alhakin samuwar Tekun Vienna, yankin Dobrá Voda tare da mafi girman girgizar ƙasa mai zurfi a kusa da Laifin Dobrá Voda, yankin Komáro na sanannen girgizar asa, RbanováoDaurnó-Daurn.  kamar yadda Raaba linie), keɓance sashin Pelso daga ginshiƙi na cikin gida na Carpathian crystalline, yankin Žilina na girgizar ƙasa, da ke da alaƙa da ci gaba da karo da motsi-zamewa a cikin Pieniny Klippen Belt, da yankin Slovakia ta Tsakiya, wanda wataƙila shine sakamakon ayyukan tectonic na laifin Slovak ta Tsakiya..

== Abubuwan da aka adana a zamanin d ̄ a ==
Gilashin Quaternary da aka gano a Yammacin Carpathians sune, daga tsofaffi zuwa ƙarami: Donau, Günz, Mindel, Riss da Würm . &lt;ref name=&quot;Vaskovsk1981&quot; /&gt; A lokacin wadannan glaciations glaciers tsaunuka da ke saukowa daga High Tatras da kuma wadanda ba su da dusar ƙanƙara sun kasance ƙarƙashin yanayin sanyi da solifluction.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vaskovsk1981&quot; /&gt; Rashin ƙasa yana bayyane a wuraren tsaunuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vaskovsk1981&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vaškovský |first=Imrich |last2=Vaškovská |first2=Eugenia |year=1981 |title=The development of the natural landscape in Slovakia during the Quaternary |journal=[[Biuletyn Peryglacjalny]] |volume=28 |pages=249–258}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gilashiofluvial cones sun samo asali ne a cikin ƙasashen Yammacin Carpathians dangane da glaciation na ƙarshe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vaskovsk1981&quot; /&gt; An kafa tsarin hudu na ƙarshe da na [[Moraine|moraines]]&quot; id=&quot;mwA0w&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Lateral moraine&quot;&gt;gefen a lokacin glaciation na ƙarshe da kuma sakamakonsa a cikin Slovak Carpathians. &lt;ref name=&quot;Vaskovsk1981&quot; /&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
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    <title>Yaduwar cutar asma</title>
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Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, kimanin mutane miliyan 235 a duk duniya sun kamu da [[Cutar Asthma|asma]], &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=World Health Organization Fact Sheet Fact sheet No 307: Asthma |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs307/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629035454/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs307/en/ |archive-date=June 29, 2011 |access-date=2 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma kimanin mutane 250,000 suna mutuwa a kowace shekara daga abubuwan da suka shafi asma. &lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011p2&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|GINA|2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kasashen da ke da karancin kudin shiga da matsakaicin matsakaicin sun kai sama da 80% na mace-mace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |author-link=World Health Organization |title=WHO: Asthma |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs307/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215181927/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs307/en/ |archive-date=15 December 2007 |access-date=2007-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yaduwar ta bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe daga 1% zuwa 18%.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011p2&quot; /&gt; Asthma yana da yawa a cikin [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]] fiye da ƙasashe masu [[Developed country|ci gaba]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011p2&quot; /&gt; Farashin ya fi ƙasa a Asiya, Gabashin Turai, da Afirka. A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa ya fi yawa a tsakanin waɗanda ke fama da talauci, amma ya bambanta da ƙasashe masu ci gaba ya fi yawa tsakanin masu arziki.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011p2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Uphoff |first=E |date=2015 |title=A systematic review of socioeconomic position in relation to asthma and allergic diseases |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=364–374 |doi=10.1183/09031936.00114514 |pmid=25537562 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dalilin wadannan bambance-bambance ba a san su sosai ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011p2&quot; /&gt;

Duk da yake asma ya ninka sau biyu a cikin yara maza kamar yadda yake a cikin 'yan mata, &lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011p2&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|GINA|2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; asma mai tsanani yana faruwa a daidai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bush2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bush A, Menzies-Gow A |last2=Menzies-Gow |date=December 2009 |title=Phenotypic differences between pediatric and adult asthma |journal=Proc Am Thorac Soc |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=712–9 |doi=10.1513/pats.200906-046DP |pmid=20008882}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin manya, duk da haka, asma ya ninka sau biyu a cikin mata kamar yadda yake a cikin maza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bush2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2017 |title=Testosterone explains why women more prone to asthma |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/05/170508112433.htm |website=[[ScienceDaily]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙara mita ==
[[Fayil:Asthma_prevalence.png|thumb|yaduwa asma na yara a Amurka ya karu tun 1980, musamman a cikin yara ƙanana.]]
Yawan asma ya karu sosai tsakanin shekarun 1960 da 2008 &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10452783&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grant EN, Wagner R, Weiss KB |date=August 1999 |title=Observations on emerging patterns of asthma in our society |journal=J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. |volume=104 |issue=2 Pt 2 |pages=S1–9 |doi=10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70268-X |pmid=10452783}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19912154&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Anandan C, Nurmatov U, van Schayck OC, Sheikh A |date=February 2010 |title=Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies |journal=Allergy |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=152–67 |doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02244.x |pmid=19912154 |s2cid=19525219 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da an gane shi a matsayin babbar matsalar kiwon lafiyar jama'a tun daga shekarun 1970.  Kimanin kashi 9% na yara na Amurka suna da asma a shekara ta 2001, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 3.6% kawai a shekara ta 1980. [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta ba da rahoton cewa wasu kashi 10% na yawan mutanen Switzerland suna da asma tun daga shekara ta 2007, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 2% wasu shekaru 25-30 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Amurka yawan cututtukan asma da aka daidaita shekaru ya karu daga kashi 7.3 zuwa 8.2 cikin dari a cikin shekarun 2001 zuwa 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;mm6017a4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=((Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC))) |date=May 2011 |title=Vital signs: asthma prevalence, disease characteristics, and self-management education: United States, 2001--2009 |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=60 |issue=17 |pages=547–52 |pmid=21544044}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan yankin ==

=== Amurka ===
Asthma yana shafar kusan 7% na yawan jama'ar [[Amurka]] kuma yana haifar da kusan mutuwar 4,210 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fanta2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fanta CH |date=March 2009 |title=Asthma |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2009-03-05_360_10/page/1002 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=360 |issue=10 |pages=1002–14 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra0804579 |pmid=19264689}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lazarus SC |date=August 2010 |title=Clinical practice. Emergency treatment of asthma |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2010-08-19_363_8/page/755 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=363 |issue=8 |pages=755–64 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1003469 |pmid=20818877}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Getahun2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Getahun D, Demissie K, Rhoads GG |date=June 2005 |title=Recent trends in asthma hospitalization and mortality in the United States |journal=J Asthma |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=373–8 |doi=10.1081/JAS-62995 |pmid=16036412 |s2cid=25298857 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2005, asma ta shafi mutane sama da miliyan 22, ciki har da yara miliyan 6, kuma sun kai kusan 500,000 a asibiti a wannan shekarar.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHLBI07p1&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|NHLBI Guideline|2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekara ta 2010, asma ta kai fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ziyarar sashen gaggawa da aka shigar a Amurka tsakanin yara masu shekaru 1-9, kuma ana yawan ganewar asali ne tsakanin yara masu shekara 10-17. Daga shekara ta 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2010, yawan asibitin yara da ke fama da asma ya ragu daga 165 zuwa 130 ga kowane mutum 100,000, bi da bi, yayin da yawan manya ya kasance kusan 119 ga kowane mutum 10,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barrett ML, Wier LM, and Washington R&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Barrett ML, Wier LM, Washington R |date=January 2014 |title=Trends in Pediatric and Adult Hospital Stays for Asthma, 2000-2010. |url=http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb169-Asthma-Trends-Hospital-Stays.jsp |journal=HCUP Statistical Brief |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=169 |pmid=24624462 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328234058/http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb169-Asthma-Trends-Hospital-Stays.jsp |archive-date=2014-03-28 |access-date=2014-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yaduwar asma a Amurka ya fi na sauran ƙasashe a duniya, amma ya bambanta sosai tsakanin kabilun.[1] Yaduwar asma ta fi girma a cikin Puerto Ricans, Latino, 'yan Afirka na Amirka, Filipinos, Irish na Amirka, da' yan asalin Hawaii, kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin Mexicans da Koreans.[2][3][4][5] Adadin shigar da asibiti da ke da alaƙa da asma a cikin 2010 sun kasance fiye da sau uku mafi girma tsakanin yara na Afirka na Amurka kuma sau biyu mafi girma ga manya na Afirka na Afirka da Latino idan aka kwatanta da White da Asiya da Pacific Islander. [6][5] Har ila yau, yara da aka haifa a cikin iyalai masu karamin karfi suna da haɗarin kamuwa da asma.[7]

Har ila yau, yaduwar asma ta bambanta tsakanin al'ummomin kabilanci ɗaya waɗanda aka haifa kuma suna zaune a wurare daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15990770&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gold DR, Acevedo-Garcia D |date=July 2005 |title=Immigration to the United States and acculturation as risk factors for asthma and allergy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-allergy-and-clinical-immunology_2005-07_116_1/page/38 |journal=J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=38–41 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2005.04.033 |pmid=15990770 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, mutanen Mexico da aka haifa a Amurka, suna da ƙimar asma fiye da wadanda ba U ba. S. haifi jama'ar Mexico da ke zaune a Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16809241&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eldeirawi KM, Persky VW |date=May 2006 |title=Associations of acculturation and country of birth with asthma and wheezing in Mexican American youths |journal=J Asthma |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=279–86 |doi=10.1080/0277090060022869 |pmid=16809241 |s2cid=29050101}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ƙasar Ingila ===
Asthma yana shafar kusan 5% na yawan mutanen Burtaniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Anderson HR, Gupta R, Strachan DP, Limb ES |date=January 2007 |title=50 years of asthma: UK trends from 1955 to 2004 |journal=Thorax |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=85–90 |doi=10.1136/thx.2006.066407 |pmc=2111282 |pmid=17189533}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Ingila, kimanin mutane 261,400 ne aka gano su da asma a shekara ta 2005; mutane miliyan 5.7 suna da cutar asma kuma an ba su magungunan da suka shafi asma miliyan 32.6.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simpson2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Simpson CR, Sheikh A |date=March 2010 |title=Trends in the epidemiology of asthma in England: a national study of 333,294 patients |journal=J R Soc Med |volume=103 |issue=3 |pages=98–106 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.2009.090348 |pmc=3072257 |pmid=20200181}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kanada ===
Bayanai suna nuna karuwar yanayin yaduwar asma tsakanin jama'ar Kanada. A cikin 2000-2001 an saka idanu kan yaduwar asma a 6.5%; daga 2010-2011 an nuna karuwar 4.3%, tare da yaduwar cutar asma ya kai 10.8% na yawan mutanen Kanada.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Public Health Agency of |date=2018-05-01 |title=Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in Canada, 2018 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/asthma-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-canada-2018.html#a1.2 |access-date=2018-11-26 |website=aem |archive-date=2019-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912161352/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/asthma-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-canada-2018.html#a1.2 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, yaduwar asma ta bambanta tsakanin larduna na Kanada; mafi girman yaduwar ita ce Ontario a 12.1%, kuma mafi ƙasƙanci shine Nunavut a 3.8% .&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Kodayake akwai raguwar gaba ɗaya a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na sabbin cututtukan asma a Kanada, yaduwar tana ƙaruwa. Ana iya danganta wannan ga raguwar mace-mace na musamman saboda ingantaccen gudanarwa da sarrafa asma da alamun ta.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, kimanin mutane miliyan 235 a duk duniya sun kamu da [[Cutar Asthma|asma]], &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=World Health Organization Fact Sheet Fact sheet No 307: Asthma |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs307/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629035454/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs307/en/ |archive-date=June 29, 2011 |access-date=2 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma kimanin mutane 250,000 suna mutuwa a kowace shekara daga abubuwan da suka shafi asma. &lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011p2&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|GINA|2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kasashen da ke da karancin kudin shiga da matsakaicin matsakaicin sun kai sama da 80% na mace-mace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |author-link=World Health Organization |title=WHO: Asthma |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs307/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215181927/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs307/en/ |archive-date=15 December 2007 |access-date=2007-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yaduwar ta bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe daga 1% zuwa 18%.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011p2&quot; /&gt; Asthma yana da yawa a cikin [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]] fiye da ƙasashe masu [[Developed country|ci gaba]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011p2&quot; /&gt; Farashin ya fi ƙasa a Asiya, Gabashin Turai, da Afirka. A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa ya fi yawa a tsakanin waɗanda ke fama da talauci, amma ya bambanta da ƙasashe masu ci gaba ya fi yawa tsakanin masu arziki.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011p2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Uphoff |first=E |date=2015 |title=A systematic review of socioeconomic position in relation to asthma and allergic diseases |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=364–374 |doi=10.1183/09031936.00114514 |pmid=25537562 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dalilin wadannan bambance-bambance ba a san su sosai ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011p2&quot; /&gt;

Duk da yake asma ya ninka sau biyu a cikin yara maza kamar yadda yake a cikin 'yan mata, &lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011p2&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|GINA|2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; asma mai tsanani yana faruwa a daidai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bush2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bush A, Menzies-Gow A |last2=Menzies-Gow |date=December 2009 |title=Phenotypic differences between pediatric and adult asthma |journal=Proc Am Thorac Soc |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=712–9 |doi=10.1513/pats.200906-046DP |pmid=20008882}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin manya, duk da haka, asma ya ninka sau biyu a cikin mata kamar yadda yake a cikin maza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bush2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2017 |title=Testosterone explains why women more prone to asthma |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/05/170508112433.htm |website=[[ScienceDaily]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙara mita ==
[[Fayil:Asthma_prevalence.png|thumb|yaduwa asma na yara a Amurka ya karu tun 1980, musamman a cikin yara ƙanana.]]
Yawan asma ya karu sosai tsakanin shekarun 1960 da 2008 &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10452783&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grant EN, Wagner R, Weiss KB |date=August 1999 |title=Observations on emerging patterns of asthma in our society |journal=J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. |volume=104 |issue=2 Pt 2 |pages=S1–9 |doi=10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70268-X |pmid=10452783}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19912154&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Anandan C, Nurmatov U, van Schayck OC, Sheikh A |date=February 2010 |title=Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies |journal=Allergy |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=152–67 |doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02244.x |pmid=19912154 |s2cid=19525219 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da an gane shi a matsayin babbar matsalar kiwon lafiyar jama'a tun daga shekarun 1970.  Kimanin kashi 9% na yara na Amurka suna da asma a shekara ta 2001, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 3.6% kawai a shekara ta 1980. [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta ba da rahoton cewa wasu kashi 10% na yawan mutanen Switzerland suna da asma tun daga shekara ta 2007, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 2% wasu shekaru 25-30 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Amurka yawan cututtukan asma da aka daidaita shekaru ya karu daga kashi 7.3 zuwa 8.2 cikin dari a cikin shekarun 2001 zuwa 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;mm6017a4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=((Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC))) |date=May 2011 |title=Vital signs: asthma prevalence, disease characteristics, and self-management education: United States, 2001--2009 |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=60 |issue=17 |pages=547–52 |pmid=21544044}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan yankin ==

=== Amurka ===
Asthma yana shafar kusan 7% na yawan jama'ar [[Amurka]] kuma yana haifar da kusan mutuwar 4,210 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fanta2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fanta CH |date=March 2009 |title=Asthma |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2009-03-05_360_10/page/1002 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=360 |issue=10 |pages=1002–14 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra0804579 |pmid=19264689}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lazarus SC |date=August 2010 |title=Clinical practice. Emergency treatment of asthma |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2010-08-19_363_8/page/755 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=363 |issue=8 |pages=755–64 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1003469 |pmid=20818877}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Getahun2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Getahun D, Demissie K, Rhoads GG |date=June 2005 |title=Recent trends in asthma hospitalization and mortality in the United States |journal=J Asthma |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=373–8 |doi=10.1081/JAS-62995 |pmid=16036412 |s2cid=25298857 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2005, asma ta shafi mutane sama da miliyan 22, ciki har da yara miliyan 6, kuma sun kai kusan 500,000 a asibiti a wannan shekarar.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHLBI07p1&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|NHLBI Guideline|2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekara ta 2010, asma ta kai fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ziyarar sashen gaggawa da aka shigar a Amurka tsakanin yara masu shekaru 1-9, kuma ana yawan ganewar asali ne tsakanin yara masu shekara 10-17. Daga shekara ta 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2010, yawan asibitin yara da ke fama da asma ya ragu daga 165 zuwa 130 ga kowane mutum 100,000, bi da bi, yayin da yawan manya ya kasance kusan 119 ga kowane mutum 10,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barrett ML, Wier LM, and Washington R&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Barrett ML, Wier LM, Washington R |date=January 2014 |title=Trends in Pediatric and Adult Hospital Stays for Asthma, 2000-2010. |url=http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb169-Asthma-Trends-Hospital-Stays.jsp |journal=HCUP Statistical Brief |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=169 |pmid=24624462 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328234058/http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb169-Asthma-Trends-Hospital-Stays.jsp |archive-date=2014-03-28 |access-date=2014-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yaduwar asma a Amurka ya fi na sauran ƙasashe a duniya, amma ya bambanta sosai tsakanin kabilun.[1] Yaduwar asma ta fi girma a cikin Puerto Ricans, Latino, 'yan Afirka na Amirka, Filipinos, Irish na Amirka, da' yan asalin Hawaii, kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin Mexicans da Koreans.[2][3][4][5] Adadin shigar da asibiti da ke da alaƙa da asma a cikin 2010 sun kasance fiye da sau uku mafi girma tsakanin yara na Afirka na Amurka kuma sau biyu mafi girma ga manya na Afirka na Afirka da Latino idan aka kwatanta da White da Asiya da Pacific Islander. [6][5] Har ila yau, yara da aka haifa a cikin iyalai masu karamin karfi suna da haɗarin kamuwa da asma.[7]

Har ila yau, yaduwar asma ta bambanta tsakanin al'ummomin kabilanci ɗaya waɗanda aka haifa kuma suna zaune a wurare daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15990770&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gold DR, Acevedo-Garcia D |date=July 2005 |title=Immigration to the United States and acculturation as risk factors for asthma and allergy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-allergy-and-clinical-immunology_2005-07_116_1/page/38 |journal=J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=38–41 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2005.04.033 |pmid=15990770 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, mutanen Mexico da aka haifa a Amurka, suna da ƙimar asma fiye da wadanda ba U ba. S. haifi jama'ar Mexico da ke zaune a Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16809241&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eldeirawi KM, Persky VW |date=May 2006 |title=Associations of acculturation and country of birth with asthma and wheezing in Mexican American youths |journal=J Asthma |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=279–86 |doi=10.1080/0277090060022869 |pmid=16809241 |s2cid=29050101}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ƙasar Ingila ===
Asthma yana shafar kusan 5% na yawan mutanen [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Anderson HR, Gupta R, Strachan DP, Limb ES |date=January 2007 |title=50 years of asthma: UK trends from 1955 to 2004 |journal=Thorax |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=85–90 |doi=10.1136/thx.2006.066407 |pmc=2111282 |pmid=17189533}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Ingila, kimanin mutane 261,400 ne aka gano su da asma a shekara ta 2005; mutane miliyan 5.7 suna da cutar asma kuma an ba su magungunan da suka shafi asma miliyan 32.6.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simpson2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Simpson CR, Sheikh A |date=March 2010 |title=Trends in the epidemiology of asthma in England: a national study of 333,294 patients |journal=J R Soc Med |volume=103 |issue=3 |pages=98–106 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.2009.090348 |pmc=3072257 |pmid=20200181}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kanada ===
Bayanai suna nuna karuwar yanayin yaduwar asma tsakanin jama'ar Kanada. A cikin 2000-2001 an saka idanu kan yaduwar asma a 6.5%; daga 2010-2011 an nuna karuwar 4.3%, tare da yaduwar cutar asma ya kai 10.8% na yawan mutanen Kanada.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Public Health Agency of |date=2018-05-01 |title=Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in Canada, 2018 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/asthma-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-canada-2018.html#a1.2 |access-date=2018-11-26 |website=aem |archive-date=2019-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912161352/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/asthma-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-canada-2018.html#a1.2 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, yaduwar asma ta bambanta tsakanin larduna na Kanada; mafi girman yaduwar ita ce Ontario a 12.1%, kuma mafi ƙasƙanci shine Nunavut a 3.8% .&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Kodayake akwai raguwar gaba ɗaya a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na sabbin cututtukan asma a Kanada, yaduwar tana ƙaruwa. Ana iya danganta wannan ga raguwar mace-mace na musamman saboda ingantaccen gudanarwa da sarrafa asma da alamun ta.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="10750" sha1="3nt08hta2g6e4dlt3myfhgs5s823av7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, kimanin mutane miliyan 235 a duk duniya sun kamu da [[Cutar Asthma|asma]], &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=World Health Organization Fact Sheet Fact sheet No 307: Asthma |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs307/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629035454/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs307/en/ |archive-date=June 29, 2011 |access-date=2 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma kimanin mutane 250,000 suna mutuwa a kowace shekara daga abubuwan da suka shafi asma. &lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011p2&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|GINA|2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kasashen da ke da karancin kudin shiga da matsakaicin matsakaicin sun kai sama da 80% na mace-mace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |author-link=World Health Organization |title=WHO: Asthma |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs307/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215181927/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs307/en/ |archive-date=15 December 2007 |access-date=2007-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yaduwar ta bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe daga 1% zuwa 18%.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011p2&quot; /&gt; Asthma yana da yawa a cikin [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]] fiye da ƙasashe masu [[Developed country|ci gaba]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011p2&quot; /&gt; Farashin ya fi ƙasa a Asiya, Gabashin Turai, da Afirka. A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa ya fi yawa a tsakanin waɗanda ke fama da talauci, amma ya bambanta da ƙasashe masu ci gaba ya fi yawa tsakanin masu arziki.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011p2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Uphoff |first=E |date=2015 |title=A systematic review of socioeconomic position in relation to asthma and allergic diseases |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=364–374 |doi=10.1183/09031936.00114514 |pmid=25537562 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dalilin wadannan bambance-bambance ba a san su sosai ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011p2&quot; /&gt;

Duk da yake asma ya ninka sau biyu a cikin yara maza kamar yadda yake a cikin 'yan mata, &lt;ref name=&quot;GINA2011p2&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|GINA|2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; asma mai tsanani yana faruwa a daidai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bush2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bush A, Menzies-Gow A |last2=Menzies-Gow |date=December 2009 |title=Phenotypic differences between pediatric and adult asthma |journal=Proc Am Thorac Soc |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=712–9 |doi=10.1513/pats.200906-046DP |pmid=20008882}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin manya, duk da haka, asma ya ninka sau biyu a cikin mata kamar yadda yake a cikin maza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bush2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2017 |title=Testosterone explains why women more prone to asthma |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/05/170508112433.htm |website=[[ScienceDaily]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙara mita ==
[[Fayil:Asthma_prevalence.png|thumb|yaduwa asma na yara a Amurka ya karu tun 1980, musamman a cikin yara ƙanana.]]
Yawan asma ya karu sosai tsakanin shekarun 1960 da 2008 &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10452783&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grant EN, Wagner R, Weiss KB |date=August 1999 |title=Observations on emerging patterns of asthma in our society |journal=J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. |volume=104 |issue=2 Pt 2 |pages=S1–9 |doi=10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70268-X |pmid=10452783}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19912154&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Anandan C, Nurmatov U, van Schayck OC, Sheikh A |date=February 2010 |title=Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies |journal=Allergy |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=152–67 |doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02244.x |pmid=19912154 |s2cid=19525219 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da an gane shi a matsayin babbar matsalar kiwon lafiyar jama'a tun daga shekarun 1970.  Kimanin kashi 9% na yara na Amurka suna da asma a shekara ta 2001, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 3.6% kawai a shekara ta 1980. [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta ba da rahoton cewa wasu kashi 10% na yawan mutanen Switzerland suna da asma tun daga shekara ta 2007, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 2% wasu shekaru 25-30 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Amurka yawan cututtukan asma da aka daidaita shekaru ya karu daga kashi 7.3 zuwa 8.2 cikin dari a cikin shekarun 2001 zuwa 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;mm6017a4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=((Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC))) |date=May 2011 |title=Vital signs: asthma prevalence, disease characteristics, and self-management education: United States, 2001--2009 |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=60 |issue=17 |pages=547–52 |pmid=21544044}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan yankin ==

=== Amurka ===
Asthma yana shafar kusan 7% na yawan jama'ar [[Amurka]] kuma yana haifar da kusan mutuwar 4,210 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fanta2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fanta CH |date=March 2009 |title=Asthma |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2009-03-05_360_10/page/1002 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=360 |issue=10 |pages=1002–14 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra0804579 |pmid=19264689}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lazarus SC |date=August 2010 |title=Clinical practice. Emergency treatment of asthma |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2010-08-19_363_8/page/755 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=363 |issue=8 |pages=755–64 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1003469 |pmid=20818877}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Getahun2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Getahun D, Demissie K, Rhoads GG |date=June 2005 |title=Recent trends in asthma hospitalization and mortality in the United States |journal=J Asthma |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=373–8 |doi=10.1081/JAS-62995 |pmid=16036412 |s2cid=25298857 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2005, asma ta shafi mutane sama da miliyan 22, ciki har da yara miliyan 6, kuma sun kai kusan 500,000 a asibiti a wannan shekarar.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHLBI07p1&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|NHLBI Guideline|2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekara ta 2010, asma ta kai fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ziyarar sashen gaggawa da aka shigar a Amurka tsakanin yara masu shekaru 1-9, kuma ana yawan ganewar asali ne tsakanin yara masu shekara 10-17. Daga shekara ta 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2010, yawan asibitin yara da ke fama da asma ya ragu daga 165 zuwa 130 ga kowane mutum 100,000, bi da bi, yayin da yawan manya ya kasance kusan 119 ga kowane mutum 10,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barrett ML, Wier LM, and Washington R&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Barrett ML, Wier LM, Washington R |date=January 2014 |title=Trends in Pediatric and Adult Hospital Stays for Asthma, 2000-2010. |url=http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb169-Asthma-Trends-Hospital-Stays.jsp |journal=HCUP Statistical Brief |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=169 |pmid=24624462 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328234058/http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb169-Asthma-Trends-Hospital-Stays.jsp |archive-date=2014-03-28 |access-date=2014-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yaduwar asma a Amurka ya fi na sauran ƙasashe a duniya, amma ya bambanta sosai tsakanin kabilun.[1] Yaduwar asma ta fi girma a cikin Puerto Ricans, Latino, 'yan Afirka na Amirka, Filipinos, Irish na Amirka, da' yan asalin Hawaii, kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin Mexicans da Koreans.[2][3][4][5] Adadin shigar da asibiti da ke da alaƙa da asma a cikin 2010 sun kasance fiye da sau uku mafi girma tsakanin yara na Afirka na Amurka kuma sau biyu mafi girma ga manya na Afirka na Afirka da Latino idan aka kwatanta da White da Asiya da Pacific Islander. [6][5] Har ila yau, yara da aka haifa a cikin iyalai masu karamin karfi suna da haɗarin kamuwa da asma.[7]

Har ila yau, yaduwar asma ta bambanta tsakanin al'ummomin kabilanci ɗaya waɗanda aka haifa kuma suna zaune a wurare daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15990770&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gold DR, Acevedo-Garcia D |date=July 2005 |title=Immigration to the United States and acculturation as risk factors for asthma and allergy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-allergy-and-clinical-immunology_2005-07_116_1/page/38 |journal=J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=38–41 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2005.04.033 |pmid=15990770 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, mutanen Mexico da aka haifa a Amurka, suna da ƙimar asma fiye da wadanda ba U ba. S. haifi jama'ar Mexico da ke zaune a Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16809241&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eldeirawi KM, Persky VW |date=May 2006 |title=Associations of acculturation and country of birth with asthma and wheezing in Mexican American youths |journal=J Asthma |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=279–86 |doi=10.1080/0277090060022869 |pmid=16809241 |s2cid=29050101}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ƙasar Ingila ===
Asthma yana shafar kusan 5% na yawan mutanen [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Anderson HR, Gupta R, Strachan DP, Limb ES |date=January 2007 |title=50 years of asthma: UK trends from 1955 to 2004 |journal=Thorax |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=85–90 |doi=10.1136/thx.2006.066407 |pmc=2111282 |pmid=17189533}}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[Ingila]], kimanin mutane 261,400 ne aka gano su da asma a shekara ta 2005; mutane miliyan 5.7 suna da cutar asma kuma an ba su magungunan da suka shafi asma miliyan 32.6.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simpson2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Simpson CR, Sheikh A |date=March 2010 |title=Trends in the epidemiology of asthma in England: a national study of 333,294 patients |journal=J R Soc Med |volume=103 |issue=3 |pages=98–106 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.2009.090348 |pmc=3072257 |pmid=20200181}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kanada ===
Bayanai suna nuna karuwar yanayin yaduwar asma tsakanin jama'ar Kanada. A cikin 2000-2001 an saka idanu kan yaduwar asma a 6.5%; daga 2010-2011 an nuna karuwar 4.3%, tare da yaduwar cutar asma ya kai 10.8% na yawan mutanen Kanada.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Public Health Agency of |date=2018-05-01 |title=Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in Canada, 2018 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/asthma-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-canada-2018.html#a1.2 |access-date=2018-11-26 |website=aem |archive-date=2019-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912161352/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/asthma-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-canada-2018.html#a1.2 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, yaduwar asma ta bambanta tsakanin larduna na Kanada; mafi girman yaduwar ita ce Ontario a 12.1%, kuma mafi ƙasƙanci shine Nunavut a 3.8% .&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Kodayake akwai raguwar gaba ɗaya a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na sabbin cututtukan asma a Kanada, yaduwar tana ƙaruwa. Ana iya danganta wannan ga raguwar mace-mace na musamman saboda ingantaccen gudanarwa da sarrafa asma da alamun ta.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tsarin Kula da Cututtuka na Creutzfeldt-Jakob</title>
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Tsarin Kula da Cututtukan Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJDSS) wani bangare ne na Hukumar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Kanada . Yana nazarin bambance-bambance daban-daban na Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, kuma aƙalla tun daga shekarar 2017, ya taimaka &quot;tare da jerin DNA, autopsy da tabbatar da shari'a&quot;.[1] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014, CJDSS ta gudanar da &quot;Tsarin DNA ido na kasa don duk nau'ikan cututtukan prion na mutum a Kanada. Babban manufar CJDSS [ta kasance] don fahimtar yaduwar cututtuken prion na mutane, don inganta zaɓuɓɓukan da ke akwai don saurin ganewar asali, kuma a ƙarshe don kare lafiyar 'yan Kanada ta hanyar rage haɗarin yaduwar cutar prion. &quot;[2]

== Tarihi ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|+Mutuwar CJD a Kanada 
!Shekara
!Mutuwa
!Yawan jama'a
!Mutuwa
|-
|1998
|24
|30,244,982
|0.79
|-
|1999
|32
|30,492,106
|1.05
|-
|2000
|35
|30,783,969
|1.14
|-
|2001
|30
|31,130,030
|0.96
|-
|2002
|36
|31,450,443
|1.14
|-
|2003
|29
|31,734,851
|0.91
|-
|2004
|44
|32,037,434
|1.37
|-
|2005
|44
|32,352,233
|1.36
|-
|2006
|44
|32,678,986
|1.35
|-
|2007
|39
|33,001,076
|1.18
|-
|2008
|49
|33,371,810
|1.47
|-
|2009
|53
|33,756,714
|1.57
|-
|2010
|38
|34,131,451
|1.11
|-
|2011
|51
|34,472,304
|1.48
|-
|2012
|63
|34,880,248
|1.81
|-
|2013
|51
|35,289,003
|1.45
|-
|2014
|56
|35,675,834
|1.57
|-
|2015
|52
|35,702,707
|1.46
|-
|2016
|64
|36,286,400
|1.76
|-
|2017
|86
|36,712,658
|2.34
|-
|2018
|80
|37,589,262
|2.13
|-
|2019
|78
|37,802,043
|2.06
|-
|}
An kirkiro CJDSS a cikin 1998 (tare da wasu tsarin bayar da rahoto na kasa na OECD &lt;ref name=&quot;litzroth15&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Litzroth |first=Amber |last2=Cras |first2=Patrick |last3=De Vil |first3=Bart |last4=Quoilin |first4=Sophie |year=2015 |title=Overview and evaluation of 15 years of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease surveillance in Belgium, 1998-2012 |journal=BMC Neurology |volume=15 |page=250 |doi=10.1186/s12883-015-0507-x |pmc=4668685 |pmid=26630984 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;sun20&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sun |first=Yu |last2=Liu |first2=Chih-Ching |last3=Fan |first3=Ling-Yun |last4=Huang |first4=Chung-Te |last5=Chen |first5=Ta-Fu |last6=Lu |first6=Chien-Jung |last7=Guo |first7=Wan-Yuo |last8=Chang |first8=Yang-Chyuan |last9=Chiu |first9=Ming-Jang |year=2020 |title=. Incidence of and Mortality Due to Human Prion Diseases in Taiwan: A Prospective 20-Year Nationwide Surveillance Study from 1998 to 2017. |journal=Clinical Epidemiology |volume=12 |pages=1073–1081 |doi=10.2147/CLEP.S274093 |pmc=7569055 |pmid=33116901 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;) &quot;a mayar da martani ga yaduwar cutar vCJD a cikin Ƙasar Ingila&quot;,  kuma &quot;aikin bincike ne wanda ya dogara da rahoton CJD kai tsaye daga dukkan masu ilimin jijiyoyi, masu ilimin jijiyoyin jiki, masu ilimin kwakwalwa, masu kula da tsofaffi, da likitocin cututtukan cututtukatattun cututtukayyar cuta ga&quot; PHAC.&lt;ref name=&quot;cjduk&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title=CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UK |url=https://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/report26.pdf |journal=The National CJD Research &amp; Surveillance Unit Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU |access-date=2026-06-16 |archive-date=2024-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211215840/https://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/report26.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ah18&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=May 2018 |title=Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease - Classic and Variant |url=https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/e115841b-696f-42e0-91a8-fdcfba7e537a/resource/da8ae624-434b-4c0c-937e-71fc4520df59/download/guidelines-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-2018-05.pdf |journal=Alberta Health |volume=Public Health Disease Management Guidelines}}&lt;/ref&gt;

CJDSS ta bayar da rahoton shekara-shekara na farko a shekarar 1998.

A shekara ta 2002, CJDSS ta ba da rahoto mai taken &quot;Ka'idojin Kula da Cututtuka: [[Classic CJD|CJD na gargajiya]] a Kanada&quot;.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hubert Trościanka</title>
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'''Hubert Trościanka''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yuli 2006) ɗan wasa ne ɗan ƙasar Poland wanda ke da wasanni da yawa. A watan Agusta na 2025, ya zama mai riƙe da rikodin duniya na 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 a gasar decathlon . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hubert Trościanka |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/poland/hubert-troscianka-14959600 |access-date=8 July 2025 |website=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
An haifi Trościanka a shekarar 2006, ya ƙware a wasannin jifa a farkon aikinsa kuma ya kasance zakaran 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 a gasar jefa faifai, kafin daga baya ya koma gasa daban-daban. Ya lashe gasar decathlon a bikin gasar Olympics ta matasa ta Turai ta 2023 da aka yi a Maribor, Slovenia. Shi memba ne na ƙungiyar wasanni ta AZS-AWF [[Wosaa|Warsaw]] kuma Marek Rzepka ne ke horar da shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jelonek |first=Jakub |date=8 August 2025 |title=ME U20 w Tampere: imponujący bieg Trościanki na 400 metrów. Polak liderem dziesięcioboju |url=https://bieganie.pl/newsy/me-u20-w-tampere-imponujacy-bieg-troscianki-na-400-metrow-polak-liderem-dziesiecioboju/ |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=bieganie.pl |language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 June 2025 |title=Hubert Trościanka: chcę pisać własną historię |url=https://pzla.pl/aktualnosci/14529-hubert-troscianka-chce-pisac-wlasna-historie |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=pzla.pl |language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Trościanka ya kafa tarihin ɗan wasan Poland na ƙasa da shekara 20 tare da rawar da ya taka a Gasar Cin Kofin Duk-Around ta Poland ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 a Warsaw, inda ya zira kwallaye 8145, wanda hakan ya karya tarihin da ya gabata da maki sama da 600. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kozica |first=Szymon |date=24 June 2024 |title=Hubert Trościanka holds the Polish record. And what a record! |url=https://lci-lubuskie.pl/2024/06/24/hubert-troscianka-z-rekordem-polski-i-to-jakim/ |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=Lubuskie.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya lashe lambar azurfa yana ɗan shekara 18 a gasar tseren mota ta decathlon a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 da aka yi a [[Lima]], Peru a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 da aka yi a Lima, Peru, a gasar cin kofin ƙasa ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 da aka yi a ƙasar Poland, inda ya samu maki 8230, wanda hakan ya karya tarihinsa. Ya zama ɗan wasa na farko ɗan ƙasar Poland da ya lashe lambar yabo a gasar tseren mota ta decathlon a gasar cin kofin duniya ta matasa. Yawan nasarorin da ya samu sun haɗa da ƙoƙarin da ya yi a tseren mita 400 (daƙiƙa 47.24), tseren mita 1500 (4:24.41) da kuma tsalle mai tsayi (mita 7.27). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 August 2024 |title=Jarvinen threatens world U20 decathlon record to get gold in Lima |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-u20-championships/lima24/news/report/day-four-afternoon-lima-24-field-decathlon-jarvinen-farkas-yan |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grupa |first=Andrew |date=8 August 2025 |title=Polski gigant wziął kurs na złoto. Ale co się stało w tym biegu? Najlepszy czas w historii |url=https://sport.interia.pl/lekkoatletyka/news-polski-gigant-wzial-kurs-na-zloto-ale-co-sie-stalo-w-tym-bie,nId,22172959 |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=Inertia.pl |language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 August 2024 |title=Polak wicemistrzem świata! Pierwszy taki medal w historii! |url=https://sport.tvp.pl/82048867/polak-wicemistrzem-swiata-pierwszy-taki-medal-w-historii/amp |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=Sport.tvl.pl |language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tarihin Duniya na U20 ===
Dole ne ya murmure daga tiyatar gwiwa don gyara raunin da ya samu a lokacin da yake buga ƙwallon ƙafa, bayan ya ji rauni a ƙarshen 2024. &lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 November 2025 |title=Record-breaking decathlete Troscianka makes a name for himself |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/feature/hubert-troscianka-decathlon-poland |access-date=23 November 2025 |website=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gasar cin kofin Turai na 'yan ƙasa da shekara 2025 a [[Tampere]], Finland, a watan Agusta na 2025, ya jagoranci da wuri da mafi kyawun daƙiƙa 10.74 a tseren mita 100. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 August 2025 |title=Over 80 metres! 80.68m for Szabados in hammer qualifying in Tampere 2025 |url=https://www.european-athletics.com/news/over-80-metres-80-68m-for-szabados-in-hammer-qualifying-in-tampere-2025 |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=European Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya rasa jagora na ɗan lokaci a rana ta farko bayan tsalle mai tsayi ga ɗan ƙasar Holland Luuk Pelkmans kafin ya sake samun nasara a ƙarshen ranar farko da daƙiƙa 46.21 na mita 400 don karya mafi kyawun 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 a duniya da ɗan wasa mai kama da 'yar wasa, wanda Ashley Moloney ta Australiya ta riƙe a baya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 August 2025 |title=World U20 decathlon best! Troscianka regains decathlon lead with 46.21 400m |url=https://www.european-athletics.com/news/world-u20-decathlon-best-troscianka-regains-decathlon-lead-with-46-21-400m |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=European Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pelkmans ya sake samun nasara bayan jefar da Discus, amma akwai maki 16 kacal tsakanin manyan 'yan wasa biyu yayin da taron ya koma ga fannoni uku na ƙarshe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2025 |title=Final entries published for 2025 European Athletics U20 Championships |url=https://www.european-athletics.com/news/final-entries-published-for-2025-european-athletics-u20-championships |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=European Athletics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823011554/https://www.european-athletics.com/news/final-entries-published-for-2025-european-athletics-u20-championships |archive-date=23 August 2025 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sake samun nasara bayan ya share mafi kyawun daƙiƙa 4.80 a cikin filin wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wisniewski |first=Paweł |date=8 August 2025 |title=Na ostatniej prostej po rekord świata. Po morderczej walce, zostały już tylko dwie konkurencje - oszczep i 1500 metrów czyli 64.90 i 4:26.60 |url=https://sportowy24.pl/na-ostatniej-prostej-po-rekord-swiata-po-morderczej-walce-zostaly-juz-tylko-dwie-konkurencje-oszczep-i-1500-metrow-czyli-64-90-i-4-26-60/ar/c2p2-27857487 |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=Sportowy24.pl |language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ya lashe mashin da kyautar mafi kyawun zakara na mita 68.87, kuma ya yi gudu da minti 4:28.59 don tseren mita 1500. Ya kawo karshen gasar da rikodin duniya na 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 a gasar decathlon da maki 8514, wanda ya karya mafi kyawun maki da Niklas Kaul ya kafa a baya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2025 |title=World U20 record! Troscianka wins European U20 decathlon gold with 8514 points |url=https://www.european-athletics.com/news/world-u20-record-troscianka-wins-european-u20-decathlon-gold-with-8514-points |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=European Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2025 |title=Troscianka breaks world U20 decathlon record in Tampere |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/hubert-troscianka-world-u20-decathlon-record-tampere |access-date=9 August 2025 |website=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumba na 2025, ya lashe kyautar tauraron maza mai tasowa na Turai . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Broadbent |first=Chris |date=25 September 2025 |title=Nominees revealed! Vote for 2025 men's Rising Star |url=https://www.european-athletics.com/home/news/nominees-revealed-vote-for-your-2025-mens-rising-star |access-date=26 September 2025 |website=European Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot; /&gt;

A Wrocław a watan Janairun 2026, Trościanka ya sami mafi kyawun tseren cikin gida na mita 13.93 a bugun da aka jefa da kuma mita 7.25 a tsalle mai tsawo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mills |first=Steven |date=18 Jan 2026 |title=Attaoui opens season with a 3:35.65 1500m in Antequera |url=https://www.european-athletics.com/home/news/weekend-watch-attaoui-opens-season-with-a-3-35-65-1500m-in-antequera |access-date=19 January 2026 |website=European Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abin takaici, Trościanka ya yage jijiyar Achilles ta hagu yayin da yake fafatawa a gasar tsalle mai tsawo ta 2026 ta Poland. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mills |first=Steven |date=1 March 2026 |title=Szymanski, Swoboda and Skrzyszowska speed to fast times at Polish Indoor Championships |url=https://www.european-athletics.com/home/news/szymanski-swoboda-and-skrzyszowska-speed-to-fast-times-at-polish-indoor-championships |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=European Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Daga Szprotawa, iyayen mahaifinsa Daniel, Roman da Grazyna, 'yan wasan kwale-kwale ne da ƙwallon kwando kuma sun daɗe suna koyar da PE, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta yi horo a cikin faifan bidiyo kuma ta yi harbi a ƙungiyar wasanni ta gida ta Uczniak Szprotawa, inda Hubert ya shiga yana ɗan shekara goma. &lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>hg7f57lgzdnxmt5wiihwyazp4k3ur9t</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Kati Heck</title>
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        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
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'''Kati Heck''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1979, [[Düsseldorf]], Jamus) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus da ke zaune a [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]]. Duk da cewa aikinta ya shafi sanya kayan sassaka, gajeren fim, da daukar hoto, an fi saninta da manyan zane-zanenta.

Heck ya kuma nuna aiki a duniya a cikin nune-nunen da yawa ciki har da ''Art Brussels'' a Galerie Annie Gentils, ''Bonds of Love'' a John Connelly Presents a New York da ''59 STE Badischer Kunstpreis'' a Museum Baden. John Connelly Presents a New York, Tim Van Laere Gallery a Antwerp da [[Marc Selwyn Fine Art]] a [[Los Angeles]] ne suka wakilce ta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.dailyserving.com/2007/05/kati_heck.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724172713/http://www.dailyserving.com/2007/05/kati_heck.php |archive-date=24 July 2008 |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=www.dailyserving.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
A lokacin da yake da shekaru 19, Heck ya zo Antwerp, Belgium don yin karatun salon zamani, amma ya zaɓi yin zane maimakon haka. Ana iya ganin horon da ta samu a fannin zane-zane na gargajiya a cikin ayyukanta, wanda galibi yana da alaƙa da al'ada.

== Nunin kai kaɗai ==
[[Fayil:Kati_Heck_-_Dabei_Sein_Ist_Alles_-_2006_-_Middelheimmuseum.jpg|thumb| ''Dabei Sein Ist Alles'', 2006]]

* 2017: ''Kati Heck'', Sadie Coles HQ, London, UK
* 2016: ''Meister Stuten Stellvertreter'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE; ''Holy Hauruck'', M HKA, Antwerp, BE
* 2015: ''Ins Büro'' ! , Corbett vs. Dempsey, Chicago, Amurka
* 2014: ''Mann o Mann'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE
* 2013: ''KOPF = KOPFNUSS'', CAC Malaga, Malaga, ES
* 2011: ''Multikulti Sause'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE
* 2010: ''Bremsspuren'', Galerie Mario Mauroner, Vienna, AT; ''Solanum tuberosum.'' ''Tauben sprechen kein Deutsch'', Atelierschiff der Stadt Frankfurt, DE
* 2009: ''The Nono und die Fratzenpleite'', Marc Selwyn Fine Art, Los Angeles, US; ''Vier Leute ya wuce ein Taxi'', Stella Lohaus Gallery, Antwerp, BE
* 2008: ''Gsuffa, der eiserne Pomoment'', Mary Boone Gallery, NYC, US; ''Bonzenspeck und Prollgehabe,'' Museum Het Domein, Sittard, NL
* 2007: ''Heisse Bräute und Geile Würste'', Galerie Annie Gentils, Antwerp, BE
* 2006: ''W139'', Amsterdam, NL; ''Prost Mahlzeit'', Marc Selwyn Fine Art, Los Angeles, Amurka
* 2005: ''Die Grosse Egale'', Galerie Annie Gentils, Antwerp, BE

== Nunin rukuni ==

* 2017:
** #''infiniteflowersplusone'', Plus-one Gallery, Antwerp, BE
* 2016:
** ''Tomorrow is a long time,'' Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE
** ''Zot Geweld/ Dwaze Maagd'', Hof van Busleyden, Mechelen, BE
* 2015:
** ''We will begin by drawing, we shall continue to draw and then we shall draw some more'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE
** ''Blickachsen'', Bad Hamburg, Hamburg, DE
** ''50 years Middelheim Promotors'', Middelheim museum, Antwerp, BE
** ''De Zeven Hoofdzonden'', Ronny Van de Velde, Knokke, BE
** ''Run for the Roses'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE
* 2014:
** ''Portray'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE The Agency, London, UK
* 2013: ''Middle Gate'', Geel, BE
** ''Happy Birthday Dear Academie'', MAS, Antwerp, BE
** ''Het karakter van een collectie'', M HKA, Antwerp, BE
** ''CADAVRE EXQUIS. A FIGURE OF PAINTING'', LLS 387, Antwerp, BE
* 2012: ''Kamarama'', Bruges, BE
** ''Ni Mas ni menos'', Galeria Mecanica, Sevilla, ES
** ''VACANZA PERMANENTE'', NICC, Antwerp, BE
** ''Painters' Painters'', Saatchi Gallery, London, UK
** ''Campaign'', C24 Gallery, New York, US
* 2011: ''In the company of humour'', Lokaal 01, Breda, NL
** ''Herr Seagull and His Global Dustbreath'', The Parachute Project, Wisconsin, US
** ''A  Paper Trail,'' De Halle, Geel, BEKunstpreis Ikob, Ikob, Eupen, BE
** ''FREESTATE II'', Oosteroever, Ostend, BEAccrochage, Stella Lohaus Gallery, Antwerp, BE
* 2010: 
** ''When will they finally see the power of drawing'', Geukens &amp; De Vil, Antwerp, BE
** ''Powerhaus'', Power Galerie, Hamburg, DE
** ''Pop Art,'' Scheld’apen in NICC, Antwerp, BE
** ''For your eyes only'', De Markten, Brussels, BE
** ''Works on paper'', Stella Lohaus Gallery, Antwerp, BE
** ''Changez! Een Belgenshow'', 21Rozendaal, Enschede, NL
** ''The State of Things- Contemporary art from China and Belgium'' (curated by Ai Weiwei en Luc Tuymans), National Art Museum of China, Beijing, CN
* 2009: 
** ''The State of Things'' (curated by Ai Weiwei en Luc Tuymans), Paleis voor Schone kunsten (Bozar), Brussels, BE
* 2008: 
** ''A Meeting between the tragic and the funny'', Brakke Grond, Amsterdam, NL
** ''A Meeting between the tragic and the funny'', Hessenhuis, Antwerp, BE
** ''Honorons Honoré'', De Garage, ruimte voor actuele kunst, Mechelen, BE
** ''UN-SCR-1325'', Geukens en De Vil, Antwerp, BE
* 2007:
** ''Pushing the Canvas'', Cultuurcentrum Mechelen, Mechelen, BE
** ''Status Questionis'', Annie Gentils Gallery, Antwerp, BE
** ''Feste'', Annie Gentils Gallery, Antwerp, BESmall Stuff three, Beersel, BE
** ''Welcome home'', M HKA, Antwerp, BE
* 2006:
** ''The Agency'', London, UK
** ''Beaufort Triennale Oostende'', PMMK Ostend/ Bredene, Ostend, BE
** ''View ten'', Mary Boone Gallery, New York, US
* 2005:
** ''Bonds of Love'', John Connelly Presents, New York US
** ''59. Badischer Kunstpreis'', Museum Baden, Solingen, DE
* 2004:
** ''Coming People'', Leere X Visionen, Herford, DE
** Nicole Klagsbrun Gallery, New York, US
** ''Probeweise Gewalt auf Vorrat'', Annie Gentils Gallery, Antwerp, BE
** ''Freundschaftsmaschine'', Annie Gentils Gallery, Antwerp, BE
* 2003:
** ''Sugar and Spice'', Annie Gentils Gallery, Antwerp, BE
** ''Camille-Huysmansprijs'', Kunstencentrum Elzenveld, Antwerp, BE
** ''Ithaka'', Kunstencentrum Het Stuk, Leuven, BE

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-04T10:22:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5833" sha1="rj7ckldeipel5rqoojmlkzrcmfmla7n" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Kati Heck''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1979, [[Düsseldorf]], Jamus) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus da ke zaune a [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]]. Duk da cewa aikinta ya shafi sanya kayan sassaka, gajeren fim, da daukar hoto, an fi saninta da manyan zane-zanenta.

Heck ya kuma nuna aiki a duniya a cikin nune-nunen da yawa ciki har da ''Art Brussels'' a Galerie Annie Gentils, ''Bonds of Love'' a John Connelly Presents a New York da ''59 STE Badischer Kunstpreis'' a Museum Baden. John Connelly Presents a New York, Tim Van Laere Gallery a Antwerp da [[Marc Selwyn Fine Art]] a [[Los Angeles]] ne suka wakilce ta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.dailyserving.com/2007/05/kati_heck.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724172713/http://www.dailyserving.com/2007/05/kati_heck.php |archive-date=24 July 2008 |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=www.dailyserving.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
A lokacin da yake da shekaru 19, Heck ya zo Antwerp, Belgium don yin karatun salon zamani, amma ya zaɓi yin zane maimakon haka. Ana kuma iya ganin horon da ta samu a fannin zane-zane na gargajiya a cikin ayyukanta, wanda galibi yana da alaƙa da al'ada.

== Nunin kai kaɗai ==
[[Fayil:Kati_Heck_-_Dabei_Sein_Ist_Alles_-_2006_-_Middelheimmuseum.jpg|thumb| ''Dabei Sein Ist Alles'', 2006]]

* 2017: ''Kati Heck'', Sadie Coles HQ, London, UK
* 2016: ''Meister Stuten Stellvertreter'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE; ''Holy Hauruck'', M HKA, Antwerp, BE
* 2015: ''Ins Büro'' ! , Corbett vs. Dempsey, Chicago, Amurka
* 2014: ''Mann o Mann'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE
* 2013: ''KOPF = KOPFNUSS'', CAC Malaga, Malaga, ES
* 2011: ''Multikulti Sause'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE
* 2010: ''Bremsspuren'', Galerie Mario Mauroner, Vienna, AT; ''Solanum tuberosum.'' ''Tauben sprechen kein Deutsch'', Atelierschiff der Stadt Frankfurt, DE
* 2009: ''The Nono und die Fratzenpleite'', Marc Selwyn Fine Art, Los Angeles, US; ''Vier Leute ya wuce ein Taxi'', Stella Lohaus Gallery, Antwerp, BE
* 2008: ''Gsuffa, der eiserne Pomoment'', Mary Boone Gallery, NYC, US; ''Bonzenspeck und Prollgehabe,'' Museum Het Domein, Sittard, NL
* 2007: ''Heisse Bräute und Geile Würste'', Galerie Annie Gentils, Antwerp, BE
* 2006: ''W139'', Amsterdam, NL; ''Prost Mahlzeit'', Marc Selwyn Fine Art, Los Angeles, Amurka
* 2005: ''Die Grosse Egale'', Galerie Annie Gentils, Antwerp, BE

== Nunin rukuni ==

* 2017:
** #''infiniteflowersplusone'', Plus-one Gallery, Antwerp, BE
* 2016:
** ''Tomorrow is a long time,'' Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE
** ''Zot Geweld/ Dwaze Maagd'', Hof van Busleyden, Mechelen, BE
* 2015:
** ''We will begin by drawing, we shall continue to draw and then we shall draw some more'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE
** ''Blickachsen'', Bad Hamburg, Hamburg, DE
** ''50 years Middelheim Promotors'', Middelheim museum, Antwerp, BE
** ''De Zeven Hoofdzonden'', Ronny Van de Velde, Knokke, BE
** ''Run for the Roses'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE
* 2014:
** ''Portray'', Tim Van Laere Gallery, Antwerp, BE The Agency, London, UK
* 2013: ''Middle Gate'', Geel, BE
** ''Happy Birthday Dear Academie'', MAS, Antwerp, BE
** ''Het karakter van een collectie'', M HKA, Antwerp, BE
** ''CADAVRE EXQUIS. A FIGURE OF PAINTING'', LLS 387, Antwerp, BE
* 2012: ''Kamarama'', Bruges, BE
** ''Ni Mas ni menos'', Galeria Mecanica, Sevilla, ES
** ''VACANZA PERMANENTE'', NICC, Antwerp, BE
** ''Painters' Painters'', Saatchi Gallery, London, UK
** ''Campaign'', C24 Gallery, New York, US
* 2011: ''In the company of humour'', Lokaal 01, Breda, NL
** ''Herr Seagull and His Global Dustbreath'', The Parachute Project, Wisconsin, US
** ''A  Paper Trail,'' De Halle, Geel, BEKunstpreis Ikob, Ikob, Eupen, BE
** ''FREESTATE II'', Oosteroever, Ostend, BEAccrochage, Stella Lohaus Gallery, Antwerp, BE
* 2010: 
** ''When will they finally see the power of drawing'', Geukens &amp; De Vil, Antwerp, BE
** ''Powerhaus'', Power Galerie, Hamburg, DE
** ''Pop Art,'' Scheld’apen in NICC, Antwerp, BE
** ''For your eyes only'', De Markten, Brussels, BE
** ''Works on paper'', Stella Lohaus Gallery, Antwerp, BE
** ''Changez! Een Belgenshow'', 21Rozendaal, Enschede, NL
** ''The State of Things- Contemporary art from China and Belgium'' (curated by Ai Weiwei en Luc Tuymans), National Art Museum of China, Beijing, CN
* 2009: 
** ''The State of Things'' (curated by Ai Weiwei en Luc Tuymans), Paleis voor Schone kunsten (Bozar), Brussels, BE
* 2008: 
** ''A Meeting between the tragic and the funny'', Brakke Grond, Amsterdam, NL
** ''A Meeting between the tragic and the funny'', Hessenhuis, Antwerp, BE
** ''Honorons Honoré'', De Garage, ruimte voor actuele kunst, Mechelen, BE
** ''UN-SCR-1325'', Geukens en De Vil, Antwerp, BE
* 2007:
** ''Pushing the Canvas'', Cultuurcentrum Mechelen, Mechelen, BE
** ''Status Questionis'', Annie Gentils Gallery, Antwerp, BE
** ''Feste'', Annie Gentils Gallery, Antwerp, BESmall Stuff three, Beersel, BE
** ''Welcome home'', M HKA, Antwerp, BE
* 2006:
** ''The Agency'', London, UK
** ''Beaufort Triennale Oostende'', PMMK Ostend/ Bredene, Ostend, BE
** ''View ten'', Mary Boone Gallery, New York, US
* 2005:
** ''Bonds of Love'', John Connelly Presents, New York US
** ''59. Badischer Kunstpreis'', Museum Baden, Solingen, DE
* 2004:
** ''Coming People'', Leere X Visionen, Herford, DE
** Nicole Klagsbrun Gallery, New York, US
** ''Probeweise Gewalt auf Vorrat'', Annie Gentils Gallery, Antwerp, BE
** ''Freundschaftsmaschine'', Annie Gentils Gallery, Antwerp, BE
* 2003:
** ''Sugar and Spice'', Annie Gentils Gallery, Antwerp, BE
** ''Camille-Huysmansprijs'', Kunstencentrum Elzenveld, Antwerp, BE
** ''Ithaka'', Kunstencentrum Het Stuk, Leuven, BE

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]]
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    <title>Jennie Finch</title>
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'''Jennie Lynn Finch-Daigle''' (an haife ta a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1980 ) tsohuwar 'yar wasan Kwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka. Ta taka leda a kungiyar Kwallon ƙafa na Arizona Wildcats daga  a shekarar 1999 zuwa 2002, inda ta lashe gasar Kwalejin Mata ta 2001 kuma an kira ta All-American. Finch ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasar Amurka wacce ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olympics ta 2004  da lambar azurfa a gasar Olympics na 2008. {{R|MSNBC}}{{R|TimeMagazine}}Ta kuma buga wa Chicago Bandits na National Pro Fastpitch daga 2005 zuwa 2010.{{R|DailyHerald2009-07-21}}

Finch tana cikin rukuni da yawa ga duka Wildcats a cikin Taron Pac-12 da kuma NCAA Division I, inda aka ba ta suna # 2 Mafi Girma Kwalejin Softball . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 31, 2017 |title=DI Softball: Greatest Players |url=https://www.ncaa.com/video/softball/2017-05-31/high-five-greatest-softball-players-lisa-fernandez-jennie-finch |access-date=February 18, 2018 |publisher=Ncaa.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce jagorar aikin Pro Fastpitch ta kasa a WHIP kuma ta kasance mai gabatar da HAMI of Fame na Softball na kasa. Tucson, Arizona sportswriters sun sanya ta a matsayin # 1 Mafi Kyawun Arizona Wildcats Softball Player; an zaba ta # 5 Mafi Kyawun NCAA Pitcher All-Time kuma Pac-12 ta zaba ta don All-Century Team a matsayin mai jefa kwallo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2015 |title=Perfect 10: Finch Leads Impressive List of Softball Greats |url=https://thisistucson.com/sports/college/wildcats/perfect-10-finch-leads-impressive-list-of-softball-greats/collection_963613b4-4215-11e5-8c62-2f3aead444d2.html |access-date=2020-09-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-18 |title=The 11 Best College Softball Pitchers of All Time |url=https://www.ncaa.com/news/softball/article/2020-08-11/11-best-ncaa-softball-pitchers-all-time |access-date=2020-09-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-04-16 |title=Pac-12 Sports Report Announces All-Century Softball Squad |url=https://pac-12.com/news/2016/4/26/pac-12-sports-report-announces-all-century-softball-squad.aspx |access-date=2020-09-05 |website=Pac-12.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mujallar Time ta bayyana ta a matsayin shahararriyar 'yar wasan kwallon kafa a tarihi. A shekara ta 2010, Finch ta yi ritaya daga wasan softball don mayar da hankali ga iyalinta. A watan Agustan 2011, ta fara aiki a ESPN a matsayin mai sharhi mai launi don wasannin softball na kasa da na kwaleji.  {{R|ESPN_2010-07-20}}

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Finch a La Mirada, California . Finch yana da 'yan'uwa maza biyu, Shane da Landon Finch . Ta fara buga wasan softball tun tana 'yar shekara biyar &lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialFinchBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jenny Finch Biography |url=http://www.jenniefinch.com/bio |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721054306/http://www.jenniefinch.com/bio |archive-date=July 21, 2010 |access-date=July 15, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana wasa tun tana 'yan shekara takwas.{{R|Hoppert (2008)}} Mahaifinta shine kocinta na farko. Yayinda take girma, Finch yarinya ce ta jemagu a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles . &lt;ref name=&quot;ArizonaDailyWildcat2001-04-30&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brett Erickson |date=April 30, 2001 |title=Finch, softball players leave lasting impression |url=http://wc.arizona.edu/papers/94/147/02_2_m.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060917124712/http://wc.arizona.edu/papers/94/147/02_2_m.html |archive-date=September 17, 2006 |access-date=July 18, 2010 |publisher=[[Arizona Daily Wildcat]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Makarantar Sakandare ta La Mirada, Finch ya rubuta wasika sau hudu a wasan softball kuma sau biyu kowannensu a wasan [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] da volleyball.&lt;ref name=&quot;UniversityOfArizonaBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Player Bio: Jennie Finch |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/sports/w-softbl/mtt/finch_jennie00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012030835/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/sports/w-softbl/mtt/finch_jennie00.html |archive-date=October 12, 2010 |access-date=July 15, 2010 |publisher=[[University of Arizona]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinta na babban jami'i, ita ce kyaftin din dukkan wasanni uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;AskMenBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jennie Finch |url=http://www.askmen.com/celebs/women/models_150/jennie_finch/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080903133626/http://www.askmen.com/celebs/women/models_150/jennie_finch/index.html |archive-date=September 3, 2008 |access-date=July 12, 2010 |publisher=[[AskMen.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinta na sophomore, ta kasance All-California Interscholastic Federation Division II a cikin softball  da All-Suburban League. {{R|UniversityOfArizonaBio}}{{R|UniversityOfArizonaBio}}A shekara ta 2016, La Mirada ta yi ritaya daga lambar rigarta - ta farko a makarantar don dan wasan softball.{{R|Ramirez (2016)}}

== Jami'ar Arizona ==
Finch ya fi dacewa da sadarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Extra Bases&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Extra Bases |url=https://www.jenniefinch.com/extra-bases |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509041122/http://www.jenniefinch.com/extra-bases |archive-date=May 9, 2015 |access-date=January 12, 2016 |website=JennieFinch.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Farko ===
Finch ta fara aikinta ne a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1999, inda ta lashe wasan da aka yi da UIC Flames . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1999 Results |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=208228901 |access-date=December 13, 2015 |website=Arizonawildcats.com |archive-date=May 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530053335/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=208228901 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sami babban aiki a cikin sau biyu kuma ta jefa aikinta na farko ba tare da buga ba a lokacin gasar NCAA a ranar 22 ga Mayu da Texas State Bobcats . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 21, 1999 |title=NCAA Region 2 Softball |url=http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/archives/softball/d1/1999/560078.pdf |access-date=December 13, 2015 |website=Ncaa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake sun yi World Series, DePaul Blue Demons sun kawar da Finch da Wildcats a ranar 29 ga Mayu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 29, 1999 |title=1999 NCAA's Women's College World Series Arizona at DePaul |url=http://web1.ncaa.org/ncaa/archives/softball/d1/1999/560515.pdf |access-date=December 13, 2015 |website=Ncaa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ɗaya daga cikin shekara ta biyu ===
A shekara ta biyu, an ba Jennie Finch suna a cikin 2000 National Fastpitch Coaches Association First Team All-American da First Team All'Pac-10 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2000 Louisville Slugger/NFCA Division I All-America Teams |url=https://nfca.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=3828:2000-di-all-american-teams-&amp;catid=64&amp;Itemid=134 |access-date=December 13, 2015 |website=Nfca.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2000 |title=Five Wildcats Earn Softball All-America Honors |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207916652 |access-date=December 13, 2015 |website=Arizonawildcats.com |archive-date=May 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530042622/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207916652 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2000 |title=Candrea Named Pac-10 Softball Co-Coach of Year |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207916830 |access-date=December 13, 2015 |website=Arizonawildcats.com |archive-date=May 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530042630/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207916830 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma jefa 'yan wasa uku ba tare da bugawa ba kuma ta jagoranci Wildcats a cikin gidaje da kashi na slugging kuma ta sami mafi kyawun aiki a cikin bugawa da Matsakaicin batting. Finch ya fara shekara tare da nasarar nasara a wasanni 21 a jere; a cikin 10-2 a kan Southern Miss Golden Eagles a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu zuwa nasara a kan Cal State Northridge Matadors a ranar 13 ga Afrilu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2000 |title=Andrade Slams Southern Miss |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207916469 |access-date=December 13, 2015 |website=Arizonawildcats.com |archive-date=May 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530041105/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207916469 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ta sha wahala kawai a cikin wasannin baya-baya, Finch ta gama shekara 8-0 ta fara sabon layi tare da nasarar Afrilu 29 a kan Oregon Ducks wanda zai wuce shekaru biyu masu zuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2000 |title=Arizona Softball Defeats Oregon, 2-0 |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207916320 |access-date=December 13, 2015 |website=Arizonawildcats.com |archive-date=May 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530041057/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207916320 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Finch ta 23rd da 29th nasara sun kasance a kan No. 1 Washington Huskies, karshen ya fara 35 inning streak, bayan ya ba da izinin gudu a cikin na huɗu inning ta rufe tawagar sauran hanyar don 4-2 margin a ranar 27 ga Mayu.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 5, 2000 |title=Cats Clip Top-Ranked Washington, 3-2, in Softball |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=208228786 |access-date=December 17, 2015 |website=Arizonawildcats.com |archive-date=May 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530053322/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=208228786 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 28, 2000 |title=Arizona Eliminates No. 1 Seed Washington, 4-2 |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207915793 |access-date=December 13, 2015 |website=Arizonawildcats.com |archive-date=May 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530041022/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207915793 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Junior ===
A matsayinsa na ƙarami a shekara ta 2001, an sake kiran Finch Team na farko don NFCA da taron, yana ƙara kyautar Pitcher of the Year. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2001 Louisville Slugger/NFCA Division I All-America Teams |url=https://nfca.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=3795:2001-di-all-american-teams-&amp;catid=64&amp;Itemid=134 |access-date=December 13, 2015 |website=Nfca.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2001 |title=Five Wildcats Named to NFCA All-America Teams |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207916277 |access-date=December 13, 2015 |website=Arizonawildcats.com |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222115704/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207916277 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 16, 2001 |title=Arizona Softball Players Receive Awards |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207915858 |access-date=December 13, 2015 |website=Arizonawildcats.com |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222160028/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207915858 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma ɗaga lambar yabo ta Honda Sports Award don Mai kunna Softball na Shekara.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 29, 2001 |title=Jennie Finch Named Honda Award Winner For Softball |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207917443 |access-date=December 16, 2015 |website=Arizonawildcats.com |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222122415/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207917443 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Softball |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/softball |language=en |access-date=2020-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Finch ta kakar ERA, wins da shutouts sun kasance kuma har yanzu suna cikin matsayi na 10 ga makarantar. Tare da ba a buga ba da kuma matsayi na aiki a cikin WHIP da RBIs, Finch ya buɗe kakar wasa tare da wasanni 31 a jere ba tare da samun nasara ba wanda ya HAMI da wasanni daga wasan karshe a shekara ta 2000, ya kasance mafi kyawun aiki 35 kafin a karbe shi a wasan na biyu ta hanyar wasan gida na McNeese State Cowgirls a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2001 |title=Arizona Wins Two in Day Two of Wildcat Invitational |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207915941 |access-date=December 16, 2015 |website=Arizonawildcats.com |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222123751/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207915941 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga watan Maris, Finch ta buga wasanni biyu a gida da sau biyu a wasan 11-1 na Oregon Ducks don fitar da ita a cikin mafi kyawun RBIs 9, wanda ya ɗaure ta ta uku a kowane lokaci a cikin NCAA don wasa ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2001 |title=Softball's Jennie Finch Slams Oregon in UA's 11-1 Victory |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207916217 |access-date=December 16, 2015 |website=Arizonawildcats.com |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081341/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207916217 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, Finch ta lashe wasan ta na uku a kan tawagar No. 1, UCLA Bruins . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2001 |title=Arizona Softball Splits Series With Top-Ranked UCLA |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207915199 |access-date=December 17, 2015 |website=Arizonawildcats |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222100429/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207915199 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Finch da Wildcats sun kasance iri na 1 a gasar NCAA kuma sun shiga World Series na shekara ta uku a jere tare da Finch a cikin da'irar. Ta yi nasara a kan California Golden Bears da Oklahoma Sooners don isa wasan karshe. A cikin 1-0 shutout na UCLA Bruins, Finch ya kafa rikodin NCAA tare da cikakkiyar kakar da aka rufe tare da Gasar Cin Kofin Kasa. Finch kuma ya buga a wasan kuma an kira shi MVP don jerin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 28, 2001 |title=Cats Win Sixth NCAA Softball Title! |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207917335 |access-date=December 16, 2015 |website=Arizonawildcats.com |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222134843/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207917335 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nasarar ta kara yawan nasarar da ta samu zuwa wasanni 40 a jere tare da 8 don kawo karshen kakar 2000. Magoya bayan Arizona Wildcats sun zabi lokacinta a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Lokaci na Mutum don wasan softball.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-09 |title=Best of the Best: Arizona Softball |url=https://arizonawildcats.com/news/2020/6/9/best-of-the-best-arizona-softball.aspx |access-date=2020-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsohon ===
Don kakar wasa ta karshe, an kira Finch Team na farko na 2002 don taron NFCA da Pac-10 da kuma Pitcher of The Year da Honda Sports Award don wasan softball.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2002 Louisville Slugger/NFCA Division I All-America Teams |url=https://nfca.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=3774:2002-di-all-american-teams-&amp;catid=64&amp;Itemid=134 |access-date=December 13, 2015 |website=Nfca.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 22, 2002 |title=Finch, Manuma Repeat As Softball All-Americans |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207976052 |access-date=December 16, 2015 |website=Arizonawildcats.com |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153547/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207976052 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2002 |title=Finch Named Pac-10 Pitcher of The Year |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207928012 |access-date=December 16, 2015 |website=Arizonawildcats.com |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222133416/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207928012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Finch ta jefa 'yan wasa uku ba tare da bugawa ba kuma ta karya rikodin kakar wasa, yayin da nasarorin da ta samu da kuma rufewa sun kasance kuma sun kasance a saman 10 na makaranta. Farawa a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu da Fullerton Titans na Cal State, Finch ta daidaita rikodin kanta na 35 a jere ba tare da ci ba wanda aka karya a cikin nasara ta 13 a kan Arewacin Iowa Panthers a ranar 23 ga Fabrairun.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2002 |title=Softball Defeats Cal-State Fullerton in Fiesta Bowl Tournament |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207960490 |access-date=December 16, 2015 |website=Arizonawildcats.com |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222111147/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207960490 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 23, 2002 |title=Fifty For Finch |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207979552 |access-date=December 16, 2015 |website=Arizonawildcats.com }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kyauta ===
Finch ta kafa rikodin da yawa a wasanni guda daya da suka fara da sabon rikodin NCAA ta hanyar lashe wasan ta 51 a jere.&lt;ref name=&quot;ArizonaDailyWildcat2002-02-25&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dan Komyati |date=February 25, 2002 |title=Finch Breaks All-Time NCAA Record |url=http://wc.arizona.edu/papers/95/107/01_2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060917015944/http://wc.arizona.edu/papers/95/107/01_2.html |archive-date=September 17, 2006 |access-date=July 18, 2010 |publisher=[[Arizona Daily Wildcat]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani taron jama'a da ke kusa da iyawa ya cika Filin wasa na Rita Hillenbrand Memorial da kuma waƙoƙin &quot;Jennie&quot; da aka sake maimaitawa a cikin taron a cikin nasarar 6-0 a kan Cal State Northridge.{{R|ArizonaDailyWildcat2002-02-25}}Finch ya ce, &quot;Yana da mahimmanci kuma yana da kyau. Amma bai ma kusa da burin tawagar lashe gasar zakarun kasa ba&quot;. Ga daya daga cikin wadanda ba su buga ba, Finch ta buga nasarar da ta samu a karo na 100 a kan Notre Dame Fighting Irish a ranar 14 ga watan Maris. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2002 |title=Notre Dame vs #2 Arizona |url=http://www.und.com/sports/w-softbl/stats/031402aaa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222161416/http://www.und.com/sports/w-softbl/stats/031402aaa.html |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |access-date=December 17, 2015 |website=Und.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{R|ArizonaDailyWildcat2002-02-25}} Daga baya a ranar 24 ga watan Maris, ta kori 15 daga cikin ULL Ragin 'Cajuns don aiki mafi kyau a cikin tsari; Wildcats sun ci nasara, 7-2.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2002 |title=Cats Beat Louisiana-Lafayette, 7-2, For Series Sweep |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewContent.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;CONTENT_ID=748540 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222121808/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewContent.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;CONTENT_ID=748540 |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |access-date=December 16, 2015 |website=Arizonawildcats.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, Finch ya lashe 1-0 shutout a cikin 9-innings kuma ya buga 19 Oklahoma Sooners don ɗaure rikodin makaranta a lokacin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2002 |title=No. 1 Softball Beats No. 11 Oklahoma, 1-0 |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewContent.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;CONTENT_ID=748549 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092153/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewContent.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;CONTENT_ID=748549 |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |access-date=December 16, 2015 |website=Arizonawildcats.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wildcat sa'an nan kuma ta doke No. 1 UCLA Bruins da gudu daya a ranar 6 ga Afrilu don fara shekara 20-0 kuma ta kafa rikodin NCAA tare da nasarori 60 a jere tun daga kakar 2000, gami da nasarori hudu a kan tawagar No. 1 da aka zaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 6, 2002 |title=Softball Downs Visiting Bruins, 3-2 |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewContent.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;CONTENT_ID=748543 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222133414/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewContent.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;CONTENT_ID=748543 |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |access-date=December 16, 2015 |website=Arizonawildcats.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don buɗe tafiyar dawowa zuwa WCWS a matsayin mai kare zakara, Finch ya rufe Nebraska Cornhuskers kuma ya ƙare wasan tare da aikinta na 1,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2002 |title=Arizona Softball - Women's College World Series - Thursday, May 23 |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207964581 |access-date=December 16, 2015 |website=Arizonawildcats.com |archive-date=January 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107202621/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207964581 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasan kusa da na karshe na World Series, Finch ta buga wasan gida na 50 daga Leslie Malerich don ci nasara kuma ta taimaka wa kanta ta doke FSU Seminoles a cikin 11.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2002 |title=Finch Blast Starts Rally To Put Cats in NCAA Title Game |url=http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207958767 |access-date=December 16, 2015 |website=Arizonawildcats.com |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222134740/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&amp;DB_OEM_ID=30700&amp;ATCLID=207958767 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wildcats sun sha wahala 6-0 a gasar zuwa California Golden Bears .

Finch ya bar shirin jagorancin aiki a cikin strikeouts, shutouts, innings pitched da kuma ɗaure ga wadanda ba su buga ba (8), yayin da yake cikin saman 10 a mafi yawan sauran rukunin pitching. Ta kuma kasance saman 10 a cikin gidaje, RBIs da tafiya; ta kasance saman 10 cikin jerin filayen da yawa da kuma tafiya a kowane lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arizona Softball Record Book |url=https://arizonawildcats.com/documents/2020/4/8/SBRecordBook_2021.pdf |access-date=2020-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu ita ce ta 6 da 7 a cikin kashi na nasara (0.881%) don aiki a cikin Pac-12 da NCAA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pac-12 Conference 2020 Softball Media Guide |url=https://catalog.e-digitaleditions.com/i/1208184-2020-softball-media-guide |access-date=2010-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Division I Records |url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/SB_Records/2020/D1.pdf |access-date=2020-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukan Finch a WCWS sun haɗa da bayyanar duk shekaru huɗu tare da Wildcats kuma sun haɗa da rikodin 7-2, 70 strikeouts, uku shutouts, ba da damar 17 da aka samu, 41 hits da 27 walks don 1.83 ERA da 1.04 WHIP a cikin 65.0 innings. A farantin ta kuma ba da gudummawa 5 hits, a gida gudu da biyu walks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arizona WCWS Stats 1999 |url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/softball_wcws_stats/1999/ariz.htm |access-date=2020-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arizona WCWS Stats 2000 |url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/softball_wcws_stats/2000/ariz.htm |access-date=2020-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arizona WCWS Stats 2001 |url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/softball_wcws_stats/2001/ariz.htm |access-date=2020-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arizona WCWS Stats 2002 |url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/softball_wcws_stats/2002/ariz.htm |access-date=2020-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Her jersey number, 27 (the date of her parents' first date), was retired by the University of Arizona in a pre-game ceremony at Hillenbrand Stadium on May 9, 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialFinchArizonaHighlights&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jennie's Arizona Highlights |url=http://www.jenniefinch.com/bio |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721054306/http://www.jenniefinch.com/bio |archive-date=July 21, 2010 |access-date=July 19, 2010 |website=The Official Website of Jennie Finch}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Wasannin Olympics na 2004 ==
Finch ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Kwallon ƙafa ta Amurka a gasar Olympics ta 2004 a [[Athens]] . A matsayinta na mai jefa kwallo ta buga rikodin cin nasara 2-0 wanda ya buga masu bugawa 13 a cikin innings takwas yayin da yake barin bugawa daya kawai, tafiya daya kuma babu gudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;NBC2008OlympicsBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Jennie Finch Profile &amp; Bio, Photos &amp; Videos |url=http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/athletes/athlete=119/bio/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902214505/http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/athletes/athlete=119/bio/index.html |archive-date=September 2, 2011 |access-date=August 7, 2010 |publisher=[[NBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta jefa kwallo ta taimaka wajen jagorantar tawagar Amurka zuwa lambar zinare.{{R|Telegraph2008-07-31}}

== Wasannin Olympics na 2008 ==
Kungiyar Amurka ta fara neman lambar zinare ta huɗu a jere a wasannin Olympics na 2008 a Beijing tare da Finch da ya buga wasanni hudu ba tare da buga ba a cikin nasara 11-0 a kan Venezuela. Finch sa'an nan kuma ya buga wasanni 5 a cikin nasarar 7-0 a kan Taipei na kasar Sin da kuma wasu wasanni biyu a cikin nasarar 9-0 a kan kasar Sin.  Koyaya, Amurka ta rasa 3-1 ga Japan a wasan karshe kuma ta dawo gida tare da lambar azurfa. Bayan asarar, Finch ya ce, &quot;Ina jin kamar mun bar wasan softball na Amurka. Mata da yawa sun sa wannan tufafi, kuma sun yarda da komai sai zinariya&quot;.Tare da wasan baseball, Kwamitin Wasannin Olympics na Duniya (IOC) ya yanke shawarar a shekara ta 2005 don sauke wasan softball daga wasannin Olympics, yana mai da 2008 mai yiwuwa ne karo na karshe da aka buga wasan a wasannin Olympics. Za a sake dawo da shi a shekarar 2020. Wani mai tsattsauran ra'ayi don sake dawo da wasan softball don wasannin Olympics na 2016, Finch ya ce &quot; ya cancanci zama wasan Olympics ba&quot;.[i][5]Bayan wasan karshe, Finch ya ce:
 

== Kasuwanci na Kasa ==
Finch ya buga wa Chicago Bandits na National Pro Fastpitch (NPF) softball league. An ba ta suna NPF's Co-Pitcher of the Year a shekara ta 2005, tare da raba kyautar tare da abokin aiki Lauren Bay . Ta kuma jefa aikinta na farko ba tare da buga ba a cikin nasara a kan Stratford Brakettes a wannan shekarar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bandits Record Second-Straight No-No, Finch K's Eight |url=http://www.profastpitch.com/news/npfnews/index.html?article_id=366 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905104825/http://www.profastpitch.com/news/npfnews/index.html?article_id=366 |archive-date=September 5, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2015 |website=National Pro Fastpitch}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ChicagoBanditsHistory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bandits History |url=http://chicagobandits.com/team/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723111608/http://www.chicagobandits.com/team/history |archive-date=July 23, 2010 |access-date=July 19, 2010 |website=[[Chicago Bandits]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da cikakkiyar kakar, Finch ya tsawaita jerin a 2006 kafin ya buɗe 2007 tare da asarar. Finch ya lashe wasanni 15 a jere tare da 104.1 innings pitched, ya ba da izinin bugawa 51, 12 da aka samu, 21 walks da whiffing 127 batters don sanya 0.80 ERA da 0.69 WHIP.

Finch tana riƙe da kambin ERA na kakar wasa ta league, wanda ta kafa a 2007. A ranar 29 ga watan Mayu, a cikin asarar 1-0 12-inning ga Rockford Thunder, Finch ya buga 17 kuma ya haɗu da Cat Osterman don jimlar 41 don saita rikodin wasa ɗaya don jimlar jimlar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 29, 2007 |title=Rockford Takes Game One from Bandits 1-0 |url=http://www.profastpitch.com/news/npfnews/index.html?article_id=748 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092042/http://www.profastpitch.com/news/npfnews/index.html?article_id=748 |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |access-date=December 17, 2015 |website=Profastpitch.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, ta kafa matsayi mai girma tare da 16 strikeouts a cikin nasarar da ta samu a kan Michigan Ice . A ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, ta kafa mafi kyawun aiki tare da karin 18 don kayar da Rockford Thunder a cikin 9-innings.

Ta buga cikakken wasa ga Bandits a 2009 a kan Philadelphia Force &lt;ref name=&quot;DailyHerald2009-07-21&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ted Cox |date=July 21, 2009 |title=Do Bandits have the upper hand in upcoming game with Flyers? |url=http://www.dailyherald.com/story/?id=308333 |access-date=July 12, 2010 |website=[[Daily Herald (Arlington Heights)|Daily Herald]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma wani cikakken wasa a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2010 a kan Akron Racers .  A wannan shekarar, an kira Finch All-NPF . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Pro Fastpitch 2010 Award Winners |url=http://profastpitch.com.ismmedia.com/ISM3/std-content/repos/Top/STATISTICS%20FOLDER/Award%20Archives/2010%20Award%20Winners.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713063210/http://profastpitch.com.ismmedia.com/ISM3/std-content/repos/Top/STATISTICS%20FOLDER/Award%20Archives/2010%20Award%20Winners.pdf |archive-date=July 13, 2011 |access-date=December 17, 2015 |website=Profastpitch.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Finch a halin yanzu yana jagorantar aiki WHIP kuma yana saman 10 a duk lokacin a cikin strikeouts, ERA, strikeout ratio da filin wasa kashi. Chicago Bandits sun buga wasanninsu na gida a Rosemont, Illinois, a 27 Jennie Finch Way inda ta yi ritaya.

== Manaja ==
A ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2016, Finch ta kasance manajan baƙo na Bridgeport Bluefish na Atlantic League na ranar, don haka ta zama mace ta farko da ta gudanar da ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eisenberg (2016)&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eisenberg |first=Matt |date=May 29, 2016 |title=Guest Manager Jennie Finch Leads Bridgeport Bluefish to Win |url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/culture/the-buzz/story/_/id/15809795/guest-manager-jennie-finch-leads-bridgeport-bluefish-win |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531112507/http://espn.go.com/espnw/culture/the-buzz/article/15809795/guest-manager-jennie-finch-leads-bridgeport-bluefish-win |archive-date=May 31, 2016 |access-date=May 31, 2016 |website=[[ESPN.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar ta taka leda kuma ta lashe wasa daya.{{R|Eisenberg (2016)}}

== Kafofin watsa labarai ==
[[Fayil:Jennie_Finch_Alta_Springs_1.jpg|left|thumb|Firayim Minista na Finch]]
A shekara ta 2002, ESPN ta kira Finch &quot;mai cin nasara&quot; na gasar Best Dressed a Kyautar Kyautattun Wasanni ta Shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;ESPYAwards2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who was the best dressed at the ESPYs? |url=https://www.espn.com/espy2002/s/bestdressed2001.html |access-date=August 13, 2010 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{R|ESPNFinchVsAnna}}

A shekara ta 2003, Finch ta sami mafi yawan kuri'u a cikin zaben ESPN na kan layi a matsayin 'yar wasan mata mafi kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;ESPNFinchVsAnna&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who's hottest? Finch vs. Anna |url=https://www.espn.com/page2/s/hottest/female/finals.html |access-date=July 12, 2010 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2004, mujallar People ta kira Finch daya daga cikin &quot;50 Mafi Kyawun ''Mutane''&quot;, mace ce kawai a cikin jerin.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASA_2004-04-30&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2004 |title=Jennie Finch named to People Magazine's 50 Most Beautiful People |url=http://www.asasoftball.com/about/getStory.asp?nid=592 |access-date=August 13, 2010 |publisher=[[Amateur Softball Association]] |archive-date=September 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922150413/http://asasoftball.com/about/getStory.asp?nid=592 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Wannan abin mamaki ne da mujallar People za ta gane shi don wannan girmamawa, &quot;in ji Finch.{{R|ASA_2004-04-30}}&quot;Yana da matukar muhimmanci a haɗa ni cikin wasu shahararrun mutane masu kyau a duniya. Har yanzu ina da wahalar gaskata cewa an zaba ni a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan rukuni&quot;.Finch ya kuma bayyana a cikin wani labari na kakar wasa ta 5 na jerin shirye-shiryen TV The Parkers .{{R|ASA_2004-04-30}}

Finch ya tsara kayan wanka don Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition a shekara ta 2005. {{R|Telegraph2008-07-31}}An ba Finch kwangila mai fa'ida don cire tufafi ga mujallar ''Playboy'' da ''Maxim'', amma sun ƙi su.&lt;ref name=&quot;USAToday2004-08-10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bruce Horovitz |date=August 10, 2004 |title=Softball's Jennie Finch ready to make her pitch |url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/athens/2004-08-09-finch_x.htm |access-date=July 12, 2010 |website=[[USA Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Wannan makon a cikin Baseball'' ya sanya hannu kan Finch a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin.{{R|USAToday2004-08-10}}A cikin wani sashi da ake kira Jennie Challenge, Finch yana buga wa 'yan wasan Major League Baseball kuma sau da yawa yana buga su.{{R|USAToday2004-08-10}}A cikin wasan softball, tudun yana kusa da farantin gida fiye da baseball kuma filin Finch daidai yake da filin 98 mph.{{R|USAToday2004-08-10}}&amp;nbsp;&quot;Wasu manyan mutane sun ki fuskantar ta, &quot; in ji Cal Ripken Jr. &quot;Mutane da yawa suna jin yana iya zama abin kunya&quot;.A cikin wata hira da ESPN, Finch ya bayyana, &quot;Ina jefa su mafi yawan kwallaye da canje-canje. Ba su taɓa ganin filin wasa kamar haka ba, kun sani? Tare da nesa da tudu, ina tsammanin yana mamakin su yadda saurin filin ya isa can. Kuma musamman tare da tashi - lokacin da aka saba da su ga wannan maɓallin saki - babu wani abu kamar haka. Motsi na kwallon ya jefa su.{{R|USAToday2004-08-10}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ESPN_10Questions&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=10 Burning Questions for Jennie Finch |url=https://www.espn.com/page2/s/questions/JennieFinch.html |access-date=July 25, 2010 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

A cikin 2004 Pepsi All-Star Softball Game, Finch ya kori Albert Pujols, Mike Piazza da Brian Giles. &lt;ref name=&quot;SoftballWest2004-02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2004 |title=2004 Pepsi All-Star Softball Game |url=http://www.softballwest.com/articles/5/ |access-date=August 7, 2010 |website=Softball West Magazine |archive-date=July 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710020929/http://softballwest.com/articles/5/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Ban taɓa taɓa filin wasa ba&quot;, in ji Giles.{{R|NBC2008OlympicsBio}}&quot;Kwallon saurin ta shine abu mafi sauri da na taɓa gani, daga wannan nesa. Yana tashi da yankewa a lokaci guda&quot;.{{R|NBC2008OlympicsBio}}

A shekara ta 2006, Finch ya bayyana a Season One of Pros vs Joes a kan Spike TV, wasan kwaikwayon da taurarin wasanni ke gasa da talakawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;USAToday2007-05-16&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael McCarthy |date=May 16, 2007 |title=Athletes are lining up for their dose of TV reality |url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/2007-05-16-athletes-reality-tv_N.htm |access-date=July 19, 2010 |website=[[USA Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WomensSportsFoundationBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Finch Jennie |url=http://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/Content/Athletes/F/Finch-Jennie.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615203420/http://womenssportsfoundation.org/Content/Athletes/F/Finch-Jennie.aspx |archive-date=June 15, 2010 |access-date=August 7, 2010 |publisher=[[Women's Sports Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce mace ta farko da ta bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayon.{{R|WomensSportsFoundationBio}}

Finch ya bayyana a wani labari na The Real Housewives of Orange County . &lt;ref name=&quot;Team USA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile: Jennie Finch |url=https://www.teamusa.com/profiles/jennie-finch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222010839/http://www.teamusa.org/usa-softball/athletes/Jennie-Finch |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |access-date=December 26, 2015 |website=TeamUSA.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2008, an gabatar da Finch a matsayin mai hamayya a kan The Celebrity Apprentice inda ta zaɓi Gidauniyar Binciken Ciwon Cutar Kasa da Kasa a matsayin sadaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;AccessHollywood2010-07-19&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mike Marson |last2=Jeremy Blacklow |date=August 12, 2008 |title=Meet Jennie Finch: America's Golden Goddess Of Softball |url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/jennie-finch/meet-jennie-finch-americas-golden-goddess-of-softball_article_10795 |access-date=July 19, 2010 |website=[[Access Hollywood]]}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LeMarsDailySentinel2009-10-02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Beverly Van Buskirk |date=October 2, 2009 |title=Jennie Finch headlines Pink Ribbon Night in Le Mars (10/02/09) |url=http://www.lemarssentinel.com/story/1575543.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713201228/http://www.lemarssentinel.com/story/1575543.html |archive-date=July 13, 2011 |access-date=August 7, 2010 |website=Le Mars Daily Sentinel}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Donald Trump]] ne ya kore ta a mako na huɗu na kakar.

A shekara ta 2008, Finch ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Grand Marshal na Bikin godiya na McDonald's wanda aka nuna a talabijin a cikin garin Chicago.&lt;ref name=&quot;ChicagoFestivals&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of Chicago's Grand Holiday Tradition |url=http://chicagofestivals.org/history-chicagos-grand-holiday-tradition |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716025554/http://www.chicagofestivals.org/history-chicagos-grand-holiday-tradition |archive-date=July 16, 2012 |access-date=February 13, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Finch ya buga wa National League a cikin 2010 Legends and Celebrities Softball Game, a Angel Stadium, &lt;ref name=&quot;LATimes2010-07-11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=DeAntae Prince |date=July 11, 2010 |title=All-Star Legends &amp; Celebrity softball: A game of home runs |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/sports_blog/2010/07/allstar-legend-celebrity-a-game-of-home-runs.html |access-date=July 19, 2010 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; wasan 2011 a Chase Field, &lt;ref name=&quot;CelebLegends2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kellie Hwang |date=June 21, 2011 |title=7/10: MLB All-Star Celebrity Softball Game roster announced |url=http://www.azcentral.com/community/swvalley/articles/2011/06/21/20110621mlb-all-star-celebrity-softball-game-roster-announced.html |access-date=July 12, 2011 |publisher=AZCentral}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma wasan 2015 a Great American Ballpark a Cincinnati, a 2017 a Marlins Park a Miami, kuma a 2018 a Nationals Park a Washington.

A cikin shekara ta 2011, Finch ya rubuta tare da Throw Like a Girl: Yadda za a yi mafarki mai girma da gaskatawa da kanka, tare da Ann Killion . Littafin tarin darussan rayuwa ne Finch ya koya yayin da yake wasa wasanni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Throw Like a Girl |url=http://www.triumphbooks.com/throw-like-a-girl-products-9781600785603.php?page_id=21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511023119/http://www.triumphbooks.com/throw-like-a-girl-products-9781600785603.php?page_id=21 |archive-date=May 11, 2015 |access-date=December 26, 2015 |website=Triumph Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2011, watanni hudu da rabi bayan haihuwar ɗa Diesel, Finch ya gama Marathon na New York tare da lokaci na 4:05:26, yana tara $ 30,000 don Shirin Matasan New York Road Runners . 

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, an sanar da Finch a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun mutane da za su yi gasa a kakar wasa ta 26 na Dancing with the Stars . Ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙwararren mai rawa Keo Motsepe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thorbecke |first=Catherine |date=April 13, 2018 |title=Adam Rippon, Tonya Harding and more superstar athletes to face-off in ''Dancing With the Stars'' season 26 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Culture/adam-rippon-tonya-harding-superstar-athletes-face-off/story?id=54406972 |access-date=April 13, 2018 |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2021, Finch ta fito a cikin MLB The Show 21 a cikin Road To The Show labarin ta kasancewarta tsohuwar 'yar wasa biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2021 |title=MLB The Show 21 Review: A Well-Hit Double |url=https://www.gfinityesports.com/reviews/mlb-the-show-21-review-a-well-hit-double/ |access-date=2021-04-20 |website=www.gfinityesports.com |language=en |archive-date=2021-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420051633/https://www.gfinityesports.com/reviews/mlb-the-show-21-review-a-well-hit-double/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Finch ya auri mai jefa kwallo na Major League Baseball Casey Daigle a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;People&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stephen M. Silverman |author-link=Stephen M. Silverman |date=December 28, 2005 |title=Softball Champ Jennie Finch Expecting |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1144464_993504,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019022723/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1144464_993504,00.html |archive-date=October 19, 2012 |access-date=July 12, 2010 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daigle ta miƙa wa Finch a filin wasan softball a Jami'ar Arizona, alma mater dinta.{{R|People}}A cewar Finch, &quot;Ya rufe ni idanu ya kai ni ga tudu ya ce, 'Kun kasance sarauniyar lu'u-lu'u na tsawon shekaru hudu. Yanzu ina son ka zama sarauniyar zuciyata.'&quot; Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu; Ace Shane, wanda aka haifa a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2006 da Diesel Dean, wanda aka kafa a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 2011.{{R|People}}&lt;ref name=&quot;MSNBC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jen Brown |date=May 12, 2008 |title=Gold medal moms prepare to storm Beijing |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna24525604 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510181451/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/24525604/ |archive-date=May 10, 2008 |access-date=July 12, 2010 |publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jennie Finch Welcomes Son Diesel Dean – Moms &amp; Babies – Moms &amp; Babies - People.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://celebritybabies.people.com/2011/06/20/jennie-finch-welcomes-son-diesel-dean/?xid=rss-topheadlines |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419053530/http://celebritybabies.people.com/2011/06/20/jennie-finch-welcomes-son-diesel-dean/?xid=rss-topheadlines |archive-date=April 19, 2018 |access-date=June 20, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Finch ta yi maraba da 'yarta Paisley Faye a ranar 12 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2012 |title=Jennie Finch's Blog: Adding Pink to the Mix |url=http://celebritybabies.people.com/2012/09/12/jennie-finch-blog-pregnant-girl-two-under-two/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916085429/http://celebritybabies.people.com/2012/09/12/jennie-finch-blog-pregnant-girl-two-under-two/ |archive-date=September 16, 2012 |access-date=September 15, 2012 |publisher=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Finch mai sha'awar Los Angeles Dodgers ne.{{R|OfficialFinchBio}}

Finch [[Kirista]] ne. Finch ta ki amincewa da manyan tayin kudi don bayyana a cikin mujallu kamar ''Playboy'' saboda bangaskiyarta ta Kirista, tana mai cewa tana so ta zama abin koyi ga matasa mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Sean |last2=Cyprowski |first2=Jonathan |date=August 26, 2008 |title=Jennie Finch: The Face of Women's Softball |url=http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/433875.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910064613/http://cbn.com/CBNnews/433875.aspx |archive-date=September 10, 2008 |access-date=December 26, 2015 |website=CBN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Finch ta yi magana game da bangaskiyarta, tana cewa: &quot;Yana da mahimmanci a sami bege a cikin [Yesu] kuma a rayu don wani dalili mafi girma: don raba game da Shi. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pond |first=Dave |date=July 1, 2012 |title=Diamond Legends |url=http://www.fca.org/themagazine/diamond-legends/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413141007/http://www.fca.org/themagazine/diamond-legends/ |archive-date=April 13, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;Finch ta ambaci bangaskiyarta ta Kirista yayin da take cikin wasan kwaikwayon Dancing with the Stars lokacin da ta ki yin rawa ga waƙar Janelle Monáe saboda ta yi la'akari da cewa tana da haɗari sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gutierrez |first=Lisa |date=May 9, 2018 |title='I want to glorify God': Christian Jennie Finch shuns Janelle Monae song on 'DWTS' |url=https://www.kansascity.com/entertainment/article210765874.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509215934/http://www.kansascity.com/entertainment/article210765874.html |archive-date=2018-05-09 |access-date=March 4, 2020 |website=The Kansas City Star.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yin ritaya ==
A ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2010, tana da shekaru 29 kuma har yanzu tana mamaye wasanni, Finch ta sanar da ritayar ta daga wasan softball don mayar da hankali ga iyalinta.{{R|ESPN_2010-07-20}}&quot;Ina jin kamar yana da wuya da wuya a kowace shekara tare da Ace yana tsufa da lokaci daga mijina har ma da abubuwan da suka faru na iyali kamar ranar haihuwar da bukukuwan aure na abokai da abubuwan da na rasa koyaushe saboda wasan softball, &quot;in ji Finch a cikin wata hira da Associated Press.{{R|ESPN_2010-07-20}}Finch ya ce, &quot;Wannan aikin ya kasance fiye da yadda na taɓa tsammani ko na yi mafarki. Hanyoyin da zan iya jin daɗi da godiya da kasancewa wani ɓangare na, ya kasance mai ban mamaki. &quot; A farkonta na karshe tare da Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Amurka, Finch ta buga 12, kawai ta ba da izini ga mutane uku, biyu daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru a filin wasa.{{R|ESPN_2010-07-20}}{{R|USAToday2010-07-27}}Ta ci gaba da wasa tare da Chicago Bandits har sai lokacin National Pro Fastpitch ya ƙare a watan Agusta.{{R|USAToday2010-07-27}}

An dauki Finch a matsayin mafi rinjaye kuma sananne mai jefa kwallo a zamaninta.{{R|ESPN_2010-07-20|USAToday2010-07-27}}{{R|USAToday2010-07-27}}&quot;Ta kafa ma'auni don wasan softball a cikin sabon zamani na iya zama mata kuma ta yi wannan wasan, &quot;Jami'ar wasan waje ta Amurka Jessica Mendoza ta ce.{{R|ESPN_2010-07-20}}&quot;Ba wai dole ne ka zama mace don yin wannan wasan ba, amma na ga daruruwan dubban 'yan mata yanzu tare da glitter headbands, hot pink bats, makeup. ... lokacin da nake girma, ba haka ba ne. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ESPN_2010-07-20&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2010 |title=Finch Set to Retire Next Month at Age 29 |url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/news/story?id=5394292 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721200436/http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/news/story?id=5394292 |archive-date=July 21, 2010 |access-date=August 13, 2010 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;A cewar Mike Candrea, kocinta a Arizona kuma ta hanyar wasannin Olympics guda biyu, &quot;Jennie ta canza wannan wasan, ta taɓa miliyoyin yara a hanyoyi daban-daban - ko yana da kyau, ko ita ce hanyar da take buga wasan - amma ta hanyar duk ta kasance mai tawali'u sosai. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;USAToday2010-07-27&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 27, 2010 |title=Jennie Finch closes out career with Team USA as champion |url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2010-07-26-finch-closes-out-career_N.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131085128/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2010-07-26-finch-closes-out-career_N.htm |archive-date=January 31, 2011 |access-date=August 13, 2010 |website=[[USA Today]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Wani edita na Chicago Tribune ya yi sharhi, &quot;Ta tafi tare da suna mai ban sha'awa, da niyyar ci gaba da inganta wasan softball, da kuma sanin cewa ta yi wahayi zuwa ga wasu 'yan mata da mata da ke wasa don ƙaunar wasan&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ChicagoTribune_2010-08-15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2010 |title=Editorial: Jennie Finch's final pitch |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/editorials/ct-edit-finch-20100815,0,6024801.story |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825195229/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/editorials/ct-edit-finch-20100815%2C0%2C6024801.story |archive-date=August 25, 2010 |access-date=August 15, 2010 |website=Chicago Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Amurka
|'''Shekarar'''
|W
|L
|GP
|GS
|CG
|SHO
|SV
|IP
|H
|R
|ER
|BB
|SO
|ERA
|HAMI
|-
|'''2001'''
|2
|0
|5
|2
|2
|2
|0
|17.0
|1
|1
|1
|0
|23
|0.41
|0.06
|-
|'''2002'''
|6
|0
|9
|7
|5
|4
|0
|40.1
|22
|6
|4
|7
|41
|0.69
|0.72
|-
|'''2003'''
|7
|1
|11
|8
|5
|3
|1
|47.2
|11
|4
|2
|6
|78
|0.29
|0.36
|-
|'''2004'''
|15
|0
|28
|16
|7
|7
|1
|100.1
|20
|4
|3
|16
|208
|0.27
|0.36
|-
|'''Wasannin Olympics'''
|2
|0
|2
|2
|1
|1
|0
|8.0
|1
|0
|0
|1
|13
|0.00
|0.25
|-
|'''2005'''
|4
|1
|7
|5
|3
|2
|0
|26.0
|16
|5
|4
|6
|34
|1.08
|0.84
|-
|'''Wasannin Olympics'''
|2
|0
|3
|2
|1
|1
|0
|11.0
|2
|0
|0
|3
|14
|0.00
|0.45
|-
|'''Hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita'''
|'''38'''
|'''2'''
|'''65'''
|'''42'''
|'''24'''
|'''20'''
|'''2'''
|'''250.1'''
|'''73'''
|'''20'''
|'''14'''
|'''39'''
|'''411'''
|'''0.39'''
|'''0.45'''
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Arizona Wildcats
|'''Shekarar'''
|W
|L
|GP
|GS
|CG
|SHO
|SV
|IP
|H
|R
|ER
|BB
|SO
|ERA
|HAMI
|-
|'''1999'''
|24
|8
|34
|30
|26
|11
|0
|202.1
|158
|70
|60
|64
|179
|2.08
|1.10
|-
|'''2000'''
|29
|2
|31
|24
|24
|13
|0
|194.0
|102
|25
|22
|53
|204
|0.79
|0.80
|-
|'''2001'''
|32
|0
|32
|29
|27
|19
|0
|207.0
|102
|19
|16
|45
|279
|0.54
|0.71
|-
|'''2002'''
|34
|6
|43
|39
|36
|21
|1
|273.1
|136
|46
|38
|82
|366
|0.97
|0.80
|-
|'''Hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita'''
|'''119'''
|'''16'''
|'''140'''
|'''122'''
|'''113'''
|'''64'''
|'''1'''
|'''876.2'''
|'''498'''
|'''160'''
|'''136'''
|'''244'''
|'''1,028'''
|'''1.08'''
|'''0.84'''
|}
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Arizona Wildcats
|'''Shekarar'''
|[[Wasa|G]]
|AB
|R
|H
|BA
|RBI
|HR
|3B
|2B
|TB
|SLG
|BB
|SO
|SB
|SBA
|-
|'''1999'''
|68
|192
|16
|47
|.245
|34
|7
|0
|14
|82
|.427%
|16
|36
|3
|4
|-
|'''2000'''
|68
|188
|38
|63
|.335
|48
|16
|0
|10
|121
|.643%
|28
|35
|0
|0
|-
|'''2001'''
|67
|198
|37
|62
|.313
|57
|11
|2
|11
|110
|.555%
|24
|25
|0
|0
|-
|'''2002'''
|67
|190
|43
|59
|.310
|56
|16
|0
|8
|115
|.605%
|37
|36
|1
|1
|-
|'''Hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita'''
|'''270'''
|'''768'''
|'''134'''
|'''231'''
|'''.301'''
|'''195'''
|'''50'''
|'''2'''
|'''43'''
|'''428'''
|'''.557%'''
|'''105'''
|'''132'''
|'''4'''
|'''5'''
|}
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+'Yan fashi na NPF Chicago'Yan fashi na Chicago
|'''Shekarar'''
|W
|L
|G
|GS
|CG
|SHO
|SV
|IP
|H
|R
|ER
|BB
|SO
|ERA
|HAMI
|-
|'''2005'''
|14
|0
|15
|15
|8
|5
|1
|95.0
|46
|17
|12
|20
|114
|0.88
|0.69
|-
|'''2006'''
|1
|0
|5
|2
|0
|0
|0
|6.2
|4
|1
|1
|1
|8
|1.13
|0.80
|-
|'''2007'''
|7
|2
|9
|8
|7
|5
|0
|66.2
|16
|4
|1
|10
|119
|0.10
|0.39
|-
|'''2009'''
|7
|2
|13
|8
|3
|1
|2
|49.0
|12
|17
|12
|23
|61
|1.71
|0.71
|-
|'''2010'''
|6
|4
|28
|13
|8
|4
|0
|66.0
|42
|22
|19
|18
|80
|1.82
|0.91
|-
|'''Gabaɗaya'''
|'''35'''
|'''8'''
|'''97'''
|'''46'''
|'''26'''
|'''15'''
|'''3'''
|'''283.1'''
|'''120'''
|'''61'''
|'''45'''
|'''72'''
|'''382'''
|'''1.11'''
|'''0.68'''
|}
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+'Yan fashi na NPF Chicago'Yan fashi na Chicago
|'''Shekarar'''
|AB
|R
|H
|BA
|RBI
|HR
|3B
|2B
|TB
|SLG
|BB
|SO
|SB
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''2005'''
|81
|14
|25
|.308
|22
|6
|0
|0
|43
|.531%
|22
|16
|2
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''2006'''
|10
|1
|3
|.300
|2
|0
|0
|0
|3
|.300%
|1
|1
|0
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''2007'''
|42
|1
|6
|.143
|2
|0
|0
|0
|6
|.143%
|8
|16
|0
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''2009'''
|33
|5
|7
|.212
|6
|3
|0
|0
|73
|.485%
|5
|11
|0
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''2010'''
|75
|6
|20
|.266
|9
|1
|1
|6
|31
|.413%
|8
|20
|0
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|'''Hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita'''
|'''241'''
|'''27'''
|'''61'''
|'''.253'''
|'''41'''
|'''10'''
|'''1'''
|'''6'''
|'''99'''
|'''.411%'''
|'''44'''
|'''64'''
|'''2'''
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Makarantar Sakandare ta La Mirada {{R|UniversityOfArizonaBio}}
!Shekarar
!W
!L
!GP
!GS
!CG
!SHO
!SV
!IP
!H
!R
!ER
!BB
!SO
!ERA
|-
!'''Hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita'''
|50
|12
|
|
|
|
|4
|445.0
|
|
|
|
|784
|0.15
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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Abdulrahman Mohamed El-Sayed (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekarar, 1984), masanin ilimin cututtukan Amurka ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda shine dan takarar Democrat a zaben Majalisar Dattijan Amurka na shekarar 2026 a Michigan. Wani ɗan takara ne na jam'iyyar Democrat, El-Sayed ya kasance dan takara a Zaben gwamna na Michigan na 2018, ya kasance na biyu ga Gretchen Whitmer a zaɓen fidda gwani na Democrat.

El-Sayed ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Wayne County, Ayyukan Dan Adam da Tsohon Sojoji daga shekarar 2023 zuwa 2025. Daga 2015 zuwa 2017, ya kasance babban darakta na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Detroit, inda ya kula da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na jama'a a lokacin da birnin ya farfado daga fatarar kuɗi. Ya kammala karatu a Jami'ar Michigan kuma Rhodes Scholar a Kwalejin Oriel, Oxford, El-Sayed yana da Dokta na Medicine daga Jami'ar Columbia, inda ya kasance mataimakin farfesa na ilmin annoba. Shi ne marubuci ko co- marubucin littattafai uku da kuma fiye da 100 da aka sake dubawa a kan lafiyar jama'a, siyasa, da manufofi.

== Rayuwa ta farko, iyali da ilimi ==
An haifi Abdulrahman Mohamed El-Sayed a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekarar, 1984, a Rochester Hills, Michigan, ga iyayen baƙi na Masar.{{Efn|In this Arabic-American name, Abdulrahman is his given name, Mohamed is his patronymic middle name, and El-Sayed (also spelled Elsayed, Alsayed, and Al-Sayed) is his surname.{{citation needed|date=August 2026}}}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Helms 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Helms |first=Matt |date=November 24, 2015 |title=Detroit's new public health director aims to innovate |url=http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2015/11/24/detroits-new-public-health-director-aims-innovate/76015628/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812093932/http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2015/11/24/detroits-new-public-health-director-aims-innovate/76015628/ |archive-date=August 12, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=Detroit Free Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa, Mohamed El-Sayed, ya girma ne a Alexandria, Misira, kuma ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka don neman karatun digiri a Jami'ar Jihar Wayne   Mahaifiyarsa, Fatten El-Komy, likita ce a [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdul El-Sayed Wants to 'Throw Some Righteous Punches' |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/abdul-el-sayed-michigan-senate-primary/tnamp/ |access-date=August 6, 2026 |website=[[The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harvard |first=Sarah |date=March 3, 2017 |title=Abdul El-Sayed, a doctor from Detroit, could be America's first Muslim governor |url=https://www.arabamerica.com/abdul-el-sayed-doctor-detroit-americas-first-muslim-governor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207162056/https://www.arabamerica.com/abdul-el-sayed-doctor-detroit-americas-first-muslim-governor/ |archive-date=February 7, 2026 |access-date=June 7, 2026 |website=Arab America}}&lt;/ref&gt; El-Sayed ya girma ne a yankin Detroit ta wurin mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarsa, Jacqueline Johnson, 'yar asalin Gratiot County, Michigan. Mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarsa [[injiniyoyi]] ne.

El-Sayed ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Bloomfield Hills Andover a shekara ta 2003, inda ya kasance dan wasa uku kuma kyaftin din kungiyoyin kokawa, kwallon kafa, da lacrosse. Daga nan ya halarci Jami'ar Michigan, inda ya yi karatu a fannin ilmin halitta da kimiyyar siyasa kuma ya taka leda a kungiyar lacrosse ta maza.&lt;ref name=&quot;University of Michigan News 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 26, 2008 |title=U-M dual MD/PhD student named Rhodes Scholar |url=http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/6858 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829031751/http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/6858 |archive-date=August 29, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=University of Michigan News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala karatun Phi Beta Kappa tare da mafi girman bambanci a shekarar 2007 tare da digiri na farko kuma ya gabatar da jawabin farawa na wannan shekarar.&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2016 |title=Abdulrahman El-Sayed Commencement Speech |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuKdMYh7Xxo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519211442/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuKdMYh7Xxo&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |archive-date=May 19, 2018 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsohon shugaban Amurka [[Bill Clinton]], wanda jawabinsa na farko ya biyo bayan El-Sayed, ya ce, &quot;Ba na so in kunyata babban mai magana da yawunku, amma ina fatan kowane mutum a duniya wanda ya yi imanin cewa an ƙaddara mu sami rikici na wayewa, kuma ba zai iya kaiwa ga rabuwa ta addini ba, na iya jin ku magana a yau&quot; A cewar El-Sayed, Clinton ta kusance shi bayan bikin kuma ta ƙarfafa shi ya yi la'akari da aikin gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

El-Sayed ya sami cikakken tallafin karatu don halartar Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Michigan, inda ya kammala shekaru biyu na farko na haɗin MD / Ph.D. shirin &lt;ref name=&quot;Haidostian 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Haidostian |first=Lisa |date=November 23, 2008 |title=First 'U' student since 2004 wins Rhodes Scholarship |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/content/2008-11-24/u-student-wins-prestigous-rhodes-scholarship |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725003057/https://www.michigandaily.com/content/2008-11-24/u-student-wins-prestigous-rhodes-scholarship |archive-date=July 25, 2018 |access-date=August 8, 2018 |website=[[The Michigan Daily]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma da farko an yi la'akari da zama Likitan kwakwalwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Serwach |first=Joe |date=November 24, 2008 |title=U-M dual MD/PhD student named Rhodes Scholar |url=https://record.umich.edu/articles/u-m-dual-md-phd-student-named-rhodes-scholar/ |access-date=August 6, 2026 |website=The University Record |publisher=University of Michigan}}&lt;/ref&gt; A can ya jagoranci aikin likita na dalibai zuwa [[Peru]] kuma ya kafa kungiyar dalibai wacce ta tara kudi da kuma daidaita sabis na al'umma don asibitin kyauta na gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Daga baya ya nemi Rhodes Scholarship, ya rubuta a cikin aikace-aikacensa, &quot;Addinin na yana koyar da cewa idan mutum ya ceci rai, ta ceci dukkan bil'adama,&quot; yayin da yake ba da labarin tattaunawar yaro tare da mahaifinsa game da muhimmancin ceton rayuka yayin da yake koya wa wasu yin hakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-08-13 |title=Abdul El-Sayed |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abdul-El-Sayed |access-date=2026-08-15 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinsa na dalibi na likita na shekara ta biyu, El-Sayed ya sami tallafin Rhodes don halartar Kwalejin Oriel, Oxford, inda ya kammala Dokta na Falsafa a cikin lafiyar jama'a a 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdul El-Sayed |url=http://www.rhodesscholarshiptrust.com/about/rhodes-scholars/class-of-2009/abdul-el-sayed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819121313/http://www.rhodesscholarshiptrust.com/about/rhodes-scholars/class-of-2009/abdul-el-sayed |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=rhodesscholarshiptrust.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=El-Sayed |first=Abdulrahman M. |date=January 1, 2011 |title=Inequalities in obesity in England: an agent-based systems approach |url=http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.556476 |journal=Bl.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818072904/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.556476 |archive-date=August 18, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Oxford, ya sami cikakken shuɗi a matsayin kyaftin din ƙungiyar lacrosse ta maza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hermani |first=Jordyn |date=2026-08-05 |title=Who is Abdul El-Sayed? What to know about Michigan Democrats US Senate winner |url=https://bridgemi.com/michigan-government/who-is-abdul-el-sayed-what-to-know-about-michigan-democrats-us-senate-winner/ |access-date=2026-08-17 |website=Bridge Michigan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2014, ya kammala digiri na Doctor of Medicine a Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitoci ta Jami'ar Columbia, wanda Paul da Daisy Soros Fellowship suka goyi bayan Sabon Amurkawa da Shirin Horar da Masanin Kimiyya na Likita.&lt;ref name=&quot;fellow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet the Fellows |url=https://www.pdsoros.org/meet-the-fellows/abdul-elsayed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820182539/https://www.pdsoros.org/meet-the-fellows/abdul-elsayed |archive-date=August 20, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=pdsoros.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 13, 2015 |title=Alumni Directory |url=http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/mdphd/profiles/alumni/profile/abdulrahmanel-sayed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622061909/http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/mdphd/profiles/alumni/profile/abdulrahmanel-sayed |archive-date=June 22, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=columbia.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa na ilmin annoba a Columbia. El-Sayed bai bi horo na zama ba sabili da haka bai sami lasisi don yin aikin likita ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2026 |title=Michigan Senate hopeful El-Sayed calls himself a 'physician' but has little history treating patients |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2026/05/12/abdul-el-sayed-doctor-physician-00916389 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |website=Politico}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka a cikin lafiyar jama'a ==
El-Sayed shine marubucin labaran ilimi sama da 100, abstracts, da surori na littafi kan manufofin kiwon lafiya na jama'a, ilmin annoba na zamantakewa, da [[Daidaitaccen lafiya|bambancin kiwon lafiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;google.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdul El-Sayed - Google Scholar Citations |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=0RxsP2cAAAAJ&amp;hl=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005194959/https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=0RxsP2cAAAAJ&amp;hl=en |archive-date=October 5, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Farfesa na kiwon lafiyar jama'a ===
A cikin shekara ta 2014, El-Sayed ya shiga bangaren koyarwa a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Jami'ar Columbia a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a sashen ilmin annoba. Ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Shirin Kimiyya na Tsarin Columbia da Nazarin Bincike na Duniya don Lafiya ta Jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;statnews.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nather |first=David |date=May 3, 2016 |title=A native son brings Detroit's health department back to life |url=https://www.statnews.com/2016/05/03/detroit-health-director/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819093636/https://www.statnews.com/2016/05/03/detroit-health-director/ |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=[[Stat (website)|Stat]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa na bincike, ciki har da kasancewa daya daga cikin masu gabatar da manufofi na Majalisar Carnegie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdulrahman M. El Sayed |url=http://www.policyinnovations.org/innovators/people/data/Abdulrahman_M_El_Sayed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804003642/http://www.policyinnovations.org/innovators/people/data/Abdulrahman_M_El_Sayed |archive-date=August 4, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=Policy Innovations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kirkiro kuma ya koyar da darasi na farko na Makarantar Mailman kan kimiyyar tsarin da lafiyar jama'a. Shi da [[Sandro Galea]] sun hada kai da shirya wani littafi a kan batun Systems Science and Population Health, wanda Oxford University Press ta buga a shekarar 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 1, 2017 |title=Systems Science and Population Health |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/systems-science-and-population-health-9780190492397?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp; |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901113605/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/systems-science-and-population-health-9780190492397?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp; |archive-date=September 1, 2018 |access-date=August 8, 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Daraktan Lafiya na Detroit ===
A watan Agusta shekarar 2015, Magajin garin Mike Duggan ya nada El-Sayed Jami'in Lafiya da Babban Darakta na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Detroit, wanda ya sanya shi, yana da shekaru 30, ƙaramin jami'in kiwon lafiya a babban birni na Amurka a lokacin. A wannan rawar, an tuhume shi da sake gina Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Detroit bayan da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na gwamnati bayan Birnin ya fadi a shekarar 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;statnews.com&quot; /&gt;

A cikin shekara ta farko a matsayin darektan ya jagoranci kokarin adawa da karuwar hayakin sulfur dioxide ta hanyar Marathon Petroleum's Southwest Refinery, wanda ya haifar da raguwar hayakin gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;freep.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=El-Sayed |first=Abdul |date=January 6, 2016 |title=Detroit health chief: Don't let Marathon up pollutants |url=http://www.freep.com/story/opinion/contributors/2016/01/06/marathon-refinery-detroit/78350138/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827211846/http://www.freep.com/story/opinion/contributors/2016/01/06/marathon-refinery-detroit/78350138/ |archive-date=August 27, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=Detroit Free Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma jagoranci kokarin gwada makarantun Detroit don jagora a yayin Rikicin ruwa na Flint, samar da tabarau kyauta ga yara a makarantun birnin Detroit, da kuma canza sashen kula da dabbobi na gari.&lt;ref name=&quot;DetNews20160405&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Candice |date=April 5, 2016 |title=DPS testing for lead, copper in drinking water |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2016/04/05/detroit-schools-dps-lead-copper-testing/82679668/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612134440/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2016/04/05/detroit-schools-dps-lead-copper-testing/82679668/ |archive-date=June 12, 2019 |access-date=September 1, 2018 |website=The Detroit News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DetNews20160215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ferretti |first=Christine |date=February 15, 2016 |title=Detroit official goes to bat for public health |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2016/02/15/detroit-official-goes-bat-public-health/80435310/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214155446/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2016/02/15/detroit-official-goes-bat-public-health/80435310/ |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |access-date=September 1, 2018 |website=The Detroit News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MLive20161207&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Logan T. |date=December 7, 2016 |title=Detroit animal control gets new digs with doubled budget after years of poor conditions |url=https://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2016/12/detroit_animal_care_control_ho.html |access-date=September 1, 2018 |website=MLive |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An nada El-Sayed a cikin Kwamitin Kashe Yara na Gwamnan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Snyder - Gov. Rick Snyder appoints members to new Child Lead Poisoning Elimination Board |url=http://www.michigan.gov/snyder/0,4668,7-277-57577_57657_59871-386566--,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628080003/http://www.michigan.gov/snyder/0,4668,7-277-57577_57657_59871-386566--,00.html |archive-date=June 28, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=michigan.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma yi aiki a Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Lafiya ta Jihar Michigan da Kwamitin Ba da Shaware ga Sakataren Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam na Amurka don [[Shirin Mutane Masu Lafiya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Snyder - Gov. Rick Snyder makes appointments to the Public Health Advisory Commission |url=http://www.michigan.gov/snyder/0,4668,7-277--397638--,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084911/http://www.michigan.gov/snyder/0,4668,7-277--397638--,00.html |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |access-date=December 8, 2016 |website=Michigan.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Committee Members {{!}} Healthy People 2020 |url=https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/history-development/healthy-people-2030-advisory-committee/committee-members |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220092216/https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/history-development/healthy-people-2030-advisory-committee/committee-members |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |access-date=December 8, 2016 |website=Healthypeople.gov |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2016, an kira El-Sayed daya daga cikin Crain's Detroit's &quot;40 under 40&quot; da kuma Michigan League of Conservation Voters' &quot;Public Official of the Year&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Leslie |date=October 7, 2016 |title=Abdul El-Sayed, 31 |url=http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20161007/AWARDS4016/161009939/abdul-el-sayed-31 |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=Crain's Detroit Business |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fourth Annual Innovation in Conservation Gala - Michigan League of Conservation Voters |url=http://michiganlcv.org/event/fourth-annual-innovation-in-conservation-gala/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223135410/https://michiganlcv.org/event/fourth-annual-innovation-in-conservation-gala/ |archive-date=February 23, 2023 |access-date=August 8, 2018 |website=Michigan League of Conservation Voters |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarar 2017, Jami'ar Michigan ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Bicentennial Alumni . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Broekhuizen |first=Kim |date=March 27, 2017 |title=Spring Commencement will include unique bicentennial elements |url=https://record.umich.edu/articles/spring-commencement-will-include-unique-bicentennial-elements |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202015637/https://record.umich.edu/articles/spring-commencement-will-include-unique-bicentennial-elements |archive-date=December 2, 2017 |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=The University Record |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekara ta 2019, El-Sayed ta dauki bakuncin America Dissected tare da Dokta Abdul El-Sayer, wani kwasfan fayiloli game da siyasa da lafiyar jama'a wanda Crooked Media ta samar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=September 23, 2019 |title='Pod Save America' Producer Crooked Media To Launch Narrative Podcast About Healthcare With Dr. Abdul El-Sayed |url=https://deadline.com/2019/09/pod-save-america-producer-crooked-media-to-launch-narrative-podcast-about-healthcare-dr-abdul-el-sayed-1202742106/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028153626/https://deadline.com/2019/09/pod-save-america-producer-crooked-media-to-launch-narrative-podcast-about-healthcare-dr-abdul-el-sayed-1202742106/ |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |access-date=March 11, 2020 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Daraktan Lafiya na Wayne County (2023-2025) ===
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, an nada El-Sayed darektan Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Dan Adam, da Ayyukan Tsohon Sojoji ta Wayne County.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Strauss |first=Daniel |date=August 4, 2018 |title=Ocasio-Cortez and Sanders work to elect first Muslim governor |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/08/04/michigan-governor-el-sayed-ocasio-cortez-sanders-democrats-762409 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505043007/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/08/04/michigan-governor-el-sayed-ocasio-cortez-sanders-democrats-762409 |archive-date=May 5, 2025 |access-date=October 7, 2025 |website=Politico |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ɗauki matsayin a watan Maris na shekara ta 2023 kuma ya yi murabus a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ikonomova |first=Violet |date=April 1, 2025 |title=El-Sayed leaving Wayne County health department as he eyes U.S. Senate bid |url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2025/04/01/abdul-el-sayed-wayne-county-health-department-senate-bid/82758673007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260421191707/https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2025/04/01/abdul-el-sayed-wayne-county-health-department-senate-bid/82758673007/ |archive-date=April 21, 2026 |access-date=January 26, 2026 |website=Detroit Free Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓe na 2018 ===
 
A ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar, 2017, jaridar Detroit News ta ruwaito cewa El-Sayed zai yi murabus a matsayin darektan kiwon lafiya don tsayawa takarar gwamna na Michigan a zaben fidda gwani na Jam'iyyar Democrat na shekarar 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;DNresign&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ferretti |first=Christine |date=February 9, 2017 |title=Detroit health director set to make bid for governor |url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2017/02/09/detroit-health-director-make-bid-governor/97690634/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324053507/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2017/02/09/detroit-health-director-make-bid-governor/97690634/ |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=The Detroit News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sanar da takararsa a hukumance a ranar 25 ga yFabrairu shekarar, 2017. El-Sayed ya yi wahayi zuwa ga ya tsaya takarar gwamna bayan Rikicin ruwa na Flint, yana cewa: &quot;Na kalli yadda Gwamna Snyder da tawagarsa na masu lissafi ke rage farashi da yanke kusurwoyi. Rashin kulawarsu ga al'ummomi ya sa dubban yara guba - kuma waɗancan yara ne kawai na yi aiki a matsayin shugabancin sashen kiwon lafiya. ... Kuma wannan wani abu ne da ban yi imani da shi ba. Na yi imani da gwamnati a matsayin wani abu da muke yi a wannan ƙasar ga mutane da mutane. &quot;
[[Fayil:Header-logo.svg|thumb|Alamar kamfen din El-Sayed a cikin 2018]]
El-Sayed ya yi alkawarin ba zai karɓi gudummawar kamfen daga kamfanoni ba, kuma ya tara sama da dala miliyan 5 daga gudummawar mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Egan |first=Paul |date=July 27, 2018 |title=Spending in Michigan's gubernatorial primary is at a record pace |url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2018/07/27/spending-michigans-gubernatorial-primary-record-pace/848913002/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704083756/https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2018/07/27/spending-michigans-gubernatorial-primary-record-pace/848913002/ |archive-date=July 4, 2019 |access-date=September 27, 2018 |website=Detroit Free Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanata na Amurka Bernie Sanders, dan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], da kuma mai shirya Maris na Mata na shekarar 2017 Linda Sarsour sun goyi bayan El-Sayed. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marans |first=Daniel |date=July 25, 2018 |title=Bernie Sanders Endorses Democrat Abdul El-Sayed In Michigan Governor's Race |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-endorses-abdul-el-sayed-michigan-governor_us_5b58f52ee4b0de86f4930c09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213211513/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-endorses-abdul-el-sayed-michigan-governor_us_5b58f52ee4b0de86f4930c09 |archive-date=February 13, 2019 |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=HuffPost |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Farkas |first=Remy |date=December 17, 2017 |title=Abdul El-Sayed hosts townhall with Women's March founder |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/section/government/abdul-el-sayed-hosts-townhall-women%E2%80%99s-march-leader-and-people-bernie-sanders%E2%80%99 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106195013/https://www.michigandaily.com/section/government/abdul-el-sayed-hosts-townhall-women%E2%80%99s-march-leader-and-people-bernie-sanders%E2%80%99 |archive-date=January 6, 2018 |access-date=January 16, 2018 |website=Michigan Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, kungiyar Justice Democrats da mujallar The Nation sun amince da shi. A zaben fidda gwani na 7 ga watan Agusta, ya samu kuri'u 340,560, ko kuma kusan kashi 30% na kuri'un, ya sha kashi a hannun Gretchen Whitmer.

A watan Satumbar shekarar 2018, El-Sayed ya kafa Southpaw Michigan, kwamitin siyasa, don taimakawa zabar 'yan takara masu ci gaba da tallafawa shirye-shiryen zabe a Michigan. A cikin shekarar 2020, ya yi aiki a cikin [[Joe Biden]]-Bernie Sanders Unity Task Force a kan [[Kula da lafiya a Amurka|kiwon lafiya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nagle |first=Molly |last2=Verhovek |first2=John |date=May 13, 2020 |title=Biden, Sanders announce AOC, Kerry, Jayapal as co-chairs of unity task forces |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-sanders-announce-aoc-kerry-jayapal-chairs-unity/story?id=70654480 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429234402/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-sanders-announce-aoc-kerry-jayapal-chairs-unity/story?id=70654480 |archive-date=April 29, 2025 |access-date=January 26, 2026 |website=ABC News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Majalisar Dattijai na 2026 ===
[[Fayil:Abdul_El-Sayed_meet-and-greet_by_Conlan_Houston_1.jpg|thumb|El-Sayed a wani taron kamfen a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Michigan a shekarar 2025]]
A ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu shekarar, 2025, El-Sayed ya sanar da takararsa don zaben Democrat a zaben Majalisar Dattijan Amurka na 2026 a Michigan bayan mai mulki Gary Peters ya sanar da cewa ba zai sake tsayawa takarar sake zaben ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;El-Sayed Launch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wu |first=Nicholas |title=Abdul El-Sayed launches Michigan Senate campaign |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/04/17/abdul-el-sayed-michigan-senate-campaign-00293627 |access-date=July 22, 2026 |website=Politico}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hermani 2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hermani |first=Jordyn |date=April 11, 2025 |title=Abdul El-Sayed on US Senate run: &quot;If you want a fighter, I've got receipts&quot; |url=https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-government/abdul-el-sayed-us-senate-run-if-you-want-fighter-ive-got-receipts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417104627/https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-government/abdul-el-sayed-us-senate-run-if-you-want-fighter-ive-got-receipts |archive-date=April 17, 2025 |access-date=April 17, 2025 |website=Bridge Michigan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2026, El-Sayed ya gudanar da abubuwan kamfen a makarantun jami'o'i da yawa a Michigan tare da wakilin Amurka Summer Lee da kuma dan siyasa Hasan Piker .  Haɗin Piker da yakin ya zama batun jayayya a cikin Jam'iyyar Democrat game da maganganunsa da suka gabata game da [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]], [[Hamas]], da [[Isra'ila]]. El-Sayed ya kare yakin neman zabe tare da Piker a matsayin ƙoƙari na shiga tare da masu sauraronsa, ya kara da cewa bai yarda da duk abin da Piker ya ce ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cappelletti&quot; /&gt;

Bayan Mallory McMorrow ya janye daga zaben fidda gwani na Democrat a watan Yuli, kafofin watsa labarai sun kira tseren zabi tsakanin bangaren jam'iyyar mai matsakaici, wanda Haley Stevens ke wakilta, da bangaren ci gaba, wanda El-Sayed ke wakilta.

Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Associated Press ya kira tseren ga El-Sayed a safiyar ranar 5 ga watan Agusta. Ya shirya don fuskantar dan takarar Republican Mike Rogers a cikin babban zaben.

Idan aka zabe shi, El-Sayed zai zama Musulmi na farko &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2026 |title=Left-wing political outsider Abdul El-Sayed wins Democratic Senate primary in Michigan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckgdkpz07kvo |access-date=August 15, 2026 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Ba'amurke na farko da aka zaba don aiki a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 6, 2026 |title=Egyptian-American Dr. Abdul El-Sayed Just Won Michigan's Senate Primary... And Could Make History This November! |url=https://lovin.co/cairo/en/news/egyptian-american-dr-abdul-el-sayed-just-won-michigans-senate-primary-and-could-make-history-this-november/ |access-date=August 15, 2026 |website=lovin.co |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

AIPAC ta kashe sama da dala miliyan 10 don tallafawa abokin hamayyar El-Sayed, Haley Stevens. American Priorities PAC, mai goyon bayan Palasdinawa Super PAC da aka kafa don magance AIPAC, ya ce zai goyi bayan El-Sayed. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Finley |first=Nolan |title=El-Sayed has a two-faced stance on PAC dollars {{!}} Finley |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/opinion/columnists/nolan-finley/2026/07/18/el-sayed-pac-dollars-hamas-muslim-brotherhood-israel-palestinians/90942801007/ |access-date=2026-08-15 |website=The Detroit News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Surukin El-Sayed, Jukaku Tayeb, shugaban Ƙungiyar Musulunci ta Arewacin Amurka ya ba da gudummawar $ 200,000 ga wani kwamitin mai zaman kansa, Fighting for Michigan PAC, wanda kuma aka kafa don tallafawa yakin El-Sayad.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goodman |first=Alana |date=2026-07-14 |title=Abdul El-Sayed's Father-in-Law, a Top Donor to an El-Sayed Super PAC, Is Among Top Leaders of Muslim Brotherhood Organization Linked to Terror Funding |url=https://freebeacon.com/democrats/abdul-el-sayeds-father-in-law-a-top-donor-to-an-el-sayed-super-pac-is-among-top-leaders-of-muslim-brotherhood-organization-linked-to-terror-funding/ |access-date=2026-08-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-06-11 |title=Outside money is flooding Michigan's Senate primary as the candidates campaign against it |url=https://www.wlns.com/your-local-election-hq/dark-money-impact-michigan-primary/ |website=WLNS }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayi na siyasa ==
El-Sayed dan jam'iyyar Democrat ne mai ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kashinsky et al. 2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kashinsky |first=Lisa |last2=Wu |first2=Nicholas |last3=Kapos |first3=Shia |last4=Fernandez |first4=Madison |last5=Howard |first5=Andrew |date=January 18, 2026 |title=ICE jumps to center of midterm campaigns |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2026/01/18/minnesota-ice-midterm-campaigns-00735146 |access-date=January 21, 2026 |website=Politico |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana goyon bayan Medicare for All kuma ya rubuta littafi a kan batun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michels |first=Jonathan |date=February 3, 2026 |title=Single-Payer Champion Abdul El-Sayed Is Running for Senate |url=https://jacobin.com/2026/02/michigan-senate-el-sayed-ice |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260211070228/https://jacobin.com/2026/02/michigan-senate-el-sayed-ice |archive-date=February 11, 2026 |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=Jacobin |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi rantsuwa cewa ba zai karɓi gudummawar PAC ba, yana karɓar gudummawa daga mutane kawai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mordowanec |first=Nick |date=July 8, 2025 |title=Abdul El-Sayed rakes in over $24K per day while swearing off PAC money |url=https://www.newsweek.com/michigan-senate-race-election-abdul-el-sayed-fundraising-2096219 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709094139/https://www.newsweek.com/michigan-senate-race-election-abdul-el-sayed-fundraising-2096219 |archive-date=July 9, 2025 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |website=Newsweek |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai maye gurbin yakin neman zabe na kasa don yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Bernie Sanders na 2020, yana magana a madadin Sanders a abubuwan da suka faru da kuma kafofin watsa labarai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Monica |date=May 4, 2020 |title=13 Michigan books to get you through the stay-at-home order |url=https://bridgemi.com/quality-life/13-michigan-books-get-you-through-stay-home-order |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106075416/https://bridgemi.com/quality-life/13-michigan-books-get-you-through-stay-home-order/ |archive-date=January 6, 2026 |access-date=December 11, 2025 |website=Bridge Michigan |publisher=Center for Michigan}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shure |first=Natalie |date=April 2, 2020 |title=Abdul El-Sayed: &quot;We Need to Remember This Is About People, Not Numbers or a Curve&quot; |url=https://jacobin.com/2020/04/abdul-el-sayed-coronavirus-pandemic-health-care |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117074406/https://jacobin.com/2020/04/abdul-el-sayed-coronavirus-pandemic-health-care |archive-date=January 17, 2026 |access-date=December 11, 2025 |website=Jacobin |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rahal |first=Sarah |date=March 9, 2020 |title=El-Sayed canvasses for Sanders, talks state health in new book |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2020/03/09/el-sayed-canvasses-sanders-talks-state-health-new-book/4978872002/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419093005/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2020/03/09/el-sayed-canvasses-sanders-talks-state-health-new-book/4978872002/ |archive-date=April 19, 2020 |access-date=March 11, 2020 |website=Detroit News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cibiyoyin bayanai ===
A farkon watan Agustan 2026, El-Sayed ya soki cibiyoyin bayanai, yana cewa, &quot;Ina tsaye tare da zaɓaɓɓun jami'an gida da na jihohi suna cewa ba za mu iya amincewa da wasu daga cikin waɗannan ba har sai muna da tsaron tarayya. &quot;Ya yi kira ga tabbacin cewa aiki na cibiyoyin bayanai ba zai haifar da karuwar farashin da aka ba abokan ciniki ba.

=== Tattalin Arziki ===
El-Sayed yana goyon bayan [[jari-hujja]], yana cewa, &quot;Lokacin da ya zo ga batun kwaminisanci, ni ba ɗan kwaminisancin ba ne. Ni kawai mai jari-huadda ne wanda ya fahimci yadda jari-hugaba ke aiki&quot;.Ya ce tsara biliyoyin kudi don tallafawa ababen more rayuwa na jama'a &quot;ba irin wannan mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ba ne&quot;,  yayin da yake ba da shawara don tilasta aiwatar da dokokin adawa da mallaka mallaka da kuma kawar da raguwar harajin kamfanoni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gibbons |first=Lauren |date=March 16, 2026 |title=6 major issues in Michigan's US Senate race |url=https://bridgemi.com/michigan-government/6-major-issues-in-michigans-us-senate-race/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260718031422/https://bridgemi.com/michigan-government/6-major-issues-in-michigans-us-senate-race/ |archive-date=July 18, 2026 |access-date=July 17, 2026 |website=Bridge Michigan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2026, ya fitar da wani shiri da ke kira ga karin tsari na hankali na wucin gadi.

=== Muhalli ===
A cikin 2025, shafin yanar gizon yakin neman zabe na El-Sayed ya gano iska mai tsabta da ruwa a matsayin fifiko, kuma ya yi kira ga tilasta aiwatar da dokokin muhalli, haɗakar da Ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa da Ma'aikatan Ingancin Muhalli a cikin Ma'aikalin Muhalli guda ɗaya, da kuma cimma &quot;100% mai sabuntawa&quot; a cikin jihar nan da 2030.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kaminski |first=Kyle |date=May 5, 2025 |title=Fighting pain with policy: Abdul El-Sayed makes his case for the US Senate |url=https://gandernewsroom.com/2025/05/05/fighting-pain-with-policy-abdul-el-sayed-makes-his-case-for-the-us-senate/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505132752/https://gandernewsroom.com/2025/05/05/fighting-pain-with-policy-abdul-el-sayed-makes-his-case-for-the-us-senate/ |archive-date=May 5, 2025 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |website=The 'Gander |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Condon |first=Kathryn |date=July 18, 2018 |title=El-Sayed wants tougher environmental policies, more money for enforcement |url=https://www.michiganpublic.org/politics-government/2018-07-18/el-sayed-wants-tougher-environmental-policies-more-money-for-enforcement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260310000209/https://www.michiganpublic.org/politics-government/2018-07-18/el-sayed-wants-tougher-environmental-policies-more-money-for-enforcement |archive-date=March 10, 2026 |access-date=January 26, 2026 |website=Michigan Public |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofin kasashen waje ===
El-Sayed gabaɗaya yana adawa da taimakon soja na Amurka ga ƙasashen waje, amma ya ambaci ayyukan Amurka a lokacin mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine da Serbia a cikin shekarun 1990 a matsayin misalai na sa hannun Amurka mai fa'ida.

A cikin 2026, El-Sayed ya ce bai kamata Amurka ta ba da kuɗin sojoji na kasashen waje ba, kuma musamman ya gano Isra'ila, Masar, [[Jodan|Jordan]], da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]].

==== Isra'ila ====
El-Sayed ya soki Isra'ila game da [[Yaƙin Gaza|yaƙi]] da [[Kisan kare dangi a Gaza|kisan kare dangi]] a Gaza. Ya kuma soki tallafin soja na Amurka ga Isra'ila, Kwamitin Harkokin Jama'a na Isra'ila na Amurka (AIPAC), da Tasirin Isra'ila a siyasar Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pavlounis |first=Zachary |date=2026-07-19 |title=AIPAC has spent a record amount on Michigan's Senate primary, the biggest test of its influence yet |url=https://www.ap.org/news-highlights/elections/2026/aipac-has-spent-a-record-amount-on-michigans-senate-primary-the-biggest-test-of-its-influence-yet/ |access-date=2026-08-12 |website=The Associated Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; El-Sayed ya ce a watan Agustan 2026, &quot;Ƙaddamar da ni ga tsaron Yahudawa shine irin wannan ƙaddamar da nake da ita ga tsaron 'ya'yana mata&quot;.

A cikin kwasfan fayiloli na watan Janairu shekarar 2024, ya kira yakin da aka yi a Gaza Strip bala'in kiwon lafiyar jama'a kuma ya yi kira ga tsagaita wuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Public Health Catastrophe in Gaza |url=https://www.crooked.com/podcast/a-public-health-catastrophe-in-gaza/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418035052/https://www.crooked.com/podcast/a-public-health-catastrophe-in-gaza/ |archive-date=April 18, 2025 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |website=America Dissected |publisher=[[Crooked Media]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; El-Sayed ya kira kisan kare dangi na Gaza gwajin ɗabi'a, yana tambaya: &quot;Idan ba za ku iya kiran shi abin da yake ba, menene kisan kare kare dangi, to ta yaya za ku tsaya ga Donald Trump? Ta yaya za ku tashi ga shugabannin magunguna?&quot; 

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2026, El-Sayed ya ce a wata hira da [[CNN]]: &quot;Kisan dubban mutane ya sa ka zama mummunan mugunta. Ba yadda mugunta yake da wannan ba. Hamas: mugunta. Gwamnatin Isra'ila: mugunta&quot;. Za mu iya cewa duka biyun.A watan Yulin, ya ce, &quot;Tambayar wanzuwar Isra'ila ba tambaya ba ce. Ba zan buga wannan wasan gotcha game da ko yana da haƙƙin wanzuwa ba. Tambayar, a ƙarshe, game da ko muna son siyasa da ke girmama daidaito. &quot;

El-Sayed ya yi imanin cewa Isra'ila kasa ce kuma ya ce, &quot;Ban yi imani da kasashe ba, kuma tabbas ban yi imani da cewa kasarmu tana da alhakin kiyaye kasashe ba. &quot;Ya ce kin amincewarsa da kabilanci ba shi da alaƙa da ko wata ƙasa tana da &quot;dama ta wanzu&quot;, yana mai cewa &quot;kawai [yana jayayya] da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata ka sami kabilanci&quot; kuma yana ƙin ƙabilar Masar da Saudi Arabiya kamar yadda yake ƙin Zionism.

El-Sayed ya danganta [[Yaƙin Iran na 2026|Yaƙin Iran na shekarar 2026]] ga tasirin AIPAC a siyasar Amurka. Ya kira Isra'ila &quot;ƙasar miyagun ƙwayoyi&quot; wacce ke aikata &quot;rashin haƙƙin ɗan adam, kisan kare dangi, da wariyar launin fata&quot; kuma ya ce ya kamata Amurka ta &quot;dakatar da tallafawa takardun shaida na sojojin Isra'ila&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lapin |first=Andrew |date=July 8, 2026 |title=Haley Stevens takes aim at Netanyahu in Michigan Senate debate, as opponent Abdul El-Sayed calls Israel a 'rogue state' |url=https://www.jta.org/2026/07/08/politics/haley-stevens-takes-aim-at-netanyahu-in-michigan-senate-debate-as-opponent-abdul-el-sayed-calls-israel-a-rogue-state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260708171511/https://www.jta.org/2026/07/08/politics/haley-stevens-takes-aim-at-netanyahu-in-michigan-senate-debate-as-opponent-abdul-el-sayed-calls-israel-a-rogue-state |archive-date=July 8, 2026 |access-date=July 9, 2026 |website=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Rasha ====
A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, El-Sayed ya kira [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]] &quot;yaƙi tsakanin dimokuradiyya da mulkin mallaka, tsakanin gwamnati mai cin gashin kanta da fascism&quot;, yana Allah wadai da shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] a matsayin &quot;mai mulkin kama karya&quot;.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2025, El-Sayed ya ce taimakon soja na Amurka ga Ukraine ya bambanta da taimakon Isra'ila, kamar yadda tsohon ya dace da kungiyoyi masu yawa. A watan Satumbar 2025, ya ce taimakon soja ga [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] game da &quot;tabbatar da ka'idojin tsarin kasa da kasa bisa ga ka'idoji&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hedin |first=Glenn |date=September 26, 2025 |title=Senate candidate Abdul El-Sayed meets with UMich students |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/news/government/who-here-believes-in-people-over-profit-senate-candidate-abdul-el-sayed-meets-with-umich-students/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260714175137/https://www.michigandaily.com/news/government/who-here-believes-in-people-over-profit-senate-candidate-abdul-el-sayed-meets-with-umich-students/ |archive-date=July 14, 2026 |access-date=July 10, 2026 |website=[[The Michigan Daily]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hukumomin yankin ===
A cikin shekarar 2018, El-Sayed ya goyi bayan soke dokokin jihar Michigan waɗanda ke hana kananan hukumomi karɓar harajin tallace-tallace na birni ko aiwatar da Dokokin kula da haya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boone2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boone |first=Alastair |date=February 2, 2018 |title=What Really Ails Detroit? |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-02/abdul-el-sayed-on-what-ails-detroit-and-michigan |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=Bloomberg News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dayen |first=David |author-link=David Dayen |date=January 29, 2018 |title=Meet the Candidate Running to Fix Michigan's Brutal Housing Policies |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/meet-the-candidate-running-to-fix-michigans-brutal-housing-policies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260508145715/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/meet-the-candidate-running-to-fix-michigans-brutal-housing-policies/ |archive-date=May 8, 2026 |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=The Nation |language=en-US |quote=Abdul El-Sayed would be the first Muslim-American governor in US history.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shige da Fice da Dokar Kwastam (ICE) ===
El-Sayed yana goyon bayan soke ICE, yana jayayya cewa ba ya aiki a matsayin hukuma mai tilasta bin doka. Duk da yake ya nuna goyon baya ga tabbatar da iyakar Mexico da Amurka da kuma &quot;wasu nau'ikan&quot; tilasta bin doka ta kan iyaka, ya kira ICE &quot;ya lalace a jikinta&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kashinsky et al. 2026&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Godfrey |first=Elaine |date=January 18, 2026 |title=&quot;Abolish ICE&quot; Is Back |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/2026/01/abolish-ice-democrats-defund-police/685665/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 21, 2026 |website=The Atlantic |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗin kai ===
El-Sayed yana goyon bayan ƙungiyar kwadago, tun da yake ya kasance memba na SEIU, AFT, UAW, da Ƙungiyar Marubutan Kasa. Ya ce fadada ƙungiyar ya zama dole don kare &quot;girman ma'[[Kirkirar Basira|AI]]&quot; don mayar da martani ga ci gaban AI. Ya nuna goyon baya ga Dokar Kare Hakkin Shirya tare da kokarin hada-hadar tsakanin sauran sana'o'i, kamar likitoci. UAW ta amince da kamfen dinsa a watan Yunin 2026, tare da kamfen ɗin gwamna na Jocelyn Benson.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
An haifi El-Sayed kuma ya girma a Kudu maso gabashin Michigan, kuma yana zaune a Ann Arbor tare da matarsa, Sarah Jukaku, da 'ya'yansu mata biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet Abdul |url=https://abdulforsenate.com/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601163132/https://abdulforsenate.com/about/ |archive-date=June 1, 2025 |access-date=June 1, 2025 |website=Abdul for Senate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi Musulmi ne.

== Bayanan littattafai ==

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{{S-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for [[List of United States senators from Michigan|U.S. Senator]] from [[Michigan]]&lt;br&gt;([[Classes of United States senators|Class 2]])}}
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'''Abdulrahman Mohamed El-Sayed''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekarar, 1984), masanin ilimin cututtukan Amurka ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda shine dan takarar Democrat a zaben Majalisar Dattijan Amurka na shekarar 2026 a Michigan. Wani ɗan takara ne na jam'iyyar Democrat, El-Sayed ya kasance dan takara a Zaben gwamna na Michigan na 2018, ya kasance na biyu ga Gretchen Whitmer a zaɓen fidda gwani na Democrat.

El-Sayed ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Wayne County, Ayyukan Dan Adam da Tsohon Sojoji daga shekarar 2023 zuwa 2025. Daga 2015 zuwa 2017, ya kasance babban darakta na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Detroit, inda ya kula da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na jama'a a lokacin da birnin ya farfado daga fatarar kuɗi. Ya kammala karatu a Jami'ar Michigan kuma Rhodes Scholar a Kwalejin Oriel, Oxford, El-Sayed yana da Dokta na Medicine daga Jami'ar Columbia, inda ya kasance mataimakin farfesa na ilmin annoba. Shi ne marubuci ko co- marubucin littattafai uku da kuma fiye da 100 da aka sake dubawa a kan lafiyar jama'a, siyasa, da manufofi.

== Rayuwa ta farko, iyali da ilimi ==
An haifi Abdulrahman Mohamed El-Sayed a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekarar, 1984, a Rochester Hills, Michigan, ga iyayen baƙi na Masar.{{Efn|In this Arabic-American name, Abdulrahman is his given name, Mohamed is his patronymic middle name, and El-Sayed (also spelled Elsayed, Alsayed, and Al-Sayed) is his surname.{{citation needed|date=August 2026}}}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Helms 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Helms |first=Matt |date=November 24, 2015 |title=Detroit's new public health director aims to innovate |url=http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2015/11/24/detroits-new-public-health-director-aims-innovate/76015628/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812093932/http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2015/11/24/detroits-new-public-health-director-aims-innovate/76015628/ |archive-date=August 12, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=Detroit Free Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa, Mohamed El-Sayed, ya girma ne a Alexandria, Misira, kuma ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka don neman karatun digiri a Jami'ar Jihar Wayne   Mahaifiyarsa, Fatten El-Komy, likita ce a [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdul El-Sayed Wants to 'Throw Some Righteous Punches' |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/abdul-el-sayed-michigan-senate-primary/tnamp/ |access-date=August 6, 2026 |website=[[The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harvard |first=Sarah |date=March 3, 2017 |title=Abdul El-Sayed, a doctor from Detroit, could be America's first Muslim governor |url=https://www.arabamerica.com/abdul-el-sayed-doctor-detroit-americas-first-muslim-governor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207162056/https://www.arabamerica.com/abdul-el-sayed-doctor-detroit-americas-first-muslim-governor/ |archive-date=February 7, 2026 |access-date=June 7, 2026 |website=Arab America}}&lt;/ref&gt; El-Sayed ya girma ne a yankin Detroit ta wurin mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarsa, Jacqueline Johnson, 'yar asalin Gratiot County, Michigan. Mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarsa [[injiniyoyi]] ne.

El-Sayed ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Bloomfield Hills Andover a shekara ta 2003, inda ya kasance dan wasa uku kuma kyaftin din kungiyoyin kokawa, kwallon kafa, da lacrosse. Daga nan ya halarci Jami'ar Michigan, inda ya yi karatu a fannin ilmin halitta da kimiyyar siyasa kuma ya taka leda a kungiyar lacrosse ta maza.&lt;ref name=&quot;University of Michigan News 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 26, 2008 |title=U-M dual MD/PhD student named Rhodes Scholar |url=http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/6858 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829031751/http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/6858 |archive-date=August 29, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=University of Michigan News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala karatun Phi Beta Kappa tare da mafi girman bambanci a shekarar 2007 tare da digiri na farko kuma ya gabatar da jawabin farawa na wannan shekarar.&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2016 |title=Abdulrahman El-Sayed Commencement Speech |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuKdMYh7Xxo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519211442/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuKdMYh7Xxo&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |archive-date=May 19, 2018 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsohon shugaban Amurka [[Bill Clinton]], wanda jawabinsa na farko ya biyo bayan El-Sayed, ya ce, &quot;Ba na so in kunyata babban mai magana da yawunku, amma ina fatan kowane mutum a duniya wanda ya yi imanin cewa an ƙaddara mu sami rikici na wayewa, kuma ba zai iya kaiwa ga rabuwa ta addini ba, na iya jin ku magana a yau&quot; A cewar El-Sayed, Clinton ta kusance shi bayan bikin kuma ta ƙarfafa shi ya yi la'akari da aikin gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

El-Sayed ya sami cikakken tallafin karatu don halartar Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Michigan, inda ya kammala shekaru biyu na farko na haɗin MD / Ph.D. shirin &lt;ref name=&quot;Haidostian 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Haidostian |first=Lisa |date=November 23, 2008 |title=First 'U' student since 2004 wins Rhodes Scholarship |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/content/2008-11-24/u-student-wins-prestigous-rhodes-scholarship |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725003057/https://www.michigandaily.com/content/2008-11-24/u-student-wins-prestigous-rhodes-scholarship |archive-date=July 25, 2018 |access-date=August 8, 2018 |website=[[The Michigan Daily]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma da farko an yi la'akari da zama Likitan kwakwalwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Serwach |first=Joe |date=November 24, 2008 |title=U-M dual MD/PhD student named Rhodes Scholar |url=https://record.umich.edu/articles/u-m-dual-md-phd-student-named-rhodes-scholar/ |access-date=August 6, 2026 |website=The University Record |publisher=University of Michigan}}&lt;/ref&gt; A can ya jagoranci aikin likita na dalibai zuwa [[Peru]] kuma ya kafa kungiyar dalibai wacce ta tara kudi da kuma daidaita sabis na al'umma don asibitin kyauta na gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Daga baya ya nemi Rhodes Scholarship, ya rubuta a cikin aikace-aikacensa, &quot;Addinin na yana koyar da cewa idan mutum ya ceci rai, ta ceci dukkan bil'adama,&quot; yayin da yake ba da labarin tattaunawar yaro tare da mahaifinsa game da muhimmancin ceton rayuka yayin da yake koya wa wasu yin hakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-08-13 |title=Abdul El-Sayed |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abdul-El-Sayed |access-date=2026-08-15 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinsa na dalibi na likita na shekara ta biyu, El-Sayed ya sami tallafin Rhodes don halartar Kwalejin Oriel, Oxford, inda ya kammala Dokta na Falsafa a cikin lafiyar jama'a a 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdul El-Sayed |url=http://www.rhodesscholarshiptrust.com/about/rhodes-scholars/class-of-2009/abdul-el-sayed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819121313/http://www.rhodesscholarshiptrust.com/about/rhodes-scholars/class-of-2009/abdul-el-sayed |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=rhodesscholarshiptrust.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=El-Sayed |first=Abdulrahman M. |date=January 1, 2011 |title=Inequalities in obesity in England: an agent-based systems approach |url=http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.556476 |journal=Bl.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818072904/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.556476 |archive-date=August 18, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Oxford, ya sami cikakken shuɗi a matsayin kyaftin din ƙungiyar lacrosse ta maza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hermani |first=Jordyn |date=2026-08-05 |title=Who is Abdul El-Sayed? What to know about Michigan Democrats US Senate winner |url=https://bridgemi.com/michigan-government/who-is-abdul-el-sayed-what-to-know-about-michigan-democrats-us-senate-winner/ |access-date=2026-08-17 |website=Bridge Michigan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2014, ya kammala digiri na Doctor of Medicine a Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitoci ta Jami'ar Columbia, wanda Paul da Daisy Soros Fellowship suka goyi bayan Sabon Amurkawa da Shirin Horar da Masanin Kimiyya na Likita.&lt;ref name=&quot;fellow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet the Fellows |url=https://www.pdsoros.org/meet-the-fellows/abdul-elsayed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820182539/https://www.pdsoros.org/meet-the-fellows/abdul-elsayed |archive-date=August 20, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=pdsoros.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 13, 2015 |title=Alumni Directory |url=http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/mdphd/profiles/alumni/profile/abdulrahmanel-sayed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622061909/http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/mdphd/profiles/alumni/profile/abdulrahmanel-sayed |archive-date=June 22, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=columbia.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa na ilmin annoba a Columbia. El-Sayed bai bi horo na zama ba sabili da haka bai sami lasisi don yin aikin likita ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2026 |title=Michigan Senate hopeful El-Sayed calls himself a 'physician' but has little history treating patients |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2026/05/12/abdul-el-sayed-doctor-physician-00916389 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |website=Politico}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka a cikin lafiyar jama'a ==
El-Sayed shine marubucin labaran ilimi sama da 100, abstracts, da surori na littafi kan manufofin kiwon lafiya na jama'a, ilmin annoba na zamantakewa, da [[Daidaitaccen lafiya|bambancin kiwon lafiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;google.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdul El-Sayed - Google Scholar Citations |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=0RxsP2cAAAAJ&amp;hl=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005194959/https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=0RxsP2cAAAAJ&amp;hl=en |archive-date=October 5, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Farfesa na kiwon lafiyar jama'a ===
A cikin shekara ta 2014, El-Sayed ya shiga bangaren koyarwa a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Jami'ar Columbia a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a sashen ilmin annoba. Ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Shirin Kimiyya na Tsarin Columbia da Nazarin Bincike na Duniya don Lafiya ta Jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;statnews.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nather |first=David |date=May 3, 2016 |title=A native son brings Detroit's health department back to life |url=https://www.statnews.com/2016/05/03/detroit-health-director/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819093636/https://www.statnews.com/2016/05/03/detroit-health-director/ |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=[[Stat (website)|Stat]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa na bincike, ciki har da kasancewa daya daga cikin masu gabatar da manufofi na Majalisar Carnegie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdulrahman M. El Sayed |url=http://www.policyinnovations.org/innovators/people/data/Abdulrahman_M_El_Sayed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804003642/http://www.policyinnovations.org/innovators/people/data/Abdulrahman_M_El_Sayed |archive-date=August 4, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=Policy Innovations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kirkiro kuma ya koyar da darasi na farko na Makarantar Mailman kan kimiyyar tsarin da lafiyar jama'a. Shi da [[Sandro Galea]] sun hada kai da shirya wani littafi a kan batun Systems Science and Population Health, wanda Oxford University Press ta buga a shekarar 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 1, 2017 |title=Systems Science and Population Health |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/systems-science-and-population-health-9780190492397?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp; |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901113605/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/systems-science-and-population-health-9780190492397?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp; |archive-date=September 1, 2018 |access-date=August 8, 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Daraktan Lafiya na Detroit ===
A watan Agusta shekarar 2015, Magajin garin Mike Duggan ya nada El-Sayed Jami'in Lafiya da Babban Darakta na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Detroit, wanda ya sanya shi, yana da shekaru 30, ƙaramin jami'in kiwon lafiya a babban birni na Amurka a lokacin. A wannan rawar, an tuhume shi da sake gina Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Detroit bayan da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na gwamnati bayan Birnin ya fadi a shekarar 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;statnews.com&quot; /&gt;

A cikin shekara ta farko a matsayin darektan ya jagoranci kokarin adawa da karuwar hayakin sulfur dioxide ta hanyar Marathon Petroleum's Southwest Refinery, wanda ya haifar da raguwar hayakin gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;freep.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=El-Sayed |first=Abdul |date=January 6, 2016 |title=Detroit health chief: Don't let Marathon up pollutants |url=http://www.freep.com/story/opinion/contributors/2016/01/06/marathon-refinery-detroit/78350138/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827211846/http://www.freep.com/story/opinion/contributors/2016/01/06/marathon-refinery-detroit/78350138/ |archive-date=August 27, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=Detroit Free Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma jagoranci kokarin gwada makarantun Detroit don jagora a yayin Rikicin ruwa na Flint, samar da tabarau kyauta ga yara a makarantun birnin Detroit, da kuma canza sashen kula da dabbobi na gari.&lt;ref name=&quot;DetNews20160405&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Candice |date=April 5, 2016 |title=DPS testing for lead, copper in drinking water |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2016/04/05/detroit-schools-dps-lead-copper-testing/82679668/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612134440/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2016/04/05/detroit-schools-dps-lead-copper-testing/82679668/ |archive-date=June 12, 2019 |access-date=September 1, 2018 |website=The Detroit News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DetNews20160215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ferretti |first=Christine |date=February 15, 2016 |title=Detroit official goes to bat for public health |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2016/02/15/detroit-official-goes-bat-public-health/80435310/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214155446/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2016/02/15/detroit-official-goes-bat-public-health/80435310/ |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |access-date=September 1, 2018 |website=The Detroit News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MLive20161207&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Logan T. |date=December 7, 2016 |title=Detroit animal control gets new digs with doubled budget after years of poor conditions |url=https://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2016/12/detroit_animal_care_control_ho.html |access-date=September 1, 2018 |website=MLive |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An nada El-Sayed a cikin Kwamitin Kashe Yara na Gwamnan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Snyder - Gov. Rick Snyder appoints members to new Child Lead Poisoning Elimination Board |url=http://www.michigan.gov/snyder/0,4668,7-277-57577_57657_59871-386566--,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628080003/http://www.michigan.gov/snyder/0,4668,7-277-57577_57657_59871-386566--,00.html |archive-date=June 28, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=michigan.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma yi aiki a Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Lafiya ta Jihar Michigan da Kwamitin Ba da Shaware ga Sakataren Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam na Amurka don [[Shirin Mutane Masu Lafiya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Snyder - Gov. Rick Snyder makes appointments to the Public Health Advisory Commission |url=http://www.michigan.gov/snyder/0,4668,7-277--397638--,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084911/http://www.michigan.gov/snyder/0,4668,7-277--397638--,00.html |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |access-date=December 8, 2016 |website=Michigan.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Committee Members {{!}} Healthy People 2020 |url=https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/history-development/healthy-people-2030-advisory-committee/committee-members |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220092216/https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/history-development/healthy-people-2030-advisory-committee/committee-members |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |access-date=December 8, 2016 |website=Healthypeople.gov |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2016, an kira El-Sayed daya daga cikin Crain's Detroit's &quot;40 under 40&quot; da kuma Michigan League of Conservation Voters' &quot;Public Official of the Year&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Leslie |date=October 7, 2016 |title=Abdul El-Sayed, 31 |url=http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20161007/AWARDS4016/161009939/abdul-el-sayed-31 |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=Crain's Detroit Business |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fourth Annual Innovation in Conservation Gala - Michigan League of Conservation Voters |url=http://michiganlcv.org/event/fourth-annual-innovation-in-conservation-gala/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223135410/https://michiganlcv.org/event/fourth-annual-innovation-in-conservation-gala/ |archive-date=February 23, 2023 |access-date=August 8, 2018 |website=Michigan League of Conservation Voters |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarar 2017, Jami'ar Michigan ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Bicentennial Alumni . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Broekhuizen |first=Kim |date=March 27, 2017 |title=Spring Commencement will include unique bicentennial elements |url=https://record.umich.edu/articles/spring-commencement-will-include-unique-bicentennial-elements |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202015637/https://record.umich.edu/articles/spring-commencement-will-include-unique-bicentennial-elements |archive-date=December 2, 2017 |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=The University Record |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekara ta 2019, El-Sayed ta dauki bakuncin America Dissected tare da Dokta Abdul El-Sayer, wani kwasfan fayiloli game da siyasa da lafiyar jama'a wanda Crooked Media ta samar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=September 23, 2019 |title='Pod Save America' Producer Crooked Media To Launch Narrative Podcast About Healthcare With Dr. Abdul El-Sayed |url=https://deadline.com/2019/09/pod-save-america-producer-crooked-media-to-launch-narrative-podcast-about-healthcare-dr-abdul-el-sayed-1202742106/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028153626/https://deadline.com/2019/09/pod-save-america-producer-crooked-media-to-launch-narrative-podcast-about-healthcare-dr-abdul-el-sayed-1202742106/ |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |access-date=March 11, 2020 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Daraktan Lafiya na Wayne County (2023-2025) ===
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, an nada El-Sayed darektan Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Dan Adam, da Ayyukan Tsohon Sojoji ta Wayne County.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Strauss |first=Daniel |date=August 4, 2018 |title=Ocasio-Cortez and Sanders work to elect first Muslim governor |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/08/04/michigan-governor-el-sayed-ocasio-cortez-sanders-democrats-762409 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505043007/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/08/04/michigan-governor-el-sayed-ocasio-cortez-sanders-democrats-762409 |archive-date=May 5, 2025 |access-date=October 7, 2025 |website=Politico |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ɗauki matsayin a watan Maris na shekara ta 2023 kuma ya yi murabus a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ikonomova |first=Violet |date=April 1, 2025 |title=El-Sayed leaving Wayne County health department as he eyes U.S. Senate bid |url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2025/04/01/abdul-el-sayed-wayne-county-health-department-senate-bid/82758673007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260421191707/https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2025/04/01/abdul-el-sayed-wayne-county-health-department-senate-bid/82758673007/ |archive-date=April 21, 2026 |access-date=January 26, 2026 |website=Detroit Free Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓe na 2018 ===
 
A ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar, 2017, jaridar Detroit News ta ruwaito cewa El-Sayed zai yi murabus a matsayin darektan kiwon lafiya don tsayawa takarar gwamna na Michigan a zaben fidda gwani na Jam'iyyar Democrat na shekarar 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;DNresign&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ferretti |first=Christine |date=February 9, 2017 |title=Detroit health director set to make bid for governor |url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2017/02/09/detroit-health-director-make-bid-governor/97690634/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324053507/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2017/02/09/detroit-health-director-make-bid-governor/97690634/ |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=The Detroit News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sanar da takararsa a hukumance a ranar 25 ga yFabrairu shekarar, 2017. El-Sayed ya yi wahayi zuwa ga ya tsaya takarar gwamna bayan Rikicin ruwa na Flint, yana cewa: &quot;Na kalli yadda Gwamna Snyder da tawagarsa na masu lissafi ke rage farashi da yanke kusurwoyi. Rashin kulawarsu ga al'ummomi ya sa dubban yara guba - kuma waɗancan yara ne kawai na yi aiki a matsayin shugabancin sashen kiwon lafiya. ... Kuma wannan wani abu ne da ban yi imani da shi ba. Na yi imani da gwamnati a matsayin wani abu da muke yi a wannan ƙasar ga mutane da mutane. &quot;
[[Fayil:Header-logo.svg|thumb|Alamar kamfen din El-Sayed a cikin 2018]]
El-Sayed ya yi alkawarin ba zai karɓi gudummawar kamfen daga kamfanoni ba, kuma ya tara sama da dala miliyan 5 daga gudummawar mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Egan |first=Paul |date=July 27, 2018 |title=Spending in Michigan's gubernatorial primary is at a record pace |url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2018/07/27/spending-michigans-gubernatorial-primary-record-pace/848913002/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704083756/https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2018/07/27/spending-michigans-gubernatorial-primary-record-pace/848913002/ |archive-date=July 4, 2019 |access-date=September 27, 2018 |website=Detroit Free Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanata na Amurka Bernie Sanders, dan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], da kuma mai shirya Maris na Mata na shekarar 2017 Linda Sarsour sun goyi bayan El-Sayed. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marans |first=Daniel |date=July 25, 2018 |title=Bernie Sanders Endorses Democrat Abdul El-Sayed In Michigan Governor's Race |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-endorses-abdul-el-sayed-michigan-governor_us_5b58f52ee4b0de86f4930c09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213211513/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-endorses-abdul-el-sayed-michigan-governor_us_5b58f52ee4b0de86f4930c09 |archive-date=February 13, 2019 |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=HuffPost |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Farkas |first=Remy |date=December 17, 2017 |title=Abdul El-Sayed hosts townhall with Women's March founder |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/section/government/abdul-el-sayed-hosts-townhall-women%E2%80%99s-march-leader-and-people-bernie-sanders%E2%80%99 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106195013/https://www.michigandaily.com/section/government/abdul-el-sayed-hosts-townhall-women%E2%80%99s-march-leader-and-people-bernie-sanders%E2%80%99 |archive-date=January 6, 2018 |access-date=January 16, 2018 |website=Michigan Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, kungiyar Justice Democrats da mujallar The Nation sun amince da shi. A zaben fidda gwani na 7 ga watan Agusta, ya samu kuri'u 340,560, ko kuma kusan kashi 30% na kuri'un, ya sha kashi a hannun Gretchen Whitmer.

A watan Satumbar shekarar 2018, El-Sayed ya kafa Southpaw Michigan, kwamitin siyasa, don taimakawa zabar 'yan takara masu ci gaba da tallafawa shirye-shiryen zabe a Michigan. A cikin shekarar 2020, ya yi aiki a cikin [[Joe Biden]]-Bernie Sanders Unity Task Force a kan [[Kula da lafiya a Amurka|kiwon lafiya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nagle |first=Molly |last2=Verhovek |first2=John |date=May 13, 2020 |title=Biden, Sanders announce AOC, Kerry, Jayapal as co-chairs of unity task forces |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-sanders-announce-aoc-kerry-jayapal-chairs-unity/story?id=70654480 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429234402/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-sanders-announce-aoc-kerry-jayapal-chairs-unity/story?id=70654480 |archive-date=April 29, 2025 |access-date=January 26, 2026 |website=ABC News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Majalisar Dattijai na 2026 ===
[[Fayil:Abdul_El-Sayed_meet-and-greet_by_Conlan_Houston_1.jpg|thumb|El-Sayed a wani taron kamfen a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Michigan a shekarar 2025]]
A ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu shekarar, 2025, El-Sayed ya sanar da takararsa don zaben Democrat a zaben Majalisar Dattijan Amurka na 2026 a Michigan bayan mai mulki Gary Peters ya sanar da cewa ba zai sake tsayawa takarar sake zaben ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;El-Sayed Launch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wu |first=Nicholas |title=Abdul El-Sayed launches Michigan Senate campaign |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/04/17/abdul-el-sayed-michigan-senate-campaign-00293627 |access-date=July 22, 2026 |website=Politico}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hermani 2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hermani |first=Jordyn |date=April 11, 2025 |title=Abdul El-Sayed on US Senate run: &quot;If you want a fighter, I've got receipts&quot; |url=https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-government/abdul-el-sayed-us-senate-run-if-you-want-fighter-ive-got-receipts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417104627/https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-government/abdul-el-sayed-us-senate-run-if-you-want-fighter-ive-got-receipts |archive-date=April 17, 2025 |access-date=April 17, 2025 |website=Bridge Michigan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2026, El-Sayed ya gudanar da abubuwan kamfen a makarantun jami'o'i da yawa a Michigan tare da wakilin Amurka Summer Lee da kuma dan siyasa Hasan Piker .  Haɗin Piker da yakin ya zama batun jayayya a cikin Jam'iyyar Democrat game da maganganunsa da suka gabata game da [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]], [[Hamas]], da [[Isra'ila]]. El-Sayed ya kare yakin neman zabe tare da Piker a matsayin ƙoƙari na shiga tare da masu sauraronsa, ya kara da cewa bai yarda da duk abin da Piker ya ce ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cappelletti&quot; /&gt;

Bayan Mallory McMorrow ya janye daga zaben fidda gwani na Democrat a watan Yuli, kafofin watsa labarai sun kira tseren zabi tsakanin bangaren jam'iyyar mai matsakaici, wanda Haley Stevens ke wakilta, da bangaren ci gaba, wanda El-Sayed ke wakilta.

Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Associated Press ya kira tseren ga El-Sayed a safiyar ranar 5 ga watan Agusta. Ya shirya don fuskantar dan takarar Republican Mike Rogers a cikin babban zaben.

Idan aka zabe shi, El-Sayed zai zama Musulmi na farko &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2026 |title=Left-wing political outsider Abdul El-Sayed wins Democratic Senate primary in Michigan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckgdkpz07kvo |access-date=August 15, 2026 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Ba'amurke na farko da aka zaba don aiki a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 6, 2026 |title=Egyptian-American Dr. Abdul El-Sayed Just Won Michigan's Senate Primary... And Could Make History This November! |url=https://lovin.co/cairo/en/news/egyptian-american-dr-abdul-el-sayed-just-won-michigans-senate-primary-and-could-make-history-this-november/ |access-date=August 15, 2026 |website=lovin.co |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

AIPAC ta kashe sama da dala miliyan 10 don tallafawa abokin hamayyar El-Sayed, Haley Stevens. American Priorities PAC, mai goyon bayan Palasdinawa Super PAC da aka kafa don magance AIPAC, ya ce zai goyi bayan El-Sayed. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Finley |first=Nolan |title=El-Sayed has a two-faced stance on PAC dollars {{!}} Finley |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/opinion/columnists/nolan-finley/2026/07/18/el-sayed-pac-dollars-hamas-muslim-brotherhood-israel-palestinians/90942801007/ |access-date=2026-08-15 |website=The Detroit News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Surukin El-Sayed, Jukaku Tayeb, shugaban Ƙungiyar Musulunci ta Arewacin Amurka ya ba da gudummawar $ 200,000 ga wani kwamitin mai zaman kansa, Fighting for Michigan PAC, wanda kuma aka kafa don tallafawa yakin El-Sayad.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goodman |first=Alana |date=2026-07-14 |title=Abdul El-Sayed's Father-in-Law, a Top Donor to an El-Sayed Super PAC, Is Among Top Leaders of Muslim Brotherhood Organization Linked to Terror Funding |url=https://freebeacon.com/democrats/abdul-el-sayeds-father-in-law-a-top-donor-to-an-el-sayed-super-pac-is-among-top-leaders-of-muslim-brotherhood-organization-linked-to-terror-funding/ |access-date=2026-08-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-06-11 |title=Outside money is flooding Michigan's Senate primary as the candidates campaign against it |url=https://www.wlns.com/your-local-election-hq/dark-money-impact-michigan-primary/ |website=WLNS }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayi na siyasa ==
El-Sayed dan jam'iyyar Democrat ne mai ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kashinsky et al. 2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kashinsky |first=Lisa |last2=Wu |first2=Nicholas |last3=Kapos |first3=Shia |last4=Fernandez |first4=Madison |last5=Howard |first5=Andrew |date=January 18, 2026 |title=ICE jumps to center of midterm campaigns |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2026/01/18/minnesota-ice-midterm-campaigns-00735146 |access-date=January 21, 2026 |website=Politico |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana goyon bayan Medicare for All kuma ya rubuta littafi a kan batun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michels |first=Jonathan |date=February 3, 2026 |title=Single-Payer Champion Abdul El-Sayed Is Running for Senate |url=https://jacobin.com/2026/02/michigan-senate-el-sayed-ice |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260211070228/https://jacobin.com/2026/02/michigan-senate-el-sayed-ice |archive-date=February 11, 2026 |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=Jacobin |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi rantsuwa cewa ba zai karɓi gudummawar PAC ba, yana karɓar gudummawa daga mutane kawai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mordowanec |first=Nick |date=July 8, 2025 |title=Abdul El-Sayed rakes in over $24K per day while swearing off PAC money |url=https://www.newsweek.com/michigan-senate-race-election-abdul-el-sayed-fundraising-2096219 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709094139/https://www.newsweek.com/michigan-senate-race-election-abdul-el-sayed-fundraising-2096219 |archive-date=July 9, 2025 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |website=Newsweek |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai maye gurbin yakin neman zabe na kasa don yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Bernie Sanders na 2020, yana magana a madadin Sanders a abubuwan da suka faru da kuma kafofin watsa labarai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Monica |date=May 4, 2020 |title=13 Michigan books to get you through the stay-at-home order |url=https://bridgemi.com/quality-life/13-michigan-books-get-you-through-stay-home-order |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106075416/https://bridgemi.com/quality-life/13-michigan-books-get-you-through-stay-home-order/ |archive-date=January 6, 2026 |access-date=December 11, 2025 |website=Bridge Michigan |publisher=Center for Michigan}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shure |first=Natalie |date=April 2, 2020 |title=Abdul El-Sayed: &quot;We Need to Remember This Is About People, Not Numbers or a Curve&quot; |url=https://jacobin.com/2020/04/abdul-el-sayed-coronavirus-pandemic-health-care |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117074406/https://jacobin.com/2020/04/abdul-el-sayed-coronavirus-pandemic-health-care |archive-date=January 17, 2026 |access-date=December 11, 2025 |website=Jacobin |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rahal |first=Sarah |date=March 9, 2020 |title=El-Sayed canvasses for Sanders, talks state health in new book |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2020/03/09/el-sayed-canvasses-sanders-talks-state-health-new-book/4978872002/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419093005/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2020/03/09/el-sayed-canvasses-sanders-talks-state-health-new-book/4978872002/ |archive-date=April 19, 2020 |access-date=March 11, 2020 |website=Detroit News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cibiyoyin bayanai ===
A farkon watan Agustan 2026, El-Sayed ya soki cibiyoyin bayanai, yana cewa, &quot;Ina tsaye tare da zaɓaɓɓun jami'an gida da na jihohi suna cewa ba za mu iya amincewa da wasu daga cikin waɗannan ba har sai muna da tsaron tarayya. &quot;Ya yi kira ga tabbacin cewa aiki na cibiyoyin bayanai ba zai haifar da karuwar farashin da aka ba abokan ciniki ba.

=== Tattalin Arziki ===
El-Sayed yana goyon bayan [[jari-hujja]], yana cewa, &quot;Lokacin da ya zo ga batun kwaminisanci, ni ba ɗan kwaminisancin ba ne. Ni kawai mai jari-huadda ne wanda ya fahimci yadda jari-hugaba ke aiki&quot;.Ya ce tsara biliyoyin kudi don tallafawa ababen more rayuwa na jama'a &quot;ba irin wannan mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ba ne&quot;,  yayin da yake ba da shawara don tilasta aiwatar da dokokin adawa da mallaka mallaka da kuma kawar da raguwar harajin kamfanoni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gibbons |first=Lauren |date=March 16, 2026 |title=6 major issues in Michigan's US Senate race |url=https://bridgemi.com/michigan-government/6-major-issues-in-michigans-us-senate-race/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260718031422/https://bridgemi.com/michigan-government/6-major-issues-in-michigans-us-senate-race/ |archive-date=July 18, 2026 |access-date=July 17, 2026 |website=Bridge Michigan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2026, ya fitar da wani shiri da ke kira ga karin tsari na hankali na wucin gadi.

=== Muhalli ===
A cikin 2025, shafin yanar gizon yakin neman zabe na El-Sayed ya gano iska mai tsabta da ruwa a matsayin fifiko, kuma ya yi kira ga tilasta aiwatar da dokokin muhalli, haɗakar da Ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa da Ma'aikatan Ingancin Muhalli a cikin Ma'aikalin Muhalli guda ɗaya, da kuma cimma &quot;100% mai sabuntawa&quot; a cikin jihar nan da 2030.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kaminski |first=Kyle |date=May 5, 2025 |title=Fighting pain with policy: Abdul El-Sayed makes his case for the US Senate |url=https://gandernewsroom.com/2025/05/05/fighting-pain-with-policy-abdul-el-sayed-makes-his-case-for-the-us-senate/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505132752/https://gandernewsroom.com/2025/05/05/fighting-pain-with-policy-abdul-el-sayed-makes-his-case-for-the-us-senate/ |archive-date=May 5, 2025 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |website=The 'Gander |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Condon |first=Kathryn |date=July 18, 2018 |title=El-Sayed wants tougher environmental policies, more money for enforcement |url=https://www.michiganpublic.org/politics-government/2018-07-18/el-sayed-wants-tougher-environmental-policies-more-money-for-enforcement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260310000209/https://www.michiganpublic.org/politics-government/2018-07-18/el-sayed-wants-tougher-environmental-policies-more-money-for-enforcement |archive-date=March 10, 2026 |access-date=January 26, 2026 |website=Michigan Public |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofin kasashen waje ===
El-Sayed gabaɗaya yana adawa da taimakon soja na Amurka ga ƙasashen waje, amma ya ambaci ayyukan Amurka a lokacin mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine da Serbia a cikin shekarun 1990 a matsayin misalai na sa hannun Amurka mai fa'ida.

A cikin 2026, El-Sayed ya ce bai kamata Amurka ta ba da kuɗin sojoji na kasashen waje ba, kuma musamman ya gano Isra'ila, Masar, [[Jodan|Jordan]], da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]].

==== Isra'ila ====
El-Sayed ya soki Isra'ila game da [[Yaƙin Gaza|yaƙi]] da [[Kisan kare dangi a Gaza|kisan kare dangi]] a Gaza. Ya kuma soki tallafin soja na Amurka ga Isra'ila, Kwamitin Harkokin Jama'a na Isra'ila na Amurka (AIPAC), da Tasirin Isra'ila a siyasar Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pavlounis |first=Zachary |date=2026-07-19 |title=AIPAC has spent a record amount on Michigan's Senate primary, the biggest test of its influence yet |url=https://www.ap.org/news-highlights/elections/2026/aipac-has-spent-a-record-amount-on-michigans-senate-primary-the-biggest-test-of-its-influence-yet/ |access-date=2026-08-12 |website=The Associated Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; El-Sayed ya ce a watan Agustan 2026, &quot;Ƙaddamar da ni ga tsaron Yahudawa shine irin wannan ƙaddamar da nake da ita ga tsaron 'ya'yana mata&quot;.

A cikin kwasfan fayiloli na watan Janairu shekarar 2024, ya kira yakin da aka yi a Gaza Strip bala'in kiwon lafiyar jama'a kuma ya yi kira ga tsagaita wuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Public Health Catastrophe in Gaza |url=https://www.crooked.com/podcast/a-public-health-catastrophe-in-gaza/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418035052/https://www.crooked.com/podcast/a-public-health-catastrophe-in-gaza/ |archive-date=April 18, 2025 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |website=America Dissected |publisher=[[Crooked Media]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; El-Sayed ya kira kisan kare dangi na Gaza gwajin ɗabi'a, yana tambaya: &quot;Idan ba za ku iya kiran shi abin da yake ba, menene kisan kare kare dangi, to ta yaya za ku tsaya ga Donald Trump? Ta yaya za ku tashi ga shugabannin magunguna?&quot; 

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2026, El-Sayed ya ce a wata hira da [[CNN]]: &quot;Kisan dubban mutane ya sa ka zama mummunan mugunta. Ba yadda mugunta yake da wannan ba. Hamas: mugunta. Gwamnatin Isra'ila: mugunta&quot;. Za mu iya cewa duka biyun.A watan Yulin, ya ce, &quot;Tambayar wanzuwar Isra'ila ba tambaya ba ce. Ba zan buga wannan wasan gotcha game da ko yana da haƙƙin wanzuwa ba. Tambayar, a ƙarshe, game da ko muna son siyasa da ke girmama daidaito. &quot;

El-Sayed ya yi imanin cewa Isra'ila kasa ce kuma ya ce, &quot;Ban yi imani da kasashe ba, kuma tabbas ban yi imani da cewa kasarmu tana da alhakin kiyaye kasashe ba. &quot;Ya ce kin amincewarsa da kabilanci ba shi da alaƙa da ko wata ƙasa tana da &quot;dama ta wanzu&quot;, yana mai cewa &quot;kawai [yana jayayya] da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata ka sami kabilanci&quot; kuma yana ƙin ƙabilar Masar da Saudi Arabiya kamar yadda yake ƙin Zionism.

El-Sayed ya danganta [[Yaƙin Iran na 2026|Yaƙin Iran na shekarar 2026]] ga tasirin AIPAC a siyasar Amurka. Ya kira Isra'ila &quot;ƙasar miyagun ƙwayoyi&quot; wacce ke aikata &quot;rashin haƙƙin ɗan adam, kisan kare dangi, da wariyar launin fata&quot; kuma ya ce ya kamata Amurka ta &quot;dakatar da tallafawa takardun shaida na sojojin Isra'ila&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lapin |first=Andrew |date=July 8, 2026 |title=Haley Stevens takes aim at Netanyahu in Michigan Senate debate, as opponent Abdul El-Sayed calls Israel a 'rogue state' |url=https://www.jta.org/2026/07/08/politics/haley-stevens-takes-aim-at-netanyahu-in-michigan-senate-debate-as-opponent-abdul-el-sayed-calls-israel-a-rogue-state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260708171511/https://www.jta.org/2026/07/08/politics/haley-stevens-takes-aim-at-netanyahu-in-michigan-senate-debate-as-opponent-abdul-el-sayed-calls-israel-a-rogue-state |archive-date=July 8, 2026 |access-date=July 9, 2026 |website=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Rasha ====
A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, El-Sayed ya kira [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]] &quot;yaƙi tsakanin dimokuradiyya da mulkin mallaka, tsakanin gwamnati mai cin gashin kanta da fascism&quot;, yana Allah wadai da shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] a matsayin &quot;mai mulkin kama karya&quot;.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2025, El-Sayed ya ce taimakon soja na Amurka ga Ukraine ya bambanta da taimakon Isra'ila, kamar yadda tsohon ya dace da kungiyoyi masu yawa. A watan Satumbar 2025, ya ce taimakon soja ga [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] game da &quot;tabbatar da ka'idojin tsarin kasa da kasa bisa ga ka'idoji&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hedin |first=Glenn |date=September 26, 2025 |title=Senate candidate Abdul El-Sayed meets with UMich students |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/news/government/who-here-believes-in-people-over-profit-senate-candidate-abdul-el-sayed-meets-with-umich-students/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260714175137/https://www.michigandaily.com/news/government/who-here-believes-in-people-over-profit-senate-candidate-abdul-el-sayed-meets-with-umich-students/ |archive-date=July 14, 2026 |access-date=July 10, 2026 |website=[[The Michigan Daily]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hukumomin yankin ===
A cikin shekarar 2018, El-Sayed ya goyi bayan soke dokokin jihar Michigan waɗanda ke hana kananan hukumomi karɓar harajin tallace-tallace na birni ko aiwatar da Dokokin kula da haya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boone2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boone |first=Alastair |date=February 2, 2018 |title=What Really Ails Detroit? |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-02/abdul-el-sayed-on-what-ails-detroit-and-michigan |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=Bloomberg News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dayen |first=David |author-link=David Dayen |date=January 29, 2018 |title=Meet the Candidate Running to Fix Michigan's Brutal Housing Policies |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/meet-the-candidate-running-to-fix-michigans-brutal-housing-policies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260508145715/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/meet-the-candidate-running-to-fix-michigans-brutal-housing-policies/ |archive-date=May 8, 2026 |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=The Nation |language=en-US |quote=Abdul El-Sayed would be the first Muslim-American governor in US history.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shige da Fice da Dokar Kwastam (ICE) ===
El-Sayed yana goyon bayan soke ICE, yana jayayya cewa ba ya aiki a matsayin hukuma mai tilasta bin doka. Duk da yake ya nuna goyon baya ga tabbatar da iyakar Mexico da Amurka da kuma &quot;wasu nau'ikan&quot; tilasta bin doka ta kan iyaka, ya kira ICE &quot;ya lalace a jikinta&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kashinsky et al. 2026&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Godfrey |first=Elaine |date=January 18, 2026 |title=&quot;Abolish ICE&quot; Is Back |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/2026/01/abolish-ice-democrats-defund-police/685665/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 21, 2026 |website=The Atlantic |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗin kai ===
El-Sayed yana goyon bayan ƙungiyar kwadago, tun da yake ya kasance memba na SEIU, AFT, UAW, da Ƙungiyar Marubutan Kasa. Ya ce fadada ƙungiyar ya zama dole don kare &quot;girman ma'[[Kirkirar Basira|AI]]&quot; don mayar da martani ga ci gaban AI. Ya nuna goyon baya ga Dokar Kare Hakkin Shirya tare da kokarin hada-hadar tsakanin sauran sana'o'i, kamar likitoci. UAW ta amince da kamfen dinsa a watan Yunin 2026, tare da kamfen ɗin gwamna na Jocelyn Benson.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
An haifi El-Sayed kuma ya girma a Kudu maso gabashin Michigan, kuma yana zaune a Ann Arbor tare da matarsa, Sarah Jukaku, da 'ya'yansu mata biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet Abdul |url=https://abdulforsenate.com/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601163132/https://abdulforsenate.com/about/ |archive-date=June 1, 2025 |access-date=June 1, 2025 |website=Abdul for Senate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi Musulmi ne.

== Bayanan littattafai ==

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'''Abdulrahman Mohamed El-Sayed''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekarar, 1984), masanin ilimin cututtukan Amurka ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda shine dan takarar Democrat a zaben Majalisar Dattijan Amurka na shekarar 2026 a Michigan. Wani ɗan takara ne na jam'iyyar Democrat, El-Sayed ya kasance dan takara a Zaben gwamna na Michigan na 2018, ya kasance na biyu ga Gretchen Whitmer a zaɓen fidda gwani na Democrat.

El-Sayed ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Wayne County, Ayyukan Dan Adam da Tsohon Sojoji daga shekarar 2023 zuwa 2025. Daga 2015 zuwa 2017, ya kasance babban darakta na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Detroit, inda ya kula da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na jama'a a lokacin da birnin ya farfado daga fatarar kuɗi. Ya kammala karatu a Jami'ar Michigan kuma Rhodes Scholar a Kwalejin Oriel, Oxford, El-Sayed yana da Dokta na Medicine daga Jami'ar Columbia, inda ya kasance mataimakin farfesa na ilmin annoba. Shi ne marubuci ko co- marubucin littattafai uku da kuma fiye da 100 da aka sake dubawa a kan lafiyar jama'a, siyasa, da manufofi.

== Rayuwa ta farko, iyali da ilimi ==
An haifi Abdulrahman Mohamed El-Sayed a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekarar, 1984, a Rochester Hills, Michigan, ga iyayen baƙi na Masar.{{Efn|In this Arabic-American name, Abdulrahman is his given name, Mohamed is his patronymic middle name, and El-Sayed (also spelled Elsayed, Alsayed, and Al-Sayed) is his surname.{{citation needed|date=August 2026}}}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Helms 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Helms |first=Matt |date=November 24, 2015 |title=Detroit's new public health director aims to innovate |url=http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2015/11/24/detroits-new-public-health-director-aims-innovate/76015628/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812093932/http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2015/11/24/detroits-new-public-health-director-aims-innovate/76015628/ |archive-date=August 12, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=Detroit Free Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa, Mohamed El-Sayed, ya girma ne a Alexandria, Misira, kuma ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka don neman karatun digiri a Jami'ar Jihar Wayne   Mahaifiyarsa, Fatten El-Komy, likita ce a [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdul El-Sayed Wants to 'Throw Some Righteous Punches' |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/abdul-el-sayed-michigan-senate-primary/tnamp/ |access-date=August 6, 2026 |website=[[The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harvard |first=Sarah |date=March 3, 2017 |title=Abdul El-Sayed, a doctor from Detroit, could be America's first Muslim governor |url=https://www.arabamerica.com/abdul-el-sayed-doctor-detroit-americas-first-muslim-governor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207162056/https://www.arabamerica.com/abdul-el-sayed-doctor-detroit-americas-first-muslim-governor/ |archive-date=February 7, 2026 |access-date=June 7, 2026 |website=Arab America}}&lt;/ref&gt; El-Sayed ya girma ne a yankin Detroit ta wurin mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarsa, Jacqueline Johnson, 'yar asalin Gratiot County, Michigan. Mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarsa [[injiniyoyi]] ne.

El-Sayed ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Bloomfield Hills Andover a shekara ta 2003, inda ya kasance dan wasa uku kuma kyaftin din kungiyoyin kokawa, kwallon kafa, da lacrosse. Daga nan ya halarci Jami'ar Michigan, inda ya yi karatu a fannin ilmin halitta da kimiyyar siyasa kuma ya taka leda a kungiyar lacrosse ta maza.&lt;ref name=&quot;University of Michigan News 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 26, 2008 |title=U-M dual MD/PhD student named Rhodes Scholar |url=http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/6858 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829031751/http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/6858 |archive-date=August 29, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=University of Michigan News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala karatun Phi Beta Kappa tare da mafi girman bambanci a shekarar 2007 tare da digiri na farko kuma ya gabatar da jawabin farawa na wannan shekarar.&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2016 |title=Abdulrahman El-Sayed Commencement Speech |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuKdMYh7Xxo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519211442/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuKdMYh7Xxo&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |archive-date=May 19, 2018 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsohon shugaban Amurka [[Bill Clinton]], wanda jawabinsa na farko ya biyo bayan El-Sayed, ya ce, &quot;Ba na so in kunyata babban mai magana da yawunku, amma ina fatan kowane mutum a duniya wanda ya yi imanin cewa an ƙaddara mu sami rikici na wayewa, kuma ba zai iya kaiwa ga rabuwa ta addini ba, na iya jin ku magana a yau&quot; A cewar El-Sayed, Clinton ta kusance shi bayan bikin kuma ta ƙarfafa shi ya yi la'akari da aikin gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

El-Sayed ya sami cikakken tallafin karatu don halartar Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Michigan, inda ya kammala shekaru biyu na farko na haɗin MD / Ph.D. shirin &lt;ref name=&quot;Haidostian 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Haidostian |first=Lisa |date=November 23, 2008 |title=First 'U' student since 2004 wins Rhodes Scholarship |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/content/2008-11-24/u-student-wins-prestigous-rhodes-scholarship |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725003057/https://www.michigandaily.com/content/2008-11-24/u-student-wins-prestigous-rhodes-scholarship |archive-date=July 25, 2018 |access-date=August 8, 2018 |website=[[The Michigan Daily]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma da farko an yi la'akari da zama Likitan kwakwalwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Serwach |first=Joe |date=November 24, 2008 |title=U-M dual MD/PhD student named Rhodes Scholar |url=https://record.umich.edu/articles/u-m-dual-md-phd-student-named-rhodes-scholar/ |access-date=August 6, 2026 |website=The University Record |publisher=University of Michigan}}&lt;/ref&gt; A can ya jagoranci aikin likita na dalibai zuwa [[Peru]] kuma ya kafa kungiyar dalibai wacce ta tara kudi da kuma daidaita sabis na al'umma don asibitin kyauta na gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Daga baya ya nemi Rhodes Scholarship, ya rubuta a cikin aikace-aikacensa, &quot;Addinin na yana koyar da cewa idan mutum ya ceci rai, ta ceci dukkan bil'adama,&quot; yayin da yake ba da labarin tattaunawar yaro tare da mahaifinsa game da muhimmancin ceton rayuka yayin da yake koya wa wasu yin hakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-08-13 |title=Abdul El-Sayed |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abdul-El-Sayed |access-date=2026-08-15 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinsa na dalibi na likita na shekara ta biyu, El-Sayed ya sami tallafin Rhodes don halartar Kwalejin Oriel, Oxford, inda ya kammala Dokta na Falsafa a cikin lafiyar jama'a a 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdul El-Sayed |url=http://www.rhodesscholarshiptrust.com/about/rhodes-scholars/class-of-2009/abdul-el-sayed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819121313/http://www.rhodesscholarshiptrust.com/about/rhodes-scholars/class-of-2009/abdul-el-sayed |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=rhodesscholarshiptrust.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=El-Sayed |first=Abdulrahman M. |date=January 1, 2011 |title=Inequalities in obesity in England: an agent-based systems approach |url=http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.556476 |journal=Bl.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818072904/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.556476 |archive-date=August 18, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Oxford, ya sami cikakken shuɗi a matsayin kyaftin din ƙungiyar lacrosse ta maza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hermani |first=Jordyn |date=2026-08-05 |title=Who is Abdul El-Sayed? What to know about Michigan Democrats US Senate winner |url=https://bridgemi.com/michigan-government/who-is-abdul-el-sayed-what-to-know-about-michigan-democrats-us-senate-winner/ |access-date=2026-08-17 |website=Bridge Michigan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2014, ya kammala digiri na Doctor of Medicine a Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitoci ta Jami'ar Columbia, wanda Paul da Daisy Soros Fellowship suka goyi bayan Sabon Amurkawa da Shirin Horar da Masanin Kimiyya na Likita.&lt;ref name=&quot;fellow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet the Fellows |url=https://www.pdsoros.org/meet-the-fellows/abdul-elsayed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820182539/https://www.pdsoros.org/meet-the-fellows/abdul-elsayed |archive-date=August 20, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=pdsoros.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 13, 2015 |title=Alumni Directory |url=http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/mdphd/profiles/alumni/profile/abdulrahmanel-sayed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622061909/http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/mdphd/profiles/alumni/profile/abdulrahmanel-sayed |archive-date=June 22, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=columbia.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa na ilmin annoba a Columbia. El-Sayed bai bi horo na zama ba sabili da haka bai sami lasisi don yin aikin likita ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2026 |title=Michigan Senate hopeful El-Sayed calls himself a 'physician' but has little history treating patients |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2026/05/12/abdul-el-sayed-doctor-physician-00916389 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |website=Politico}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka a cikin lafiyar jama'a ==
El-Sayed shine marubucin labaran ilimi sama da 100, abstracts, da surori na littafi kan manufofin kiwon lafiya na jama'a, ilmin annoba na zamantakewa, da [[Daidaitaccen lafiya|bambancin kiwon lafiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;google.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdul El-Sayed - Google Scholar Citations |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=0RxsP2cAAAAJ&amp;hl=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005194959/https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=0RxsP2cAAAAJ&amp;hl=en |archive-date=October 5, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Farfesa na kiwon lafiyar jama'a ===
A cikin shekara ta 2014, El-Sayed ya shiga bangaren koyarwa a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Jami'ar Columbia a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a sashen ilmin annoba. Ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Shirin Kimiyya na Tsarin Columbia da Nazarin Bincike na Duniya don Lafiya ta Jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;statnews.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nather |first=David |date=May 3, 2016 |title=A native son brings Detroit's health department back to life |url=https://www.statnews.com/2016/05/03/detroit-health-director/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819093636/https://www.statnews.com/2016/05/03/detroit-health-director/ |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=[[Stat (website)|Stat]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa na bincike, ciki har da kasancewa daya daga cikin masu gabatar da manufofi na Majalisar Carnegie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdulrahman M. El Sayed |url=http://www.policyinnovations.org/innovators/people/data/Abdulrahman_M_El_Sayed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804003642/http://www.policyinnovations.org/innovators/people/data/Abdulrahman_M_El_Sayed |archive-date=August 4, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=Policy Innovations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kirkiro kuma ya koyar da darasi na farko na Makarantar Mailman kan kimiyyar tsarin da lafiyar jama'a. Shi da [[Sandro Galea]] sun hada kai da shirya wani littafi a kan batun Systems Science and Population Health, wanda Oxford University Press ta buga a shekarar 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 1, 2017 |title=Systems Science and Population Health |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/systems-science-and-population-health-9780190492397?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp; |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901113605/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/systems-science-and-population-health-9780190492397?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp; |archive-date=September 1, 2018 |access-date=August 8, 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Daraktan Lafiya na Detroit ===
A watan Agusta shekarar 2015, Magajin garin Mike Duggan ya nada El-Sayed Jami'in Lafiya da Babban Darakta na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Detroit, wanda ya sanya shi, yana da shekaru 30, ƙaramin jami'in kiwon lafiya a babban birni na Amurka a lokacin. A wannan rawar, an tuhume shi da sake gina Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Detroit bayan da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na gwamnati bayan Birnin ya fadi a shekarar 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;statnews.com&quot; /&gt;

A cikin shekara ta farko a matsayin darektan ya jagoranci kokarin adawa da karuwar hayakin sulfur dioxide ta hanyar Marathon Petroleum's Southwest Refinery, wanda ya haifar da raguwar hayakin gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;freep.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=El-Sayed |first=Abdul |date=January 6, 2016 |title=Detroit health chief: Don't let Marathon up pollutants |url=http://www.freep.com/story/opinion/contributors/2016/01/06/marathon-refinery-detroit/78350138/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827211846/http://www.freep.com/story/opinion/contributors/2016/01/06/marathon-refinery-detroit/78350138/ |archive-date=August 27, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=Detroit Free Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma jagoranci kokarin gwada makarantun Detroit don jagora a yayin Rikicin ruwa na Flint, samar da tabarau kyauta ga yara a makarantun birnin Detroit, da kuma canza sashen kula da dabbobi na gari.&lt;ref name=&quot;DetNews20160405&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Candice |date=April 5, 2016 |title=DPS testing for lead, copper in drinking water |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2016/04/05/detroit-schools-dps-lead-copper-testing/82679668/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612134440/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2016/04/05/detroit-schools-dps-lead-copper-testing/82679668/ |archive-date=June 12, 2019 |access-date=September 1, 2018 |website=The Detroit News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DetNews20160215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ferretti |first=Christine |date=February 15, 2016 |title=Detroit official goes to bat for public health |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2016/02/15/detroit-official-goes-bat-public-health/80435310/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214155446/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2016/02/15/detroit-official-goes-bat-public-health/80435310/ |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |access-date=September 1, 2018 |website=The Detroit News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MLive20161207&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Logan T. |date=December 7, 2016 |title=Detroit animal control gets new digs with doubled budget after years of poor conditions |url=https://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2016/12/detroit_animal_care_control_ho.html |access-date=September 1, 2018 |website=MLive |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An nada El-Sayed a cikin Kwamitin Kashe Yara na Gwamnan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Snyder - Gov. Rick Snyder appoints members to new Child Lead Poisoning Elimination Board |url=http://www.michigan.gov/snyder/0,4668,7-277-57577_57657_59871-386566--,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628080003/http://www.michigan.gov/snyder/0,4668,7-277-57577_57657_59871-386566--,00.html |archive-date=June 28, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=michigan.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma yi aiki a Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Lafiya ta Jihar Michigan da Kwamitin Ba da Shaware ga Sakataren Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam na Amurka don [[Shirin Mutane Masu Lafiya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Snyder - Gov. Rick Snyder makes appointments to the Public Health Advisory Commission |url=http://www.michigan.gov/snyder/0,4668,7-277--397638--,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084911/http://www.michigan.gov/snyder/0,4668,7-277--397638--,00.html |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |access-date=December 8, 2016 |website=Michigan.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Committee Members {{!}} Healthy People 2020 |url=https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/history-development/healthy-people-2030-advisory-committee/committee-members |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220092216/https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/history-development/healthy-people-2030-advisory-committee/committee-members |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |access-date=December 8, 2016 |website=Healthypeople.gov |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2016, an kira El-Sayed daya daga cikin Crain's Detroit's &quot;40 under 40&quot; da kuma Michigan League of Conservation Voters' &quot;Public Official of the Year&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Leslie |date=October 7, 2016 |title=Abdul El-Sayed, 31 |url=http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20161007/AWARDS4016/161009939/abdul-el-sayed-31 |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=Crain's Detroit Business |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fourth Annual Innovation in Conservation Gala - Michigan League of Conservation Voters |url=http://michiganlcv.org/event/fourth-annual-innovation-in-conservation-gala/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223135410/https://michiganlcv.org/event/fourth-annual-innovation-in-conservation-gala/ |archive-date=February 23, 2023 |access-date=August 8, 2018 |website=Michigan League of Conservation Voters |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarar 2017, Jami'ar Michigan ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Bicentennial Alumni . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Broekhuizen |first=Kim |date=March 27, 2017 |title=Spring Commencement will include unique bicentennial elements |url=https://record.umich.edu/articles/spring-commencement-will-include-unique-bicentennial-elements |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202015637/https://record.umich.edu/articles/spring-commencement-will-include-unique-bicentennial-elements |archive-date=December 2, 2017 |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=The University Record |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekara ta 2019, El-Sayed ta dauki bakuncin America Dissected tare da Dokta Abdul El-Sayer, wani kwasfan fayiloli game da siyasa da lafiyar jama'a wanda Crooked Media ta samar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=September 23, 2019 |title='Pod Save America' Producer Crooked Media To Launch Narrative Podcast About Healthcare With Dr. Abdul El-Sayed |url=https://deadline.com/2019/09/pod-save-america-producer-crooked-media-to-launch-narrative-podcast-about-healthcare-dr-abdul-el-sayed-1202742106/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028153626/https://deadline.com/2019/09/pod-save-america-producer-crooked-media-to-launch-narrative-podcast-about-healthcare-dr-abdul-el-sayed-1202742106/ |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |access-date=March 11, 2020 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Daraktan Lafiya na Wayne County (2023-2025) ===
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, an nada El-Sayed darektan Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Dan Adam, da Ayyukan Tsohon Sojoji ta Wayne County.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Strauss |first=Daniel |date=August 4, 2018 |title=Ocasio-Cortez and Sanders work to elect first Muslim governor |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/08/04/michigan-governor-el-sayed-ocasio-cortez-sanders-democrats-762409 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505043007/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/08/04/michigan-governor-el-sayed-ocasio-cortez-sanders-democrats-762409 |archive-date=May 5, 2025 |access-date=October 7, 2025 |website=Politico |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ɗauki matsayin a watan Maris na shekara ta 2023 kuma ya yi murabus a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ikonomova |first=Violet |date=April 1, 2025 |title=El-Sayed leaving Wayne County health department as he eyes U.S. Senate bid |url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2025/04/01/abdul-el-sayed-wayne-county-health-department-senate-bid/82758673007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260421191707/https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2025/04/01/abdul-el-sayed-wayne-county-health-department-senate-bid/82758673007/ |archive-date=April 21, 2026 |access-date=January 26, 2026 |website=Detroit Free Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓe na 2018 ===
 
A ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar, 2017, jaridar Detroit News ta ruwaito cewa El-Sayed zai yi murabus a matsayin darektan kiwon lafiya don tsayawa takarar gwamna na Michigan a zaben fidda gwani na Jam'iyyar Democrat na shekarar 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;DNresign&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ferretti |first=Christine |date=February 9, 2017 |title=Detroit health director set to make bid for governor |url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2017/02/09/detroit-health-director-make-bid-governor/97690634/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324053507/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2017/02/09/detroit-health-director-make-bid-governor/97690634/ |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=The Detroit News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sanar da takararsa a hukumance a ranar 25 ga yFabrairu shekarar, 2017. El-Sayed ya yi wahayi zuwa ga ya tsaya takarar gwamna bayan Rikicin ruwa na Flint, yana cewa: &quot;Na kalli yadda Gwamna Snyder da tawagarsa na masu lissafi ke rage farashi da yanke kusurwoyi. Rashin kulawarsu ga al'ummomi ya sa dubban yara guba - kuma waɗancan yara ne kawai na yi aiki a matsayin shugabancin sashen kiwon lafiya. ... Kuma wannan wani abu ne da ban yi imani da shi ba. Na yi imani da gwamnati a matsayin wani abu da muke yi a wannan ƙasar ga mutane da mutane. &quot;
[[Fayil:Header-logo.svg|thumb|Alamar kamfen din El-Sayed a cikin 2018]]
El-Sayed ya yi alkawarin ba zai karɓi gudummawar kamfen daga kamfanoni ba, kuma ya tara sama da dala miliyan 5 daga gudummawar mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Egan |first=Paul |date=July 27, 2018 |title=Spending in Michigan's gubernatorial primary is at a record pace |url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2018/07/27/spending-michigans-gubernatorial-primary-record-pace/848913002/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704083756/https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2018/07/27/spending-michigans-gubernatorial-primary-record-pace/848913002/ |archive-date=July 4, 2019 |access-date=September 27, 2018 |website=Detroit Free Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanata na Amurka Bernie Sanders, dan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], da kuma mai shirya Maris na Mata na shekarar 2017 Linda Sarsour sun goyi bayan El-Sayed. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marans |first=Daniel |date=July 25, 2018 |title=Bernie Sanders Endorses Democrat Abdul El-Sayed In Michigan Governor's Race |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-endorses-abdul-el-sayed-michigan-governor_us_5b58f52ee4b0de86f4930c09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213211513/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-endorses-abdul-el-sayed-michigan-governor_us_5b58f52ee4b0de86f4930c09 |archive-date=February 13, 2019 |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=HuffPost |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Farkas |first=Remy |date=December 17, 2017 |title=Abdul El-Sayed hosts townhall with Women's March founder |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/section/government/abdul-el-sayed-hosts-townhall-women%E2%80%99s-march-leader-and-people-bernie-sanders%E2%80%99 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106195013/https://www.michigandaily.com/section/government/abdul-el-sayed-hosts-townhall-women%E2%80%99s-march-leader-and-people-bernie-sanders%E2%80%99 |archive-date=January 6, 2018 |access-date=January 16, 2018 |website=Michigan Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, kungiyar Justice Democrats da mujallar The Nation sun amince da shi. A zaben fidda gwani na 7 ga watan Agusta, ya samu kuri'u 340,560, ko kuma kusan kashi 30% na kuri'un, ya sha kashi a hannun Gretchen Whitmer.

A watan Satumbar shekarar 2018, El-Sayed ya kafa Southpaw Michigan, kwamitin siyasa, don taimakawa zabar 'yan takara masu ci gaba da tallafawa shirye-shiryen zabe a Michigan. A cikin shekarar 2020, ya yi aiki a cikin [[Joe Biden]]-Bernie Sanders Unity Task Force a kan [[Kula da lafiya a Amurka|kiwon lafiya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nagle |first=Molly |last2=Verhovek |first2=John |date=May 13, 2020 |title=Biden, Sanders announce AOC, Kerry, Jayapal as co-chairs of unity task forces |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-sanders-announce-aoc-kerry-jayapal-chairs-unity/story?id=70654480 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429234402/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-sanders-announce-aoc-kerry-jayapal-chairs-unity/story?id=70654480 |archive-date=April 29, 2025 |access-date=January 26, 2026 |website=ABC News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Majalisar Dattijai na 2026 ===
[[Fayil:Abdul_El-Sayed_meet-and-greet_by_Conlan_Houston_1.jpg|thumb|El-Sayed a wani taron kamfen a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Michigan a shekarar 2025]]
A ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu shekarar, 2025, El-Sayed ya sanar da takararsa don zaben Democrat a zaben Majalisar Dattijan Amurka na 2026 a Michigan bayan mai mulki Gary Peters ya sanar da cewa ba zai sake tsayawa takarar sake zaben ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;El-Sayed Launch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wu |first=Nicholas |title=Abdul El-Sayed launches Michigan Senate campaign |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/04/17/abdul-el-sayed-michigan-senate-campaign-00293627 |access-date=July 22, 2026 |website=Politico}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hermani 2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hermani |first=Jordyn |date=April 11, 2025 |title=Abdul El-Sayed on US Senate run: &quot;If you want a fighter, I've got receipts&quot; |url=https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-government/abdul-el-sayed-us-senate-run-if-you-want-fighter-ive-got-receipts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417104627/https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-government/abdul-el-sayed-us-senate-run-if-you-want-fighter-ive-got-receipts |archive-date=April 17, 2025 |access-date=April 17, 2025 |website=Bridge Michigan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2026, El-Sayed ya gudanar da abubuwan kamfen a makarantun jami'o'i da yawa a Michigan tare da wakilin Amurka Summer Lee da kuma dan siyasa Hasan Piker .  Haɗin Piker da yakin ya zama batun jayayya a cikin Jam'iyyar Democrat game da maganganunsa da suka gabata game da [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]], [[Hamas]], da [[Isra'ila]]. El-Sayed ya kare yakin neman zabe tare da Piker a matsayin ƙoƙari na shiga tare da masu sauraronsa, ya kara da cewa bai yarda da duk abin da Piker ya ce ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cappelletti&quot; /&gt;

Bayan Mallory McMorrow ya janye daga zaben fidda gwani na Democrat a watan Yuli, kafofin watsa labarai sun kira tseren zabi tsakanin bangaren jam'iyyar mai matsakaici, wanda Haley Stevens ke wakilta, da bangaren ci gaba, wanda El-Sayed ke wakilta.

Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Associated Press ya kira tseren ga El-Sayed a safiyar ranar 5 ga watan Agusta. Ya shirya don fuskantar dan takarar Republican Mike Rogers a cikin babban zaben.

Idan aka zabe shi, El-Sayed zai zama Musulmi na farko &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2026 |title=Left-wing political outsider Abdul El-Sayed wins Democratic Senate primary in Michigan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckgdkpz07kvo |access-date=August 15, 2026 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Ba'amurke na farko da aka zaba don aiki a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 6, 2026 |title=Egyptian-American Dr. Abdul El-Sayed Just Won Michigan's Senate Primary... And Could Make History This November! |url=https://lovin.co/cairo/en/news/egyptian-american-dr-abdul-el-sayed-just-won-michigans-senate-primary-and-could-make-history-this-november/ |access-date=August 15, 2026 |website=lovin.co |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

AIPAC ta kashe sama da dala miliyan 10 don tallafawa abokin hamayyar El-Sayed, Haley Stevens. American Priorities PAC, mai goyon bayan Palasdinawa Super PAC da aka kafa don magance AIPAC, ya ce zai goyi bayan El-Sayed. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Finley |first=Nolan |title=El-Sayed has a two-faced stance on PAC dollars {{!}} Finley |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/opinion/columnists/nolan-finley/2026/07/18/el-sayed-pac-dollars-hamas-muslim-brotherhood-israel-palestinians/90942801007/ |access-date=2026-08-15 |website=The Detroit News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Surukin El-Sayed, Jukaku Tayeb, shugaban Ƙungiyar Musulunci ta Arewacin Amurka ya ba da gudummawar $ 200,000 ga wani kwamitin mai zaman kansa, Fighting for Michigan PAC, wanda kuma aka kafa don tallafawa yakin El-Sayad.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goodman |first=Alana |date=2026-07-14 |title=Abdul El-Sayed's Father-in-Law, a Top Donor to an El-Sayed Super PAC, Is Among Top Leaders of Muslim Brotherhood Organization Linked to Terror Funding |url=https://freebeacon.com/democrats/abdul-el-sayeds-father-in-law-a-top-donor-to-an-el-sayed-super-pac-is-among-top-leaders-of-muslim-brotherhood-organization-linked-to-terror-funding/ |access-date=2026-08-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-06-11 |title=Outside money is flooding Michigan's Senate primary as the candidates campaign against it |url=https://www.wlns.com/your-local-election-hq/dark-money-impact-michigan-primary/ |website=WLNS }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayi na siyasa ==
El-Sayed dan jam'iyyar Democrat ne mai ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kashinsky et al. 2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kashinsky |first=Lisa |last2=Wu |first2=Nicholas |last3=Kapos |first3=Shia |last4=Fernandez |first4=Madison |last5=Howard |first5=Andrew |date=January 18, 2026 |title=ICE jumps to center of midterm campaigns |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2026/01/18/minnesota-ice-midterm-campaigns-00735146 |access-date=January 21, 2026 |website=Politico |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana goyon bayan Medicare for All kuma ya rubuta littafi a kan batun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michels |first=Jonathan |date=February 3, 2026 |title=Single-Payer Champion Abdul El-Sayed Is Running for Senate |url=https://jacobin.com/2026/02/michigan-senate-el-sayed-ice |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260211070228/https://jacobin.com/2026/02/michigan-senate-el-sayed-ice |archive-date=February 11, 2026 |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=Jacobin |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi rantsuwa cewa ba zai karɓi gudummawar PAC ba, yana karɓar gudummawa daga mutane kawai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mordowanec |first=Nick |date=July 8, 2025 |title=Abdul El-Sayed rakes in over $24K per day while swearing off PAC money |url=https://www.newsweek.com/michigan-senate-race-election-abdul-el-sayed-fundraising-2096219 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709094139/https://www.newsweek.com/michigan-senate-race-election-abdul-el-sayed-fundraising-2096219 |archive-date=July 9, 2025 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |website=Newsweek |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai maye gurbin yakin neman zabe na kasa don yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Bernie Sanders na 2020, yana magana a madadin Sanders a abubuwan da suka faru da kuma kafofin watsa labarai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Monica |date=May 4, 2020 |title=13 Michigan books to get you through the stay-at-home order |url=https://bridgemi.com/quality-life/13-michigan-books-get-you-through-stay-home-order |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106075416/https://bridgemi.com/quality-life/13-michigan-books-get-you-through-stay-home-order/ |archive-date=January 6, 2026 |access-date=December 11, 2025 |website=Bridge Michigan |publisher=Center for Michigan}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shure |first=Natalie |date=April 2, 2020 |title=Abdul El-Sayed: &quot;We Need to Remember This Is About People, Not Numbers or a Curve&quot; |url=https://jacobin.com/2020/04/abdul-el-sayed-coronavirus-pandemic-health-care |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117074406/https://jacobin.com/2020/04/abdul-el-sayed-coronavirus-pandemic-health-care |archive-date=January 17, 2026 |access-date=December 11, 2025 |website=Jacobin |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rahal |first=Sarah |date=March 9, 2020 |title=El-Sayed canvasses for Sanders, talks state health in new book |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2020/03/09/el-sayed-canvasses-sanders-talks-state-health-new-book/4978872002/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419093005/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2020/03/09/el-sayed-canvasses-sanders-talks-state-health-new-book/4978872002/ |archive-date=April 19, 2020 |access-date=March 11, 2020 |website=Detroit News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cibiyoyin bayanai ===
A farkon watan Agustan 2026, El-Sayed ya soki cibiyoyin bayanai, yana cewa, &quot;Ina tsaye tare da zaɓaɓɓun jami'an gida da na jihohi suna cewa ba za mu iya amincewa da wasu daga cikin waɗannan ba har sai muna da tsaron tarayya. &quot;Ya yi kira ga tabbacin cewa aiki na cibiyoyin bayanai ba zai haifar da karuwar farashin da aka ba abokan ciniki ba.

=== Tattalin Arziki ===
El-Sayed yana goyon bayan [[jari-hujja]], yana cewa, &quot;Lokacin da ya zo ga batun kwaminisanci, ni ba ɗan kwaminisancin ba ne. Ni kawai mai jari-huadda ne wanda ya fahimci yadda jari-hugaba ke aiki&quot;.Ya ce tsara biliyoyin kudi don tallafawa ababen more rayuwa na jama'a &quot;ba irin wannan mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ba ne&quot;,  yayin da yake ba da shawara don tilasta aiwatar da dokokin adawa da mallaka mallaka da kuma kawar da raguwar harajin kamfanoni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gibbons |first=Lauren |date=March 16, 2026 |title=6 major issues in Michigan's US Senate race |url=https://bridgemi.com/michigan-government/6-major-issues-in-michigans-us-senate-race/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260718031422/https://bridgemi.com/michigan-government/6-major-issues-in-michigans-us-senate-race/ |archive-date=July 18, 2026 |access-date=July 17, 2026 |website=Bridge Michigan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2026, ya fitar da wani shiri da ke kira ga karin tsari na hankali na wucin gadi.

=== Muhalli ===
A cikin 2025, shafin yanar gizon yakin neman zabe na El-Sayed ya gano iska mai tsabta da ruwa a matsayin fifiko, kuma ya yi kira ga tilasta aiwatar da dokokin muhalli, haɗakar da Ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa da Ma'aikatan Ingancin Muhalli a cikin Ma'aikalin Muhalli guda ɗaya, da kuma cimma &quot;100% mai sabuntawa&quot; a cikin jihar nan da 2030.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kaminski |first=Kyle |date=May 5, 2025 |title=Fighting pain with policy: Abdul El-Sayed makes his case for the US Senate |url=https://gandernewsroom.com/2025/05/05/fighting-pain-with-policy-abdul-el-sayed-makes-his-case-for-the-us-senate/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505132752/https://gandernewsroom.com/2025/05/05/fighting-pain-with-policy-abdul-el-sayed-makes-his-case-for-the-us-senate/ |archive-date=May 5, 2025 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |website=The 'Gander |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Condon |first=Kathryn |date=July 18, 2018 |title=El-Sayed wants tougher environmental policies, more money for enforcement |url=https://www.michiganpublic.org/politics-government/2018-07-18/el-sayed-wants-tougher-environmental-policies-more-money-for-enforcement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260310000209/https://www.michiganpublic.org/politics-government/2018-07-18/el-sayed-wants-tougher-environmental-policies-more-money-for-enforcement |archive-date=March 10, 2026 |access-date=January 26, 2026 |website=Michigan Public |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofin kasashen waje ===
El-Sayed gabaɗaya yana adawa da taimakon soja na Amurka ga ƙasashen waje, amma ya ambaci ayyukan Amurka a lokacin mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine da Serbia a cikin shekarun 1990 a matsayin misalai na sa hannun Amurka mai fa'ida.

A cikin 2026, El-Sayed ya ce bai kamata Amurka ta ba da kuɗin sojoji na kasashen waje ba, kuma musamman ya gano Isra'ila, Masar, [[Jodan|Jordan]], da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]].

==== Isra'ila ====
El-Sayed ya soki Isra'ila game da [[Yaƙin Gaza|yaƙi]] da [[Kisan kare dangi a Gaza|kisan kare dangi]] a Gaza. Ya kuma soki tallafin soja na Amurka ga Isra'ila, Kwamitin Harkokin Jama'a na Isra'ila na Amurka (AIPAC), da Tasirin Isra'ila a siyasar Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pavlounis |first=Zachary |date=2026-07-19 |title=AIPAC has spent a record amount on Michigan's Senate primary, the biggest test of its influence yet |url=https://www.ap.org/news-highlights/elections/2026/aipac-has-spent-a-record-amount-on-michigans-senate-primary-the-biggest-test-of-its-influence-yet/ |access-date=2026-08-12 |website=The Associated Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; El-Sayed ya ce a watan Agustan 2026, &quot;Ƙaddamar da ni ga tsaron Yahudawa shine irin wannan ƙaddamar da nake da ita ga tsaron 'ya'yana mata&quot;.

A cikin kwasfan fayiloli na watan Janairu shekarar 2024, ya kira yakin da aka yi a Gaza Strip bala'in kiwon lafiyar jama'a kuma ya yi kira ga tsagaita wuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Public Health Catastrophe in Gaza |url=https://www.crooked.com/podcast/a-public-health-catastrophe-in-gaza/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418035052/https://www.crooked.com/podcast/a-public-health-catastrophe-in-gaza/ |archive-date=April 18, 2025 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |website=America Dissected |publisher=[[Crooked Media]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; El-Sayed ya kira kisan kare dangi na Gaza gwajin ɗabi'a, yana tambaya: &quot;Idan ba za ku iya kiran shi abin da yake ba, menene kisan kare kare dangi, to ta yaya za ku tsaya ga Donald Trump? Ta yaya za ku tashi ga shugabannin magunguna?&quot; 

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2026, El-Sayed ya ce a wata hira da [[CNN]]: &quot;Kisan dubban mutane ya sa ka zama mummunan mugunta. Ba yadda mugunta yake da wannan ba. Hamas: mugunta. Gwamnatin Isra'ila: mugunta&quot;. Za mu iya cewa duka biyun.A watan Yulin, ya ce, &quot;Tambayar wanzuwar Isra'ila ba tambaya ba ce. Ba zan buga wannan wasan gotcha game da ko yana da haƙƙin wanzuwa ba. Tambayar, a ƙarshe, game da ko muna son siyasa da ke girmama daidaito. &quot;

El-Sayed ya yi imanin cewa Isra'ila kasa ce kuma ya ce, &quot;Ban yi imani da kasashe ba, kuma tabbas ban yi imani da cewa kasarmu tana da alhakin kiyaye kasashe ba. &quot;Ya ce kin amincewarsa da kabilanci ba shi da alaƙa da ko wata ƙasa tana da &quot;dama ta wanzu&quot;, yana mai cewa &quot;kawai [yana jayayya] da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata ka sami kabilanci&quot; kuma yana ƙin ƙabilar Masar da Saudi Arabiya kamar yadda yake ƙin Zionism.

El-Sayed ya danganta [[Yaƙin Iran na 2026|Yaƙin Iran na shekarar 2026]] ga tasirin AIPAC a siyasar Amurka. Ya kira Isra'ila &quot;ƙasar miyagun ƙwayoyi&quot; wacce ke aikata &quot;rashin haƙƙin ɗan adam, kisan kare dangi, da wariyar launin fata&quot; kuma ya ce ya kamata Amurka ta &quot;dakatar da tallafawa takardun shaida na sojojin Isra'ila&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lapin |first=Andrew |date=July 8, 2026 |title=Haley Stevens takes aim at Netanyahu in Michigan Senate debate, as opponent Abdul El-Sayed calls Israel a 'rogue state' |url=https://www.jta.org/2026/07/08/politics/haley-stevens-takes-aim-at-netanyahu-in-michigan-senate-debate-as-opponent-abdul-el-sayed-calls-israel-a-rogue-state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260708171511/https://www.jta.org/2026/07/08/politics/haley-stevens-takes-aim-at-netanyahu-in-michigan-senate-debate-as-opponent-abdul-el-sayed-calls-israel-a-rogue-state |archive-date=July 8, 2026 |access-date=July 9, 2026 |website=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Rasha ====
A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, El-Sayed ya kira [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]] &quot;yaƙi tsakanin dimokuradiyya da mulkin mallaka, tsakanin gwamnati mai cin gashin kanta da fascism&quot;, yana Allah wadai da shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] a matsayin &quot;mai mulkin kama karya&quot;.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2025, El-Sayed ya ce taimakon soja na Amurka ga Ukraine ya bambanta da taimakon Isra'ila, kamar yadda tsohon ya dace da kungiyoyi masu yawa. A watan Satumbar 2025, ya ce taimakon soja ga [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] game da &quot;tabbatar da ka'idojin tsarin kasa da kasa bisa ga ka'idoji&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hedin |first=Glenn |date=September 26, 2025 |title=Senate candidate Abdul El-Sayed meets with UMich students |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/news/government/who-here-believes-in-people-over-profit-senate-candidate-abdul-el-sayed-meets-with-umich-students/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260714175137/https://www.michigandaily.com/news/government/who-here-believes-in-people-over-profit-senate-candidate-abdul-el-sayed-meets-with-umich-students/ |archive-date=July 14, 2026 |access-date=July 10, 2026 |website=[[The Michigan Daily]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hukumomin yankin ===
A cikin shekarar 2018, El-Sayed ya goyi bayan soke dokokin jihar Michigan waɗanda ke hana kananan hukumomi karɓar harajin tallace-tallace na birni ko aiwatar da Dokokin kula da haya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boone2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boone |first=Alastair |date=February 2, 2018 |title=What Really Ails Detroit? |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-02/abdul-el-sayed-on-what-ails-detroit-and-michigan |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=Bloomberg News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dayen |first=David |author-link=David Dayen |date=January 29, 2018 |title=Meet the Candidate Running to Fix Michigan's Brutal Housing Policies |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/meet-the-candidate-running-to-fix-michigans-brutal-housing-policies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260508145715/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/meet-the-candidate-running-to-fix-michigans-brutal-housing-policies/ |archive-date=May 8, 2026 |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=The Nation |language=en-US |quote=Abdul El-Sayed would be the first Muslim-American governor in US history.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shige da Fice da Dokar Kwastam (ICE) ===
El-Sayed yana goyon bayan soke ICE, yana jayayya cewa ba ya aiki a matsayin hukuma mai tilasta bin doka. Duk da yake ya nuna goyon baya ga tabbatar da iyakar Mexico da Amurka da kuma &quot;wasu nau'ikan&quot; tilasta bin doka ta kan iyaka, ya kira ICE &quot;ya lalace a jikinta&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kashinsky et al. 2026&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Godfrey |first=Elaine |date=January 18, 2026 |title=&quot;Abolish ICE&quot; Is Back |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/2026/01/abolish-ice-democrats-defund-police/685665/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 21, 2026 |website=The Atlantic |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗin kai ===
El-Sayed yana goyon bayan ƙungiyar kwadago, tun da yake ya kasance memba na SEIU, AFT, UAW, da Ƙungiyar Marubutan Kasa. Ya ce fadada ƙungiyar ya zama dole don kare &quot;girman ma'[[Kirkirar Basira|AI]]&quot; don mayar da martani ga ci gaban AI. Ya nuna goyon baya ga Dokar Kare Hakkin Shirya tare da kokarin hada-hadar tsakanin sauran sana'o'i, kamar likitoci. UAW ta amince da kamfen dinsa a watan Yunin 2026, tare da kamfen ɗin gwamna na Jocelyn Benson.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
An haifi El-Sayed kuma ya girma a Kudu maso gabashin Michigan, kuma yana zaune a Ann Arbor tare da matarsa, Sarah Jukaku, da 'ya'yansu mata biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet Abdul |url=https://abdulforsenate.com/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601163132/https://abdulforsenate.com/about/ |archive-date=June 1, 2025 |access-date=June 1, 2025 |website=Abdul for Senate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi Musulmi ne.

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'''Abdulrahman Mohamed El-Sayed''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekarar, 1984), masanin ilimin cututtukan Amurka ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda shine dan takarar Democrat a zaben Majalisar Dattijan Amurka na shekarar 2026 a Michigan. Wani ɗan takara ne na jam'iyyar Democrat, El-Sayed ya kasance dan takara a Zaben gwamna na Michigan na 2018, ya kasance na biyu ga Gretchen Whitmer a zaɓen fidda gwani na Democrat.

El-Sayed ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Wayne County, Ayyukan Dan Adam da Tsohon Sojoji daga shekarar 2023 zuwa 2025. Daga 2015 zuwa 2017, ya kasance babban darakta na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Detroit, inda ya kula da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na jama'a a lokacin da birnin ya farfado daga fatarar kuɗi. Ya kammala karatu a Jami'ar Michigan kuma Rhodes Scholar a Kwalejin Oriel, Oxford, El-Sayed yana da Dokta na Medicine daga Jami'ar Columbia, inda ya kasance mataimakin farfesa na ilmin annoba. Shi ne marubuci ko co- marubucin littattafai uku da kuma fiye da 100 da aka sake dubawa a kan lafiyar jama'a, siyasa, da manufofi.

== Rayuwa ta farko, iyali da ilimi ==
An haifi Abdulrahman Mohamed El-Sayed a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekarar, 1984, a Rochester Hills, Michigan, ga iyayen baƙi na Masar.{{Efn|In this Arabic-American name, Abdulrahman is his given name, Mohamed is his patronymic middle name, and El-Sayed (also spelled Elsayed, Alsayed, and Al-Sayed) is his surname.{{citation needed|date=August 2026}}}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Helms 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Helms |first=Matt |date=November 24, 2015 |title=Detroit's new public health director aims to innovate |url=http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2015/11/24/detroits-new-public-health-director-aims-innovate/76015628/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812093932/http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2015/11/24/detroits-new-public-health-director-aims-innovate/76015628/ |archive-date=August 12, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=Detroit Free Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa, Mohamed El-Sayed, ya girma ne a Alexandria, Misira, kuma ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka don neman karatun digiri a Jami'ar Jihar Wayne   Mahaifiyarsa, Fatten El-Komy, likita ce a [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdul El-Sayed Wants to 'Throw Some Righteous Punches' |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/abdul-el-sayed-michigan-senate-primary/tnamp/ |access-date=August 6, 2026 |website=[[The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harvard |first=Sarah |date=March 3, 2017 |title=Abdul El-Sayed, a doctor from Detroit, could be America's first Muslim governor |url=https://www.arabamerica.com/abdul-el-sayed-doctor-detroit-americas-first-muslim-governor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207162056/https://www.arabamerica.com/abdul-el-sayed-doctor-detroit-americas-first-muslim-governor/ |archive-date=February 7, 2026 |access-date=June 7, 2026 |website=Arab America}}&lt;/ref&gt; El-Sayed ya girma ne a yankin Detroit ta wurin mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarsa, Jacqueline Johnson, 'yar asalin Gratiot County, Michigan. Mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarsa [[injiniyoyi]] ne.

El-Sayed ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Bloomfield Hills Andover a shekara ta 2003, inda ya kasance dan wasa uku kuma kyaftin din kungiyoyin kokawa, kwallon kafa, da lacrosse. Daga nan ya halarci Jami'ar Michigan, inda ya yi karatu a fannin ilmin halitta da kimiyyar siyasa kuma ya taka leda a kungiyar lacrosse ta maza.&lt;ref name=&quot;University of Michigan News 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 26, 2008 |title=U-M dual MD/PhD student named Rhodes Scholar |url=http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/6858 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829031751/http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/6858 |archive-date=August 29, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=University of Michigan News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala karatun Phi Beta Kappa tare da mafi girman bambanci a shekarar 2007 tare da digiri na farko kuma ya gabatar da jawabin farawa na wannan shekarar.&lt;ref name=&quot;YouTube 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2016 |title=Abdulrahman El-Sayed Commencement Speech |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuKdMYh7Xxo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519211442/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuKdMYh7Xxo&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |archive-date=May 19, 2018 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsohon shugaban Amurka [[Bill Clinton]], wanda jawabinsa na farko ya biyo bayan El-Sayed, ya ce, &quot;Ba na so in kunyata babban mai magana da yawunku, amma ina fatan kowane mutum a duniya wanda ya yi imanin cewa an ƙaddara mu sami rikici na wayewa, kuma ba zai iya kaiwa ga rabuwa ta addini ba, na iya jin ku magana a yau&quot; A cewar El-Sayed, Clinton ta kusance shi bayan bikin kuma ta ƙarfafa shi ya yi la'akari da aikin gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

El-Sayed ya sami cikakken tallafin karatu don halartar Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Michigan, inda ya kammala shekaru biyu na farko na haɗin MD / Ph.D. shirin &lt;ref name=&quot;Haidostian 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Haidostian |first=Lisa |date=November 23, 2008 |title=First 'U' student since 2004 wins Rhodes Scholarship |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/content/2008-11-24/u-student-wins-prestigous-rhodes-scholarship |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725003057/https://www.michigandaily.com/content/2008-11-24/u-student-wins-prestigous-rhodes-scholarship |archive-date=July 25, 2018 |access-date=August 8, 2018 |website=[[The Michigan Daily]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma da farko an yi la'akari da zama Likitan kwakwalwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Serwach |first=Joe |date=November 24, 2008 |title=U-M dual MD/PhD student named Rhodes Scholar |url=https://record.umich.edu/articles/u-m-dual-md-phd-student-named-rhodes-scholar/ |access-date=August 6, 2026 |website=The University Record |publisher=University of Michigan}}&lt;/ref&gt; A can ya jagoranci aikin likita na dalibai zuwa [[Peru]] kuma ya kafa kungiyar dalibai wacce ta tara kudi da kuma daidaita sabis na al'umma don asibitin kyauta na gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Daga baya ya nemi Rhodes Scholarship, ya rubuta a cikin aikace-aikacensa, &quot;Addinin na yana koyar da cewa idan mutum ya ceci rai, ta ceci dukkan bil'adama,&quot; yayin da yake ba da labarin tattaunawar yaro tare da mahaifinsa game da muhimmancin ceton rayuka yayin da yake koya wa wasu yin hakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-08-13 |title=Abdul El-Sayed |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abdul-El-Sayed |access-date=2026-08-15 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinsa na dalibi na likita na shekara ta biyu, El-Sayed ya sami tallafin Rhodes don halartar Kwalejin Oriel, Oxford, inda ya kammala Dokta na Falsafa a cikin lafiyar jama'a a 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdul El-Sayed |url=http://www.rhodesscholarshiptrust.com/about/rhodes-scholars/class-of-2009/abdul-el-sayed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819121313/http://www.rhodesscholarshiptrust.com/about/rhodes-scholars/class-of-2009/abdul-el-sayed |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=rhodesscholarshiptrust.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=El-Sayed |first=Abdulrahman M. |date=January 1, 2011 |title=Inequalities in obesity in England: an agent-based systems approach |url=http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.556476 |journal=Bl.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818072904/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.556476 |archive-date=August 18, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Oxford, ya sami cikakken shuɗi a matsayin kyaftin din ƙungiyar lacrosse ta maza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hermani |first=Jordyn |date=2026-08-05 |title=Who is Abdul El-Sayed? What to know about Michigan Democrats US Senate winner |url=https://bridgemi.com/michigan-government/who-is-abdul-el-sayed-what-to-know-about-michigan-democrats-us-senate-winner/ |access-date=2026-08-17 |website=Bridge Michigan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2014, ya kammala digiri na Doctor of Medicine a Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitoci ta Jami'ar Columbia, wanda Paul da Daisy Soros Fellowship suka goyi bayan Sabon Amurkawa da Shirin Horar da Masanin Kimiyya na Likita.&lt;ref name=&quot;fellow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet the Fellows |url=https://www.pdsoros.org/meet-the-fellows/abdul-elsayed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820182539/https://www.pdsoros.org/meet-the-fellows/abdul-elsayed |archive-date=August 20, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=pdsoros.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 13, 2015 |title=Alumni Directory |url=http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/mdphd/profiles/alumni/profile/abdulrahmanel-sayed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622061909/http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/mdphd/profiles/alumni/profile/abdulrahmanel-sayed |archive-date=June 22, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=columbia.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa na ilmin annoba a Columbia. El-Sayed bai bi horo na zama ba sabili da haka bai sami lasisi don yin aikin likita ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2026 |title=Michigan Senate hopeful El-Sayed calls himself a 'physician' but has little history treating patients |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2026/05/12/abdul-el-sayed-doctor-physician-00916389 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |website=Politico}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka a cikin lafiyar jama'a ==
El-Sayed shine marubucin labaran ilimi sama da 100, abstracts, da surori na littafi kan manufofin kiwon lafiya na jama'a, ilmin annoba na zamantakewa, da [[Daidaitaccen lafiya|bambancin kiwon lafiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;google.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdul El-Sayed - Google Scholar Citations |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=0RxsP2cAAAAJ&amp;hl=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005194959/https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=0RxsP2cAAAAJ&amp;hl=en |archive-date=October 5, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Farfesa na kiwon lafiyar jama'a ===
A cikin shekara ta 2014, El-Sayed ya shiga bangaren koyarwa a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Jami'ar Columbia a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a sashen ilmin annoba. Ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Shirin Kimiyya na Tsarin Columbia da Nazarin Bincike na Duniya don Lafiya ta Jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;statnews.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nather |first=David |date=May 3, 2016 |title=A native son brings Detroit's health department back to life |url=https://www.statnews.com/2016/05/03/detroit-health-director/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819093636/https://www.statnews.com/2016/05/03/detroit-health-director/ |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=[[Stat (website)|Stat]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa na bincike, ciki har da kasancewa daya daga cikin masu gabatar da manufofi na Majalisar Carnegie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdulrahman M. El Sayed |url=http://www.policyinnovations.org/innovators/people/data/Abdulrahman_M_El_Sayed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804003642/http://www.policyinnovations.org/innovators/people/data/Abdulrahman_M_El_Sayed |archive-date=August 4, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=Policy Innovations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kirkiro kuma ya koyar da darasi na farko na Makarantar Mailman kan kimiyyar tsarin da lafiyar jama'a. Shi da [[Sandro Galea]] sun hada kai da shirya wani littafi a kan batun Systems Science and Population Health, wanda Oxford University Press ta buga a shekarar 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 1, 2017 |title=Systems Science and Population Health |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/systems-science-and-population-health-9780190492397?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp; |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901113605/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/systems-science-and-population-health-9780190492397?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp; |archive-date=September 1, 2018 |access-date=August 8, 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Daraktan Lafiya na Detroit ===
A watan Agusta shekarar 2015, Magajin garin Mike Duggan ya nada El-Sayed Jami'in Lafiya da Babban Darakta na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Detroit, wanda ya sanya shi, yana da shekaru 30, ƙaramin jami'in kiwon lafiya a babban birni na Amurka a lokacin. A wannan rawar, an tuhume shi da sake gina Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Detroit bayan da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na gwamnati bayan Birnin ya fadi a shekarar 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;statnews.com&quot; /&gt;

A cikin shekara ta farko a matsayin darektan ya jagoranci kokarin adawa da karuwar hayakin sulfur dioxide ta hanyar Marathon Petroleum's Southwest Refinery, wanda ya haifar da raguwar hayakin gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;freep.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=El-Sayed |first=Abdul |date=January 6, 2016 |title=Detroit health chief: Don't let Marathon up pollutants |url=http://www.freep.com/story/opinion/contributors/2016/01/06/marathon-refinery-detroit/78350138/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827211846/http://www.freep.com/story/opinion/contributors/2016/01/06/marathon-refinery-detroit/78350138/ |archive-date=August 27, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=Detroit Free Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma jagoranci kokarin gwada makarantun Detroit don jagora a yayin Rikicin ruwa na Flint, samar da tabarau kyauta ga yara a makarantun birnin Detroit, da kuma canza sashen kula da dabbobi na gari.&lt;ref name=&quot;DetNews20160405&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Candice |date=April 5, 2016 |title=DPS testing for lead, copper in drinking water |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2016/04/05/detroit-schools-dps-lead-copper-testing/82679668/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612134440/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2016/04/05/detroit-schools-dps-lead-copper-testing/82679668/ |archive-date=June 12, 2019 |access-date=September 1, 2018 |website=The Detroit News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DetNews20160215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ferretti |first=Christine |date=February 15, 2016 |title=Detroit official goes to bat for public health |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2016/02/15/detroit-official-goes-bat-public-health/80435310/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214155446/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2016/02/15/detroit-official-goes-bat-public-health/80435310/ |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |access-date=September 1, 2018 |website=The Detroit News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MLive20161207&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Logan T. |date=December 7, 2016 |title=Detroit animal control gets new digs with doubled budget after years of poor conditions |url=https://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2016/12/detroit_animal_care_control_ho.html |access-date=September 1, 2018 |website=MLive |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An nada El-Sayed a cikin Kwamitin Kashe Yara na Gwamnan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Snyder - Gov. Rick Snyder appoints members to new Child Lead Poisoning Elimination Board |url=http://www.michigan.gov/snyder/0,4668,7-277-57577_57657_59871-386566--,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628080003/http://www.michigan.gov/snyder/0,4668,7-277-57577_57657_59871-386566--,00.html |archive-date=June 28, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2016 |website=michigan.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma yi aiki a Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Lafiya ta Jihar Michigan da Kwamitin Ba da Shaware ga Sakataren Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam na Amurka don [[Shirin Mutane Masu Lafiya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Snyder - Gov. Rick Snyder makes appointments to the Public Health Advisory Commission |url=http://www.michigan.gov/snyder/0,4668,7-277--397638--,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084911/http://www.michigan.gov/snyder/0,4668,7-277--397638--,00.html |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |access-date=December 8, 2016 |website=Michigan.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Committee Members {{!}} Healthy People 2020 |url=https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/history-development/healthy-people-2030-advisory-committee/committee-members |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220092216/https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/history-development/healthy-people-2030-advisory-committee/committee-members |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |access-date=December 8, 2016 |website=Healthypeople.gov |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2016, an kira El-Sayed daya daga cikin Crain's Detroit's &quot;40 under 40&quot; da kuma Michigan League of Conservation Voters' &quot;Public Official of the Year&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Leslie |date=October 7, 2016 |title=Abdul El-Sayed, 31 |url=http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20161007/AWARDS4016/161009939/abdul-el-sayed-31 |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=Crain's Detroit Business |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fourth Annual Innovation in Conservation Gala - Michigan League of Conservation Voters |url=http://michiganlcv.org/event/fourth-annual-innovation-in-conservation-gala/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223135410/https://michiganlcv.org/event/fourth-annual-innovation-in-conservation-gala/ |archive-date=February 23, 2023 |access-date=August 8, 2018 |website=Michigan League of Conservation Voters |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarar 2017, Jami'ar Michigan ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Bicentennial Alumni . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Broekhuizen |first=Kim |date=March 27, 2017 |title=Spring Commencement will include unique bicentennial elements |url=https://record.umich.edu/articles/spring-commencement-will-include-unique-bicentennial-elements |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202015637/https://record.umich.edu/articles/spring-commencement-will-include-unique-bicentennial-elements |archive-date=December 2, 2017 |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=The University Record |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekara ta 2019, El-Sayed ta dauki bakuncin America Dissected tare da Dokta Abdul El-Sayer, wani kwasfan fayiloli game da siyasa da lafiyar jama'a wanda Crooked Media ta samar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=September 23, 2019 |title='Pod Save America' Producer Crooked Media To Launch Narrative Podcast About Healthcare With Dr. Abdul El-Sayed |url=https://deadline.com/2019/09/pod-save-america-producer-crooked-media-to-launch-narrative-podcast-about-healthcare-dr-abdul-el-sayed-1202742106/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028153626/https://deadline.com/2019/09/pod-save-america-producer-crooked-media-to-launch-narrative-podcast-about-healthcare-dr-abdul-el-sayed-1202742106/ |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |access-date=March 11, 2020 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Daraktan Lafiya na Wayne County (2023-2025) ===
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, an nada El-Sayed darektan Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Dan Adam, da Ayyukan Tsohon Sojoji ta Wayne County.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Strauss |first=Daniel |date=August 4, 2018 |title=Ocasio-Cortez and Sanders work to elect first Muslim governor |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/08/04/michigan-governor-el-sayed-ocasio-cortez-sanders-democrats-762409 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505043007/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/08/04/michigan-governor-el-sayed-ocasio-cortez-sanders-democrats-762409 |archive-date=May 5, 2025 |access-date=October 7, 2025 |website=Politico |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ɗauki matsayin a watan Maris na shekara ta 2023 kuma ya yi murabus a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ikonomova |first=Violet |date=April 1, 2025 |title=El-Sayed leaving Wayne County health department as he eyes U.S. Senate bid |url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2025/04/01/abdul-el-sayed-wayne-county-health-department-senate-bid/82758673007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260421191707/https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2025/04/01/abdul-el-sayed-wayne-county-health-department-senate-bid/82758673007/ |archive-date=April 21, 2026 |access-date=January 26, 2026 |website=Detroit Free Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓe na 2018 ===
 
A ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar, 2017, jaridar Detroit News ta ruwaito cewa El-Sayed zai yi murabus a matsayin darektan kiwon lafiya don tsayawa takarar gwamna na Michigan a zaben fidda gwani na Jam'iyyar Democrat na shekarar 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;DNresign&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ferretti |first=Christine |date=February 9, 2017 |title=Detroit health director set to make bid for governor |url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2017/02/09/detroit-health-director-make-bid-governor/97690634/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324053507/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2017/02/09/detroit-health-director-make-bid-governor/97690634/ |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=The Detroit News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sanar da takararsa a hukumance a ranar 25 ga yFabrairu shekarar, 2017. El-Sayed ya yi wahayi zuwa ga ya tsaya takarar gwamna bayan Rikicin ruwa na Flint, yana cewa: &quot;Na kalli yadda Gwamna Snyder da tawagarsa na masu lissafi ke rage farashi da yanke kusurwoyi. Rashin kulawarsu ga al'ummomi ya sa dubban yara guba - kuma waɗancan yara ne kawai na yi aiki a matsayin shugabancin sashen kiwon lafiya. ... Kuma wannan wani abu ne da ban yi imani da shi ba. Na yi imani da gwamnati a matsayin wani abu da muke yi a wannan ƙasar ga mutane da mutane. &quot;
[[Fayil:Header-logo.svg|thumb|Alamar kamfen din El-Sayed a cikin 2018]]
El-Sayed ya yi alkawarin ba zai karɓi gudummawar kamfen daga kamfanoni ba, kuma ya tara sama da dala miliyan 5 daga gudummawar mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Egan |first=Paul |date=July 27, 2018 |title=Spending in Michigan's gubernatorial primary is at a record pace |url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2018/07/27/spending-michigans-gubernatorial-primary-record-pace/848913002/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704083756/https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2018/07/27/spending-michigans-gubernatorial-primary-record-pace/848913002/ |archive-date=July 4, 2019 |access-date=September 27, 2018 |website=Detroit Free Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanata na Amurka Bernie Sanders, dan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], da kuma mai shirya Maris na Mata na shekarar 2017 Linda Sarsour sun goyi bayan El-Sayed. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marans |first=Daniel |date=July 25, 2018 |title=Bernie Sanders Endorses Democrat Abdul El-Sayed In Michigan Governor's Race |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-endorses-abdul-el-sayed-michigan-governor_us_5b58f52ee4b0de86f4930c09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213211513/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-endorses-abdul-el-sayed-michigan-governor_us_5b58f52ee4b0de86f4930c09 |archive-date=February 13, 2019 |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=HuffPost |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Farkas |first=Remy |date=December 17, 2017 |title=Abdul El-Sayed hosts townhall with Women's March founder |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/section/government/abdul-el-sayed-hosts-townhall-women%E2%80%99s-march-leader-and-people-bernie-sanders%E2%80%99 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106195013/https://www.michigandaily.com/section/government/abdul-el-sayed-hosts-townhall-women%E2%80%99s-march-leader-and-people-bernie-sanders%E2%80%99 |archive-date=January 6, 2018 |access-date=January 16, 2018 |website=Michigan Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, kungiyar Justice Democrats da mujallar The Nation sun amince da shi. A zaben fidda gwani na 7 ga watan Agusta, ya samu kuri'u 340,560, ko kuma kusan kashi 30% na kuri'un, ya sha kashi a hannun Gretchen Whitmer.

A watan Satumbar shekarar 2018, El-Sayed ya kafa Southpaw Michigan, kwamitin siyasa, don taimakawa zabar 'yan takara masu ci gaba da tallafawa shirye-shiryen zabe a Michigan. A cikin shekarar 2020, ya yi aiki a cikin [[Joe Biden]]-Bernie Sanders Unity Task Force a kan [[Kula da lafiya a Amurka|kiwon lafiya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nagle |first=Molly |last2=Verhovek |first2=John |date=May 13, 2020 |title=Biden, Sanders announce AOC, Kerry, Jayapal as co-chairs of unity task forces |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-sanders-announce-aoc-kerry-jayapal-chairs-unity/story?id=70654480 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429234402/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-sanders-announce-aoc-kerry-jayapal-chairs-unity/story?id=70654480 |archive-date=April 29, 2025 |access-date=January 26, 2026 |website=ABC News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Majalisar Dattijai na 2026 ===
[[Fayil:Abdul_El-Sayed_meet-and-greet_by_Conlan_Houston_1.jpg|thumb|El-Sayed a wani taron kamfen a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Michigan a shekarar 2025]]
A ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu shekarar, 2025, El-Sayed ya sanar da takararsa don zaben Democrat a zaben Majalisar Dattijan Amurka na 2026 a Michigan bayan mai mulki Gary Peters ya sanar da cewa ba zai sake tsayawa takarar sake zaben ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;El-Sayed Launch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wu |first=Nicholas |title=Abdul El-Sayed launches Michigan Senate campaign |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/04/17/abdul-el-sayed-michigan-senate-campaign-00293627 |access-date=July 22, 2026 |website=Politico}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hermani 2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hermani |first=Jordyn |date=April 11, 2025 |title=Abdul El-Sayed on US Senate run: &quot;If you want a fighter, I've got receipts&quot; |url=https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-government/abdul-el-sayed-us-senate-run-if-you-want-fighter-ive-got-receipts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417104627/https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-government/abdul-el-sayed-us-senate-run-if-you-want-fighter-ive-got-receipts |archive-date=April 17, 2025 |access-date=April 17, 2025 |website=Bridge Michigan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2026, El-Sayed ya gudanar da abubuwan kamfen a makarantun jami'o'i da yawa a Michigan tare da wakilin Amurka Summer Lee da kuma dan siyasa Hasan Piker .  Haɗin Piker da yakin ya zama batun jayayya a cikin Jam'iyyar Democrat game da maganganunsa da suka gabata game da [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]], [[Hamas]], da [[Isra'ila]]. El-Sayed ya kare yakin neman zabe tare da Piker a matsayin ƙoƙari na shiga tare da masu sauraronsa, ya kara da cewa bai yarda da duk abin da Piker ya ce ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cappelletti&quot; /&gt;

Bayan Mallory McMorrow ya janye daga zaben fidda gwani na Democrat a watan Yuli, kafofin watsa labarai sun kira tseren zabi tsakanin bangaren jam'iyyar mai matsakaici, wanda Haley Stevens ke wakilta, da bangaren ci gaba, wanda El-Sayed ke wakilta.

Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Associated Press ya kira tseren ga El-Sayed a safiyar ranar 5 ga watan Agusta. Ya shirya don fuskantar dan takarar Republican Mike Rogers a cikin babban zaben.

Idan aka zabe shi, El-Sayed zai zama Musulmi na farko &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2026 |title=Left-wing political outsider Abdul El-Sayed wins Democratic Senate primary in Michigan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckgdkpz07kvo |access-date=August 15, 2026 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Ba'amurke na farko da aka zaba don aiki a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 6, 2026 |title=Egyptian-American Dr. Abdul El-Sayed Just Won Michigan's Senate Primary... And Could Make History This November! |url=https://lovin.co/cairo/en/news/egyptian-american-dr-abdul-el-sayed-just-won-michigans-senate-primary-and-could-make-history-this-november/ |access-date=August 15, 2026 |website=lovin.co |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

AIPAC ta kashe sama da dala miliyan 10 don tallafawa abokin hamayyar El-Sayed, Haley Stevens. American Priorities PAC, mai goyon bayan Palasdinawa Super PAC da aka kafa don magance AIPAC, ya ce zai goyi bayan El-Sayed. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Finley |first=Nolan |title=El-Sayed has a two-faced stance on PAC dollars {{!}} Finley |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/opinion/columnists/nolan-finley/2026/07/18/el-sayed-pac-dollars-hamas-muslim-brotherhood-israel-palestinians/90942801007/ |access-date=2026-08-15 |website=The Detroit News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Surukin El-Sayed, Jukaku Tayeb, shugaban Ƙungiyar Musulunci ta Arewacin Amurka ya ba da gudummawar $ 200,000 ga wani kwamitin mai zaman kansa, Fighting for Michigan PAC, wanda kuma aka kafa don tallafawa yakin El-Sayad.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goodman |first=Alana |date=2026-07-14 |title=Abdul El-Sayed's Father-in-Law, a Top Donor to an El-Sayed Super PAC, Is Among Top Leaders of Muslim Brotherhood Organization Linked to Terror Funding |url=https://freebeacon.com/democrats/abdul-el-sayeds-father-in-law-a-top-donor-to-an-el-sayed-super-pac-is-among-top-leaders-of-muslim-brotherhood-organization-linked-to-terror-funding/ |access-date=2026-08-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-06-11 |title=Outside money is flooding Michigan's Senate primary as the candidates campaign against it |url=https://www.wlns.com/your-local-election-hq/dark-money-impact-michigan-primary/ |website=WLNS }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayi na siyasa ==
El-Sayed dan jam'iyyar Democrat ne mai ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kashinsky et al. 2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kashinsky |first=Lisa |last2=Wu |first2=Nicholas |last3=Kapos |first3=Shia |last4=Fernandez |first4=Madison |last5=Howard |first5=Andrew |date=January 18, 2026 |title=ICE jumps to center of midterm campaigns |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2026/01/18/minnesota-ice-midterm-campaigns-00735146 |access-date=January 21, 2026 |website=Politico |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana goyon bayan Medicare for All kuma ya rubuta littafi a kan batun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michels |first=Jonathan |date=February 3, 2026 |title=Single-Payer Champion Abdul El-Sayed Is Running for Senate |url=https://jacobin.com/2026/02/michigan-senate-el-sayed-ice |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260211070228/https://jacobin.com/2026/02/michigan-senate-el-sayed-ice |archive-date=February 11, 2026 |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=Jacobin |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi rantsuwa cewa ba zai karɓi gudummawar PAC ba, yana karɓar gudummawa daga mutane kawai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mordowanec |first=Nick |date=July 8, 2025 |title=Abdul El-Sayed rakes in over $24K per day while swearing off PAC money |url=https://www.newsweek.com/michigan-senate-race-election-abdul-el-sayed-fundraising-2096219 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709094139/https://www.newsweek.com/michigan-senate-race-election-abdul-el-sayed-fundraising-2096219 |archive-date=July 9, 2025 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |website=Newsweek |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai maye gurbin yakin neman zabe na kasa don yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Bernie Sanders na 2020, yana magana a madadin Sanders a abubuwan da suka faru da kuma kafofin watsa labarai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Monica |date=May 4, 2020 |title=13 Michigan books to get you through the stay-at-home order |url=https://bridgemi.com/quality-life/13-michigan-books-get-you-through-stay-home-order |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106075416/https://bridgemi.com/quality-life/13-michigan-books-get-you-through-stay-home-order/ |archive-date=January 6, 2026 |access-date=December 11, 2025 |website=Bridge Michigan |publisher=Center for Michigan}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shure |first=Natalie |date=April 2, 2020 |title=Abdul El-Sayed: &quot;We Need to Remember This Is About People, Not Numbers or a Curve&quot; |url=https://jacobin.com/2020/04/abdul-el-sayed-coronavirus-pandemic-health-care |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117074406/https://jacobin.com/2020/04/abdul-el-sayed-coronavirus-pandemic-health-care |archive-date=January 17, 2026 |access-date=December 11, 2025 |website=Jacobin |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rahal |first=Sarah |date=March 9, 2020 |title=El-Sayed canvasses for Sanders, talks state health in new book |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2020/03/09/el-sayed-canvasses-sanders-talks-state-health-new-book/4978872002/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419093005/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2020/03/09/el-sayed-canvasses-sanders-talks-state-health-new-book/4978872002/ |archive-date=April 19, 2020 |access-date=March 11, 2020 |website=Detroit News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cibiyoyin bayanai ===
A farkon watan Agustan 2026, El-Sayed ya soki cibiyoyin bayanai, yana cewa, &quot;Ina tsaye tare da zaɓaɓɓun jami'an gida da na jihohi suna cewa ba za mu iya amincewa da wasu daga cikin waɗannan ba har sai muna da tsaron tarayya. &quot;Ya yi kira ga tabbacin cewa aiki na cibiyoyin bayanai ba zai haifar da karuwar farashin da aka ba abokan ciniki ba.

=== Tattalin Arziki ===
El-Sayed yana goyon bayan [[jari-hujja]], yana cewa, &quot;Lokacin da ya zo ga batun kwaminisanci, ni ba ɗan kwaminisancin ba ne. Ni kawai mai jari-huadda ne wanda ya fahimci yadda jari-hugaba ke aiki&quot;.Ya ce tsara biliyoyin kudi don tallafawa ababen more rayuwa na jama'a &quot;ba irin wannan mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ba ne&quot;,  yayin da yake ba da shawara don tilasta aiwatar da dokokin adawa da mallaka mallaka da kuma kawar da raguwar harajin kamfanoni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gibbons |first=Lauren |date=March 16, 2026 |title=6 major issues in Michigan's US Senate race |url=https://bridgemi.com/michigan-government/6-major-issues-in-michigans-us-senate-race/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260718031422/https://bridgemi.com/michigan-government/6-major-issues-in-michigans-us-senate-race/ |archive-date=July 18, 2026 |access-date=July 17, 2026 |website=Bridge Michigan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2026, ya fitar da wani shiri da ke kira ga karin tsari na hankali na wucin gadi.

=== Muhalli ===
A cikin 2025, shafin yanar gizon yakin neman zabe na El-Sayed ya gano iska mai tsabta da ruwa a matsayin fifiko, kuma ya yi kira ga tilasta aiwatar da dokokin muhalli, haɗakar da Ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa da Ma'aikatan Ingancin Muhalli a cikin Ma'aikalin Muhalli guda ɗaya, da kuma cimma &quot;100% mai sabuntawa&quot; a cikin jihar nan da 2030.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kaminski |first=Kyle |date=May 5, 2025 |title=Fighting pain with policy: Abdul El-Sayed makes his case for the US Senate |url=https://gandernewsroom.com/2025/05/05/fighting-pain-with-policy-abdul-el-sayed-makes-his-case-for-the-us-senate/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505132752/https://gandernewsroom.com/2025/05/05/fighting-pain-with-policy-abdul-el-sayed-makes-his-case-for-the-us-senate/ |archive-date=May 5, 2025 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |website=The 'Gander |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Condon |first=Kathryn |date=July 18, 2018 |title=El-Sayed wants tougher environmental policies, more money for enforcement |url=https://www.michiganpublic.org/politics-government/2018-07-18/el-sayed-wants-tougher-environmental-policies-more-money-for-enforcement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260310000209/https://www.michiganpublic.org/politics-government/2018-07-18/el-sayed-wants-tougher-environmental-policies-more-money-for-enforcement |archive-date=March 10, 2026 |access-date=January 26, 2026 |website=Michigan Public |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofin kasashen waje ===
El-Sayed gabaɗaya yana adawa da taimakon soja na Amurka ga ƙasashen waje, amma ya ambaci ayyukan Amurka a lokacin mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine da Serbia a cikin shekarun 1990 a matsayin misalai na sa hannun Amurka mai fa'ida.

A cikin 2026, El-Sayed ya ce bai kamata Amurka ta ba da kuɗin sojoji na kasashen waje ba, kuma musamman ya gano Isra'ila, Masar, [[Jodan|Jordan]], da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]].

==== Isra'ila ====
El-Sayed ya soki Isra'ila game da [[Yaƙin Gaza|yaƙi]] da [[Kisan kare dangi a Gaza|kisan kare dangi]] a Gaza. Ya kuma soki tallafin soja na Amurka ga Isra'ila, Kwamitin Harkokin Jama'a na Isra'ila na Amurka (AIPAC), da Tasirin Isra'ila a siyasar Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pavlounis |first=Zachary |date=2026-07-19 |title=AIPAC has spent a record amount on Michigan's Senate primary, the biggest test of its influence yet |url=https://www.ap.org/news-highlights/elections/2026/aipac-has-spent-a-record-amount-on-michigans-senate-primary-the-biggest-test-of-its-influence-yet/ |access-date=2026-08-12 |website=The Associated Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; El-Sayed ya ce a watan Agustan 2026, &quot;Ƙaddamar da ni ga tsaron Yahudawa shine irin wannan ƙaddamar da nake da ita ga tsaron 'ya'yana mata&quot;.

A cikin kwasfan fayiloli na watan Janairu shekarar 2024, ya kira yakin da aka yi a Gaza Strip bala'in kiwon lafiyar jama'a kuma ya yi kira ga tsagaita wuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Public Health Catastrophe in Gaza |url=https://www.crooked.com/podcast/a-public-health-catastrophe-in-gaza/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418035052/https://www.crooked.com/podcast/a-public-health-catastrophe-in-gaza/ |archive-date=April 18, 2025 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |website=America Dissected |publisher=[[Crooked Media]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; El-Sayed ya kira kisan kare dangi na Gaza gwajin ɗabi'a, yana tambaya: &quot;Idan ba za ku iya kiran shi abin da yake ba, menene kisan kare kare dangi, to ta yaya za ku tsaya ga Donald Trump? Ta yaya za ku tashi ga shugabannin magunguna?&quot; 

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2026, El-Sayed ya ce a wata hira da [[CNN]]: &quot;Kisan dubban mutane ya sa ka zama mummunan mugunta. Ba yadda mugunta yake da wannan ba. Hamas: mugunta. Gwamnatin Isra'ila: mugunta&quot;. Za mu iya cewa duka biyun.A watan Yulin, ya ce, &quot;Tambayar wanzuwar Isra'ila ba tambaya ba ce. Ba zan buga wannan wasan gotcha game da ko yana da haƙƙin wanzuwa ba. Tambayar, a ƙarshe, game da ko muna son siyasa da ke girmama daidaito. &quot;

El-Sayed ya yi imanin cewa Isra'ila kasa ce kuma ya ce, &quot;Ban yi imani da kasashe ba, kuma tabbas ban yi imani da cewa kasarmu tana da alhakin kiyaye kasashe ba. &quot;Ya ce kin amincewarsa da kabilanci ba shi da alaƙa da ko wata ƙasa tana da &quot;dama ta wanzu&quot;, yana mai cewa &quot;kawai [yana jayayya] da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata ka sami kabilanci&quot; kuma yana ƙin ƙabilar Masar da Saudi Arabiya kamar yadda yake ƙin Zionism.

El-Sayed ya danganta [[Yaƙin Iran na 2026|Yaƙin Iran na shekarar 2026]] ga tasirin AIPAC a siyasar Amurka. Ya kira Isra'ila &quot;ƙasar miyagun ƙwayoyi&quot; wacce ke aikata &quot;rashin haƙƙin ɗan adam, kisan kare dangi, da wariyar launin fata&quot; kuma ya ce ya kamata Amurka ta &quot;dakatar da tallafawa takardun shaida na sojojin Isra'ila&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lapin |first=Andrew |date=July 8, 2026 |title=Haley Stevens takes aim at Netanyahu in Michigan Senate debate, as opponent Abdul El-Sayed calls Israel a 'rogue state' |url=https://www.jta.org/2026/07/08/politics/haley-stevens-takes-aim-at-netanyahu-in-michigan-senate-debate-as-opponent-abdul-el-sayed-calls-israel-a-rogue-state |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260708171511/https://www.jta.org/2026/07/08/politics/haley-stevens-takes-aim-at-netanyahu-in-michigan-senate-debate-as-opponent-abdul-el-sayed-calls-israel-a-rogue-state |archive-date=July 8, 2026 |access-date=July 9, 2026 |website=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Rasha ====
A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, El-Sayed ya kira [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|Yaƙin Rasha da Ukraine]] &quot;yaƙi tsakanin dimokuradiyya da mulkin mallaka, tsakanin gwamnati mai cin gashin kanta da fascism&quot;, yana Allah wadai da shugaban Rasha [[Vladimir Putin]] a matsayin &quot;mai mulkin kama karya&quot;.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2025, El-Sayed ya ce taimakon soja na Amurka ga Ukraine ya bambanta da taimakon Isra'ila, kamar yadda tsohon ya dace da kungiyoyi masu yawa. A watan Satumbar 2025, ya ce taimakon soja ga [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] game da &quot;tabbatar da ka'idojin tsarin kasa da kasa bisa ga ka'idoji&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hedin |first=Glenn |date=September 26, 2025 |title=Senate candidate Abdul El-Sayed meets with UMich students |url=https://www.michigandaily.com/news/government/who-here-believes-in-people-over-profit-senate-candidate-abdul-el-sayed-meets-with-umich-students/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260714175137/https://www.michigandaily.com/news/government/who-here-believes-in-people-over-profit-senate-candidate-abdul-el-sayed-meets-with-umich-students/ |archive-date=July 14, 2026 |access-date=July 10, 2026 |website=[[The Michigan Daily]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hukumomin yankin ===
A cikin shekarar 2018, El-Sayed ya goyi bayan soke dokokin jihar Michigan waɗanda ke hana kananan hukumomi karɓar harajin tallace-tallace na birni ko aiwatar da Dokokin kula da haya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boone2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boone |first=Alastair |date=February 2, 2018 |title=What Really Ails Detroit? |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-02/abdul-el-sayed-on-what-ails-detroit-and-michigan |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=Bloomberg News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dayen |first=David |author-link=David Dayen |date=January 29, 2018 |title=Meet the Candidate Running to Fix Michigan's Brutal Housing Policies |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/meet-the-candidate-running-to-fix-michigans-brutal-housing-policies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260508145715/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/meet-the-candidate-running-to-fix-michigans-brutal-housing-policies/ |archive-date=May 8, 2026 |access-date=May 2, 2026 |website=The Nation |language=en-US |quote=Abdul El-Sayed would be the first Muslim-American governor in US history.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shige da Fice da Dokar Kwastam (ICE) ===
El-Sayed yana goyon bayan soke ICE, yana jayayya cewa ba ya aiki a matsayin hukuma mai tilasta bin doka. Duk da yake ya nuna goyon baya ga tabbatar da iyakar Mexico da Amurka da kuma &quot;wasu nau'ikan&quot; tilasta bin doka ta kan iyaka, ya kira ICE &quot;ya lalace a jikinta&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kashinsky et al. 2026&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Godfrey |first=Elaine |date=January 18, 2026 |title=&quot;Abolish ICE&quot; Is Back |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/2026/01/abolish-ice-democrats-defund-police/685665/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 21, 2026 |website=The Atlantic |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗin kai ===
El-Sayed yana goyon bayan ƙungiyar kwadago, tun da yake ya kasance memba na SEIU, AFT, UAW, da Ƙungiyar Marubutan Kasa. Ya ce fadada ƙungiyar ya zama dole don kare &quot;girman ma'[[Kirkirar Basira|AI]]&quot; don mayar da martani ga ci gaban AI. Ya nuna goyon baya ga Dokar Kare Hakkin Shirya tare da kokarin hada-hadar tsakanin sauran sana'o'i, kamar likitoci. UAW ta amince da kamfen dinsa a watan Yunin 2026, tare da kamfen ɗin gwamna na Jocelyn Benson.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
An haifi El-Sayed kuma ya girma a Kudu maso gabashin Michigan, kuma yana zaune a Ann Arbor tare da matarsa, Sarah Jukaku, da 'ya'yansu mata biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet Abdul |url=https://abdulforsenate.com/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601163132/https://abdulforsenate.com/about/ |archive-date=June 1, 2025 |access-date=June 1, 2025 |website=Abdul for Senate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi Musulmi ne.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

==Manazarta==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jirgin kankara a wasannin Paralympics na hunturu</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-04T10:20:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
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      <text bytes="25472" sha1="43690l0kavke15ieo5mzpp6cndpi17h" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Para snowboard''' wasa ne na Paralympic wanda ake fafatawa a Gasar Wasannin Paralympic na Lokacin Sanyi . An fara gabatar da dusar ƙanƙara da giciye a matsayin wani ɓangare na wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara a gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta 2014 a Sochi, [[Rasha]] . A gasar Olympics ta lokacin hunturu ta 2018 da aka gudanar a PyeongChang, [[Koriya ta Kudu]], an gudanar da taruka a fannoni 2 - dusar ƙanƙara da kuma dusar ƙanƙara - a rukunoni 2 na mata da rukunoni 3 na maza.

An ba da lambobin zinare 28, lambobin azurfa 28 da lambobin tagulla 28 tun daga shekara ta 2014 kuma 'yan wasan snowboarters ne suka lashe su daga Kwamitocin Paralympic na kasa (NPC).
{| class=&quot;toc&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Tebur na abubuwan da ke ciki
|-
| style=&quot;width: 4em; padding-left: 1em;&quot; |'''Mata'''
| style=&quot;padding-right: 1em;&quot; |Gicciye na snowboard • Banked slalomSlalom na banki
|-
| style=&quot;width: 4em; padding-left: 1em;&quot; |'''Maza'''
| style=&quot;padding-right: 1em;&quot; |Gicciye na snowboard • Banked slalomSlalom na banki
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |'''Kididdiga'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Dubi kuma'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Bayanan da aka ambata'''
|}

== Takaitaccen Bayani ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! width=&quot;50&quot; |Wasanni
! width=&quot;50&quot; |Shekara
! width=&quot;100&quot; |Abubuwan da suka faru
! width=&quot;250&quot; |Kasar Mafi Kyawu
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; |
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; |
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; |
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; |
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |5
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; |
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |6
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; |
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |7
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; |
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |8
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; |
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |9
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; |
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |10
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; |
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |11
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2014
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| Amurka
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |12
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2018
| align=&quot;center&quot; |10
| Amurka
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |13
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2022
| align=&quot;center&quot; |8
| China
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |14
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2026
| align=&quot;center&quot; |8
| Italiya
|}

== Tebur na lambar yabo ==
Matsayi a cikin teburin ya dogara ne akan bayanin da Kwamitin Wasannin Paralympic na Duniya (IPC) ya bayar kuma zai dace da taron IPC a cikin tebụl din lambobin yabo da aka buga. Ta hanyar tsoho, za a ba da umarnin teburin ta yawan lambobin zinare da 'yan wasa daga wata ƙasa suka lashe (a cikin wannan mahallin, &quot;al'umma&quot; ƙungiya ce da Kwamitin Paralympic na Kasa ke wakilta). Ana la'akari da yawan lambobin azurfa na gaba sannan kuma yawan lambobin tagulla. Idan har yanzu ana ɗaure kasashe, ana ba da matsayi daidai kuma an jera su a cikin haruffa ta lambar ƙasar IPC.

Sabuntawa ta ƙarshe bayan Wasannin Paralympics na hunturu na 2026 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=All-Time Paralympic Winter Games Medal Standings - Snowboard |url=https://www.ipc-services.org/hira/paralympics/all-time-medal-standings-winter/discipline/SB |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=IPC Historical Results Archive |publisher=International Paralympic Committee }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

== Mata ==
[[Fayil:Bibian_Mentel-Spee.png|thumb|150x150px|Bibian Mentel-Spee, mace ta farko da ta lashe lambar yabo ta zinare a gasar Paralympic]]

=== Gicciye na snowboard ===
{| {{MedalistTableParalympics|type=Games|columns=2}}
|-
| [[Alpine skiing at the 2014 Winter Paralympics|2014 Sochi]]&lt;br/&gt;{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2014 Winter Paralympics&amp;nbsp;– Women's snowboard cross}}
| SB-LL&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.paralympic.org/sdms/hira/web/results/sochi-2014/alpine-skiing/womens-para-snowboard-cross-standing |title=Women's Para Snowboard Cross Standing — Results, Sochi 2014 |work=IPC Historical Results Archive |publisher=[[International Paralympic Committee]] |date=14 March 2014 |accessdate=10 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Bibian Mentel]]|NED|2014 Winter}} || 1:57.43
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Cécile Hernandez]]|FRA|2014 Winter}} || 2:07.31
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Amy Purdy]]|USA|2014 Winter}} || 2:14.29
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Paralympics|2018 PyeongChang]]&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Paralympics – Women's snowboard cross}}
| SB-LL1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/game-time/results/PWG2018/en/snowboard/medals-and-ranking-women-s-snowboard-cross-sb-ll1.htm |title=Medals and Ranking — Women's Snowboard Cross SB-LL1 |publisher=[[PyeongChang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic &amp; Paralympic Winter Games]] |date=12 March 2018 |accessdate=16 March 2018 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317164817/https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/game-time/results/PWG2018/en/snowboard/medals-and-ranking-women-s-snowboard-cross-sb-ll1.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Brenna Huckaby]]|USA|2018 Winter}} || 1:17.02
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Amy Purdy]]|USA|2018 Winter}} || 1:09.64
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Cécile Hernandez]]|FRA|2018 Winter}} || 1:09.09
|-
| SB-LL2&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/game-time/results/PWG2018/en/snowboard/medals-and-ranking-women-s-snowboard-cross-sb-ll2.htm |title=Medals and Ranking — Women's Snowboard Cross SB-LL2 |publisher=[[PyeongChang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic &amp; Paralympic Winter Games]] |date=12 March 2018 |accessdate=16 March 2018 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317164841/https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/game-time/results/PWG2018/en/snowboard/medals-and-ranking-women-s-snowboard-cross-sb-ll2.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Bibian Mentel-Spee]]|NED|2018 Winter}} || 1:07.51
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lisa Bunschoten]]|NED|2018 Winter}} || 1:13.59 
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Astrid Fina Paredes]]|ESP|2018 Winter}} || 1:23.11
|-
| [[Snowboarding at the 2022 Winter Paralympics|2022 Beijing]]&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Snowboarding at the 2022 Winter Paralympics – Women's snowboard cross}}
| SB-LL2&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.paralympic.org/news/ipc-governing-board-meet-rome |title=IPC Governing Board meet in Rome |work=IPC  |publisher=[[International Paralympic Committee]] |date=27 June 2019 |accessdate=30 September 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Cécile Hernandez]]|FRA|2022 Winter}} || 
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lisa De Jong]]|CAN|2022 Winter}} || 
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Brenna Huckaby]]|USA|2022 Winter}} || 
|-
| [[Para snowboard at the 2026 Winter Paralympics|2026 Milano Cortina]]&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Para snowboard at the 2026 Winter Paralympics – Women's snowboard cross}}
| SB-LL2&lt;ref&gt;[https://wmr-static-assets.scd.dgplatform.net/wmr/static/_PDF/PWG2026/SBD/2026-03-07/SBDWSBX-----20020-----SEED000102--__C73A1_1.0.pdf] {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Cécile Hernandez]]|FRA|2026 Winter}} || 
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Kate Delson]]|USA|2026 Winter}} || 
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Wang Xinyu]]|CHN|2026 Winter}} || 
|}

=== Slalom na banki ===
{| {{MedalistTableParalympics|type=Games|columns=2}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Paralympics|2018 PyeongChang]]&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Paralympics – Women's banked slalom}}
| SB-LL1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/game-time/results/PWG2018/en/snowboard/medals-and-ranking-women-s-banked-slalom-sb-ll1.htm |title=Medals and Ranking — Women's Banked Slalom SB-LL1 |publisher=[[PyeongChang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic &amp; Paralympic Winter Games]] |date=16 March 2018 |accessdate=16 March 2018 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317164839/https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/game-time/results/PWG2018/en/snowboard/medals-and-ranking-women-s-banked-slalom-sb-ll1.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Brenna Huckaby]]|USA|2018 Winter}} || 56.17
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Cécile Hernandez]]|FRA|2018 Winter}} || 56.53
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Amy Purdy]]|USA|2018 Winter}} || 1:05.40
|-
| SB-LL2&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/game-time/results/PWG2018/en/snowboard/medals-and-ranking-women-s-banked-slalom-sb-ll2.htm |title=Medals and Ranking — Women's Banked Slalom SB-LL2 |publisher=[[PyeongChang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic &amp; Paralympic Winter Games]] |date=16 March 2018 |accessdate=16 March 2018 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317164820/https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/game-time/results/PWG2018/en/snowboard/medals-and-ranking-women-s-banked-slalom-sb-ll2.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Bibian Mentel-Spee]]|NED|2018 Winter}} || 56.94
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Brittani Coury]]|USA|2018 Winter}} || 59.87
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lisa Bunschoten]]|NED|2018 Winter}} || 1:00.04
|-
| [[Snowboarding at the 2022 Winter Paralympics|2022 Beijing]]&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Snowboarding at the 2022 Winter Paralympics – Women's banked slalom}}
| SB-LL2&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.paralympic.org/news/ipc-governing-board-meet-rome |title=IPC Governing Board meet in Rome |work=IPC  |publisher=[[International Paralympic Committee]] |date=27 June 2019 |accessdate=30 September 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Brenna Huckaby]]|USA|2022 Winter}} || 1:17.28
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Geng Yanhong]]|CHN|2022 Winter}} || 1:17.38	
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Li Tiantian (snowboarder)|Li Tiantian]]|CHN|2022 Winter}} || 1:17.46
|-
| [[Para snowboard at the 2026 Winter Paralympics|2026 Milano Cortina]]&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Para snowboard at the 2026 Winter Paralympics – Women's banked slalom}}
| SB-LL2&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://milano-cortina2026.bornan.sport/pwg-2026/reports/SBD-------------------------------.C08_3_0.pdf|title=Para Snowboard – Competition Schedule|website=milano-cortina2026.bornan.sport|date=12 March 2026|access-date=12 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Kate Delson]]|USA|2026 Winter}} || 1:02.99
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lisa Bunschoten]]|NED|2026 Winter}} || 1:03.53	
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Brenna Huckaby]]|USA|2026 Winter}} || 1:03.98
|}

== Maza ==
[[Fayil:Evan_Strong.jpg|thumb|189x189px|Evan Strong, first male Paralympic snowboarding gold-medalist]]

=== Gicciye na snowboard ===
{| {{MedalistTableParalympics|type=Event|columns=2}}
|-
| [[Alpine skiing at the 2014 Winter Paralympics|2014 Sochi]]&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2014 Winter Paralympics – Men's snowboard cross}}
| SB-LL&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.paralympic.org/sdms/hira/web/results/sochi-2014/alpine-skiing/mens-para-snowboard-cross-standing |title=Men's Para Snowboard Cross Standing — Results, Sochi 2014 |work=IPC Historical Results Archive |publisher=[[International Paralympic Committee]] |date=14 March 2014 |accessdate=10 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Evan Strong]]|USA|2014 Winter}} || 1:43.61
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Michael Shea (snowboarder)|Michael Shea]]|USA|2014 Winter}} || 1:44.18
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Keith Gabel]]|USA|2014 Winter}} || 1:47.10
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Paralympics|2018 PyeongChang]]&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Paralympics – Men's snowboard cross}}
| SB-UL&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/game-time/results/PWG2018/en/snowboard/medals-and-ranking-men-s-snowboard-cross-sb-ul.htm |title=Medals and Ranking — Men's Snowboard Cross SB-UL |publisher=[[PyeongChang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic &amp; Paralympic Winter Games]] |date=12 March 2018 |accessdate=16 March 2018 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317164751/https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/game-time/results/PWG2018/en/snowboard/medals-and-ranking-men-s-snowboard-cross-sb-ul.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Simon Patmore]]|AUS|2018 Winter}} || 1:01.76
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Manuel Pozzerle]]|ITA|2018 Winter}} || 1:02.75
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Mike Minor (snowboarder)|Mike Minor]]|USA|2018 Winter}} || 1:00.12
|-
| SB-LL1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/game-time/results/PWG2018/en/snowboard/medals-and-ranking-men-s-snowboard-cross-sb-ll1.htm |title=Medals and Ranking — Men's Snowboard Cross SB-LL1 |publisher=[[PyeongChang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic &amp; Paralympic Winter Games]] |date=12 March 2018 |accessdate=16 March 2018 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317164816/https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/game-time/results/PWG2018/en/snowboard/medals-and-ranking-men-s-snowboard-cross-sb-ll1.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Mike Schultz (snowboarder)|Mike Schultz]]|USA|2018 Winter}} || 1:04.73
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Chris Vos]]|NED|2018 Winter}} || 1:03.13
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Noah Elliott]]|USA|2018 Winter}} || 1:00.73
|-
| SB-LL2&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/game-time/results/PWG2018/en/snowboard/medals-and-ranking-men-s-snowboard-cross-sb-ll2.htm |title=Medals and Ranking — Men's Snowboard Cross SB-LL2 |publisher=[[PyeongChang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic &amp; Paralympic Winter Games]] |date=12 March 2018 |accessdate=16 March 2018 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317164843/https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/game-time/results/PWG2018/en/snowboard/medals-and-ranking-men-s-snowboard-cross-sb-ll2.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Matti Suur-Hamari]]|FIN|2018 Winter}} || 58.35
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Keith Gabel]]|USA|2018 Winter}} || 59.02
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gurimu Narita]]|JPN|2018 Winter}} || 58.21
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Snowboarding at the 2022 Winter Paralympics|2022 Beijing]]&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Snowboarding at the 2022 Winter Paralympics – Men's snowboard cross}}
| SB-UL
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Ji Lijia]]|CHN|2022 Winter}} ||  
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Wang Pengyao]]|CHN|2022 Winter}} ||  
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Wu Zhongwei]]|CHN|2022 Winter}} ||  
|-
| SB-LL1
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Matti Suur-Hamari]]|FIN|2022 Winter}} ||  
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Garrett Geros]]|USA|2022 Winter}} ||  
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Ben Tudhope]]|AUS|2022 Winter}} || 
|-
| SB-LL2
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Tyler Turner (snowboarder)|Tyler Turner]]|CAN|2022 Winter}} ||  
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Mike Schultz (snowboarder)|Mike Schultz]]|USA|2022 Winter}} ||  
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Zhu Yonggang]]|CHN|2022 Winter}} || 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Para snowboard at the 2026 Winter Paralympics|2026 Milano Cortina]]&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Para snowboard at the 2026 Winter Paralympics – Men's snowboard cross}}
| SB-UL
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Wang Pengyao]]|CHN|2026 Winter}} ||
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Ji Lijia]]|CHN|2026 Winter}} ||  
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Aron Fahrni]]|SUI|2026 Winter}} ||  
|-
| SB-LL1
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Wu Zhongwei]]|CHN|2026 Winter}} ||  
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Noah Elliott]]|USA|2026 Winter}} ||  
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Tyler Turner (snowboarder)|Tyler Turner]]|CAN|2026 Winter}} || 
|-
| SB-LL2
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Emanuel Perathoner]]|ITA|2026 Winter}} ||  
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Ben Tudhope]]|AUS|2026 Winter}} ||  
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lee Je-hyuk]]|KOR|2026 Winter}} || 
|}

=== Slalom na banki ===
{| {{MedalistTableParalympics|type=Event|columns=2}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Paralympics|2018 PyeongChang]]&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Paralympics – Men's banked slalom}}
| SB-UL&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/game-time/results/PWG2018/en/snowboard/medals-and-ranking-men-s-banked-slalom-sb-ul.htm |title=Medals and Ranking — Men's Banked Slalom SB-UL |publisher=[[PyeongChang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic &amp; Paralympic Winter Games]] |date=16 March 2018 |accessdate=16 March 2018 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317164824/https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/game-time/results/PWG2018/en/snowboard/medals-and-ranking-men-s-banked-slalom-sb-ul.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Mike Minor (snowboarder)|Mike Minor]]|USA|2018 Winter}} || 50.77
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Patrick Mayrhofer]]|AUT|2018 Winter}} || 51.36
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Simon Patmore]]|AUS|2018 Winter}} || 51.99
|-
| SB-LL1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/game-time/results/PWG2018/en/snowboard/medals-and-ranking-men-s-banked-slalom-sb-ll1.htm |title=Medals and Ranking — Men's Banked Slalom SB-LL1 |publisher=[[PyeongChang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic &amp; Paralympic Winter Games]] |date=16 March 2018 |accessdate=16 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317164837/https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/game-time/results/PWG2018/en/snowboard/medals-and-ranking-men-s-banked-slalom-sb-ll1.htm |archive-date=17 March 2018 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Noah Elliott]]|USA|2018 Winter}} || 51.90
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Mike Schultz (snowboarder)|Mike Schultz]]|USA|2018 Winter}} || 53.42
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Bruno Bošnjak]]|CRO|2018 Winter}} || 54.08
|-
| SB-LL2&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/game-time/results/PWG2018/en/snowboard/medals-and-ranking-men-s-banked-slalom-sb-ll2.htm |title=Medals and Ranking — Men's Banked Slalom SB-LL2 |publisher=[[PyeongChang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic &amp; Paralympic Winter Games]] |date=16 March 2018 |accessdate=16 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317164822/https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/game-time/results/PWG2018/en/snowboard/medals-and-ranking-men-s-banked-slalom-sb-ll2.htm |archive-date=17 March 2018 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gurimu Narita]]|JPN|2018 Winter}} || 48.68
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Evan Strong]]|USA|2018 Winter}} || 49.20
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Matti Suur-Hamari]]|FIN|2018 Winter}} || 49.51
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Snowboarding at the 2022 Winter Paralympics|2022 Beijing]]&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Snowboarding at the 2022 Winter Paralympics – Men's banked slalom}}
| SB-UL
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Maxime Montaggioni]]|FRA|2022 Winter}} || 1:09.41
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Ji Lijia]]|CHN|2022 Winter}} || 1:09.86
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Zhu Yonggang]]|CHN|2022 Winter}} || 1:10.14
|-
| SB-LL1
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Wu Zhongwei]]|CHN|2022 Winter}} || 1:10.85
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Chris Vos]]|NED|2022 Winter}} || 1:12.06	
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Tyler Turner (snowboarder)|Tyler Turner]]|CAN|2022 Winter}} || 1:12.84
|-
| SB-LL2
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sun Qi]]|CHN|2022 Winter}} || 1:09.73	
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Matti Suur-Hamari]]|FIN|2022 Winter}} || 1:09.98	
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Ollie Hill]]|GBR|2022 Winter}} || 1:10.45	
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Para snowboard at the 2026 Winter Paralympics – Men's banked slalom|2026 Milano Cortina]]&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Para snowboard at the 2026 Winter Paralympics – Men's banked slalom}}
| SB-UL
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Jacopo Luchini]]|ITA|2026 Winter}} || 56.28
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Wang Pengyao]]|CHN|2026 Winter}} || 56.62
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Jiang Zihao]]|CHN|2026 Winter}} || 57.03
|-
| SB-LL1
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Noah Elliott]]|USA|2026 Winter}} || 58.94
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Oguri Daichi]]|JPN|2026 Winter}} || 59.02
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Mike Schultz (snowboarder)|Mike Schultz]]|USA|2026 Winter}} ||1:00.05
|-
| SB-LL2
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Emanuel Perathoner]]|ITA|2026 Winter}} || 54.28
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Fabrice von Grünigen]]|SUI|2026 Winter}} ||56.29	
| {{flagIPCmedalist|[[Ben Tudhope]]|GBR|2022 Winter}} || 57.33
|}

== Kididdiga ==

=== Shugabannin lambobin yabo na 'yan wasa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Mai tsere
!Al'umma
!Wasannin Paralympics
! style=&quot;background-color: gold&quot; |Zinariya
! style=&quot;background-color: silver&quot; |Azurfa
! style=&quot;background-color: #cc9966&quot; |Gishiri
!Jimillar
|-
|{{Sortname|Bibian|Mentel-Spee}}
| Netherlands  (NED) 
|2014–2018
| style=&quot;background-color: #f7f6a8;&quot; |3
|0
|0
|3
|-
|{{Sortname|Brenna|Huckaby}}
| Amurka  (Amurka) 
|2018–
| style=&quot;background-color: #f7f6a8;&quot; |2
|0
|0
|2
|-
|{{Sortname|Mike|Schultz}}
| Amurka  (Amurka) 
|2018–
| style=&quot;background-color: #f7f6a8;&quot; |1
| style=&quot;background-color: #dce5e5;&quot; |1
|0
|2
|-
|{{Sortname|Evan|Strong}}
| Amurka  (Amurka) 
|2014–
| style=&quot;background-color: #f7f6a8;&quot; |1
| style=&quot;background-color: #dce5e5;&quot; |1
|0
|2
|-
|{{Sortname|Noah|Elliott}}
| Amurka  (Amurka) 
|2018–
| style=&quot;background-color: #f7f6a8;&quot; |1
|0
| style=&quot;background-color: #f3e9df;&quot; |1
|2
|-
|{{Sortname|Mike|Minor}}
| Amurka  (Amurka) 
|2018–
| style=&quot;background-color: #f7f6a8;&quot; |1
|0
| style=&quot;background-color: #f3e9df;&quot; |1
|2
|-
|{{Sortname|Gurimu|Narita}}
| Japan  (JPN) 
|2018–
| style=&quot;background-color: #f7f6a8;&quot; |1
|0
| style=&quot;background-color: #f3e9df;&quot; |1
|2
|-
|{{Sortname|Simon|Patmore}}
| Ostiraliya  (AUS) 
|2018–
| style=&quot;background-color: #f7f6a8;&quot; |1
|0
| style=&quot;background-color: #f3e9df;&quot; |1
|2
|-
|{{Sortname|Matti|Suur-Hamari}}
| Finland  (Ƙarshen) 
|2018–
| style=&quot;background-color: #f7f6a8;&quot; |1
|0
| style=&quot;background-color: #f3e9df;&quot; |1
|2
|-
|{{Sortname|Cécile|Hernandez}}
| Faransa  (FRA) 
|2014–
|0
| style=&quot;background-color: #dce5e5;&quot; |2
| style=&quot;background-color: #f3e9df;&quot; |1
|3
|-
|{{Sortname|Amy|Purdy}}
| Amurka  (Amurka) 
|2014–
|0
| style=&quot;background-color: #dce5e5;&quot; |1
| style=&quot;background-color: #f3e9df;&quot; |2
|3
|-
|{{Sortname|Lisa|Bunschoten}}
| Netherlands  (NED) 
|2018–
|0
| style=&quot;background-color: #dce5e5;&quot; |1
| style=&quot;background-color: #f3e9df;&quot; |1
|2
|-
|{{Sortname|Keith|Gabel}}
| Amurka  (Amurka) 
|2014–
|0
| style=&quot;background-color: #dce5e5;&quot; |1
| style=&quot;background-color: #f3e9df;&quot; |1
|2
|-
|{{Sortname|Brittani|Coury}}
| Amurka  (Amurka) 
|2018–
|0
| style=&quot;background-color: #dce5e5;&quot; |1
|0
|1
|-
|{{Sortname|Patrick|Mayrhofer}}
| Ostiraliya  (AUT) 
|2018–
|0
| style=&quot;background-color: #dce5e5;&quot; |1
|0
|1
|-
|{{Sortname|Manuel|Pozzerle}}
| Italiya  (ITA) 
|2018–
|0
| style=&quot;background-color: #dce5e5;&quot; |1
|0
|1
|-
|{{Sortname|Michael|Shea}}
| Amurka  (Amurka) 
|2014–
|0
| style=&quot;background-color: #dce5e5;&quot; |1
|0
|1
|-
|{{Sortname|Chris|Vos}}
| Netherlands  (NED) 
|2018–
|0
| style=&quot;background-color: #dce5e5;&quot; |1
|0
|1
|-
|{{Sortname|Bruno|Bošnjak}}
| Croatia  (CRO) 
|2018–
|0
|0
| style=&quot;background-color: #f3e9df;&quot; |1
|1
|-
|{{Sortname|Astrid|Fina Paredes}}
| Spain  (ESP) 
|2018–
|0
|0
| style=&quot;background-color: #f3e9df;&quot; |1
|1
|}

=== Medals a kowace shekara ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 95%;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Al'umma
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;76&lt;/span&gt;
!&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;80&lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;84&lt;/span&gt;
!&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;88&lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;92&lt;/span&gt;
!&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;94&lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;98&lt;/span&gt;
!&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;02&lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;06&lt;/span&gt;
!&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |14
!18
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Shekaru
|-{{ParalympicNationRow|NPC=USA|season=Winter|sport=Para-snowboarding|total=17|2014=4|2018=13}}
|-{{ParalympicNationRow|NPC=NED|season=Winter|sport=Para-snowboarding|total=6|2014=1|2018=5}}
|-{{ParalympicNationRow|NPC=FRA|season=Winter|sport=Para-snowboarding|total=3|2014=1|2018=2}}
|-{{ParalympicNationRow|NPC=AUS|season=Winter|sport=Para-snowboarding|total=2|2014=|2018=2}}
|-{{ParalympicNationRow|NPC=FIN|season=Winter|sport=Para-snowboarding|total=2|2014=|2018=2}}
|-{{ParalympicNationRow|NPC=JPN|season=Winter|sport=Para-snowboarding|total=2|2014=|2018=2}}
|-{{ParalympicNationRow|NPC=AUT|season=Winter|sport=Para-snowboarding|total=1|2014=|2018=1}}
|-{{ParalympicNationRow|NPC=CRO|season=Winter|sport=Para-snowboarding|total=1|2014=|2018=1}}
|-{{ParalympicNationRow|NPC=ESP|season=Winter|sport=Para-snowboarding|total=1|2014=|2018=1}}
|-{{ParalympicNationRow|NPC=ITA|season=Winter|sport=Para-snowboarding|total=1|2014=|2018=1}}
|- style=&quot;border-top: double #a2a9b1;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |''Shekara''
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;76&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;80&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;84&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;88&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;92&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;94&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;98&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;02&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;06&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#A0A0A0&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;
|14
|18
|2
|}

=== Abubuwan da suka faru na lambar yabo ===
Wadannan abubuwan ne inda 'yan wasa daga wata al'umma suka lashe dukkan lambobin yabo uku.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
!'''Wasanni'''
!Abin da ya faru
!Ɗalibin
! style=&quot;background-color: gold&quot; |'''Zinariya'''
! style=&quot;background-color: silver&quot; |'''Azurfa'''
! style=&quot;background-color: #cc9966&quot; |'''Gishiri'''
|-
|2014 Sochi
|Gicciye na snowboard na maza
|SB-LL
|Evan Strong Amurka
|Mike Shea Amurka
|Keith Gabel Amurka
|-
|2022 Beijing&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|Snowboarding at the 2022 Winter Paralympics – Men's snowboard cross}}
|Gicciye na snowboard na maza
|SB-UL
|Ji Lijia China
|Wang Pengyao China
|Wu Zhongwei China
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
      <sha1>43690l0kavke15ieo5mzpp6cndpi17h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hubbie Hussein Al-Haji</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
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      <text bytes="7715" sha1="c5q3rv8jun0j6xvi8tesquoxivoupnl" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Hubbie Hussein Al-Haji,''' an haife shi a [[Garissa]], [[Kenya]] (1958), shi ne babban darakta na WomenKind Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=2025-03-07 |title=Six women who made history in the last decades in defense of water |url=https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/smart-water-magazine/six-women-who-made-history-last-decades-defense-water |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Smart Water Magazine |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260912041633/https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/smart-water-magazine/six-women-who-made-history-last-decades-defense-water |archive-date=2026-09-12 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana ba da shawara ga haƙƙin mata a cikin kula da ruwa da kuma karfafa mata na cikin gida don sarrafa rarraba ruwa. Ta hanyar aikinta, Al-Haji ta taimaka wajen taimakawa al'umma wajen bunkasa da kuma kafa sabbin hanyoyin kawar da talauci, magance cin zarafin bil'adama, da kuma karfafa mata don inganta dorewar al'umma.

== Ilimi ==
Al-Haji ta sami difloma a fannin Lafiya ta Dabbobi daga [[Jami'ar Egerton]] 1987, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=September 2019 |title=Report on vetting of the nominees for appointment to the positions of chairperson and members of the national land commission |url=https://www.parliament.go.ke/sites/default/files/2019-09/Report%20On%20Vetting%20Of%20The%20Nominees%20For%20Appointment%20To%20The%20National%20Lands%20Commission%20%28%20Main%29.pdf#page=45 |journal=Republic of Kenya National Assembly Twelfth Parliament-Third session |pages=45}}&lt;/ref&gt; takardar shaidar ci gaban al'umma daga Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a da Al'umma ta Kenya (2000-2002), Bachelor of Arts in Development studies daga Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaban Kimmange-Kimmange Ireland 2006-2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ta yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa, Womankind Kenya 2008-2013.

Ya kafa wata al'umma zuwa (UNUL-KHEIR) don taimakawa mata da yara marasa galihu 1989-1994.

== Ra'ayoyin falsafa da / ko siyasa ==

=== Yankewar jima'i na mata ===
Al-Haji ta nemi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar likitan dabbobi a Garissa [[Kenya]], bayan ta sami takardar shaidarta, kuma an hana ta da imani cewa matan da ke haila za su sa shanu su mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-11-16 |title=Women weighed down by culture |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/87063/kenya-women-weighed-down-culture |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=www.thenewhumanitarian.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan wannan gogewa Al-Haji da abokin aiki sun fara wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ake kira WomenKind Kenya (WOKIKE) a shekarar 1989, an kafa ta a matsayin kungiya mai kula da agaji a shekarar 1995.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-10-13 |title=SAMOTALIS: WardheerNews (WDN) Interview with CEO Hubbie Hussein al-Haji of Womankind Kenya |url=https://samotalis.blogspot.com/2012/10/wardheernews-wdn-interview-with-ceo.html |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=SAMOTALIS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar su ita ce horar da mata a cikin jagoranci, juriya ga canjin yanayi, kariya ga yara da gina zaman lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Womankind Kenya (WOKIKE) - Kenya - 50 Million African Women Speak |url=https://www.womenconnect.org/web/kenya/empowerment/-/asset_publisher/aV6bGKqYx8gS/content/womankind-kenya-wokike-?_com_liferay_asset_publisher_web_portlet_AssetPublisherPortlet_INSTANCE_aV6bGKqYx8gS_redirect=https://www.womenconnect.org/web/kenya/empowerment?p_p_id=com_liferay_asset_publisher_web_portlet_AssetPublisherPortlet_INSTANCE_aV6bGKqYx8gS&amp;p_p_lifecycle=0&amp;p_p_state=normal&amp;p_p_mode=view&amp;_com_liferay_asset_publisher_web_portlet_AssetPublisherPortlet_INSTANCE_aV6bGKqYx8gS_cur=0&amp;p_r_p_resetCur=false&amp;_com_liferay_asset_publisher_web_portlet_AssetPublisherPortlet_INSTANCE_aV6bGKqYx8gS_assetEntryId=2555630 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=www.womenconnect.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, Al-Haji ya taimaka wajen kafa wani wuri mai tsarki ga 'yan mata da ke cikin haɗarin yankan mata / yankan mata (FGM / C). A shekara ta 2009, cibiyar ta tallafa wa 'yan mata 120 masu shekaru shida zuwa takwas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Gudanar da ruwa ===
Al-Haji ta yi ƙoƙari ta ba da damar mata su shiga cikin kwamitocin kula da ruwa a Kenya mai karancin ruwa. Kasuwancin ruwa ta cibiyoyin kasa da kasa sun kara damuwa game da wadatar ruwa mai kyau kuma sun zurfafa rashin daidaito na mata da ke karɓar ruwa da dafa abinci tare da ruwa duk da haka suna da ƙaramin murya a cikin gudanar da haƙƙin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An zabi Al-Haji a kan kwamitin ruwa na Garissa a shekarar 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Loots |first=Lliane |date=2011 |title=Revisiting gender ecology and eco-feminism: A profile of five contemporary women water activists |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/41321411.pdf?refreqid=fastly-default%3A26cfc4657bc2c939b7dac5725e76724d&amp;ab_segments=&amp;initiator=&amp;acceptTC=1 |journal=Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=6–16 |archive-url= |via=JSTOR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar WOKIEK ta sami nasarar ba da damar wasu al'ummomi su dawo da ruwa a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ayyukansu na kare haƙƙin mata na ruwa ya ƙarfafa Kenya ta fara aikin sake fasalin ruwa a shekara ta 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tare da shigarwar Al-Haji &quot;tafiyar yau da kullun don neman lita 20 na ruwa don iyali na takwas nan ba da daɗewa ba za ta zama tarihi&quot; ta hanyar sake fasalin ruwa na Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kenya takes steps to ease women's water woes |url=https://news.trust.org/item/20101215155600-utjmw |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=news.trust.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukan Al-Haji a Hukumar Kasa da Kasa ta Kasa ya haifar da 'yan Kenya da suka sami amincewar doka game da haƙƙin ƙasa da kuma kare ƙasashen jama'a tare da manufofi masu adalci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lagat |first=Faith |date=2025-11-13 |title=Ruto commends outgoing NLC Commissioners for resolving long-standing land disputes |url=https://peopledaily.digital/news/ruto-commends-outgoing-nlc-commissioners-for-resolving-long-standing-land-disputes |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=People Daily |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ci gaba da yin kamfen don sake fasalin ruwa a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin haƙƙin mata da ingancin rayuwa a Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 2011, WOKIEK ta yi aiki don taimakawa mutanen da ke tserewa daga yunwa a Somalia waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa Kenya.

== Sanarwa ==

* A shekara ta 2006, an ba Al-Haji lambar yabo ta Ralph Stone Memorial Award a kan jagorancin mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-08-13 |title=Hubbie Hussein al-Haji |url=https://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/muslim-woman/hubbie-hussein-al-haji-2/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=WISE Muslim Women}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A shekara ta 2010, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Moran na Burning Spear ta Shugaban Kenya &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=June 30, 2021 |title=Report of the Auditor-General on National Land Commission Housing Scheme Fund for the year ended 30 June, 2021 |url=https://parliament.go.ke/sites/default/files/2022-04/Report%20of%20the%20Auditor%20General%20and%20the%20Financial%20Statements%20on%20the%20National%20Lands%20Commission%20Housing%20Scheme%20Fund%20for%20the%20year%20ended%2030%20June%202021.pdf#page=vii |journal=Office of the Auditor General, Republic of Kenya |pages=vii}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010 An amince da shi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don yin aiki mai kyau kan 'yancin ɗan adam &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* 2011 Jakadan Amurka Michael E. Ranneberger ya amince da shi don kokarin da aka yi na musamman don inganta karfafawa mata da 'yan mata na Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* A cikin 2019 an nada Al-Haji a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula da Kasa ta Kenya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
*

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Mutanen Kenya]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]</text>
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    <title>Iliya G. Overbey</title>
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'''Eliah G. Overbey''' mataimakin farfesa ne a fannin Bioastronautics a Jami'ar Austin kuma mataimakin farfesa ne na bincike a fannin Computer Biomedicine a Weill Cornell Medicine . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eliah Overbey |url=https://www.uaustin.org/people/eliah-overbey |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=www.uaustin.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Overbey, Eliah |url=https://vivo.weill.cornell.edu/display/cwid-elo4004 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=vivo.weill.cornell.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta haɗu da kafa Space Omics and Medical Atlas (SOMA), wanda ya samar da sama da kashi 90% na duk bayanan ' yan sama jannati da ake da su a bainar jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Overbey |first=Eliah G. |last2=Kim |first2=JangKeun |last3=Tierney |first3=Braden T. |last4=Park |first4=Jiwoon |last5=Houerbi |first5=Nadia |last6=Lucaci |first6=Alexander G. |last7=Garcia Medina |first7=Sebastian |last8=Damle |first8=Namita |last9=Najjar |first9=Deena |last10=Grigorev |first10=Kirill |last11=Afshin |first11=Evan E. |last12=Ryon |first12=Krista A. |last13=Sienkiewicz |first13=Karolina |last14=Patras |first14=Laura |last15=Klotz |first15=Remi |date=August 2024 |title=The Space Omics and Medical Atlas (SOMA) and international astronaut biobank |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=632 |issue=8027 |pages=1145–1154 |bibcode=2024Natur.632.1145O |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07639-y |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=11357981 |pmid=38862028}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Overbey ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin Kimiyyar Kwamfuta daga Jami'ar UC San Diego da kuma digirinta na uku a fannin Kimiyyar Halittar Halitta daga Jami'ar Washington . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta yi bincikenta na digiri na uku a dakin gwaje-gwajen Christopher E. Mason a kan wani shiri na haɗin gwiwa daga NASA. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-18 |title=NASA Selects 18 Space Biology Research Proposals to Advance Scientific Knowledge of Life in Space and Foster Human Space Exploration - NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-research/biological-physical-sciences/spacebiologyprogramnraawardssep2020/?fbclid=IwAR0QHO6hmNjyYWE-hRTL5eVB1mz0UyM-NgAwfFgCqDdZ3xs6RXVZO9oknBY |access-date=2025-04-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overbey ya shiga Jami'ar Austin a matsayin memba na malaman da suka kafa ta a shekarar 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet the Scientist Launching the University of Austin Space Exploration Program, Professor Eliah Overbey |url=https://www.uaustin.org/blog/meet-the-scientist-launching-the-university-of-austin-space-exploration-program-professor-eliah-overbey |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=www.uaustin.org |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404230236/https://www.uaustin.org/blog/meet-the-scientist-launching-the-university-of-austin-space-exploration-program-professor-eliah-overbey |archive-date=2025-04-04 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==

=== Taswirar Sararin Samaniya da Taswirar Lafiya (SOMA) ===
A shekarar 2021, Overbey ya jagoranci tattara samfuran halittu daga ƙungiyar Inspiration4, yana tattara samfuran kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan aikinsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Overbey |first=Eliah G. |last2=Ryon |first2=Krista |last3=Kim |first3=JangKeun |last4=Tierney |first4=Braden T. |last5=Klotz |first5=Remi |last6=Ortiz |first6=Veronica |last7=Mullane |first7=Sean |last8=Schmidt |first8=Julian C. |last9=MacKay |first9=Matthew |last10=Damle |first10=Namita |last11=Najjar |first11=Deena |last12=Matei |first12=Irina |last13=Patras |first13=Laura |last14=Garcia Medina |first14=J. Sebastian |last15=Kleinman |first15=Ashley S. |date=2024-06-11 |title=Collection of biospecimens from the inspiration4 mission establishes the standards for the space omics and medical atlas (SOMA) |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=4964 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.4964O |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-48806-z |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=11166662 |pmid=38862509 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta jagoranci ƙoƙarin samar da kuma yin nazari kan ma'aunin kwayoyin halitta daban-daban, ciki har da cikakken kwayar halitta, bayyanar kwayoyin halitta, samun damar chromatin, gwajin proteomic, metagenomic, da metatranscriptomic. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Space Omics and Medical Atlas Database Could Enhance the Health of Earthlings |url=https://www.technologynetworks.com/proteomics/news/space-omics-and-medical-atlas-database-could-enhance-the-health-of-earthlings-387686 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Proteomics &amp; Metabolomics from Technology Networks |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=College |first=Weill Cornell Medical |title=Commercial astronauts shed light on flights' health impacts and create spaceflight atlas |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2024-06-commercial-astronauts-flights-health-impacts.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=medicalxpress.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana wannan tarin bayanai a cikin Ma'ajiyar Bayanan Kimiyya ta NASA a watan Mayu na 2024 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sanders |first=Lauren M. |last2=Grigorev |first2=Kirill A. |last3=Scott |first3=Ryan T. |last4=Saravia-Butler |first4=Amanda M. |last5=Polo |first5=San-huei Lai |last6=Gilbert |first6=Rachel |last7=Overbey |first7=Eliah G. |last8=Kim |first8=JangKeun |last9=Mason |first9=Christopher E. |last10=Costes |first10=Sylvain V. |date=2024-05-14 |title=Inspiration4 data access through the NASA Open Science Data Repository |journal=npj Microgravity |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=56 |bibcode=2024npjMG..10...56S |doi=10.1038/s41526-024-00393-5 |issn=2373-8065 |pmc=11094041 |pmid=38744887 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya ƙunshi sama da kashi 90% na bayanan sararin samaniya na sararin samaniya da ake samu a bainar jama'a, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; wanda ya zama dole don haɓaka matakan magance mamaye sararin samaniya, gami da magunguna na musamman da magunguna.

Aikin ya sami damar yin bayani a ƙasa baki ɗaya ta hanyar fassara daban-daban. ''[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]'' da &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwTA&quot;&gt;Science&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; sun yi nuni da manyan canje-canjen da suka faru a cikin kwanaki 3 kacal a sararin samaniya,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Astronauts face health risks—even on short trips in space |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/astronauts-face-health-risks-even-short-trips-space |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da ''jaridar Washington Post'' ta jaddada cewa masana kimiyya ba sa ganin wani abin da zai hana su zuwa duniyar Mars.  SOMA ta kuma sami shaidu da ke goyon bayan sakamakon tsawaita telomere na baya daga Nazarin NASA Tagwaye . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=Why you shouldn't worry about invasive Joro spiders : Short Wave |url=https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1198910262 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=NPR |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatan Polaris Dawn suma sun shiga cikin binciken, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kraus |first=John |date=2022-10-24 |title=Polaris Dawn Selects 38 Science and Research Experiments to Advance Human Health and Space Exploration |url=https://polarisprogram.com/polaris-dawn-selects-38-science-and-research-experiments-to-advance-human-health-and-space-exploration/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Polaris Program |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma ba a buga bayanansu ba tukuna. Musamman ma, Jared Isaacman, wanda aka zaba a halin yanzu don Shugaban Hukumar NASA, ya kasance batun bincike a cikin ayyukan biyu.

=== Ci gaban Manufar Sararin Samaniya ===
Overbey ta kasance tana haɓaka gasannin kimiyya don Hukumar Binciken Sararin Samaniya da Bincike (SERA)  da ayyukan bincike na BioAstra, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Skove |first=Sam |date=2025-03-20 |title=This nonprofit wants to send your twin into space |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/digital-future-daily/2025/03/20/this-non-profit-wants-to-send-your-twin-into-space-00240539 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda take aiki a matsayin babbar jami'ar kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About BioAstra {{!}} Driving Biotech and Healthcare Innovation |url=https://bioastra.org/about-us/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=bioastra.org/ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jami'ar Austin (UATX) ===
A shekarar 2024, Overbey ya shiga Jami'ar Austin (UATX) a matsayin memba na malaman da suka kafa jami'ar, inda ya ambaci yanayin aiki mai tsauri ga ɗaliban Yahudawa a wasu jami'o'i,  danne 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a harabar jami'o'i, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-03 |title=Inside University of Austin's bold, anti-woke mission {{!}} Fox News Video |url=https://www.foxnews.com/video/6369564903112 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma sha'awar gina sabbin shirye-shirye don horar da ɗalibai don mulkin mallaka a duniyar Mars. 

== Littattafai ==
Takardun tushe daga tarin &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwhw&quot;&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; SOMA na 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Space Omics and Medical Atlas (SOMA) across orbits |url=https://preview.shorthand.com/uXfkBJxJ0FNkoOKq |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=www.nature.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] &quot;The Space Omics and Medical Atlas (SOMA) da kuma biobank na ɗan saman jannati na duniya&quot;. Yanayi '''632''' (8027): 1145-1154. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07639-y

* Overbey, EG; Ryon, K.; Kim, J.; Tierney, BT; da sauransu (2024). &quot;Tarin samfuran halittu daga aikin Inspiration4 ya kafa ƙa'idodi don Space Omics da Medical Atlas (SOMA)&quot;. ''Sadarwar Yanayi'' '''15''' (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48806-z

* Jones, CW; Overbey, EG; Lacombe, J.; da sauransu (2024). &quot;Canje-canje a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta da na jiki a cikin ma'aikatan farar hula na SpaceX Inspiration4&quot;. ''Yanayi'' '''632''' (8027): 1155–1164. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07648-x

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>30 da 30</title>
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'''30 da 30''' (ko '''30 × 30''') wani shiri ne na duniya don gwamnatoci su sanya kashi 30% na ƙasar [[Duniya]] da yankin teku a matsayin wuraren da aka kiyaye su nan da shekara ta 2030.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mukpo |first=Ashoka |date=2021-08-26 |title=As COP15 approaches, '30 by 30' becomes a conservation battleground |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/08/as-cop15-approaches-30-by-30-becomes-a-conservation-battleground |access-date=2021-10-25 |publisher=[[Mongabay]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-02 |title=30 by 30: why humanity should protect 30 per cent of the ocean by 2030 |url=https://newscientist.com/article/2279097-30-by-30-why-humanity-should-protect-30-per-cent-of-the-ocean-by-2030 |access-date=2021-10-25 |website=[[New Scientist]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gabatar da manufa ta hanyar wata kasida ta 2019 a cikin Science Advances, &quot;A Global Deal for Nature: Guiding principles, milestones, and manuals&quot;, yana nuna bukatar fadada kokarin [[Kare yanayi|kiyaye yanayi]] don [[rage canjin yanayi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dinerstein |first=E. |last2=Vynne |first2=C. |last3=Sala |first3=E. |last4=Joshi |first4=A. R. |last5=Fernando |first5=S. |last6=Lovejoy |first6=T. E. |last7=Mayorga |first7=J. |last8=Olson |first8=D. |last9=Asner |first9=G. P. |last10=Baillie |first10=J. E. M. |last11=Burgess |first11=N. D. |date=19 Apr 2019 |title=A Global Deal For Nature: Guiding principles, milestones, and targets |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.2869D |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw2869 |pmc=6474764 |pmid=31016243}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Benji |date=2021-04-12 |title=The hottest number in conservation is rooted more in politics than science |url=https://vox.com/22369705/biden-conservation-biodiversity-collapse-30-by-30 |access-date=2021-10-25 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ƙaddamar da shi ta hanyar Babban Haɗin Kai a cikin 2020, sama da kasashe 50 sun amince da shirin nan da Janairu 2021,  wanda ya karu zuwa kasashe sama da 100 a watan Oktoba 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rowling |first=Megan |title=Drive to protect 30% of planet by 2030 grows to 50 nations |url=https://news.trust.org/item/20210111140220-1qxoj |access-date=2021-10-25 |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sanar da dala biliyan 5 a cikin kudade don aikin da ake kira &quot;Kariya ga Ƙalubalen Duniyarmu&quot; don shirin a watan Satumbar 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rendon |first=Jim |date=2021-09-28 |title=$5B conservation plan offers new approach, but faces hurdles |url=https://apnews.com/article/climate-change-science-business-philanthropy-oceans-6ca70181c532be88358cbedda72dce1e |access-date=2021-10-25 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, an amince da 30 da 30 a taron COP15 na Yarjejeniyar Biological Diversity, kuma ya zama manufa ta Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=High Ambition Coalition for Nature and People |url=https://www.hacfornatureandpeople.org/home |access-date=26 June 2022 |website=HAC for Nature and People |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-12-20 |title=COP15: Key outcomes agreed at the UN biodiversity conference in Montreal |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop15-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-biodiversity-conference-in-montreal/ |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya hada da G7  da Tarayyar Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 May 2021 |title=G7 commits to end support for coal-fired power stations this year |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/05/21/g7-commits-to-end-support-for-coal-fired-power-stations-this-year |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=euronews |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shirin ya jawo hankalin gardama game da batutuwan kare hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar.

Ya zuwa Mayu 2026, 17.3% na ƙasar ƙasa da ruwan ciki da 9.8% na yankunan ruwa suna karewa. Ciki har da OECM's (Wasu Matsayin Tsaro na Yankin) kashi na yankunan da aka kiyaye sune 18.4% na ruwa na ƙasa da na ciki da 10.0% na yankunan ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Discover the world’s protected and conserved areas |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260518164405/https://www.protectedplanet.net/en |archive-date=2026-05-18 |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=Protected Planet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duniya ==
30 da 30 shine na uku na 23 na burin halittu na duniya don 2030 a cikin Tsarin halittu na Duniya na Kunming-Montreal, wanda aka karɓa a watan Disamba na 2022:

: ''Tabbatar da kuma ba da damar cewa zuwa 2030 aƙalla kashi 30 cikin dari na ƙasa, ruwa na ciki, da na yankunan bakin teku da na ruwa, musamman yankunan da ke da mahimmanci ga bambancin halittu da ayyukan halittu da sabis, ana kiyaye su yadda ya kamata kuma ana sarrafa su ta hanyar tsarin wakiltar muhalli, da ke da alaƙa da daidaito na yankuna masu kariya da sauran matakan kiyayewa masu tasiri, inda ya dace da yankunan da kuma al'adunsu masu kula da yankuna masu kula da su, gami da yankuna na al'umma, inda suka dace, sun fi dacewa, suna girmamawa, inda suka fi dacewa, sun fi sani da yankuna da yankuna.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=18 December 2022 |title=Kunming-Montreal Global biodiversity framework: Draft decision submitted by the President |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/e6d3/cd1d/daf663719a03902a9b116c34/cop-15-l-25-en.pdf |access-date=25 December 2022 |website=Convention on Biological Diversity |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''30 da 30''' (ko '''30 × 30''') wani shiri ne na duniya don gwamnatoci su sanya kashi 30% na ƙasar [[Duniya]] da yankin teku a matsayin wuraren da aka kiyaye su nan da shekara ta 2030.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mukpo |first=Ashoka |date=2021-08-26 |title=As COP15 approaches, '30 by 30' becomes a conservation battleground |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/08/as-cop15-approaches-30-by-30-becomes-a-conservation-battleground |access-date=2021-10-25 |publisher=[[Mongabay]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-02 |title=30 by 30: why humanity should protect 30 per cent of the ocean by 2030 |url=https://newscientist.com/article/2279097-30-by-30-why-humanity-should-protect-30-per-cent-of-the-ocean-by-2030 |access-date=2021-10-25 |website=[[New Scientist]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gabatar da manufa ta hanyar wata kasida ta 2019 a cikin Science Advances, &quot;A Global Deal for Nature: Guiding principles, milestones, and manuals&quot;, yana nuna bukatar fadada kokarin [[Kare yanayi|kiyaye yanayi]] don [[rage canjin yanayi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dinerstein |first=E. |last2=Vynne |first2=C. |last3=Sala |first3=E. |last4=Joshi |first4=A. R. |last5=Fernando |first5=S. |last6=Lovejoy |first6=T. E. |last7=Mayorga |first7=J. |last8=Olson |first8=D. |last9=Asner |first9=G. P. |last10=Baillie |first10=J. E. M. |last11=Burgess |first11=N. D. |date=19 Apr 2019 |title=A Global Deal For Nature: Guiding principles, milestones, and targets |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.2869D |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw2869 |pmc=6474764 |pmid=31016243}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Benji |date=2021-04-12 |title=The hottest number in conservation is rooted more in politics than science |url=https://vox.com/22369705/biden-conservation-biodiversity-collapse-30-by-30 |access-date=2021-10-25 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ƙaddamar da shi ta hanyar Babban Haɗin Kai a cikin 2020, sama da kasashe 50 sun amince da shirin nan da Janairu 2021,  wanda ya karu zuwa kasashe sama da 100 a watan Oktoba 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rowling |first=Megan |title=Drive to protect 30% of planet by 2030 grows to 50 nations |url=https://news.trust.org/item/20210111140220-1qxoj |access-date=2021-10-25 |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sanar da dala biliyan 5 a cikin kudade don aikin da ake kira &quot;Kariya ga Ƙalubalen Duniyarmu&quot; don shirin a watan [[Satumba|Satumbar]] 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rendon |first=Jim |date=2021-09-28 |title=$5B conservation plan offers new approach, but faces hurdles |url=https://apnews.com/article/climate-change-science-business-philanthropy-oceans-6ca70181c532be88358cbedda72dce1e |access-date=2021-10-25 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, an amince da 30 da 30 a taron COP15 na Yarjejeniyar Biological Diversity, kuma ya zama manufa ta Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=High Ambition Coalition for Nature and People |url=https://www.hacfornatureandpeople.org/home |access-date=26 June 2022 |website=HAC for Nature and People |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-12-20 |title=COP15: Key outcomes agreed at the UN biodiversity conference in Montreal |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop15-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-biodiversity-conference-in-montreal/ |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya hada da G7  da Tarayyar Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 May 2021 |title=G7 commits to end support for coal-fired power stations this year |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/05/21/g7-commits-to-end-support-for-coal-fired-power-stations-this-year |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=euronews |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shirin ya jawo hankalin gardama game da batutuwan kare hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar.

Ya zuwa Mayu 2026, 17.3% na ƙasar ƙasa da ruwan ciki da 9.8% na yankunan ruwa suna karewa. Ciki har da OECM's (Wasu Matsayin Tsaro na Yankin) kashi na yankunan da aka kiyaye sune 18.4% na ruwa na ƙasa da na ciki da 10.0% na yankunan ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Discover the world’s protected and conserved areas |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260518164405/https://www.protectedplanet.net/en |archive-date=2026-05-18 |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=Protected Planet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duniya ==
30 da 30 shine na uku na 23 na burin halittu na duniya don 2030 a cikin Tsarin halittu na Duniya na Kunming-Montreal, wanda aka karɓa a watan Disamba na 2022:

: ''Tabbatar da kuma ba da damar cewa zuwa 2030 aƙalla kashi 30 cikin dari na ƙasa, ruwa na ciki, da na yankunan bakin teku da na ruwa, musamman yankunan da ke da mahimmanci ga bambancin halittu da ayyukan halittu da sabis, ana kiyaye su yadda ya kamata kuma ana sarrafa su ta hanyar tsarin wakiltar muhalli, da ke da alaƙa da daidaito na yankuna masu kariya da sauran matakan kiyayewa masu tasiri, inda ya dace da yankunan da kuma al'adunsu masu kula da yankuna masu kula da su, gami da yankuna na al'umma, inda suka dace, sun fi dacewa, suna girmamawa, inda suka fi dacewa, sun fi sani da yankuna da yankuna.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=18 December 2022 |title=Kunming-Montreal Global biodiversity framework: Draft decision submitted by the President |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/e6d3/cd1d/daf663719a03902a9b116c34/cop-15-l-25-en.pdf |access-date=25 December 2022 |website=Convention on Biological Diversity |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''30 da 30''' (ko '''30 × 30''') wani shiri ne na duniya don gwamnatoci su sanya kashi 30% na ƙasar [[Duniya]] da yankin teku a matsayin wuraren da aka kiyaye su nan da shekara ta 2030.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mukpo |first=Ashoka |date=2021-08-26 |title=As COP15 approaches, '30 by 30' becomes a conservation battleground |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/08/as-cop15-approaches-30-by-30-becomes-a-conservation-battleground |access-date=2021-10-25 |publisher=[[Mongabay]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-02 |title=30 by 30: why humanity should protect 30 per cent of the ocean by 2030 |url=https://newscientist.com/article/2279097-30-by-30-why-humanity-should-protect-30-per-cent-of-the-ocean-by-2030 |access-date=2021-10-25 |website=[[New Scientist]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gabatar da manufa ta hanyar wata kasida ta 2019 a cikin Science Advances, &quot;A Global Deal for Nature: Guiding principles, milestones, and manuals&quot;, yana nuna bukatar fadada kokarin [[Kare yanayi|kiyaye yanayi]] don [[rage canjin yanayi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dinerstein |first=E. |last2=Vynne |first2=C. |last3=Sala |first3=E. |last4=Joshi |first4=A. R. |last5=Fernando |first5=S. |last6=Lovejoy |first6=T. E. |last7=Mayorga |first7=J. |last8=Olson |first8=D. |last9=Asner |first9=G. P. |last10=Baillie |first10=J. E. M. |last11=Burgess |first11=N. D. |date=19 Apr 2019 |title=A Global Deal For Nature: Guiding principles, milestones, and targets |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.2869D |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw2869 |pmc=6474764 |pmid=31016243}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Benji |date=2021-04-12 |title=The hottest number in conservation is rooted more in politics than science |url=https://vox.com/22369705/biden-conservation-biodiversity-collapse-30-by-30 |access-date=2021-10-25 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ƙaddamar da shi ta hanyar Babban Haɗin Kai a cikin 2020, sama da kasashe 50 sun amince da shirin nan da [[Janairu]] 2021,  wanda ya karu zuwa kasashe sama da 100 a watan Oktoba 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rowling |first=Megan |title=Drive to protect 30% of planet by 2030 grows to 50 nations |url=https://news.trust.org/item/20210111140220-1qxoj |access-date=2021-10-25 |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sanar da dala biliyan 5 a cikin kudade don aikin da ake kira &quot;Kariya ga Ƙalubalen Duniyarmu&quot; don shirin a watan [[Satumba|Satumbar]] 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rendon |first=Jim |date=2021-09-28 |title=$5B conservation plan offers new approach, but faces hurdles |url=https://apnews.com/article/climate-change-science-business-philanthropy-oceans-6ca70181c532be88358cbedda72dce1e |access-date=2021-10-25 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, an amince da 30 da 30 a taron COP15 na Yarjejeniyar Biological Diversity, kuma ya zama manufa ta Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=High Ambition Coalition for Nature and People |url=https://www.hacfornatureandpeople.org/home |access-date=26 June 2022 |website=HAC for Nature and People |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-12-20 |title=COP15: Key outcomes agreed at the UN biodiversity conference in Montreal |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop15-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-biodiversity-conference-in-montreal/ |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya hada da G7  da Tarayyar Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 May 2021 |title=G7 commits to end support for coal-fired power stations this year |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/05/21/g7-commits-to-end-support-for-coal-fired-power-stations-this-year |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=euronews |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shirin ya jawo hankalin gardama game da batutuwan kare hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar.

Ya zuwa Mayu 2026, 17.3% na ƙasar ƙasa da ruwan ciki da 9.8% na yankunan ruwa suna karewa. Ciki har da OECM's (Wasu Matsayin Tsaro na Yankin) kashi na yankunan da aka kiyaye sune 18.4% na ruwa na ƙasa da na ciki da 10.0% na yankunan ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Discover the world’s protected and conserved areas |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260518164405/https://www.protectedplanet.net/en |archive-date=2026-05-18 |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=Protected Planet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duniya ==
30 da 30 shine na uku na 23 na burin halittu na duniya don 2030 a cikin Tsarin halittu na Duniya na Kunming-Montreal, wanda aka karɓa a watan Disamba na 2022:

: ''Tabbatar da kuma ba da damar cewa zuwa 2030 aƙalla kashi 30 cikin dari na ƙasa, ruwa na ciki, da na yankunan bakin teku da na ruwa, musamman yankunan da ke da mahimmanci ga bambancin halittu da ayyukan halittu da sabis, ana kiyaye su yadda ya kamata kuma ana sarrafa su ta hanyar tsarin wakiltar muhalli, da ke da alaƙa da daidaito na yankuna masu kariya da sauran matakan kiyayewa masu tasiri, inda ya dace da yankunan da kuma al'adunsu masu kula da yankuna masu kula da su, gami da yankuna na al'umma, inda suka dace, sun fi dacewa, suna girmamawa, inda suka fi dacewa, sun fi sani da yankuna da yankuna.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=18 December 2022 |title=Kunming-Montreal Global biodiversity framework: Draft decision submitted by the President |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/e6d3/cd1d/daf663719a03902a9b116c34/cop-15-l-25-en.pdf |access-date=25 December 2022 |website=Convention on Biological Diversity |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''30 da 30''' (ko '''30 × 30''') wani shiri ne na duniya don gwamnatoci su sanya kashi 30% na ƙasar [[Duniya]] da yankin teku a matsayin wuraren da aka kiyaye su nan da shekara ta 2030.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mukpo |first=Ashoka |date=2021-08-26 |title=As COP15 approaches, '30 by 30' becomes a conservation battleground |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/08/as-cop15-approaches-30-by-30-becomes-a-conservation-battleground |access-date=2021-10-25 |publisher=[[Mongabay]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-02 |title=30 by 30: why humanity should protect 30 per cent of the ocean by 2030 |url=https://newscientist.com/article/2279097-30-by-30-why-humanity-should-protect-30-per-cent-of-the-ocean-by-2030 |access-date=2021-10-25 |website=[[New Scientist]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gabatar da manufa ta hanyar wata kasida ta 2019 a cikin Science Advances, &quot;A Global Deal for Nature: Guiding principles, milestones, and manuals&quot;, yana nuna bukatar fadada kokarin [[Kare yanayi|kiyaye yanayi]] don [[rage canjin yanayi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dinerstein |first=E. |last2=Vynne |first2=C. |last3=Sala |first3=E. |last4=Joshi |first4=A. R. |last5=Fernando |first5=S. |last6=Lovejoy |first6=T. E. |last7=Mayorga |first7=J. |last8=Olson |first8=D. |last9=Asner |first9=G. P. |last10=Baillie |first10=J. E. M. |last11=Burgess |first11=N. D. |date=19 Apr 2019 |title=A Global Deal For Nature: Guiding principles, milestones, and targets |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.2869D |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw2869 |pmc=6474764 |pmid=31016243}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Benji |date=2021-04-12 |title=The hottest number in conservation is rooted more in politics than science |url=https://vox.com/22369705/biden-conservation-biodiversity-collapse-30-by-30 |access-date=2021-10-25 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ƙaddamar da shi ta hanyar Babban Haɗin Kai a cikin 2020, sama da kasashe 50 sun amince da shirin nan da [[Janairu]] 2021,  wanda ya karu zuwa kasashe sama da 100 a watan [[Oktoba]] 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rowling |first=Megan |title=Drive to protect 30% of planet by 2030 grows to 50 nations |url=https://news.trust.org/item/20210111140220-1qxoj |access-date=2021-10-25 |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sanar da dala biliyan 5 a cikin kudade don aikin da ake kira &quot;Kariya ga Ƙalubalen Duniyarmu&quot; don shirin a watan [[Satumba|Satumbar]] 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rendon |first=Jim |date=2021-09-28 |title=$5B conservation plan offers new approach, but faces hurdles |url=https://apnews.com/article/climate-change-science-business-philanthropy-oceans-6ca70181c532be88358cbedda72dce1e |access-date=2021-10-25 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, an amince da 30 da 30 a taron COP15 na Yarjejeniyar Biological Diversity, kuma ya zama manufa ta Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=High Ambition Coalition for Nature and People |url=https://www.hacfornatureandpeople.org/home |access-date=26 June 2022 |website=HAC for Nature and People |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-12-20 |title=COP15: Key outcomes agreed at the UN biodiversity conference in Montreal |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop15-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-biodiversity-conference-in-montreal/ |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya hada da G7  da Tarayyar Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 May 2021 |title=G7 commits to end support for coal-fired power stations this year |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/05/21/g7-commits-to-end-support-for-coal-fired-power-stations-this-year |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=euronews |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shirin ya jawo hankalin gardama game da batutuwan kare hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar.

Ya zuwa Mayu 2026, 17.3% na ƙasar ƙasa da ruwan ciki da 9.8% na yankunan ruwa suna karewa. Ciki har da OECM's (Wasu Matsayin Tsaro na Yankin) kashi na yankunan da aka kiyaye sune 18.4% na ruwa na ƙasa da na ciki da 10.0% na yankunan ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Discover the world’s protected and conserved areas |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260518164405/https://www.protectedplanet.net/en |archive-date=2026-05-18 |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=Protected Planet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duniya ==
30 da 30 shine na uku na 23 na burin halittu na duniya don 2030 a cikin Tsarin halittu na Duniya na Kunming-Montreal, wanda aka karɓa a watan Disamba na 2022:

: ''Tabbatar da kuma ba da damar cewa zuwa 2030 aƙalla kashi 30 cikin dari na ƙasa, ruwa na ciki, da na yankunan bakin teku da na ruwa, musamman yankunan da ke da mahimmanci ga bambancin halittu da ayyukan halittu da sabis, ana kiyaye su yadda ya kamata kuma ana sarrafa su ta hanyar tsarin wakiltar muhalli, da ke da alaƙa da daidaito na yankuna masu kariya da sauran matakan kiyayewa masu tasiri, inda ya dace da yankunan da kuma al'adunsu masu kula da yankuna masu kula da su, gami da yankuna na al'umma, inda suka dace, sun fi dacewa, suna girmamawa, inda suka fi dacewa, sun fi sani da yankuna da yankuna.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=18 December 2022 |title=Kunming-Montreal Global biodiversity framework: Draft decision submitted by the President |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/e6d3/cd1d/daf663719a03902a9b116c34/cop-15-l-25-en.pdf |access-date=25 December 2022 |website=Convention on Biological Diversity |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''30 da 30''' (ko '''30 × 30''') wani shiri ne na duniya don gwamnatoci su sanya kashi 30% na ƙasar [[Duniya]] da yankin teku a matsayin wuraren da aka kiyaye su nan da shekara ta 2030.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mukpo |first=Ashoka |date=2021-08-26 |title=As COP15 approaches, '30 by 30' becomes a conservation battleground |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/08/as-cop15-approaches-30-by-30-becomes-a-conservation-battleground |access-date=2021-10-25 |publisher=[[Mongabay]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-02 |title=30 by 30: why humanity should protect 30 per cent of the ocean by 2030 |url=https://newscientist.com/article/2279097-30-by-30-why-humanity-should-protect-30-per-cent-of-the-ocean-by-2030 |access-date=2021-10-25 |website=[[New Scientist]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gabatar da manufa ta hanyar wata kasida ta 2019 a cikin Science Advances, &quot;A Global Deal for Nature: Guiding principles, milestones, and manuals&quot;, yana nuna bukatar fadada kokarin [[Kare yanayi|kiyaye yanayi]] don [[rage canjin yanayi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dinerstein |first=E. |last2=Vynne |first2=C. |last3=Sala |first3=E. |last4=Joshi |first4=A. R. |last5=Fernando |first5=S. |last6=Lovejoy |first6=T. E. |last7=Mayorga |first7=J. |last8=Olson |first8=D. |last9=Asner |first9=G. P. |last10=Baillie |first10=J. E. M. |last11=Burgess |first11=N. D. |date=19 Apr 2019 |title=A Global Deal For Nature: Guiding principles, milestones, and targets |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.2869D |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw2869 |pmc=6474764 |pmid=31016243}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Benji |date=2021-04-12 |title=The hottest number in conservation is rooted more in politics than science |url=https://vox.com/22369705/biden-conservation-biodiversity-collapse-30-by-30 |access-date=2021-10-25 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ƙaddamar da shi ta hanyar Babban Haɗin Kai a cikin 2020, sama da kasashe 50 sun amince da shirin nan da [[Janairu]] 2021,  wanda ya karu zuwa kasashe sama da 100 a watan [[Oktoba]] 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rowling |first=Megan |title=Drive to protect 30% of planet by 2030 grows to 50 nations |url=https://news.trust.org/item/20210111140220-1qxoj |access-date=2021-10-25 |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sanar da dala biliyan 5 a cikin kudade don aikin da ake kira &quot;Kariya ga Ƙalubalen Duniyarmu&quot; don shirin a watan [[Satumba|Satumbar]] 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rendon |first=Jim |date=2021-09-28 |title=$5B conservation plan offers new approach, but faces hurdles |url=https://apnews.com/article/climate-change-science-business-philanthropy-oceans-6ca70181c532be88358cbedda72dce1e |access-date=2021-10-25 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, an amince da 30 da 30 a taron COP15 na Yarjejeniyar Biological Diversity, kuma ya zama manufa ta Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=High Ambition Coalition for Nature and People |url=https://www.hacfornatureandpeople.org/home |access-date=26 June 2022 |website=HAC for Nature and People |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-12-20 |title=COP15: Key outcomes agreed at the UN biodiversity conference in Montreal |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop15-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-biodiversity-conference-in-montreal/ |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya hada da G7  da Tarayyar Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 May 2021 |title=G7 commits to end support for coal-fired power stations this year |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/05/21/g7-commits-to-end-support-for-coal-fired-power-stations-this-year |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=euronews |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shirin ya jawo hankalin gardama game da batutuwan kare hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar.

Ya zuwa Mayu 2026, 17.3% na ƙasar ƙasa da ruwan ciki da 9.8% na yankunan ruwa suna karewa. Ciki har da OECM's (Wasu Matsayin Tsaro na Yankin) kashi na yankunan da aka kiyaye sune 18.4% na ruwa na ƙasa da na ciki da 10.0% na yankunan ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Discover the world’s protected and conserved areas |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260518164405/https://www.protectedplanet.net/en |archive-date=2026-05-18 |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=Protected Planet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duniya ==
30 da 30 shine na uku na 23 na burin halittu na duniya don 2030 a cikin Tsarin halittu na Duniya na Kunming-Montreal, wanda aka karɓa a watan Disamba na 2022:

: ''Tabbatar da kuma ba da damar cewa zuwa 2030 aƙalla kashi 30 cikin dari na ƙasa, ruwa na ciki, da na yankunan bakin teku da na ruwa, musamman yankunan da ke da mahimmanci ga bambancin halittu da ayyukan halittu da sabis, ana kiyaye su yadda ya kamata kuma ana sarrafa su ta hanyar tsarin wakiltar muhalli, da ke da alaƙa da daidaito na yankuna masu kariya da sauran matakan kiyayewa masu tasiri, inda ya dace da yankunan da kuma al'adunsu masu kula da yankuna masu kula da su, gami da yankuna na al'umma, inda suka dace, sun fi dacewa, suna girmamawa, inda suka fi dacewa, sun fi sani da yankuna da yankuna.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=18 December 2022 |title=Kunming-Montreal Global biodiversity framework: Draft decision submitted by the President |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/e6d3/cd1d/daf663719a03902a9b116c34/cop-15-l-25-en.pdf |access-date=25 December 2022 |website=Convention on Biological Diversity |publisher= |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Belinda Braza</title>
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'''Belinda Braza''' (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1981 a Bergen, Norway) mawaƙiya ce 'yar ƙasar Norway, mai tsara rawa, mai fasaha, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, kuma 'yar'uwar mawaƙiya Myrna Braza . &lt;ref name=&quot;nrk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Snekvik |first=Line |date=17 December 2009 |title=Melodi Grand Prix: Belinda Braza |url=http://nrk.no/programmer/tv/melodi_grand_prix/1.6871217 |access-date=2014-12-25 |publisher=[[NRK]] |language=Norwegian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
[[File:Belinda_Braza_(4298322717).jpg|left|thumb| Gasar Melodi Grand Prix ta 2010]]
Lokacin da take ɗaliba a Bergen Katedralskole a shekarar 1999, ta yi waƙa da rawa tare da ɗan wasan Norway na gasar waƙoƙin Eurovision Stig van Eijk a kan waƙar &quot; Living My Life Without You &quot;, a Urushalima. &lt;ref name=&quot;nrk&quot; /&gt; Ita ƙwararriyar 'yar rawa ce kuma malamar rawa ta hip hop da jazz a makarantun rawa da dama a Oslo, kamar Kwalejin Ballet ta Jihar Norway, Spinoff Dance Studio, Makarantar Ballet ta Kristine Glennes, Cibiyar Ballet ta Norwegian da kuma Torild Frostad's Dance Studio. Tare da Jens Jeffry Trinidad, yanzu tana ba da bita kan rawar hip hop a duk faɗin Norway. Suna da jimillar ɗalibai ɗari biyar da suka gamsu a kowane mako kuma suna koyarwa a kowane mataki da shekaru. ''Teamteach'' suna kiransa. Braza ya kammala karatun digiri na Bårdar Akademiet (2001 &amp;#x2013; 2003). Ita ma ƙwararriyar mai son yin rawa ce kuma ɗaya ce daga cikin masu tsara rawa na hip hop waɗanda suka yi aiki tare da Dansefeber a gidan talabijin na Norway Norge da kuma waɗanda suka yi rangadin tare da haɗin gwiwar Riksteateret . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rambøl |first=Ingvill Bryn |date=12 October 2012 |title=Jungelmamma med suksess |url=http://www.mamma.no/mammaliv/jungelmamma-med-suksess |access-date=2014-12-25 |publisher=[[NRK]] |language=Norwegian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Braza ya yi a matsayin mawaƙa kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin kide-kide kuma yana nunawa kamar Fame - The Musical ( Chat Noir 2003), Det folk vil ha ( Det Norske Teateret 2005), Fruen fra det indiske hav ( Oslo Nye Teater 2006) don ambaci kaɗan. Ta yi wa mawaka daban-daban rawa kamar Samsaya, ƙanwarta Myrna Braza, Wisnu, Sichelle da Maria Haukaas Storeng . Har ila yau, tana da ƙwarewar wasan kwaikwayo daga wasan kwaikwayo kamar a cikin jirgin ruwa Fantasy Color, Melodi Grand Prix, KGB-kompaniet da TV-production Hundre år med egen stemme . Braza ya yi rawar rawa da mawaƙa a shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban kamar Gullfisken, Gullruten, Melodi Grand Prix da Eurovision Song Contest. Ta kuma kasance mai gabatar da shirin Ung a TV Hordaland. Taken rayuwarta yakamata ya zama &quot;Ka zama mafarkinka, cika kanka!&quot;. A shekarar 2010 ta rera wakar &quot;Million Dollar Baby&quot;, daya daga cikin wakokin da suka yi fice a gasar tseren mota ta Norway ta Melodi Grand Prix. [1]

== Kundin Waƙoƙi ==

* 1999: ''Inda Nake'' (Mercury Records), tare da Stig van Eijk
* 2010: ''Melodi Grand Prix 2010'' (Universal Music Group), tare da mawaka daban-daban a waƙar &quot;Million Dollar Baby&quot;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]]
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    <title>Infinite Energy (mujallar)</title>
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Infinite Energy: The Magazine of New Energy Technology, wanda aka fi sani da shi kawai a matsayin Infinite Energy, mujallar wata biyu ce da aka buga a [[New Hampshire]] wanda ke ba da cikakkun bayanai game da ra'ayoyi da gwaje-gwaje game da [[Makamashi mai sabuntawa|madadin makamashi]], sabon kimiyya da sabon kimiyyar lissafi. Maganar &quot;sabon makamashi&quot; a cikin subtitle shine euphemism don motsi na dindindin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Park |first=Robert L. |date=2008 |title=Fraud in Science |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40972110 |journal=Social Research |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=1139 |issn=0037-783X |jstor=40972110}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eugene Mallove ne ya kafa mujallar, wanda shine babban editanta,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nadis |first=Steve |date=1998-05-01 |title=Utah university finally drops out of cold-fusion patent chase |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/29852 |url-status=live |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=393 |issue=6680 |pages=7 |bibcode=1998Natur.393....7N |doi=10.1038/29852 |issn=1476-4687 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126212153/https://www.nature.com/articles/29852 |archive-date=January 26, 2025 |access-date=March 28, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma mallakar New Energy Foundation ce mai zaman kanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1997-04-19 |title=Quest for cold fusion goes on in some determined minds |url=https://www.deseret.com/1997/4/19/19307623/quest-for-cold-fusion-goes-on-in-some-determined-minds/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Deseret News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kafa shi a 1994 a matsayin mujallar Cold Fusion  kuma ya canza sunansa a watan Maris na shekara ta 1995. 

Topics of interest include &quot;new hydrogen physics,&quot; also called cold fusion; vacuum energy, or zero point energy; and so-called &quot;environmental energy&quot; which they define as the attempt to violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics, for example with a [https://web.archive.org/web/20090306154244/http://www.infinite-energy.com/resources/faq.html#Q40 perpetual motion machine] Archived March 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.  This is done in pursuit of the founder's commitment to &quot;unearthing new sources of energy and new paradigms in science.&quot; The magazine has also published articles and book reviews that are critical of the Big Bang theory that describes the origin of the universe.

Mujallar tana da bugawa na 3,000, kuma ana samun ta a kantin labarai na Amurka. Batutuwan sun kasance a cikin girman daga shafuka 48 zuwa 100.

== Tarihi ==
Dokta Eugene Mallove ne ya kafa Infinite Energy, tsohon babban marubucin kimiyya a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT), don mayar da martani ga abin da shi da sauran masu goyon baya suka kalli a matsayin korar sanyi da al'ummar kimiyya suka yi. Mujallar ta fito ne bayan rikice-rikicen sanyi na 1989, lokacin da masana sunadarai Martin Fleischmann da Stanley Pons suka sanar da cewa sun sami haɗin nukiliya a zafin jiki - da'awar ban mamaki wanda ya jawo hankalin duniya amma yawancin masana kimiyyar lissafi sun ƙi shi saboda sakamakon da ba za a iya sakewa ba da kuma kuskuren hanya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Mallove, wanda ya yi takaici da abin da ya fahimta a matsayin mummunar hali na kimiyya da kuma murkushe bincike mai kyau, ya yi murabus daga MIT kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu kare murya na haɗin sanyi, ko kuma abin da aka sani a cikin shekaru masu zuwa a matsayin halayen nukiliya mai ƙarancin makamashi (LENR).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ya ƙaddamar da Infinite Energy don zama dandamali don ci gaba da binciken LENR, madadin fasahar makamashi, da ra'ayoyin kimiyya marasa al'ada waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari su sami wuri a cikin manyan mujallu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kushner |first=David |date=2025-04-23 |title=The Coldest Case |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/07/07/the-coldest-case-cold-fusion-eugene-mallove-mit-infinite-energy/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Gidauniyar New Energy Foundation, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Infinite Energy Magazine - Who We Are |url=https://www.infinite-energy.com/whoarewe/whoarewe.html |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=www.infinite-energy.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217192043/https://www.infinite-energy.com/whoarewe/whoarewe.html |archive-date=2024-12-17 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; an buga mujallar ne daga [[Yanayin ƙasa na Concord, New Hampshire|Concord, New Hampshire]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Police investigate slaying of N.H. man in Conn. |url=https://www.seacoastonline.com/story/news/2004/05/17/police-investigate-slaying-n-h/51227862007/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Portsmouth Herald |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma da sauri ta zama cibiyar al'ummar sanyi, tare da labarai, rahotanni na gwaji, tambayoyi, da editoci da ke ba da shawara don buɗe bincike da ƙalubalanci iyakokin kimiyya da aka yarda. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; A cikin shekaru, Infinite Energy ya kuma rufe batutuwa kamar su zero-point makamashi, na'urorin da suka wuce hadin kai, da kuma ci gaban motsi ra'ayoyi, suna kira ga masu karatu masu sha'awar juyin juya hali, duk da cewa masu rikitarwa, ci gaban kimiyya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cold Fusion Letter Author Made Questionable Claims {{!}} Opinion {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/7/29/cold-fusion-letter-author-made-questionable/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=www.thecrimson.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da yaduwar shakku daga cibiyar kimiyya, Infinite Energy ya ci gaba da shekaru da yawa, wanda al'umma mai kwazo na masu bincike da masu sha'awar suka inganta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Kasancewar mujallar tana nuna roƙon da ke ci gaba da haɗuwa da sanyi da kuma rikice-rikice tsakanin ilimin kimiyya da ƙirar ƙira.

A cikin 2000s, György Egely ne ya karɓi editan; kwanan nan Bill Zebuhr yana rubuta Editorials. Fitowa ta 167 (Maris - Yuni 2024) ita ce mujallar karshe da aka buga.

== Karɓar baƙi ==
Charles Platt, yana rubutawa ga Wired a cikin 1998, ya bayyana mujallar a matsayin &quot;akwatin kamawa na maganganun ido da maganganun bishara game da kafa&quot;,  duk da cewa ya yarda cewa &quot;a lokaci guda, an binne su tsakanin da'awar da aka yi da yawa rahotanni ne masu tsauri daga masana kimiyya masu cancanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Laura Zúñiga Cáceres</title>
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[[Fayil:Laura_Zúñiga_Cáceres_(2018).jpg|thumb|Laura Zúñiga Cáceres]]
Laura Zúñiga Cáceres 'yar kasar Honduras ce mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam da kare hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar.

Ita memba ce ta Civic Council of Popular and Indigenous Organizations of Honduras &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=COPINH |date=2018-11-27 |title=Laura Zuniga Cáceres, hija de Berta Cáceres y miembra del COPINH, ejerce su derecho de penúltima palabra representando a las víctimas en el ilegal juicio que juzga a los autores materiales en el vil crimen contra la hermana Berta. |url=https://copinh.org/2018/11/laura-zuniga-caceres/ |access-date=2019-12-23 |website=COPINH |language=es-MX}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Hagamos Lo Imposible . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Laura Zuniga Caceres |url=https://www.editorialmapale.com/laura-zuniga-caceres.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223173510/https://www.editorialmapale.com/laura-zuniga-caceres.html |archive-date=2019-12-23 |access-date=2019-12-23 |website=Editorial Mapalé |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta bayyana a gaban Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka. kuma a [[Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2019|Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2019]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-12-16 |title=&quot;Yo no me hago cargo del cambio climático&quot;: Laura Zúñiga Cáceres en cumbre climática COP25 |url=https://desinformemonos.org/yo-no-me-hago-cargo-del-cambio-climatico-laura-zuniga-caceres-en-cumbre-climatica-cop25/ |access-date=2019-12-23 |website=Desinformémonos |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta bayyana a wani gangami da aka yi da Trans-Pacific Partnership a taron Jam'iyyar Democrat na 2016 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Simire |first=Michael |title=Laura Zuñiga Cáceres Archives |url=https://www.environewsnigeria.com/tag/laura-zuniga-caceres/ |access-date=2019-12-23 |website=EnviroNews Nigeria - |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita 'yar mai fafutuka ce [[Berta Cáceres|Barta Caceres]],  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=We Are Going to Triumph |url=https://www.commondreams.org/views/2017/03/05/we-are-going-triumph |access-date=2020-04-28 |website=Common Dreams |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce aka kashe a shekarar 2016 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why we're not done fighting for justice for Berta Cáceres |url=https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/19789/why-were-not-done-fighting-for-justice-for-berta-caceres |access-date=2020-04-28 |website=Greenpeace International |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One year without justice: In-depth interview with Laura Zúñiga, daughter of killed human rights defender Berta Cáceres and COPINH member {{!}} Business &amp; Human Rights Resource Centre |url=https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/one-year-without-justice-in-depth-interview-with-laura-z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga-daughter-of-killed-human-rights-defender-berta-c%C3%A1ceres-and-copinh-member |access-date=2020-04-28 |website=www.business-humanrights.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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[[Fayil:Laura_Zúñiga_Cáceres_(2018).jpg|thumb|Laura Zúñiga Cáceres]]
Laura Zúñiga Cáceres 'yar kasar Honduras ce mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin dan adam da kare hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar.

Ita memba ce ta Civic Council of Popular and Indigenous Organizations of Honduras &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=COPINH |date=2018-11-27 |title=Laura Zuniga Cáceres, hija de Berta Cáceres y miembra del COPINH, ejerce su derecho de penúltima palabra representando a las víctimas en el ilegal juicio que juzga a los autores materiales en el vil crimen contra la hermana Berta. |url=https://copinh.org/2018/11/laura-zuniga-caceres/ |access-date=2019-12-23 |website=COPINH |language=es-MX}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Hagamos Lo Imposible . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Laura Zuniga Caceres |url=https://www.editorialmapale.com/laura-zuniga-caceres.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223173510/https://www.editorialmapale.com/laura-zuniga-caceres.html |archive-date=2019-12-23 |access-date=2019-12-23 |website=Editorial Mapalé |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta bayyana a gaban Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka. kuma a [[Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2019|Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2019]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-12-16 |title=&quot;Yo no me hago cargo del cambio climático&quot;: Laura Zúñiga Cáceres en cumbre climática COP25 |url=https://desinformemonos.org/yo-no-me-hago-cargo-del-cambio-climatico-laura-zuniga-caceres-en-cumbre-climatica-cop25/ |access-date=2019-12-23 |website=Desinformémonos |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta bayyana a wani gangami da aka yi da Trans-Pacific Partnership a taron Jam'iyyar Democrat na 2016 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Simire |first=Michael |title=Laura Zuñiga Cáceres Archives |url=https://www.environewsnigeria.com/tag/laura-zuniga-caceres/ |access-date=2019-12-23 |website=EnviroNews Nigeria - |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita 'yar mai fafutuka ce [[Berta Cáceres|Barta Caceres]],  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=We Are Going to Triumph |url=https://www.commondreams.org/views/2017/03/05/we-are-going-triumph |access-date=2020-04-28 |website=Common Dreams |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce aka kashe a shekarar 2016 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why we're not done fighting for justice for Berta Cáceres |url=https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/19789/why-were-not-done-fighting-for-justice-for-berta-caceres |access-date=2020-04-28 |website=Greenpeace International |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One year without justice: In-depth interview with Laura Zúñiga, daughter of killed human rights defender Berta Cáceres and COPINH member {{!}} Business &amp; Human Rights Resource Centre |url=https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/one-year-without-justice-in-depth-interview-with-laura-z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga-daughter-of-killed-human-rights-defender-berta-c%C3%A1ceres-and-copinh-member |access-date=2020-04-28 |website=www.business-humanrights.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>sambiz2cxnstsxuz5cm8kbiibf0bh61</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Helge André Njåstad</title>
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'''Helge André Njåstad''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Yuni 1980) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Norway a jam'iyyar Progress Party . Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Storting na Hordaland tun daga shekarar 2013. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin magajin garin Austevoll daga shekarar 2003 zuwa 2013.

== Ilimi da aiki na sirri ==
Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Cathedral ta Bergen a shekarar 1999, ya fara aiki a wani kamfanin zane-zane na gida da ke Austevoll  wanda ya ci gaba da jagorantarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;nrkbio&quot;&gt;Vidar Gudvangen (19 July 2013) [http://www.nrk.no/valg2013/austevoll-ordforaren-ser-mot-tinget-1.11127174 Han vil chatte med deg frå Stortinget] NRK. Retrieved 3 October 2013 {{In lang|no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasar gida ==
Njåstad ya zama memba na Jam'iyyar Progress Party a shekarar 1997. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an zaɓe shi a [[Ƙaramar hukuma|majalisar birni]] ta Austevoll Municipality, inda ya amfana daga tarin ƙuri'u .  Zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na Austervoll a shekara ta 2003 ya zama babban nasara ga jam'iyyar Progress wanda ya ƙara yawan ƙuri'un da suka samu daga kashi 19.6% a shekarar 1999 zuwa kashi 33.2%. Haɗin gwiwa da jam'iyyar Centre Party da Christian Democratic Party ya sa Njåstad ya zama magajin gari. An zaɓe shi a matsayi na biyu a zaɓen jam'iyyar da aka yi a yankin, amma ƙuri'un da aka yi sun sake nuna masa mutumin da ya fi shahara a jam'iyyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;idag&quot; /&gt; Yana da shekaru 23, ya zama magajin garin Norway mafi ƙanƙanta. Shi ne magajin gari na biyu daga jam'iyyar Progress; na farko shi ne Terje Søviknes daga karamar hukumar Os da ke kusa. 

Karamar hukumar mai mazauna kimanin 4,800 da kuma babban masana'antar kamun kifi da kuma dimbin masu hannu da shuni &lt;ref name=&quot;skrytekommune&quot;&gt;Sindre Øye Helgheim and Vidar Gudvangen (4 June 2013) [http://www.nrk.no/hordaland/kan-bli-frp-sin-nye-skrytekommune-1.11062919 Dette kan bli Frp sin nye skrytekommune] NRK. Retrieved 6 November 2013 {{In lang|no}}&lt;/ref&gt; a lokacin tana fama da bashi mai yawa kuma tana cikin jerin sunayen kananan hukumomin da ke da rashin daidaiton kasafin kuɗi mai kyau tun lokacin da aka gabatar da jerin a shekarar 2001. Njåstad ta yi kamfen a kan wani dandamali na kawo ƙarin kyawawan halaye ga al'umma. A lokacin mulkin magajin garin Njåstad, an daidaita kasafin kuɗin, ciki har da rage yawan kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa a makarantu, kula da yara da kula da tsofaffi, amma yawancin shawarwari sun sami daidaito sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;profil4&quot;&gt;Jan Inge Krossli et al (29 November 2012) [http://kommunal-rapport.no/artikkel/profil_4 Profil 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731182530/http://kommunal-rapport.no/artikkel/profil_4 |date=2013-07-31 }} Kommunal Rapport. Retrieved 6 November 2013 {{In lang|no}}&lt;/ref&gt; An cire karamar hukumar daga jerin ROBEK a shekarar 2012 bayan an mayar da gibin kasafin kuɗi ya zama rara. &lt;ref name=&quot;profil4&quot; /&gt;

An yaba wa Njåstad saboda yadda ya sauya tattalin arzikin yankin a tsawon shekaru 10 da ya yi yana aiki. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ba.no/nyheter/politikk/valg/article6852052.ece Dette er Hordalands-benken]
''[[Bergens Arbeiderblad]]''. 10 September 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013 {{In lang|no}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takarar gundumar na shekara ta 2012 ta ''Kommunal Rapport'' saboda nasarar da ya samu wajen tafiyar da tattalin arziki da kuma ƙirƙirar sabon fata a Austervoll. &lt;ref name=&quot;profil4&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jan Inge Krossli (8 January 2013) [http://kommunal-rapport.no/artikkel/njastad_ble_arets_kommuneprofil Njåstad ble Årets kommuneprofil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221015/http://kommunal-rapport.no/artikkel/njastad_ble_arets_kommuneprofil |date=2016-03-03 }} ''[[Kommunal Rapport]]''. Retrieved 6 November 2013 {{In lang|no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2013, karamar hukumar ta mayar da dukkan ayyukan kula da tsofaffi masu zaman kansu. Har yanzu karamar hukumar tana da dukkan nauyin kuɗi na kula da lafiya amma dukkan cibiyoyi mallakar kamfanin ƙasar Sweden mai zaman kansa Alaris ne ke gudanar da su. An sauya ma'aikata 170 daga ɓangaren gwamnati zuwa Alaris. Majalisar karamar hukuma ta amince da yarjejeniyar sayar da hannun jari ta hannun masu zaman kansu, amma 'yan jam'iyyar Labour biyu sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da ita, kuma ƙungiyoyin kwadago sun yi zanga-zanga, suna fargabar cewa sayar da hannun jari zai haifar da raguwar fansho da sauran yanayin aiki ga masu kula da harkokin kuɗi. Karamar hukumar ita ce ta farko kuma ita kaɗai a ƙasar Norway da ta mayar da dukkan kulawar tsofaffi masu zaman kansu. [1]

Njåstad ta kasance memba a majalisar gundumar Hordaland tun daga shekarar 2003.  [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]</text>
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        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
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'''Helge André Njåstad''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Yuni 1980) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Norway a jam'iyyar Progress Party . Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Storting na Hordaland tun daga shekarar 2013. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin magajin garin Austevoll daga shekarar 2003 zuwa 2013.

== Ilimi da aiki na sirri ==
Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Cathedral ta Bergen a shekarar 1999, ya fara aiki a wani kamfanin zane-zane na gida da ke Austevoll  wanda ya ci gaba da jagorantarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;nrkbio&quot;&gt;Vidar Gudvangen (19 July 2013) [http://www.nrk.no/valg2013/austevoll-ordforaren-ser-mot-tinget-1.11127174 Han vil chatte med deg frå Stortinget] NRK. Retrieved 3 October 2013 {{In lang|no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasar gida ==
Njåstad ya zama memba na Jam'iyyar Progress Party a shekarar 1997. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an zaɓe shi a [[Ƙaramar hukuma|majalisar birni]] ta Austevoll Municipality, inda ya amfana daga tarin ƙuri'u .  Zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na Austervoll a shekara ta 2003 ya zama babban nasara ga jam'iyyar Progress wanda ya ƙara yawan ƙuri'un da suka samu daga kashi 19.6% a shekarar 1999 zuwa kashi 33.2%. Haɗin gwiwa da jam'iyyar Centre Party da Christian Democratic Party ya sa Njåstad ya zama magajin gari. An zaɓe shi a matsayi na biyu a zaɓen jam'iyyar da aka yi a yankin, amma ƙuri'un da aka yi sun sake nuna masa mutumin da ya fi shahara a jam'iyyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;idag&quot; /&gt; Yana da shekaru 23, ya zama magajin garin Norway mafi ƙanƙanta. Shi ne magajin gari na biyu daga jam'iyyar Progress; na farko shi ne Terje Søviknes daga karamar hukumar Os da ke kusa. 

Ƙaramar hukumar mai mazauna kimanin 4,800 da kuma babban masana'antar kamun kifi da kuma dimbin masu hannu da shuni &lt;ref name=&quot;skrytekommune&quot;&gt;Sindre Øye Helgheim and Vidar Gudvangen (4 June 2013) [http://www.nrk.no/hordaland/kan-bli-frp-sin-nye-skrytekommune-1.11062919 Dette kan bli Frp sin nye skrytekommune] NRK. Retrieved 6 November 2013 {{In lang|no}}&lt;/ref&gt; a lokacin tana fama da bashi mai yawa kuma tana cikin jerin sunayen kananan hukumomin da ke da rashin daidaiton kasafin kuɗi mai kyau tun lokacin da aka gabatar da jerin a shekarar 2001. Njåstad ta yi kamfen a kan wani dandamali na kawo ƙarin kyawawan halaye ga al'umma. A lokacin mulkin magajin garin Njåstad, an daidaita kasafin kuɗin, ciki har da rage yawan kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa a makarantu, kula da yara da kula da tsofaffi, amma yawancin shawarwari sun sami daidaito sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;profil4&quot;&gt;Jan Inge Krossli et al (29 November 2012) [http://kommunal-rapport.no/artikkel/profil_4 Profil 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731182530/http://kommunal-rapport.no/artikkel/profil_4 |date=2013-07-31 }} Kommunal Rapport. Retrieved 6 November 2013 {{In lang|no}}&lt;/ref&gt; An cire karamar hukumar daga jerin ROBEK a shekarar 2012 bayan an mayar da gibin kasafin kuɗi ya zama rara. &lt;ref name=&quot;profil4&quot; /&gt;

An yaba wa Njåstad saboda yadda ya sauya tattalin arzikin yankin a tsawon shekaru 10 da ya yi yana aiki. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ba.no/nyheter/politikk/valg/article6852052.ece Dette er Hordalands-benken]
''[[Bergens Arbeiderblad]]''. 10 September 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013 {{In lang|no}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takarar gundumar na shekara ta 2012 ta ''Kommunal Rapport'' saboda nasarar da ya samu wajen tafiyar da tattalin arziki da kuma ƙirƙirar sabon fata a Austervoll. &lt;ref name=&quot;profil4&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jan Inge Krossli (8 January 2013) [http://kommunal-rapport.no/artikkel/njastad_ble_arets_kommuneprofil Njåstad ble Årets kommuneprofil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221015/http://kommunal-rapport.no/artikkel/njastad_ble_arets_kommuneprofil |date=2016-03-03 }} ''[[Kommunal Rapport]]''. Retrieved 6 November 2013 {{In lang|no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2013, karamar hukumar ta mayar da dukkan ayyukan kula da tsofaffi masu zaman kansu. Har yanzu karamar hukumar tana da dukkan nauyin kuɗi na kula da lafiya amma dukkan cibiyoyi mallakar kamfanin ƙasar Sweden mai zaman kansa Alaris ne ke gudanar da su. An sauya ma'aikata 170 daga ɓangaren gwamnati zuwa Alaris. Majalisar karamar hukuma ta amince da yarjejeniyar sayar da hannun jari ta hannun masu zaman kansu, amma 'yan jam'iyyar Labour biyu sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da ita, kuma ƙungiyoyin kwadago sun yi zanga-zanga, suna fargabar cewa sayar da hannun jari zai haifar da raguwar fansho da sauran yanayin aiki ga masu kula da harkokin kuɗi. Karamar hukumar ita ce ta farko kuma ita kaɗai a ƙasar Norway da ta mayar da dukkan kulawar tsofaffi masu zaman kansu. [1]

Njåstad ta kasance memba a majalisar gundumar Hordaland tun daga shekarar 2003.  [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]</text>
      <sha1>q0sja50jg9zynnsr8s9upisshlxh7ix</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>975817</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
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      <origin>975817</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4765" sha1="tuyv7zvbkfquewgatqx2mmc8ow4bm2f" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Helge André Njåstad''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Yuni 1980) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Norway a jam'iyyar Progress Party . Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Storting na Hordaland tun daga shekarar 2013. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin magajin garin Austevoll daga shekarar 2003 zuwa 2013.

== Ilimi da aiki na sirri ==
Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Cathedral ta Bergen a shekarar 1999, ya fara aiki a wani kamfanin zane-zane na gida da ke Austevoll  wanda ya ci gaba da jagorantarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;nrkbio&quot;&gt;Vidar Gudvangen (19 July 2013) [http://www.nrk.no/valg2013/austevoll-ordforaren-ser-mot-tinget-1.11127174 Han vil chatte med deg frå Stortinget] NRK. Retrieved 3 October 2013 {{In lang|no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasar gida ==
Njåstad ya zama memba na Jam'iyyar Progress Party a shekarar 1997. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an zaɓe shi a [[Ƙaramar hukuma|majalisar birni]] ta Austevoll Municipality, inda ya amfana daga tarin ƙuri'u .  Zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na Austervoll a shekara ta 2003 ya zama babban nasara ga jam'iyyar Progress wanda ya ƙara yawan ƙuri'un da suka samu daga kashi 19.6% a shekarar 1999 zuwa kashi 33.2%. Haɗin gwiwa da jam'iyyar Centre Party da Christian Democratic Party ya sa Njåstad ya zama magajin gari. An zaɓe shi a matsayi na biyu a zaɓen jam'iyyar da aka yi a yankin, amma ƙuri'un da aka yi sun sake nuna masa mutumin da ya fi shahara a jam'iyyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;idag&quot; /&gt; Yana da shekaru 23, ya zama magajin garin Norway mafi ƙanƙanta. Shi ne magajin gari na biyu daga jam'iyyar Progress; na farko shi ne Terje Søviknes daga karamar hukumar Os da ke kusa. 

Ƙaramar hukumar mai mazauna kimanin 4,800 da kuma babban masana'antar kamun kifi da kuma dimbin masu hannu da shuni &lt;ref name=&quot;skrytekommune&quot;&gt;Sindre Øye Helgheim and Vidar Gudvangen (4 June 2013) [http://www.nrk.no/hordaland/kan-bli-frp-sin-nye-skrytekommune-1.11062919 Dette kan bli Frp sin nye skrytekommune] NRK. Retrieved 6 November 2013 {{In lang|no}}&lt;/ref&gt; a lokacin tana fama da bashi mai yawa kuma tana cikin jerin sunayen kananan hukumomin da ke da rashin daidaiton kasafin kuɗi mai kyau tun lokacin da aka gabatar da jerin a shekarar 2001. Njåstad ta yi kamfen a kan wani dandamali na kawo ƙarin kyawawan halaye ga al'umma. A lokacin mulkin magajin garin Njåstad, an daidaita kasafin kuɗin, ciki har da rage yawan kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa a makarantu, kula da yara da kula da tsofaffi, amma yawancin shawarwari sun sami daidaito sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;profil4&quot;&gt;Jan Inge Krossli et al (29 November 2012) [http://kommunal-rapport.no/artikkel/profil_4 Profil 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731182530/http://kommunal-rapport.no/artikkel/profil_4 |date=2013-07-31 }} Kommunal Rapport. Retrieved 6 November 2013 {{In lang|no}}&lt;/ref&gt; An cire karamar hukumar daga jerin ROBEK a shekarar 2012 bayan an mayar da gibin kasafin kuɗi ya zama rara. &lt;ref name=&quot;profil4&quot; /&gt;

An kuma yaba wa Njåstad saboda yadda ya sauya tattalin arzikin yankin a tsawon shekaru 10 da ya yi yana aiki. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ba.no/nyheter/politikk/valg/article6852052.ece Dette er Hordalands-benken]
''[[Bergens Arbeiderblad]]''. 10 September 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013 {{In lang|no}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takarar gundumar na shekara ta 2012 ta ''Kommunal Rapport'' saboda nasarar da ya samu wajen tafiyar da tattalin arziki da kuma ƙirƙirar sabon fata a Austervoll. &lt;ref name=&quot;profil4&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jan Inge Krossli (8 January 2013) [http://kommunal-rapport.no/artikkel/njastad_ble_arets_kommuneprofil Njåstad ble Årets kommuneprofil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221015/http://kommunal-rapport.no/artikkel/njastad_ble_arets_kommuneprofil |date=2016-03-03 }} ''[[Kommunal Rapport]]''. Retrieved 6 November 2013 {{In lang|no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2013, karamar hukumar ta mayar da dukkan ayyukan kula da tsofaffi masu zaman kansu. Har yanzu karamar hukumar tana da dukkan nauyin kuɗi na kula da lafiya amma dukkan cibiyoyi mallakar kamfanin ƙasar Sweden mai zaman kansa Alaris ne ke gudanar da su. An sauya ma'aikata 170 daga ɓangaren gwamnati zuwa Alaris. Majalisar karamar hukuma ta amince da yarjejeniyar sayar da hannun jari ta hannun masu zaman kansu, amma 'yan jam'iyyar Labour biyu sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar kin amincewa da ita, kuma ƙungiyoyin kwadago sun yi zanga-zanga, suna fargabar cewa sayar da hannun jari zai haifar da raguwar fansho da sauran yanayin aiki ga masu kula da harkokin kuɗi. Karamar hukumar ita ce ta farko kuma ita kaɗai a ƙasar Norway da ta mayar da dukkan kulawar tsofaffi masu zaman kansu. [1]

Njåstad ta kasance memba a majalisar gundumar Hordaland tun daga shekarar 2003.  [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]</text>
      <sha1>tuyv7zvbkfquewgatqx2mmc8ow4bm2f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Victor Mogens</title>
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[[File:Victor_Mogens.jpg|thumb| Victor Mogens a cikin shekarun 1930]]
'''Victor Andreas Emanuel Mogens''' (16 ga Agusta 1886 - 17 ga Janairu 1964) ɗan jarida ne na ƙasar Norway, edita kuma ɗan siyasa na ƙungiyar Fatherland League .

== Rayuwa da aikin kafin yaƙi ==
[[File:Fedrelandslaget_Victor_Mogens_1935.jpg|thumb| Mogens yana jawabi a wani taron Fatherland League a shekarar 1935.]]
An haife shi a [[Bergen]], kuma ya girma a Bergen, [[Trondheim]], [[Oslo|Kristiania]] da Holmestrand kafin ya koma Bergen don kammala karatunsa na sakandare a Makarantar Cathedral ta Bergen a 1905. Daga nan ya yi wasu shekaru yana karatun shari'a. Ya kasance ɗan jarida a ''[[Landsbladet]]'' daga shekarar 1910 zuwa 1911, sannan aka ɗauke shi aiki a ''Verdens Gang'' inda nan da nan ya zama ƙaramin edita. Daga nan ya gyara mujallar ''Ukens Revy'' da ake bugawa a kullum daga 1914 zuwa 1921 da kuma mujallarsa ta ''Utenrikspolitikken'' daga 1921 zuwa 1924, amma wannan littafin ya daina aiki. Ya kasance ɗan jarida a ''Vor Verden'' daga 1927 kuma edita daga 1929 zuwa 1932. Ya kuma gyara ''Norges Næringsveier'' . 

Mogens ya yi aiki a gidan rediyo na Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Norway . Ya fara aiki a matsayin ɗan jaridar labarai na ƙasashen waje a can a shekarar 1927, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya fara aiki a matsayin mai sharhi. Wasu sun so shi, amma da yawa sun yi korafin cewa yana da son kai, kuma an matsa masa lamba ya yi murabus a shekarar 1936.  Daga cikin waɗanda suka yi korafin akwai ƙungiyar ' yan Burtaniya da ke Norway. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Hans Fredrik Dahl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mogens a maimakon haka ya fara da gyara nasa littafin, ''Utenrikspolitisk kronikk'' . 

A wannan shekarar ne ya kasance ɗan takarar zaɓen 'yan majalisar Norway na shekarar 1936 a ƙungiyar Fatherland League mai adawa da kwaminisanci a mazabar Akershus . Takarar ba ta yi nasara ba, amma ya jagoranci wannan ƙungiya tun daga shekarar 1938. 

== Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ==
An wargaza Fedrelandslaget a shekarar 1940, lokacin da Jamus ta Nazi ta mamaye Norway a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1940 a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Vidkun Quisling na Nazi ya yi juyin mulki, amma Mogens ya yi ƙoƙarin cire Quisling,  domin har yanzu yana fatan cewa Fedrelandslaget ba jam'iyyar Quisling ba, Nasjonal Samling, ita ce babbar mai haɗin gwiwa da 'yan Jamus.  A ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1940, wani mai watsa labaran farfaganda na harshen Norway da ke [[Bremen]], Edvard Sylou-Creutz, ya yi kuka game da rashin Mogens a matsayin mai sharhi, yana mai cewa da Mogens ya ci gaba, da mutanen Norway sun fi abokantaka da Jamus. 

Mogens ya koma Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Norway. ''Reichskommissariat Norwegen 's'' ''Hauptabteilung Volksaufklärung'' ya tambaye shi ya zama mai sharhi, malamin rediyo ko editan mujallar shirye-shiryen watsa shirye- shirye ''[[Hallo-Hallo!]]'' . Ya ƙi duk waɗannan tayi, amma ya yi jawabinsa na farko a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1940, kwana ɗaya bayan da Norway ta miƙa wuya.  A cikin rubutun, ya soki Quisling da kuma gwamnatin Labour da ta yi gudun hijira kafin yaƙi .  Makonni biyu bayan haka ya yaba da faduwar tsarin 'yan majalisar dokoki. 

Jamusawa da yawa sun fi son sa; a cewar masanin tarihi Hans Fredrik Dahl, shi ne &quot;madadin Jamusawa maimakon Quisling&quot;.  Daga baya an tattauna shi a matsayin ministan gwamnati, amma ya ɓace daga hasashe a lokacin kaka na 1940.  Dalilin kuwa shi ne cewa 'yan ƙasar Norway waɗanda suka kasance takwarorinsu na Jamusawa a tattaunawar gwamnati ( Norwegian   ), bai iya yin nadamar Mogens da ra'ayoyinsa da aka gabatar a ranar 11 ga Yuni ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;p184&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarar 1942 ya zauna a wani ɗaki a gundumar Vågå, kuma a shekarar 1943 ya rubuta littafin ''Tyskerne, Quisling og vi andre'' wanda aka buga bayan yaƙin a shekarar 1945. Ba a yanke masa hukunci bisa laifin cin amanar ƙasa ba a lokacin da aka yi masa shari'a a ƙasar Norway bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Babban dalilin shine yadda yake nuna rashin jin daɗinsa ga Nasjonal Samling. 

== Rayuwa ta mutum da ta bayan yaƙi ==
Daga 1911 zuwa 1924 Mogens ya auri 'yar jami'in diflomasiyya Hedvig Ellingsen (1882–1944). Daga shekarar 1930 ya auri marubuciya 'yar Rasha Nina Arkina (1892-1980). Ya shafe mafi yawan rayuwarsa ta ƙarshe yana zaune a ƙasashen waje, kuma ya ci gaba da rubuta littattafai. Littafin da aka fi sani shine Folket som ikke vil dø (&quot;Mutanen da Ba Za Su Mutu Ba&quot;), wata jarida mai goyon bayan Isra'ila . Ya mutu a watan Janairun 1964 a Oslo. [1]

== Manazarta ==

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[[File:Victor_Mogens.jpg|thumb| Victor Mogens a cikin shekarun 1930]]
'''Victor Andreas Emanuel Mogens''' (16 ga Agusta 1886 - 17 ga Janairu 1964) ɗan jarida ne na ƙasar Norway, edita kuma ɗan siyasa na ƙungiyar Fatherland League .

== Rayuwa da aikin kafin yaƙi ==
[[File:Fedrelandslaget_Victor_Mogens_1935.jpg|thumb| Mogens yana jawabi a wani taron Fatherland League a shekarar 1935.]]
An haife shi a [[Bergen]], kuma ya girma a Bergen, [[Trondheim]], [[Oslo|Kristiania]] da Holmestrand kafin ya koma Bergen don kammala karatunsa na sakandare a Makarantar Cathedral ta Bergen a 1905. Daga nan ya yi wasu shekaru yana karatun shari'a. Ya kasance ɗan jarida a ''[[Landsbladet]]'' daga shekarar 1910 zuwa 1911, sannan aka ɗauke shi aiki a ''Verdens Gang'' inda nan da nan ya zama ƙaramin edita. Daga nan ya gyara mujallar ''Ukens Revy'' da ake bugawa a kullum daga 1914 zuwa 1921 da kuma mujallarsa ta ''Utenrikspolitikken'' daga 1921 zuwa 1924, amma wannan littafin ya daina aiki. Ya kasance ɗan jarida a ''Vor Verden'' daga 1927 kuma edita daga shekarar 1929 zuwa 1932. Ya kuma gyara ''Norges Næringsveier'' . 

Mogens ya yi aiki a gidan rediyo na Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Norway . Ya fara aiki a matsayin ɗan jaridar labarai na ƙasashen waje a can a shekarar 1927, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya fara aiki a matsayin mai sharhi. Wasu sun so shi, amma da yawa sun yi korafin cewa yana da son kai, kuma an matsa masa lamba ya yi murabus a shekarar 1936.  Daga cikin waɗanda suka yi korafin akwai ƙungiyar ' yan Burtaniya da ke Norway. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Hans Fredrik Dahl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mogens a maimakon haka ya fara da gyara nasa littafin, ''Utenrikspolitisk kronikk'' . 

A wannan shekarar ne ya kasance ɗan takarar zaɓen 'yan majalisar Norway na shekarar 1936 a ƙungiyar Fatherland League mai adawa da kwaminisanci a mazabar Akershus . Takarar ba ta yi nasara ba, amma ya jagoranci wannan ƙungiya tun daga shekarar 1938. 

== Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ==
An wargaza Fedrelandslaget a shekarar 1940, lokacin da Jamus ta Nazi ta mamaye Norway a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1940 a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Vidkun Quisling na Nazi ya yi juyin mulki, amma Mogens ya yi ƙoƙarin cire Quisling,  domin har yanzu yana fatan cewa Fedrelandslaget ba jam'iyyar Quisling ba, Nasjonal Samling, ita ce babbar mai haɗin gwiwa da 'yan Jamus.  A ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1940, wani mai watsa labaran farfaganda na harshen Norway da ke [[Bremen]], Edvard Sylou-Creutz, ya yi kuka game da rashin Mogens a matsayin mai sharhi, yana mai cewa da Mogens ya ci gaba, da mutanen Norway sun fi abokantaka da Jamus. 

Mogens ya koma Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Norway. ''Reichskommissariat Norwegen 's'' ''Hauptabteilung Volksaufklärung'' ya tambaye shi ya zama mai sharhi, malamin rediyo ko editan mujallar shirye-shiryen watsa shirye- shirye ''[[Hallo-Hallo!]]'' . Ya ƙi duk waɗannan tayi, amma ya yi jawabinsa na farko a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1940, kwana ɗaya bayan da Norway ta miƙa wuya.  A cikin rubutun, ya soki Quisling da kuma gwamnatin Labour da ta yi gudun hijira kafin yaƙi .  Makonni biyu bayan haka ya yaba da faduwar tsarin 'yan majalisar dokoki. 

Jamusawa da yawa sun fi son sa; a cewar masanin tarihi Hans Fredrik Dahl, shi ne &quot;madadin Jamusawa maimakon Quisling&quot;.  Daga baya an tattauna shi a matsayin ministan gwamnati, amma ya ɓace daga hasashe a lokacin kaka na 1940.  Dalilin kuwa shi ne cewa 'yan ƙasar Norway waɗanda suka kasance takwarorinsu na Jamusawa a tattaunawar gwamnati ( Norwegian   ), bai iya yin nadamar Mogens da ra'ayoyinsa da aka gabatar a ranar 11 ga Yuni ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;p184&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarar 1942 ya zauna a wani ɗaki a gundumar Vågå, kuma a shekarar 1943 ya rubuta littafin ''Tyskerne, Quisling og vi andre'' wanda aka buga bayan yaƙin a shekarar 1945. Ba a yanke masa hukunci bisa laifin cin amanar ƙasa ba a lokacin da aka yi masa shari'a a ƙasar Norway bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Babban dalilin shine yadda yake nuna rashin jin daɗinsa ga Nasjonal Samling. 

== Rayuwa ta mutum da ta bayan yaƙi ==
Daga 1911 zuwa 1924 Mogens ya auri 'yar jami'in diflomasiyya Hedvig Ellingsen (1882–1944). Daga shekarar 1930 ya auri marubuciya 'yar Rasha Nina Arkina (1892-1980). Ya shafe mafi yawan rayuwarsa ta ƙarshe yana zaune a ƙasashen waje, kuma ya ci gaba da rubuta littattafai. Littafin da aka fi sani shine Folket som ikke vil dø (&quot;Mutanen da Ba Za Su Mutu Ba&quot;), wata jarida mai goyon bayan Isra'ila . Ya mutu a watan Janairun 1964 a Oslo. [1]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1886]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4581" sha1="3ujgz0xqc8o7lvsivgcjhfkruuwu5xz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Victor_Mogens.jpg|thumb| Victor Mogens a cikin shekarun 1930]]
'''Victor Andreas Emanuel Mogens''' (16 ga Agusta 1886 - 17 ga Janairu 1964) ɗan jarida ne na ƙasar Norway, edita kuma ɗan siyasa na ƙungiyar Fatherland League .

== Rayuwa da aikin kafin yaƙi ==
[[File:Fedrelandslaget_Victor_Mogens_1935.jpg|thumb| Mogens yana jawabi a wani taron Fatherland League a shekarar 1935.]]
An haife shi a [[Bergen]], kuma ya girma a Bergen, [[Trondheim]], [[Oslo|Kristiania]] da Holmestrand kafin ya koma Bergen don kammala karatunsa na sakandare a Makarantar Cathedral ta Bergen a 1905. Daga nan ya yi wasu shekaru yana karatun shari'a. Ya kasance ɗan jarida a ''[[Landsbladet]]'' daga shekarar 1910 zuwa 1911, sannan aka ɗauke shi aiki a ''Verdens Gang'' inda nan da nan ya zama ƙaramin edita. Daga nan ya gyara mujallar ''Ukens Revy'' da ake bugawa a kullum daga 1914 zuwa 1921 da kuma mujallarsa ta ''Utenrikspolitikken'' daga 1921 zuwa 1924, amma wannan littafin ya daina aiki. Ya kasance ɗan jarida a ''Vor Verden'' daga 1927 kuma edita daga shekarar 1929 zuwa 1932. Ya kuma gyara ''Norges Næringsveier'' . 

Mogens ya yi aiki a gidan rediyo na Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Norway . Ya fara aiki a matsayin ɗan jaridar labarai na ƙasashen waje a can a shekarar 1927, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya fara aiki a matsayin mai sharhi. Wasu sun so shi, amma da yawa sun yi korafin cewa yana da son kai, kuma an matsa masa lamba ya yi murabus a shekarar 1936.  Daga cikin waɗanda suka yi korafin akwai ƙungiyar ' yan Burtaniya da ke Norway. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Hans Fredrik Dahl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mogens a maimakon haka ya fara da gyara nasa littafin, ''Utenrikspolitisk kronikk'' . 

A wannan shekarar ne ya kasance ɗan takarar zaɓen 'yan majalisar Norway na shekarar 1936 a ƙungiyar Fatherland League mai adawa da kwaminisanci a mazabar Akershus . Takarar ba ta yi nasara ba, amma ya jagoranci wannan ƙungiya tun daga shekarar 1938. 

== Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ==
An kuma wargaza Fedrelandslaget a shekarar 1940, lokacin da Jamus ta Nazi ta mamaye Norway a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1940 a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Vidkun Quisling na Nazi ya yi juyin mulki, amma Mogens ya yi ƙoƙarin cire Quisling,  domin har yanzu yana fatan cewa Fedrelandslaget ba jam'iyyar Quisling ba, Nasjonal Samling, ita ce babbar mai haɗin gwiwa da 'yan Jamus.  A ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1940, wani mai watsa labaran farfaganda na harshen Norway da ke [[Bremen]], Edvard Sylou-Creutz, ya yi kuka game da rashin Mogens a matsayin mai sharhi, yana mai cewa da Mogens ya ci gaba, da mutanen Norway sun fi abokantaka da Jamus. 

Mogens ya koma Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Norway. ''Reichskommissariat Norwegen 's'' ''Hauptabteilung Volksaufklärung'' ya tambaye shi ya zama mai sharhi, malamin rediyo ko editan mujallar shirye-shiryen watsa shirye- shirye ''[[Hallo-Hallo!]]'' . Ya ƙi duk waɗannan tayi, amma ya yi jawabinsa na farko a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1940, kwana ɗaya bayan da Norway ta miƙa wuya.  A cikin rubutun, ya soki Quisling da kuma gwamnatin Labour da ta yi gudun hijira kafin yaƙi .  Makonni biyu bayan haka ya yaba da faduwar tsarin 'yan majalisar dokoki. 

Jamusawa da yawa sun fi son sa; a cewar masanin tarihi Hans Fredrik Dahl, shi ne &quot;madadin Jamusawa maimakon Quisling&quot;.  Daga baya an tattauna shi a matsayin ministan gwamnati, amma ya ɓace daga hasashe a lokacin kaka na 1940.  Dalilin kuwa shi ne cewa 'yan ƙasar Norway waɗanda suka kasance takwarorinsu na Jamusawa a tattaunawar gwamnati ( Norwegian   ), bai iya yin nadamar Mogens da ra'ayoyinsa da aka gabatar a ranar 11 ga Yuni ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;p184&quot; /&gt;

Daga shekarar 1942 ya zauna a wani ɗaki a gundumar Vågå, kuma a shekarar 1943 ya rubuta littafin ''Tyskerne, Quisling og vi andre'' wanda aka buga bayan yaƙin a shekarar 1945. Ba a yanke masa hukunci bisa laifin cin amanar ƙasa ba a lokacin da aka yi masa shari'a a ƙasar Norway bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Babban dalilin shine yadda yake nuna rashin jin daɗinsa ga Nasjonal Samling. 

== Rayuwa ta mutum da ta bayan yaƙi ==
Daga 1911 zuwa 1924 Mogens ya auri 'yar jami'in diflomasiyya Hedvig Ellingsen (1882–1944). Daga shekarar 1930 ya auri marubuciya 'yar Rasha Nina Arkina (1892-1980). Ya shafe mafi yawan rayuwarsa ta ƙarshe yana zaune a ƙasashen waje, kuma ya ci gaba da rubuta littattafai. Littafin da aka fi sani shine Folket som ikke vil dø (&quot;Mutanen da Ba Za Su Mutu Ba&quot;), wata jarida mai goyon bayan Isra'ila . Ya mutu a watan Janairun 1964 a Oslo. [1]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1886]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gidan Wuri na Kayan daji na Bor</title>
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'''Wurin ajiye namun daji na Bor Tiger''' wani wurin ajiye namun daji ne wanda aka ayyana a matsayin wurin ajiye damisa a watan Yulin shekarar 2014. Tana kusa da Hingani a gundumar Wardha a jihar Maharashtra ta Indiya. Gida ne ga nau'ikan dabbobin daji iri-iri. Wurin ajiyar ya ƙunshi yanki na {{Convert|138.12|km2}}.&lt;ref&gt;Dipannita Das, TNN (6 April 2012), &quot;More area 'protected' at Nagzira, Navegaon, Bor&quot;, The Times of India, Nagpur, retrieved 7 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Bor Wildlife Sanctuary&quot;, ''Pench Tiger Reserve'', Pench Tiger Project Maharashtra, 12 November 2011, archived from the original on 17 July 2012, retrieved 12 March 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Bor Dam&quot;, ''Sanctuaries'', Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation, archived from the original on 8 April 2012, retrieved 12 March 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haɗa da [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwa]] ta madatsar ruwan Bor.

Abin lura ne cewa za a haɗa Bor Tiger Reserve da wasu yankunan da ke kusa da shi da Pench Tiger Reserve (Maharashtra) a matsayin 'yankin tauraron dan adam', zuwa fiye da ninki biyu na yankin damisar da aka kafa.&lt;ref&gt;Vijay Pinjarkar, TNN (12 November 2011), &quot;Bor to be 'satellite' core of Pench tiger reserve&quot;, ''The Times of India'', Nagpur, retrieved 12 March 2012&lt;/ref&gt; 

Wurin ajiye dabbobi na Bor Tiger Reserve yana tsakiyar gari tsakanin sauran wuraren damisar Bengal da dama, ciki har da: Pench Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra, {{Convert|90|km2}}   zuwa arewa maso gabas; Nagzira Navegaon Tiger Reserve, {{Convert|125|km2}}   zuwa gabas ta arewa maso gabas; Wurin Tsabtace Namun Daji na Umred Karhandla, {{Convert|75|km2}}   zuwa gabas maso gabas; Tadoba - Andhari Tiger Reserve, {{Convert|85|km2}}   zuwa kudu maso gabas; Melghat Tiger Reserve, {{Convert|140|km2}}   zuwa yamma maso yamma da Satpura National Park da Tiger Reserve, {{Convert|160|km2}}   zuwa arewa maso yamma.

== Yankuna ==
A watan Afrilun 2012, gwamnatin jihar Maharashtra ta fitar da sanarwar ƙara {{Convert|60|km²}}   zuwa tsohon {{Convert|61.1|km²}}   yankin Wuri Mai Tsarki na Bor.  Sabon Yankin Core na {{Convert|115.92|km²}}   shine mafi kariya da kuma kariya daga wurin ibada inda ba a yarda da jama'a ba. Ya ƙunshi kashi 95.7% na jimlar yankin. Yawancin yankin tsakiyar yankin yana kusa da dajin da ke da kyau na Sashen Dajin Wardha da Sashen Dajin Nagpur. 

Yankin Yawon Bude Ido na Yanayi na {{Convert|5.21|km²}}   wanda aka ware don samun damar jama'a don yawon shakatawa na yanayi da namun daji ya ƙunshi kashi 4.3% na jimlar yankin mafaka. Manufar yankin yawon bude ido ita ce wayar da kan jama'a game da muhimmancin kiyaye yanayi da namun daji da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da muhalli.

Yankin Buffer yanki ne na dazuzzuka marasa kariya kusa da wurin mafaka wanda ke aiki a matsayin shingen kariya ga yankin.

An raba wurin ajiyar Bor Tiger zuwa sassa biyu a zahiri ta hanyar madatsar ruwan Bor zuwa sassa biyu, a da; 2/3 ( {{Convert|40|km²}}   ), a matsayin ɓangaren yamma da 1/3 ( {{Convert|21|km²}}   ), a matsayin ɓangaren gabas. Kashi 95% na yammacin yankin yana cikin gundumar Wardha yayin da kashi 90% na gabashin yankin yana cikin gundumar Nagpur. Yankin madatsar ruwan Bor yana da kimanin {{Convert|7.25|km²}}   kuma ba a haɗa shi cikin jimlar yankin wurin ibada ba. 

== Yanayi ==
Akwai yanayi uku; lokacin rani, lokacin hunturu da lokacin [[Ruwan sama|damina]].

== Al'adu ==
Akwai haikalin Buddha (vihar) inda ake koyar da addinin Buddha. Akwai wasu wurare na addini a cikin wurin ibada kamar haikalin Shiva a Khori-Khapa, Haikalin Bruhaspati a Chauki, Haikalin Hanuman a Khadki da Haikalin Ganesh a Kelzar.

Ana kyautata zaton wannan wuri ne mai muhimmanci a zamanin Mahabharata, wato kusan farkon zamanin Gupta (kimanin ƙarni na 4 na AD ).  Ragowar kayan tarihi da aka sani da Nasargarh da Gidamgarh sun nuna wanzuwar wurin zama na iko a nan a farkon ƙarni na 1. 

== Flora ==
Wurin mafaka yana cikin dazuzzukan [[Kudancin Deccan Plateau busassun gandun daji|busassun bishiyoyi masu bushewa na Kudancin Deccan Plateau]], inda manyan nau'ikan su ne [[Tak|teak]], ain, tendu (East Indian ebony) da bamboo.

Babban ganye da aka samo a cikin Wuri Mai Tsarki sune tarot, [[Baumes oblisues|tenella]], tarwar, gokhru, wight (bracteata), [[Jan tsu|vanbhendi]], [[Dischrostachys cinerea|velatri]] da [[Capparis Horrids|waghori]]. 

== Fauna ==
Nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar damisar Bengal, damisar Indiya, bison na Indiya, bijimin shuɗi, barewa, barewa sambar, dawisu, barewa mai haushi, barewa ta beraye , [[biri]], alade na daji, beyar mai wayo, da karen daji suna zaune a nan.&lt;ref&gt;Environment Department. Government of Maharashtra. &quot;Chapter 5: Forests and Biodiversity- Sanctuaries and Parks&quot; (PDF). Bhor Wildlife Sanctuary. Mumbai: ENVIS, Environment Department. p. 187. Retrieved 12 March 2012. &lt;/ref&gt;  

; Damisa

Kamar yadda rahoton kiyasin damisa na 2010-11 ya nuna, akwai damisa 24 a yankin Pench da Bor.  [[Cibiyar Kula da namun daji ta Indiya|Cibiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Indiya]] (WII) ta kiyasta cewa akwai damisa 12 a ciki da wajen wurin ajiye namun daji, amma adadin ya karu zuwa 15, inda aka ga sabbin 'ya'yan itatuwa uku a watan Maris na 2011. Ma'aikatan filin sun fara ganin wata damisa mai 'ya'yan wata biyu; namiji ɗaya da mace biyu, a yankin da ke tsakiyar wurin ibadar.

Haihuwar sabbin 'ya'yan damisa a kowace shekara ya nuna cewa Bor wuri ne damisa ke kiwo, inda ake haihuwar 'ya'yan damisa a nan kowace shekara huɗu da suka gabata.{{When|date=August 2018}} A shekara ta 2008, wata damisa tana da 'ya'ya uku, sannan wata damisa ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu a shekara ta 2009, sai wata damisa ta haifi 'ya'ya ɗaya a shekara ta 2010 da kuma 'ya'ya uku a shekara ta 2011.

Daraktan filin na Pench Tiger Reserve ya ce haihuwar damisar ta 2011 ta zama kamar 'yar fari ta wannan damisar. &quot;Ingantaccen kariya, kyakkyawan tushen farauta da kuma samuwar ruwa sune manyan dalilai guda uku da suka sa Bor ke zama mafaka mai aminci ga damisa.&quot; 

; Tsuntsaye

Akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 160 da suka fito daga iyalai 46 na nau'ikan tsuntsaye 16 daban-daban da aka rubuta a wurin ibadar. Wannan ya haɗa da nau'ikan tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura sama da 10 da kuma nau'ikan tsuntsayen da [[Dokar Nau'in Halittu|ke fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa]] sama da 9.

; Dabbobi masu rarrafe

Wurin ajiyar dabbobi yana da nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe sama da 26, waɗanda suka ƙunshi iyalai 11, daga cikinsu nau'ikan 6 suna fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa, wato ƙwarƙwarar Indiya, macizai na Russell, python na dutse na Indiya, macijin bera na Indiya, keelback na Chequered da kuma ƙadangaren kula da dabbobi . 

== Shawarar ajiyar Tiger ==
A ranar 13 ga Satumba, 2010, [[Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da Canjin Yanayi|Ministan Muhalli da Dazuzzuka]] na wancan lokacin, Jairam Ramesh, ya sanar da niyyar ƙirƙirar reshen Bor Tigers. Daga baya Ma'aikatar Dajin Maharashtra ta yanke shawarar cewa Wurin Ajiye Namun Daji na Bor ya yi ƙanƙanta da ba za a iya ayyana shi a matsayin wurin adana damisa ba. Ta zama wurin adana damisa na 47 a Indiya, inda Ministan Muhalli Prakash Javadekar ya sanar da ita a matsayin wurin adana damisa da nufin ƙarfafa ƙoƙarin kiyaye dabbobin ƙasa a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2014. 

&quot;Ba abu ne mai yiwuwa a ayyana Bor a matsayin wurin ajiyar dabbobi ba. Yana da alaƙa mai kyau da Pench Tiger Reserve da kuma wurin ajiye namun daji na Mansingdeo  da ke kusa da Pench, kuma shi ma wani yanki ne na namun daji . Duk wannan yanki yanzu zai zama wani ɓangare na Pench&quot;, in ji SK Khetarpal, [[Ofishin Kula da dazuzzuka na Indiya|Babban Jami'in Kula da Dazuzzuka]] (PCCF) na Namun daji, Maharashtra.

Yanzu za a fadada wurin ajiye makamai na Bor zuwa {{Convert|120.39|km2}}   . Zai haɗa da yankin mafaka na yanzu na {{Convert|59.70|km2}}   da kuma maƙwabta {{Convert|12.24|km2}}   daga Nagpur da {{Convert|48.46|km2}}   daga sashen Wardha. An faɗaɗa {{Convert|120.39|km2}}   Bor zai zama tsakiyar 'tauraron dan adam' na {{Convert|257.23|km2}}   Pench tare da {{Convert|172.86|km2}}   Wurin mafaka na Mansingdeo. Idan waɗannan yankuna uku suka haɗu gaba ɗaya, Pench zai zama {{Convert|550.47|km2}}  , ƙaruwar yanki sau 2.14.

&quot;Tsarin mafakar Bor muhimmin yanki ne na 'tauraron dan adam' wanda ke da damar zama 'dutsen matakala' ga damisa da ke warwatse daga yankin da Pench ya samo asali&quot;, 

Tun daga shekarar 2005, ƙungiyar kare namun daji ta Srushti Paryavaran Mandal tare da haɗin gwiwar ofishin Sashen Daji na Maharashtra -Pench Tiger Reserve suna aiki kan ayyukan kiyaye namun daji da dama a cikin Sanctuary na Bor, ciki har da kiyaye ruwa ta hanyar gina ƙananan madatsun ruwa, taswirar muhalli da kuma gyara 'ya'yan damisa marayu. 

== Barazana ==
Wurin mafaka yana buƙatar ƙarin kariya da kula da muhalli, musamman a yankunan dazuzzukan da ke makwabtaka da shi. Babbar barazanar da ke fuskantar Bor ita ce [[Wildfire|gobarar daji]] . A shekarar 2011, kimanin {{Convert|800|ha|mi2}}   na dajin ya lalace sakamakon gobarar ƙasa. Tarin Tendu a cikin {{Convert|5|km}} yankin da ke kewaye da wurin ibada yana buƙatar a haramta shi gaba ɗaya. &quot;

Yawan damisa ya haifar da karuwar hare-haren damisa . A watan Janairun 2011, an kai hari ga wasu ƙauye uku a wajen wurin ibada. Ganin cewa hare-haren suna wajen wurin ibada ba a biya diyya ba. Mazauna ƙauyen sun yi ta magana game da damisa saboda hare-hare da kashe-kashen shanu. Jinkiri ko rashin biyan diyya ya motsa halin mutanen ƙauyen game da damisa. 

== Bayanin baƙo ==

: Tafiya a kan titin Wardha zuwa [[Nagpur]] MSH3, dole ne mutum ya juya arewa a Seloo don zuwa Hingi sannan ya nufi cibiyar baƙi a Bor Dam.
: Tashar bas mafi kusa ita ce Hingni {{Convert|5|km}} daga wurin ibada.
: Tashar jirgin ƙasa mafi kusa tana a Wardha kimanin {{Convert|35|km}} nesa.
: Filin jirgin sama mafi kusa shine Filin jirgin saman Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport da ke [[Nagpur]] {{Convert|80|km}} nesa. 

An shirya tallata yawon shakatawa na namun daji a shekarar 2002 don madatsar ruwan Bhor, a wajen wurin kiyaye namun daji na Bhor akan farashin aikin na Rs 6.2.&amp;nbsp;miliyan.   Yanzu haka MTDC Resort tana da ɗakunan kwana 10 masu gadaje biyu, ɗakunan kwana uku, da kuma wuraren cin abinci. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Abubakar Kaddi</username>
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'''Wurin ajiye namun daji na Bor Tiger''' wani wurin ajiye namun daji ne wanda aka ayyana a matsayin wurin ajiye damisa a watan Yulin shekarar 2014. Tana kusa da Hingani a gundumar Wardha a jihar Maharashtra ta Indiya. Gida ne ga nau'ikan dabbobin daji iri-iri. Wurin ajiyar ya ƙunshi yanki na {{Convert|138.12|km2}}.&lt;ref&gt;Dipannita Das, TNN (6 April 2012), &quot;More area 'protected' at Nagzira, Navegaon, Bor&quot;, The Times of India, Nagpur, retrieved 7 April 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Bor Wildlife Sanctuary&quot;, ''Pench Tiger Reserve'', Pench Tiger Project Maharashtra, 12 November 2011, archived from the original on 17 July 2012, retrieved 12 March 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Bor Dam&quot;, ''Sanctuaries'', Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation, archived from the original on 8 April 2012, retrieved 12 March 2012&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haɗa da [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwa]] ta madatsar ruwan Bor.

Abin lura ne cewa za a haɗa Bor Tiger Reserve da wasu yankunan da ke kusa da shi da Pench Tiger Reserve (Maharashtra) a matsayin 'yankin tauraron dan adam', zuwa fiye da ninki biyu na yankin damisar da aka kafa.&lt;ref&gt;Vijay Pinjarkar, TNN (12 November 2011), &quot;Bor to be 'satellite' core of Pench tiger reserve&quot;, ''The Times of India'', Nagpur, retrieved 12 March 2012&lt;/ref&gt; 

Wurin ajiye dabbobi na Bor Tiger Reserve yana tsakiyar gari tsakanin sauran wuraren damisar Bengal da dama, ciki har da: Pench Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra, {{Convert|90|km2}}   zuwa arewa maso gabas; Nagzira Navegaon Tiger Reserve, {{Convert|125|km2}}   zuwa gabas ta arewa maso gabas; Wurin Tsabtace Namun Daji na Umred Karhandla, {{Convert|75|km2}}   zuwa gabas maso gabas; Tadoba - Andhari Tiger Reserve, {{Convert|85|km2}}   zuwa kudu maso gabas; Melghat Tiger Reserve, {{Convert|140|km2}}   zuwa yamma maso yamma da Satpura National Park da Tiger Reserve, {{Convert|160|km2}}   zuwa arewa maso yamma.

== Yankuna ==
A watan Afrilun shekarar 2012, gwamnatin jihar Maharashtra ta fitar da sanarwar ƙara {{Convert|60|km²}}   zuwa tsohon {{Convert|61.1|km²}}   yankin Wuri Mai Tsarki na Bor.  Sabon Yankin Core na {{Convert|115.92|km²}}   shine mafi kariya da kuma kariya daga wurin ibada inda ba a yarda da jama'a ba. Ya ƙunshi kashi 95.7% na jimlar yankin. Yawancin yankin tsakiyar yankin yana kusa da dajin da ke da kyau na Sashen Dajin Wardha da Sashen Dajin Nagpur. 

Yankin Yawon Bude Ido na Yanayi na {{Convert|5.21|km²}}   wanda aka ware don samun damar jama'a don yawon shakatawa na yanayi da namun daji ya ƙunshi kashi 4.3% na jimlar yankin mafaka. Manufar yankin yawon bude ido ita ce wayar da kan jama'a game da muhimmancin kiyaye yanayi da namun daji da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da muhalli.

Yankin Buffer yanki ne na dazuzzuka marasa kariya kusa da wurin mafaka wanda ke aiki a matsayin shingen kariya ga yankin.

An raba wurin ajiyar Bor Tiger zuwa sassa biyu a zahiri ta hanyar madatsar ruwan Bor zuwa sassa biyu, a da; 2/3 ( {{Convert|40|km²}}   ), a matsayin ɓangaren yamma da 1/3 ( {{Convert|21|km²}}   ), a matsayin ɓangaren gabas. Kashi 95% na yammacin yankin yana cikin gundumar Wardha yayin da kashi 90% na gabashin yankin yana cikin gundumar Nagpur. Yankin madatsar ruwan Bor yana da kimanin {{Convert|7.25|km²}}   kuma ba a haɗa shi cikin jimlar yankin wurin ibada ba. 

== Yanayi ==
Akwai yanayi uku; lokacin rani, lokacin hunturu da lokacin [[Ruwan sama|damina]].

== Al'adu ==
Akwai haikalin Buddha (vihar) inda ake koyar da addinin Buddha. Akwai wasu wurare na addini a cikin wurin ibada kamar haikalin Shiva a Khori-Khapa, Haikalin Bruhaspati a Chauki, Haikalin Hanuman a Khadki da Haikalin Ganesh a Kelzar.

Ana kyautata zaton wannan wuri ne mai muhimmanci a zamanin Mahabharata, wato kusan farkon zamanin Gupta (kimanin ƙarni na 4 na AD ).  Ragowar kayan tarihi da aka sani da Nasargarh da Gidamgarh sun nuna wanzuwar wurin zama na iko a nan a farkon ƙarni na 1. 

== Flora ==
Wurin mafaka yana cikin dazuzzukan [[Kudancin Deccan Plateau busassun gandun daji|busassun bishiyoyi masu bushewa na Kudancin Deccan Plateau]], inda manyan nau'ikan su ne [[Tak|teak]], ain, tendu (East Indian ebony) da bamboo.

Babban ganye da aka samo a cikin Wuri Mai Tsarki sune tarot, [[Baumes oblisues|tenella]], tarwar, gokhru, wight (bracteata), [[Jan tsu|vanbhendi]], [[Dischrostachys cinerea|velatri]] da [[Capparis Horrids|waghori]]. 

== Fauna ==
Nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar damisar Bengal, damisar Indiya, bison na Indiya, bijimin shuɗi, barewa, barewa sambar, dawisu, barewa mai haushi, barewa ta beraye , [[biri]], alade na daji, beyar mai wayo, da karen daji suna zaune a nan.&lt;ref&gt;Environment Department. Government of Maharashtra. &quot;Chapter 5: Forests and Biodiversity- Sanctuaries and Parks&quot; (PDF). Bhor Wildlife Sanctuary. Mumbai: ENVIS, Environment Department. p. 187. Retrieved 12 March 2012. &lt;/ref&gt;  

; Damisa

Kamar yadda rahoton kiyasin damisa na 2010-11 ya nuna, akwai damisa 24 a yankin Pench da Bor.  [[Cibiyar Kula da namun daji ta Indiya|Cibiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Indiya]] (WII) ta kiyasta cewa akwai damisa 12 a ciki da wajen wurin ajiye namun daji, amma adadin ya karu zuwa 15, inda aka ga sabbin 'ya'yan itatuwa uku a watan Maris na 2011. Ma'aikatan filin sun fara ganin wata damisa mai 'ya'yan wata biyu; namiji ɗaya da mace biyu, a yankin da ke tsakiyar wurin ibadar.

Haihuwar sabbin 'ya'yan damisa a kowace shekara ya nuna cewa Bor wuri ne damisa ke kiwo, inda ake haihuwar 'ya'yan damisa a nan kowace shekara huɗu da suka gabata.{{When|date=August 2018}} A shekara ta 2008, wata damisa tana da 'ya'ya uku, sannan wata damisa ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu a shekara ta 2009, sai wata damisa ta haifi 'ya'ya ɗaya a shekara ta 2010 da kuma 'ya'ya uku a shekara ta 2011.

Daraktan filin na Pench Tiger Reserve ya ce haihuwar damisar ta 2011 ta zama kamar 'yar fari ta wannan damisar. &quot;Ingantaccen kariya, kyakkyawan tushen farauta da kuma samuwar ruwa sune manyan dalilai guda uku da suka sa Bor ke zama mafaka mai aminci ga damisa.&quot; 

; Tsuntsaye

Akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 160 da suka fito daga iyalai 46 na nau'ikan tsuntsaye 16 daban-daban da aka rubuta a wurin ibadar. Wannan ya haɗa da nau'ikan tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura sama da 10 da kuma nau'ikan tsuntsayen da [[Dokar Nau'in Halittu|ke fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa]] sama da 9.

; Dabbobi masu rarrafe

Wurin ajiyar dabbobi yana da nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe sama da 26, waɗanda suka ƙunshi iyalai 11, daga cikinsu nau'ikan 6 suna fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa, wato ƙwarƙwarar Indiya, macizai na Russell, python na dutse na Indiya, macijin bera na Indiya, keelback na Chequered da kuma ƙadangaren kula da dabbobi . 

== Shawarar ajiyar Tiger ==
A ranar 13 ga Satumba, 2010, [[Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da Canjin Yanayi|Ministan Muhalli da Dazuzzuka]] na wancan lokacin, Jairam Ramesh, ya sanar da niyyar ƙirƙirar reshen Bor Tigers. Daga baya Ma'aikatar Dajin Maharashtra ta yanke shawarar cewa Wurin Ajiye Namun Daji na Bor ya yi ƙanƙanta da ba za a iya ayyana shi a matsayin wurin adana damisa ba. Ta zama wurin adana damisa na 47 a Indiya, inda Ministan Muhalli Prakash Javadekar ya sanar da ita a matsayin wurin adana damisa da nufin ƙarfafa ƙoƙarin kiyaye dabbobin ƙasa a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2014. 

&quot;Ba abu ne mai yiwuwa a ayyana Bor a matsayin wurin ajiyar dabbobi ba. Yana da alaƙa mai kyau da Pench Tiger Reserve da kuma wurin ajiye namun daji na Mansingdeo  da ke kusa da Pench, kuma shi ma wani yanki ne na namun daji . Duk wannan yanki yanzu zai zama wani ɓangare na Pench&quot;, in ji SK Khetarpal, [[Ofishin Kula da dazuzzuka na Indiya|Babban Jami'in Kula da Dazuzzuka]] (PCCF) na Namun daji, Maharashtra.

Yanzu za a fadada wurin ajiye makamai na Bor zuwa {{Convert|120.39|km2}}   . Zai haɗa da yankin mafaka na yanzu na {{Convert|59.70|km2}}   da kuma maƙwabta {{Convert|12.24|km2}}   daga Nagpur da {{Convert|48.46|km2}}   daga sashen Wardha. An faɗaɗa {{Convert|120.39|km2}}   Bor zai zama tsakiyar 'tauraron dan adam' na {{Convert|257.23|km2}}   Pench tare da {{Convert|172.86|km2}}   Wurin mafaka na Mansingdeo. Idan waɗannan yankuna uku suka haɗu gaba ɗaya, Pench zai zama {{Convert|550.47|km2}}  , ƙaruwar yanki sau 2.14.

&quot;Tsarin mafakar Bor muhimmin yanki ne na 'tauraron dan adam' wanda ke da damar zama 'dutsen matakala' ga damisa da ke warwatse daga yankin da Pench ya samo asali&quot;, 

Tun daga shekarar 2005, ƙungiyar kare namun daji ta Srushti Paryavaran Mandal tare da haɗin gwiwar ofishin Sashen Daji na Maharashtra -Pench Tiger Reserve suna aiki kan ayyukan kiyaye namun daji da dama a cikin Sanctuary na Bor, ciki har da kiyaye ruwa ta hanyar gina ƙananan madatsun ruwa, taswirar muhalli da kuma gyara 'ya'yan damisa marayu. 

== Barazana ==
Wurin mafaka yana buƙatar ƙarin kariya da kula da muhalli, musamman a yankunan dazuzzukan da ke makwabtaka da shi. Babbar barazanar da ke fuskantar Bor ita ce [[Wildfire|gobarar daji]] . A shekarar 2011, kimanin {{Convert|800|ha|mi2}}   na dajin ya lalace sakamakon gobarar ƙasa. Tarin Tendu a cikin {{Convert|5|km}} yankin da ke kewaye da wurin ibada yana buƙatar a haramta shi gaba ɗaya. &quot;

Yawan damisa ya haifar da karuwar hare-haren damisa . A watan Janairun 2011, an kai hari ga wasu ƙauye uku a wajen wurin ibada. Ganin cewa hare-haren suna wajen wurin ibada ba a biya diyya ba. Mazauna ƙauyen sun yi ta magana game da damisa saboda hare-hare da kashe-kashen shanu. Jinkiri ko rashin biyan diyya ya motsa halin mutanen ƙauyen game da damisa. 

== Bayanin baƙo ==

: Tafiya a kan titin Wardha zuwa [[Nagpur]] MSH3, dole ne mutum ya juya arewa a Seloo don zuwa Hingi sannan ya nufi cibiyar baƙi a Bor Dam.
: Tashar bas mafi kusa ita ce Hingni {{Convert|5|km}} daga wurin ibada.
: Tashar jirgin ƙasa mafi kusa tana a Wardha kimanin {{Convert|35|km}} nesa.
: Filin jirgin sama mafi kusa shine Filin jirgin saman Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport da ke [[Nagpur]] {{Convert|80|km}} nesa. 

An shirya tallata yawon shakatawa na namun daji a shekarar 2002 don madatsar ruwan Bhor, a wajen wurin kiyaye namun daji na Bhor akan farashin aikin na Rs 6.2.&amp;nbsp;miliyan.   Yanzu haka MTDC Resort tana da ɗakunan kwana 10 masu gadaje biyu, ɗakunan kwana uku, da kuma wuraren cin abinci. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Jean Jacques Ndoudoumou</title>
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'''Jean Jacques Ndoudoumou''' ma'aikacin gwamnati ne kuma mai kula da wasanni na nakasassu daga [[Kamaru]] . A matsayin zabiya, ya fuskanci wariya tun yana ƙarami. Daga baya ya zama Babban Darakta na Hukumar Kula da Sayayya ta Jama'a ta Kamaru (ARMP) a shekarar 2001, inda ya bar aiki a shekarar 2012 bayan an kore shi daga aiki a tsakiyar badakalar da ta taso.

Ndoudoumou kuma jami'in kula da wasanni ne, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban [[Kwamitin Wasannin Wasanni na Kasa na Kamaru|kwamitin wasannin Olympics na Kamaru]] . An zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2011, kuma ya ci gaba da zama shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 2016.

== Na Kai ==
Daga Zoetele, Ndoudoumou yana da zabiya, kuma saboda haka ya fuskanci wariya mai yawa tun yana ƙarami.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Biwolé |first=Ateba |title=Cameroun : Jean-Jacques Ndoudoumou, &quot;Je ne suis pas coupable de détournement&quot; |url=http://www.etudiant-ados.com/pages/actualite-afrique/camer/cameroun-jean-jacques-ndoudoumou-je-ne-suis-pas-coupable-de-detournement.html |access-date=October 9, 2016 |website=Etudiant Ados |publisher=Le Jour}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi shugaba ne na gargajiya a yankin Mvoutessi 1, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; kuma yana da himma a cikin al'ummar addininsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Hidimar jama'a ==
Ndoudoumou yana da sama da shekaru 57 na gogewa a fannin gwamnati.  Ya zama Babban Darakta na Hukumar Kula da Sayayya ta Jama'a (ARMP) &lt;ref group=&quot;translations&quot;&gt;The name of the organization in French is, ''{{Lang|fr|Agence de régulation des marchés publics}}''.&lt;/ref&gt; a shekara ta 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tsimi |first=Éric Essono |date=June 13, 2012 |title=Jean-Jacques Ndoudoumou : condamné, il continue de plastronner |url=http://www.afrik.com/article25927.html |access-date=October 11, 2016 |website=Afrik.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;  An zargi Ndoudoumou da rashin shugabanci mai kyau a lokacin da yake ARMP kafin a kore shi daga mukaminsa a shekarar 2012 kuma aka umarce shi da ya biya gwamnati diyya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Le Jour |date=March 28, 2013 |title=Jean-Jacques Ndoudoumou, &quot;je ne suis pas coupable de détournement&quot; {{!}} Actualite en Afrique et Cameroun |url=http://www.africapresse.com/jean-jacques-ndoudoumou-je-ne-suis-pas-coupable-de-detournement/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022123101/http://www.africapresse.com/jean-jacques-ndoudoumou-je-ne-suis-pas-coupable-de-detournement/ |archive-date=October 22, 2016 |access-date=October 8, 2016 |website=Africa Presse |publisher=Africa Presse |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=D |first=Patrick |date=June 28, 2012 |title=Societé - Le fils de Jean jacques ndoudoumou au centre d'une escroquerie financière S/C de l'ARMP |url=http://www.news.mboa.info/societe/fr/societe/rubrique/69068,le-fils-de-jean-jacques-ndoudoumou-au-centre-dune-escroquerie-financiere-sc-de-larmp.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022103224/http://www.news.mboa.info/societe/fr/societe/rubrique/69068,le-fils-de-jean-jacques-ndoudoumou-au-centre-dune-escroquerie-financiere-sc-de-larmp.html |archive-date=October 22, 2016 |access-date=October 11, 2016 |website=Mboa.info |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Ya yi ƙoƙarin yin watsi da masu suka a yaƙinsa da cin hanci da rashawa, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; kuma ya bayyana cewa ba shi da laifi daga tuhumar cin hanci da rashawa da aka yi masa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; A watan Mayun 2016, jaridu a Kamaru sun ce kama shi, wanda ya shafi ayyukansa yayin da yake ARMP, yana da yuwuwar a kama shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ngon |first=Otric |date=May 17, 2016 |title=Cameroun - Opération épervier: Jean Jacques Ndoudoumou et Robert Nkili aux portes de Kondengui |url=http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/cameroun-operation-epervier-jean-jacques-ndoudoumou-et-robert-nkili-aux-portes-de-kondengui-261999.html |access-date=October 11, 2016 |website=Cameroon-Info.Net |language=fr-FR}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndoudoumou ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban reshen Kamaru na [[World Association for Advocacy and Solidarity of Albinos|Ƙungiyar Duniya kan Tallafawa da Haɗa kan Albinos]] (ASMODISA). &lt;ref group=&quot;translations&quot;&gt;The name of the organization in French is, ''{{Lang|fr|antenne du Cameroun de l'Association mondiale pour la défense des intérêts et la solidarité des albinos}}''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 23, 2011 |title=Cameroun : élection du président du comité national paralympique-Le Quotidien du Peuple en ligne |url=http://french.peopledaily.com.cn/Sports/7577489.html |access-date=October 8, 2016 |website=People's Daily (China) |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Xinhua |date=August 22, 2011 |title=CCTV-Cameroun : les statuts du comité national paralympique adoptés |url=http://fr.cntv.cn/20110822/105271.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104153922/http://fr.cntv.cn/20110822/105271.shtml |archive-date=January 4, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2016 |website=CNTV |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Hukumar wasanni ==
Ndoudoumou ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban [[Kwamitin Wasannin Wasanni na Kasa na Kamaru|Kwamitin Paralympic na Kamaru]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cameroon - National Paralympic Committee |url=https://www.paralympic.org/cameroon |access-date=October 2, 2016 |website=International Paralympic Committee |publisher=International Paralympic Committee}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ngon |first=Otric |date=September 7, 2016 |title=Sport/Jeux paralympiques: Le Cameroun présent à Rio avec un seul athlète |url=http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/cameroun-sportjeux-paralympiques-le-cameroun-present-a-rio-avec-un-seul-athlete-269625.html |access-date=October 2, 2016 |website=Cameroun-Info.Net: Le Portail du Cameroun |publisher=Cameroon-Info.Net |language=fr-FR |archive-date=November 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127030017/http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/cameroun-sportjeux-paralympiques-le-cameroun-present-a-rio-avec-un-seul-athlete-269625.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Akana |first=Rita |date=September 7, 2016 |title=Paralympic Games: Cameroon in Rio with one athlete, 7 man delegation |url=http://www.cameroonconcordnews.com/paralympic-games-cameroon-in-rio-with-one-athlete-7-man-delegation/ |access-date=October 3, 2016 |website=Cameroon Concord News |publisher=Cameroon Concord News}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Notre Organisation - International Paralympic Committee |url=http://www.camerounparalympique.org/notre-organisation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018205257/http://www.camerounparalympique.org/notre-organisation/ |archive-date=October 18, 2016 |access-date=October 5, 2016 |website=Comité National Paralympique Camerounais (CNPC) |publisher=Comité National Paralympique Camerounais (CNPC) |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tchapmi |first=Christian |date=August 17, 2012 |title=Jeux paralympiques. Vers une nouvelle participation foireuse du Cameroun |url=http://www.cameroonvoice.com/news/article-sport-7852.html |access-date=October 9, 2016 |website=Cameroon Voice |publisher=Le Messager |language=fr-FR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327184522/http://www.cameroonvoice.com/news/article-sport-7852.html |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya riƙe wannan muƙamin tun lokacin da aka kafa ƙungiyar a hukumance a ranar 21 ga Agusta, 2011.  Ndoudoumou ya samu wannan matsayi ne bayan zaɓen da aka yi a watan Agusta na 2011, inda ya lashe wa'adin shekaru huɗu bayan ya sami ƙuri'u 84 daga cikin 87 da ake da su, inda shi kaɗai ne ɗan takara da ya tsaya takara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ndoudoumou yana cikin tawagar Kamaru da ta je [[Rio de Janeiro|Rio]] don gasar Paralympics ta bazara ta 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bepede |first=Angèle |date=September 7, 2016 |title=Jeux paralympiques: l'ambassadeur du Cameroun |url=http://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/articles/926/fr/jeux-paralympiques-l-ambassadeur-du-cameroun |access-date=October 11, 2016 |website=Cameroon Tribune |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Chantal Anne Akerman''' (Faransa; 6 ga Yuni 1950 - 5 ga Oktoba 2015) ta kasance Mai shirya fim-finai na Belgium, [[Masu kirkira|mai zane]], kuma farfesa a Kwalejin Birnin New York (2011-2015).{{IPA|fr|ʃɑ̃tal akɛʁman|lang}}{{Spaced en dash}}
Akerman an fi saninta da fina-finai {{Lang|fr|[[Je Tu Il Elle]]}} (1974), {{Lang|fr|[[Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles]]}} (1975), da News from Home (1976). Na biyu daga cikin wadannan an sanya shi &quot;Fim mafi girma a kowane lokaci&quot; a cikin mujallar Sight &amp; Sound ta 2022 &quot;Greatest Films of All Time&quot; masu sukar zaben, wanda ya sa ta zama mace ta farko da ta fi dacewa da zaben. Sauran fina-finai guda biyu sun bayyana a cikin wannan zaben.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Greatest Films of All Time |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/greatest-films-all-time |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=BFI |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Akerman a Brussels, Belgium, ga iyayen Yahudawa da masu ƙaura, dukansu sun tsira daga Holocaust daga Nazi Jamus. Ita ce 'yar'uwar Sylviane Akerman, 'yar'uwanta kaɗai. Mahaifiyarta, Natalia (Nelly), ta tsira shekaru da yawa a Auschwitz, inda aka kashe iyayenta. Tun tana ƙarama, Akerman da mahaifiyarta sun kasance kusa sosai, kuma mahaifiyarta ta ƙarfafa ta ta bi aiki maimakon yin aure da ƙuruciya.

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, Akerman ya shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Fasaha da Fasahar watsawa, makarantar fina-finai ta Belgium.Ta fice a lokacin wa'adin ta na farko don yin gajeren fim din {{Lang|fr|Saute ma ville}},  ta ba da kuɗin ta hanyar cinikin hannun jari na lu'u-lu'u a musayar hannun jari ta [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]].&lt;ref name=&quot;criterion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Margulies |first=Ivone |title=A Matter of Time: ''Jeanne Dielman, 23, quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles'' |url=https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/1215-a-matter-of-time-jeanne-dielman-23-quai-du-commerce-1080-bruxelles |access-date=18 August 2009 |website=The Criterion Collection}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Ayyuka na farko da tasiri ===
A lokacin da take da shekaru 15, kallon Akerman na Pierrot le fou na Jean-Luc Godard (1965) ya yi mata wahayi zuwa ga zama mai shirya fina-finai. Fim din farko na Akerman, Saute ma ville (1968), an fara shi ne a bikin gajeren fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Oberhausen a shekarar 1971.  A wannan shekarar, ta koma [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], inda za ta zauna har zuwa 1972. Ta yi la'akari da lokacinta a can don zama kwarewar haɓaka, ta fallasa ayyukan Andy Warhol, Jonas Mekas, da Michael Snow, tare da fim din na ƙarshe La région centrale wanda ya haifar da ra'ayinta game da &quot;lokaci a matsayin abu mafi muhimmanci a fim&quot;.Har ila yau, a wannan lokacin, za ta fara haɗin gwiwa tare da mai daukar hoto Babette Mangolte.&lt;ref name=&quot;criterion&quot; /&gt;

Fim dinta na farko, shirin Hotel Monterey (1972), tare da gajeren fina-finai La Chambre 1 da La Chambre 2, suna amfani da dogon lokaci da dabarun tsarin da za su zama alamun kasuwanci na salon ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;criterion&quot; /&gt;

=== Sanarwar mai mahimmanci ===
Akerman daga nan ya koma Belgium, kuma a shekara ta 1974 ya sami karbuwa mai mahimmanci don fasalin almara na farko Je, Tu, Il, Elle (Ni, Kai, Shi, Ita), sananne ne saboda nuna jima'i na mata, taken da zai sake bayyana a fina-finai da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;criterion&quot; /&gt; Masanin fina-finai na mata da B. Ruby Rich ya yi imanin cewa ana iya ganin Je Tu Il Elle a matsayin &quot;Rosetta Stone na fim na [[Jima'i na mata]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 January 2022 |title=The Museum of Fine Arts Boston presents The Films of Chantal Akerman: Je Tu Il Elle (1974, 90min.) {{!}} MIT List Visual Arts Center |url=https://listart.mit.edu/calendar/museum-fine-arts-boston-presents-films-chantal-akerman-je-tu-il-elle-1974-90min |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=listart.mit.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fim din Akerman da aka fi yaba da shi, Jeanne Dielman, 23 Quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles, an sake shi a shekarar 1975, kuma ya gabatar da binciken lokaci-lokaci game da aikin gwauruwa mai matsakaicin shekaru na ayyukan gida da karuwanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;criterion&quot; /&gt; Bayan fitowar fim din, Le Monde ta kira ''Jeanne Dielman'' &quot;mafi kyawun mata na farko a tarihin fim&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atkinson |first=Nathalie |date=2 November 2018 |title=How Chantal Akerman's modernist masterpiece changed cinema |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20181030-how-chantal-akermans-modernist-masterpiece-changed-cinema |access-date=10 January 2023 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masanin kimiyya Ivonne Margulies ya ce hoton wani fim ne na fim don haɗa mata da adawa da yaudara.&lt;ref name=&quot;criterion&quot; /&gt; Fim din ya kasance fim na 19 mafi girma na karni na 20 ta hanyar J. Hoberman na Village Voice .  A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, ''Jeanne Dielman'' ta sami lambar yabo ta farko ta mujallar Sight &amp; Sound ta &quot;Top 100 Greatest Films of All Time&quot;, kamar yadda masu sukar suka zabe, ya zama fim na huɗu da ya yi haka bayan Bicycle Thieves, Citizen Kane, da ''Vertigo''. Jeanne Dielman, 23 Quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles ta haka ne fim na farko da wata mace ta jagoranta don saman jerin kuma, tare da Beau Travail, ɗaya daga cikin fina-finai biyu na farko da suka bayyana a saman 10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 December 2022 |title=Chantal Akerman first woman to top Sight and Sound's greatest all-time films poll |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/dec/01/chantal-akerman-becomes-first-woman-to-top-bfis-greatest-all-time-films-poll |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=December 1 |first=Christian Holub |last2=EST |first2=2022 at 08:00 PM |title='Jeanne Dielman' surpasses 'Citizen Kane,' 'Vertigo' as critics' choice for best movie ever |url=https://ew.com/movies/jeanne-dielman-voted-best-movie-of-all-time/ |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=EW.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mata ===
Akerman ya yi amfani da saitin kicin don bincika tsinkaye tsakanin mata da gida. Gidajen abinci a cikin aikinta suna ba da sarari na sirri don haɗi da tattaunawa, suna aiki a matsayin tushen wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwar yau da kullun. Gidajen abinci, tare da sauran wuraren cikin gida, suna aiki ne a matsayin kurkuku masu ƙuntata kansu a ƙarƙashin yanayin ubanni. A cikin aikin Akerman, kicin sau da yawa yana aiki a matsayin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gida.

Akerman yawanci ana haɗa ta a cikin tunanin mata da na jinsi, amma ta bayyana nisanta daga mata mai mahimmanci. Akerman ta yi tsayayya da alamun da suka shafi asalin ta kamar &quot;mace&quot;, &quot;Yahudawa&quot; da &quot;lesbian&quot;, ta zaɓi maimakon ta nutse cikin asalin kasancewa 'yar; ta ce ta ga fim a matsayin &quot;yanci mai mahimmanci daga iyakokin ainihi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Jon |date=2016 |title=Every Home A Heartache: Chantal Akerman |journal=C: International Contemporary Art |issue=130}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi kira ga yawan maganganu, ta bayyana cewa, &quot;lokacin da mutane suka ce akwai harshen fim na mata, kamar dai akwai wata hanya daya kawai ga mata su bayyana kansu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Duke University Press&quot; /&gt; Ga Akerman, akwai harsuna masu yawa na fina-finai kamar yadda akwai mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt;

Margulies ta yi jayayya cewa juriyar Akerman ga rarrabuwa ta mayar da martani ga tsananin gaskiyar fim din da ta gabata kuma &quot;yana nuna wayar da kan jama'a game da aikin tarihin tarihi da al'adun mata na fim din&quot;.

Akerman yana aiki tare da ka'idar mata na mutum na siyasa, yana rikitar da shi ta hanyar bincike kan alaƙar wakilci tsakanin masu zaman kansu da jama'a. A cikin ''Jeanne Dielman'', mai gabatarwa ba ya samar da bayyane, daidai wakilci na gaskiyar zamantakewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Duke University Press&quot; /&gt; A cikin fim ɗin, an bayyana uwar gida da karuwa Jeanne a matsayin gini, tare da tarihin tarihi, zamantakewa, da kuma fim.&lt;ref name=&quot;Duke University Press&quot; /&gt;

Akerman tana da wakilci na ainihi, wani nau'i ne na tarihi don aiki a matsayin alamar mata kuma a lokaci guda a matsayin &quot;mai fushi&quot; ga daidaitattun rukunin &quot;mata&quot;.

=== Ayyukansa na baya ===
Fim din Akerman na baya-bayan nan ya gwada tare da nau'o'i daban-daban da kuma tempos, gami da wasan kwaikwayo na Golden Eighties (1986), da kuma shirye-shirye da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;criterion&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2013, ta wallafa Ma mère rit (&quot;Mahaifiyata Laughs&quot;), wani labari game da shekarun karshe na rayuwar mahaifiyarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=The Fondation Chantal Akerman in collaboration with CINEMATEK. |title=Ma mère rit «  Fondation Chantal Akerman |url=https://chantalakerman.foundation/works/ma-mere-rit/ |access-date=24 August 2025 |website=chantalakerman.foundation |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; An buga shi a Turanci, wanda Daniella Shreir ta fassara, a cikin 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 March 2020 |title=Early Mourning: On Chantal Akerman's “My Mother Laughs” |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/early-mourning-on-chantal-akermans-my-mother-laughs |access-date=24 August 2025 |website=Los Angeles Review of Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; An saki fim dinta na karshe, No Home Movie, a shekarar 2015. 

A shekara ta 1991, Akerman ya kasance memba na juri a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Berlin na 41. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Berlinale: 1991 Juries |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1991/04_jury_1991/04_Jury_1991.html |access-date=21 March 2011 |website=berlinale.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2011, ta shiga aikin cikakken lokaci na Shirin MFA a cikin Media Arts Production a Kwalejin Birnin New York a matsayin fitaccen malami kuma na farko Michael &amp; Irene Ross Ziyarar Farfesa na Fim / Bidiyo &amp; Nazarin Yahudawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 September 2015 |title=Chantal Akerman feature is tapped for New York Film Festival {{!}} The City College of New York |url=https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/news/chantal-akerman-ny_film-fesrtival |website=www.ccny.cuny.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akerman ya kuma kasance Farfesa na Fim a Makarantar Sakandare ta Turai . 

== Nuni ==
An gudanar da nune-nunen solo na aikin Akerman a Gidan Tarihi na zamani, Antwerp, Belgium (2012), MIT, Cambridge Massachusetts (2008), Gidan Tarihin Tel Aviv, Isra'ila (2006); Gidan Tarihalin Jami'ar Princeton, Princeton, NJ (2006); da Cibiyar Georges Pompidou, Paris (2003). Akerman ta shiga cikin Documenta XI (2002) da Venice Biennale (2001).

2015 Venice Biennale ya haɗa da shigarwar bidiyon ta ƙarshe, ''Yanzu'', shigarwar allo masu layi daya da ke nuna hotunan shimfidar wuri wanda zai bayyana a No Home Movie .  A cikin 2018, Gidan Tarihin Yahudawa na Manhattan ya gabatar da shigarwa a cikin nune-nunen Scenes from the Collection, kuma ya sami aikinta don tarin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scenes from the Collection |url=https://thejewishmuseum.org/exhibitions/scenes-from-the-collection |access-date=11 March 2018 |website=The Jewish Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt; Marian Goodman Gallery a Paris ya nuna Daga Sauran Hanyar (2002) da Je tu il elle, l'installation (2007) a farkon 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chantal Akerman: From the Other Side |url=https://www.mariangoodman.com/exhibitions/chantal-akerman-from-the-other-side-paris/ |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=Marian Goodman Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyar da ake amfani da ita ==
Hanyar fim din Akerman ta dogara ne akan kama rayuwar talakawa. Ta hanyar ƙarfafa masu kallo suyi haƙuri tare da jinkirin tafiya, fina-finai ta jaddada bil'adama na yau da kullun. Mai kula da zane-zane Kathy Halbreich ya rubuta cewa Akerman &quot;ya kirkiro fim na jira, na sassan, na ƙuduri da aka jinkirta&quot;.

Yawancin fina-finai na Akerman suna nuna motsi na mutane a fadin nesa ko kuma shawo kansu tare da sararin samaniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt; Mai kula da gida Jon Davies ya rubuta cewa cikin gida &quot;aikin jima'i da tashin hankali, sirri da kunya, inda manyan da ƙananan cututtuka suka bayyana tare da shaidu kaɗan&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt; Akerman tana magana game da voyeurism wanda ke kasancewa koyaushe a cikin jawabin fim ta hanyar sau da yawa tana wasa da hali a cikin fina-finai, tana sanya kanta a bangarorin biyu na kyamara a lokaci guda.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt; Ta yi amfani da gajiyar tsarin don samar da jin dadi a cikin mai kallo, yana jaddada wucewar lokaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt;

Akerman ya sami rinjaye daga fina-finai na fasaha na Turai da kuma fim na tsarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt; Fim din Structuralist ya yi amfani da gwaji na formalist don ba da shawarar dangantaka tsakanin hoto da mai kallo. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt; Akerman ya ambaci Michael Snow a matsayin wahayi na tsarin, musamman fim dinsa Wavelength, wanda ya ƙunshi hoto guda ɗaya na hoto na teku a kan bango mai hawa, tare da kyamarar sannu a hankali tana motsawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt; An jawo Akerman ga rashin jin daɗi na tsarin tsari saboda ya ki amincewa da damuwar fim din da ya fi dacewa game da makirci.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt; Yayinda yake matashi a Brussels, Akerman ya tsallake makaranta don kallon fina-finai, gami da fina-fukkuna daga {{Interlanguage link|Knokke-Le-Zoute Experimental Film Festival|fr|Festival international du cinéma expérimental de Knokke-le-Zoute}}  .&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt;

Masanin tarihin fasaha Terrie Sultan ya rubuta cewa &quot;labari na Akerman yana da alamar kusan kulawa ta Proustian ga daki-daki da kuma kyawawan gani&quot;. Hakazalika, harshen gani na Akerman yana tsayayya da sauƙin rarrabuwa da taƙaitawa: tana ƙirƙirar labari ta hanyar haɗin fim maimakon ci gaban mãkirci.

Daraktoci da yawa sun ambaci salon darakta na Akerman a matsayin tasiri a kan aikinsu. Kelly Reichardt, Gus Van Sant, da [[Sofia Coppola]] sun lura da binciken da suka yi na yin fim a ainihin lokacin a matsayin haraji ga Akerman.&lt;ref name=&quot;New York Times&quot; /&gt; Mai zane-zane Tacita Dean a cikin tattaunawa da mai zane-zane Amadour ya kira ''Jeanne Dielman'' &quot;cikakken aikin gwaninta,&quot; sun raba girmamawar juna ga aikin Akerman da tasirin aikinta akan tarihin fasaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amadour |title=AN INTERVIEW WITH TACITA DEAN: ‘TRIAL OF THE FINGER’ AT MARIAN GOODMAN GALLERY, LOS ANGELES |url=https://whoisseen.com/editorial/an-interview-with-tacita-dean-trial-of-the-finger-at-marian-goodman-gallery-los-angeles |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=WHO IS SEEN |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali ==
Akerman tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da mahaifiyarta, wanda aka kama a fina-finai da yawa. A cikin News from Home (1976), wasiƙun mahaifiyar Akerman da ke tsara ayyukan iyali na duniya suna wasa a cikin fim din.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; Fim dinta na 2015 No Home Movie centers on mother-da relationship, yafi yawa a cikin kicin mahaifiyarta, kuma an yi fim a cikin watanni na ƙarshe kafin mutuwar mahaifiyarta a shekarar 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt; Fim din yana bincika batutuwan metempsychosis, &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; harbi na karshe na fim din yana aiki a matsayin abin tunawa na gidan mahaifiyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot; /&gt;

Akerman ta yarda cewa mahaifiyarta tana tsakiyar aikinta kuma ta yarda da rashin jin daɗi bayan mutuwarta. Ana iya samun hotunan uwa a duk fina-finai na Akerman a matsayin girmamawa da ƙoƙari na sake gina hoton da muryar mahaifiyar. A cikin littafin tarihin rayuwarta Family in Brussels, Akerman ta ba da labarin, ta musayar muryarta da mahaifiyarta.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lebow |first=Alisa |date=2016 |title=Identity Slips: The Autobiographical Register in the Work of Chantal Akerman |url=http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/61531/5/54.full.pdf |journal=Film Quarterly |volume=1 |issue=70 |pages=54–60 |doi=10.1525/fq.2016.70.1.54}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Akerman ya mutu ta hanyar [[Kisan kai|kashe kansa]] a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2015 a Paris, yana da shekaru 65. Fim dinta na karshe shi ne shirin No Home Movie, jerin tattaunawa da mahaifiyarta jim kadan kafin mutuwar mahaifiyarta. Game da fim din, ta ce, &quot;Ina tsammanin idan na san zan yi wannan, da ban yi ƙarfin hali ba&quot;.

A cewar 'yar'uwar Akerman, an kwantar da ita a asibiti saboda baƙin ciki sannan ta koma gida zuwa Paris kwana goma kafin mutuwarta.

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

=== Hotuna masu ban sha'awa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken asali
!Taken Turanci
!Matsayi
!Bayani
|-
|1974
|''Ni Kai Shi Shi''
|''Ni Kai Shi Shi''
|Julie
|Darakta &amp; Marubuci
|-
|1975
|''Jeanne Dielman, 23 Quai du Commerce, 1080 Brussels''
|''Jeanne Dielman''
|Muryar maƙwabci a cikin hallway
|Darakta &amp; Marubuci 
|-
|1978
|''Rubuce-rubucen Anna''
|''Taron da Anna''
|
|Darakta &amp; Marubuci
|-
|1982
|''Dukan dare''
|''Duk dare''
|
|Darakta &amp; Marubuci &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 January 2014 |title=Paradise Films - Movies |url=http://www.paradisefilms.be/index.php/movies/view/id/15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105081255/http://www.paradisefilms.be/index.php/movies/view/id/15.html |archive-date=5 November 2014 |access-date=21 February 2016 |publisher=Paradisefilms.be}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1986
|''Shekaru tamanin na Zinariya''
|
|
|Daraktan
|-
|1986
|''Wasiƙu Gida''
|
|
|Daraktan
Fim din talabijin
|-
|1989
|''Tarihin Amurka''
|''Labaran Amurka: Abinci, Iyali da Falsafa''
|
|Darakta &amp; Marubuci
39th Berlin InternationalBikin Fim&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Berlinale: 1989 Programme |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1989/02_programm_1989/02_Programm_1989.html |access-date=11 March 2011 |website=berlinale.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1991
|''Dare da rana''
|''Dare da Rana''
|
|Darakta &amp; Marubuci
48th Venice InternationalBikin Fim
|-
|1996
|''Wani divan a New York''
|''Gidan gado a New York''
|
|Darakta &amp; Marubuci
|-
|2000
|''Wanda aka kama shi''
|''Mai Fata''
|
|Darakta &amp; Marubuci
|-
|2004
|''Gobe muna ƙaura''
|''Gobe Muna Motsawa''
|
|Darakta &amp; Marubuci
|-
|2011
|''Hauka Almayer''
|''Almayer's Folly''
|
|Darakta &amp; Marubuci 
|}

=== Gajeren fina-finai ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
|-
|1968
|''Ka Tsaye Garin Ni''
'' (Ka hura garina) ''
|
|
|-
|1971
|''Yaron da ake ƙauna ko Ina wasa da zama mace mai aure''
(Yaron da aka ƙaunatacce, ko kuma ina wasa da kasancewa mace mai aure) 
|
|
|-
|1972
|''Gidan 1''
'' (Kamarar 1) ''
|
|Har ila yau edita
|-
|1972
|''Gidan Gida na 2''
'' (Kamarar 2) ''
|
|Har ila yau edita
|-
|1973
|''Ranar 15/8''
|
|Samy Szlingerbaum ya ba da umarni tare kuma ya kasance mai daukar hoto na hadin gwiwa da editan fim&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|1982
|''Otal na Acacias''
|
|Michèle Blondeel da ɗaliban INSAS (Yves Hanchar, Pierre Charles Rochette, François Vanderveken, Isabelle Willems) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chantal Akerman in the Golden Eighties {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/9295 |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1983
|''Mutumin da ke cikin jakar''
'' (Mutumin da ke da jakar) ''
|
|Fim na Talabijin na Gida''Talabijin na ɗaki''
|-
|1984
|''Ina jin yunwa, ina sanyi''
'' (Ina jin yunwa, ina sanyi) ''
|
|Sashe na ''Paris da aka gani, shekaru 20 bayan haka''
|-
|1984
|''New York, New York bis''
|
|Fim din da ya ɓace
|-
|1986
|''Kasuwanci''
'' (Sloth) ''
|
|Sashe na ''Mata Bakwai, Zunubi Bakwai''
|-
|1986
|''Hammer din''
'' (Hammer) ''
|
|
|-
|1986
|''Mallet-Stevens''
|
|
|-
|1992
|''Shigar da mutane''
'' (Mayar da ciki) ''
|
|
|-
|1992
|''Ga Febe Elisabeth Velásquez, El Salvador''
(''Ga Febe Elisabeth Velásquez, El Salvador'') 
|
|Sashe na Contre l'oubli (''Bari Mu manta'') 
|-
|1994
|''Hoton wata yarinya a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 a Brussels''
(Hoton wata yarinya a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 a Brussels) 
|
|Abubuwan da suka faru na Dukkanin yara maza da mata na shekarunta... 
''Dukan yara maza da mata na tsaran su...''

(Dukan Yara maza da Mata na Lokacin su...) 
|-
|2007
|''Kashewa da daddare a kan Shanghai''
|
|Sashe na Jiha ta Duniya''Yanayin Duniya''
|}

=== Hotuna ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
|-
|1972
|''Otal din Monterey''
|
|
|-
|1973
|''Rage Yonkers''
|
|ba a gama ba
|-
|1976
|''Labarai daga Gida''
|
|
|-
|1980
|''Ka gaya mini (Ka gaya mini) ''
|
|
|-
|1983
|''Shekaru na 1980''
'' (A cikin shekaru tamanin) ''
|
|
|-
|1983
|''Wata rana Pina ta nemi''
'' (Wata Rana Pina ya tambaye ni / A kan yawon shakatawa tare da Pina Bausch) ''
|
|
|-
|1984
|''Wasika daga mai shirya fina-finai''
'' (Littafi daga Mai Fim) ''
|
|
|-
|1989
|''Sonatas uku na ƙarshe na Franz Schubert''
'' (Sonatas Uku na Ƙarshe na Franz Schubert) ''
|
|
|-
|1989
|''Sashe uku akan sunan Sacher (Stanzas uku akan sunan sacher) ''
|
|
|-
|1993
|''D'Est (Daga Gabas) ''
|
|
|-
|1997
|''Chantal Akerman ta hanyar Chantal Aquerman''
|
|
|-
|1999
|''Kudancin (Kudancin) ''
|
|
|-
|2002
|''Daga wancan gefen (Daga Sauran gefen) ''
|Darakta, Mai daukar hoto
|
|-
|2003
|''Tare da Sonia Wieder-Atherton''
|
|
|-
|2006
|''A can (A can) ''
|Darakta, Mai daukar hoto
|
|-
|2009
|''A Gabas tare da Sonia Wieder-Atherton''
|
|
|-
|2015
|''Babu fim na gida''
|Darakta, Mai daukar hoto
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Linden |first=Sheri |date=22 April 2016 |title=Review: Documentaries 'No Home Movie' and 'I Don't Belong Anywhere' provide moving portraits of the late filmmaker Chantal Akerman |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-akerman-review-20160422-story.html |access-date=10 January 2023 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Debruge |first=Peter |date=10 August 2015 |title=Film Review: 'No Home Movie' |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/reviews/no-home-movie-film-review-1201566469/ |access-date=10 January 2023 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin daraktocin fina-finai da talabijin na mata
* Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na lesbian
* Jerin fina-finai masu alaƙa da LGBT da mata suka shirya

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>in3jmfo1ccogb6hyxju910r5hgslzh0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gidan shakatawa na Buzuluksky Bor</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abubakar Kaddi</username>
        <id>24783</id>
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      <text bytes="8007" sha1="kn6fs97qbtbvo3764wp29f35okkfzpl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Gidan shakatawa na Buzuluksky Bor''' (Russian) ya ƙunshi dajin Pine na Buzuk, wanda shine mafi girman gandun daji na itatuwan pine a duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact_of_Buzuluk&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=A. M. Rusanov |last2=E. V. Shein |last3=E. Yu. Milanovskii |year=2008 |title=The impact of Buzuluk pine stand on the surrounding landscapes and soil properties |journal=Eurasian Soil Science |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=128–134 |doi=10.1134/S1064229308020026 |s2cid=129050942}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kewaye shi da [[Yankin da ke cikin tsaunuka|tsaunuka]] a Gabashin Turai a gabashin Kogin Volga da yammacin tuddai da ke gudana har zuwa kudancin Urals. Wannan ya sa ya zama muhimmiyar wurin zama don nazarin kimiyya, kuma shine shafin farko na kula da gandun daji a Rasha. Yana kuma da kimanin kilomita 70 a gabas daga birnin [[Samara|Samara, Rasha]], da kilomita 15 a arewacin garin Buzuluk, Orenburg Oblast.&amp;nbsp;

Kimanin  {{Convert|106000|ha|acres|0}}  acres) a girman, Buzuluksky yanki ne mai triangular na gandun daji wanda ke auna kusan kilomita 53 Arewa- Kudu, da kilomita 34 Yamma-Gabas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buzuluksky_Bor_National_Park&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Buzuluksky_Bor_National_Park (in Russian) |url=http://www.buzulukskiybor.ru/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801043556/http://buzulukskiybor.ru/ |archive-date=August 1, 2015 |access-date=2015-07-23 |website=Official Park Website}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Ya mamaye iyakar Samara Oblast (Region) da [[Yanayin yankin Orenburg|Orenburg Oblast]] (Jami'a), tare da kusan rabin yankinsa a kowannensu. An kafa wurin shakatawa a hukumance a matsayin wurin shakatawa na kasa a cikin shekara ta 2007, amma ya kasance yankin kula da gandun daji tun farkon shekarun 1800.

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Gidan shakatawa yana da iyaka a kudu da Kogin Samara, kuma a wasu bangarorin da ba a yi gandun daji ba. Ginin pine yana kewaye da ƙananan bishiyoyi masu laushi. [[Borovka River|Kogin Borovka]] yana gudana daga kudu maso yamma ta tsakiyar gandun daji kafin ya shiga cikin Samara a kudancinsa. Kwarin kogin da ya samo asali yana da zurfin mita 100 a ƙasa da yankin da ke kewaye da shi. Yankin ambaliyar yashi a saman kwarin Borovka ya ƙunshi koguna da tabkuna. Tsayin Buzuluk pine yana da babban rami cike da yashi mai yashi na asalin ruwa wanda yashi ya rufe shi da yashi. Rashin zurfin yashi ya kai mita 90. A wasu wurare ana yin kogin da jan sandstones, conglomerates da mudstones na Permian da Lower Triassic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buzuluk_Pine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Buzuluk Pine |url=http://oopt.aari.ru/oopt/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80 |access-date=2015-07-26 |website=&quot;Protected Areas Russia&quot;, an intergovernmental project of the UNDP and federal and local Russian agencies. |publisher=Protected Areas of Russia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yankin da yanayi ==
Gidan shakatawa yana cikin Yankin Pontic-Caspian steppe ecoregion, wanda ke da yanayin ciyawa mai matsakaici, savannah, da shrublands biome. Saboda haka gandun daji da kansa ba shi da halayyar yankunan da ke kewaye da shi, tare da gandun daji na conifers da itatuwa masu laushi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WWF_Ecoregions&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WWF Ecoregions |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/biomes |access-date=2015-07-26 |website=&quot;World Wildlife Federal (WWF)&quot; - Ecoregions |publisher=World Wildlife Fund (WWF)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ecomap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Map of Ecoregions 2017 |url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/ |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Resolve, using WWF data |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yanayin yanayi ne na nahiyar tare da lokacin zafi da hunturu mai sanyi ([[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Koppen]] BSk - Cold Semi-Arid Climates). Wannan yanayin yana da manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin matsakaicin yanayin iska na shekara-shekara a cikin hunturu (-13,8 ° C a cikin Janairu) da rani (+20,4 ° C a watan Yuli). &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Matsakaicin ruwan sama shine 530 mm a kowace shekara. &amp;nbsp;Matsakaicin tsawon dusar ƙanƙara shine kwanaki 169 a ƙarƙashin gandun daji, yawanci yana gudana daga tsakiyar Nuwamba zuwa tsakiyar Afrilu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Buzuluk_Pine&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kottek |first=M. |last2=Grieser |first2=J. |last3=Beck |first3=C. |last4=Rudolf |first4=B. |last5=Rubel |first5=F. |date=2006 |title=World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Paper_2006.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kop-data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dataset - Koppen climate classifications |url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-maps-k%C3%B6ppen-geiger-climate-classification |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kewaye shi da busassun tsaunuka, gandun daji yana haifar da yanayi na musamman a yankin da ke kewaye da shi. Bincike ya nuna cewa yankin da ke kewaye da shi yana fuskantar yanayin sanyi, ƙasa mai laushi, yawancin ciyayi, da kuma rufewa da ƙananan bishiyoyi. Wadannan tasirin suna faruwa har zuwa kilomita 20 daga gefen gandun daji.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact_of_Buzuluk&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Tarihi ==
An halicci gandun daji ta iska da ruwa a kan yashi na tsohuwar Tekun Caspian, wanda ya fara da dubban shekaru da suka gabata. Yankin na iya kasancewa bakin babban kogi wanda ke gudana cikin Caspian har sai teku ta koma baya. Har ma a yau gandun daji yana rufe yashi mai canzawa har zuwa 30 m a zurfin. &amp;nbsp;Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1800 yankin yana da tsaunuka masu yawa da marshes waɗanda aka maye gurbin su da gandun daji. An kafa cibiyar kula da gandun daji a farkon shekarun 1900, kuma an gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu yawa a cikin gandun daji na yanayin tsaunuka tun daga wannan lokacin.
[[File:Green_area_shows_Buzuluksky_National_Park.png|alt=Map of Buzuluksky Bor National Park|thumb|Yankin Green ya nuna Gidan shakatawa na Buzuluksky]]

== Yawon shakatawa da amfani ==
Akwai hanyoyin tafiya a ko'ina cikin wurin shakatawa, da wuraren daga tarurrukan rukuni da sansani a wuraren da aka tsara. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana nuna abubuwan tarihi da na halitta. Yarjejeniyar gwamnati ta wurin shakatawa ta jaddada kariya ga mazaunin. An haramta ci gaba - babu hakar albarkatu, gina gine-gine, manyan hanyoyi, damuwa da yanayin ƙasa ko yanayin ruwa. An haramta farauta da kamun kifi, kamar yadda motocin da ba na hukuma ba. Dole ne dabbobi su kasance a kan hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su ko wuraren da aka tsara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buzuluk_Pine&quot; /&gt;

== Dabbobi ==
Al'ummar dabbobi na Buzuluksky suna nuna haɗuwa da gandun daji, tsaunuka, da wuraren da ke da alaƙa ta kusa. Bambancin da yawan tsire-tsire suna tallafawa nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 55 - daga doki kamar squirrels da hamsters, zuwa ƙananan dabbobi masu zama a cikin gandun daji (wolf, fox, badger, sandy, pine marten, ferret steppe, mink, ermine, weasel), har zuwa manyan ungulates moose, elk, wild boar, roe deer da masu cin nama (ciki har da ke ƙaura ta hanyar). Ɗaya daga cikin dabbobi mafi daraja shine badger, wanda kowane adadi mai yawa na tsutsotsi ne ga itatuwan pine. Beaver ya sake bayyana a cikin shekarun 1980, kuma sun gina madatsun ruwa a cikin koguna da tabkuna masu ambaliyar ruwa. Akwai nau'ikan jemagu guda bakwai a cikin wurin shakatawa, waɗanda ke cin abinci a kan kwari na gandun daji kuma, kamar tsuntsaye da yawa, suna ƙaura a lokacin watanni na hunturu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buzuluksky_Bor_National_Park&quot; /&gt;

Akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye daban-daban 155 da ke wurin, gami da tsuntsaye masu cin nama (owls, hawks da sauransu) waɗanda ke cin abinci a kan rodents. Nuna ƙananan wurare daban-daban, akwai tsuntsayen ruwa, tsuntsayen daji, da kuma wuraren daji.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buzuluksky_Bor_National_Park&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IBA_Buzuluk_Forest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=IBA (Important Bird Area) Buzuluk Forest |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=1454 |access-date=2015-07-26 |website=BirdLife International, Database of IBA's (Important Bird Areas) |publisher=Birdlife International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Gidan shakatawa na Buzuluksky Bor''' (Russian) ya ƙunshi dajin Pine na Buzuk, wanda shine mafi girman gandun daji na itatuwan pine a duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact_of_Buzuluk&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=A. M. Rusanov |last2=E. V. Shein |last3=E. Yu. Milanovskii |year=2008 |title=The impact of Buzuluk pine stand on the surrounding landscapes and soil properties |journal=Eurasian Soil Science |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=128–134 |doi=10.1134/S1064229308020026 |s2cid=129050942}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kewaye shi da [[Yankin da ke cikin tsaunuka|tsaunuka]] a Gabashin Turai a gabashin Kogin Volga da yammacin tuddai da ke gudana har zuwa kudancin Urals. Wannan ya sa ya zama muhimmiyar wurin zama don nazarin kimiyya, kuma shine shafin farko na kula da gandun daji a Rasha. Yana kuma da kimanin kilomita 70 a gabas daga birnin [[Samara|Samara, Rasha]], da kilomita 15 a arewacin garin Buzuluk, Orenburg Oblast.&amp;nbsp;

Kimanin  {{Convert|106000|ha|acres|0}}  acres) a girman, Buzuluksky yanki ne mai triangular na gandun daji wanda ke auna kusan kilomita 53 Arewa- Kudu, da kilomita 34 Yamma-Gabas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buzuluksky_Bor_National_Park&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Buzuluksky_Bor_National_Park (in Russian) |url=http://www.buzulukskiybor.ru/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801043556/http://buzulukskiybor.ru/ |archive-date=August 1, 2015 |access-date=2015-07-23 |website=Official Park Website}}&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Ya mamaye iyakar Samara Oblast (Region) da [[Yanayin yankin Orenburg|Orenburg Oblast]] (Jami'a), tare da kusan rabin yankinsa a kowannensu. An kafa wurin shakatawa a hukumance a matsayin wurin shakatawa na kasa a cikin shekara ta 2007, amma ya kasance yankin kula da gandun daji tun farkon shekarun 1800.

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Gidan shakatawa yana da iyaka a kudu da Kogin Samara, kuma a wasu bangarorin da ba a yi gandun daji ba. Ginin pine yana kewaye da ƙananan bishiyoyi masu laushi. [[Borovka River|Kogin Borovka]] yana gudana daga kudu maso yamma ta tsakiyar gandun daji kafin ya shiga cikin Samara a kudancinsa. Kwarin kogin da ya samo asali yana da zurfin mita 100 a ƙasa da yankin da ke kewaye da shi. Yankin ambaliyar yashi a saman kwarin Borovka ya ƙunshi koguna da tabkuna. Tsayin Buzuluk pine yana da babban rami cike da yashi mai yashi na asalin ruwa wanda yashi ya rufe shi da yashi. Rashin zurfin yashi ya kai mita 90. A wasu wurare kuma ana yin kogin da jan sandstones, conglomerates da mudstones na Permian da Lower Triassic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buzuluk_Pine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Buzuluk Pine |url=http://oopt.aari.ru/oopt/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80 |access-date=2015-07-26 |website=&quot;Protected Areas Russia&quot;, an intergovernmental project of the UNDP and federal and local Russian agencies. |publisher=Protected Areas of Russia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yankin da yanayi ==
Gidan shakatawa yana cikin Yankin Pontic-Caspian steppe ecoregion, wanda ke da yanayin ciyawa mai matsakaici, savannah, da shrublands biome. Saboda haka gandun daji da kansa ba shi da halayyar yankunan da ke kewaye da shi, tare da gandun daji na conifers da itatuwa masu laushi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WWF_Ecoregions&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WWF Ecoregions |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/biomes |access-date=2015-07-26 |website=&quot;World Wildlife Federal (WWF)&quot; - Ecoregions |publisher=World Wildlife Fund (WWF)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ecomap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Map of Ecoregions 2017 |url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/ |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Resolve, using WWF data |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yanayin yanayi ne na nahiyar tare da lokacin zafi da hunturu mai sanyi ([[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Koppen]] BSk - Cold Semi-Arid Climates). Wannan yanayin yana da manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin matsakaicin yanayin iska na shekara-shekara a cikin hunturu (-13,8 ° C a cikin Janairu) da rani (+20,4 ° C a watan Yuli). &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Matsakaicin ruwan sama shine 530 mm a kowace shekara. &amp;nbsp;Matsakaicin tsawon dusar ƙanƙara shine kwanaki 169 a ƙarƙashin gandun daji, yawanci yana gudana daga tsakiyar Nuwamba zuwa tsakiyar Afrilu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Buzuluk_Pine&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kottek |first=M. |last2=Grieser |first2=J. |last3=Beck |first3=C. |last4=Rudolf |first4=B. |last5=Rubel |first5=F. |date=2006 |title=World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Paper_2006.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kop-data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dataset - Koppen climate classifications |url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-maps-k%C3%B6ppen-geiger-climate-classification |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kewaye shi da busassun tsaunuka, gandun daji yana haifar da yanayi na musamman a yankin da ke kewaye da shi. Bincike ya nuna cewa yankin da ke kewaye da shi yana fuskantar yanayin sanyi, ƙasa mai laushi, yawancin ciyayi, da kuma rufewa da ƙananan bishiyoyi. Wadannan tasirin suna faruwa har zuwa kilomita 20 daga gefen gandun daji.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact_of_Buzuluk&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Tarihi ==
An halicci gandun daji ta iska da ruwa a kan yashi na tsohuwar Tekun Caspian, wanda ya fara da dubban shekaru da suka gabata. Yankin na iya kasancewa bakin babban kogi wanda ke gudana cikin Caspian har sai teku ta koma baya. Har ma a yau gandun daji yana rufe yashi mai canzawa har zuwa 30 m a zurfin. &amp;nbsp;Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1800 yankin yana da tsaunuka masu yawa da marshes waɗanda aka maye gurbin su da gandun daji. An kafa cibiyar kula da gandun daji a farkon shekarun 1900, kuma an gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu yawa a cikin gandun daji na yanayin tsaunuka tun daga wannan lokacin.
[[File:Green_area_shows_Buzuluksky_National_Park.png|alt=Map of Buzuluksky Bor National Park|thumb|Yankin Green ya nuna Gidan shakatawa na Buzuluksky]]

== Yawon shakatawa da amfani ==
Akwai hanyoyin tafiya a ko'ina cikin wurin shakatawa, da wuraren daga tarurrukan rukuni da sansani a wuraren da aka tsara. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana nuna abubuwan tarihi da na halitta. Yarjejeniyar gwamnati ta wurin shakatawa ta jaddada kariya ga mazaunin. An haramta ci gaba - babu hakar albarkatu, gina gine-gine, manyan hanyoyi, damuwa da yanayin ƙasa ko yanayin ruwa. An haramta farauta da kamun kifi, kamar yadda motocin da ba na hukuma ba. Dole ne dabbobi su kasance a kan hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su ko wuraren da aka tsara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buzuluk_Pine&quot; /&gt;

== Dabbobi ==
Al'ummar dabbobi na Buzuluksky suna nuna haɗuwa da gandun daji, tsaunuka, da wuraren da ke da alaƙa ta kusa. Bambancin da yawan tsire-tsire suna tallafawa nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 55 - daga doki kamar squirrels da hamsters, zuwa ƙananan dabbobi masu zama a cikin gandun daji (wolf, fox, badger, sandy, pine marten, ferret steppe, mink, ermine, weasel), har zuwa manyan ungulates moose, elk, wild boar, roe deer da masu cin nama (ciki har da ke ƙaura ta hanyar). Ɗaya daga cikin dabbobi mafi daraja shine badger, wanda kowane adadi mai yawa na tsutsotsi ne ga itatuwan pine. Beaver ya sake bayyana a cikin shekarun 1980, kuma sun gina madatsun ruwa a cikin koguna da tabkuna masu ambaliyar ruwa. Akwai nau'ikan jemagu guda bakwai a cikin wurin shakatawa, waɗanda ke cin abinci a kan kwari na gandun daji kuma, kamar tsuntsaye da yawa, suna ƙaura a lokacin watanni na hunturu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buzuluksky_Bor_National_Park&quot; /&gt;

Akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye daban-daban 155 da ke wurin, gami da tsuntsaye masu cin nama (owls, hawks da sauransu) waɗanda ke cin abinci a kan rodents. Nuna ƙananan wurare daban-daban, akwai tsuntsayen ruwa, tsuntsayen daji, da kuma wuraren daji.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buzuluksky_Bor_National_Park&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IBA_Buzuluk_Forest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=IBA (Important Bird Area) Buzuluk Forest |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=1454 |access-date=2015-07-26 |website=BirdLife International, Database of IBA's (Important Bird Areas) |publisher=Birdlife International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Gidan shakatawa na Nizhnyaya Kama</title>
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'''RGidan shakatawa na Nizhnyaya Kama''' (Russian; Tatar; a cikin harsuna biyu Lower Kama National Park wurin shakatawa ne na kasa a tsakiyar [[Rasha]], wanda kuma ke cikin Gundumar Tukayevsky da Yelabuzhsky na Tatarstan . An kafa shi a ranar 20 ga watan Afrilu, a shekarar 1991 don kare gandun daji na coniferous (yawanci pine) a bakin Kogin Kama. &lt;ref name=&quot;zap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Нижняя Кама Национальный парк |url=http://www.zapoved.ru/catalog/141 |access-date=31 January 2015 |publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation |language=Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Yanayi da yanayin ƙasa ==
Gidan shakatawa ya kunshi rukuni uku da aka ware. Biyu daga cikinsu - ''Maly Bor'' da ''Tanayavskaya Dacha'' - suna kusa da garin Yelabuga, a gefen dama na Kama, yayin da na uku, ''Bolshoy Bor'', yana kan tsibirin a gefen hagu na Kama, a waje da birnin Naberezhnye Chelny . &lt;ref name=&quot;park&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Национальный Парк Нижняя Кама |url=http://nkama-park.ru/ |access-date=3 October 2012 |publisher=ФГБУ НП &quot;Нижняя Кама&quot; |language=Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin iyakokin wurin shakatawa, an gina Kama a matsayin tafkin Nizhnekamsk. Yankin dama na kogin yana da tsawo, tare da raƙuman ruwa. Kogin Toyma shine mafi girma na Kama a cikin ɓangaren. Yankin hagu na Kama yana da faɗi. A ƙasa da madatsar ruwan, Kama meanders, da kuma ciyawa a gefen dama a wannan yanki suma na wurin shakatawa ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;zap&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;160px&quot;&gt;
File:Nkama_Malybor2.jpg|Maly Bor
File:Nkama_pumpjack.jpg|A pumpjack in Nizhnyaya Kama National Park (close to the village of [[Pospelovo, Tatarstan|Pospelovo]])
File:Урочище_&quot;Большой_Бор&quot;,_&quot;Богатый_лог&quot;._Вид_на_реку_Кама,_Национальный_парк_&quot;Нижняя_Кама&quot;.jpg| Lower Kama Yelabuga
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Dabbobi ==
Manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa da ke ko'ina a cikin wurin shakatawa sun hada da Moose, roe deer, boar, lynx, badger, Eurasian beaver, da raccoon dog. Akwai nau'ikan jemagu da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu suna da wuya. Gidan shakatawa yana da nau'in tsuntsaye sama da 190, nau'in dabbobi masu rarrafe 6, nau'in amphibia 10, da nau'ikan kifi 16.&lt;ref name=&quot;park&quot; /&gt;

== Tsire-tsire ==
Yankunan da ke kusa da tafkin Nizhnekamsk suna rufe da gandun daji. Har ila yau, gandun daji yana nan da nisa daga bakin teku, a matsayin tarin da aka ware. Daga cikin bishiyoyi, mafi yawan su sune pine (65.4% na yankin gandun daji), birch (19%), da aspen (6%). &lt;ref name=&quot;zap&quot; /&gt; An dasa wasu daga cikin gandun daji.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''RGidan shakatawa na Nizhnyaya Kama''' (Russian; Tatar; a cikin harsuna biyu Lower Kama National Park wurin shakatawa ne na kasa a tsakiyar [[Rasha]], wanda kuma ke cikin Gundumar Tukayevsky da Yelabuzhsky na Tatarstan . An kafa shi a ranar 20 ga watan Afrilu, a shekarar 1991 don kare gandun daji na coniferous (yawanci pine) a bakin Kogin Kama. &lt;ref name=&quot;zap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Нижняя Кама Национальный парк |url=http://www.zapoved.ru/catalog/141 |access-date=31 January 2015 |publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation |language=Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Yanayi da yanayin ƙasa ==
Gidan shakatawa ya kunshi rukuni uku da aka ware. Biyu daga cikinsu - ''Maly Bor'' da ''Tanayavskaya Dacha'' - suna kusa da garin Yelabuga, a gefen dama na Kama, yayin da na uku, ''Bolshoy Bor'', yana kan tsibirin a gefen hagu na Kama, a waje da birnin Naberezhnye Chelny . &lt;ref name=&quot;park&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Национальный Парк Нижняя Кама |url=http://nkama-park.ru/ |access-date=3 October 2012 |publisher=ФГБУ НП &quot;Нижняя Кама&quot; |language=Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin iyakokin wurin shakatawa, an gina Kama a matsayin tafkin Nizhnekamsk. Yankin dama na kogin yana da tsawo, tare da raƙuman ruwa. Kogin Toyma shine mafi girma na Kama a cikin ɓangaren. Yankin hagu na Kama yana da faɗi. A ƙasa da madatsar ruwan, Kama meanders, da kuma ciyawa a gefen dama a wannan yanki suma na wurin shakatawa ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;zap&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;160px&quot;&gt;
File:Nkama_Malybor2.jpg|Maly Bor
File:Nkama_pumpjack.jpg|A pumpjack in Nizhnyaya Kama National Park (close to the village of [[Pospelovo, Tatarstan|Pospelovo]])
File:Урочище_&quot;Большой_Бор&quot;,_&quot;Богатый_лог&quot;._Вид_на_реку_Кама,_Национальный_парк_&quot;Нижняя_Кама&quot;.jpg| Lower Kama Yelabuga
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Dabbobi ==
Manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa da ke ko'ina a cikin wurin shakatawa sun hada da Moose, roe deer, boar, lynx, badger, Eurasian beaver, da raccoon dog. Akwai nau'ikan jemagu da yawa, wasu kuma daga cikinsu suna da wuya. Gidan shakatawa yana da nau'in tsuntsaye sama da 190, nau'in dabbobi masu rarrafe 6, nau'in amphibia 10, da nau'ikan kifi 16.&lt;ref name=&quot;park&quot; /&gt;

== Tsire-tsire ==
Yankunan da ke kusa da tafkin Nizhnekamsk suna rufe da gandun daji. Har ila yau, gandun daji yana nan da nisa daga bakin teku, a matsayin tarin da aka ware. Daga cikin bishiyoyi, mafi yawan su sune pine (65.4% na yankin gandun daji), birch (19%), da aspen (6%). &lt;ref name=&quot;zap&quot; /&gt; An dasa wasu daga cikin gandun daji.

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    <title>Gidan shakatawa na Shushensky Bor</title>
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'''Shushensky Bor National Park''' ( Russian   ) (&quot;Dajin Sushenshky&quot;) ya ƙunshi dazuzzuka guda biyu masu wakiltar mutane a kudu maso yammacin Siberia, a cikin tsaunukan arewacin [[Duwatsun Sayan|tsaunukan Sayan]] na Yamma. Sashen arewa yana da yanayin daji-steppe, yayin da sashen kudu kuma dajin tsaunuka ne na conifer. Yankin kudu yana da iyaka da ma'adanin ruwan kogin Yenisei a bayan madatsar ruwan Sayano-Shushenskaya, babban madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki a Rasha. Dajin yana da darajar halittu masu yawa da kuma darajar nishaɗi ga masu yawon buɗe ido da masu yawon buɗe ido. Yana cikin gundumar Shushensky na Krasnoyarsk . &lt;ref name=&quot;parksite&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Official Site, National Park &quot;Shushensky Bori&quot; |url=http://www.shushbor.ru/ |access-date=January 10, 2016 |publisher=FGBU Shushensky Bor |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin ƙasa ==
An kuma raba dajin zuwa sassa biyu: ƙaramin sashe (&quot;Preovsky&quot;) wanda ke kan ƙasa mai faɗi da ke kan dazuzzuka (&quot;kwarin Minusink&quot;) 60&amp;nbsp;kilomita arewa da tudun Sayan na Yamma, da kuma wani &quot;sashen dutse&quot; mafi girma a gangaren arewa na tsaunin Sayan na Yamma. Dajin yana nuna sauyi tsakanin yankuna biyu na yanayi - daji-steppe da taiga, da kuma yanki mai tsayi a cikin nau'ikan bishiyoyi da al'ummar daji. Yankin Perovsky (yankin dazuzzuka, hekta 4,410) da Dutsen (Western Sayan, hekta 34,760) sun haɗu don jimlar faɗin {{Convert|39170|ha|acres}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;parksite&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Shushensky_Forest_NP,_Mountain_Section.svg|left|thumb|280x280px| Yankin Sushensky Forest National Park. Madatsar ruwa ta Sayano-Shushenskoye (ta Kogin Yenisei) iyaka ce ta kudu, Madatsar ruwa ta Sayano-Shushenskaya a sama ta hagu, a garin Cheremushky]]
Iyakokin yamma da kudu na ɓangaren tsaunukan an samar da su ne ta hanyar madatsar ruwa ta Sayano-Shushenskoye, wacce ke goyon bayan madatsar ruwa ta Sayano-Shushenskaya .

Sashen dutsen yana ƙarƙashin ikon Borus Massive, wani babban tudu mai tsayin kololuwa biyar wanda ke ratsa arewa zuwa kudu ta tsakiyar dajin. Mafi tsayin dutsen shine Dutsen Poilovo ( {{Convert|2,309|m|ft}} ). &lt;ref name=&quot;ecosib&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Borus Massif, Sushensky National Park |url=http://www.ecosiberia.org/page.php?id=9 |access-date=January 10, 2016 |publisher=EcoSiberia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi da yanayin muhalli ==
Yankin da ke kewaye da tsaunukan Shushensky Bor shine ''[[Gidajen daji na Sayan|dazuzzukan conifer na Sayan montane]]'' (WWF ID#509). &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sayan Montane Conifer Forest |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/155879/ |access-date=January 11, 2016 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yanki yana bayyana tsakiyar tsauni na tsaunukan Siberia masu tsayi, a yankin canji tsakanin Siberian taiga da Mongolian steppe. Ana ƙayyade tsirrai da fauna a kowane wuri ta hanyar sauƙi da tsayi.

Yanayin yankin Shushensky shine ''yanayin nahiyar mai laushi, lokacin zafi mai dumi'' ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen climate classification]] (Dfb) ). Wannan yanayi yana da alaƙa da manyan canje-canje a yanayin zafi, a kowace rana da kuma a lokacin yanayi, tare da lokacin rani mai sauƙi da kuma lokacin sanyi da dusar ƙanƙara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kottek |first=M. |last2=Grieser |first2=J. |last3=Beck |first3=C. |last4=Rudolf |first4=B. |last5=Rubel |first5=F. |date=2006 |title=World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Paper_2006.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;kop-data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dataset - Koppen climate classifications |url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-maps-k%C3%B6ppen-geiger-climate-classification |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;clim&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Data, Kosh-Agach |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/28857/ |publisher=climate-data.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Climate chart|Shushenskoye, (Russia)|−15.2|7.2|0.51|−12.8|12.7|0.39|5.2|29.8|0.35|26.6|50.2|0.91|39.2|66.4|1.73|50.7|77.4|2.28|55.8|80.1|2.99|51.1|75.6|2.76|39.2|63.9|1.93|26.8|46.2|1.34|7.7|26.4|0.79|−7.1|12|0.63}}

== Shuke-shuke ==
Banda yankin tundra mara bishiyoyi a saman Borus Massif, dajin yanki ne na subalpine kuma an raba shi zuwa ƙananan yankuna uku. Sama da mita 1,400 akwai taiga mai launin rawaya mai launin shuɗi. Daga mita 900 zuwa 1,400 akwai taiga mai duhu mai ganyen allura. A ƙasa da mita 900 akwai dajin pine baƙi na taiga a kan ƙasa mai wadataccen ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclo&quot; /&gt; A lokacin bazara, filayen tsaunuka suna da haske da furanni masu launuka iri-iri.

== Dabbobi ==
Dabbobin daji da aka fi sani a wurin shakatawa sun haɗa da zomo, squirrel ja, beyar launin ruwan kasa, kifin dawaki, sable, barewa ja, barewa roe, barewa musk, elk, da alade na daji. &lt;ref name=&quot;parksite&quot; /&gt; Bayanan tsuntsaye sun nuna kasancewar nau'in nau'in 272, ciki har da mikiya na zinariya (Aquila chrysaetos), Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), da Black Stork (Cinonia nigra). &lt;ref name=&quot;ecosib&quot; /&gt;

== Yawon Bude Ido ==
Yawon shakatawa da yawon shakatawa na muhalli sun shahara saboda nisan da kuma bambancin yanayin ƙasa, tsirrai, da dabbobi. Akwai hanyoyin ilimi da aka haɓaka, kuma wurin shakatawa yana ba da rangadin yawon shakatawa da ayyuka masu jagora. Ana buƙatar baƙi su yi rijista su kuma biya ƙaramin kuɗi don shiga ɓangaren tsaunuka. Wurin shakatawa kuma yana gudanar da balaguron jirgin ruwa a kan ma'ajiyar ruwa (wani lokacin ana kiransa &quot;Tekun Sayan&quot;). &lt;ref name=&quot;ecosib&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

* Yankunan da aka kare na Rasha
* Hatsarin tashar wutar lantarki ta Sayano-Shushenskaya a shekarar 2009
* Zapovednik</text>
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'''Shushensky Bor National Park''' ( Russian   ) (&quot;Dajin Sushenshky&quot;) ya ƙunshi dazuzzuka guda biyu masu wakiltar mutane a kudu maso yammacin Siberia, a cikin tsaunukan arewacin [[Duwatsun Sayan|tsaunukan Sayan]] na Yamma. Sashen arewa yana da yanayin daji-steppe, yayin da sashen kudu kuma dajin tsaunuka ne na conifer. Yankin kudu yana da iyaka da ma'adanin ruwan kogin Yenisei a bayan madatsar ruwan Sayano-Shushenskaya, babban madatsar ruwan samar da wutar lantarki a Rasha. Dajin yana da darajar halittu masu yawa da kuma darajar nishaɗi ga masu yawon buɗe ido da masu yawon buɗe ido. Yana cikin gundumar Shushensky na Krasnoyarsk . &lt;ref name=&quot;parksite&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Official Site, National Park &quot;Shushensky Bori&quot; |url=http://www.shushbor.ru/ |access-date=January 10, 2016 |publisher=FGBU Shushensky Bor |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin ƙasa ==
An kuma raba dajin zuwa sassa biyu: ƙaramin sashe (&quot;Preovsky&quot;) wanda ke kan ƙasa mai faɗi da ke kan dazuzzuka (&quot;kwarin Minusink&quot;) 60&amp;nbsp;kilomita arewa da tudun Sayan na Yamma, da kuma wani &quot;sashen dutse&quot; mafi girma a gangaren arewa na tsaunin Sayan na Yamma. Dajin yana nuna sauyi tsakanin yankuna biyu na yanayi - daji-steppe da taiga, da kuma yanki mai tsayi a cikin nau'ikan bishiyoyi da al'ummar daji. Yankin Perovsky (yankin dazuzzuka, hekta 4,410) da Dutsen (Western Sayan, hekta 34,760) sun haɗu don jimlar faɗin {{Convert|39170|ha|acres}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;parksite&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Shushensky_Forest_NP,_Mountain_Section.svg|left|thumb|280x280px| Yankin Sushensky Forest National Park. Madatsar ruwa ta Sayano-Shushenskoye (ta Kogin Yenisei) iyaka ce ta kudu, Madatsar ruwa ta Sayano-Shushenskaya a sama ta hagu, a garin Cheremushky]]
Iyakokin yamma da kudu na ɓangaren tsaunukan an samar da su ne ta hanyar madatsar ruwa ta Sayano-Shushenskoye, wacce ke goyon bayan madatsar ruwa ta Sayano-Shushenskaya .

Sashen dutsen yana ƙarƙashin ikon Borus Massive, wani babban tudu mai tsayin kololuwa biyar wanda kuma ke ratsa arewa zuwa kudu ta tsakiyar dajin. Mafi tsayin dutsen shine Dutsen Poilovo ( {{Convert|2,309|m|ft}} ). &lt;ref name=&quot;ecosib&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Borus Massif, Sushensky National Park |url=http://www.ecosiberia.org/page.php?id=9 |access-date=January 10, 2016 |publisher=EcoSiberia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi da yanayin muhalli ==
Yankin da ke kewaye da tsaunukan Shushensky Bor shine ''[[Gidajen daji na Sayan|dazuzzukan conifer na Sayan montane]]'' (WWF ID#509). &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sayan Montane Conifer Forest |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/155879/ |access-date=January 11, 2016 |publisher=Encyclopedia of Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yanki yana bayyana tsakiyar tsauni na tsaunukan Siberia masu tsayi, a yankin canji tsakanin Siberian taiga da Mongolian steppe. Ana ƙayyade tsirrai da fauna a kowane wuri ta hanyar sauƙi da tsayi.

Yanayin yankin Shushensky shine ''yanayin nahiyar mai laushi, lokacin zafi mai dumi'' ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen climate classification]] (Dfb) ). Wannan yanayi yana da alaƙa da manyan canje-canje a yanayin zafi, a kowace rana da kuma a lokacin yanayi, tare da lokacin rani mai sauƙi da kuma lokacin sanyi da dusar ƙanƙara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kottek |first=M. |last2=Grieser |first2=J. |last3=Beck |first3=C. |last4=Rudolf |first4=B. |last5=Rubel |first5=F. |date=2006 |title=World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Paper_2006.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;kop-data&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dataset - Koppen climate classifications |url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-maps-k%C3%B6ppen-geiger-climate-classification |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;clim&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate Data, Kosh-Agach |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/28857/ |publisher=climate-data.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Climate chart|Shushenskoye, (Russia)|−15.2|7.2|0.51|−12.8|12.7|0.39|5.2|29.8|0.35|26.6|50.2|0.91|39.2|66.4|1.73|50.7|77.4|2.28|55.8|80.1|2.99|51.1|75.6|2.76|39.2|63.9|1.93|26.8|46.2|1.34|7.7|26.4|0.79|−7.1|12|0.63}}

== Shuke-shuke ==
Banda yankin tundra mara bishiyoyi a saman Borus Massif, dajin yanki ne na subalpine kuma an raba shi zuwa ƙananan yankuna uku. Sama da mita 1,400 akwai taiga mai launin rawaya mai launin shuɗi. Daga mita 900 zuwa 1,400 akwai taiga mai duhu mai ganyen allura. A ƙasa da mita 900 akwai dajin pine baƙi na taiga a kan ƙasa mai wadataccen ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclo&quot; /&gt; A lokacin bazara, filayen tsaunuka suna da haske da furanni masu launuka iri-iri.

== Dabbobi ==
Dabbobin daji da aka fi sani a wurin shakatawa sun haɗa da zomo, squirrel ja, beyar launin ruwan kasa, kifin dawaki, sable, barewa ja, barewa roe, barewa musk, elk, da alade na daji. &lt;ref name=&quot;parksite&quot; /&gt; Bayanan tsuntsaye sun nuna kasancewar nau'in nau'in 272, ciki har da mikiya na zinariya (Aquila chrysaetos), Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), da Black Stork (Cinonia nigra). &lt;ref name=&quot;ecosib&quot; /&gt;

== Yawon Bude Ido ==
Yawon shakatawa da yawon shakatawa na muhalli sun shahara saboda nisan da kuma bambancin yanayin ƙasa, tsirrai, da dabbobi. Akwai hanyoyin ilimi da aka haɓaka, kuma wurin shakatawa yana ba da rangadin yawon shakatawa da ayyuka masu jagora. Ana buƙatar baƙi su yi rijista su kuma biya ƙaramin kuɗi don shiga ɓangaren tsaunuka. Wurin shakatawa kuma yana gudanar da balaguron jirgin ruwa a kan ma'ajiyar ruwa (wani lokacin ana kiransa &quot;Tekun Sayan&quot;). &lt;ref name=&quot;ecosib&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

* Yankunan da aka kare na Rasha
* Hatsarin tashar wutar lantarki ta Sayano-Shushenskaya a shekarar 2009
* Zapovednik</text>
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    <title>Jane Alexander</title>
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'''Jane Alexander''' (née '''Quigley'''; an haife ta a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1939)  'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka da Kanada kuma marubuciya. Ita ce mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy guda biyu, lambar yabo ta Tony, da kuma gabatarwa don lambar yabo ta Kwalejin guda huɗu, da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe guda uku. Daga 1993 zuwa 1997, Alexander ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar National Endowment for the Arts .

Alexander ta lashe lambar yabo ta Tony ta 1969 don Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo don rawar da ta taka a cikin Broadway na The Great White Hope . Sauran kyaututtuka na Broadway sun hada da ''6 Rms Riv Vu'' (1972), The Night of the Iguana (1988), The Sisters Rosensweig (1993) da Honour (1998). Ta sami jimlar gabatarwa takwas na Tony Award kuma an shigar da ita cikin Hall of Fame na Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka a shekarar 1994. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jane Alexander – Broadway Cast &amp; Staff {{!}} IBDB |url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/jane-alexander-29568 |access-date=2020-12-01 |website=www.ibdb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nasarar fim dinta ta zo ne tare da wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya The Great White Hope (1970), wanda ya ba ta gabatarwa don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Actress . Zaben Oscar da ta biyo baya ya kasance saboda rawar da ta taka a cikin All the President's Men (1976), Kramer vs. Kramer (1979), da Testament (1983). An zabi ta a matsayin mai suna Emmy sau takwas, ta sami gabatarwa ta farko don taka rawar [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] a cikin ''Eleanor da Franklin'' (1976), rawar da ta buƙaci ta kai shekaru daga 18 zuwa 60. Ta lashe lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy sau biyu don Playing for Time (1980) da Warm Springs (2005).

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==


Mahaifinta ya ƙarfafa ta zuwa kwaleji kafin ta fara aikin wasan kwaikwayo, Alexander ta halarci Kwalejin Sarah Lawrence a Bronxville, New York, inda ta mai da hankali kan gidan wasan kwaikwayo amma kuma ta yi karatun lissafi tare da ido ga shirye-shiryen kwamfuta a yayin da ta kasa a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. Har ila yau yayin da take Sarah Lawrence, ta raba ɗaki tare da Hope Cooke, wanda zai zama Sarauniya Consort na sarki na karshe na [[Sikkim]]. Alexander ta yi karatun ta a Jami'ar Edinburgh a Scotland inda ta shiga cikin Edinburgh University Dramatic Society . Kwarewar ta karfafa ƙudurin da ta yi na ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;cmdperf&quot;&gt;Alexander, Jane. ''Command Performance: an Actress in the Theatre of Politics''. PublicAffairs, a member of the Perseus Book Group; New York, NY, 2000. {{ISBN|1-891620-06-1}}. pp1-16&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Alexander ta fara bugawa Broadway a 1963, ta maye gurbin Phyllis Wynn a matsayin mai jiran Sandy Dennis a cikin A Thousand Clowns . An ruwaito cewa ta taka rawar sau da yawa. Babban hutu na Alexander a cikin wasan kwaikwayo ya zo ne a shekarar 1967 lokacin da ta buga Eleanor Backman a cikin asali na Howard Sackler's The Great White Hope a Arena Stage a Washington, DC. Kamar abokin aikinta, [[James Earl Jones]], ta ci gaba da taka rawar a Broadway (1968), ta lashe kyautar Tony don rawar da ta taka, kuma a cikin fim din (1970), wanda ya ba ta kyautar Oscar. Ƙarin ƙididdigar allon Alexander sun haɗa da All the President's Men (1976), Kramer vs. Kramer (1979), da Testament (1983), dukansu sun sami kyautar Oscar, Brubaker (1980), The Cider House Rules (1999), da ''Fur'' (2006), inda ta buga Gertrude Nemerov, mahaifiyar Diane Arbus, wanda [[Nicole Kidman]] ta buga a fim din.

An farfado da wasan The Time of Your Life a ranar 17 ga Maris, 1972, a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Huntington Hartford a Los Angeles tare da Alexander, [[Henry Fonda]], Gloria Grahame, Lewis J. Stadlen, Richard Dreyfuss, Ron Thompson, Strother Martin, Richard X. Slattery, da Pepper Martin daga cikin simintin tare da Edwin Sherin jagoranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 8, 1972 |title=Hollywood Beat |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2211&amp;dat=19720408&amp;id=FCcmAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=781,2046468 |access-date=January 22, 2012 |publisher=The Afro American}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alexander ta nuna [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin guda biyu, ''Eleanor da Franklin'' (1976) da Eleanor da Franklin: Shekaru na FDR (1977); ta kuma buga mahaifiyar FDR, Sara Delano Roosevelt, a cikin HBO's Warm Springs (2005) tare da Kenneth Branagh da Cynthia Nixon, rawar da ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Emmy don Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin .

Alexander ya yi aiki tare da Rachel Roberts a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Steven Gether da kuma samar da A Circle of Children (1977), wanda ya dogara da littafin tarihin Mary MacCracken game da yara masu damuwa (tare da jaddadawa kan autism), wanda ya lashe Gether Emmy. Alexander ya kuma fito a cikin abin da ya biyo baya, Lovey: A Circle of Children, Sashe na II (1978).

A shekara ta 1979, an samar da katin ciniki na Supersisters kuma an rarraba shi; ɗayan katunan ya ƙunshi sunan Alexander da hoto. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wulf |first=Steve |date=March 23, 2015 |title=Supersisters: Original Roster |url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/story/_/id/12535055/original-roster |access-date=June 4, 2015 |publisher=Espn.go.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sauran fina-finai na talabijin na Alexander sun hada da Arthur Miller's Playing for Time, tare da [[Vanessa Redgrave]], wanda Alexander ya lashe wani kyautar Emmy; Malice in Wonderland (a matsayin sanannen mai sayar da tsegumi Hedda Hopper); Blood &amp; Orchids; da In Love and War (1987) tare da James Woods, wanda ke ba da labarin James da Sybil Stockdale a lokacin shekaru takwas na Stockdale a matsayin fursunonin yaki a Vietnam. Alexander ya kuma taka rawar gani, Dokta May Foster, a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na HBO Tell Me You Love Me. Halinsa, mai ilimin halayyar dan adam, yana aiki ne a matsayin hanyar haɗi tsakanin ma'aurata uku da ke fama da matsalolin dangantaka da jima'i. Bayyanawa ta gaskiya game da jima'i &quot;babban&quot; da kuma al'amuran jima'i sun haifar da gardama, kodayake ya sami amincewar AARP. Ta kuma taka karamin rawa a matsayin Dokta Graznik a cikin The Ring .

A shekara ta 1993, Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] ya nada Alexander a matsayin shugaban National Endowment for the Arts, kungiyar da ta samar da kudade ga The Great White Hope a Arena Stage. Alexander ya koma Washington, DC, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban NEA har zuwa 1997. Littafinta, Command Performance: an Actress in the Theater of Politics (2000), ya bayyana kalubalen da ta fuskanta a matsayin shugaban NEA a lokacin da Majalisa ta Amurka ta 104, karkashin jagorancin Newt Gingrich, ta yi ƙoƙari ta rufe shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;cmdperf&quot; /&gt; An zabe ta a matsayin abokiyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 1999. &lt;ref name=&quot;AAAS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter A |url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf |access-date=April 14, 2011 |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2004, Alexander, tare da mijinta, Edwin Sherin, sun shiga bangaren wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Jihar Florida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Office of Research: Research In Review: Portrait: Jane Alexander, Max Gunzberger |url=http://www.rinr.fsu.edu/winter2003/departments/portrait.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730202723/http://www.rinr.fsu.edu/winter2003/departments/portrait.html |archive-date=July 30, 2010 |access-date=July 26, 2010 |publisher=Rinr.fsu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana aiki a kan allon daban-daban, gami da Kungiyar Kula da Kayan daji, Ƙungiyar Audubon ta Kasa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 19, 2013 |title=Audubon Society flying high |url=http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20130721/NONPROFITS/307219979/audubon-society-flying-high |access-date=January 6, 2015 |publisher=Crainsnewyork.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Project Greenhope, Kungiyar Stroke ta Kasa, da Ayyukan Mata don Rashin Makaman Nukiliya, kuma ta sami Kyautar Al'adun Isra'ila da Kyautar Jagorancin Helen Caldicott . Alexander kuma ɗan'uwan Taron Jagora na Duniya ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women's International Center (biographies) |url=http://www.wic.org/bio/alexande.htm |access-date=June 19, 2010 |publisher=Wic.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709222557/http://www.wic.org/bio/alexande.htm |archive-date=July 9, 2010 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2009 Alexander ta fito a wasan Thom Thomas A Moon to Dance By a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pittsburgh da kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya George Street a New Brunswick, New Jersey . Mijinta, Edwin Sherin ne ya ba da umarnin.

A cikin 2026, an ba da sanarwar cewa Jane Alexander za ta fito a matsayin jagora a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Lillian, Next Door, wanda Wild ya samar a Heart Films, Emotion Pictures, da Snarky Elephant Productions &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=2026-04-09 |title=‘Severance’ Star and Four-Time Oscar Nominee Jane Alexander to Lead Comedy-Drama ‘Lillian, Next Door,’ WME Independent Boards Sales |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/global/jane-alexander-lead-comedy-drama-lilian-next-door-wme-1236712368/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo ==
[[File:Jane_Alexander_-_1960s.jpg|thumb|Alexander a cikin shekarun 1960]]

=== Fim din ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Bayani
|-
|1970
|''{{Sortname|The|Great White Hope|The Great White Hope (film)}}''
|Eleanor Bachman
|An zabi - Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Actress An zabi - Golden Globe Award don Mafi Kyawun Sabon - Mata An zabi - lambar yabo ta Golden Laurel don Star of Tomorrow - Mata&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kyautar Golden Laurel don Star of Tomorrow - Mata
|-
|1971
|''{{Sortname|A|Gunfight}}''
|Nora Tenneray
|Taken Amurka Gunfight''Yaƙi da bindiga''
|-
|1972
|''{{Sortname|The|New Centurions}}''
|Dorothy Hughere
|a.k.a. ''Yankin 45: 'Yan sanda na Los Angeles''
|-
|1976
|''Dukkanin Mazajen Shugaban kasa''
|Judy Hoback Miller
|An zabi shi - Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin
|-
|1978
|''{{Sortname|The|Betsy}}''
|Alicia Hardeman
|a.k.a. ''Harold Robbins' The Betsy''
|-
|1979
|''Kramer da Kramer''
|Margaret Phelps
|An zabi shi - Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Actress An zabi shi: Kyautar Golden Globe don Mafi Kyawu Mataimakin Aiki - Motion PictureNominated - Kyautar Ƙungiyar Masu Fim ta Kasa don Mafi Kyau Mataimakin {{Small|(3rd Place)}} An zabi shi / Kyautar Masu Fimakin Fim na New York don Mafi Kyautar Mataimakin {{Small|(2nd Place)}} &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|1980
|''Mai shayarwa''
|Lillian Gray
|
|-
|1982
|''Gudun dare''
|Doris Strelzyk
|
|-
|1983
|''Alkawari''
|Carol Wetherly
|An zabi - Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Actress An zabi - Golden Globe Award don Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Hoton Motsi - DramaNominated - Kyautar Kungiyar Masu Fim ta Los Angeles don Mafi kyawun' yar wasan kwaikwayo {{Small|(2nd Place)}} &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|1984
|''Zafin Birni''
|Addy
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1987
|''Ƙasar da taushi''
|Anna
|''Glykeia patrida'' (Greece) 
|-
|''Gidan rawa''
|Juanelle Sarki
|a.k.a. Gida tana Inda Zuciya take (Amurka: taken TV) 
|-
|1989
|''Darajar''
|Sarah Blake Sturgis Shaw
| (ba a san shi ba) 
|-
|1999
|''{{Sortname|The|Cider House Rules|The Cider House Rules (film)}}''
|Nurs Edna
|An zabi shi - Kyautar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na allo don Kyakkyawan Ayyuka ta hanyar Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawar Hoton
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2002
|''Jihar Sunshine''
|Haikali na Delia
|
|-
|''{{Sortname|The|Ring|The Ring (2002 film)}}''
|Dokta Grasnik
|
|-
|2006
|''Fur: Hoton Diane Arbus''
|Gertrude Nemerov
|
|-
|2007
|''Bikin soyayya''
|Esther Stevenson
|
|-
|2008
|''Babbar gaske''
|Misis Weathersby
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2009
|''{{Sortname|The|Unborn|The Unborn (2009 film)}}''
|Sofi Kozma
|
|-
|''Ceto Mai Ƙarshen''
|Virginia
|
|-
|2011
|''Gidan Mafarki''
|Dokta Greeley
|
|-
|2013
|''Ƙaunar Ƙarshe ta Mista Morgan''
|Joan Morgan
|
|-
|2017
|''Kristi Uku''
|Dokta Ibrahim
|
|-
|2027
|''Lillian, Ƙofar Ƙasa''
|Lillian
|
|}

=== Talabijin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Bayani
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1969
|''N.Y.P.D.''
|
|Kashi na &quot;The Night Watch&quot;
|-
|''Adamu-12''
|Flo mai ba da rikodin
|Fim na &quot;Log 112: Kuna zubar da shi&quot; (ba a san shi ba) 
|-
|1972
|''Barka da Gida, Johnny Bristol''
|Anne Palmer
|
|-
|1973
|''Mu'ujiza a kan titin 34''
|Karen Walker
|
|-
|1974
|''Wannan Yamma ce da ta kasance''
|Sarah Shaw
|
|-
|1975
|''Mutuwa Kada Ka Yi Girma''
|Frances Gunther
|
|-
|1976
|''Eleanor da Franklin''
|[[Eleanor Roosevelt]], mai shekaru 18-60
|An zabi shi - Kyautar Emmy ta farko don fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo ko wasan kwaikwayo na musamman
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1977
| data-sort-value=&quot;Circle of Children, A&quot; |''Ƙungiyar Yara''
|Mary MacCracken
|CBS mini-series biyu na dare daidaita daga littafin Mary MacCracken.
|-
|''Eleanor da Franklin: Shekaru na Fadar White House''
|[[Eleanor Roosevelt]]
|An zabi shi - Kyautar Emmy ta farko don fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo ko wasan kwaikwayo na musamman
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1978
| data-sort-value=&quot;Question of Love, A&quot; |''Tambayar Ƙauna''
|Barbara Moreland
|a.k.a. A Purely Legal Matter''Matsalar Shari'a ce kawai''
|-
|''Lovey: Ƙungiyar Yara, Sashe na II''
|Mary MacCracken
|Jerin dare biyu da aka daidaita daga littafin Mary MacCracken na biyu.
|-
|1980
|''Yin wasa don Lokaci''
|Alma Rose
|Kyautar Emmy ta farko don fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Limited Series ko na Musamman
|-
|1981
|''Ƙaunar Maƙaryaci''
|Misis Patrick Campbell
|
|-
|1982
|''A cikin Kula da Baƙi''
|Sandy Caldwell
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1984
|''Lokacin da Ta ce A'a''
|Nora Strangis
|
|-
|''Bala'i Jane''
|Martha Jane &quot;Calamity Jane&quot; Canary
|Kyautar Bronze Wrangler don Wasan kwaikwayo na Talabijin na Fictional - Kyautar Emmy ta Farko don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Limited Series ko na Musamman&lt;br /&gt;Kyautar Emmy ta farko don fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Limited Series ko na Musamman
|-
|1985
|''Mugunta a cikin Wonderland''
|Hedda Hopper
|a.k.a. The Rumor MillNominated - Kyautar Emmy ta farko don fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Limited Series ko na Musamman&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|1986
|''Jinin da Orchids''
|Doris Ashley
|
|-
|1987
|''A cikin Ƙauna da Yaƙi''
|Sybil Stockdale
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1988
| data-sort-value=&quot;Friendship in Vienna, A&quot; |''Abokantaka a Vienna''
|Hannah Dournenvald
|An zabi shi - Kyautar CableACE don Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Aiki a cikin Miniseries ko MovieKyautar CableACE don Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin a cikin Miniseries ko Movie
|-
|''Bude Shiga''
|Ginny Carlsen
|
|-
|1990
|''Yarinyar tituna''
|Peggy Ryan
|
|-
|1991
|''{{Sortname|A|Marriage: Georgia O'Keeffe and Alfred Stieglitz|nolink=1}}''
|Georgia O'Keeffe
|
|-
|1992
|''Ku zauna da dare''
|Blanche Kettman
|
|-
|1993
|''Sabuwar Shekara''
|Elsie Robertson
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2000
|''Shari'a da Hanyar: Ƙungiyar Wadanda aka azabtar ta Musamman''
|Regina Mulroney
|Fim: &quot;Entitled&quot; (kuma don Law &amp; Order episode &quot;Entitmed: Sashe na 2&quot;) An zabi - Kyautar Emmy ta Farko don Kyautattun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Drama Series&lt;br /&gt;Kyautar Emmy ta farko don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|''Shari'a da Hanyar''
|Regina Mulroney
|Fim: &quot;Mai suna: Sashe na 2&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2001
|''Jenifer''
|Marilyn Estess
|
|-
|''Lokacin sanyi mai zafi''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2004
|''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yanci: Tarihin Mu''
|Jane Addams
|Fim: &quot;Yin sha'awar numfashi kyauta&quot;
|-
|''Ka ɗauke Ni Gida''
|Misis Gortimer
|An zabi shi - Kyautar Emmy ta Rana don Kyakkyawan Mai Yin Ayyuka a cikin Yara / Matasa / Iyali na MusammanKyautar Emmy ta rana don fitaccen mai wasan kwaikwayo a cikin yara / Matasa / Iyali na Musamman
|-
|2005
|''Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa''
|Sara Delano Roosevelt
|Kyautar Emmy ta farko don fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin miniseries ko MovieNominated - Kyautar Satellite don Mafi Kyawun' yar wasan kwaikwayo - Series, Miniseries ko Fim na Talabijin&lt;br /&gt;Kyautar Satellite don Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Actress - Series, Miniseries ko Fim na Talabijin
|-
|2006
| data-sort-value=&quot;Way, The&quot; |''Hanyar''
|Helen Warden
|
|-
|2007
|''Ka gaya mini cewa kana son ni''
|Dokta May Foster
|Abubuwa 10
|-
|2008
|''Louisa May Alcott''
|Ednah Cheney
|
|-
|2011
|''Gidan Gidajen''
|Nora Regan Reilly
|
|-
|2011–2015
| data-sort-value=&quot;Good Wife, The&quot; |''Matar kirki''
|Alkalin Suzanne Morris
|Abubuwa 5
|-
|2011
|''William &amp;amp;amp; Catherine: Soyayya ta sarauta''
|[[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth II]]
|
|-
|2013–2014
| data-sort-value=&quot;Blacklist, The&quot; |''Jerin Baƙi''
|Diane Fowler
|Abubuwa 4
|-
|2013
|''Ka gafarta mini''
|Bookie
|Abubuwa 5
|-
|2014
| data-sort-value=&quot;Divide, The&quot; |''Rarrabawar''
|Elizabeth
|Abubuwa 2
|-
|2014–2016
|''Farko na farko''
|C.
|Abubuwa 2
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2015
| data-sort-value=&quot;Book of Negroes, The&quot; |''Littafin Negroes''
|Maria Witherspoon
|Kashi #1.5
|-
|''Har abada''
|Nora Morgan
|Fim: &quot;Injiniyanci na Jama'a&quot;
|-
|2017–2018
| data-sort-value=&quot;Good Fight, The&quot; |''Yaƙi Mai Kyau''
|Alkalin Suzanne Morris
|Abubuwa 2
|-
|2019
|''Ƙaunar Zamani''
|Margot
|Fim: &quot;Tseren ya kara daɗi kusa da Lap na Ƙarshe&quot;
|-
|2020
|''Labarai Daga Ƙungiyar''
|Klara
|Abubuwa 3
|-
|2025
|''Rashin ƙarfi''
|Celestine &quot;Sissy&quot; Cobel
|Fim: &quot;Sweet Vitriol&quot;Nominated - Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series&lt;br /&gt;Kyautar Emmy ta farko don fitaccen 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|}

=== Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Ranar
!Fitarwa
!Matsayi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Bayani
|-
|Oktoba 3, 1968 - Janairu 31, 1970&amp;nbsp;
|''{{Sortname|The|Great White Hope}}''
|Eleanor Bachman
|Kyautar Tony don Mafi Kyawun Taimako ko Fitarwa a cikin Wasan&lt;br /&gt;Kyautar Drama Desk don fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo&lt;br /&gt;Kyautar Duniya ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|17 ga Oktoba, 1972 - 19 ga Mayu, 1973&amp;nbsp;
|''6 Rms Riv Vu''
|Anne Miller
|An zabi shi - Kyautar Tony don Mafi Kyawun Actress a cikin WasanKyautar Tony don Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Wasan
|-
|Disamba 13, 1973 - Mayu 4, 1974&amp;nbsp;
|''Ka sami hanyarka zuwa gida''
|Jacqueline Harrison
|An zabi shi - Kyautar Tony don Mafi Kyawun Actress a cikin WasanKyautar Tony don Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Wasan
|-
|Disamba 17, 1975 - Janairu 25, 1976&amp;nbsp;
|''Hamlet''
|Gertrude
|
|-
|Afrilu 20, 1976 - Mayu 9, 1976&amp;nbsp;
|''{{Sortname|The|Heiress}}''
|Catherine Sloper
|
|-
|3 ga Oktoba, 1978 - 9 ga Disamba, 1978&amp;nbsp;
|''Litinin na farko a watan Oktoba''
|Alkalin Ruth Loomis
|An zabi shi - Kyautar Tony don Mafi Kyawun Actress a cikin WasanKyautar Tony don Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Wasan
|-
|Afrilu 23, 1980 - Afrilu 26, 1980&amp;nbsp;
|''Farewell Fidel''
|Natalia
|
|-
|1981 (ƙayyadadden gudu farawa a watan Oktoba) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gussow |first=Mel |title=THEATER: JANE ALEXANDER PLAYS 'HEDDA GABLER' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/02/theater/theater-jane-alexander-plays-hedda-gabler.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Hedda Gabler
|Hedda
|
|-
|Disamba 14, 1982 - Disamba 18, 1982&amp;nbsp;
|''Litinin Bayan Mu'ujizar''
|Annie
|
|-
|1984 (ƙayyadadden gudu farawa a watan Janairu) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rich |first=Frank |title=THEATER: PINTER'S 'OLD TIMES' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/13/theater/theater-pinter-s-old-times.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Tsohon Lokaci
|Anna
|
|-
|Yuni 26, 1988 - Satumba 4, 1988&amp;nbsp;
|''{{Sortname|The|Night of the Iguana}}''
|Maxine Faulk
| (farfadowa) 
|-
|Nuwamba 11, 1990 - Afrilu 7, 1991&amp;nbsp;
|''Yankunan Inuwa''
|Farin Ciki Davidman
|
|-
|Janairu 23, 1992 - Maris 1, 1992&amp;nbsp;
|''{{Sortname|The|Visit|The Visit (play)}}''
|Claire Zachanassian
|An zabi shi - Kyautar Tony don Mafi Kyawun Actress a cikin PlayNominated - Kyautar Drama Desk don Kyautar Actress a Cikin Play&lt;br /&gt;Kyautar Drama Desk don fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|Maris 18, 1993 - Yuli 16, 1994&amp;nbsp;
|''{{Sortname|The|Sisters Rosensweig}}''
|Sara Goode
|Kyautar Drama Desk don fitacciyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin PlayNominated - Kyautar Tony don Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan motsa jiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo&lt;br /&gt;Kyautar Tony don Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Wasan
|-
|Afrilu 26, 1998 - Yuni 14, 1998&amp;nbsp;
|''Daraja''
|Daraja
|An zabi shi - Kyautar Tony don Mafi Kyawun Actress a cikin WasanKyautar Tony don Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Wasan
|-
|Disamba 23, 2019 - Maris 1, 2020&amp;nbsp;
|''[[Grand Horizons|Babban Halitta]]''
|Nancy
|An zabi shi - Kyautar Tony don Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo
|}

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominated work
!Results
!Ref.
|-
|1971
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Academy Awards
|Best Actress
|''The Great White Hope''
| {{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 4, 2014 |title=The 43rd Academy Awards (1971) Nominees and Winners |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1971 |access-date=July 4, 2015 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1977
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Best Supporting Actress
|''All the President's Men''
| {{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 49th Academy Awards (1977) Nominees and Winners |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1977 |access-date=October 3, 2011 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1980
|''Kramer vs. Kramer''
| {{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 52nd Academy Awards (1980) Nominees and Winners |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1980 |access-date=October 7, 2011 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1984
|Best Actress
|''Testament''
| {{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 56th Academy Awards (1984) Nominees and Winners |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1984 |access-date=October 9, 2011 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2013
|ACTRA Awards
|Outstanding Performance by a Female in TV or Feature
|''Forgive Me''
| {{Won}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Awards – ACTRA Award |url=https://actramaritimes.ca/awards/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[ACTRA Award]]s}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1989
|CableACE Awards
|Supporting Actress in a Movie or Miniseries
|''A Friendship in Vienna''
| {{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|-
|2014
|Canadian Screen Awards
|Best Actress in a Featured Supporting Role in a Dramatic Program or Series
|''Forgive Me''
| {{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2015 CANADIAN SCREEN AWARDS Television Nominations |url=http://www.academy.ca/getmedia/eebf59d3-3966-4172-973d-ca194be6c13e/2015_CSA_-Television_-Nominations.aspx?ext=.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224075024/http://www.academy.ca/getmedia/eebf59d3-3966-4172-973d-ca194be6c13e/2015_CSA_-Television_-Nominations.aspx?ext=.pdf |archive-date=February 24, 2015 |access-date=January 14, 2014 |publisher=[[Academy of Canadian Cinema &amp; Television]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2005
|Daytime Emmy Awards
|Outstanding Performer in a Children/Youth/Family Special
|''Carry Me Home''
| {{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|-
|1969
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Drama Desk Awards
|Outstanding Performance
|''The Great White Hope''
| {{Won}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominees and Recipients – 1969 Awards |url=https://www.dramadesk.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/1969-awards/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[Drama Desk Award]]s}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1992
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Outstanding Actress in a Play
|''The Visit''
| {{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominees and Recipients – 1992 Awards |url=https://www.dramadesk.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/1992-awards/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[Drama Desk Award]]s}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1993
|''The Sisters Rosensweig''
| {{Won}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominees and Recipients – 1993 Awards |url=https://www.dramadesk.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/1993-awards/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[Drama Desk Award]]s}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2009
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Drama League Awards
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Distinguished Performance Award
|''Chasing Manet''
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2021 |title=Awards History – The Drama League |url=https://dramaleague.org/awards-history/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[Drama League Award]]s}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2012
|''The Lady from Dubuque''
| {{Nom}}
|-
|1971
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Golden Globe Awards
|Most Promising Newcomer – Female
|''The Great White Hope''
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jane Alexander |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/person/jane-alexander |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[Golden Globe Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1980
|Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
|''Kramer vs. Kramer''
| {{Nom}}
|-
|1984
|Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
|''Testament''
| {{Nom}}
|-
|2005
|High Falls Film Festival
|The Faith Hubley &quot;Web of Life&quot; Award
| {{N/a}}
| {{Won}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|-
|1970
|Laurel Awards
|Star of Tomorrow – Female
|''The Great White Hope''
| {{draw|8th Place}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
|-
|1983
|Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards
|Best Actress
|''Testament''
| {{Runner-up}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Annual 9th Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards |url=http://www.lafca.net/Years/1983.php |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[Los Angeles Film Critics Association]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1979
|National Society of Film Critics Awards
|Best Supporting Actress
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kramer vs. Kramer''
| {{draw|3rd Place}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 19, 2009 |title=Past Awards |url=https://nationalsocietyoffilmcritics.com/about-2/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[National Society of Film Critics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1979
|New York Film Critics Circle Awards
|Best Supporting Actress
| {{Runner-up}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Awards – New York Film Critics Circle |url=https://www.nyfcc.com/awards/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[New York Film Critics Circle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1993
|New York Women in Film &amp;amp;amp; Television
|Muse Award
| {{N/a}}
| {{Won}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Past Muse Award Honorees |url=https://www.nywift.org/muse/past-honorees/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[New York Women in Film &amp; Television]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2000
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Online Film &amp; Television Association Awards
|Best Guest Actress in a Drama Series
|''Law &amp;amp;amp; Order'' / &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ''Law &amp;amp;amp; Order: Special Victims Unit''
| {{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=4th Annual TV Awards (1999-2000) |url=https://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/4th-annual-tv-awards-1999-2000/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=Online Film &amp; Television Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2005
|Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture or Miniseries
|''Warm Springs''
| {{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9th Annual TV Awards (2005) |url=https://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/9th-annual-tv-awards-2005/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=Online Film &amp; Television Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2014
|Best Guest Actress in a Drama Series
|''The Blacklist''
| {{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=18th Annual TV Awards (2013-14) |url=https://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/18th-annual-tv-awards-2013-14/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=Online Film &amp; Television Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1976
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |Primetime Emmy Awards
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama or Comedy Special
|''Eleanor and Franklin''
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jane Alexander |url=https://www.emmys.com/bios/jane-alexander |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[Academy of Television Arts &amp; Sciences]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1977
|''Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years''
| {{Nom}}
|-
|1981
|Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or a Special
|''Playing for Time''
| {{Won}}
|-
|1984
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or a Special
|''Calamity Jane''
| {{Nom}}
|-
|1985
|''Malice in Wonderland''
| {{Nom}}
|-
|2000
|Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series
|''Law &amp; Order: Special Victims Unit'' &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(Episode: &quot;Entitled&quot;)}}
| {{Nom}}
|-
|2005
|Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie
|''Warm Springs''
| {{Won}}
|-
|2025
|Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series
|''Severance'' {{Small|(Episode: &quot;[[Sweet Vitriol]]&quot;)}}
| {{Nom}}
|-
|2017
|RiverRun International Film Festival
|Master of Cinema Award
| {{N/a}}
| {{Won}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2022 |title=AWARDS |url=https://riverrunfilm.com/awards/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[RiverRun International Film Festival]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2005
|Satellite Awards
|Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television
|''Warm Springs''
| {{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominees &amp; Winners – Satellite™ Awards 2005 (10th Annual Satellite™ Awards) |url=http://www.pressacademy.com/satawards/awards2005b.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202163316/http://www.pressacademy.com/satawards/awards2005b.shtml |archive-date=February 2, 2008 |access-date=April 7, 2019 |publisher=[[Satellite Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1999
|Screen Actors Guild Awards
|Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
|''The Cider House Rules''
| {{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 6th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/6th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1969
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Theatre World Awards
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''The Great White Hope''
| {{Won}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Theatre World Award Recipients |url=http://www.theatreworldawards.org/past-recipients.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004022514/http://www.theatreworldawards.org/past-recipients.html |archive-date=October 4, 2015 |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[Theatre World Award]]s}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1969
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |Tony Awards
|Best Supporting or Featured Actress in a Play
| {{Won}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1969 Tony Awards |url=https://www.tonyawards.com/nominees/year/1969/category/any/show/any/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[Tony Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1973
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Best Leading Actress in a Play
|''6 Rms Riv Vu''
| {{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1973 Tony Awards |url=https://www.tonyawards.com/nominees/year/1973/category/any/show/any/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[Tony Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1974
|''Find Your Way Home''
| {{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1974 Tony Awards |url=https://www.tonyawards.com/nominees/year/1974/category/any/show/any/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[Tony Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1979
|''First Monday in October''
| {{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1979 Tony Awards |url=https://www.tonyawards.com/nominees/year/1979/category/any/show/any/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[Tony Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1992
|''The Visit''
| {{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1992 Tony Awards |url=https://www.tonyawards.com/nominees/year/1992/category/any/show/any/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[Tony Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1993
|''The Sisters Rosensweig''
| {{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1993 Tony Awards |url=https://www.tonyawards.com/nominees/year/1993/category/any/show/any/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[Tony Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1998
|''Honour''
| {{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1998 Tony Awards |url=https://www.tonyawards.com/nominees/year/1998/category/any/show/any/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[Tony Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2020
|Best Featured Actress in a Play
|''Grand Horizons''
| {{Nom}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2020 Tony Awards |url=https://www.tonyawards.com/nominees/year/2020/category/any/show/any/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[Tony Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1985
|Western Heritage Awards
|Fictional Television Drama
|''Calamity Jane''
| {{Won}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Calamity Jane |url=https://nationalcowboymuseum.org/collections/awards/wha/355no-title/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[Bronze Wrangler|Western Heritage Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1996
|Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards
|Norma Zarky Humanitarian Award
| {{N/a}}
| {{Won}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 2020 |title=WIF Awards Retrospective |url=https://womeninfilm.org/updates/wif-awards-retrospective/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=[[Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin wadanda suka lashe kyautar Emmy ta farko

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>hbkt2nazqi5ly39m8y950c72wdewyad</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jason Kessler</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
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'''Jason Eric Kessler''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1983) ɗan asalin Amurka ne, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, kuma mai tsattstsauran ra-ci-dolli na adawa da Yahudawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;pp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=A.C. |date=May 31, 2017 |title=A Few Things Got Left Out of The Daily Caller's Report on Confederate Monument Rally |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/things-got-left-out-of-the-daily-callers-report-confederate-monument-rally |access-date=August 21, 2017 |website=[[ProPublica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kessler ya shirya taron Unite the Right da aka gudanar a Charlottesville, Virginia, a ranar 11 zuwa 12 ga watan Agusta, 2017,    da kuma taron Unite the right 2 da aka gudanar ranar 12 ga watanAgusta, 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;SPLC Kessler&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Jason Kessler |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/jason-kessler |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216115958/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/jason-kessler |archive-date=February 16, 2018 |access-date=February 19, 2018 |website=splcenter.org |publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |quote=... Kessler has sought to parlay his status as a lonely dissenter in the &quot;Capital of the Resistance&quot; into notoriety on the larger far right circuit by organizing a second white nationalist rally in Charlottesville after the first, [[Unite the Right rally#Summer rallies in Charlottesville|torchlit rally in May 2017]] made headlines.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kessler mai goyon bayan neo-Nazism ne,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2018 |title='Get out of my room': 35-year-old neo-Nazi censured by father in livestream with fellow white supremacist |url=http://www.thejournal.ie/jason-kessler-dad-video-4183844-Aug2018/ |access-date=August 22, 2018 |website=[[TheJournal.ie]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  siyasa ta dama,    da kuma alt-dama.

== Tarihi ==
Jason Kessler ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Virginia tare da digiri na farko a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a shekarar 2009. Kafin ya shiga cikin tsattsauran ra'ayi na siyasa, Kessler ya rubuta cewa an yi masa aiki a cikin ayyuka daban-daban na ma'aikata a matsayin mai wanki, mai horar da motsa jiki, direban mota da kuma mai aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;kessler1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 30, 2017 |title=About Jason Kessler |url=http://jasonkessler.us/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014546/http://jasonkessler.us/about/ |archive-date=November 7, 2017 |access-date=October 30, 2017 |quote=Prior to becoming a writer and activist he did various working class jobs from dishwasher and gym technician to truck driver and handyman.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har zuwa shekara ta 2008, Kessler ya kasance mai goyon bayan 'yan Democrat kuma yana da ra'ayoyi masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Ya zabi [[Barack Obama]]. Ya kuma shiga cikin gwagwarmaya tare da ƙungiyar Occupy kafin a kore shi saboda ƙoƙarin yin rajistar mutanen da ba su da gida. A cewar wani sakon [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] na jama'a da tsohon abokiyar kwaleji, Jenny Rebecca, Kessler ya zauna na wani lokaci a cikin gidaje masu tallafi na gwamnati tare da abokin zama wanda aka bayyana a matsayin Musulmi na Afirka.

A ƙarshen 2015, Kessler ya fara shafin yanar gizon JasonKessler.net . &lt;ref name=&quot;kessler2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 10, 2015 |title=JasonKessler.net |url=http://www.jasonkessler.net/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229204224/http://www.jasonkessler.net/ |archive-date=December 29, 2015 |access-date=October 30, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi amfani da shafin don buga wani labari na aikata laifuka, ''Badland Blues,'' da kuma aikin waka, Midnight Road . &lt;ref name=&quot;kessler1&quot; /&gt;

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2016, ya bayyana tweets masu lalata da kuma mummunar laifi da mataimakin magajin gari na Charlottesville da kuma wakilin Wes Bellamy suka yi, wanda shi ma ma malami ne a Makarantar Sakandare ta Albemarle ta Charlottesburg. Bellamy ya fara samun zargi daga Kessler lokacin da ya kira taron manema labarai don yin kira ga cire mutum-mutumi na Robert E. Lee a Charlottesville a watan Maris na shekara ta 2016. A watan Disamba, Kessler ya fara yada takarda da ke neman Bellamy ya yi murabus ko kuma a cire shi daga ofis.[1] A lokacin binciken da ya biyo baya, Bellamy ya yi murabus da son rai daga matsayinsa na koyarwa a makarantar sakandare ta Albemarle a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016. [2]

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, an yi kwangila da Kessler don rubuta abubuwa biyu don The Daily Caller . &lt;ref name=&quot;nm&quot; /&gt; Ya rubuta wani yanki a watan Mayu game da zanga-zangar farko a Charlottesville akan mutum-mutumi na Lee.&lt;ref name=&quot;nm&quot; /&gt; Kessler ya kuma rubuta sakonni da yawa ga shafin yanar gizon VDare mai adawa da baƙi.&lt;ref name=&quot;nm&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hananoki |first=Eric |date=August 15, 2017 |title=Right-Wing Media Provided Home For White Supremacist Before He Organized Charlottesville Rally |url=http://www.nationalmemo.com/right-wing-media-provided-home-white-supremacist-organized-charlottesville-rally/ |access-date=February 4, 2019 |website=The National Memo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗaya daga cikin sakonnin Kessler ya yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnati tana yin kisan kare dangi a kan fararen fata ta hanyar manufofi da ke haifar da ƙarancin haihuwa na Caucasus.&lt;ref name=&quot;nm&quot; /&gt;

Bayan da ''ProPublic'' ta tuntubi The Daily Caller game da alaƙar Kessler da kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, tashar ta yanke alaƙar ta da Kessler, kuma Babban Editanta Paul Conner ya kare hukuncin edita. &lt;ref name=&quot;pp&quot; /&gt;

An rantsar da Kessler a matsayin memba na kungiyar mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta Proud Boys .  Wanda ya kafa Proud Boys Gavin McInnes ya ce ya kori Kessler daga cikin rukuni da zarar ra'ayinsa game da tseren ya zama sananne.

== Sines v. Kessler ==
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, an ambaci sunan Kessler a matsayin wanda ake tuhuma a cikin wata shari'ar da mazauna Charlottesville tara suka kawo bayan taron Unite the Right a watan Agustan shekara ta 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite court|url=https://casetext.com/case/sines-v-kessler-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kessler shine wanda ake tuhuma na farko a cikin shari'ar saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin mai shirya taron Unite the Right . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hammel |first=Tyler |date=October 24, 2021 |title=UTR rally organizers return to Charlottesville, but this time as defendants |url=https://dailyprogress.com/news/local/utr-rally-organizers-return-to-charlottesville-but-this-time-as-defendants/article_556cdee6-2d3a-11ec-9091-6ff2a8f72421.html |access-date=October 29, 2021 |website=[[The Daily Progress]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025072417/https://dailyprogress.com/news/local/utr-rally-organizers-return-to-charlottesville-but-this-time-as-defendants/article_556cdee6-2d3a-11ec-9091-6ff2a8f72421.html |archive-date=October 25, 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko an shirya gwajin ne don ƙarshen 2020, amma an jinkirta shi saboda annobar COVID-19. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sargent |first=Hilary |date=September 21, 2020 |title=How Christopher Cantwell crumbled |url=https://www.informant.news/p/how-christopher-cantwell-crumbled |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922221547/https://www.informant.news/p/how-christopher-cantwell-crumbled |archive-date=September 22, 2020 |access-date=September 21, 2020 |website=The Informant}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara shari'ar ne a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2021, kuma juriya ta yanke hukunci a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba. An sami Kessler da alhakin laifuka guda biyu: makircin farar hula a karkashin dokar jihar Virginia, da kuma shiga cikin cin zarafin launin fata ko tashin hankali.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lavoie |first=Denise |date=November 23, 2021 |title=Jury awards millions in damages for Unite the Right violence |url=https://apnews.com/article/violence-lawsuits-race-and-ethnicity-charlottesville-01d9437ec28ed71b4bae293d7e0d815d |access-date=November 23, 2021 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Rashin jinin Yahudawa a Amurka
* Siyasa ta dama a Amurka
* [[Wariyar Launin Fata a Amurka|Nuna wariyar launin fata a Amurka]]
* Hakki mai tsattsauran ra'ayi (Amurka) 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]]</text>
      <sha1>b9iclda8ep018qelz26w4eo0zsv51y9</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Jerin lokaci na tarihin jinya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>177226</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975751</id>
      <parentid>971286</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T07:10:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
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      <text bytes="8798" sha1="8gkz2v1y25720hk90xavxpwh8chuefc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
== Kafin ƙarni na 16 ==

* 1-500 AD (kimanin) - Kungiyoyin addini sun ba da jinya da kulawa ga mutane da iyalai.{{Sfn|Craven|Hirnle|2011}}
* 55 AD - Phoebe tana da alaƙa da al'adun gargajiya na Kirista na farko kuma an bayyana ta a matsayin mai hidima.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mitchell|Grippando|1992}} (cited in {{Harvard citation no brackets|Craven|Hirnle|2011}})&lt;/ref&gt;
* 300 - Shigar da Mata Kirista cikin jinya.{{Sfn|Crisp|Taylor|Douglas|Rebeiro|2012}}
* c. 390 AD - Saint Fabiola ne ya kafa [[Asibiti|Babban asibiti]] farko a Roma.{{Sfn|Mitchell|Grippando|1992}}
* c. 620 AD - Rufaida Al-Aslamia ta zama ma'aikaciyar jinya musulma ta farko.

== Karni na 16 ==

* 1517 [[Protestant Reformation|Juyin Juya Halin Furotesta]] - rushewar umarnin addini yana nufin cewa an rufe gidajen ibada, asibitoci da wuraren kula da jinya a yawancin yankunan Furotesta.{{Sfn|Mitchell|Grippando|1992}}

== Karni na 17 ==
[[File:Mlle_le_Gras.jpg|right|thumb|178x178px|St. Louise na Marillac]]
[[File:Sisters_of_Charity_dressing_a_surgical_case.jpg|right|thumb|225x225px|'Yan uwa mata na sadaka]]

* 1618-1648 - Yaƙin Shekaru talatin - Yaƙe-yaƙe na Katolika da Furotesta sun girgiza Turai, inda suka kashe miliyan 8.
* 1633 - Kafawar 'ya'ya mata na sadaka na Saint Vincent de Paul, Bayin Talakawa marasa lafiya ta Sts. [[Vincent de Paul|Vincent na Paul]] da Louise na Marillac . {{Sfn|Dinan|2006}}Al'umma ba za ta kasance a cikin gidan ibada ba, amma za ta kula da matalauta a gidajensu, &quot;ba su da wani gidan ibada amma gidajen marasa lafiya, ɗakinsu ɗakin haya, ɗakin sujada cocin Ikklisiya, kewaye da titunan birni ko unguwanni na asibiti. &quot;
* 1645 - Ma'aikaciyar jinya ta Faransa Jeanne Mance ta kafa Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal, asibitin farko na Arewacin Amurka.
* 1654 da 1656 - Sisters of Charity sun kula da wadanda suka ji rauni a fagen yaƙi a Sedan da Arras a Faransa.
* 1660 - Fiye da gidaje 40 na Sisters of Charity sun wanzu a Faransa da kuma da yawa a wasu ƙasashe; an taimaka wa marasa lafiya a cikin gidajensu a cikin majami'u 26 a Paris.

== Karni na 18 ==
An dauki karni na 18 a matsayin Age of Reason . Yawancin tatsuniyoyi sun saba wa gaskiyar kimiyya.[1]&quot;Malaman&quot; na Jamaica kamar su Cubah Cornwallis, Sarah Adams da Grace Donne, uwargidan da mai warkarwa ga mai shuka mafi nasara a Jamaica, Simon Taylor, sun sami babban nasara ta amfani da tsabta da ganye don warkar da marasa lafiya da waɗanda suka ji rauni.[1]

== Karni na 19 ==
[[File:Florence_Nightingale.jpg|thumb|188x188px|[[Florence Nightingale]] (1820-1910) ]]

=== Shekaru na 1810 ===

* 1811 - Babban sake buɗe Asibitin Sydney (wanda aka kafa 1788 a matsayin asibitin alfarwa). Maza da mata da aka yanke musu hukunci sun fara aikin jinya.{{Sfn|Craven|Hirnle|2011}}

=== Shekaru na 1820 ===

* c. 1820 - Tsohuwar bawa Jane Minor ta buɗe asibiti a Petersburg, Virginia.
* 1820 - An haifi [[Florence]]_Nightingale&quot; id=&quot;mwfg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Florence Nightingale&quot;&gt;Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) a Villa La Columbaia a Florence (12 ga Mayu). {{Sfn|Bloy|2012}}

=== Shekaru na 1830 ===

* 1838 - Nurses na farko da aka horar sun isa [[Sydney]], su ne 'yan uwa mata biyar na Irish.{{Sfn|Craven|Hirnle|2011}}
* 1839 - Nursing Society of Philadelphia (NSP). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pennsylvania Hospital History: Historical Timeline – Obstetrics |url=http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/timeline/1801/tline10.html |access-date=28 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016024022/http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/timeline/1801/tline10.html |archive-date=16 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shekaru na 1840 ===

* 1840 - Kafa [[New Zealand]] a matsayin mulkin mallaka da kuma kafa asibitocin jihohi.{{Sfn|Crisp|Taylor|Douglas|Rebeiro|2012}}
* 1841 - Mutanen da aka dauka a matsayin marasa lafiya an dauke su masu laifi. An yi rikodin shari'ar farko ta hauka a cikin al'ummar New Zealand a cikin 1841 &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Papps|2012}} in {{Harvard citation no brackets|Crisp|Taylor|Douglas|Rebeiro|2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1844 - Dorothea Dix ta ba da shaida ga majalisar dokokin [[New Jersey]] game da rashin kulawa marasa lafiya da ke fama da rashin lafiya.
* 1847 - An kafa Asibitin Wellington, asibitin farko na New Zealand.{{Sfn|Barber|Towers|1976}}
* 1848 - An buɗe Yarra Bend Asylum don a iya fitar da marasa lafiya daga [[Gidan Yari|kurkuku]]. Wannan mafaka daga baya aka sani da Melbourne . {{Sfn|Crisp|Taylor|Douglas|Rebeiro|2012}}

=== Shekaru na 1850 ===
[[File:Seacole_-_Challen.jpg|right|thumb|201x201px|Maryamu Seacole]]

* 1850 - Makarantar koyarwa ga ma'aikatan jinya ta buɗe ta NSP.
* 1850 - [[Florence Nightingale]], majagaba na aikin jinya na zamani, ta fara horo a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a Cibiyar St. Vincent de Paul a Alexandria, Misira.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2006 |title=Nursing Notes: Nurses making history |url=http://www.discovernursing.com/newsletter_view.aspx?id=29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714034857/http://www.discovernursing.com/newsletter_view.aspx?id=29 |archive-date=14 July 2007 |access-date=28 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1851 - Florence Nightingale ta kammala karatunta na jinya a Kaiserwerth, Jamus, al'ummar addinin Furotesta tare da asibiti. Ta kasance a can kusan watanni 3, kuma a ƙarshe, malamanta sun bayyana cewa an horar da ita a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya.{{Sfn|Wojnar|2009}}
* 1851 - Mary Seacole ta yi tafiya zuwa Panama, inda ta yi aiki wajen warkar da masu fama da [[Amai da Gudawa|kwalara]] da sauran cututtuka.
* 1853 - Yaƙin Crimea.
* 1853 - Seacole ta koma mulkin mallaka na Jamaica, inda ta yi aiki wajen warkar da masu fama da [[Cutar amai da gudawa|zazzabin rawaya]].
* 1853 - Florence Nightingale ta tafi Paris don yin karatu tare da Sisters of Charity kuma daga baya aka nada ta mai kula da Asibitocin Ingilishi a Turkiyya.{{Sfn|Crisp|Taylor|Douglas|Rebeiro|2012}}
* 1854 - An buɗe mafaka ta farko a Wellington, New Zealand . {{Sfn|Crisp|Taylor|Douglas|Rebeiro|2012}}
* 1854 - An nada Florence Nightingale a matsayin mai kula da ma'aikatan jinya.
* 1854 - An aika Florence Nightingale da ma'aikatan jinya masu sa kai 38 zuwa [[Turkiyya]] a ranar 21 ga Oktoba don taimakawa wajen kula da wadanda suka ji rauni a Yaƙin Crimea.
* 1854 - A cikin wata wasika da aka rubuta a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1854, ga Dokta Bowman, Florence Nightingale ta ba da ƙayyadaddun ƙididdiga : a ranar Alhamis da ta gabata [watau Nuwamba 8] muna da mutane 1715 marasa lafiya da rauni a wannan asibitin (cikin su, marasa lafiya 120 na kwalara) da 650 da suka ji rauni sosai a ... Babban Asibitin... lokacin da saƙo ya zo mini don shirya wa mutane 510 da suka ji rauni....  {{Blockquote|on Thursday last [i.e.Nov 8] we had 1715 sick and wounded in this hospital (among whom, 120 cholera patients) and 650 severely wounded in...the General Hospital...when a message came to me to prepare for 510 wounded....|{{harv|Seymer|1932}}}}
* 1855 - Mary Seacole ta bar London a ranar 31 ga watan Janairu don kafa &quot;Otal din Burtaniya&quot; a Balaklava a Crimea, inda ta kula da sojojin Burtaniya da suka ji rauni ta amfani da ganye kuma ta yi aiki mai kyau.
* 1856 - An ba [[Biddy Mason]] 'yancinta kuma ta koma [[Los Angeles]]. Tana aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya da kuma mai juna biyu kuma ta zama 'yar kasuwa mai cin nasara.
* 1856 - An kafa Asibitin Melbourne da Infirmary don Cututtuka na Musamman ga Mata da Yara.{{Sfn|Daly|Speedy|Jackson|2014}}
* 1856 - An kafa wata kungiya mai ba da agaji da aka sani da Asusun Nightingale don Nursing a Burtaniya, don tunawa da aikin Nightingale a cikin Yaƙin Crimea.{{Sfn|Daly|Speedy|Jackson|2014}}
* 1856 - Kafawar Melbourne Lying-in Hospital da Infirmary for Diseases musamman ga Mata da Yara.{{Sfn|Daly|Speedy|Jackson|2014}}
* 1857 - [[Ellen Ranyard]] ta kirkiro rukuni na farko na ma'aikatan zamantakewa da aka biya a Ingila kuma sun fara shirin jinya na farko a London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-02-04 |title=infed.org – Ellen Ranyard (&quot;LNR&quot;), Bible women and informal education |url=http://www.infed.org/thinkers/ranyard.htm |website=infed.org |access-date=2026-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214090424/http://www.infed.org/thinkers/ranyard.htm |archive-date=2012-12-14 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1857 - The Sisters of Charity sun buɗe asibitin St Vincent na farko a Potts Point, [[Sydney]] Australia. A yau, asibitocin St Vincent suna ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na jama'a.{{Sfn|Crisp|Taylor|Douglas|Rebeiro|2012}}
* 1857 - Seacole ta wallafa tarihin rayuwarta, The Wonderful Adventures of Mrs Seacole in Many Lands .
* 1859 - Florence Nightingale ta wallafa ra'ayinta game da kula da jinya a cikin &quot;Notes on Nursing&quot;. Tushen aikin jinya ya dogara ne akan ra'ayinta daga wannan.{{Sfn|Wesley|1995}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Iftikhar M. Kadri''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1929) ƙwararren mai zane ne na ƙasar Indiya, injiniyan gine-gine, kuma wanda ya kafa IMK Architects a birnin [[Mumbai]], Indiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Souza |first=Ornella |date=3 April 2016 |title=I don't like to name my buildings: IM Kadri |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/interview-i-don-t-like-to-name-my-buildings-im-kadri-2197472 |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=DNA India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Projects By Imk Architects |url=https://ebuild.in/imk-architects-projects |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615145049/https://ebuild.in/imk-architects-projects |archive-date=15 June 2020 |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=ebuild.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance babban mutum wajen bayar da gudummawa ga gine-ginen tarihi a biranen [[Indiya]] da dama, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Rasha]], [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], [[Hong Kong]] da sauransu.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi IM Kadri a [[Ahmedabad]] a shekarar 1929. Ya halarci Jami'ar Jamia Millia Islamia da ke [[Delhi]] kuma ya kammala digirinsa na injiniyanci tare da girmamawa a Kwalejin Injiniya ta Jami'ar Pune a shekarar 1953. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Gentle Creator- I.M. Kadri : Pree1301 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming |url=https://archive.org/details/scrbokadri_2568 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Internet Archive |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya auri Vipula Kadri ma'aikaciyar jin dadin jama'a daga Karachi, sannan ya zauna a [[New Delhi]] . Yana da ɗa 1, mai zane Rahul Kadri &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 December 2015 |title=Rahul Kadri, Principal Architect &amp; Partner, I.M. Kadri Architects |url=https://thepropertytimes.in/rahul-kadri-principal-architect-a-partner-imkadri-architects/ |access-date=30 December 2020 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525050446/https://thepropertytimes.in/rahul-kadri-principal-architect-a-partner-imkadri-architects/ |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2021 |title=Rahul Kadri - the Architecture of Sustainability |url=https://media.biltrax.com/rahul-kadri-the-architecture-of-sustainability/ |access-date=3 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007033258/https://media.biltrax.com/rahul-kadri-the-architecture-of-sustainability/ |archive-date=7 October 2022 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda kuma shine babban mai zane kuma darektan IMK Architects, da 'ya'ya mata 2, Isha Mehra &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trustees – PrideIndia |url=https://www.prideindia.org/category/trustees-team/trustees/ |access-date=30 December 2020 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202223856/https://www.prideindia.org/category/trustees-team/trustees/ |archive-date=2 December 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; da [[Suniel Shetty|Mana Shetty]] (matar [[Suniel Shetty|Sunil Shetty]] ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=People still call me Amdavad no jamai all the time: Suniel Shetty - The Times Of India - Ahmedabad, 1/18/2018 |url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIA/2018/01/18&amp;entity=Ar01903&amp;sk=52F98CCB&amp;mode=text |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=epaper.timesgroup.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 December 2019 |title=Malavika's Mumbaistan: Adrenaline Rush |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/malavika-s-mumbaistan-adrenaline-rush/story-D2b6z2Ee5kbjOXMo8uAxUP.html |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
[[File:Nehru_Centre_11.jpg|thumb| Cibiyar Nehru]]
Kadri ya fara aikinsa na gine-gine a shekarar 1958 a Churchgate, [[Mumbai]] . A shekarar 1971, ya faɗaɗa kamfaninsa zuwa wani kamfani mai suna Kadri Consultants Private Limited, babban ofishinsa a [[Mumbai]] sannan ya biyo baya da rassansa a [[Bengaluru]] da [[Muskat|Muscat]].

In the 1960s, I.M. Kadri was selected by Hilton senior management as an architect to build the proposed Bombay Hilton hotel in Worli, Mumbai, and was sent on a world tour to study all of Hilton's hotels around the globe. However, the Bombay Hilton Hotel was never built, and instead, Kadri went on to design many Indian hotels in the 1970s and 1980s, including many Taj hotels built in that era like the Taj Mahal (Mansingh) and Taj Palace Hotels in New Delhi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Divan's Bungalow |url=https://www.cityshor.com/ahmedabad/divan-s-bungalow/ |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=www.cityshor.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2011 |title=Hilton: Back with a bang |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/hilton-back-with-a-bang/story-mWVtQJNLDPo1ETjkoQOqEK.html |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu gine-gine masu ban sha'awa da Kadri ya tsara sun haɗa da Shivsagar Estate, &lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rupali Gupte |last2=Anuj Daga |last3=Karan Dalal |last4=Shivani Dave |date=2017 |title=Mumbai Modern |url=https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-184549 |journal=ABE Journal |language=en |volume=01 |issue=9–10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nehru Center,  Ceat Mahal,  Farin Gida da Makaranta ga Makafi &lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Retrospective: The Unprecedented Architectural Contribution of IM Kadri |url=http://www.houzz.in/magazine/stsetivw-vs~94267299 |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=Houzz}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Otter's Club &lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karkare |first=Aakash |date=10 July 2016 |title='Mumbai is in worst shape': Architect IM Kadri speaks of his love and recent hate for the city |url=http://scroll.in/magazine/810781/mumbai-is-in-worst-shape-architect-im-kadri-speaks-of-his-love-and-recent-hate-for-the-city |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Mumbai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot; /&gt;

Gwamnatin Maharashtra, saboda godiya ga ayyukansa na zamantakewa mai yawa, ta naɗa IM Kadri a matsayin Sheriff na Bombay a wa'adin 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 April 2002 |title=Do you remember any of our sheriffs? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/Do-you-remember-any-of-our-sheriffs/articleshow/8279245.cms |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin Maharashtra ta kuma naɗa shi memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa kan Ƙungiyoyin Talakawa&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mid Day 1982- I.M. Kadri: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming |url=https://archive.org/details/dsc-25091 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Internet Archive |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; a shekarar 1981, kuma a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Zartarwa na Hukumar Raya Yankin Babban Birni na Bombay a shekarar 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=March 1995 |title=Minutes Of The 160th Meeting Of The Executive Committee of BMRDA |url=https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/documents/10180/1163902/MINUTES+EXC+160+10031995_1.PDF/c552f7c0-1ab9-44bd-9007-448e8f8a9f1b?version=1.0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007033257/https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/documents/10180/1163902/MINUTES+EXC+160+10031995_1.PDF/c552f7c0-1ab9-44bd-9007-448e8f8a9f1b?version=1.0 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa a Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Kasa don Adalci da Zaman Lafiya (CJP)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizens for Justice and Peace (CJP) |url=https://cjp.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/who.htm |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=cjp.org.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; da aka kafa a shekarar 2002 don haɓaka zaman lafiya a Indiya.

A shekarar 2016, Niyogi Publications ta buga littafinsa, ''The Architecture of IMKadri.''

=== Tasirin Gine-gine ===
Tun yana ƙarami, IM Kadri ya fi samun rinjaye a cikin Bungalow na Diwan wanda yake zaune a ciki. Gidan yana da lambu, baranda da kuma hanyoyin gani iri-iri, kuma yana cikin wani tsohon gidan sarauta a yankin tarihi na [[Ahmedabad]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2019 |title=Exploring India: 3 Heritage Stays In Ahmedabad, Gujarat |url=https://www.femina.in/life/travel/3-heritage-stays-in-ahmedabad-165677-2.html |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=femina.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kadri ya ambaci Mughal Architecture da kuma rubutun hannu a matsayin tasirinsu, wanda wataƙila za a iya gani a cikin dukkan ayyukansa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot; /&gt;

== Manyan ayyuka ==

# Brighton, Mumbai, 1959 &lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot; /&gt;
# Musulunci Gymkhana, Mumbai, 1963 &lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;
# Gidan Shivsagar, Mumbai, 1967 &lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot; /&gt;
# Jeevan Manek don Babban Gabashin Shipping Co. Ltd, Mumbai, 1968 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2018 |title=Modern Heritage: Listing |url=https://thinkmatter.in/2018/12/18/modernheritage/ |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=Matter |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Otters Club, Mumbai, 1973 &lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot; /&gt;
# Makarantar Gida Mai Farin Ciki don Makafi, Mumbai, 1971 &lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt;
# Otal din Lake Palace, Udaipur, 1972 &lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yagnik |first=Bharat |date=15 December 2011 |title=I M Kadri: Giving Amdavadi touch to luxury world's razzmatazz |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/I-M-Kadri-Giving-Amdavadi-touch-to-luxury-worldamp39s-razzmatazz/articleshow/11113995.cms |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[Taj Hotels - Notable hotels|Gidan shakatawa na Fort Aguada Beach]], Goa, 1973 &lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Fountainhead 1992 : The Fountainhead : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming |url=https://archive.org/details/scrbokadri_2590 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Internet Archive |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Taj Coromandel don Oriental Hotels Ltd, Chennai, 1974 &lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
# CEAT Mahal, Mumbai, 1974  &lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt;
# Gidan Hoechst, Mumbai, 1975 &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot; /&gt;
# Swapnalok, Mumbai, 1978 
# Taj Mahal (Mansingh) Otal, New Delhi, 1979  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
# Ayyukan Jami'ar Kashmir, Srinagar, 1980 &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot; /&gt;
# Cibiyar Nehru, Mumbai, 1982   &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
# Otal din Taj Palace, New Delhi, 1982  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
# Fadar Taj Krishna, Hyderabad, 1984 &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot; /&gt;
# Tata Fertilizers Ltd, Babrala, 1984 &lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt;
# [[Masallacin Kowloon da Cibiyar Musulunci|Masallacin Kowloon]], Hong Kong, 1984  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kowloon Mosque {{!}} General view over Kowloon Mosque |url=https://archnet.org/sites/508/media_contents/15320 |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=Archnet}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Otal din Oberoi, Bangalore 1986 &amp;1996 &lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oberoi Hotel Bangalore in Indian Architect and Builder : Indian Architect and Builder : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming |url=https://archive.org/details/iab-kadri |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=Internet Archive |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Gidan Haj, Mumbai 1987 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Haj House Mumbai : The illustrated Weekly of India : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming |url=https://archive.org/details/haj-house-mumbai |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Internet Archive |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Gidan Haveli, Mumbai 1989 &lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt;
# Gidan Baƙi na Sahyadri, Mumbai 1991 &lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
# Asibitin Koyarwa na Owaisi, Hyderabad 1996  &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 December 2020 |title=IMK Architects: Hospitals Then and Now |url=https://media.biltrax.com/imk-architects-hospitals-then-and-now/ |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Biltrax Media, A Biltrax Group venture |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123193921/https://media.biltrax.com/imk-architects-hospitals-then-and-now/ |archive-date=23 January 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Kwalejin Fasaha ta Sona, Salem 1997 &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot; /&gt;
# Asibitin Breach Candy &amp;amp;amp; Cibiyar Bincike, Mumbai 1998 &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
# Kwalejin Shari'a ta Kasa, Bhopal 2005 &lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt;
# Otal din Ramada, Dubai 2006 &lt;ref name=&quot;:102&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=361degrees |url=https://www.361degrees.net.in/i_m_kadri.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128100819/https://361degrees.net.in/i_m_kadri.html |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=www.361degrees.net.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Lambobin Yabo, Girmamawa da Karramawa ==

# 1970, Gwamnatin Iran ta gayyace shi don wakiltar Indiya a Kwamitin 'Taron Masu Gine-gine na Duniya' wanda aka gudanar a [[Isfahan]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:102&quot; /&gt;
# Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Hadin Gwiwa kan Gine-gine Masu Tsayi, Jami'ar Lehigh, Amurka a ƙarƙashin [[UNESCO]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:102&quot; /&gt;
# 1979, Amincewa da Ƙasashen Duniya don shiga cikin''' '''Tarihin Rayuwar Duniya na &quot;Who's Who a cikin Bugu na Huɗu na Duniya,&quot; wanda Marquis Who's Who Inc., Babban Mai Buga Littattafan Tarihi, [[Chicago]], ya buga. &lt;ref name=&quot;:102&quot; /&gt;
# A shekarar 1981, Gwamnatin Maharashtra ta naɗa shi a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa kan Ƙungiyoyin Talakawa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
# Zane-zanen gilashi mafi tsayi a duniya, tsayin ƙafa 135, a Otal ɗin Ramada da ke Dubai, sun sa Kadri ta shiga cikin [[Guinness World Records|Littafin Tarihi na Guinness]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ramada Hotel Dubai by I.M. Kadri : Pree1301 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming |url=https://archive.org/details/dsc-2544 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Internet Archive |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Cibiyar Tarihin Rayuwa ta Duniya, Cambridge, Ingila, a cikin Bugun su na Bakwai a matsayin &quot;Maza na Nasara&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:102&quot; /&gt;
# A shekarar 1993, Cibiyar Injiniyoyi, Indiya, ta ba IM Kadri lambar yabo a matsayin Injiniyan Gine-gine Mai Kyau. &lt;ref name=&quot;:92&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:102&quot; /&gt;
# A shekarar 1994, Gwamnatin Maharashtra ta naɗa shi Sheriff na Bombay saboda godiyarsa ga ayyukansa na zamantakewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;
# A shekarar 1994, Gwamnatin Maharashtra ta naɗa shi a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Zartarwa na Hukumar Raya Yankin Babban Birni na Bombay . &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;
# Wanda ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun zane a gasar kasa da kasa ta &quot; [[Masallacin Kowloon da Cibiyar Musulunci|Masallacin Kowloon]] &quot; da aka yi a [[Hong Kong]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:102&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
# 2021, An ba shi lambar yabo ta Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya, kyautar nasarorin rayuwa a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na CIDC Vishwakarma karo na 12 a shekarar 2021. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Construction Industry Development Council (CIDC) Vishwakarma Awards |url=http://www.cidc.in/support/12thVishwakarma/Awardees%20List_12th%20VKA%202021.pdf |access-date=19 March 2021 |website=www.cidc.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]]</text>
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    <title>Heme</title>
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      <text bytes="3970" sha1="k6u425rg3915bdo0b4y14xcrcxh3l6c" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=Heme|settlement_type=Ƙauye|subdivision_type=Ƙasa|subdivision_name=[[Najeriya]]|subdivision_type1=Jiha|subdivision_name1=[[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]]|subdivision_type2=Ƙaramar Hukuma|subdivision_name2=[[Balanga (Najeriya)|Balanga]]|subdivision_type3=Yanki|subdivision_name3=Jessu|postal_code_type=Lambar gidan waya (Postal code)|postal_code=761121|timezone=[[West Africa Time|WAT]]|utc_offset=+1}}

'''Heme''' ƙauye ne da ke yankin Jessu, a [[Balanga (Najeriya)|Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] ta [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Bayanai kan lambobin gidan waya sun nuna cewa Heme yana da lambar gidan waya '''761121'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Heme, Balanga - Postcode - 761121 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-jessu-heme.html |access-date=4 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jerin ƙauyukan Jihar Gombe ya sanya Heme cikin yankin Jessu tare da Do'Ara, Gabekecham, Gulnyimora, Kwarawa da Sabon Layi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=4 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Heme yana cikin yankin Jessu na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun kuma bayyana Heme a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomin yankin Balanga da suka fuskanci rikice-rikicen al'umma a shekarar 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Death toll rises to 19 in Gombe communal clash |url=https://guardian.ng/news/death-toll-rises-to-19-in-gombe-communal-clash/ |access-date=4 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikicin al'umma na shekarar 2021 ==
A watan Afrilun 2021, Heme da Nyuwar da ke yankin Jessu da Balanga sun kasance cikin wuraren da rikici ya shafa. Rahoton ''The Guardian Nigeria'' ya bayyana cewa an samu asarar rayuka a Heme da Nyuwar bayan wani hari da ya faru a watan Afrilu na shekarar 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Death toll rises to 19 in Gombe communal clash |url=https://guardian.ng/news/death-toll-rises-to-19-in-gombe-communal-clash/ |access-date=4 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 27 ga Yuli 2021, gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta sanya dokar hana fita na sa'o'i 24 a wasu al'ummomin Balanga, ciki har da Heme, Jessu da Nyuwar, bayan sake barkewar rikici tsakanin al'ummomin Waja da Lunguda. An bayyana cewa an tura jami'an tsaro domin dawo da zaman lafiya da tsaro a yankunan da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe State imposes 24-hour Curfew on Balanga LGA |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-state-imposes-24-hour-curfew-on-balanga-lga/ |access-date=4 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya ta kuma ambaci Heme tare da Nyuwar da Jessu a cikin al'ummomin Balanga da rikicin ya shafa, tare da neman a samar musu da kayan agaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Proceedings of the Nigerian Senate of Wednesday, 21st April, 2021 |url=https://www.theconclaveng.com/proceedings-of-the-nigerian-senate-of-wednesday-21st-april-2021/ |access-date=4 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261004220922/https://www.theconclaveng.com/proceedings-of-the-nigerian-senate-of-wednesday-21st-april-2021/ |archive-date=4 October 2026 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya, an gudanar da kokarin sasanta rikicin tsakanin al'ummomin Waja da Lunguda. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta sanar da sassauta dokar hana fita bayan shugabannin al'ummomin sun amince da yin aiki domin samar da zaman lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe governor brokers peace between Lunguda, Waja communities, relaxes curfew |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/gombe-governor-brokers-peace-between-lunguda-waja-communities-relaxes-curfew/ |access-date=4 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambar gidan waya (Postal code) ==
Heme yana da lambar gidan waya '''761121'''. Wannan ita ce lambar gidan waya da ake amfani da ita a yankin Jessu, wanda ya haɗa da Heme, Do'Ara, Gabekecham, Gulnyimora, Kwarawa da Sabon Layi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jessu Postal Codes: 761121 |url=https://postzipcode.com/nigeria/gombe/balanga/jessu/ |access-date=4 October 2026|Balanga, Gombe}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Haruna Shuaibu Adamu</title>
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| name = Haruna Shuaibu Adamu
| nationality = [[Najeriya]]
| occupation = [[Ɗan siyasa]]
| office = Ɗan Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Gombe
| constituency = Kwami East
| term_start = 2023
| party = [[All Progressives Congress]]
}}

'''Haruna Shuaibu Adamu''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda yake wakiltar mazabar Kwami East a [[Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Gombe]]. Ya lashe zaɓen majalisar dokokin jihar na shekarar 2023 a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC).&lt;ref name=&quot;INEC2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=2023 General Election: Final List of Candidates for State Elections
|url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2023-GENERAL-ELECTION-FINAL-LIST-OF-CANDIDATES-FOR-STATE-ELECTIONS-GOVERNORSHIP-HOUSES-OF-ASSEMBLY.pdf
|website=Independent National Electoral Commission
|access-date=10 October 2026
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815131117/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2023-GENERAL-ELECTION-FINAL-LIST-OF-CANDIDATES-FOR-STATE-ELECTIONS-GOVERNORSHIP-HOUSES-OF-ASSEMBLY.pdf
|archive-date=15 August 2026
|url-status=dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;INECReport&quot;&gt;{{cite report
|title=Report of the 2023 General Election
|url=https://wp1.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/2023-GENERAL-ELECTION-REPORT-1.pdf
|publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission
|access-date=10 October 2026
}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==

=== Zaɓen 2023 ===

A zaɓen gama-gari na Najeriya na shekarar 2023, Haruna Shuaibu Adamu ya tsaya takara a mazabar Kwami East ta Jihar Gombe a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar APC. Rahoton INEC na zaɓen ya tabbatar da cewa an zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokokin jihar mai wakiltar wannan mazaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;INECReport&quot;/&gt;

=== Ayyukansa a majalisa ===

A matsayinsa na ɗan Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Gombe mai wakiltar Kwami East, yana cikin majalisar da ke gudanar da ayyukan dokoki da wakiltar al'ummar mazabun jihar.&lt;ref name=&quot;INECReport&quot;/&gt;

A watan Fabrairun 2026, jaridar ''Leadership'' ta ambace shi da sunan Shuaibu Adamu Haruna a matsayin ɗan majalisar da ke wakiltar Kwami East, a wani rahoto kan wayar da kan al'ummar yankin game da rajistar mambobin APC ta hanyar intanet. Jaridar ta ruwaito yana kira ga mazauna yankin da su kasance cikin haɗin kai kuma su shiga harkokin jam’iyyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leadership2026&quot;&gt;{{cite news
|title=APC E-Registration: Gombe Commissioner Urges Grassroots Mobilisation
|url=https://leadership.ng/apc-e-registration-gombe-commissioner-urges-grassroots-mobilisation/
|work=Leadership
|access-date=10 October 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Kwami]]
* [[All Progressives Congress]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:’Yan siyasar Najeriya]]
[[Category:’Yan siyasar Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:’Yan Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Gombe]]
[[Category:’Yan siyasar All Progressives Congress]]
[[Category:Mutane masu rai]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ibrahim Koma</title>
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'''Ibrahim KomaIbrahim Koma''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1987) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Faransa. Ya fara aikinsa tun yana ƙarami a cikin fim ɗin We Need a Holiday (2002) da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Sous le soleil (2002–2008). Tun daga lokacin ya fito a fina-finan Asphalt Playground (2012), Wùlu (2016), da As Far as I Can Walk (2021). Ya buga Passepartout a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Around the World in 80 Days (2021).

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Koma a gundumar 20 ta birnin Paris a gabashin birnin ga iyayen Soninke daga [[Mali]] kuma ya girma a unguwar Baconnets da ke Antony, Hauts-de-Seine, kudu da Paris. Mahaifiyarsu bazawara ce ta rene shi da 'yan uwansa. Babban ɗan'uwansa Diouc Koma shi ma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne. Koma ya yi horo a Cours Viriot, Actor's Studio, da Laboratoire de l'Acteur. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sauphie |first=Eva |date=21 July 2017 |title=Cinéma : l'acteur français Ibrahim Koma reprend racine |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/457320/culture/cinema-lacteur-francais-ibrahim-koma-reprend-racine/ |journal=[[Jeune Afrique]] |language=fr |access-date=14 February 2021}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 June 2017 |title=IBRAHIM KOMA &quot; On voit très peu de cinéma africain dans les salles. C'est un constat qui me dérange et j'espère que ça va changer &quot; |url=https://artnetworkconnexion.wordpress.com/2017/06/30/ibrahim-koma-on-voit-tres-peu-de-cinema-africain-dans-les-salles-cest-un-constat-qui-me-derange-et-jespere-que-ca-va-changer/ |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=Artwork Connexion |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya shafe wani lokaci a [[Landan]] inda ya koyi Turanci kuma ya dauki darussan a Birkbeck, Jami'ar London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ibrahim Koma |url=https://www.agentagitateur.com/uk/actors/ibrahim-koma |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=Agent Agitateur}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Fim din ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Bayani
|-
|2002
|''Muna Bukatar hutu'' (Faransanci: ) 
|Adama
|
|-
|2002
|''Tushen soyayya''
|
|Gajeren fim
|-
|2002
|'Yan mata Za su Iya Fitar da Dukkanin (Faransanci: 'Yan mata, babu wanda ya sabawa komai) 
|
|
|-
|2002
|''Dokar'' (Faransanci: La Mentale) 
|
|
|-
|2006
|''Fararen jan giya''
|Moussa
|Fim din ban dariya
|-
|2012
|''Filin wasa na Asphalt'' (Faransanci: La Cité rose) 
|Rashin jin daɗi
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dollfus |first=Ariane |date=17 January 2014 |title=Et les présélectionnés pour le César du Meilleur Espoir sont... |url=http://madame.lefigaro.fr/celebrites/preselectionnes-pour-cesar-meilleur-espoir-sont-170114-639376 |journal=Madame Figaro |language=fr |access-date=14 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2013
|''Tashar jirgin saman Arewa''
|Tsohon G2N
|Wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya
|-
|2014
|''Yankin Botswanga''
|Leslie Konda
|Fim din ban dariya
|-
|2015
|''Ni Daddy ne''
|Isidor
|Abin mamaki
|-
|2016
|''[[Wùlu|Wurin da ake ciki]]''
|Ladji
|Laifi / Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|2017
|''Wallay''
|Yahaya
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|-
|2018
|Sink ko Swim (Faransanci: Le Grand Bain) 
|Fasahar
|Wasanni / Wasanni
|-
|2018
|''Darasi na rawa''
|
|Wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya
|-
|2021
|''OSS 117: Daga Afirka tare da Ƙauna'' (Faransanci: OSS 117) Alerte rouge en Afrique noire) 
|Matsakaicin matsakaicin
|Ayyuka / Comedy
|-
|2021
|''Kamar yadda zan iya tafiya''
|Strahinja
|Sauran taken: ''Strahinja Banovic'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ibrahim Koma |url=https://mubi.com/cast/ibrahim-koma |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=Mubi}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

=== Talabijin ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Bayani
|-
|1999
|''Jirgin jirgi nan take'' (Faransanci: ) 
|Idrissa
|Miniserie; episode: &quot;L'Enfance sata&quot;
|-
|1999
|''ƙaunatacciyar Marianne''
|Aboubakar
|Fim: &quot;Cellule na iyali&quot;
|-
|1999
|''Palazzo''
|
|Fim din talabijin
|-
|2000
|''Gundumar 'yan sanda''
|
|Kashi: &quot;Matsayin iyali&quot;
|-
|2000
|''Yankin Yankin Yashi''
|
|Kashi: &quot;Tablets of hunter&quot;
|-
|2002
|''Yaran Lucas''
|François
|Fim din talabijin
|-
|2002–2008
|''A karkashin rana''
|Zacharie &quot;Zach&quot; Mondino
|Abubuwa 57 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Degorce |first=Mathilde |last2=Dunand |first2=Jérémie |date=28 July 2018 |title=Sous le soleil : que deviennent les acteurs de la série culte de TF1 ? |url=https://www.allocine.fr/diaporamas/series/diaporama-18674312/?page=15 |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=AlloCiné |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2004
|''Navarro''
|Little Louis
|Abubuwa 2
|-
|2004
|''K.ça''
|Hong
|Abubuwa 10
|-
|2006
|''Ka kasance mafi kyau''
|
|Fim din talabijin
|-
|2006, 2009
|Night Squad (Faransanci: Central Nuit) 
|Furen / Oscar Malonga
|Abubuwa 2
|-
|2008
|''Ben da Thomas''
|Siki
|Kashi: &quot;Slalom&quot;
|-
|2009
|''Julie Lescaut''
|Jimmy Ferran
|Kashi: &quot;Rashin ƙarfi&quot;
|-
|2009
|Magungunan gaggawa na Kiwon Lafiya (Faransanci: Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Gaggawa) 
|Jamel
|Kashi: &quot;Ya wuce ko ya fashe&quot;
|-
|2012
|''Alice Nevers: Alkalin mace ce''
|Luka
|Fim: &quot;Bio Connection&quot;
|-
|2013
|''A ƙarƙashin rana ta Saint-Tropez''
|Zacharie &quot;Zach&quot; Mondino
|Abubuwa 4
|-
|2014
|''Bayan bango''
|Scoubi
|Fim: &quot;A karkashin vernis&quot;
|-
|2018
|Mahaifiyar Ba ta da Gaskiya (Faransanci: Maman a tort) 
|Luka
|Abubuwa 6
|-
|2019
|Point-Blank (Faransanci: Jihohin Gaggawa) 
|Amir
|Fim din talabijin
|-
|2021
|''A Duniya a cikin Kwanaki 80''
|Kowane wuri
|Babban rawar da ya taka  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carr |first=Flora |date=23 November 2021 |title=BBC One's Around the World in 80 Days to feature brand new Passepartout romance |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/around-the-world-in-80-days-bbc-passepartout-romance-newsupdate/ |journal=Radio Times |access-date=27 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Descombes |first=James |date=26 November 2021 |title=7 Questions with… David Tennant and Ibrahim Koma: &quot;It's quite hard to convince a camel that you're right and it's wrong.&quot; |url=https://www.bt.com/tv/drama/7-questions-with-david-tennant-ibrahim-koma-around-the-world-in-80-days |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=BT}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;
!Shekara
!Kyautar
!Sashe
!Ayyuka
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
|2014
|Kyautar Kaisar
|Mai yin fim mafi kyau
|''Birnin Rose''| {{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moussou |first=Khadija |title=Ibrahim Koma pour &quot; La Cité rose &quot; de Julien Abraham |url=https://www.elle.fr/Loisirs/Cinema/Dossiers/Cesar-2014-qui-sont-les-espoirs-de-demain/Ibrahim-Koma-pour-La-Cite-Rose-de-Julien-Abraham |journal=Elle France |language=fr |access-date=27 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2017
|[[Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou|Bikin Fim da Talabijin na Panafrican na Ouagadougou]]
|Mafi kyawun Actor
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |''Wurin da ake ciki''| {{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reynaud |first=Bérénice |date=June 2017 |title=Pan African Film Festival 2017 |url=https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2017/festival-reports/pan-african-film-festival-2017/ |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=Senses of Cinema |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127083827/https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2017/festival-reports/pan-african-film-festival-2017/ |archive-date=27 November 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Lambar Yabo na 13th Africa Movie Academy Awards|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]]
|[[Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Jagora]]| {{Nom}}
|
|-
|[[Africa International Film Festival|Bikin Fim na Duniya na Afirka]]
|Mafi kyawun Actor| {{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ndeche |first=Chidirim |date=6 November 2017 |title=AFRIFF 2017: Full list of winners |url=https://guardian.ng/life/events/afriff-2017-full-list-of-winners/ |journal=Guardian Nigeria |access-date=27 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kyaututtuka na Faransanci
|Mafi kyawun Actor| {{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ayuketah |first=Eleanor |date=18 December 2017 |title=Trophées Francophones: Top government officials attend evening of glamour |url=https://www.crtv.cm/2017/12/trophees-francophones-top-government-officials-attend-evening-of-glamour/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127095346/https://www.crtv.cm/2017/12/trophees-francophones-top-government-officials-attend-evening-of-glamour/ |archive-date=27 November 2021 |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=CRTV}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018
|Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako
|''Wallay''| {{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wallay |url=https://www.bathysphere.fr/en/films/wallay |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=Bathysphere Productions}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2021
|Bikin Fim na Duniya na Karlovy Vary
|Mafi kyawun Actor
|''Kamar yadda zan iya tafiya''| {{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tizard |first=Will |date=28 August 2021 |title='As Far as I Can Walk' Takes Top Prize at Karlovy Vary Film Festival |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/karlovy-vary-as-far-as-i-can-walk-top-prize-1235051135/ |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Haƙar Ma'adinai a Jihar Gombe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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'''Haƙar ma'adinai a Jihar Gombe''' wani ɓangare ne na albarkatun ƙasa da ke da damar taimakawa wajen bunƙasa tattalin arzikin [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Jihar tana da ma'adinai daban-daban, ciki har da farar ƙasa (limestone), gypsum, kaolin, kwal (coal), yashi mai silica, yumɓu da baƙin ƙarfe. Duk da kasancewar waɗannan albarkatu, har yanzu akwai damar ƙara haɓaka haƙo ma'adinai, sarrafa su a cikin gida da kuma samar da masana'antun da za su yi amfani da su. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria/gombe |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Mungadi |first=Abdulrazaq |title=Rich in minerals, poor in exploitation |url=https://thesun.ng/rich-in-minerals-poor-in-exploitation/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da yanayin albarkatun ma'adinai ==

Jihar Gombe tana cikin yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, inda binciken ƙasa ya nuna kasancewar albarkatun ma'adinai iri-iri. Rahotannin gwamnatin jihar da hukumomin binciken ma'adinai sun nuna cewa akwai albarkatun da za a iya amfani da su wajen masana'antar siminti, kayan gini da sauran masana'antun sarrafa kayayyaki. Duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin binciken kimiyya da tattara bayanai domin tabbatar da girman ma'adinan da za a iya haƙowa cikin riba a kowane yanki. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |title=Gombe State Report: Fiscal Allocation and Statutory Disbursement |url=https://neiti.gov.ng/cms/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/FASD-2012-2016-Gombe-State-Report.pdf |publisher=Nigerian Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria/gombe |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2026, jaridar *The Sun Nigeria* ta wallafa rahoto kan damar ma'adinai a Gombe da kuma ƙarancin amfani da wasu albarkatun yadda ya kamata. Rahoton ya nuna cewa jihar na da ma'adinai masu yawa, amma bunƙasa masana'antun sarrafa albarkatun a cikin gida na daga cikin muhimman ƙalubalen da ake buƙatar magancewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Mungadi |first=Abdulrazaq |title=Rich in minerals, poor in exploitation |url=https://thesun.ng/rich-in-minerals-poor-in-exploitation/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manyan ma'adinan da ake samu a Jihar Gombe ==

=== Farar ƙasa ===

Farar ƙasa (limestone) na daga cikin muhimman albarkatun ma'adinai a Jihar Gombe. Ana amfani da ita wajen samar da siminti da wasu kayan gini. Masana'antar Siminti ta Ashaka da ke jihar tana daga cikin muhimman masana'antun da ke amfani da farar ƙasa wajen samar da siminti. Wannan yana nuna muhimmancin ma'adinin ga bunƙasa masana'antu da samar da ayyukan yi. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Limestone |url=https://msmd.gov.ng/portfolio/limestone/ |website=Federal Ministry of Solid Minerals Development |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gypsum ===

Gypsum wani ma'adani ne da ake samu a Jihar Gombe, kuma ana amfani da shi wajen samar da siminti da kayan ado na gine-gine kamar *Plaster of Paris* (POP). Rahoton NEITI kan albarkatun ma'adinai ya ambaci wuraren da ake samun gypsum a jihar, ciki har da Baruwa da ke Ƙaramar Hukumar Nafada, Tongo da ke yankin Malamsidi, Kanawa a Ƙaramar Hukumar Yamaltu-Deba, da Lakata a Ƙaramar Hukumar Billiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |title=A Survey of the Solid Minerals Landscape and Endowments in Nigeria |url=https://neiti.gov.ng/cms/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/NEITI-OPS6-A-Survey-Solid-Minerals-Landscape-Endowments-in-Nigeria-310120.pdf |publisher=Nigerian Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative |access-date=14 October 2026 |archive-date=10 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910132238/https://neiti.gov.ng/cms/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/NEITI-OPS6-A-Survey-Solid-Minerals-Landscape-Endowments-in-Nigeria-310120.pdf |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 21 ga Mayu 2026, hukumar Raw Materials Research and Development Council (RMRDC) ta wallafa rahoto kan ziyarar bincike da ta kai yankin da ake samun gypsum a Ƙaramar Hukumar Funakaye. Ziyarar ta mayar da hankali kan tantance ingancin ma'adinin, tattara samfurori da gano damar da za a iya amfani da su wajen bunƙasa masana'antun sarrafa ma'adinai. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=RMRDC Explores Ashaka Gypsum Cluster to Boost Katsina’s Mineral Investment Drive |url=https://360.rmrdc.gov.ng/rmrdc-explores-ashaka-gypsum-cluster-to-boost-katsinas-mineral-investment-drive/ |website=Raw Materials 360 |date=21 May 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kaolin ===

Kaolin wani nau'in yumɓu ne mai amfani a masana'antu. Ana iya amfani da shi wajen samar da kayayyakin yumbu, takarda da wasu kayayyakin masana'antu, gwargwadon ingancinsa da sinadaran da ke cikinsa. Hukumar NIPC ta lissafa kaolin a cikin albarkatun ma'adinai da ake da su a Jihar Gombe, yayin da rahoton NEITI ya bayyana cewa jihar na neman masu zuba jari da za su taimaka wajen bunƙasa sarrafa wasu ma'adinai, ciki har da kaolin. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria/gombe |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |title=Gombe State Report: Fiscal Allocation and Statutory Disbursement |url=https://neiti.gov.ng/cms/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/FASD-2012-2016-Gombe-State-Report.pdf |publisher=Nigerian Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwal ===

Kwal (coal) na daga cikin albarkatun ma'adinai da aka lissafa a Jihar Gombe. Ana amfani da kwal a matsayin makamashi a wasu masana'antu, amma amfani da shi yana buƙatar la'akari da illolin da hayaki da gurɓatar muhalli za su iya haifarwa. Duk da kasancewar kwal a cikin jerin albarkatun jihar, ana buƙatar takamaiman bayanai kan wuraren da ake haƙo shi, yawan abin da ake samarwa da matsayin ayyukan haƙo kwal a halin yanzu kafin a iya bayyana girman gudummawarsa ga tattalin arzikin jihar. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria/gombe |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yashi mai silica da yumɓu ===

Yashi mai silica da yumɓu suna cikin albarkatun ƙasa da ake samu a Jihar Gombe. Ana iya amfani da yashi mai silica wajen samar da gilashi da wasu kayayyakin masana'antu idan ya cika ƙa'idojin inganci, yayin da yumɓu ke da amfani wajen yin tubali, tukwane da sauran kayayyakin gini. Hukumar zuba jari ta jihar ta kuma nuna cewa yumɓu na daga cikin albarkatun da ke da damar tallafa wa masana'antun gine-gine da sarrafa ma'adinai. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=GOSIPA |url=https://www.gosipa.gm.gov.ng/ |website=Gombe State Investment Promotion Agency |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria/gombe |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Baƙin ƙarfe da sauran ma'adinai ===

Baƙin ƙarfe (iron ore) yana cikin albarkatun ma'adinai da aka lissafa a Jihar Gombe. Haka kuma, rahotannin albarkatun ƙasa sun ambaci wasu ma'adinai kamar bentonite, silica sand, talc, granite da sauran duwatsu da ma'adinai. Sai dai samun ma'adinai a jerin albarkatun jihar ba ya tabbatar da cewa ana haƙo kowannensu a kasuwanci ko kuma cewa an tabbatar da yawan ajiyarsa. Ana buƙatar binciken ƙasa, tantance samfurori da nazarin yiwuwar kasuwanci kafin a kafa masana'antu masu dogaro da su. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria/gombe |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |title=Gombe State Report: Fiscal Allocation and Statutory Disbursement |url=https://neiti.gov.ng/cms/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/FASD-2012-2016-Gombe-State-Report.pdf |publisher=Nigerian Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmancin haƙar ma'adinai ga tattalin arziki ==

Haƙar ma'adinai na iya samar da ayyukan yi ga matasa da sauran mazauna jihar, musamman a fannonin haƙo albarkatu, jigilar su, kasuwanci da sarrafa su. Haka kuma, samun masana'antun sarrafa ma'adinai a cikin gida na iya ƙara darajar albarkatun ƙasa, samar da kuɗin shiga da ƙarfafa kasuwanci tsakanin Jihar Gombe da sauran jihohin Najeriya. Hukumar NIPC ta bayyana albarkatun ma'adinai a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin muhimman fannoni da za su iya jawo zuba jari a jihar. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria/gombe |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Haƙar ma'adinai da bunƙasa masana'antu ==

Haƙar ma'adinai tana da alaƙa da bunƙasa masana'antun gine-gine da sarrafa kayayyaki. Misali, farar ƙasa da gypsum na iya taimakawa wajen samar da siminti, yayin da yumɓu da wasu duwatsu za su iya tallafa wa samar da tubali da sauran kayan gini. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta bayyana farar ƙasa, gypsum da yumɓu a matsayin muhimman albarkatu da za su iya jawo zuba jari a masana'antu. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=GOSIPA |url=https://www.gosipa.gm.gov.ng/ |website=Gombe State Investment Promotion Agency |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin gwamnati da zuba jari ==

Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe tana neman jawo hankalin masu zuba jari zuwa fannin ma'adinai domin ƙara sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa da samar da ayyukan yi. Hukumar Gombe State Investment Promotion Agency (GOSIPA) tana nuna farar ƙasa, gypsum da yumɓu a matsayin wasu daga cikin albarkatun da za su iya taimaka wa masana'antun gine-gine da sauran sassan tattalin arziki. Haka kuma, hukumar NIPC tana tattara bayanan damar zuba jari a jihar domin taimaka wa masu zuba jari su gano fannoni masu amfani. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=GOSIPA |url=https://www.gosipa.gm.gov.ng/ |website=Gombe State Investment Promotion Agency |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria/gombe |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yulin 2026, RMRDC ta kuma wallafa rahoto kan ziyarar da ofishinta na Jihar Katsina ya kai Gombe domin binciken damar amfani da fluorite da gypsum. Wannan ziyara ta nuna cewa ana ci gaba da neman hanyoyin haɗa albarkatun ma'adinai da buƙatun masu zuba jari da masana'antun sarrafa kayayyaki. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=RMRDC Katsina Explores Industrial Mineral Opportunities in Gombe State |url=https://360.rmrdc.gov.ng/rmrdc-katsina-explores-industrial-mineral-opportunities-in-gombe-state/ |website=Raw Materials 360 |date=15 July 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙalubalen haƙar ma'adinai ==

Duk da albarkatun da ake da su, akwai ƙalubale da za su iya hana bunƙasa fannin haƙar ma'adinai a Jihar Gombe. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ƙarancin masana'antun sarrafa ma'adinai, buƙatar ƙarin binciken kimiyya, kuɗin kafa masana'antu, sufuri da buƙatar ingantattun kayan aiki. Rahoton *The Sun Nigeria* na Janairun 2026 ya jaddada sabanin da ke tsakanin yawan albarkatun ma'adinai da ƙarancin amfani da su wajen bunƙasa masana'antu a jihar. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Mungadi |first=Abdulrazaq |title=Rich in minerals, poor in exploitation |url=https://thesun.ng/rich-in-minerals-poor-in-exploitation/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kare muhalli da lafiyar al'umma ==

Haƙar ma'adinai na iya haifar da matsalolin muhalli idan ba a gudanar da ita yadda ya kamata ba. Haƙo ma'adinai ba tare da tsare-tsaren kariya ba na iya haifar da zaizayar ƙasa, gurɓatar ruwa, ƙura da lalacewar wuraren zama. Saboda haka, ya kamata masu haƙar ma'adinai su bi dokokin da suka shafi lasisi, tsaron wurin aiki, kula da sharar ma'adinai da dawo da wuraren da aka haƙa zuwa yanayin da ya dace. Hukumomin gwamnati sun jaddada muhimmancin kula da muhalli da tabbatar da amincin ayyukan ma'adinai a Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=NNRA Gombe Zonal Office Engages Gombe State Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources |url=https://nnra.gov.ng/nnra/post-nnra_gombe_zonal_office_engages_gombe_state_ministry_of_energy_and_mineral_resources |website=Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ministry of Solid Minerals Development |url=https://msmd.gov.ng/ |website=Federal Ministry of Solid Minerals Development |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Makomar haƙar ma'adinai a Jihar Gombe ==

Makomar haƙar ma'adinai a Jihar Gombe za ta dogara da ingantaccen binciken ƙasa, jawo zuba jari, kafa masana'antun sarrafawa da kuma kula da muhalli. Samar da bayanan kimiyya masu inganci game da wurare, yawan ma'adinai da ingancinsu zai taimaka wajen rage haɗarin zuba jari da ƙarfafa amfani da albarkatun cikin gida. Idan aka gudanar da ayyukan cikin tsari da gaskiya, haƙar ma'adinai na iya taimakawa wajen samar da ayyukan yi, ƙara darajar kayayyakin gida da bunƙasa tattalin arzikin jihar. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe |url=https://nipc.gov.ng/nigeria/gombe |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mineral Exploration &amp; Evaluation |url=https://ngsa.gov.ng/mineral-exploration-evaluation/ |website=Nigeria Geological Survey Agency |access-date=14 October 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jengre</title>
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'''Jengre''' gari ne da ke cikin Masarautar Pengana, a Gundumar Jere, cikin [[Bassa, Plateau State|Ƙaramar Hukumar Bassa]] ta [[Jihar Filato]], a kasar  [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alozie |first=Ezinwa |date=2022-10-27 |title=Special Prayer for Adventist College of Nursing Sciences' Inaguration in Jengre |url=https://adventist.news/news/special-prayer-for-adventist-college-of-nursing-sciences-inaguration-in-jengre |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=Adventist News Network |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831222605/https://adventist.news/news/special-prayer-for-adventist-college-of-nursing-sciences-inaguration-in-jengre |archive-date=2023-08-31 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gari ne daga cikin matsugunan al'ummar [[Zele language|Jere]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Blench|first=Roger |date=2021-01-01 |title=Introduction to the Shammɔ peoples of Central Nigeria |url=https://www.academia.edu/48907913/Introduction_to_the_Shamm%C9%94_peoples_of_Central_Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jengre yana yankin arewacin [[Bassa, Plateau State|Ƙaramar Hukumar Bassa]], kuma yana iyaka da Jihar Kaduna ta ɓangaren arewa, a wani wuri da ake kira ''Kan'iyaka''.

Jengre ita ce hedkwatar Masarautar Pengana, kuma a nan ne mazaunin babban basaraken masarautar, wanda ake yi wa laƙabi da Ogomo Pengana, yake. An gina fadar Ogomo a garin Jengre na al'ummar [[Zele language|Jere]] a kusan shekarar 1952.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Yearwood |first=Peter J. |title=The Creation of the Pengana Chieftaincy on the Northern Jos Plateau, Nigeria, 1952-55 |last2=Dr John |first2=Nengel |publisher=Peter J. Yearwood, University of Papua New Guinea and Dr John Nengel, University of Jos in Nigeria |pages=7–8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga wannan lokaci, fadar ta kasance mazaunin dindindin na mai mulkin masarautar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Sadarwa ==

=== Sadarwar tangaraho ===

Layin sadarwar [[Telegraphy|tangaraho]] da ya taso daga [[Zungeru]], wadda a wancan lokacin ita ce babban birnin [[Northern Nigeria Protectorate|Yankin Arewacin Najeriya na ƙarƙashin mulkin Birtaniya]], ya bi ta [[Naraguta]] da [[Rahama]] kafin ya isa Jengre a shekarar alif 1913.

An kuma gina ofishin sadarwar tangaraho a garin, tare da shimfiɗa wayoyin sadarwa guda biyu a kan hanyar jirgin ƙasa tsakanin Rahama da Jengre.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|url=https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/Africana/Books2011-05/3064634/3064634_1913_northern_nigeria/3064634_1913_northern_nigeria_opt.pdf|title=Annual Report of the Colonies, Northern Nigeria, 1913|trans-title=XIV.—POSTS AND TELEGRAPHS.|issue=821|page=19|location=London|date=December 1914|access-date=April 26, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Populated places in Plateau State]]
[[Category:Towns in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Bassa, Plateau State]]

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  <page>
    <title>Heather Steans</title>
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      <text bytes="12474" sha1="1ueo6f9lbrp8rfif0ag470h9bbq7tix" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Heather Adeline Steans''' an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, 1963 tsohuwar memba ce ta Democrat a Majalisar Dattijan Illinois, tana wakiltar gundumar ta 7. An nada ta ne bayan ta lashe zaben fidda gwani na musamman wanda ya biyo bayan murabus din wanda ya riga ta, Sanata [[Carol Ronen]]. Ta yi murabus daga ofis a ranar 19 ga watan Janairu, 2021 bayan shekaru 12 a ofis.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Steans a ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, 1963, a Lake Forest, Illinois . Mahaifinta, Harrison I. Steans, attajiri ne wanda ya kafa kamfanin banki wanda daga baya ya sayar wa JPMorgan Chase. Daga bisani ya zama biliyan, a cikin 1994 ya kafa Kamfanin Kasuwancin Kudi, wanda ke saka hannun jari ga dukiyar iyalin Steans.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=In Memorium Harrison I. Steans |url=http://www.steansfamilyfoundation.org/obituary_harrison.shtml |website=steansfamilyfoundation.org |access-date=2026-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819102515/http://www.steansfamilyfoundation.org/obituary_harrison.shtml |archive-date=2022-08-19 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2019 |title=Banker, civic figure Harrison Steans dies |url=https://www.chicagobusiness.com/obituaries/banker-civic-figure-harrison-steans-dies |website=chicagobusiness.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanin Kasuwancin Kudi yanzu 'yar'uwar Steans Jennifer ce ke gudanar da shi, kuma kwanan nan ta saka hannun jari a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu da ke mayar da hankali ga Asiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dynasty to dynasty: US banking heiress reaches out to Asian billionaires |url=https://www.financeasia.com/article/dynasty-to-dynasty-us-banking-heiress-reaches-out-to-asian-billionaires/455012 |website=financeasia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, Kamfanin Kasuwancin Kudi yana saka hannun jari sosai a masana'antun banki da makamashi mai da iskar gas,  kuma yana da saka hannun jari a cikin kamfanonin sabis na fracturing fracking Liberty Oilfield Services kafin fara bayar da jama'a a cikin 2018, kodayake Steans ba ta saka hannun jari kanta ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jennifer Steans |url=https://www.ficcep.com/jennifer-w-steans/ |website=ficcep.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Liberty Oilfield Services |url=https://www.ficcep.com/liberty-oilfield-services-2/ |website=ficcep.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Steans graduated with an A.B. in sociology from Princeton University in 1985 after completing a senior thesis titled &quot;Public vs. Private: Low and Moderate Income Housing in Trenton, New Jersey.&quot; She earned an M.P.P. from [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard University]]'s John F. Kennedy School of Government.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2017}}

== Ayyukan sana'a ==
Steans shine tsohon darektan kasafin kudi na Ma'aikatar Masana'antu, Aiki, da Dangantakar Dan Adam ta Wisconsin. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara dabarun [[Chicago Public Schools|Makarantun Jama'a na Chicago]] kuma a matsayin mai ba da shawara a Ernst &amp;amp;amp; Young . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=http://senatorsteans.com/biography |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318033517/http://senatorsteans.com/biography |archive-date=18 March 2016 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=senatorsteans.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayi na siyasa ==

=== Hakkin LGBT ===
A shekara ta 2009, Steans ya gabatar da dokar auren gay SB 2468 wanda ke gabatar da auren farar hula a Illinois kuma yana ba da damar cibiyoyin addini su ƙi auren ma'aurata iri ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Illinois General Assembly – Bill Status for SB2468 |url=http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/BillStatus.asp?DocNum=2468&amp;GAID=10&amp;DocTypeID=SB&amp;LegID=48572&amp;SessionID=76&amp;GA=96 |website=ilga.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; SB 2468 ya bayyana cewa, &quot;babu wani abu a cikin Dokar da ya kamata a fassara don tsoma baki ko tsara duk wani aikin addini game da aure kuma babu wata addini da ake buƙata don yin aure wanda ya ƙi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Illinois General Assembly – Full Text of SB2468 |url=http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/fulltext.asp?DocName=&amp;SessionId=76&amp;GA=96&amp;DocTypeId=SB&amp;DocNum=2468&amp;GAID=10&amp;LegID=48572&amp;SpecSess=&amp;Session= |website=ilga.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A cikin 2013, Steans ya dauki nauyin dokar auren gay wanda aka sanya hannu a cikin doka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sweet 16: Illinois Gov. Signs Gay Marriage Bill |url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/national-international/natl-chi-sweet-16-illinois-gov-signs-gay-marriage-bill/2047740/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaba na daidaito na Illinois Bernard Cherkasov ya kira Steans &quot;ɗaya daga cikin masu goyon bayan Majalisar Dattijai na cikakken daidaito ga mutanen LGBT, gami da kasancewa babban mai tallafawa majalisar dattijai na dokar aure. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Sterns wins Freedom Award |url=http://www.equalityillinois.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/RELEASE_SteansWinsFreedomAward_1-30-13.pdf |access-date=February 18, 2020 |publisher=equalityillinois.us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Canjin kiwon lafiya ===
Steans shine Babban Mai tallafawa na IL Senate Bill 655 (SB685), wanda ya kirkiro sabbin dokoki da aka tsara don inganta kulawa a gidajen tsofaffi da hana watsi da haƙuri da cin zarafi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Illinois General Assembly – Bill Status for SB0685 |url=http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/billstatus.asp?DocNum=685&amp;GAID=10&amp;GA=96&amp;DocTypeID=SB&amp;LegID=41577&amp;SessionID=76#actions |website=ilga.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar sanarwar manema labarai ta Ofishin Gwamna Pat Quinn, &quot;Sabon dokar ta sake fasalin tsarin shigarwa zuwa gidajen tsofaffi, tabbatar da cewa kawai waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa mai ƙwarewa na awanni 24 ne aka shigar da su. .. Dokar ta kafa ingancin gidajen tsofaffin yara da bukatun ma'aikata, ta ɗaga hukunci don keta doka, kuma ta kara dubawa da saka idanu. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Nursing reform law |url=http://www.illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/pressroom/2010_07/07_29_10_Nursing_Home_Reform_Law_RELEASE.pdf |access-date=February 18, 2020 |publisher=Illinois Attorney General |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017134036/https://illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/pressroom/2010_07/07_29_10_Nursing_Home_Reform_Law_RELEASE.pdf |archive-date=October 17, 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Steans ya kuma yi haɗin gwiwa tare da abokin hamayyar siyasa, Suzanne Elder, don zartar da dokar nuna bambanci. Yin aiki tare, ita da Elder sun fuskanci adawa mai tsanani daga kungiyoyin malamai na jihar kuma sun mamaye wani gyare-gyare na veto daga Gwamna Quinn don kafa dokar da ke kare lafiyar da haƙƙin jama'a na ɗalibai masu ciwon sukari da sauran nakasassu (The Care of Students with Diabetes Act, P.A. 96-1485). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Illinois General Assembly – Full Text of Public Act 096-1485 |url=http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/publicacts/fulltext.asp?Name=096-1485 |website=ilga.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2012, Heather Steans ta dauki nauyin &quot;Save Medicaid Access and Resources Together Act&quot; (SMART Act), wanda ya adana Illinois $ 1.6 biliyan a cikin farashin Medicaid ta hanyar kara ingancin shirin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Illinois News - Illinois.gov |url=https://www2.illinois.gov:443/news/release?ReleaseID=10307 |website=www2.illinois.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Steans kuma ya zartar da dokar da ta ba Illinois damar aiwatar da fadada Medicaid a karkashin Dokar Kare Mai haƙuri da Kulawa mai araha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Steans Family Foundation &amp;#124; Board |url=http://www.steansfamilyfoundation.org/bio_heather.shtml |website=steansfamilyfoundation.org |access-date=2026-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331061158/http://www.steansfamilyfoundation.org/bio_heather.shtml |archive-date=2022-03-31 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2018 Heather Seans ita ce jagorar mai tallafawa a Majalisar Dattijai don ƙuntata damar Illinoisans ga tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiya marasa bin Obamacare a cikin ƙoƙari na tilasta musu cikin tsare-tsare na inshorar kiwon lafiya masu tsada da Obamacare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 29, 2018 |title=Illinois Legislature overrides veto of short-term health plan limit {{!}} Modern Healthcare |url=https://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20181129/NEWS/181129919/illinois-legislature-overrides-veto-of-short-term-health-plan-limit}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nuna bambanci ===
Steans ya dauki nauyin Dokar Daidaita Biya ta Illinois ta 2012, wanda ke da alhakin nuna bambancin albashi bisa ga jinsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2012 Equal Pay Legislation |url=https://www.ncsl.org/research/labor-and-employment/2012-equal-pay-legislation.aspx |website=ncsl.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Steans ya jagoranci yakin don Illinois ta tabbatar da Kwaskwarimar Daidaitaccen Hakki, wanda ya wuce Majalisar Dattijan Jihar Illinois. A kan batun, Steans ya ce, &quot;Daga daidaitattun albashi zuwa daidaitattun damar kiwon lafiya zuwa magani mai kyau a makarantun koleji, haƙƙin mata suna cikin haɗari muddin ba a kare su a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senate votes to ratify Equal Rights Amendment (AUDIO) |url=http://senatorsteans.com/news/press-releases/117-senate-votes-to-ratify-equal-rights-amendment-audio |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913065824/http://senatorsteans.com/news/press-releases/117-senate-votes-to-ratify-equal-rights-amendment-audio |archive-date=13 September 2016 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=senatorsteans.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Muhalli ===
Steans ya rubuta Dokar Lead Sinker, SB 1269, shirin ilimi wanda ke inganta amfani da kayayyakin kamun kifi waɗanda ba su da lahani ga mutane da namun daji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Illinois General Assembly – Bill Status for SB1269 |url=http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/billstatus.asp?DocNum=1269&amp;GAID=10&amp;GA=96&amp;DocTypeID=SB&amp;LegID=42210&amp;SessionID=76 |website=ilga.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da tallafawa SB 3346 tare da Wakilin Jiha Karen Mayu, Steans ya zartar da lissafin rage mercury a cikin yanayin yanayi ta hanyar inganta tarin kayan da sake amfani da su daga raka'a na thermostat. A cewar Cibiyar Shari'a da Manufofin Muhalli, ƙungiyar da ta taimaka wajen tsara lissafin, &quot;Wannan lissafin ne wanda masu kula da muhalli, masana'antun da dukan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya zasu iya yarda da shi&quot;.

Steans da abokan aikinta sun zartar da dokar da ta sanya Illinois jihar farko a cikin al'umma don hana siyarwa da ƙera microbeads a cikin kayan shafawa da sabulu, waɗanda sune babban tushen gurɓata filastik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Germann |first=Roger |date=December 30, 2015 |title=Great Lakes Triumph as Microbead-Free Waters Act Signed into Law |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/great-lakes-triumph-as-microbead-free_b_8891144 |website=HuffPost}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilimi ===
Sanata Steans ya taimaka wajen jagorantar aiwatar da dokar da ta karfafa dokokin yaki da zalunci na Illinois ta hanyar bayar da rahoto, kare sirrin dalibai, hana ramuwar gayya da sauran matakan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gov. Quinn Signs Anti-Bullying Bill « Equality Illinois |url=https://www.equalityillinois.us/2014/06/gov-quinn-signs-anti-bullying-bill/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Steans ya ci gaba da jagorantar kokarin kirkirar wata kungiya mai zaman kanta tare da ikon buƙatar hukumomin haraji na gida don tallafawa makarantun sasanta masu zaman kansu, koda kuwa hukumar makarantar da ta dace ba za ta yi hakan da son rai ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Illinois General Assembly – Bill Status for HB5825 |url=http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/billstatus.asp?DocNum=5825&amp;GAID=11&amp;GA=97&amp;DocTypeID=HB&amp;LegID=66321&amp;SessionID=84&amp;SpecSess= |website=ilga.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Wannan yunkuri don tallafawa yunkurin makarantar Yarjejeniya ya biyo bayan kokarin da ta yi na wuce SB7, wanda ya sauƙaƙa tsarin korar malamai a makarantar jama'a kuma ya sa ya fi wuya ga malamai su shiga cikin aikin ƙungiyar da aka kare na yajin aiki don inganta yanayin aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Illinois General Assembly – Bill Status for SB0007 |url=http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/BillStatus.asp?DocNum=7&amp;GAID=11&amp;DocTypeID=SB&amp;SessionID=84&amp;GA=97 |website=ilga.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Kudin na ƙarshe ya kasance wani ɓangare na takaddamar siyasa ga magajin gari Rahm Emanuel na lokacin da ke kula da rufe kusan makarantun firamare hamsin a Birnin Chicago tare da manyan ɗaliban Afirka na Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karp |first=Sarah |date=May 22, 2018 |title=Study: 2013 Chicago School Closings Failed To Help Students |url=https://www.wbez.org/shows/wbez-news/study-2013-chicago-school-closings-failed-to-help-students/0eea4948-78dc-4fc9-9c45-0750584cb9f4 |publisher=WBEZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jerin kyaututtuka da gabatarwa da Bob Odenkirk ya samu</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''Bob Odenkirk''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka. Odenkirk ya fara aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo kafin ya sauya zuwa aiki mai ban mamaki a kan mataki da allo. A cikin aikinsa ya lashe lambar yabo ta Emmy sau biyu, lambar yabo ta Screen Actors Guild, da lambar yabo ta Critics' Choice Television guda uku da kuma gabatarwa ga lambar yabo ta Golden Globe guda biyar, lambar yabo ce ta Producers Guild of America, da kuma lambar yabo ta Tony.

Odenkirk ya fara aikinsa na sana'a a matsayin marubuci don jerin wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban, wanda ya fara da jerin [[NBC]] na Asabar da dare (1987-1991) sannan ya biyo bayan jerin MTV The Ben Stiller Show (1992) da kuma jerin HBO ''Mr. Show tare da Bob da David'' (1995-1998). Don aiki a kan waɗannan shirye-shiryen an zabi shi don lambar yabo ta Emmy ta Primetime guda shida don Rubuce-rubuce na Musamman don Jerin iri-iri, ya lashe sau biyu a 1989 da 1993. Ya fara fim dinsa na farko tare da Melvin Goes to Dinner (2003) wanda ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa daga bikin fina-finai na Avignon, bikin fina-fukki na Boston, bikin fina'in Phoenix, Bikin Fim na Sidewalk, bikin fina (Slamdance Film Festival), da kuma Kudancin Kudancin Kudu maso Yamma. 

A matsayinsa na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, ya ɗauki rawar goyon baya ta maimaitawa yana wasa da lauya mai ban sha'awa amma mai ƙwarewa Saul Goodman a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na AMC Breaking Bad (2009-2013) wanda ya lashe kyautar Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Ensemble in a cikin Drama Series a cikin 2013. Ya sake taka rawar da ya taka a wannan lokacin a matsayin jagora na jerin shirye-shiryen AMC prequel Better Call Saul (2015-2022) wanda ya sami yabo mai yawa da kuma Kyautar Zaɓin Talabijin na Critics guda uku don Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Drama Series da kuma gabatarwa shida don Primetime Emmy Awards, gabatarwa biyar don Golden Globe Awards, da gabatarwa guda biyar don Kyautar Screen Actors Guild don Kyautar Mai Kyawun Actor a Drama Series.

A matsayinsa na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a fim, ya ɗauki rawar goyon baya a matsayin Ross Grant a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na hanyar Alexander Payne Nebraska (2013) inda ya sami kyautar Critics' Choice Movie Awards, kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin Hutch Mansell, tsohon mai kisan gilla na gwamnati a cikin fim ɗin Nobody (2021), wanda ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin furodusa, inda ya sami gabatarwa na Critics' Zaɓin Super Awards. A talabijin, ya ɗauki matsayin baƙo mai maimaitawa a matsayin Uncle Lee Lane a cikin FX a kan jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Hulu The Bear (2023-) wanda aka zaba shi don kyautar Primetime Emmy don fitaccen Baƙo a cikin Comedy Series. A kan mataki, ya fara bugawa Broadway wasa da Shelley Levene, mai sayar da dukiya mai cin nasara, sau ɗaya a cikin farfadowar wasan David Mamet na Glengarry Glen Ross na 2024 wanda aka zaba shi don Kyautar Tony don Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan .

== Manyan ƙungiyoyi ==

=== Kyautar Zaɓin Masu sukar ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:5em;&quot; |Shekara
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:24em;&quot; |Sashe
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:27em;&quot; |Ayyukan da aka zaba
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:5em;&quot; |Sakamakon
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu sukar
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2013
|Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka Tare
|''Nebraska''| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=‘American Hustle’, ‘12 Years A Slave’ Lead BFCA’s Critics Choice Movie Awards Nominations |url=https://deadline.com/2013/12/critics-choice-movie-awards-nominees-full-list-652803/ |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu sukar
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Fim ɗin Ayyuka
|''Babu wanda ya''| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Clayton |date=22 February 2022 |title=Critics Choice Super Awards: 'Spider-Man,' 'Justice League' Among Film Nominees; 'Evil,' 'Midnight Mass' Lead TV |url=https://variety.com/2022/awards/news/critics-choice-super-awards-spider-man-1235187084/ |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |2026
|''Babu wanda ya 2''|{{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Winners Announced For The Critics Choice Association’s 6th Annual “Critics Choice Super Awards” – Critics Choice |url=https://www.criticschoice.com/winners-announced-for-the-critics-choice-associations-6th-annual-critics-choice-super-awards/ |access-date=2026-08-07 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Kyautar Zaɓin Talabijin na Masu sukar
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2015
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Jerin Wasan kwaikwayo
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |''Zai fi Kiran Saul'' &lt;small&gt; (lokaci na farko) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Won}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Critics' Choice TV Awards 2015: And the nominees are... |url=https://ew.com/article/2015/05/05/critics-tv-choice-awards-2015-and-nominees-are/ |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |''Zai fi Kiran Saul'' &lt;small&gt; (lokaci na biyu) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Won}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2016 |title=22nd Annual Critics' Choice Awards - Winners |url=http://www.criticschoice.com/movie-awards/22nd-annual-critics-choice-awards-winners/ |access-date=29 November 2020 |publisher=[[Broadcast Film Critics Association|BTJA]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608111354/http://www.criticschoice.com/movie-awards/22nd-annual-critics-choice-awards-winners/ |archive-date=8 June 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2017
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |''Zai fi Kiran Saul'' &lt;small&gt; (lokaci na uku) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Critics’ Choice Awards: ‘The Shape of Water’ Leads With 14 Nominations |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2018-critics-choice-awards-nominations-list-full-1062824/ |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2018
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |''Zai fi Kiran Saul'' &lt;small&gt; (lokaci na huɗu) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=‘Roma,’ ‘The Americans’ and ‘The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel’ Win Top Critics’ Choice Honors |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/awards/2019-critics-choice-awards-winners-nominees-full-list-1203106702/ |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2020
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |''Zai fi Kiran Saul'' &lt;small&gt; (lokaci na biyar) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Critics Choice Awards TV Nominations: ‘Ozark’, ‘The Crown’ &amp; Netflix Lead |url=https://deadline.com/2021/01/critics-choice-awards-nominations-ozark-the-crown-tv-series-1234675506/ |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2023
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |''Zai fi Kiran Saul'' &lt;small&gt; (lokaci na shida) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Won}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nordyke |first=Kimberly |date=January 15, 2023 |title=Critics Choice Awards: Full List of Winners |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/critics-choice-awards-winners-list-full-2023-1235300137/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116052049/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/critics-choice-awards-winners-list-full-2023-1235300137/ |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |access-date=January 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Kyautar Emmy ta farko
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:5em;&quot; |Shekara
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:24em;&quot; |Sashe
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:27em;&quot; |Ayyukan da aka zaba
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:5em;&quot; |Sakamakon
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1989
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Rubuce-rubuce na Musamman don Shirin Kiɗa
|Asabar Night Live &lt;small&gt; (Lokaci na 14) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominees / Winners 1989 Emmy Awards |url=https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1989 |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=Television Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1990
|Asabar Night Live (lokaci 15) &lt;small&gt; (lokaci na 15) &lt;/small&gt;| {{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominees / Winners 1990 Emmy Awards |url=https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1990 |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=Television Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1991
|Asabar Night Live (lokaci 16) &lt;small&gt; (lokaci na 16) &lt;/small&gt;| {{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominees / Winners 1991 Emmy Awards |url=https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1991 |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=Television Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1993
|''Nunin Ben Stiller''| {{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominees / Winners 1993 Emmy Awards |url=https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1993 |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=Television Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1998
|''Mr. Show tare da Bob da David'' &lt;small&gt; (Lokaci na 3) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominees / Winners 1998 Emmy Awards |url=https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1998 |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=Television Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kyakkyawan Waƙoƙi da Kalmomin
|''Mr. Show tare da Bob da David'' &lt;small&gt; (&quot;Yaya Tsawon Dutsen&quot;) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Nom}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1999
|Rubuce-rubuce na Musamman don Shirin Kiɗa
|''Mr. Show tare da Bob da David'' &lt;small&gt; (lokaci na 4) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominees / Winners 1999 Emmy Awards |url=https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1999 |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=Television Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2015
|Kyakkyawan Shirye-shiryen Wasanni
|''Zai fi Kiran Saul''&lt;small&gt; (Lokaci na 1) &lt;/small&gt;| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominees / Winners 2015 Emmy Awards |url=https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2015 |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=Television Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Babban Actor a cikin Drama Series
|''Zai fi Kiran Saul''&lt;small&gt; (aukuwa: &quot;Piment&quot;) &lt;/small&gt;| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2016
|Kyakkyawan Shirye-shiryen Wasanni
|''Zai fi Kiran Saul''&lt;small&gt; (lokaci na 2) &lt;/small&gt;| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominees / Winners 2016 Emmy Awards |url=https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2016 |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=Television Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Babban Actor a cikin Drama Series
|''Zai fi Kiran Saul'' (babban labari: &quot;Klick&quot;) &lt;small&gt; (aukuwa: &quot;Klick&quot;) &lt;/small&gt;| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2017
|Kyakkyawan Shirye-shiryen Wasanni
|''Zai fi Kiran Saul''&lt;small&gt; (Lokaci na 3) &lt;/small&gt;| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominees / Winners 2017 Emmy Awards |url=https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2017 |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=Television Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Babban Actor a cikin Drama Series
|''Zai fi Kiran Saul''&lt;small&gt; (aukuwa: &quot;Kuɗaɗen kuɗi&quot;) &lt;/small&gt;| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2019
|Kyakkyawan Shirye-shiryen Wasanni
|''Zai fi Kiran Saul''&lt;small&gt; (lokaci na 4) &lt;/small&gt;| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominees / Winners 2019 Emmy Awards |url=https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2019 |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=Television Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Babban Actor a cikin Drama Series
|Mafi Kyawun Kira Saul (babban labari: &quot;Mai Nasara&quot;) &lt;small&gt; (aukuwa: &quot;Winner&quot;) &lt;/small&gt;| {{Nom}} 
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2020
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kyakkyawan Shirye-shiryen Wasanni
|''Zai fi Kiran Saul''&lt;small&gt; (lokaci na 5) &lt;/small&gt;| {{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominees / Winners 2020 Emmy Awards |url=https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2020 |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=Television Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2022
|''Zai fi Kiran Saul''&lt;small&gt; (lokaci na 6 sashi na 1) &lt;/small&gt;| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominees / Winners 2022 Emmy Awards |url=https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2022 |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=Television Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Babban Actor a cikin Drama Series
|''Zai fi Kiran Saul''&lt;small&gt; (aukuwa: &quot;Tsarin da Kashewa&quot;) &lt;/small&gt;| {{Nom}} 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2023
|Kyakkyawan Shirye-shiryen Wasanni
|Mafi Kyawun Kira Saul (&lt;small&gt; (lokaci na 6 sashi na 2) &lt;/small&gt;) | {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nominees / Winners 2023 Emmy Awards |url=https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2023 |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=Television Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Babban Actor a cikin Drama Series
|''Zai fi Kiran Saul''&lt;small&gt; (babban abu: &quot;Saul Gone&quot;) &lt;/small&gt;| {{Nom}} 
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2024
|Mai baƙo mai ban sha'awa a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo
|''Bear'' (babban labari: &quot;Kayan kifi&quot;) &lt;small&gt; (aukuwa: &quot;Kayan Kifi&quot;) &lt;/small&gt;| {{Nom}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;2024Emmys&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2024 |title=76th Emmy Awards Complete Nominations List |url=https://www.emmys.com/sites/default/files/Downloads/76thnominations-list-v1.pdf?q=2024&amp;q1= |access-date=July 18, 2024 |website=Television Academy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:5em;&quot; |Shekara
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:24em;&quot; |Sashe
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:27em;&quot; |Ayyukan da aka zaba
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:5em;&quot; |Sakamakon
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin jerin Talabijin - Drama
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |''Zai fi Kiran Saul'' &lt;small&gt; (lokaci na farko) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;globes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bob Odenkirk - Golden Globes |url=https://goldenglobes.com/person/bob-odenkirk/ |access-date=June 5, 2024 |publisher=[[Golden Globe Awards|goldenglobes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2017
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |''Zai fi Kiran Saul'' &lt;small&gt; (lokaci na biyu) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Nom}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;globes&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2018
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |''Zai fi Kiran Saul'' &lt;small&gt; (lokaci na uku) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Nom}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;globes&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |''Zai fi Kiran Saul'' &lt;small&gt; (lokaci na huɗu) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Nom}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;globes&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2023
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |''Zai fi Kiran Saul'' &lt;small&gt; (lokaci na biyar) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Nom}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;globes&quot; /&gt;
|-
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:5em;&quot; |Shekara
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:24em;&quot; |Sashe
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:27em;&quot; |Ayyukan da aka zaba
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:5em;&quot; |Sakamakon
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2011
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Kyakkyawan Haɗin Kai a cikin Jerin Wasan kwaikwayo
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Breaking Bad &lt;small&gt; (lokaci na huɗu) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 18th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/18th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=May 21, 2016 |website=[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2012
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Breaking Bad (lokaci biyar kashi 1) &lt;small&gt; (lokaci na biyar kashi 1) &lt;/small&gt;| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 19th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/19th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=May 21, 2016 |website=[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2013
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Breaking Bad &lt;small&gt; (lokaci biyar kashi 2) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Won}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 20th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/20th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=May 21, 2016 |website=[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2015
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Kyakkyawan Maza Actor a cikin Wasan kwaikwayo
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |''Zai fi Kiran Saul'' &lt;small&gt; (lokaci na farko) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 22nd Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/22nd-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=May 21, 2016 |website=[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2017
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |''Zai fi Kiran Saul'' &lt;small&gt; (lokaci na uku) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 24th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/24th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=May 21, 2016 |website=[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2018
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Zai fi Kiran Saul'' &lt;small&gt; (lokaci na huɗu) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 25th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/25th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=May 21, 2016 |website=[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kyakkyawan Haɗin Kai a cikin Jerin Wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2020
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Zai fi Kiran Saul'' &lt;small&gt; (lokaci na biyar) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 27th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/27th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=May 21, 2016 |website=[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kyakkyawan Maza Actor a cikin Wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2022
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Zai fi Kiran Saul'' &lt;small&gt; (lokaci na shida) &lt;/small&gt; | {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 29th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/29th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=January 11, 2023 |website=[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kyakkyawan Haɗin Kai a cikin Jerin Wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}}
|-
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:5em;&quot; |Shekara
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:24em;&quot; |Sashe
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:27em;&quot; |Ayyukan da aka zaba
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:5em;&quot; |Sakamakon
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2025
|Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan
|''Glengarry Glen Ross''| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Greg |date=May 1, 2025 |title=''Buena Vista Social Club'', ''Death Becomes Her'' And ''Maybe Happy Ending'' Lead Tony Awards Nominations: Full List |url=https://deadline.com/lists/tony-awards-nominations-2025/ |access-date=May 1, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
!Ƙungiyoyin
!Shekara
!Sashe
!Ayyuka
!Sakamakon
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Bikin Fim na Avignon
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2003
|Mafi Kyawun Fasali
|''Melvin ya je abincin dare''| {{Won}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bob Odenkirk - IMDB |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0644022/ |access-date=June 5, 2024 |publisher=[[IMDB]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Boston Society of Film Critics
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2013
|Mafi Kyawun Kayan Kayan Kungiyar
|''Nebraska''| {{Won}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Kyautar CableACE
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1997
|Mafi Kyawun Waƙar asali
|''Mr. Show tare da Bob da David''| {{Won}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Kyautar DVDX
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2003
|Darakta Mafi Kyawu
|''Melvin ya je abincin dare''| {{Nom}} 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Mafi Kyawun Waƙar asali
|''Ku gudu Ronnie Ku gudu!''| {{Nom}}
|-
|Mafi Kyawun Waƙar asali
|''Ku gudu Ronnie Ku gudu!''| {{Won}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;{{Refn|Two different songs were nominated.}}
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Kyautar Raspberry ta Zinariya
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2014
|Darakta mafi muni (Shared) &lt;small&gt; (An Raba su) &lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Fim na 43''| {{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Mafi munin fim (Shared) &lt;small&gt; (An Raba su) &lt;/small&gt;| {{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Mafi munin Combo na allo (Shared) &lt;small&gt; (An Raba su) &lt;/small&gt;| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Bikin Fim mai zaman kansa na Boston
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2003
|Kyautar Masu sauraro
|''Melvin ya je abincin dare''| {{Won}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Kyautar Peabody
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2023
|Wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau
|''Zai fi Kiran Saul''| {{Won}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Bikin Fim na Phoenix
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2003
|Hoton da ya fi dacewa
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Melvin ya je abincin dare''| {{Won}} 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Mafi Kyawun Haɗin Kai| {{Won}}
|-
! rowspan=&quot;5&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Masu gabatarwa Guild na Amurka
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Mai gabatarwa na Telebijin na Episodic - Drama
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |''Zai fi Kiran Saul''| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=December 8, 2015 |title=Producers Guild Unveils TV Nominees |url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/producers-guild-tv-nominations-1201656303/ |access-date=March 27, 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2017| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=January 5, 2017 |title=Producers Guild TV Awards: 'Westworld,' 'Stranger Things,' 'Atlanta' Grab Nominations |url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/westworld-stranger-things-producers-guild-award-tv-noms-1201953173/ |access-date=March 27, 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2019| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Anne |date=January 4, 2019 |title=PGA Announces Top 10 Film and Television Nominations, Packing In Surprises |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/01/pga-top-10-films-television-nomination-black-panther-marvelous-mrs-malsel-1202032271/ |access-date=March 27, 2023 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2021| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pedersen |first=Erik |date=March 8, 2021 |title=PGA Awards Nominations: 'Borat', 'Ma Rainey', 'Chicago 7', 'Nomadland', 'Mank' &amp; 'Minari' Among Pics Vying For Marquee Prize |url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/pga-awards-nominations-2021-borat-ma-rainey-trial-of-the-chicago-7-nomadland-mank-minari-1234709098/ |access-date=March 27, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2023| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Verhoeven |first=Beatrice |date=January 12, 2023 |title=Producers Guild Awards 2023 Film and TV Nominations Revealed |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/producers-guild-awards-2023-movie-tv-nominations-list-nominees-1235297935/ |access-date=March 27, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;6&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Kyautar Satellite
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2014
|Mafi Kyawun Haɗin - Hoton Motsi
|''Nebraska''| {{Won}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin jerin Talabijin - Drama
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |''Zai fi Kiran Saul''| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2017| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2019| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2021| {{Won}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2023| {{Won}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;
|-
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Kyautar Saturn
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2021
|Mafi kyawun Actor a Talabijin
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Zai fi Kiran Saul''| {{Nom}} 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patrick Hipes |date=March 4, 2021 |title=Saturn Awards Nominations: 'Star Wars: Rise Of Skywalker', 'Tenet', 'Walking Dead', 'Outlander' Lead List |url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/saturn-awards-nominations-2021-nominees-list-1234706492/ |access-date=April 19, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2022
|Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Cibiyar sadarwa ko Cable Television Series| {{Won}} 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tinoco |first=Armando |date=August 12, 2022 |title=Saturn Awards Nominations: 'The Batman', 'Nightmare Alley', 'Spider-Man', 'Better Call Saul' Top List |url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/saturn-awards-2022-nominations-list-movies-tv-1235089636/ |access-date=September 22, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Kyautar Masu Fim na Seattle
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2014
|Mafi Kyawun Kayan Kayan Kungiyar
|''Nebraska''| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Bikin Hotuna Masu Motsawa
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2003
|Fim mafi Kyau
|''Melvin ya je abincin dare''| {{Won}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Bikin Fim na Slamdance
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2003
|Kyautar Babban Juri
|''Melvin ya je abincin dare''| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Kudancin da Kudancin Yamma
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2003
|Kyautar Fim ta Farko
|''Melvin ya je abincin dare''| {{Won}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SXSW Gives 'Sexless' and 'Happy Here Now' Awards for 10th Anniversary Film Fest |url=https://www.indiewire.com/news/general-news/sxsw-gives-sexless-and-happy-here-and-now-awards-for-10th-anniversary-film-fest-79877/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Kyautar TCA
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2015
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Nasarar Mutum a cikin Wasan kwaikwayo
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Zai fi Kiran Saul''| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2016| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2022| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hailu |first=Selome |date=August 6, 2022 |title='Abbott Elementary' Tops 2022 TCA Awards |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/tca-television-critics-awards-2022-abbott-elementary-1235335161/ |access-date=August 6, 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Illya Hulko</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''Illya Serhiyovych Hulko''' (Ukrainian: Ілля Сергійович Гулько; born 17 November 2002) is a Ukrainian professional [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|footballer]] who plays as a [[Mai buga tsakiya|defensive midfielder]] for Zorya Luhansk.

== Ayyuka ==

=== Shekaru na farko ===
An haife shi a Luhansk, Hulko ya fara aikinsa a makarantar kimiyya ta Zorya Luhansk daga garinsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 October 2022 |script-title=uk:Офіційно: Ілля Гулько – гравець «Зорі»! |url=https://zoryafc.com/ofitsiino-illia-hulko-hravets-zori/ |publisher=zoryafc.com |language=uk |access-date=27 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130081459/https://zoryafc.com/ofitsiino-illia-hulko-hravets-zori/ |archive-date=30 November 2022 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan sai ya ci gaba a makarantun Torpedo Mykolaiv da Shakhtar Donetsk.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 October 2022 |script-title=ru:ФК Мариуполь пополнился тремя игроками |url=https://fcmariupol.com/2022/02/23/58714/ |publisher=FC Mariupol Official Website |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shakhtar Donetsk ===
Ya taka leda ne kawai a cikin Ukrainian Premier League Reserves kuma bai taba yin bugawa Shakhtar Donetsk wasa ba a gasar Premier ta Ukraine.

=== Zorya Luhansk ===
A watan Satumba na shekarar 2022, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da ƙungiyar Zorya Luhansk ta ƙasarsa. Ya fara buga wasa a gasar Ukrainian Premier League a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, lokacin da aka shigar da shi a rabin na biyu na wasan a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin wani ɗan wasa, a wasan da ƙungiyarsa ta yi nasara a waje da ƙungiyar Metalist 1925 Kharkiv. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 October 2022 |script-title=uk:VBET Ліга. 10-й тур Матч №75 |url=https://upl.ua/ua/report/view/6386 |publisher=UPL Official Web Site |language=Ukrainian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]]</text>
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    <title>Hukumar Kula da Ilimin Bai Ɗaya ta Jihar Gombe</title>
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'''Hukumar Kula da Ilimin Bai Ɗaya ta Jihar Gombe'''Gombe State Universal Basic Education Board}}, wadda aka fi sani da '''Gombe SUBEB'''), hukuma ce ta gwamnatin Jihar Gombe da ke kula da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen ilimin bai ɗaya a jihar. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da sa ido kan makarantun da ke ƙarƙashin kulawarta, gudanar da ayyukan malamai, inganta gine-ginen makarantu da ƙarfafa damar yara na samun ilimin firamare da ƙaramar sakandare. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe State Education Sector Plan |url=https://moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Ministry of Education |access-date=2026-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260805051457/https://www.moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |archive-date=2026-08-05 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da kafa hukumar ==

Hukumar SUBEB tana cikin tsarin gudanar da ilimin bai ɗaya na Najeriya, inda jihohi ke da hukumomin da ke taimakawa wajen aiwatar da manufofin ilimin firamare da ƙaramar sakandare. A Jihar Gombe, tsarin hukumar da ayyukanta suna cikin shirin ilimi na jihar, wanda ya bayyana tsarin gudanarwa, sassan hukumar da nauyin da aka ɗora mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe State Education Sector Plan |url=https://moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Ministry of Education |access-date=2026-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260805051457/https://www.moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |archive-date=2026-08-05 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin gudanarwa ==

Hukumar tana da kwamitin gudanarwa wanda shugaban zartarwa ke jagoranta, tare da mambobin hukumar da aka naɗa bisa tsarin dokokin jihar. Sakataren hukumar ne ke kula da harkokin gudanarwa na yau da kullum, yayin da mambobi da daraktoci ke taimakawa wajen tsara manufofi da sa ido kan ayyukan sassan hukumar. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe State Education Sector Plan |url=https://moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Ministry of Education |access-date=2026-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260805051457/https://www.moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |archive-date=2026-08-05 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shirin ilimi na jihar ya bayyana sassa shida a cikin hukumar: Tsare-tsare, Bincike da Kididdiga; Ayyukan Makarantu; Kuɗi da Kayayyaki; Gudanar da Ma’aikata; Tabbatar da Inganci; da Binciken Ciki. Waɗannan sassa suna taimakawa wajen gudanar da ayyukan ilimi, kula da ma’aikata, tsara kasafin kuɗi, tattara bayanai da sa ido kan ingancin ayyukan makarantu. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe State Education Sector Plan |url=https://moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Ministry of Education |access-date=2026-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260805051457/https://www.moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |archive-date=2026-08-05 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka da nauyin hukumar ==

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan SUBEB shi ne sa ido da tsara ayyukan ilimin bai ɗaya a faɗin ƙananan hukumomin jihar. Wannan ya haɗa da kula da makarantun firamare da ƙaramar sakandare da ke ƙarƙashin nauyin hukumar, da kuma haɗa kai da hukumomin ilimi na ƙananan hukumomi wajen gudanar da ayyukan makarantu. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe State Education Sector Plan |url=https://moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Ministry of Education |access-date=2026-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260805051457/https://www.moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |archive-date=2026-08-05 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hukumar tana da nauyin kula da wasu harkokin malamai da ma’aikatan da ba malamai ba, ciki har da ɗaukar ma’aikata, ɗaukaka matsayinsu, horar da su da kuma rabasu zuwa wuraren aiki bisa buƙatun makarantu. Shirin ilimi na jihar ya kuma nuna cewa tsarin kula da wasu malamai na ƙaramar sakandare yana buƙatar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin SUBEB da Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Malamai ta jihar. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe State Education Sector Plan |url=https://moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Ministry of Education |access-date=2026-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260805051457/https://www.moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |archive-date=2026-08-05 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani muhimmin aikin hukumar shi ne samar da sabbin gine-ginen makarantu da gyara waɗanda suka lalace. Wannan ya haɗa da inganta azuzuwa da sauran kayayyakin makaranta domin samar da yanayin koyarwa da koyo mai kyau ga ɗalibai da malamai. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe State Education Sector Plan |url=https://moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Ministry of Education |access-date=2026-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260805051457/https://www.moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |archive-date=2026-08-05 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shirye-shiryen bunƙasa ilimi ==

Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta samar da shirin bunƙasa ilimin bai ɗaya na shekarun 2024 zuwa 2027, wanda aka sani da {{lang-en|Gombe State Medium-Term Basic Education Strategic Plan}}. Shirin ya ƙunshi manufofi da matakan inganta damar samun ilimi, ƙarfafa koyarwa da koyo, inganta tsarin gudanarwa da kuma taimakawa wajen samar da ingantattun kayayyakin makaranta. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe State Medium Term Basic Education Strategic Plan 2024–2027 |url=https://gombesubeb.org.ng/ |publisher=Gombe State Universal Basic Education Board}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hukumar tana kuma haɗin gwiwa da Hukumar Ilimin Bai Ɗaya ta Ƙasa (UBEC) da ƙungiyoyin ci gaba wajen aiwatar da shirye-shiryen ilimi. Waɗannan haɗin gwiwa na iya haɗawa da samar da kayayyakin makaranta, inganta koyarwa da ƙoƙarin shigar da yara da ba sa zuwa makaranta cikin tsarin ilimi. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Gombe launches campaign to reduce out-of-school children by 50% |url=https://guardian.ng/news/gombe-launches-campaign-to-reduce-out-of-school-children-by-50/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=15 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yaki da matsalar yara marasa zuwa makaranta ==

A watan Satumba na 2025, SUBEB ta haɗa kai da Hukumar Ilimin Bai Ɗaya ta Ƙasa da Asusun Tallafawa Yara na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNICEF) wajen shirya kamfen na shigar da yara makaranta. An bayyana cewa shirin ya yi niyyar rage yawan yaran da ba sa zuwa makaranta, ta hanyar wayar da kan iyaye da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki game da muhimmancin ilimi. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Gombe launches campaign to reduce out-of-school children by 50% |url=https://guardian.ng/news/gombe-launches-campaign-to-reduce-out-of-school-children-by-50/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=15 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wani rahoto da aka wallafa a watan Satumba na 2025, an bayyana cewa gwamnatin jihar ta fara shirin rajistar yara kyauta tare da haɗin gwiwar SUBEB, UBEC da UNICEF. Shirin ya shafi ƙananan hukumomi 11 na jihar, kuma an tsara shi ne domin ƙara yawan yaran da ke samun damar shiga makaranta. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Out-of-school children: Gombe flags off free school registration |url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/out-of-school-children-gombe-flags-off-free-school-registration/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=30 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Agusta na 2026, Hukumar Kula da Ilimin Makiyaya ta Ƙasa (NCNE) ta fara wani shirin wayar da kai a Gombe domin shigar da yara da matasa daga al’ummomin makiyaya makaranta. Rahoton Radio Nigeria Kaduna ya bayyana cewa an gano yara da matasa 10,854 daga waɗannan al’ummomi da ba sa zuwa makaranta, kuma shirin ya ƙunshi kafa cibiyoyin koyarwa sama da 200. SUBEB ta bayyana shirinta na taimakawa ta hanyar samar da kayan koyarwa da inganta gine-ginen makarantu a yankunan da makiyaya ke zaune. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=NCNE Begins Advocacy Drive To Enrol Over 10,000 Nomadic Children In Gombe |url=https://www.radionigeriakaduna.gov.ng/2026/08/11/ncne-begins-advocacy-drive-to-enrol-over-10000-nomadic-children-in-gombe/ |work=Radio Nigeria Kaduna |date=11 August 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwamitin farfaɗo da ilimin bai ɗaya ==

A watan Nuwamba na 2025, Gwamnan Jihar Gombe ya amince da kafa wani kwamitin musamman domin tantance halin da ilimin bai ɗaya yake ciki da kuma ba da shawarwari kan yadda za a inganta shi. Kwamitin ya samu aikin nazarin matsalolin da suka shafi ingancin koyarwa, damar samun ilimi da yanayin gudanar da makarantu. Shugaban SUBEB na lokacin, Farfesa Esrom Toro Jokthan, ya kasance sakataren kwamitin. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Gombe State Governor Constitutes Task Force to Revitalize Basic Education |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-state-governor-constitutes-task-force-to-revitalize-basic-education/ |work=Voice of Nigeria |date=1 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shugabancin hukumar ==

A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 2025, Gwamnan Jihar Gombe ya amince da sauke Babaji Babadidi daga mukaminsa na shugaban hukumar tare da naɗa Mataimakin Farfesa Esrom Toro Jokthan a matsayin sabon shugaban zartarwa. An bayyana cewa matakin ya yi daidai da ikon da doka ta bai wa gwamnan bisa Sashe na 22(4) na Dokar Gyaran Hukumar SUBEB ta Jihar Gombe ta 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Governor Yahaya Removes Babadidi, Appoints Jokthan as Gombe SUBEB Chairman |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/11/05/governor-yahaya-removes-babadidi-appoints-jokthan-as-gombe-subeb-chairman/ |work=THISDAY |date=5 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Agusta na 2026, rahoton jaridar *Punch* ya bayyana cewa an naɗa Farfesa Hassan Bello a matsayin sabon shugaban hukumar SUBEB ta Jihar Gombe. Saboda haka, ya kamata a yi amfani da sabbin bayanan gwamnati wajen tabbatar da sunan shugaban da ke kan mulki a lokacin da ake wallafa ko sabunta wannan labari. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Gombe gov names chairmen, DGs, 26 senior special assistants |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-gov-names-chairmen-dgs-26-senior-special-assistants/ |work=Punch |date=20 August 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmancin hukumar ==

SUBEB tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa ilimi a Jihar Gombe, musamman ta hanyar kula da makarantun ilimin bai ɗaya, taimakawa malamai da inganta kayayyakin makarantu. Ayyukanta suna da alaƙa da manufofin gwamnati na ƙara yawan yaran da ke zuwa makaranta da kuma inganta ingancin koyarwa da koyo. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gombe State Medium Term Basic Education Strategic Plan 2024–2027 |url=https://gombesubeb.org.ng/ |publisher=Gombe State Universal Basic Education Board}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Ilimi a Najeriya]]
* [[Hukumar Ilimin Bai Ɗaya ta Ƙasa]]
* [[Ma’aikatar Ilimi ta Jihar Gombe]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nnochiri Diamond Chinecherem</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T23:03:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-58789-28</username>
        <id>50747</id>
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      <comment>Samfuri</comment>
      <origin>975719</origin>
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      <text bytes="515" sha1="5clpbsztpgghetddlxxaf0sd9u5fujc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Diamond Chinecherem Nnochiri (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni 2006)Jarumin nollywood na Najeriya Daraktan fina-finai .&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://nollywood.com/people/diamond-nnochiri&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;{{Infobox person|suna=Nnochiri Diamond Chinecherem|birth_date=14 Yuni, 2006|birth_place=Ikwuano, Umuahia, Jihar Abia, Najeriya|residence=Najeriya|kasar asali=Najeriya|citizenship=Ɗan Najeriya|makaranta=Michael Okpara Jami'ar Noma|occupation=Jarumin fim kuma daraktan fim|home town=Umuahia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde</title>
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        <username>Naawaown</username>
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      <comment>Added Some External Link to it</comment>
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      <text bytes="11863" sha1="bskxrfhp2puhccl56getdm9eajofojt" xml:space="preserve">'''ALINATION''', born '''Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde''', is a Nigerian Entrepreneur, filmmaker, digital entrepreneur, content creator, music distributor, and entertainment professional.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanguard&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/ajanaku-aliu-babatunde/ |website=Vanguard News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;frwiki&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajanaku_Aliu_Babatunde |website=Wikipedia (French)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wikiname&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Meet Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde: The Nigerian Entrepreneur Exploring Music, Entertainment, and Technology |url=https://www.wiki.name.ng/public_figure/meet-ajanaku-aliu-babatunde-the-nigeria-entrepreneur-exploring-music-entertainment-and-technology/ |website=WikiName}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is associated with FAHMDOQSTV, Alinationrecord, and Alinationedit, three creative brands connected with his interests in entertainment, music, digital media, and online content production.&lt;ref name=&quot;musicinafrica&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Alinationrecord Profile |url=https://musicinafrica.net/directory-professional/alinationrecord/ |website=Music In Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Known professionally as ALINATION, Babatunde has developed a creative identity that brings together music, filmmaking, video editing, digital entrepreneurship, and content creation. His activities include involvement in film projects such as ''The Return of Moba Boys'', ''OT Business'', ''Moba Boys'', and ''The Street Fraudsters &amp; Co''.&lt;ref name=&quot;imdb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde - IMDb Profile |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm18981299/ |website=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He is also associated with the development of digital entertainment projects and creative platforms intended to support the production, distribution, and promotion of entertainment content.

== Early life and background ==
ALINATION was born Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde on 23 December 2007 in [[Lagos]], Nigeria, according to biographical information associated with his professional profile.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanguard&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wikiname&quot; /&gt; He is Nigerian and has a background connected with Yoruba culture.

From an early age, he developed an interest in entertainment, music, digital technology, and creative production. These interests later became central to his professional identity.

His creative activities encompass several areas of the entertainment industry, including music, filmmaking, video production, and online content creation.

Babatunde uses ALINATION as his professional name. The name is associated with his entertainment activities and the creative projects connected with his career.&lt;ref name=&quot;frwiki&quot; /&gt;

His work reflects an interest in combining traditional entertainment activities with digital platforms, particularly through the use of online media to reach audiences.

== Age ==
ALINATION was reportedly born on 23 December 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanguard&quot; /&gt;

As of 2 November 2026, he is 18 years old. He will turn 19 on 23 December 2026.

His reported date of birth should be supported by a reliable source before being included as a confirmed fact in a Wikipedia biography.

== Education ==
Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde received secondary school education in Nigeria. His educational background forms part of his personal development and his interest in creative and digital activities.

Alongside his formal education, he has developed interests in music, entertainment, content creation, and technology.

His creative activities involve learning and applying skills associated with digital media, video editing, music production, and entertainment development.

Further information about his educational institutions, qualifications, and academic achievements would require reliable documentation.

== Career ==
ALINATION's professional activities span several areas of the entertainment and digital media industries.

His career is associated with music, content creation, filmmaking, video editing, and digital entrepreneurship. Through these activities, he has developed a professional identity connected with several creative projects.&lt;ref name=&quot;wikiname&quot; /&gt;

His work includes associations with FAHMDOQSTV, Alinationrecord, and Alinationedit.

These projects represent different aspects of his creative interests, including entertainment content, music-related activities, and digital production.

His career reflects an interest in developing a recognizable creative brand while exploring opportunities in the evolving digital entertainment industry.

=== FAHMDOQSTV ===
FAHMDOQSTV is an entertainment and digital media brand associated with Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde, professionally known as ALINATION.&lt;ref name=&quot;vanguard&quot; /&gt;

The brand is connected with entertainment content, video production, filmmaking, and digital media activities. Its name is associated with the production and presentation of creative content for online audiences.

FAHMDOQSTV forms part of ALINATION's broader creative activities in the entertainment industry. Through the brand, he is associated with projects involving film production, video content, and digital entertainment.

The brand's activities are connected with the growing use of online platforms for entertainment distribution. Digital media has created opportunities for independent creators and emerging entertainment professionals to produce and share their work with audiences beyond traditional broadcasting channels.

FAHMDOQSTV is associated with film projects including ''Moba Boys'' and ''OT Business''.&lt;ref name=&quot;imdb&quot; /&gt; These titles form part of the entertainment projects connected with the brand.

The name FAHMDOQSTV is also associated with ALINATION's creative identity and his interest in developing entertainment-related projects.

==== FAHMDOQSTV and film production ====
FAHMDOQSTV is associated with film and video production activities involving ALINATION.

Its connection with film projects reflects an interest in storytelling, visual entertainment, and the production of content for digital audiences.

The brand is associated with projects such as ''Moba Boys'', ''The Return of Moba Boys'', and ''OT Business''.&lt;ref name=&quot;imdb&quot; /&gt;

Further information about the company's establishment, ownership structure, production history, and official activities would require independent documentation.

=== Alinationrecord ===
Alinationrecord is a music-related brand associated with Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde, professionally known as ALINATION.&lt;ref name=&quot;musicinafrica&quot; /&gt;

The brand forms part of his activities in the music and entertainment industries. Its name is connected with music, creative development, and the promotion of music-related projects.

Alinationrecord represents an aspect of ALINATION's interest in music and the development of a professional identity within the entertainment industry.

Music distribution and digital music platforms have become important parts of the modern music industry. Independent artists and creative professionals increasingly use digital services to distribute recordings, promote their work, and connect with listeners.

ALINATION's association with Alinationrecord reflects his interest in these developments and in the opportunities provided by digital music distribution.

==== Music and digital distribution ====
Alinationrecord is associated with music-related activities and the development of creative projects.&lt;ref name=&quot;musicinafrica&quot; /&gt;

The brand's name reflects an interest in music recording, music promotion, and the digital distribution of music.

Through his association with Alinationrecord, ALINATION is connected with the broader development of music and digital entertainment.

Specific information about released songs, artists signed to the brand, distribution agreements, and its formal business structure requires further reliable sources.

=== Alinationedit ===
Alinationedit is a digital creative brand associated with Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde.

The brand is connected with video editing, digital content production, and creative media activities. Its name reflects an interest in visual storytelling and the production of digital entertainment content.

Video editing is an important part of modern entertainment production. It involves the arrangement of recorded footage, sound, visual effects, transitions, and other elements to create a finished video.

ALINATION's association with Alinationedit reflects his involvement in creative activities related to video production and digital media.

==== Video editing and content production ====
Alinationedit is associated with the production and editing of digital content.

Its activities are connected with the creation of videos and other visual materials for online platforms.

The brand forms part of ALINATION's wider creative interests, which include filmmaking, entertainment content, and digital production.

Further information about its establishment, clients, production credits, and business operations would require reliable documentation.

== Filmography ==
ALINATION is associated with several film projects, including ''The Return of Moba Boys'', ''OT Business'', ''Moba Boys'', and ''The Street Fraudsters &amp; Co''.&lt;ref name=&quot;imdb&quot; /&gt;

His film-related activities are connected with filmmaking, creative production, and digital entertainment.

=== The Return of Moba Boys ===
''The Return of Moba Boys'' is a film project associated with ALINATION and FAHMDOQSTV.&lt;ref name=&quot;imdb&quot; /&gt;

The title is connected with the ''Moba Boys'' film project and forms part of the entertainment activities associated with his professional identity.

Further information about the film's storyline, cast, production team, release date, and distribution would require reliable sources.

=== OT Business ===
''OT Business'' is a film project associated with ALINATION and FAHMDOQSTV.&lt;ref name=&quot;imdb&quot; /&gt;

The project forms part of his film-related activities and is connected with his interests in entertainment and digital production.

Further information about the film's plot, production, cast, and release would require independent documentation.

=== Moba Boys ===
''Moba Boys'' is a film project associated with FAHMDOQSTV and ALINATION.&lt;ref name=&quot;imdb&quot; /&gt;

The title is among the entertainment projects connected with his professional activities.

The film is also associated with ''The Return of Moba Boys'', a related title within the same creative project.

Additional information about the film's production, storyline, cast, and distribution requires reliable sources.

=== The Street Fraudsters &amp; Co ===
''The Street Fraudsters &amp; Co'' is another film title associated with ALINATION's entertainment activities.

The project forms part of his involvement in filmmaking and creative production.

Further details about the film's storyline, production team, cast, release date, and distribution would require reliable documentation.

FILMOGRAPHY

[[Jagun Jagun (Fíìmù Nàìjíŕà)]]

[[Kesari (fim na 2018)]]

[https://watch.plex.tv/person/ajanaku-aliu-babatunde Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde Director At Fahmdoqstv]

[https://www.mafab.hu/people/aliu-babatunde-ajanaku-3357176.html Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde Movie At mafab]

== Digital entrepreneurship ==
ALINATION is associated with digital entrepreneurship and creative activities involving online platforms.&lt;ref name=&quot;wikiname&quot; /&gt;

His professional interests include music, entertainment, content creation, and digital media. These areas have become increasingly connected through the growth of online distribution and digital production tools.

Digital entrepreneurship involves the development of creative or commercial activities using digital technology. In the entertainment industry, it can include music distribution, video production, content publishing, and the development of online brands.

[https://alination.netlify.app Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde Official website]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Artificial intelligence industry in Italy</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1383444555|Artificial intelligence industry in Italy]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Masana'antar leken asiri ta wucin gadi a Italiya''' tana girma kuma tana tallafawa ci gaban masana'antu.A cikin 2024 ya kai sabon rikodin, ya kai Yuro biliyan 1.2 tare da ci gaban +58% idan aka kwatanta da 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=7 February 2025 |title=Intelligenza artificiale, boom del mercato italiano +58% |url=https://www.ansa.it/osservatorio_intelligenza_artificiale/notizie/societa/2025/02/06/intelligenza-artificiale-boom-del-mercato-italiano-58_6f9cdcd9-7f77-4d30-8653-ec711f93fc2b.html |access-date=20 February 2025 |publisher=ansa.it |agency=ansa.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes.it2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=7 February 2025 |title=Quanto vale il mercato dell'IA in Italia: il report del Polimi |url=https://forbes.it/2025/02/07/quanto-vale-mercato-ia-italia-report-polimi/ |access-date=20 February 2025 |publisher=forbes.it |agency=forbes.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Duk da yake a cikin 2025, ci gaban hankali na wucin gadi a cikin aikace-aikacen masana'antu ya fi girma fiye da 2024 duka dangane da darajar da aikace-aikace ga bangarorin masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Artificial Intelligence for the Italian System - Report 2025 |url=https://public.confindustria.it/repository/2025/06/19100744/documenti-lintelligenza-artificiale-per-Report-IA-per-il-Sistema-Italia.pdf |access-date=12 January 2026 |website=confindustria.it |publisher=confindustria.it}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2026 Global Index on Responsible AI, Italiya ta zira kwallaye 72.71.An sanya shi na 2 na kasashe 135 kuma yana gaba da kashi 99% na waɗanda aka tantance, maki 18.5 sama da matsakaicin Turai (54.2) da maki 20.6 sama da matsakaiciyar samun kudin shiga (52.1).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Index on Responsible AI (GIRAI) |url=https://www.global-index.ai/countries/ITA?country=ITA |access-date=2026-11-02 |website=GIRAI - Global Index on Responsible AI |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Idowu |first=Omotoyosi |date=2026-07-09 |title=Nigeria ranks first in Africa, 38th globally in responsible AI index |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/business/business-news/894152-nigeria-ranks-first-in-africa-38th-globally-in-responsible-ai-index.html |access-date=2026-11-02 |work=Premium Times |language=en-GB |issn=2360-7688}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tushen binciken AI a Italiya ya koma zuwa shekarun 1970s, lokacin da malaman Italiyanci suka fara bincika tunani na atomatik, tsarin shirye-shiryen harshe, da kuma ganewa.Masu bincike irin su wadanda ke da hannu a ayyukan farko a Majalisar Bincike ta Kasa da jami'o'i daban-daban sun kafa tushe don ci gaban ilimi da masana'antu a fagen.[1][2]

A wannan lokacin, an fi mayar da hankali kan bunkasa algorithms don tabbatar da tsarin sarrafa kansa da kuma gina tsarin yin tunani game da matsalolin lissafi masu rikitarwa.Wannan zamanin ya ga haihuwar hanyoyin da daga baya za su rinjayi fannoni da yawa na AI, daga sarrafa harshe na halitta (NLP) zuwa robotics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Robotics |url=https://www.iit.it/it/robotics |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=iit.it |publisher=Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abubuwan da suka faru a ma'aikata da gudummawar ilimi ===
Wani canji a cikin yanayin AI na Italiya shine kafa kungiyar Italiya don Ilimin Artificial (AIxIA) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Associazione Italiana per l'Intelligenza Artificiale |url=https://aixia.it/en/ |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=aixia.it |publisher=AIxIA}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin 1988.Masana kimiyya ne suka kafa ta, ciki har da Luigia Carlucci Aiello,  kungiyar ta kafa dandamali don hadin gwiwa tsakanin jami'o'i, cibiyoyin bincike, da masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 December 2022 |title=Luigia Carlucci Aiello, guest on the &quot;Scienziate&quot; TV show, RAI Scuola. |url=https://aixia.it/en/luigia-carlucci-aiello-ospite-al-programma-scienziate-su-rai-scuola/ |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=aixia.it |publisher=Associazione Italiana per l’Intelligenza Artificiale}}&lt;/ref&gt;A karkashin jagorancin Aiello, AIIA ta taka rawar gani wajen inganta bincike, shirya taron kasa, da kuma inganta haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa wanda ya haɗa al'ummar AI ta Italiya zuwa hanyoyin sadarwar duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=22nd International Conference of the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence |url=https://aixia.it/en/incontri/22nd-international-conference-of-the-italian-association-for-artificial-intelligence/ |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=aixia.it |publisher=Associazione Italiana per l’Intelligenza Artificiale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokaci guda, furofesoshi kamar su Roberto Navigli da masu aiki da yawa sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban AI a Italiya.Navigli ya yi aiki a cikin NLP na harsuna da yawa, gami da kirkirar BabelNet, kuma ya jagoranci Aikin Minerva.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=26 November 2024 |title=Ecco Minerva 7B, il nuovo LLM italiano è più potente e basato su fonti aperte |url=https://www.repubblica.it/tecnologia/2024/11/26/news/minerva_7b_llm_italiano_sapienza_leonardo_intelligenza_artificiale-423736925/ |access-date=21 February 2025 |publisher=repubblica.it |agency=repubblica.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=26 November 2024 |title=Sapienza lancia Minerva 7B, la nuova versione della sua 'ChatGPT', ecco cosa fa |url=https://www.agi.it/scienza/news/2024-11-26/intelligenza-artificiale-chat-sapienza-minerva-7-b-28902372/ |access-date=21 February 2025 |publisher=agi.it |agency=agi.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== AI na masana'antu ===
A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, shirye-shiryen kasa da na Turai da yawa da ke tallafawa da kudade daga shirye-shirye irin su Shirin Maidowa da Resilience na Kasa (PNRR) sun haifar da sauyawa daga bincike na ka'idoji zuwa aikace-aikace masu amfani.Sashen masana'antu ciki har da masana'antu, banki, da kiwon lafiya sun kara rungumar aikin kai tsaye na AI, yayin da cibiyoyin bincike suka hada kai da abokan hulɗa na masana'antu don tura mafita masu tsayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ITALIAN STRATEGY FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2024-2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ITALIAN STRATEGY FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2024-2026 |url=https://www.agid.gov.it/sites/agid/files/2024-07/Italian_strategy_for_artificial_intelligence_2024-2026.pdf |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=agid.gov.it |publisher=Agenzia per l'Italia Digitale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Italiya ta kuma ga kafa cibiyoyin bincike na musamman da cibiyoyin da ke da niyyar kawar da rata tsakanin sababbin ilimi da aikace-aikacen masana'antu.Wadannan shirye-shiryen suna nuna babban sadaukarwar kasa don haɗa AI cikin masana'antar Italiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Italy AI Strategy Report&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Italy AI Strategy Report |url=https://ai-watch.ec.europa.eu/countries/italy/italy-ai-strategy-report_en |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=ai-watch.ec.europa.eu |publisher=European Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan ==

=== Fitowar AI mai samarwa ===
Wani alama a cikin juyin halitta na zamani na Italiya shine ci gaban Minerva AI .Kungiyar bincike ta Sapienza NLP a Jami'ar Sapienza ta Roma kuma Farfesa Roberto Navigli ne ya jagoranta, Minerva tana wakiltar dangin farko na manyan samfuran harshe (LLMs) da aka horar daga karami tare da mayar da hankali ga harshen Italiyanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 November 2024 |title=Minerva 7B, nuova versione della risposta italiana a ChatGpt |url=https://www.ansa.it/canale_tecnologia/notizie/tecnologia/2024/11/27/minerva-7b-nuova-versione-della-risposta-italiana-a-chatgpt_748b67a6-5351-4c05-8207-d135b73762b4.html |access-date=21 February 2025 |publisher=ansa.it |agency=ansa.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Minerva |url=https://nlp.uniroma1.it/minerva/ |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=nlp.uniroma1.it |publisher=Sapienza NLP}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Minerva 7B ====
Sabon maimaitawa, Minerva 7B, yana da sigogi biliyan 7 kuma an horar da shi a kan tarin kalmomi sama da tiriliyan 1.5.Ta hanyar amfani da dabarun sautin koyarwa na ci gaba, Minerva 7B yana iya samar da amsa mai kyau, mai jituwa, da kuma amsa mai hankali game da batutuwan da aka saba da su kamar hallucinations da ƙarni mara kyau.Wannan ci gaba ya kafa ma'auni don bayyane, ci gaban AI mai buɗewa a cikin ƙasar.Ci gaban Minerva, wanda aka gudanar a cikin aikin FAIR (Future Artificial Intelligence Research) tare da hadin gwiwar CINECA kuma yana tallafawa ta hanyar albarkatun kwamfuta kamar Leonardo (supercomputer) , ya dace da al'adun al'adu da al'adu na Italiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 October 2024 |title=sapienzanlp/Minerva-7B-instruct-v1.0 |url=https://huggingface.co/sapienzanlp/Minerva-7B-instruct-v1.0 |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=huggingface.co |publisher=The Sapienza NLP Team}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 November 2024 |title=Cosa può fare la nuova versione di Minerva 7B? |url=https://www.infodata.ilsole24ore.com/2024/11/27/cosa-puo-fare-la-nuova-versione-di-minerva-7b/ |access-date=21 February 2025 |publisher=ilsole24ore.com |agency=ilsole24ore.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=17 February 2025 |title=Intelligenza artificiale Made in Italy: quali sono i modelli LLM italiani |url=https://www.corriere.it/tecnologia/cards/intelligenza-artificiale-made-in-italy-quali-sono-i-modelli-llm-italiani/minerva.shtml |access-date=21 February 2025 |publisher=corriere.it |agency=corriere.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kafa AI4I ===
Kafawar Istituto Italiano per l'Intelligenza Artificiale (AI4[[:en:Istituto_Italiano_per_l'Intelligenza_Artificiale|I)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Italian Institute of Artificial Intelligence for Industry |url=https://ai4i.it/ |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=ai4i.it |publisher=Italian Institute of Artificial Intelligence for Industry}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=4 May 2024 |title=Ecco la fabbrica del futuro: a Torino il centro per l'Intelligenza artificiale |url=https://www.lastampa.it/torino/2024/05/04/news/intelligenza_artificiale_ai4industry-14274884/ |access-date=5 January 2025 |publisher=lastampa.it |agency=lastampa.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2 December 2024 |title=Intelligenza artificiale, Antonio Calegari è il nuovo direttore dell'istituto AI4I |url=https://www.repubblica.it/economia/2024/12/02/news/antonio_calegari_nuovo_direttore_ai4i-423803134/ |access-date=5 January 2025 |publisher=repubblica.it |agency=repubblica.it}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani bangare ne na dabarun Italiya don inganta gasa ta masana'antu a cikin AI.Wannan cibiyar da aka keɓe tana da niyyar rufe rata tsakanin cibiyoyin bincike da masana'antu; inganta horo da tallafin R&amp;D don haɓaka ƙarni na gaba na masana AI na Italiya; da haɓaka gasa ta ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 March 2025 |title=AI4I at the &quot;AI-Matters&quot; Roadshow in Bologna: spotlight on AI adoption among Italian companies - AI4I |url=https://ai4i.it/2025/03/26/ai4i-at-the-ai-matters-roadshow-in-bologna-spotlight-on-ai-adoption-among-italian-companies/ |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=ai4i.it |publisher=Italian Institute of Artificial Intelligence for Industry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana sa ran wannan shirin zai zama cibiyar bincike na AI, yana motsa sababbin abubuwa waɗanda aka tsara don takamaiman bukatun Masana'antar Italiya da gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Italian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2024-2026 |url=https://www.agid.gov.it/en/news/the-italian-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=agid.gov.it |publisher=Agenzia per Italia Digitale}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Italy AI Strategy Report&quot; /&gt;

=== Fa'idodin InvestAI ===
Masana'antar AI ta Italiya tana tsaye don amfana daga shirin InvestAI na Turai, wani shiri da aka bayyana a taron AI Action na baya-bayan nan a Paris.InvestAI wani yunkuri ne na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai don tattara Yuro biliyan 200 don saka hannun jari na AI, tare da asusun da aka keɓe na Yuro biliyoyin 20 da aka keɓa don gina gine-ginen AI.Wadannan gigafactories an tsara su azaman manyan cibiyoyin don horar da ci gaba, samfuran AI masu rikitarwa ta amfani da kusan kwakwalwan AI 100,000 na ƙarni na ƙarshe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EU launches InvestAI initiative to mobilise €200 billion of investment in artificial intelligence |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_25_467 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=ec.europa.eu |publisher=europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ga Italiya, wannan saka hannun jari ya gabatar da manyan dama da yawa:&lt;ref name=&quot;ansa2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=11 February 2025 |title=Von der Leyen announces 200 billion in investments for AI |url=https://www.ansa.it/english/news/science_tecnology/2025/02/11/von-der-leyen-announces-200-billion-in-investments-for-ai_65104487-bdba-4622-9be1-47e6b0b7a374.html |access-date=21 February 2025 |publisher=ansa.it |agency=ansa.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Samun dama ga kayan aikin zamani: Kamfanonin Italiya, cibiyoyin bincike, da farawa na iya amfani da manyan albarkatun lissafi na gigafactories, yana ba su damar horar da samfuran harshe masu ƙwarewa da sauran tsarin AI.
* Ingantawa da Haɗin gwiwa: Tare da tsarin tallafin InvestAI inda kudaden EU ke taimakawa wajen saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu kamfanonin Italiya zasu iya samun damar samun dama cikin sauƙi.Wannan zai karfafa haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu kuma ya haifar da tsarin halittu na AI mai ƙarfi wanda ya kai daga binciken ilimi zuwa aikace-aikacen masana'antu.
* Haɗin kai tare da Shirye-shiryen Kasa da na Yankin: Istituto Italiano per l'Intelligenza Artificiale (AI4I), wanda ke zaune a Turin, an riga an gane shi azaman kayan dabarun Italiya da Tarayyar Turai.A matsayinsa na babban mai karɓar kudaden InvestAI a Italiya, AI4I za ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da waɗannan saka hannun jari a cikin gida, inganta kirkire-kirkire a fannoni kamar [[Masana'anta|masana'antu]], kiwon lafiya &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=20 February 2025 |title=Sanità, Giorgia Meloni: dovere rafforzare Ssn, modello che mondo ci invidia |url=https://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/politica/meloni-ssn-modello-che-mondo-invidia_94040067-202502k.shtml |access-date=20 February 2025 |publisher=tgcom24.mediaset.it |agency=tgcom24.mediaset.it}}&lt;/ref&gt; da sararin samaniya.

Shugaban Hukumar [[Ursula von der Leyen]] ya jaddada cewa an tsara InvestAI don dimokuradiyya da kirkire-kirkire na AI a duk faɗin Turai ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa har ma da ƙananan kamfanoni suna da damar samun ikon kwamfuta mai ƙarfi.Ga Italiya, wannan yana nufin ba kawai ci gaba da tafiya tare da shugabannin duniya ba har ma da amfani da saka hannun jari na Turai don canza masana'antar AI da kuma fitar da ci gaban tattalin arziki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=11 February 2025 |title=EU launches InvestAI initiative to mobilise €200 billion of investment in artificial intelligence |url=https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/eu-launches-investai-initiative-mobilise-eu200-billion-investment-artificial-intelligence |access-date=17 February 2025 |publisher=digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu |agency=digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=EU launches InvestAI initiative to mobilise €200 billion of investment in artificial intelligence |url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/europe_direct/items/869199/ |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=ec.europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ansa3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=11 February 2025 |title=Von der Leyen announces 200 billion in investments for AI |url=https://www.ansa.it/english/news/science_tecnology/2025/02/11/von-der-leyen-announces-200-billion-in-investments-for-ai_65104487-bdba-4622-9be1-47e6b0b7a374.html |access-date=21 February 2025 |publisher=ansa.it |agency=ansa.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) 
* CINECA
* Minerva AI (Jami'ar Sapienza ta Roma) 
* Velvet AI (Almawave) 
* Vitruvian-1 (ASC27) 
* Istituto Italiano ta hanyar Intelligenza Artificiale nell'Industria (AI4I) 
* Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) 
* Agenzia ta hanyar Cybersicurezza Nazionale
* Ayyukan hadin gwiwa na Kayan aiki na Kayan Kayan Kungiyar Kayan Kiman
* Dokar Ilimin Ilimin Artificial (AI Act) 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1383444555|Artificial intelligence industry in Italy]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Masana'antar leken asiri ta wucin gadi a Italiya''' tana girma kuma tana tallafawa ci gaban masana'antu.A cikin 2024 ya kai sabon rikodin, ya kai Yuro biliyan 1.2 tare da ci gaban +58% idan aka kwatanta da 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=7 February 2025 |title=Intelligenza artificiale, boom del mercato italiano +58% |url=https://www.ansa.it/osservatorio_intelligenza_artificiale/notizie/societa/2025/02/06/intelligenza-artificiale-boom-del-mercato-italiano-58_6f9cdcd9-7f77-4d30-8653-ec711f93fc2b.html |access-date=20 February 2025 |publisher=ansa.it |agency=ansa.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes.it2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=7 February 2025 |title=Quanto vale il mercato dell'IA in Italia: il report del Polimi |url=https://forbes.it/2025/02/07/quanto-vale-mercato-ia-italia-report-polimi/ |access-date=20 February 2025 |publisher=forbes.it |agency=forbes.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Duk da yake a cikin 2025, ci gaban hankali na wucin gadi a cikin aikace-aikacen masana'antu ya fi girma fiye da 2024 duka dangane da darajar da aikace-aikace ga bangarorin masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Artificial Intelligence for the Italian System - Report 2025 |url=https://public.confindustria.it/repository/2025/06/19100744/documenti-lintelligenza-artificiale-per-Report-IA-per-il-Sistema-Italia.pdf |access-date=12 January 2026 |website=confindustria.it |publisher=confindustria.it}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2026 Global Index on Responsible AI, Italiya ta zira kwallaye 72.71.An sanya shi na 2 na kasashe 135 kuma yana gaba da kashi 99% na waɗanda aka tantance, maki 18.5 sama da matsakaicin Turai (54.2) da maki 20.6 sama da matsakaiciyar samun kudin shiga (52.1).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Index on Responsible AI (GIRAI) |url=https://www.global-index.ai/countries/ITA?country=ITA |access-date=2026-11-02 |website=GIRAI - Global Index on Responsible AI |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Idowu |first=Omotoyosi |date=2026-07-09 |title=Nigeria ranks first in Africa, 38th globally in responsible AI index |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/business/business-news/894152-nigeria-ranks-first-in-africa-38th-globally-in-responsible-ai-index.html |access-date=2026-11-02 |work=Premium Times |language=en-GB |issn=2360-7688}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tushen binciken AI a Italiya ya koma zuwa shekarun 1970s, lokacin da malaman Italiyanci suka fara bincika tunani na atomatik, tsarin shirye-shiryen harshe, da kuma ganewa.Masu bincike irin su wadanda ke da hannu a ayyukan farko a Majalisar Bincike ta Kasa da jami'o'i daban-daban sun kafa tushe don ci gaban ilimi da masana'antu a fagen.&lt;ref name=&quot;ITALIAN STRATEGY FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2024-20262&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ITALIAN STRATEGY FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2024-2026 |url=https://www.agid.gov.it/sites/agid/files/2024-07/Italian_strategy_for_artificial_intelligence_2024-2026.pdf |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=agid.gov.it |publisher=Agenzia per l'Italia Digitale}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Intelligenza artificiale e competenze 4.0: aperte le iscrizioni per la VI edizione dell'&quot;Advanced School in AI&quot; |url=https://www.cnr.it/en/news/11880/intelligenza-artificiale-e-competenze-4-0-aperte-le-iscrizioni-per-la-vi-edizione-dell-advanced-school-in-ai |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=cnr.it |publisher=Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wannan lokacin, an fi mayar da hankali kan bunkasa algorithms don tabbatar da tsarin sarrafa kansa da kuma gina tsarin yin tunani game da matsalolin lissafi masu rikitarwa.Wannan zamanin ya ga haihuwar hanyoyin da daga baya za su rinjayi fannoni da yawa na AI, daga sarrafa harshe na halitta (NLP) zuwa robotics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Robotics |url=https://www.iit.it/it/robotics |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=iit.it |publisher=Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abubuwan da suka faru a ma'aikata da gudummawar ilimi ===
Wani canji a cikin yanayin AI na Italiya shine kafa kungiyar Italiya don Ilimin Artificial (AIxIA) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Associazione Italiana per l'Intelligenza Artificiale |url=https://aixia.it/en/ |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=aixia.it |publisher=AIxIA}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin 1988.Masana kimiyya ne suka kafa ta, ciki har da Luigia Carlucci Aiello,  kungiyar ta kafa dandamali don hadin gwiwa tsakanin jami'o'i, cibiyoyin bincike, da masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 December 2022 |title=Luigia Carlucci Aiello, guest on the &quot;Scienziate&quot; TV show, RAI Scuola. |url=https://aixia.it/en/luigia-carlucci-aiello-ospite-al-programma-scienziate-su-rai-scuola/ |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=aixia.it |publisher=Associazione Italiana per l’Intelligenza Artificiale}}&lt;/ref&gt;A karkashin jagorancin Aiello, AIIA ta taka rawar gani wajen inganta bincike, shirya taron kasa, da kuma inganta haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa wanda ya haɗa al'ummar AI ta Italiya zuwa hanyoyin sadarwar duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=22nd International Conference of the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence |url=https://aixia.it/en/incontri/22nd-international-conference-of-the-italian-association-for-artificial-intelligence/ |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=aixia.it |publisher=Associazione Italiana per l’Intelligenza Artificiale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokaci guda, furofesoshi kamar su Roberto Navigli da masu aiki da yawa sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban AI a Italiya.Navigli ya yi aiki a cikin NLP na harsuna da yawa, gami da kirkirar BabelNet, kuma ya jagoranci Aikin Minerva.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=26 November 2024 |title=Ecco Minerva 7B, il nuovo LLM italiano è più potente e basato su fonti aperte |url=https://www.repubblica.it/tecnologia/2024/11/26/news/minerva_7b_llm_italiano_sapienza_leonardo_intelligenza_artificiale-423736925/ |access-date=21 February 2025 |publisher=repubblica.it |agency=repubblica.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=26 November 2024 |title=Sapienza lancia Minerva 7B, la nuova versione della sua 'ChatGPT', ecco cosa fa |url=https://www.agi.it/scienza/news/2024-11-26/intelligenza-artificiale-chat-sapienza-minerva-7-b-28902372/ |access-date=21 February 2025 |publisher=agi.it |agency=agi.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== AI na masana'antu ===
A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, shirye-shiryen kasa da na Turai da yawa da ke tallafawa da kudade daga shirye-shirye irin su Shirin Maidowa da Resilience na Kasa (PNRR) sun haifar da sauyawa daga bincike na ka'idoji zuwa aikace-aikace masu amfani.Sashen masana'antu ciki har da masana'antu, banki, da kiwon lafiya sun kara rungumar aikin kai tsaye na AI, yayin da cibiyoyin bincike suka hada kai da abokan hulɗa na masana'antu don tura mafita masu tsayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ITALIAN STRATEGY FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2024-2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ITALIAN STRATEGY FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2024-2026 |url=https://www.agid.gov.it/sites/agid/files/2024-07/Italian_strategy_for_artificial_intelligence_2024-2026.pdf |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=agid.gov.it |publisher=Agenzia per l'Italia Digitale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Italiya ta kuma ga kafa cibiyoyin bincike na musamman da cibiyoyin da ke da niyyar kawar da rata tsakanin sababbin ilimi da aikace-aikacen masana'antu.Wadannan shirye-shiryen suna nuna babban sadaukarwar kasa don haɗa AI cikin masana'antar Italiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Italy AI Strategy Report&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Italy AI Strategy Report |url=https://ai-watch.ec.europa.eu/countries/italy/italy-ai-strategy-report_en |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=ai-watch.ec.europa.eu |publisher=European Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan ==

=== Fitowar AI mai samarwa ===
Wani alama a cikin juyin halitta na zamani na Italiya shine ci gaban Minerva AI .Kungiyar bincike ta Sapienza NLP a Jami'ar Sapienza ta Roma kuma Farfesa Roberto Navigli ne ya jagoranta, Minerva tana wakiltar dangin farko na manyan samfuran harshe (LLMs) da aka horar daga karami tare da mayar da hankali ga harshen Italiyanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 November 2024 |title=Minerva 7B, nuova versione della risposta italiana a ChatGpt |url=https://www.ansa.it/canale_tecnologia/notizie/tecnologia/2024/11/27/minerva-7b-nuova-versione-della-risposta-italiana-a-chatgpt_748b67a6-5351-4c05-8207-d135b73762b4.html |access-date=21 February 2025 |publisher=ansa.it |agency=ansa.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Minerva |url=https://nlp.uniroma1.it/minerva/ |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=nlp.uniroma1.it |publisher=Sapienza NLP}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Minerva 7B ====
Sabon maimaitawa, Minerva 7B, yana da sigogi biliyan 7 kuma an horar da shi a kan tarin kalmomi sama da tiriliyan 1.5.Ta hanyar amfani da dabarun sautin koyarwa na ci gaba, Minerva 7B yana iya samar da amsa mai kyau, mai jituwa, da kuma amsa mai hankali game da batutuwan da aka saba da su kamar hallucinations da ƙarni mara kyau.Wannan ci gaba ya kafa ma'auni don bayyane, ci gaban AI mai buɗewa a cikin ƙasar.Ci gaban Minerva, wanda aka gudanar a cikin aikin FAIR (Future Artificial Intelligence Research) tare da hadin gwiwar CINECA kuma yana tallafawa ta hanyar albarkatun kwamfuta kamar Leonardo (supercomputer) , ya dace da al'adun al'adu da al'adu na Italiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 October 2024 |title=sapienzanlp/Minerva-7B-instruct-v1.0 |url=https://huggingface.co/sapienzanlp/Minerva-7B-instruct-v1.0 |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=huggingface.co |publisher=The Sapienza NLP Team}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 November 2024 |title=Cosa può fare la nuova versione di Minerva 7B? |url=https://www.infodata.ilsole24ore.com/2024/11/27/cosa-puo-fare-la-nuova-versione-di-minerva-7b/ |access-date=21 February 2025 |publisher=ilsole24ore.com |agency=ilsole24ore.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=17 February 2025 |title=Intelligenza artificiale Made in Italy: quali sono i modelli LLM italiani |url=https://www.corriere.it/tecnologia/cards/intelligenza-artificiale-made-in-italy-quali-sono-i-modelli-llm-italiani/minerva.shtml |access-date=21 February 2025 |publisher=corriere.it |agency=corriere.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kafa AI4I ===
Kafawar Istituto Italiano per l'Intelligenza Artificiale (AI4[[:en:Istituto_Italiano_per_l'Intelligenza_Artificiale|I)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Italian Institute of Artificial Intelligence for Industry |url=https://ai4i.it/ |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=ai4i.it |publisher=Italian Institute of Artificial Intelligence for Industry}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=4 May 2024 |title=Ecco la fabbrica del futuro: a Torino il centro per l'Intelligenza artificiale |url=https://www.lastampa.it/torino/2024/05/04/news/intelligenza_artificiale_ai4industry-14274884/ |access-date=5 January 2025 |publisher=lastampa.it |agency=lastampa.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2 December 2024 |title=Intelligenza artificiale, Antonio Calegari è il nuovo direttore dell'istituto AI4I |url=https://www.repubblica.it/economia/2024/12/02/news/antonio_calegari_nuovo_direttore_ai4i-423803134/ |access-date=5 January 2025 |publisher=repubblica.it |agency=repubblica.it}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani bangare ne na dabarun Italiya don inganta gasa ta masana'antu a cikin AI.Wannan cibiyar da aka keɓe tana da niyyar rufe rata tsakanin cibiyoyin bincike da masana'antu; inganta horo da tallafin R&amp;D don haɓaka ƙarni na gaba na masana AI na Italiya; da haɓaka gasa ta ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 March 2025 |title=AI4I at the &quot;AI-Matters&quot; Roadshow in Bologna: spotlight on AI adoption among Italian companies - AI4I |url=https://ai4i.it/2025/03/26/ai4i-at-the-ai-matters-roadshow-in-bologna-spotlight-on-ai-adoption-among-italian-companies/ |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=ai4i.it |publisher=Italian Institute of Artificial Intelligence for Industry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana sa ran wannan shirin zai zama cibiyar bincike na AI, yana motsa sababbin abubuwa waɗanda aka tsara don takamaiman bukatun Masana'antar Italiya da gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Italian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2024-2026 |url=https://www.agid.gov.it/en/news/the-italian-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=agid.gov.it |publisher=Agenzia per Italia Digitale}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Italy AI Strategy Report&quot; /&gt;

=== Fa'idodin InvestAI ===
Masana'antar AI ta Italiya tana tsaye don amfana daga shirin InvestAI na Turai, wani shiri da aka bayyana a taron AI Action na baya-bayan nan a Paris.InvestAI wani yunkuri ne na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai don tattara Yuro biliyan 200 don saka hannun jari na AI, tare da asusun da aka keɓe na Yuro biliyoyin 20 da aka keɓa don gina gine-ginen AI.Wadannan gigafactories an tsara su azaman manyan cibiyoyin don horar da ci gaba, samfuran AI masu rikitarwa ta amfani da kusan kwakwalwan AI 100,000 na ƙarni na ƙarshe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EU launches InvestAI initiative to mobilise €200 billion of investment in artificial intelligence |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_25_467 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=ec.europa.eu |publisher=europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ga Italiya, wannan saka hannun jari ya gabatar da manyan dama da yawa:&lt;ref name=&quot;ansa2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=11 February 2025 |title=Von der Leyen announces 200 billion in investments for AI |url=https://www.ansa.it/english/news/science_tecnology/2025/02/11/von-der-leyen-announces-200-billion-in-investments-for-ai_65104487-bdba-4622-9be1-47e6b0b7a374.html |access-date=21 February 2025 |publisher=ansa.it |agency=ansa.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Samun dama ga kayan aikin zamani: Kamfanonin Italiya, cibiyoyin bincike, da farawa na iya amfani da manyan albarkatun lissafi na gigafactories, yana ba su damar horar da samfuran harshe masu ƙwarewa da sauran tsarin AI.
* Ingantawa da Haɗin gwiwa: Tare da tsarin tallafin InvestAI inda kudaden EU ke taimakawa wajen saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu kamfanonin Italiya zasu iya samun damar samun dama cikin sauƙi.Wannan zai karfafa haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu kuma ya haifar da tsarin halittu na AI mai ƙarfi wanda ya kai daga binciken ilimi zuwa aikace-aikacen masana'antu.
* Haɗin kai tare da Shirye-shiryen Kasa da na Yankin: Istituto Italiano per l'Intelligenza Artificiale (AI4I), wanda ke zaune a Turin, an riga an gane shi azaman kayan dabarun Italiya da Tarayyar Turai.A matsayinsa na babban mai karɓar kudaden InvestAI a Italiya, AI4I za ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da waɗannan saka hannun jari a cikin gida, inganta kirkire-kirkire a fannoni kamar [[Masana'anta|masana'antu]], kiwon lafiya &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=20 February 2025 |title=Sanità, Giorgia Meloni: dovere rafforzare Ssn, modello che mondo ci invidia |url=https://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/politica/meloni-ssn-modello-che-mondo-invidia_94040067-202502k.shtml |access-date=20 February 2025 |publisher=tgcom24.mediaset.it |agency=tgcom24.mediaset.it}}&lt;/ref&gt; da sararin samaniya.

Shugaban Hukumar [[Ursula von der Leyen]] ya jaddada cewa an tsara InvestAI don dimokuradiyya da kirkire-kirkire na AI a duk faɗin Turai ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa har ma da ƙananan kamfanoni suna da damar samun ikon kwamfuta mai ƙarfi.Ga Italiya, wannan yana nufin ba kawai ci gaba da tafiya tare da shugabannin duniya ba har ma da amfani da saka hannun jari na Turai don canza masana'antar AI da kuma fitar da ci gaban tattalin arziki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=11 February 2025 |title=EU launches InvestAI initiative to mobilise €200 billion of investment in artificial intelligence |url=https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/eu-launches-investai-initiative-mobilise-eu200-billion-investment-artificial-intelligence |access-date=17 February 2025 |publisher=digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu |agency=digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=EU launches InvestAI initiative to mobilise €200 billion of investment in artificial intelligence |url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/europe_direct/items/869199/ |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=ec.europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ansa3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=11 February 2025 |title=Von der Leyen announces 200 billion in investments for AI |url=https://www.ansa.it/english/news/science_tecnology/2025/02/11/von-der-leyen-announces-200-billion-in-investments-for-ai_65104487-bdba-4622-9be1-47e6b0b7a374.html |access-date=21 February 2025 |publisher=ansa.it |agency=ansa.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) 
* CINECA
* Minerva AI (Jami'ar Sapienza ta Roma) 
* Velvet AI (Almawave) 
* Vitruvian-1 (ASC27) 
* Istituto Italiano ta hanyar Intelligenza Artificiale nell'Industria (AI4I) 
* Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) 
* Agenzia ta hanyar Cybersicurezza Nazionale
* Ayyukan hadin gwiwa na Kayan aiki na Kayan Kayan Kungiyar Kayan Kiman
* Dokar Ilimin Ilimin Artificial (AI Act) 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="16588" sha1="6mbwevz0ecctzkc9rf096osajuhpqls" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Masana'antar leken asiri ta wucin gadi a Italiya''' tana girma kuma tana tallafawa ci gaban masana'antu.A cikin 2024 ya kai sabon rikodin, ya kai Yuro biliyan 1.2 tare da ci gaban +58% idan aka kwatanta da 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=7 February 2025 |title=Intelligenza artificiale, boom del mercato italiano +58% |url=https://www.ansa.it/osservatorio_intelligenza_artificiale/notizie/societa/2025/02/06/intelligenza-artificiale-boom-del-mercato-italiano-58_6f9cdcd9-7f77-4d30-8653-ec711f93fc2b.html |access-date=20 February 2025 |publisher=ansa.it |agency=ansa.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;forbes.it2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=7 February 2025 |title=Quanto vale il mercato dell'IA in Italia: il report del Polimi |url=https://forbes.it/2025/02/07/quanto-vale-mercato-ia-italia-report-polimi/ |access-date=20 February 2025 |publisher=forbes.it |agency=forbes.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Duk da yake a cikin 2025, ci gaban hankali na wucin gadi a cikin aikace-aikacen masana'antu ya fi girma fiye da 2024 duka dangane da darajar da aikace-aikace ga bangarorin masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Artificial Intelligence for the Italian System - Report 2025 |url=https://public.confindustria.it/repository/2025/06/19100744/documenti-lintelligenza-artificiale-per-Report-IA-per-il-Sistema-Italia.pdf |access-date=12 January 2026 |website=confindustria.it |publisher=confindustria.it}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2026 Global Index on Responsible AI, Italiya ta zira kwallaye 72.71.An sanya shi na 2 na kasashe 135 kuma yana gaba da kashi 99% na waɗanda aka tantance, maki 18.5 sama da matsakaicin Turai (54.2) da maki 20.6 sama da matsakaiciyar samun kudin shiga (52.1).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Index on Responsible AI (GIRAI) |url=https://www.global-index.ai/countries/ITA?country=ITA |access-date=2026-11-02 |website=GIRAI - Global Index on Responsible AI |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Idowu |first=Omotoyosi |date=2026-07-09 |title=Nigeria ranks first in Africa, 38th globally in responsible AI index |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/business/business-news/894152-nigeria-ranks-first-in-africa-38th-globally-in-responsible-ai-index.html |access-date=2026-11-02 |work=Premium Times |language=en-GB |issn=2360-7688}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tushen binciken AI a Italiya ya koma zuwa shekarun 1970s, lokacin da malaman Italiyanci suka fara bincika tunani na atomatik, tsarin shirye-shiryen harshe, da kuma ganewa.Masu bincike irin su wadanda ke da hannu a ayyukan farko a Majalisar Bincike ta Kasa da jami'o'i daban-daban sun kafa tushe don ci gaban ilimi da masana'antu a fagen.&lt;ref name=&quot;ITALIAN STRATEGY FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2024-20262&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ITALIAN STRATEGY FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2024-2026 |url=https://www.agid.gov.it/sites/agid/files/2024-07/Italian_strategy_for_artificial_intelligence_2024-2026.pdf |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=agid.gov.it |publisher=Agenzia per l'Italia Digitale}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Intelligenza artificiale e competenze 4.0: aperte le iscrizioni per la VI edizione dell'&quot;Advanced School in AI&quot; |url=https://www.cnr.it/en/news/11880/intelligenza-artificiale-e-competenze-4-0-aperte-le-iscrizioni-per-la-vi-edizione-dell-advanced-school-in-ai |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=cnr.it |publisher=Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wannan lokacin, an fi mayar da hankali kan bunkasa algorithms don tabbatar da tsarin sarrafa kansa da kuma gina tsarin yin tunani game da matsalolin lissafi masu rikitarwa.Wannan zamanin ya ga haihuwar hanyoyin da daga baya za su rinjayi fannoni da yawa na AI, daga sarrafa harshe na halitta (NLP) zuwa robotics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Robotics |url=https://www.iit.it/it/robotics |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=iit.it |publisher=Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abubuwan da suka faru a ma'aikata da gudummawar ilimi ===
Wani canji a cikin yanayin AI na Italiya shine kafa kungiyar Italiya don Ilimin Artificial (AIxIA) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Associazione Italiana per l'Intelligenza Artificiale |url=https://aixia.it/en/ |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=aixia.it |publisher=AIxIA}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin 1988.Masana kimiyya ne suka kafa ta, ciki har da Luigia Carlucci Aiello,  kungiyar ta kafa dandamali don hadin gwiwa tsakanin jami'o'i, cibiyoyin bincike, da masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 December 2022 |title=Luigia Carlucci Aiello, guest on the &quot;Scienziate&quot; TV show, RAI Scuola. |url=https://aixia.it/en/luigia-carlucci-aiello-ospite-al-programma-scienziate-su-rai-scuola/ |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=aixia.it |publisher=Associazione Italiana per l’Intelligenza Artificiale}}&lt;/ref&gt;A karkashin jagorancin Aiello, AIIA ta taka rawar gani wajen inganta bincike, shirya taron kasa, da kuma inganta haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa wanda ya haɗa al'ummar AI ta Italiya zuwa hanyoyin sadarwar duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=22nd International Conference of the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence |url=https://aixia.it/en/incontri/22nd-international-conference-of-the-italian-association-for-artificial-intelligence/ |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=aixia.it |publisher=Associazione Italiana per l’Intelligenza Artificiale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokaci guda, furofesoshi kamar su Roberto Navigli da masu aiki da yawa sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban AI a Italiya.Navigli ya yi aiki a cikin NLP na harsuna da yawa, gami da kirkirar BabelNet, kuma ya jagoranci Aikin Minerva.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=26 November 2024 |title=Ecco Minerva 7B, il nuovo LLM italiano è più potente e basato su fonti aperte |url=https://www.repubblica.it/tecnologia/2024/11/26/news/minerva_7b_llm_italiano_sapienza_leonardo_intelligenza_artificiale-423736925/ |access-date=21 February 2025 |publisher=repubblica.it |agency=repubblica.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=26 November 2024 |title=Sapienza lancia Minerva 7B, la nuova versione della sua 'ChatGPT', ecco cosa fa |url=https://www.agi.it/scienza/news/2024-11-26/intelligenza-artificiale-chat-sapienza-minerva-7-b-28902372/ |access-date=21 February 2025 |publisher=agi.it |agency=agi.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== AI na masana'antu ===
A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, shirye-shiryen kasa da na Turai da yawa da ke tallafawa da kudade daga shirye-shirye irin su Shirin Maidowa da Resilience na Kasa (PNRR) sun haifar da sauyawa daga bincike na ka'idoji zuwa aikace-aikace masu amfani.Sashen masana'antu ciki har da masana'antu, banki, da kiwon lafiya sun kara rungumar aikin kai tsaye na AI, yayin da cibiyoyin bincike suka hada kai da abokan hulɗa na masana'antu don tura mafita masu tsayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ITALIAN STRATEGY FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2024-2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ITALIAN STRATEGY FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2024-2026 |url=https://www.agid.gov.it/sites/agid/files/2024-07/Italian_strategy_for_artificial_intelligence_2024-2026.pdf |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=agid.gov.it |publisher=Agenzia per l'Italia Digitale}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Italiya ta kuma ga kafa cibiyoyin bincike na musamman da cibiyoyin da ke da niyyar kawar da rata tsakanin sababbin ilimi da aikace-aikacen masana'antu.Wadannan shirye-shiryen suna nuna babban sadaukarwar kasa don haɗa AI cikin masana'antar Italiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Italy AI Strategy Report&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Italy AI Strategy Report |url=https://ai-watch.ec.europa.eu/countries/italy/italy-ai-strategy-report_en |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=ai-watch.ec.europa.eu |publisher=European Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan ==

=== Fitowar AI mai samarwa ===
Wani alama a cikin juyin halitta na zamani na Italiya shine ci gaban Minerva AI .Kungiyar bincike ta Sapienza NLP a Jami'ar Sapienza ta Roma kuma Farfesa Roberto Navigli ne ya jagoranta, Minerva tana wakiltar dangin farko na manyan samfuran harshe (LLMs) da aka horar daga karami tare da mayar da hankali ga harshen Italiyanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 November 2024 |title=Minerva 7B, nuova versione della risposta italiana a ChatGpt |url=https://www.ansa.it/canale_tecnologia/notizie/tecnologia/2024/11/27/minerva-7b-nuova-versione-della-risposta-italiana-a-chatgpt_748b67a6-5351-4c05-8207-d135b73762b4.html |access-date=21 February 2025 |publisher=ansa.it |agency=ansa.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Minerva |url=https://nlp.uniroma1.it/minerva/ |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=nlp.uniroma1.it |publisher=Sapienza NLP}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Minerva 7B ====
Sabon maimaitawa, Minerva 7B, yana da sigogi biliyan 7 kuma an horar da shi a kan tarin kalmomi sama da tiriliyan 1.5.Ta hanyar amfani da dabarun sautin koyarwa na ci gaba, Minerva 7B yana iya samar da amsa mai kyau, mai jituwa, da kuma amsa mai hankali game da batutuwan da aka saba da su kamar hallucinations da ƙarni mara kyau.Wannan ci gaba ya kafa ma'auni don bayyane, ci gaban AI mai buɗewa a cikin ƙasar.Ci gaban Minerva, wanda aka gudanar a cikin aikin FAIR (Future Artificial Intelligence Research) tare da hadin gwiwar CINECA kuma yana tallafawa ta hanyar albarkatun kwamfuta kamar Leonardo (supercomputer) , ya dace da al'adun al'adu da al'adu na Italiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 October 2024 |title=sapienzanlp/Minerva-7B-instruct-v1.0 |url=https://huggingface.co/sapienzanlp/Minerva-7B-instruct-v1.0 |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=huggingface.co |publisher=The Sapienza NLP Team}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 November 2024 |title=Cosa può fare la nuova versione di Minerva 7B? |url=https://www.infodata.ilsole24ore.com/2024/11/27/cosa-puo-fare-la-nuova-versione-di-minerva-7b/ |access-date=21 February 2025 |publisher=ilsole24ore.com |agency=ilsole24ore.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=17 February 2025 |title=Intelligenza artificiale Made in Italy: quali sono i modelli LLM italiani |url=https://www.corriere.it/tecnologia/cards/intelligenza-artificiale-made-in-italy-quali-sono-i-modelli-llm-italiani/minerva.shtml |access-date=21 February 2025 |publisher=corriere.it |agency=corriere.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kafa AI4I ===
Kafawar Istituto Italiano per l'Intelligenza Artificiale (AI4[[:en:Istituto_Italiano_per_l'Intelligenza_Artificiale|I)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Italian Institute of Artificial Intelligence for Industry |url=https://ai4i.it/ |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=ai4i.it |publisher=Italian Institute of Artificial Intelligence for Industry}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=4 May 2024 |title=Ecco la fabbrica del futuro: a Torino il centro per l'Intelligenza artificiale |url=https://www.lastampa.it/torino/2024/05/04/news/intelligenza_artificiale_ai4industry-14274884/ |access-date=5 January 2025 |publisher=lastampa.it |agency=lastampa.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2 December 2024 |title=Intelligenza artificiale, Antonio Calegari è il nuovo direttore dell'istituto AI4I |url=https://www.repubblica.it/economia/2024/12/02/news/antonio_calegari_nuovo_direttore_ai4i-423803134/ |access-date=5 January 2025 |publisher=repubblica.it |agency=repubblica.it}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani bangare ne na dabarun Italiya don inganta gasa ta masana'antu a cikin AI.Wannan cibiyar da aka keɓe tana da niyyar rufe rata tsakanin cibiyoyin bincike da masana'antu; inganta horo da tallafin R&amp;D don haɓaka ƙarni na gaba na masana AI na Italiya; da haɓaka gasa ta ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 March 2025 |title=AI4I at the &quot;AI-Matters&quot; Roadshow in Bologna: spotlight on AI adoption among Italian companies - AI4I |url=https://ai4i.it/2025/03/26/ai4i-at-the-ai-matters-roadshow-in-bologna-spotlight-on-ai-adoption-among-italian-companies/ |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=ai4i.it |publisher=Italian Institute of Artificial Intelligence for Industry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana sa ran wannan shirin zai zama cibiyar bincike na AI, yana motsa sababbin abubuwa waɗanda aka tsara don takamaiman bukatun Masana'antar Italiya da gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Italian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2024-2026 |url=https://www.agid.gov.it/en/news/the-italian-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=agid.gov.it |publisher=Agenzia per Italia Digitale}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Italy AI Strategy Report&quot; /&gt;

=== Fa'idodin InvestAI ===
Masana'antar AI ta Italiya tana tsaye don amfana daga shirin InvestAI na Turai, wani shiri da aka bayyana a taron AI Action na baya-bayan nan a Paris.InvestAI wani yunkuri ne na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai don tattara Yuro biliyan 200 don saka hannun jari na AI, tare da asusun da aka keɓe na Yuro biliyoyin 20 da aka keɓa don gina gine-ginen AI.Wadannan gigafactories an tsara su azaman manyan cibiyoyin don horar da ci gaba, samfuran AI masu rikitarwa ta amfani da kusan kwakwalwan AI 100,000 na ƙarni na ƙarshe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EU launches InvestAI initiative to mobilise €200 billion of investment in artificial intelligence |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_25_467 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=ec.europa.eu |publisher=europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ga Italiya, wannan saka hannun jari ya gabatar da manyan dama da yawa:&lt;ref name=&quot;ansa2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=11 February 2025 |title=Von der Leyen announces 200 billion in investments for AI |url=https://www.ansa.it/english/news/science_tecnology/2025/02/11/von-der-leyen-announces-200-billion-in-investments-for-ai_65104487-bdba-4622-9be1-47e6b0b7a374.html |access-date=21 February 2025 |publisher=ansa.it |agency=ansa.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Samun dama ga kayan aikin zamani: Kamfanonin Italiya, cibiyoyin bincike, da farawa na iya amfani da manyan albarkatun lissafi na gigafactories, yana ba su damar horar da samfuran harshe masu ƙwarewa da sauran tsarin AI.
* Ingantawa da Haɗin gwiwa: Tare da tsarin tallafin InvestAI inda kudaden EU ke taimakawa wajen saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu kamfanonin Italiya zasu iya samun damar samun dama cikin sauƙi.Wannan zai karfafa haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu kuma ya haifar da tsarin halittu na AI mai ƙarfi wanda ya kai daga binciken ilimi zuwa aikace-aikacen masana'antu.
* Haɗin kai tare da Shirye-shiryen Kasa da na Yankin: Istituto Italiano per l'Intelligenza Artificiale (AI4I), wanda ke zaune a Turin, an riga an gane shi azaman kayan dabarun Italiya da Tarayyar Turai.A matsayinsa na babban mai karɓar kudaden InvestAI a Italiya, AI4I za ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da waɗannan saka hannun jari a cikin gida, inganta kirkire-kirkire a fannoni kamar [[Masana'anta|masana'antu]], kiwon lafiya &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=20 February 2025 |title=Sanità, Giorgia Meloni: dovere rafforzare Ssn, modello che mondo ci invidia |url=https://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/politica/meloni-ssn-modello-che-mondo-invidia_94040067-202502k.shtml |access-date=20 February 2025 |publisher=tgcom24.mediaset.it |agency=tgcom24.mediaset.it}}&lt;/ref&gt; da sararin samaniya.

Shugaban Hukumar [[Ursula von der Leyen]] ya jaddada cewa an tsara InvestAI don dimokuradiyya da kirkire-kirkire na AI a duk faɗin Turai ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa har ma da ƙananan kamfanoni suna da damar samun ikon kwamfuta mai ƙarfi.Ga Italiya, wannan yana nufin ba kawai ci gaba da tafiya tare da shugabannin duniya ba har ma da amfani da saka hannun jari na Turai don canza masana'antar AI da kuma fitar da ci gaban tattalin arziki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=11 February 2025 |title=EU launches InvestAI initiative to mobilise €200 billion of investment in artificial intelligence |url=https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/eu-launches-investai-initiative-mobilise-eu200-billion-investment-artificial-intelligence |access-date=17 February 2025 |publisher=digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu |agency=digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=EU launches InvestAI initiative to mobilise €200 billion of investment in artificial intelligence |url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/europe_direct/items/869199/ |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=ec.europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ansa3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=11 February 2025 |title=Von der Leyen announces 200 billion in investments for AI |url=https://www.ansa.it/english/news/science_tecnology/2025/02/11/von-der-leyen-announces-200-billion-in-investments-for-ai_65104487-bdba-4622-9be1-47e6b0b7a374.html |access-date=21 February 2025 |publisher=ansa.it |agency=ansa.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) 
* CINECA
* Minerva AI (Jami'ar Sapienza ta Roma) 
* Velvet AI (Almawave) 
* Vitruvian-1 (ASC27) 
* Istituto Italiano ta hanyar Intelligenza Artificiale nell'Industria (AI4I) 
* Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) 
* Agenzia ta hanyar Cybersicurezza Nazionale
* Ayyukan hadin gwiwa na Kayan aiki na Kayan Kayan Kungiyar Kayan Kiman
* Dokar Ilimin Ilimin Artificial (AI Act) 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>6mbwevz0ecctzkc9rf096osajuhpqls</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Abddullah AKsmart</title>
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        <username>Abddullah AKsmart</username>
        <id>50738</id>
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      <comment>/* */ Asalin Abdullah AKsmart</comment>
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      <text bytes="231" sha1="dleevxnq2aamexy59s7fv4ulxd2jf10" xml:space="preserve">Da farko sunana Abdullahi Khamisu Umar wanda a kafi sani da Abdullah AKsmart , ni mawaki ne kuma marubuci, mai fasahohi daban-daban, an haife ni a garin Tofa cikin wata unguwa Mararraba Fadi Sonka, a jihar Kano state dake Nigeria .</text>
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    <title>Gidan kakar 3</title>
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        <username>Jafar Shamsu</username>
        <id>48635</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1380629156|House season 3]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4600" sha1="1rwwjjsy1wfbqzs4ylncb6kmb99y2y2" xml:space="preserve">Lokaci na uku na House (wanda ake kira House, MD) an watsa shi a FOX daga Satumba 5, 2006 [1] zuwa Mayu 29, 2007. A farkon kakar, House ya sake amfani da kafafunsa na ɗan lokaci saboda maganin ketamine bayan an harbe shi a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta biyu.[2] Daga baya a cikin kakar, ya bar mai haƙuri mai taurin kai a cikin dakin jarrabawa tare da thermometer a cikin madaidaiciyarsa.[3] Saboda House ba ya son neman gafara, mai haƙuri, wanda ya zama mai bincike na 'yan sanda, ya fara bincike game da jarabawar Vicodin na House.[4]

David Morse ya shiga cikin simintin wasanni bakwai a matsayin mai bincike Michael Tritter .  An jefa shi don rawar bayan ya yi aiki tare da mahaliccin House David Shore a kan [[CBS]] 'Hack . 

== Hotuna da haruffa ==

=== Babban aikin ===

* Hugh Laurie a matsayin Dokta Gregory HouseGidan Dokta Gregory
* Lisa Edelstein a matsayin Dokta Lisa Cuddy
* Omar Epps a matsayin [[House (TV series)|Dokta Eric Foreman]]
* Robert Sean Leonard a matsayin Dokta James Wilson
* Jennifer Morrison a matsayin Dokta Allison Cameron
* Jesse Spencer a matsayin [[House (TV series)|Dokta Robert Chase]]

=== Sauye-sauye ===

* David Morse a matsayin Mai bincike Michael Tritter
* Stephanie Venditto a matsayin Nurs Brenda Previn
* Kadeem Hardison a matsayin lauya Howard Gemeiner
* Leighton Meester a matsayin Ali
* Edward Edwards a matsayin Richard McNeil
* Ron Perkins a matsayin Dokta Ron Simpson
* Charles S. Dutton a matsayin Rodney Foreman
* Kimberly Quinn a matsayin Nurse Wendy

=== Baƙi ===
Jane Adams, Erich Anderson, Omar Avila, Jurnee Smollett-Bell, Geoffrey Blake, Tanner Blaze, Ben Bledsoe, Marc Blucas, Mika Boorem, Kacie Borrowman, David Bowe, Paula Cale, Helen Carey, Greg Cipes, [[Monique Gabriela|Monique Gabriela Curnen]], Dabier, [[Meredith Eaton]], Mary Elizabeth Ellis, Shonda Farr, Arabella Field, Colleen Blaze, Lynd Fonse, Ben Bonse, Thomas Birtirtirt, Thomas Bonse, John Mer Mer Mer Merc, John Merc, Merc, Thomas Mland, Mercall, Mercney, Mercony, Mercett, Mercader, Merc., Merc, George Dirt, Mercess, Mercens, Mercans, Mercass, Mercasa, Mercase, Mercamas, Mercars, Mercash, Mercland, Merk, Merclah, Mercade, Merckey, Mercany, Merc.

== Karɓar baƙi ==
Season three's most-viewed episode was &quot;One Day, One Room&quot;, which was watched by almost 27.4 million viewers. An average 19.4 million viewers watched season three of ''House'', making it the seventh most-watched show of the 2006–2007 television season.&lt;ref name=&quot;season3ratings&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2007 |title=Season 3 ratings |url=http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=061207_04 |access-date=June 15, 2009 |website=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC Medianet]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jennifer Morrison da Joel Grey sun gabatar da shirin &quot;Informed Consent&quot; don la'akari a cikin rukunin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mai ba da tallafi a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma fitaccen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo bi da bi a 59th Primetime Emmy Awards . &lt;ref name=&quot;EMMY07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2007 Emmys CONFIRMED Episode Submissions |url=http://goldderbyforums.latimes.com/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/1106078764/m/53610293 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822032609/http://goldderbyforums.latimes.com/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/1106078764/m/53610293 |archive-date=2007-08-22 |access-date=2007-06-18 |publisher=The Envelope Forum, [[Los Angeles Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a zabi su ba.

[[John Larroquette]] da David Morse sun gabatar da shirin &quot;Son of Coma Guy&quot; don la'akari a cikin rukunin fitaccen Baƙo a cikin Drama Series . &lt;ref name=&quot;EMMY07&quot; /&gt; An zabi Morse.Lisa Edelstein kuma ta gabatar da wannan labarin don la'akari a cikin rukunin fitaccen mai ba da tallafi a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMMY07&quot; /&gt; Ba ta sami gabatarwa ba.

An gabatar da shirin &quot;Half-Wit&quot; don la'akari a cikin rukunin shahararrun wasan kwaikwayo, Rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa don jerin wasan kwaikwayo (don Lawrence Kaplow), da kuma fitaccen dan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo.  Jerin da Laurie sun sami gabatarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=59th Primetime Emmy Award Nominations List |url=http://www.emmys.tv/downloads/2007/59ptemmys_noms.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927204529/http://www.emmys.tv/downloads/2007/59ptemmys_noms.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-27}}&amp;nbsp;{{Small|(210&amp;nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Omar Epps ya gabatar da shirin &quot;House Training&quot; don la'akari a cikin rukunin fitaccen mai ba da tallafi a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMMY07&quot; /&gt; Ba a zabi shi ba.

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4613" sha1="blsqpq2kyn6bp6579el4ne575owfoxk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Lokaci na uku na House (wanda ake kira 
House, MD) an watsa shi a FOX daga Satumba 5, 2006 [1] zuwa Mayu 29, 2007. A farkon kakar, House ya sake amfani da kafafunsa na ɗan lokaci saboda maganin ketamine bayan an harbe shi a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta biyu.[2] Daga baya a cikin kakar, ya bar mai haƙuri mai taurin kai a cikin dakin jarrabawa tare da thermometer a cikin madaidaiciyarsa.[3] Saboda House ba ya son neman gafara, mai haƙuri, wanda ya zama mai bincike na 'yan sanda, ya fara bincike game da jarabawar Vicodin na House.[4]

David Morse ya shiga cikin simintin wasanni bakwai a matsayin mai bincike Michael Tritter .  An jefa shi don rawar bayan ya yi aiki tare da mahaliccin House David Shore a kan [[CBS]] 'Hack . 

== Hotuna da haruffa ==

=== Babban aikin ===

* Hugh Laurie a matsayin Dokta Gregory HouseGidan Dokta Gregory
* Lisa Edelstein a matsayin Dokta Lisa Cuddy
* Omar Epps a matsayin [[House (TV series)|Dokta Eric Foreman]]
* Robert Sean Leonard a matsayin Dokta James Wilson
* Jennifer Morrison a matsayin Dokta Allison Cameron
* Jesse Spencer a matsayin [[House (TV series)|Dokta Robert Chase]]

=== Sauye-sauye ===

* David Morse a matsayin Mai bincike Michael Tritter
* Stephanie Venditto a matsayin Nurs Brenda Previn
* Kadeem Hardison a matsayin lauya Howard Gemeiner
* Leighton Meester a matsayin Ali
* Edward Edwards a matsayin Richard McNeil
* Ron Perkins a matsayin Dokta Ron Simpson
* Charles S. Dutton a matsayin Rodney Foreman
* Kimberly Quinn a matsayin Nurse Wendy

=== Baƙi ===
Jane Adams, Erich Anderson, Omar Avila, Jurnee Smollett-Bell, Geoffrey Blake, Tanner Blaze, Ben Bledsoe, Marc Blucas, Mika Boorem, Kacie Borrowman, David Bowe, Paula Cale, Helen Carey, Greg Cipes, [[Monique Gabriela|Monique Gabriela Curnen]], Dabier, [[Meredith Eaton]], Mary Elizabeth Ellis, Shonda Farr, Arabella Field, Colleen Blaze, Lynd Fonse, Ben Bonse, Thomas Birtirtirt, Thomas Bonse, John Mer Mer Mer Merc, John Merc, Merc, Thomas Mland, Mercall, Mercney, Mercony, Mercett, Mercader, Merc., Merc, George Dirt, Mercess, Mercens, Mercans, Mercass, Mercasa, Mercase, Mercamas, Mercars, Mercash, Mercland, Merk, Merclah, Mercade, Merckey, Mercany, Merc.

== Karɓar baƙi ==
Season three's most-viewed episode was &quot;One Day, One Room&quot;, which was watched by almost 27.4 million viewers. An average 19.4 million viewers watched season three of ''House'', making it the seventh most-watched show of the 2006–2007 television season.&lt;ref name=&quot;season3ratings&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2007 |title=Season 3 ratings |url=http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=061207_04 |access-date=June 15, 2009 |website=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC Medianet]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jennifer Morrison da Joel Grey sun gabatar da shirin &quot;Informed Consent&quot; don la'akari a cikin rukunin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mai ba da tallafi a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma fitaccen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo bi da bi a 59th Primetime Emmy Awards . &lt;ref name=&quot;EMMY07&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2007 Emmys CONFIRMED Episode Submissions |url=http://goldderbyforums.latimes.com/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/1106078764/m/53610293 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822032609/http://goldderbyforums.latimes.com/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/1106078764/m/53610293 |archive-date=2007-08-22 |access-date=2007-06-18 |publisher=The Envelope Forum, [[Los Angeles Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a zabi su ba.

[[John Larroquette]] da David Morse sun gabatar da shirin &quot;Son of Coma Guy&quot; don la'akari a cikin rukunin fitaccen Baƙo a cikin Drama Series . &lt;ref name=&quot;EMMY07&quot; /&gt; An zabi Morse.Lisa Edelstein kuma ta gabatar da wannan labarin don la'akari a cikin rukunin fitaccen mai ba da tallafi a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMMY07&quot; /&gt; Ba ta sami gabatarwa ba.

An gabatar da shirin &quot;Half-Wit&quot; don la'akari a cikin rukunin shahararrun wasan kwaikwayo, Rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa don jerin wasan kwaikwayo (don Lawrence Kaplow), da kuma fitaccen dan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo.  Jerin da Laurie sun sami gabatarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=59th Primetime Emmy Award Nominations List |url=http://www.emmys.tv/downloads/2007/59ptemmys_noms.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927204529/http://www.emmys.tv/downloads/2007/59ptemmys_noms.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-27}}&amp;nbsp;{{Small|(210&amp;nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Omar Epps ya gabatar da shirin &quot;House Training&quot; don la'akari a cikin rukunin fitaccen mai ba da tallafi a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMMY07&quot; /&gt; Ba a zabi shi ba.

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>blsqpq2kyn6bp6579el4ne575owfoxk</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Shekarar 2008 a Pakistan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:04:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368771993|2008 in Pakistan]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6442" sha1="4nnulwurj3q1r5e6zsigx2ni4t8ju7m" xml:space="preserve"> 

Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada . 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani [[Parachinar]]_bombing&quot; id=&quot;mwdA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;2008 Parachinar bombing&quot;&gt;fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan. 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>4nnulwurj3q1r5e6zsigx2ni4t8ju7m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975628</id>
      <parentid>975627</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:05:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>975628</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6288" sha1="mazl7tgmptheg9tm3m2295w3cvmns16" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada . 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani [[Parachinar]]_bombing&quot; id=&quot;mwdA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;2008 Parachinar bombing&quot;&gt;fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan. 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>mazl7tgmptheg9tm3m2295w3cvmns16</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975629</id>
      <parentid>975628</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:07:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fabrairu */</comment>
      <origin>975629</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6486" sha1="edfrkwwjfek979feikbv87hbbtmxxqi" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada .&lt;ref&gt;{{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20080211111319/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/09/pakistan.blast/index.html|title=Pakistan election rally bomb kills 15 - CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani [[Parachinar]]_bombing&quot; id=&quot;mwdA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;2008 Parachinar bombing&quot;&gt;fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan. 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>edfrkwwjfek979feikbv87hbbtmxxqi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975631</id>
      <parentid>975629</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:08:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fabrairu */</comment>
      <origin>975631</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6587" sha1="n37ts6ynoji22n6x7r3uvogz6bn6xwk" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada .&lt;ref&gt;{{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20080211111319/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/09/pakistan.blast/index.html|title=Pakistan election rally bomb kills 15 - CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7244208.stm Pakistani diplomat still missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani [[Parachinar]]_bombing&quot; id=&quot;mwdA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;2008 Parachinar bombing&quot;&gt;fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan. 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>n37ts6ynoji22n6x7r3uvogz6bn6xwk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975632</id>
      <parentid>975631</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:11:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fabrairu */</comment>
      <origin>975632</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6804" sha1="4m6lz0hm98jocknj09kcwztkaspw5jv" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada .&lt;ref&gt;{{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20080211111319/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/09/pakistan.blast/index.html|title=Pakistan election rally bomb kills 15 - CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7244208.stm Pakistani diplomat still missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani [[Parachinar]]_bombing&quot; id=&quot;mwdA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;2008 Parachinar bombing&quot;&gt;fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/01/pakistan.explosion/index.html |title=45 killed in Pakistan funeral blast – CNN.com |publisher=CNN |date= 2008-03-01|access-date=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan. 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>4m6lz0hm98jocknj09kcwztkaspw5jv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975633</id>
      <parentid>975632</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:13:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fabrairu */</comment>
      <origin>975633</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6938" sha1="mn1x27vyi16le0t5oto3yw5gy47aais" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada .&lt;ref&gt;{{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20080211111319/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/09/pakistan.blast/index.html|title=Pakistan election rally bomb kills 15 - CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7244208.stm Pakistani diplomat still missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/pakistan.election/index.html Pakistan boosts security for election - CNN ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani [[Parachinar]]_bombing&quot; id=&quot;mwdA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;2008 Parachinar bombing&quot;&gt;fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/01/pakistan.explosion/index.html |title=45 killed in Pakistan funeral blast – CNN.com |publisher=CNN |date= 2008-03-01|access-date=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan. 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>mn1x27vyi16le0t5oto3yw5gy47aais</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975634</id>
      <parentid>975633</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:18:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fabrairu */</comment>
      <origin>975634</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7039" sha1="svfd1t3818qudbw241tv9yr5fc9ove6" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada .&lt;ref&gt;{{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20080211111319/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/09/pakistan.blast/index.html|title=Pakistan election rally bomb kills 15 - CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7244208.stm Pakistani diplomat still missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/pakistan.election/index.html Pakistan boosts security for election - CNN ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7247278.stm India-Pakistan flights to double]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani [[Parachinar]]_bombing&quot; id=&quot;mwdA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;2008 Parachinar bombing&quot;&gt;fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/01/pakistan.explosion/index.html |title=45 killed in Pakistan funeral blast – CNN.com |publisher=CNN |date= 2008-03-01|access-date=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan. 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>svfd1t3818qudbw241tv9yr5fc9ove6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975635</id>
      <parentid>975634</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:19:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fabrairu */</comment>
      <origin>975635</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6955" sha1="czsu5a7maxc7ikihhkkm7qnl81yf17u" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada .&lt;ref&gt;{{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20080211111319/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/09/pakistan.blast/index.html|title=Pakistan election rally bomb kills 15 - CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7244208.stm Pakistani diplomat still missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/pakistan.election/index.html Pakistan boosts security for election - CNN ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7247278.stm India-Pakistan flights to double]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/01/pakistan.explosion/index.html |title=45 killed in Pakistan funeral blast – CNN.com |publisher=CNN |date= 2008-03-01|access-date=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan. 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>czsu5a7maxc7ikihhkkm7qnl81yf17u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975636</id>
      <parentid>975635</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:21:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Yuli */</comment>
      <origin>975636</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7189" sha1="mehd5jjurb2bv95sr2xi3utyodmifzw" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada .&lt;ref&gt;{{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20080211111319/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/09/pakistan.blast/index.html|title=Pakistan election rally bomb kills 15 - CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7244208.stm Pakistani diplomat still missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/pakistan.election/index.html Pakistan boosts security for election - CNN ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7247278.stm India-Pakistan flights to double]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/01/pakistan.explosion/index.html |title=45 killed in Pakistan funeral blast – CNN.com |publisher=CNN |date= 2008-03-01|access-date=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan. 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/06/pakistan.blast/index.html |title=Suicide blast targeting police kills 16 at Pakistan rally – CNN.com |publisher=Cnn.com |date= 2008-07-06|accessdate=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>mehd5jjurb2bv95sr2xi3utyodmifzw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975637</id>
      <parentid>975636</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:22:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Yuni */</comment>
      <origin>975637</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7331" sha1="2s79h7oc171tqndfqrbahkn8sc53yv7" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada .&lt;ref&gt;{{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20080211111319/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/09/pakistan.blast/index.html|title=Pakistan election rally bomb kills 15 - CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7244208.stm Pakistani diplomat still missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/pakistan.election/index.html Pakistan boosts security for election - CNN ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7247278.stm India-Pakistan flights to double]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/01/pakistan.explosion/index.html |title=45 killed in Pakistan funeral blast – CNN.com |publisher=CNN |date= 2008-03-01|access-date=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan. 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/305791/blast-rocks-danish-embassy-in-high-security-area-8-killed Blast near Denmark Embassy - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/06/pakistan.blast/index.html |title=Suicide blast targeting police kills 16 at Pakistan rally – CNN.com |publisher=Cnn.com |date= 2008-07-06|accessdate=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>2s79h7oc171tqndfqrbahkn8sc53yv7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975638</id>
      <parentid>975637</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:24:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mayu */</comment>
      <origin>975638</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7422" sha1="nmxll833khtzjesbqt91smnmdd058qx" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada .&lt;ref&gt;{{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20080211111319/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/09/pakistan.blast/index.html|title=Pakistan election rally bomb kills 15 - CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7244208.stm Pakistani diplomat still missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/pakistan.election/index.html Pakistan boosts security for election - CNN ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7247278.stm India-Pakistan flights to double]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/01/pakistan.explosion/index.html |title=45 killed in Pakistan funeral blast – CNN.com |publisher=CNN |date= 2008-03-01|access-date=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan. 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303300/lawyers Lawyer Announced to go for Long March]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/305791/blast-rocks-danish-embassy-in-high-security-area-8-killed Blast near Denmark Embassy - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/06/pakistan.blast/index.html |title=Suicide blast targeting police kills 16 at Pakistan rally – CNN.com |publisher=Cnn.com |date= 2008-07-06|accessdate=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>nmxll833khtzjesbqt91smnmdd058qx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975639</id>
      <parentid>975638</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:25:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mayu */</comment>
      <origin>975639</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7541" sha1="ecqaazayg0n8bhmtidqzs2yhymin6kb" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada .&lt;ref&gt;{{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20080211111319/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/09/pakistan.blast/index.html|title=Pakistan election rally bomb kills 15 - CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7244208.stm Pakistani diplomat still missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/pakistan.election/index.html Pakistan boosts security for election - CNN ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7247278.stm India-Pakistan flights to double]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/01/pakistan.explosion/index.html |title=45 killed in Pakistan funeral blast – CNN.com |publisher=CNN |date= 2008-03-01|access-date=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan. 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303289/azizuddin-is-home-after-97-days Pakistani Ambassador set free - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303300/lawyers Lawyer Announced to go for Long March]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/305791/blast-rocks-danish-embassy-in-high-security-area-8-killed Blast near Denmark Embassy - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/06/pakistan.blast/index.html |title=Suicide blast targeting police kills 16 at Pakistan rally – CNN.com |publisher=Cnn.com |date= 2008-07-06|accessdate=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>ecqaazayg0n8bhmtidqzs2yhymin6kb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975640</id>
      <parentid>975639</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:26:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mayu */</comment>
      <origin>975640</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7674" sha1="pkshzce845lz39ynswccbgpz6swarh9" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada .&lt;ref&gt;{{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20080211111319/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/09/pakistan.blast/index.html|title=Pakistan election rally bomb kills 15 - CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7244208.stm Pakistani diplomat still missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/pakistan.election/index.html Pakistan boosts security for election - CNN ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7247278.stm India-Pakistan flights to double]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/01/pakistan.explosion/index.html |title=45 killed in Pakistan funeral blast – CNN.com |publisher=CNN |date= 2008-03-01|access-date=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan. 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110520112401/http://www.dawn.com/2008/05/13/top1.html PML (N) Quits Government - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303289/azizuddin-is-home-after-97-days Pakistani Ambassador set free - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303300/lawyers Lawyer Announced to go for Long March]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/305791/blast-rocks-danish-embassy-in-high-security-area-8-killed Blast near Denmark Embassy - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/06/pakistan.blast/index.html |title=Suicide blast targeting police kills 16 at Pakistan rally – CNN.com |publisher=Cnn.com |date= 2008-07-06|accessdate=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>pkshzce845lz39ynswccbgpz6swarh9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975641</id>
      <parentid>975640</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:27:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Afrilu */</comment>
      <origin>975641</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7854" sha1="gudfjuvx4v6opth2prvu381cdwql0p0" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada .&lt;ref&gt;{{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20080211111319/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/09/pakistan.blast/index.html|title=Pakistan election rally bomb kills 15 - CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7244208.stm Pakistani diplomat still missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/pakistan.election/index.html Pakistan boosts security for election - CNN ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7247278.stm India-Pakistan flights to double]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/01/pakistan.explosion/index.html |title=45 killed in Pakistan funeral blast – CNN.com |publisher=CNN |date= 2008-03-01|access-date=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan. 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080423213050/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/19/pakistan.ambassador.ap/index.html Pakistan envoy: I am Taliban hostage - CNN]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110520112401/http://www.dawn.com/2008/05/13/top1.html PML (N) Quits Government - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303289/azizuddin-is-home-after-97-days Pakistani Ambassador set free - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303300/lawyers Lawyer Announced to go for Long March]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/305791/blast-rocks-danish-embassy-in-high-security-area-8-killed Blast near Denmark Embassy - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/06/pakistan.blast/index.html |title=Suicide blast targeting police kills 16 at Pakistan rally – CNN.com |publisher=Cnn.com |date= 2008-07-06|accessdate=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>gudfjuvx4v6opth2prvu381cdwql0p0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975642</id>
      <parentid>975641</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:29:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Afrilu */</comment>
      <origin>975642</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7966" sha1="8gp7kruktrkzj3qzhu978genlcm5vjy" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada .&lt;ref&gt;{{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20080211111319/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/09/pakistan.blast/index.html|title=Pakistan election rally bomb kills 15 - CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7244208.stm Pakistani diplomat still missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/pakistan.election/index.html Pakistan boosts security for election - CNN ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7247278.stm India-Pakistan flights to double]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/01/pakistan.explosion/index.html |title=45 killed in Pakistan funeral blast – CNN.com |publisher=CNN |date= 2008-03-01|access-date=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan. 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7347799.stm Musharraf makes Chinese oil plea - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080423213050/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/19/pakistan.ambassador.ap/index.html Pakistan envoy: I am Taliban hostage - CNN]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110520112401/http://www.dawn.com/2008/05/13/top1.html PML (N) Quits Government - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303289/azizuddin-is-home-after-97-days Pakistani Ambassador set free - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303300/lawyers Lawyer Announced to go for Long March]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/305791/blast-rocks-danish-embassy-in-high-security-area-8-killed Blast near Denmark Embassy - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/06/pakistan.blast/index.html |title=Suicide blast targeting police kills 16 at Pakistan rally – CNN.com |publisher=Cnn.com |date= 2008-07-06|accessdate=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>8gp7kruktrkzj3qzhu978genlcm5vjy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975643</id>
      <parentid>975642</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:30:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Afrilu */</comment>
      <origin>975643</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8068" sha1="pxjz7hpxhxaaachwu1m9eaf5r212033" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada .&lt;ref&gt;{{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20080211111319/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/09/pakistan.blast/index.html|title=Pakistan election rally bomb kills 15 - CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7244208.stm Pakistani diplomat still missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/pakistan.election/index.html Pakistan boosts security for election - CNN ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7247278.stm India-Pakistan flights to double]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/01/pakistan.explosion/index.html |title=45 killed in Pakistan funeral blast – CNN.com |publisher=CNN |date= 2008-03-01|access-date=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan. 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7347799.stm Musharraf makes Chinese oil plea - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7349755.stm Olympic torch relay in Pakistan]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080423213050/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/19/pakistan.ambassador.ap/index.html Pakistan envoy: I am Taliban hostage - CNN]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110520112401/http://www.dawn.com/2008/05/13/top1.html PML (N) Quits Government - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303289/azizuddin-is-home-after-97-days Pakistani Ambassador set free - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303300/lawyers Lawyer Announced to go for Long March]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/305791/blast-rocks-danish-embassy-in-high-security-area-8-killed Blast near Denmark Embassy - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/06/pakistan.blast/index.html |title=Suicide blast targeting police kills 16 at Pakistan rally – CNN.com |publisher=Cnn.com |date= 2008-07-06|accessdate=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>pxjz7hpxhxaaachwu1m9eaf5r212033</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975644</id>
      <parentid>975643</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:31:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Afrilu */</comment>
      <origin>975644</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8188" sha1="qap198pnirhlxpbr972zv4nxvwsqip1" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada .&lt;ref&gt;{{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20080211111319/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/09/pakistan.blast/index.html|title=Pakistan election rally bomb kills 15 - CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7244208.stm Pakistani diplomat still missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/pakistan.election/index.html Pakistan boosts security for election - CNN ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7247278.stm India-Pakistan flights to double]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/01/pakistan.explosion/index.html |title=45 killed in Pakistan funeral blast – CNN.com |publisher=CNN |date= 2008-03-01|access-date=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan. 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7323982.stm Pakistan rethinks US policy on militants - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7347799.stm Musharraf makes Chinese oil plea - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7349755.stm Olympic torch relay in Pakistan]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080423213050/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/19/pakistan.ambassador.ap/index.html Pakistan envoy: I am Taliban hostage - CNN]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110520112401/http://www.dawn.com/2008/05/13/top1.html PML (N) Quits Government - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303289/azizuddin-is-home-after-97-days Pakistani Ambassador set free - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303300/lawyers Lawyer Announced to go for Long March]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/305791/blast-rocks-danish-embassy-in-high-security-area-8-killed Blast near Denmark Embassy - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/06/pakistan.blast/index.html |title=Suicide blast targeting police kills 16 at Pakistan rally – CNN.com |publisher=Cnn.com |date= 2008-07-06|accessdate=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>qap198pnirhlxpbr972zv4nxvwsqip1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975645</id>
      <parentid>975644</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:33:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Maris */</comment>
      <origin>975645</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8290" sha1="s95jyn2enhwitestkqhj40q13v5gtna" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada .&lt;ref&gt;{{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20080211111319/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/09/pakistan.blast/index.html|title=Pakistan election rally bomb kills 15 - CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7244208.stm Pakistani diplomat still missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/pakistan.election/index.html Pakistan boosts security for election - CNN ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7247278.stm India-Pakistan flights to double]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/01/pakistan.explosion/index.html |title=45 killed in Pakistan funeral blast – CNN.com |publisher=CNN |date= 2008-03-01|access-date=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan. 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7320065.stm Pakistani PM vows to fight terror]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7323982.stm Pakistan rethinks US policy on militants - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7347799.stm Musharraf makes Chinese oil plea - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7349755.stm Olympic torch relay in Pakistan]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080423213050/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/19/pakistan.ambassador.ap/index.html Pakistan envoy: I am Taliban hostage - CNN]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110520112401/http://www.dawn.com/2008/05/13/top1.html PML (N) Quits Government - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303289/azizuddin-is-home-after-97-days Pakistani Ambassador set free - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303300/lawyers Lawyer Announced to go for Long March]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/305791/blast-rocks-danish-embassy-in-high-security-area-8-killed Blast near Denmark Embassy - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/06/pakistan.blast/index.html |title=Suicide blast targeting police kills 16 at Pakistan rally – CNN.com |publisher=Cnn.com |date= 2008-07-06|accessdate=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>s95jyn2enhwitestkqhj40q13v5gtna</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975646</id>
      <parentid>975645</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:34:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Maris */</comment>
      <origin>975646</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8391" sha1="27b3c40uxxroqh89uzd6faucenggui5" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada .&lt;ref&gt;{{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20080211111319/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/09/pakistan.blast/index.html|title=Pakistan election rally bomb kills 15 - CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7244208.stm Pakistani diplomat still missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/pakistan.election/index.html Pakistan boosts security for election - CNN ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7247278.stm India-Pakistan flights to double]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/01/pakistan.explosion/index.html |title=45 killed in Pakistan funeral blast – CNN.com |publisher=CNN |date= 2008-03-01|access-date=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7312116.stm New Pakistan PM Gillani sworn in]&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7320065.stm Pakistani PM vows to fight terror]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7323982.stm Pakistan rethinks US policy on militants - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7347799.stm Musharraf makes Chinese oil plea - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7349755.stm Olympic torch relay in Pakistan]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080423213050/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/19/pakistan.ambassador.ap/index.html Pakistan envoy: I am Taliban hostage - CNN]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110520112401/http://www.dawn.com/2008/05/13/top1.html PML (N) Quits Government - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303289/azizuddin-is-home-after-97-days Pakistani Ambassador set free - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303300/lawyers Lawyer Announced to go for Long March]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/305791/blast-rocks-danish-embassy-in-high-security-area-8-killed Blast near Denmark Embassy - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/06/pakistan.blast/index.html |title=Suicide blast targeting police kills 16 at Pakistan rally – CNN.com |publisher=Cnn.com |date= 2008-07-06|accessdate=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>27b3c40uxxroqh89uzd6faucenggui5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975647</id>
      <parentid>975646</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:36:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Maris */</comment>
      <origin>975647</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8502" sha1="puaw56oyer1o27nfvjpzfr93se51irf" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada .&lt;ref&gt;{{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20080211111319/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/09/pakistan.blast/index.html|title=Pakistan election rally bomb kills 15 - CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7244208.stm Pakistani diplomat still missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/pakistan.election/index.html Pakistan boosts security for election - CNN ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7247278.stm India-Pakistan flights to double]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/01/pakistan.explosion/index.html |title=45 killed in Pakistan funeral blast – CNN.com |publisher=CNN |date= 2008-03-01|access-date=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7312116.stm New Pakistan PM Gillani sworn in]&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7311430.stm Pakistan PM vows to free judges - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7320065.stm Pakistani PM vows to fight terror]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7323982.stm Pakistan rethinks US policy on militants - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7347799.stm Musharraf makes Chinese oil plea - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7349755.stm Olympic torch relay in Pakistan]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080423213050/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/19/pakistan.ambassador.ap/index.html Pakistan envoy: I am Taliban hostage - CNN]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110520112401/http://www.dawn.com/2008/05/13/top1.html PML (N) Quits Government - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303289/azizuddin-is-home-after-97-days Pakistani Ambassador set free - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303300/lawyers Lawyer Announced to go for Long March]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/305791/blast-rocks-danish-embassy-in-high-security-area-8-killed Blast near Denmark Embassy - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/06/pakistan.blast/index.html |title=Suicide blast targeting police kills 16 at Pakistan rally – CNN.com |publisher=Cnn.com |date= 2008-07-06|accessdate=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>puaw56oyer1o27nfvjpzfr93se51irf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975648</id>
      <parentid>975647</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:38:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fabrairu */</comment>
      <origin>975648</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8603" sha1="pnv3uzxmoc0h9b1s6re4pzc7qtwz1cd" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada .&lt;ref&gt;{{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20080211111319/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/09/pakistan.blast/index.html|title=Pakistan election rally bomb kills 15 - CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7244208.stm Pakistani diplomat still missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/pakistan.election/index.html Pakistan boosts security for election - CNN ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7247278.stm India-Pakistan flights to double]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7257525.stm Pakistan parties agree coalition]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/01/pakistan.explosion/index.html |title=45 killed in Pakistan funeral blast – CNN.com |publisher=CNN |date= 2008-03-01|access-date=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7312116.stm New Pakistan PM Gillani sworn in]&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7311430.stm Pakistan PM vows to free judges - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7320065.stm Pakistani PM vows to fight terror]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7323982.stm Pakistan rethinks US policy on militants - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7347799.stm Musharraf makes Chinese oil plea - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7349755.stm Olympic torch relay in Pakistan]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080423213050/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/19/pakistan.ambassador.ap/index.html Pakistan envoy: I am Taliban hostage - CNN]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110520112401/http://www.dawn.com/2008/05/13/top1.html PML (N) Quits Government - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303289/azizuddin-is-home-after-97-days Pakistani Ambassador set free - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303300/lawyers Lawyer Announced to go for Long March]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/305791/blast-rocks-danish-embassy-in-high-security-area-8-killed Blast near Denmark Embassy - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/06/pakistan.blast/index.html |title=Suicide blast targeting police kills 16 at Pakistan rally – CNN.com |publisher=Cnn.com |date= 2008-07-06|accessdate=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>pnv3uzxmoc0h9b1s6re4pzc7qtwz1cd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975650</id>
      <parentid>975648</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:40:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fabrairu */</comment>
      <origin>975650</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8708" sha1="2p39fluqzh5ijwhjt667qvowe7x9bd8" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada .&lt;ref&gt;{{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20080211111319/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/09/pakistan.blast/index.html|title=Pakistan election rally bomb kills 15 - CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7244208.stm Pakistani diplomat still missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/pakistan.election/index.html Pakistan boosts security for election - CNN ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7247278.stm India-Pakistan flights to double]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7253380.stm Are Musharraf's days numbered? - BBC]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7257525.stm Pakistan parties agree coalition]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/01/pakistan.explosion/index.html |title=45 killed in Pakistan funeral blast – CNN.com |publisher=CNN |date= 2008-03-01|access-date=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7312116.stm New Pakistan PM Gillani sworn in]&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7311430.stm Pakistan PM vows to free judges - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7320065.stm Pakistani PM vows to fight terror]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7323982.stm Pakistan rethinks US policy on militants - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7347799.stm Musharraf makes Chinese oil plea - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7349755.stm Olympic torch relay in Pakistan]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080423213050/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/19/pakistan.ambassador.ap/index.html Pakistan envoy: I am Taliban hostage - CNN]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110520112401/http://www.dawn.com/2008/05/13/top1.html PML (N) Quits Government - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303289/azizuddin-is-home-after-97-days Pakistani Ambassador set free - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303300/lawyers Lawyer Announced to go for Long March]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/305791/blast-rocks-danish-embassy-in-high-security-area-8-killed Blast near Denmark Embassy - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/06/pakistan.blast/index.html |title=Suicide blast targeting police kills 16 at Pakistan rally – CNN.com |publisher=Cnn.com |date= 2008-07-06|accessdate=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>2p39fluqzh5ijwhjt667qvowe7x9bd8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975651</id>
      <parentid>975650</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:43:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fabrairu */</comment>
      <origin>975651</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8809" sha1="dxy735jww4qqh5mmvu2rcvk917shj9j" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada .&lt;ref&gt;{{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20080211111319/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/09/pakistan.blast/index.html|title=Pakistan election rally bomb kills 15 - CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7244208.stm Pakistani diplomat still missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/pakistan.election/index.html Pakistan boosts security for election - CNN ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7242193.stm Pakistan tests ballistic missile]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7247278.stm India-Pakistan flights to double]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7253380.stm Are Musharraf's days numbered? - BBC]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7257525.stm Pakistan parties agree coalition]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/01/pakistan.explosion/index.html |title=45 killed in Pakistan funeral blast – CNN.com |publisher=CNN |date= 2008-03-01|access-date=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7312116.stm New Pakistan PM Gillani sworn in]&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7311430.stm Pakistan PM vows to free judges - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7320065.stm Pakistani PM vows to fight terror]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7323982.stm Pakistan rethinks US policy on militants - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7347799.stm Musharraf makes Chinese oil plea - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7349755.stm Olympic torch relay in Pakistan]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080423213050/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/19/pakistan.ambassador.ap/index.html Pakistan envoy: I am Taliban hostage - CNN]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110520112401/http://www.dawn.com/2008/05/13/top1.html PML (N) Quits Government - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303289/azizuddin-is-home-after-97-days Pakistani Ambassador set free - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303300/lawyers Lawyer Announced to go for Long March]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/305791/blast-rocks-danish-embassy-in-high-security-area-8-killed Blast near Denmark Embassy - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/06/pakistan.blast/index.html |title=Suicide blast targeting police kills 16 at Pakistan rally – CNN.com |publisher=Cnn.com |date= 2008-07-06|accessdate=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>dxy735jww4qqh5mmvu2rcvk917shj9j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975652</id>
      <parentid>975651</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:44:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fabrairu */</comment>
      <origin>975652</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8938" sha1="mbfar2aoo4os72kd2hwiius1asxhw4a" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada .&lt;ref&gt;{{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20080211111319/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/09/pakistan.blast/index.html|title=Pakistan election rally bomb kills 15 - CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7244208.stm Pakistani diplomat still missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/pakistan.election/index.html Pakistan boosts security for election - CNN ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7242193.stm Pakistan tests ballistic missile]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/13/bhutto.confessions/index.html Two admit arming Bhutto suicide bomber]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto. 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7247278.stm India-Pakistan flights to double]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7253380.stm Are Musharraf's days numbered? - BBC]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7257525.stm Pakistan parties agree coalition]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/01/pakistan.explosion/index.html |title=45 killed in Pakistan funeral blast – CNN.com |publisher=CNN |date= 2008-03-01|access-date=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7312116.stm New Pakistan PM Gillani sworn in]&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7311430.stm Pakistan PM vows to free judges - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7320065.stm Pakistani PM vows to fight terror]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7323982.stm Pakistan rethinks US policy on militants - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7347799.stm Musharraf makes Chinese oil plea - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7349755.stm Olympic torch relay in Pakistan]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080423213050/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/19/pakistan.ambassador.ap/index.html Pakistan envoy: I am Taliban hostage - CNN]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110520112401/http://www.dawn.com/2008/05/13/top1.html PML (N) Quits Government - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303289/azizuddin-is-home-after-97-days Pakistani Ambassador set free - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303300/lawyers Lawyer Announced to go for Long March]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/305791/blast-rocks-danish-embassy-in-high-security-area-8-killed Blast near Denmark Embassy - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/06/pakistan.blast/index.html |title=Suicide blast targeting police kills 16 at Pakistan rally – CNN.com |publisher=Cnn.com |date= 2008-07-06|accessdate=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>mbfar2aoo4os72kd2hwiius1asxhw4a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>975653</id>
      <parentid>975652</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T20:46:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fabrairu */</comment>
      <origin>975653</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9051" sha1="syf1uhk9u8uxe7b4o8b6fgu15mrzuun" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta '''2008 a Pakistan'''.

== Wadanda ke aiki ==

=== Gwamnatin Tarayya ===

* Shugaban kasa:
** har zuwa 18 ga Agusta: [[Pervez Musharraf]]
** 18 ga Agusta-9 ga Satumba: Muhammad Mian Soomro
** farawa 9 ga Satumba: Asif Ali Zardari
* Firayim Minista: Muhammad Mian Soomro (aiki) (farawa 16 ga Nuwamba) 
* Babban Alkalin: Abdul Hameed Dogar (aiki) 

=== Gwamnoni ===

* Gwamnan Balochistan - Owais Ahmed Ghani (har zuwa 5 ga Janairu); Nawab Zulfikar Ali Magsi (farawa 5 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Ali Jan Aurakzai (har zuwa 7 ga Janairu); Owais Ahmed Ghani (farawa 7 ga Janairun) 
* Gwamnan Punjab - Khalid Maqbool (har zuwa 16 ga Mayu); Salmaan Taseer (farawa 16 ga Mayu) 
* Gwamnan Sindh - Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan

== Abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Janairu ===

* 2 ga Janairu - [[Pakistan]] ta sanar da cewa za a jinkirta zaben da aka shirya don 8 ga Janairu har zuwa 18 ga Fabrairu, bayan kisan Benazir Bhutto.
* 3 ga Janairu - Kisan [[Benazir Bhutto]]: Shugaban Pakistan [[Pervez Musharraf]] ya musanta duk wani rawar da ya taka a mutuwar Benazir Bhuto.[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/01/03/pakistan.elections/index.html  (CNN)]
* 11 Janairu - Farawar Hijri na Islama shekara ta 1429 Na farko na [[Muharram]] a ranar Jumma'a 11 Janairu 2008.
* 19 Janairu - Asabar 9th na [[Muharram]], hutun hukuma a [[Pakistan]] don tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 20 Janairu - Lahadi 10th na [[Muharram]], [[Ashura]], hutu na hukuma a Pakistan-Domin tunawa da shahadar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Hussain]]
* 31 ga Janairu - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta sanar da cewa Abu Laith al-Libi, babban kwamandan [[Al-Qaeda]] wanda ya dauki ma'aikata da horar da su, an kashe shi a wani harin makami mai linzami a arewa maso yammacin Pakistan

=== Fabrairu ===

* 9 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 15 a wani taron zabe a Charsada .&lt;ref&gt;{{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20080211111319/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/09/pakistan.blast/index.html|title=Pakistan election rally bomb kills 15 - CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 11 ga Fabrairu - An yi imanin cewa jakadan Pakistan a [[Afghanistan]] an sace shi ne daga masu zargin da ake kira 'yan tawaye na [[Taliban]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7244208.stm Pakistani diplomat still missing]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 Fabrairu - Gwamnatin Pakistan ta inganta tsaro don zaben &quot;mai adalci, gaskiya da zaman lafiya&quot; da aka shirya don 18 Fabrairu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/pakistan.election/index.html Pakistan boosts security for election - CNN ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 13 Fabrairu - gwajin Pakistan ya harba makami mai linzami na nukiliya mai iyawa na gajeren zango.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7242193.stm Pakistan tests ballistic missile]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mutane biyu da ake zargi sun furta wa alƙali cewa sun taimaka wajen ba da makamai ga mai fashewar bam wanda ya kashe Bhutto.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/13/bhutto.confessions/index.html Two admit arming Bhutto suicide bomber]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 14 Fabrairu - Sojoji uku sun mutu ta hanyar fashewar bam a kusa da Khair, [[Surabaya|Surabaja]].
* 15 ga Fabrairu - Pakistan ta sanar da kama mutum na biyar dangane da kisan Benazir Bhutto.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7247150.stm Fifth man arrested in Bhutto case - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Pakistan da [[Indiya]] sun amince da ninka yawan jiragen sama tsakanin kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7247278.stm India-Pakistan flights to double]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 Fabrairu - An kashe mutane 37 a wani fashewar bam a garin Parachinar a wani taron zabe. 
* 18 ga Fabrairu - An gudanar da zabe a Pakistan.
* 19 Fabrairu - Sakamakon zaben ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar [[Pervez Musharraf|Shugaba Musharraf]] ta Pakistan Muslim League (Q) ta sami mummunan rauni.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7253380.stm Are Musharraf's days numbered? - BBC]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 21 ga Fabrairu - Manyan jam'iyyun adawa guda biyu na Pakistan sun amince da kafa hadin gwiwa bayan zaben.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7257525.stm Pakistan parties agree coalition]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 29 Fabrairu - Akalla mutane 45 sun mutu kuma 82 sun ji rauni a wani harin da aka kai a jana'izar Fabrairu 29, 2008 na wani mai kula da 'yan sanda na gundumar - wanda aka kashe a baya a ranar a wani hari daban - a lardin Swat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/01/pakistan.explosion/index.html |title=45 killed in Pakistan funeral blast – CNN.com |publisher=CNN |date= 2008-03-01|access-date=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maris ===

* 22 Maris - PPP ta zabi [[Yusuf Raza Gilani|Yousaf Raza Gillani]] ya zama Firayim Minista na Pakistan.
* 25 Maris - An rantsar da Yousaf Raza Gillani a matsayin Firayim Minista na Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7312116.stm New Pakistan PM Gillani sworn in]&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 24 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya yi alkawarin sakin alƙalai da aka tsare a lokacin mulkin gaggawa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7311430.stm Pakistan PM vows to free judges - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 29 Maris - Firayim Minista Gillani ya sanar da Majalisar Dokoki cewa yaki da ta'addanci zai zama babban fifiko ga sabuwar gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7320065.stm Pakistani PM vows to fight terror]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afrilu ===

* 1 ga Afrilu - Sabuwar gwamnatin Pakistan ta sanar da cewa za ta sake tunani game da manufofin da aka yi wa 'yan ta'adda.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7323982.stm Pakistan rethinks US policy on militants - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 15 ga Afrilu - Shugaba Musharraf ya sanar da cewa yana neman gwamnatin kasar Sin don gina bututun gas da mai.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7347799.stm Musharraf makes Chinese oil plea - BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Afrilu - fitilar Olympics ta isa Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7349755.stm Olympic torch relay in Pakistan]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 19 ga Afrilu - 'yan tawaye na Taliban sun saki bidiyon jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan wanda suke riƙe da shi a matsayin mai garkuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080423213050/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/19/pakistan.ambassador.ap/index.html Pakistan envoy: I am Taliban hostage - CNN]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mayu ===

* 12 Mayu - PML (N) ya bar majalisar ministoci, biyo bayan gazawar dawo da alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110520112401/http://www.dawn.com/2008/05/13/top1.html PML (N) Quits Government - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 16 ga Mayu - Jakadan Pakistan a Afghanistan, Tariq Azizuddin ya sami 'yanci daga masu satar mutane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303289/azizuddin-is-home-after-97-days Pakistani Ambassador set free - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 17 ga Mayu - Lauyoyi sun sanar da shirin su na Long March da za a gudanar a ranar 10 ga Yuni, don Maido da Alƙalai.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/303300/lawyers Lawyer Announced to go for Long March]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuni ===

* 1 ga Yuni - Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed ya bar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) kuma ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyarsa, Awami Muslim League .
* 2 Yuni - Harin bam na mota a kusa da Ofishin Jakadancin [[Denmark]] ya kashe mutane 8.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dawn.com/news/305791/blast-rocks-danish-embassy-in-high-security-area-8-killed Blast near Denmark Embassy - DAWN News]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===

* 6 ga Yuli - Wani mai fashewa da bam ya kai hari kan ofishin 'yan sanda a Islamabad inda ya kashe' yan sanda 12 da fararen hula bakwai a wani gangami da ke nuna ranar tunawa da kafuwar Lal Masjid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/06/pakistan.blast/index.html |title=Suicide blast targeting police kills 16 at Pakistan rally – CNN.com |publisher=Cnn.com |date= 2008-07-06|accessdate=2008-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agusta ===

* 12 ga watan Agusta - An ba da lambar yabo ta matasa ta farko.
* 18 ga watan Agusta - Shugaba Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya fuskanci yiwuwar tsige shi, ya yi murabus daga ofishin shugaban kasa.
* 19 ga watan Agusta - mutane 32 sun mutu yayin da 55 suka ji rauni a wani [[Dera Ismail Khan]] suicide bombing&quot;&gt;hari a Dera Ismail Khan da Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan ta kai.
* 23 ga watan Agusta - Akalla mutane 15 ne suka mutu a wani harin da aka kai a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a yankin Char Bagh na Swat.Har ila yau, mutane uku ciki har da yara biyu sun mutu a fashewar bam a Abuha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=15 feared dead in Swat suicide bombings |url=http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002403/http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=52931 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |access-date=2010-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satumba ===

* 9 ga Satumba - Asif Ali Zardari ya zama Shugaban [[Pakistan]] na 11
* 20 ga Satumba - Harin bam na Otal din Islamabad Marriott wanda 'yan ta'adda da ba a san su ba suka kashe mutane 54 kuma suka ji rauni 266.

== Duba kuma ==

* 2008 a cikin talabijin na Pakistan
* Jerin fina-finai na Pakistan na 2008

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:SophieWMCA</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180563</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975669</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:23:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975669</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1194" sha1="hfh32qd9pkzy6gfn4mtazy9y9a9485u" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, SophieWMCA! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/SophieWMCA|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Mumini902</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180564</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:23:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975671</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1192" sha1="p0tk8i2zpueb8cw2cs11ixwuj7g8mzv" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mumini902! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mumini902|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Klaevonogia</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180565</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975672</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:23:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975672</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1196" sha1="ib0qbx0j11u00wgl1dlc15vdnfuzr6a" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Klaevonogia! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Klaevonogia|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Ahmed A Issa</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180566</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975673</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:23:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975673</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1198" sha1="88zhjtkxvsto2lyp1yzi2rzbgz0kmjz" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ahmed A Issa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ahmed A Issa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Naawaown</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180567</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975674</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:23:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975674</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="3nodk4gr3pw7j61hpg6o7k0c132dwmn" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Naawaown! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Naawaown|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Abddullah AKsmart</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180568</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975675</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:24:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975675</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1208" sha1="b1gthlwd5ruf4ksru6bi75pqmmo4zim" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abddullah AKsmart! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abddullah AKsmart|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>b1gthlwd5ruf4ksru6bi75pqmmo4zim</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Abdullah AKsmart</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180569</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975676</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:24:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975676</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1206" sha1="47k8ym1rx4gge3so9rcoifj0csyqaea" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abdullah AKsmart! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abdullah AKsmart|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>47k8ym1rx4gge3so9rcoifj0csyqaea</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Abdullahaksmart1</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180570</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975677</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:24:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975677</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1206" sha1="qasy5pw3xp7p079mp54z9pxq8lxyol8" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abdullahaksmart1! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abdullahaksmart1|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>qasy5pw3xp7p079mp54z9pxq8lxyol8</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Iinmontauk</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180571</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975678</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:24:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975678</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1194" sha1="9jatv75iu8j1h5yonzlspcecaz0fcv4" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Iinmontauk! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Iinmontauk|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>9jatv75iu8j1h5yonzlspcecaz0fcv4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Qcomp</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180572</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975679</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:24:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975679</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1184" sha1="6syf6zl2ra8o36utgjta9hngzro4k3b" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Qcomp! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Qcomp|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>6syf6zl2ra8o36utgjta9hngzro4k3b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Yousef Kemet</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180573</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975680</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:24:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975680</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1198" sha1="7cu8cmhzwqhyfybrca2jkjjwfbtqxkr" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yousef Kemet! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yousef Kemet|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>7cu8cmhzwqhyfybrca2jkjjwfbtqxkr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Ibrahim lawal tsefe</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180574</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975681</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:25:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975681</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1212" sha1="0kqsvonygwyiqinvwy2kpfgl2yejsyk" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ibrahim lawal tsefe! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ibrahim lawal tsefe|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0kqsvonygwyiqinvwy2kpfgl2yejsyk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Iacobus ap Rhys</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180575</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975682</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:25:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975682</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1204" sha1="n1xgh1bkesz13yjcoh4qz9plpxhhr89" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Iacobus ap Rhys! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Iacobus ap Rhys|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>n1xgh1bkesz13yjcoh4qz9plpxhhr89</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Sporophyt</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180576</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975683</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:25:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975683</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1192" sha1="k7x6adokodnzwjl3yxxe5k7fa0thnlt" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sporophyt! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sporophyt|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>k7x6adokodnzwjl3yxxe5k7fa0thnlt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:SALMAI COMMERCIAL VENTURES</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180577</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975684</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:25:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975684</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1226" sha1="31jxxsg7n73sytgc9k2th9oxi2h9t3i" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, SALMAI COMMERCIAL VENTURES! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/SALMAI COMMERCIAL VENTURES|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>31jxxsg7n73sytgc9k2th9oxi2h9t3i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Shuaibusamaila</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180578</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975685</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:25:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975685</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1202" sha1="q8gzf3u45qck5g4nl2r05vdyjskm6kp" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Shuaibusamaila! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Shuaibusamaila|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>q8gzf3u45qck5g4nl2r05vdyjskm6kp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Sverdlyuk</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180579</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975686</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:25:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975686</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1192" sha1="lwwb2nj56578z32tedy7kf5fl31mb5d" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sverdlyuk! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sverdlyuk|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>lwwb2nj56578z32tedy7kf5fl31mb5d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:NoaLilac</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180580</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975687</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:26:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975687</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="98yxos07bq66033old4nevnqyq4zerj" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, NoaLilac! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/NoaLilac|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>98yxos07bq66033old4nevnqyq4zerj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Sunolili</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180581</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975688</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:26:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975688</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="kd4alidiphkaefdiudpsqrwagdktng8" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sunolili! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sunolili|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>kd4alidiphkaefdiudpsqrwagdktng8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Mustafa Barrin</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180582</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975689</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:26:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975689</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1202" sha1="jbz9zw6evcvebz82fw52ou5184lm120" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mustafa Barrin! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mustafa Barrin|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>jbz9zw6evcvebz82fw52ou5184lm120</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Andru KP</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180583</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975690</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:26:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975690</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1190" sha1="2pe8sec6mrmqls5zryyw3mok922o7k4" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Andru KP! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Andru KP|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>2pe8sec6mrmqls5zryyw3mok922o7k4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:RishabhSub</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180584</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975691</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:26:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975691</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1194" sha1="9yaeqgc18blxbwu45ds69b7dh80snxf" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, RishabhSub! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/RishabhSub|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>9yaeqgc18blxbwu45ds69b7dh80snxf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:ビェールクト</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180585</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975692</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:26:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975692</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1210" sha1="2ly7xphw1j5s03hxb4dh2d22wme3hdc" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ビェールクト! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ビェールクト|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>2ly7xphw1j5s03hxb4dh2d22wme3hdc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Ashish5615</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180586</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975693</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:27:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975693</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1194" sha1="dtzt3vbhq9sk0br1igwz37np0d6gcv7" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ashish5615! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ashish5615|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>dtzt3vbhq9sk0br1igwz37np0d6gcv7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Musaibra111</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180587</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975694</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:27:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975694</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1196" sha1="7l4kcfmrzolfzy3l49ov0w9l5597381" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Musaibra111! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Musaibra111|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>7l4kcfmrzolfzy3l49ov0w9l5597381</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Stinky6500</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180588</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975695</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:27:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975695</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1194" sha1="8nesk947a9bpgh5fueaihkj0tj1qair" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Stinky6500! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Stinky6500|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>8nesk947a9bpgh5fueaihkj0tj1qair</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Ceriy</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180589</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975696</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:27:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975696</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1184" sha1="ir93zsifz30rdwdatyvom0weuyzxtcl" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ceriy! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ceriy|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ir93zsifz30rdwdatyvom0weuyzxtcl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Liamgabby4319</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>180590</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975697</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-03T21:27:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>975697</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1200" sha1="g74if9dakaewlrr77ebwapyvsni2xst" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Liamgabby4319! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Liamgabby4319|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 3 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>g74if9dakaewlrr77ebwapyvsni2xst</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawa:Huzaifa Vastanvi</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>180591</id>
    <revision>
      <id>975753</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-04T08:10:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jafar Mustapha</username>
        <id>50759</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Pratapgarhi, Muhammad Akram (7 May 2020). &quot;Hazrat Maulana Huzaifa Sahib Vastanvi ek bemisal azeem tareen mufakkir shakhsiyat&quot; [Hazrat Maulana Huzaifa Vastanvi is an unparalleled and exceptional intellectual personality]. Sada-e-Haque News (in Urdanci). Archived from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2024. Ibrahimi, Hilaluddin (23 January 2025). &quot;Qiyadat, Ilm aur Islah ke Roshan Minaar Molana Huzaifa Vastanvi&quot; [Maulana Huzaifa Vastanvi: A Guiding Light of Leadership, Knowle...</comment>
      <origin>975753</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6418" sha1="qxge55afr2h7fgd1hd6hdjdqhhrqsob" xml:space="preserve">== Pratapgarhi, Muhammad Akram (7 May 2020). &quot;Hazrat Maulana Huzaifa Sahib Vastanvi ek bemisal azeem tareen mufakkir shakhsiyat&quot; [Hazrat Maulana Huzaifa Vastanvi is an unparalleled and exceptional intellectual personality]. Sada-e-Haque News (in Urdanci). Archived from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2024.  Ibrahimi, Hilaluddin (23 January 2025). &quot;Qiyadat, Ilm aur Islah ke Roshan Minaar Molana Huzaifa Vastanvi&quot; [Maulana Huzaifa Vastanvi: A Guiding Light of Leadership, Knowledge, and Reform]. abulmahasin.com (in Urdanci). Archived from the original on 5 February 2025. Retrieved 5 February 2025.  Bakir, Saif (1 April 2018). &quot;وفد من أكبر جامعات الهند الإسلامية يزور السعودية&quot; [A delegation from one of India's largest Islamic universities visits Saudi Arabia]. Al Mujtama Magazine (in Larabci). Kuwait. Archived from the original on 28 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.  &quot;«إشاعة العلوم» الهندية احتفلت بأعياد الكويت&quot; [The Indian Islamic University &quot;Ishaatul Uloom&quot; marked Kuwait's National Day celebrations]. Al-Jarida (in Larabci). 3 March 2019. Archived from the original on 3 March 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2024.  &quot;«النوري الخيرية» توقع اتفاقية تعاون لانطلاق مشروع التعليم النوعي في مومباي&quot; [&quot;Al-Nouri Charity&quot; signs a cooperation agreement to launch a quality education project in Mumbai]. Alwasat (Kuwaiti newspaper) (in Larabci). 1 November 2015. Archived from the original on 28 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.  &quot;Malegaon Madrasa Riyaz-ul-Jannah ki Taliba Tarannum Idris ki Aalmi Musabaqa-e-Quran Sultanate of Oman mein Numaya Karkardagi&quot; [Malegaon Madrasa Riyaz-ul-Jannah Student Tarannum Idris Excels in the International Quran Competition in the Sultanate of Oman]. ETV Urdu (in Urdanci). 14 March 2023. Archived from the original on 28 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.  Bakir, Saif (1 April 2018). &quot;وفد من أكبر جامعات الهند الإسلامية يزور السعودية&quot; [A delegation from one of India's largest Islamic universities visits Saudi Arabia]. Al Mujtama Magazine (in Larabci). Kuwait. Archived from the original on 28 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.  Bakir, Saif (1 April 2018). &quot;وفد من أكبر جامعات الهند الإسلامية يزور السعودية&quot; [A delegation from one of India's largest Islamic universities visits Saudi Arabia]. Al Mujtama Magazine (in Larabci). Kuwait. Archived from the original on 28 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.  Bakir, Saif (1 April 2018). &quot;وفد من أكبر جامعات الهند الإسلامية يزور السعودية&quot; [A delegation from one of India's largest Islamic universities visits Saudi Arabia]. Al Mujtama Magazine (in Larabci). Kuwait. Archived from the original on 28 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.  &quot;«إشاعة العلوم» الهندية احتفلت بأعياد الكويت&quot; [The Indian Islamic University &quot;Ishaatul Uloom&quot; marked Kuwait's National Day celebrations]. Al-Jarida (in Larabci). 3 March 2019. Archived from the original on 3 March 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2024.  Bakir, Saif (1 April 2018). &quot;وفد من أكبر جامعات الهند الإسلامية يزور السعودية&quot; [A delegation from one of India's largest Islamic universities visits Saudi Arabia]. Al Mujtama Magazine (in Larabci). Kuwait. Archived from the original on 28 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.  &quot;«إشاعة العلوم» الهندية احتفلت بأعياد الكويت&quot; [The Indian Islamic University &quot;Ishaatul Uloom&quot; marked Kuwait's National Day celebrations]. Al-Jarida (in Larabci). 3 March 2019. Archived from the original on 3 March 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2024.  ---  **TARIHIN GARIN IYATAWA - SABON GYARA**  Giwa LGA, Jihar Kaduna - Shekaru 410 (1616-2026)  Sarkin Garin Iyatawa: Alhaji Dalhatu Usman  **1. KAFUWAR GARI**  An kafa garin Iyatawa ne shekaru 410 da suka wuce, a shekarar 1616. Wani Bafulatani makiyayi mai suna Malam Iyata ne ya fara zama a wurin. Ya zo daga yankin Katsina tare da iyalinsa, ya ga wuri mai ciyawa da ruwa, ya zauna. Daga sunan sa aka samu 'Iyatawa'. Wannan ya tabbata daga bakin Sarki Dalhatu Usman a 2026.  **2. WURIN GARI**  Iyatawa tana cikin Mazabar Kadage, Gundumar Fatika, Karamar Hukumar Giwa. Tana kilomita 25 daga Giwa, kilomita 40 daga Zaria. Makwabtanta: Galadimawa, Kidandan, Bakali. Location: 11.0578N, 7.3969E  **3. MULKI**  Iyatawa tana karkashin Masarautar Zazzau. Sarkin Garin Iyatawa na yanzu shine Alhaji Dalhatu Usman. Dagacin ne ke mulkar gari a karkashin Hakimin Fatika, Hakimi kuma a karkashin Mai Martaba Sarkin Zazzau da ke Zaria.  **4. JAMA'A**  Gidaje kusan 358, mutane kusan 2,500 (2026). Hausawa da Fulani, dukkan su Musulmai. Harshe: Hausa.  **5. SANA'A**  Noma: Gero, dawa, masara, wake, gyada, auduga. Kiyo: Shanu, tumaki, awaki. Garin ya shahara da gonaki masu albarka.  **6. ADDINI DA AL'ADU**  Musulunci 100%. Babban Masallacin Juma'a daya a tsakiya da Rijiyar Iyatawa ta tarihi. Al'adu: Hawan Sallah, Dambe, Kalankuwa.  **7. ILIMI**  Makarantar Primary daya da Islamiyya. Dalibai suna zuwa Giwa/Zaria don Secondary.  **8. MADOGARA**  Wannan tarihin ya samo asali daga bakin Sarkin Garin Iyatawa, Alhaji Dalhatu Usman, a shekarar 2026. Shekaru 410 (1616-2026).  Wanda ya tattara: Jafar Mustapha (2026)  Madogara: Alh. Dalhatu Usman, Sarkin Garin Iyatawa  SIGNED: _________________________  Alhaji Dalhatu Usman, Sarkin Garin Iyatawa  Date: ____/____/2026  ---  **ENGLISH FOR WIKIPEDIA:**  HISTORY OF IYATAWA VILLAGE - UPDATED  Giwa LGA, Nigeria - 410 Years (1616-2026)  Village Head: Alhaji Dalhatu Usman  Founded 1616 by Malam Iyata, Fulani pastoralist from Katsina. Name means 'people of Iyata'. Confirmed by Alh. Dalhatu Usman, Sarkin Garin Iyatawa, in 2026.  Location: Kadage Ward, Fatika District, Giwa LGA. 11.0578N, 7.3969E  Governance: Under Zazzau Emirate. Village Head: Alhaji Dalhatu Usman.  Population: 358 households, ~2,500 (2026). Hausa/Fulani, Muslim.  Economy: Farming &amp; livestock.  Culture: Friday mosque, historic well, Sallah durbar.  Source: Alh. Dalhatu Usman, 2026.  Compiled by: Jafar Mustapha   ==
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